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### carbohydrate \| monosaccharide: Glucose * All glucose is dietary so liver can generate energy required to store excess. * More glucose is released into the blood - makes the pancreas dump more insulin * Most glucose becomes starches - enters bloodstreams - generates energy * Most glucose has atoms - carbon atoms - little taxonomic values * Most glucose is incorporated into glycogen - liver glycogen * Most glucose is produced by photosynthesis - stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles - synthesized from proteins - passes into bloodstreams - provides energy * Some glucose appears in urine - builds up in blood - contains fluid - derives from photosynthesis * Some glucose enhances development - performance - spermatocyte development * Some glucose enters capillaries * Some glucose has chemical energy - indexes - improves survival - is carried into the liver and stored there in the form of glycogen * Some glucose is converted to galactose - glycogen and stored by the liver for later use - formed by photosynthesis - lost via the kidney - used by the cells but some is also converted to and stored in the form of glycogen * Some glucose leads to diseases - hunger - mixes with yeast - passes through walls * Some glucose produces during photosynthesis - in photosynthesis - uses for fermentation * acts as a reducing agent and oxygen acts as an oxidizing agent. * attaches itself to hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. * combines with oxygen. * continues as an important energy source throughout the experimental period. * converts into starches. * diffuses out of the blood vessels to the muscle cells - to the bundle sheath along the vein c * dissolves in water. - body cells with the help of insulin - muscle cells by a carrier-mediated mechanism * exits epithelial cell into the circulatory system via passive mediated symport iv. * fuels the cell and allows it to produce other substances such as starches and carbohydrates. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * is chemical compounds. - monosaccharides * leaves liver and enters blood stream. * passes freely across the blood-brain barrier * reacts with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide. * releases energy * stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin through negative feedback - transcription of fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme in avian hepatocytes * supplies energy. * travels from the blood to the cells through the interstitial fluid. + Hormone, Regulation of hormones, Negative feedback: Endocrinology * Insulin is produced by the pancreas. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to consumption of glucose. The amount of glucose in the blood rises and the pancreas detects this increase. It then secretes insulin into the blood. Insulin increases glucose uptake in target cells. Some glucose is used by the cells but some is also converted to and stored in the form of glycogen. Glucose uptake by cells decreases blood glucose levels - this decrease is detected by the pancreas and in response, it stops secreting insulin in to the bloodstream. As insulin levels in the blood decrease, as does glucose uptake by cells.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### carbohydrate: Polysaccharide * All polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to absorption. * Most polysaccharides are secreted by diatoms - contain alcohol - make up cellulose * Some polysaccharides are secreted by plants. * Some polysaccharides derive from algas - green algas - obtain from juice - prevent cancer - reduce excretion * Some polysaccharides stimulate activities - immune system activities * Starches Starches are polymers of glucose. * appear to work by indirectly activating healthy cells that engulf tumor cells. * are an important part of the eukaryotic plasma membrane - carbohydrate polymers - carbohydrates of much greater molecular weight and complexity * are complex sugars comprised of many monosaccharides - consisting of chains of the simple sugars - important for adhesion of cells to each other * are long chains of simple sugars that contain several hydroxyl groups on each sugar - molecules made from many units joined together - many simple sugars bonded together - more hydrophobic if they have intra-molecular hydrogen bonds - probably the main source of carbohydrate in the colon - simply carbohydrate materials produced by soil organisms * are the 'active' ingredients - most abundant dietary carbohydrate for all except very young animals - primary organic compounds * can exist as free molecules - serve as structural components of cells * enhance the immune system. * is sugar * lack directionality. * left by the earthworms help the aggregation of the soil. * produce an anti-inflammatory effect. + Biochemistry, Macromolecules, Carbohydrates * Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. Polysaccharides are long molecules made from many units joined together. Examples are starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Carbohydrates have a number of functions, but the most important is to act as a ready source of energy for the body's metabolism. By breaking the chemical bonds in carbohydrates, energy is released and can be used by the body.<\|endoftext\|>### carbohydrate \| polysaccharide: Cellulose * Most cellulose makes up diets - plant cell walls * Some cellulose finds in wood. * acetate electrophoresis confirms prealbumin as the major component. * acetate electrophoresis shows one band only, indicating A electrophoretic mobility - indicating Aelectrophoretic mobility - indicating albumin electrophoretic mobility - indicating alpha electrophoretic mobility * comes from a family of carbohydrates known as polysaccharides - and constituent of the main cell wall * contains lignin, which creates acid by-products as it deteriorates over the years - no asbestos, fiberglass or mineral fibers - nothing that is considered hazardous, and carries no hazardous warning messages - zero calories per gram * decomposes rapidly and leaves little residue on the soil surface. * derives from wood. * gives structure to the cell wall. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * is chemical compounds - part of plants * looks simple - just a linear polymer of glucose. * shows up in many plant parts in combination with other molecular elements. * treated with ozone shows a more pronounced photochromism than untreated cellulose.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### carbohydrate \| polysaccharide: Chitin * Most chitin has properties - protects arthropods * Some chitin contains blood. * Some chitin has equivalents - hardness equivalents - is synthesized from monosaccharides * also forms their outside body - makes up the outer shell of insects and crustaceans * can be hard or soft and flexible. * cellulose-like substance that has a variety of uses. * cellulose-type polymer that is the outside armor coat of an arthropod. * complex carb that is strong and contains subunits of nitrogen containing sugars. * flexible polymer and it is difficult to fragment. * found in their cell walls, They are sessile organisms. * has a complicated structure immune to most general enzymes * is also a primary cell wall constituent of fungi - abundant in fungi, worms, spiders, insects and some algae - present in many other living organisms, such as insects and mushrooms - the stuff of which lobster and crab shells are made - an important constituent of the cell-walls of Fungi * is chemically similar to cellulose and starch, the abundant plant fibers - starch, the most abundant plant fibers - exoskeleton material * is found in cell walls of fungi, algae and in the exoskeletons of arthropods - the exo-skeletons of shrimp, crabs and other shellfish - yeasts, fungi, animals, and plants - highly resistant to enzymatic breakdown - indigestible by humans - insoluble in water * is one of the most abundant biomaterials on earth and it is tough - polysaccharides found in nature - primary components in the body wall of nematicides - organic matter - produced from the processing waste of shellfish, krill, clams, oysters, squid, and fungi - similar in structure to plant cellulose, but is much tougher * is the main component of the exoskeleton of all crustaceans - major polysaccharide of the shells of crustaceans - outer part of various shellfish - primary cell wall constituent in the Kingdom Fungi - same thing of which lobster and shellfish shells are made - second most prevalent polymer on the face of the earth - substance that makes up the shells of arthropods such as insects and spiders also - used in industry in many processes - what fungi produce to make their cell membrane * is, after wood, the most plentiful organic fiber on Earth. * major component of the insect exoskeleton. * makes up the skin of nematodes and the exoskeleton of insects, shrimp, and many arthropods. * naturally occurring polymer found in many fungi. * polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and is present in the exoskeleton of insects - that can be found in anything from the shells of beetles to webs of spiders * polysaccharide composed of aminoglucose moieties - found in insect exoskeletons - like cellulose - that occurs widely in nature * substance similar to wood. * sugar kind of like table sugar. * tough, resistant surface material that is also relatively indigestible. * very adaptive material for a creature - firm material, and it help protect an insect against harm and pressure Glycogen * Most glycogen is stored in the fat body and to a lesser extent is found in flight muscle cells. * Some glycogen is stored in the liver and some is stored the muscles themselves. * includes atoms. * includes chemical chain - groups * is polysaccharides * stores in muscles.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### carbohydrate \| polysaccharide: Starch * All starches are plant materials. * Many starches are bland when they are prepared without added fat, seasoning or sauces - low in fat and can be high in fiber * Most starches become glucose - contain vitamins - dissolve in water * Most starches find in food - plant food * Some starches absorb boil water - contain chlorophyll - contribute to growth - derive from cycads - obtain from rhizomes * Some starches promote fat oxidation * are also non-reducing sugars - another name for carbohydrates - available in powdered and gel form, with thin-boiling and binding capabilities - bread, grains, cereal, pasta, or starchy vegetables - broken down during digestion into glucose before being absorbed into the body - by far the most significant polysaccharide in the diet - chemical compounds - complex carbohydrates having slower digestion than sugars - foodstuff - formulations * are insoluble in water and thus can serve as storage depots of glucose - made up of many simple sugars - mixtures of large straight and branched chain polymers of the simple sugar, glucose - one category of complex carbohydrates - polysaccharides found in abundance in grains and vegetables - simply many sugar molecules joined together into one very large molecule - substances made up of hundreds of sugar units - tightly bound carbon molecules and have several attaching elements - usually about half a cup and include foods like pasta, rice, corn, beans, peas, etc * clash with proteins. * come from many different forms - root vegetables * give thickness and texture. * have advantage - an affinity for pepsin which is needed for protein digestion - characteristics - taste * includes atoms. * metabolize differ- ently than sugars. * provide an important source of carbohydrates for adults and children. * require alkaline conditions for their digestion. * support life. * taste sweet because they are made from glucose molecules. * works well to stick paper, string or some kinds of material to the base. + Polysaccharide, Starches: Carbohydrates :: Organic compounds :: Polymers * Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases. Humans and other animals have amylases, so they can digest starches. Potato, rice, wheat, and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet. Refined carbohydrate * are universally OUT, including sugar and refined flour of all types. * can cause rapid weight gain. * create a special stress on the pancreas.<\|endoftext\|>### carbohydrate: Simple carbohydrate * Most simple carbohydrates contain vitamins. * Some simple carbohydrates contain nutrients. * are breads, pastas, potatoes, and other starchy vegetables - known as sugars - made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars - modifications of short hydrocarbon chains * are monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are usually sweet - sugars that our body can easily and quickly use for energy - sugars, which include glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose - the sugars in sweets, fruits and milk * break down very quickly in the body. * contain one sugar molecule, or two sugar molecules linked together * convert to sugar rapidly. * include sugar. * refer to a single sugar molecule or two sugars linked together. * turn instantly to sugar within the body. + Sugar: Carbohydrates :: Chemical compounds :: Sweeteners * Scientists call sugars carbohydrates. This is because sugars are made from carbon and water. Carbohydrates can be 'simple carbohydrates' or 'complex carbohydrates'. Simple carbohydrates are made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made of 'many' of the smallest sugars.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### carbohydrates: Invert sugar * helps keep sucrose from crystallizing in candies. * is carbohydrates - formed by splitting sucrose in a process called inversion - much in demand by the confectionary and pharmaceutical industries * is sugar - that has been cooked for a couple of minutes over a low flame Carbon compound * All carbon compounds contain a certain amount of energy. * Most carbon compounds contain atoms - carbon atoms - have plenty * Some carbon compounds are diamonds. * are central in the chemistry of life - the most abundant in many living organisms * containing boron and silicon are among the hardest substances known - nonmetals are usually gases or liquids with low boiling points * have plenty of uses * show the full range of toxicities.<\|endoftext\|>### carbonated water: Mineral water * Most mineral water contains amounts - carbon dioxide * ' is water obtained from rocks. It is often collected from springs or from underground rivers when they emerge from the rocks. Mineral waters are very clean and have no germs in it. Because they have been held in rocks for a long time they often contain chemicals that have come from the rocks. This chemicals can give the water an interesting taste. Some mineral waters may be good for health. Because some underground water comes to the surface from very deep layers in the earth, it can also have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it. This can make the water fizzy * can be cold or hot, but their mineral composition is essential. - electrolytes, compounds needed for muscle function and energy * is carbonated water - drinking water - from a natural spring or underground source - natural spring water - taken from spas for curative purposes, then sold in bottles in pharmacies - that which is mined from an underground, protected water supply - water from a geologically and physically protected underground source * play an important part in the complex of sanitary and spa treatment. ### carbonated water \| mineral water: Seltzer * is mineral water * tend to loose their carbonation quickly because of the lack of minerals. Carbonyl * Some carbonyls are highly reactive and play a critical role in the formationof ozone. * are found in many natural substances and also in drugs and medicines. It is easy to check if a carbonyl is in a molecule. It gives a very strong signal in infrared spectroscopy. In carbon NMR spectroscopy, the signal is usually at very high frequency, away from many other peaks - biproducts of oxidative damage to proteins - the most highly deshielded carbons which are typically encountered ### carbonyl: Nickel carbonyl * is poisonous - the most acutely toxic nickel compound - used as part of the nickel metal refining process and is extremely hazardous - very toxic * very toxic gas.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Carcinogen * Many carcinogens act directly on DNA causing base damage and subsequent mutation - are capable of causing gene mutations * Most carcinogen causes breast cancer * Most carcinogen induces cell damage * Most carcinogens are teratogens - metabolize to electrophiles that react with DNA causing alkylation * Some carcinogen causes transformation. * Some carcinogen finds in cigarette smoke - cigarettes - includes solvent * Some carcinogen is excreted by kidneys - produced by fungi - promotes growth * Some carcinogens are used to produce cancer in research models - can cause cancer in the children of women exposed during pregnancy. * ' are substances that cause cancer. Sometimes radiation or radionuclide are also considered carcinogens. A common example of a carcinogen is tobacco smoke. Carcinogens come from both natural and man-made substances * are agents capable of initiating cancer - carcinogenesis * are agents that are known to cause cancer - almost always mutagens * are chemicals that damage body cells in ways that can ultimately lead to cancer - have been proven to cause cancer * are chemicals that increase cancer risk - the risk of cancers - everywhere - in tobacco smoke and cause cancer of the lungs, mouth, gullet and bladder - mutagens that affect the activity of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes * are substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer - that promote the development of cancerous cells - which can start the process of cancer - the cause of cancer * begin to damage tissues, etc. * enter our bodies through the air, food, soil and water. * is chemical substances. * remain more active when there vitamin A deficiency. * waft through the air. ### carcinogen: Chemical carcinogen * All chemical carcinogens can form directly or are metabolized to reactive electrophilic forms. * are substances which induce cancer in humans and animals. * can act through a variety of different modes of action.<\|endoftext\|>### carcinogen: Urethane * All urethanes are expensive but they are strong and offer exceptional resistance to wear and oils. * are available in a wide variety of characteristics including hardness and impact strength - esters of carbamic acid, a half amide of carbonic acid - rigid and less prone to flexing - very difficult to repair - virtually immune from attack by ozone and oxygen * chemical substance that forms naturally during the fermentation process. * comes in a wet chemical form that can be injected into walls or cavities with a gun. * containing acetone, however, make top coating air-dry finishes more difficult. * crosslink and undergo chain extension to produce a wide variety of compounds. * durable, waterproof coating that allows for radio-frequency seam welding. * has better pin action than polyester with a moderate amount of hook potential - good tear resistance, excellent adhesion and remains flexible at low temperatures * is also much more expensive than fiberglass - clearly genotoxic in vitro and in vivo - good if the density is right - just thicker than the sponge - made by foaming urethane and methyl butane - normally a whitish clear color, when it's poured with no other agents - part of sake - present in alcoholic beverages - used to mold the shape of each dinosaur * offer a step up in durability and scuff resistance. * popular material for constructing the bladders. * produced are an intermediate product useful in other processes. * produces cyanide gas as it exotherms. * provides a harder shell and less friction than reactives. * requires mineral spirits for thinning and cleaning up. * urethane modified acrylic elastomeric coating for metal roofs. * weather better, since epoxies chalk with exposure to sunlight. ### carcinogens: Anticancer agent * All anticancer agents treat cancer cells in the same manner as they treat all normal cells. * Many anticancer agents are carcinogens.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### carcinogens: Nuclear plant * All nuclear plants have instruments to warn of and measure earthquake motion. * Most nuclear plants use energy - nuclear energy - the element uranium as the fuel in their reactors * Some nuclear plants store their used fuel in dry storage tanks above ground. * Some nuclear plants use fission fusion - nuclear fission * account for about one-fourth of the country's generating capacity. - far more expensive to build, maintain, operate, and dispose of - traditionally large scale * create a fraction of the waste of conventional power plants - tons of deadly radioactive waste, a danger for thousands of years to come * emit no particulates - none of the greenhouse gases produced by fossil-fueled plants * function much as other thermal power plants. * have between one and three reactors or units located at the same site. * operate at lower temperatures and pressures and obviously require fewer refuelings - on the assumption that the reactor vessels never fail * pose a risk of catastrophic disaster. * process huge amounts of water through many complex piping and tunnel systems. * produce electricity in much the same way that fossil-fueled plants do. * provide almost a third of German electricity. * require very heavy and complex foundations and shielding. * supply electricity to millions of customers across southern and eastern China. - the fission process to generate the energy needed to produce electricity ### cardiotonic: Aqueous extract * is cardiotonic. * prevent the release of arachidonic acid and inhibit aggregation of platelets. ### cardiovascular complications: Embolus * are cardiovascular complications - clots - part of embolism - vascular diseases * usually originates from a thrombus in the heart. ### cardiovascular complications \| embolus: Pulmonary embolus * blockage of an artery in the lungs by fat, air, tumor tissue, or blood clot. * lung obsturction.<\|endoftext\|>### cardiovascular complications: Vascular disease - currently the most common cause of death and disability in European countries - illnesses - the most common cutaneous manifestations of reflex sympathetic dystrophy * begins when lesions occur in the inner walls of veins and arteries. * increases the potential for heart disease and stroke. * interferes with erection by restricting blood flow to the penis. * is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the United States - most important public health issues in the United States * is the greatest killer in industrialized societies - one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States * represent one of the major cause of morbidity and mortality in western countries. * slow process that can gradually progress over a lifetime. ### cards: Cribbage * are card games. * clone of the popular, classic card game. Index card * are cards. * are located in libraries - offices - oral reports - made of paper Rum * Most rums are unaged, colorless and bottled immediately after distilling. * flows freely. * gains a slight yellow to brown color as it ages in oak barrels. * helps hide the taste of bitter herbs. * is made by crushing sugar cane between heavy rollers. * is made from fermented molasses or sugar cane juice - sugar cane using yeast fermentation * liquor made from sugar cane juice, fermented and distilled.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cards \| rum \| meld: Bolivia * has abundant reserves of natural gas, a relatively clean-burning source of energy - eight national parks, although most are little known outside the country - no laws directly regulating competition - one of the highest child mortality rates in South America because of contaminated water * has the second highest percentage of people living in poverty in the Western Hemisphere - largest natural gas reserves in South America * is also a centre of crop-genetic resources of global importance - one of the poorest countries in Latin America - cold in many places - located high in the Andes mountains * is located in the heart of South America - middle of South America and therefore called the heart of South America - rich in minerals generating considerable export income - situated in the centre of South America ### cards \| rum \| meld \| bolivia: Bolivian coca * grows in the moist tropical forests of the eastern Andes of Peru and Bolivia. * is the major source of commercially produced coca leaves and cocaine. Sound card * Some sound cards have a pair of on-board audio input connectors. * are cards - circuit boards which greatly improve the PC's sound output quality - computer hardware - expansion cards - responsible for playing and recording sound to or from a computer ### carefree shrub: Spirea * are medium-sized shrubs with white to pink blossoms. * carefree shrub. * durable and familiar shrub. * popular shrub that blooms in spring and requires very little care and maintenance. ### carnivores: Asiatic cheetah * Most asiatic cheetahs eat hoof mammals * Most asiatic cheetahs have legs - long legs - prefer habitats * are carnivores - slimmer, lighter and slightly shorter than their African brethren - very rare and nearly extinct * tend to be slender and have long legs. Black coral * are carnivores - colonial animals related to sea anemones and stony corals - the only exclusively colonial zoantharians * grows here. * prefer deeper water. * protects against negativity.<\|endoftext\|>### carnivorous fungus: Oyster mushroom * Some oyster mushrooms grow on dead wood - substrate * begin to grow through holes in the poly bag and form a cluster. * carnivorous fungus. * grow in masses and rows on hardwood logs, stumps, and trees - on a wider range of cellulosic wastes than species from any other group - well within a wide temperature range * have a delicate, mild flavor and velvety texture - firm texture and make a great addition to casseroles and stews - broad, smooth caps that range in color from tan or brown to white * is agaric * look similar to oyster shells and grow in layers.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Carpet * All carpet cleaning methods use water in one form or another. * Most carpet is made with man-made or synthetic materials. * Most carpets contain materials - dry in one to two hours - generate sound - have at least a partial synthetic component * Some carpet is produced by knitting, but it is generally categorized as woven carpet - carpets provide static resistance. * A 'carpet' rectangular piece of woven textile. Generally, carpets are used to make things more beautiful. They are either put on the floor, or on a wall of a building. In Islam, carpets are also used for people to kneel on when they pray. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets can be many different sizes. Carpets originated in Central Asia * absorbs moisture and nutrients, and is an ideal environment for biological pollutants - sound within a room and acts as a sound barrier between floors * act as long-term reservoirs for pesticides that are sprayed indoors. * acts as a sink or trap for dust and soil, thereby reducing airborne particles. * add warmth to a room, and is always soft and comfortable underfoot. * also functions as a noise reducer - reduce footstep impact noise * are different from kilims because they are knotted rather than flat woven - filters - fluffy so they can trap air * are located in bathrooms - bedrooms - beds - buildings - churchs - closets - desks - hotels - houses - landfills - offices - restaurants - stores - tables - luxuries - magic - natural objects - one of the biggest sources of toxic substances, the latest research shows * are used for decoration - flooring - insulation - shampooings * beetle larvae eat natural fibers and feathers - feed on feathers, fur, silk, wool and other natural materials * beetle larvae prefer to feed in dark, protected places - dark, undisturbed, protected places * can add comfort, beauty and warmth to any room - contain dust, mold, dust mites, lead and other pollutants - hide many flaws in floors while adding color, pattern and texture to a room - hold up to a pound of dirt per square foot before it starts looking dirty - trap lead dust, which is difficult to remove completely by vacuuming * captures dust and dirt, keeping it from circulating until it is vacuumed or cleaned. * collect dust tracked in on shoes or on the feet of pets. * contain material from recycled plastic bottles * continue to accumulate and release contaminants throughout their life. * cover the ground, and tablecloths cover the carpets. * creates ideal environments for mold and fungal growth. * decorate many households from log cabins to palaces. * have central, multi-lobed medallians or less frequently, repeat patterns - different textures depending on how the fibers are woven * hold dust, dust mites, mold, and other allergens. * includes sections. * is difficult to keep clean due to lint, trimmings and thread. * lose their good looks from excessive soil and detergent build-up. * need maintenance. * plays a vital, positive role in indoor air quality. * represent an important outlet for higher quality fibre. * spotting daily chore that can seem complicated and involved. * stain removers are safe for most carpet types. * stay cleaner much longer and actually improve in appearance over time. * weaving industry is the largest export oriented craft industry from India. ### carpet: Clean carpet * make healthier environments. * project a professional appearance and provide a healthier work environment. Tibetan carpet * are both traditional and contemporary. * weaving pumps heavy metals into the water table. Turkish carpet * Turkish Carpets are famous for their beauty and durability. * are among the most sought after household items all over the world. * carry a wide range of symbols. * weaving is one of the oldest crafts in the world.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### carriers: Heterozygous animal * are carriers. * express both maternal and paternal haplotypes. ### cars: German car * are cars - european cars - the the elite in performance and luxury for the entire automotive industry * have higher quality. Rover * Boy Scout * are cars - only one form of planetary exploration * often participate in adventurous activities like mountain climbing, or white water rafting. * require ways to move and navigate. * travel on the surface and can conduct close up studies of rocks and soils. ### cartesian coordinate: Abscissa * Cartesian coordinate * are survey day number. Ordinate * Cartesian coordinate * are in arcseconds. ### cartilages: Elastic cartilage * are cartilages. * contains many elastic fibers giving it a yellowish color. * has elastic fibers and is found in the outer ear - elastin, collagen, and proteoglycan * is distinguished by the presence of elastic fibers in the matrix - flexible but strong - found in only two locations * is found in the A. ear - epiglottis, ear lobes, and larynx - external ear flaps and in parts of the larynx - present versus hyaline cartilage ### cartoons: Popeye * are cartoons - weapons * big orange and white cat with long hair. * cage made of rusty steel. * loves to scream, dance, and hang upside down.<\|endoftext\|>### cascade process: Strategic planning * cascade process. * continuous process. * critical component in creating an entity's goals and operational direction. * defines an organization's vision, mission, long-term goals and major strategies. * enables people to influence the future. * fancy term for using long-range planning to stay competitive. * is about strategic thinking - an integral part of any organization's growth and development - both a logical, rational process, and a process that involves people - conducted at a higher level of an organization than tactical planning - crucial in determining the success or failure of a small business - intended to enhance an organization's ability to think and act strategically * is the means for region to decide where it wants to go and how to get there - process of developing an action-oriented set of strategies - term used to describe the formulation phase of strategic management - way an organization becomes what it wants to be * is, of course, a form of planning. * management tool. * means adopting new budgeting and forecasting processes and practices. * occurs at all levels in an organization. * practical application of rational comprehensive decision making. * process that determines the future of an organization - with an end product * responds to external conditions to achieve internal goals. * starts with the form of government. * systematic approach for managing strategic change. * useful process for small groups, for organizations and for communities. ### cases: Court case * are cases - court cases - usually public records * force the courts to interpret the meaning of laws and regulations. ### catadromous: European eel * are catadromous. * reproduce in the Sargasso Sea, a part of the Atlantic Ocean.<\|endoftext\|>### catalyst treated: Exhaust gas * Most exhaust gases contain air. * Some exhaust gases travels through nozzles - rocket nozzles * are catalyst treated - relatively non-polluting - carbon monoxide, which can be deadly poison * contain carbon monoxide, which is an odorless, invisible, poisonous gas - odorless, colorless and deadly * is minimal and at a low temperature - recycled as fuel gas * leave the engine under extremely high pressure. * make two complete passes through the water. ### cataract surgery: Intracapsular surgery * involves surgically removing the entire lens, including the capsule. * is cataract surgery	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### catchall term: Information warfare * can encompass everything from electronic jamming to psychological operations - involve partition techniques * catch-all term. * embodies the impact of information on military operations. * extends the battlefield to incorporate all of society. * is both offensive and defensive - divided into two schools of thought - war * loose term for hacker attacks on vital computer systems and networks. * relates to attacks upon a country's national infrastructure. ### catchs: Tripper * are catchs - drug users * is an user<\|endoftext\|>### categorizations: Indexing * allows web users to search for keywords within a web site. * also serves as a backstop for people who do choose to invest in individual companies. * are categorizations - listing - powerful features * career requiring special abilities and skills. * common technique for characterizing economic time series data. * covers personal names and titles, referring to entry numbers. * craft that takes a lot of skill. * is about how information is collected and organized in support of automatic searching. * is an effective and efficient approach to preparing data for searching - investment strategy to match the average performance of a market or group of stocks - as much art and science as is writing - designed to provide some protection against inflation - employed in different tasks in automated reasoning - the art of organizing information * is the process of adding a web page to an index, similar to a directory, for later lookup - that makes it easier to retrieve information from a database - very essence of fairness and compassion - used to avoid taxing inflationary gains * key part of desktop publishing. * mainly deals with the indexing structure, similarity distance and clustering. * means that tax brackets 'float' with wages and prices - to index each file and store an index for each file separately * passive strategy in which the investor tries to replicate an index. * plays an important role in optimizing the performance of a directory server. * profession allied to cataloguing, but with a very different career structure. * refers to superscripts and subscripts. * science as well as an art. * specialized form of writing that is part science and part art - skill that publishers of all types are buying * strategy that has been applied to many different categories of investing - reduces uncertainty to a risk * way of creating a database to search for information. * widely used investment strategy at the heart of many successful stock portfolios. ### catholic: Pope * Most popes live and die without ever having exercised an infallible act. * are bishops - catholic priests - catholics - human beings, and they can sin - leaders - located in churchs - religious leaders - villages * have the authority to approve or to annul councils. * serve until they die. * spiritual leader * usually reign for life. ### catholics: Catholic priest * are catholics * forgive sins. ### cats: Persian cat * Some persian cats require vitamins. * are cats - domestic cats - known to inherit a disorder called idiopathic seborrhea - the most luxurious cats in the world * is the chief industry of Persia, hence the word purr. * require regular daily grooming to keep their beautiful coats from tangling and matting.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### causal process: Natural selection * Some natural selections affect phenotypes - cause evolution - drive evolution - induce growth - lead to evolution - require reproduction * acts at the level of the organism - differently on related species living in different habitats - directly on a. the phenotype * acts on A. an organism s phenotype - behavioral traits * acts on differences between individuals within populations - individuals while differential reproduction acts on populations * acts on individuals, but it affects populations over time - while evolution acts over generations in populations - phenotypes that are controlled by genes - the variations of the phenotype within the population - only upon existing traits - upon a creature within a specific niche in nature - within a generation, evolution change between generations * adjusts each to counter the evolutionary advances made by the other. * affects all - the distripution of phenotypes in three ways * allows organisms to adapt to their environment, but within the bounds of the kind. * are evolutionary theories. * can ONLY act on heritable traits - be operative only if more offspring are born than survive - cause adaptation or also cause a population to remain constant - lead to the adaptive trait showing up in more and more of a population - occur in any population that has heritable fitness differences * can occur with decades, over just a few generations - or without environmental change * can only act on available phenotypic variations within the population - traits that increase fitness - cause evolution if the different alleles produce different phenotypes - choose among existing variation in a population - modify existing traits of an organism - select that which is already present in an animal's genetic code - work on existing variation within a population - produce adaptations - purge the mutations from the population - result in evolutionary convergence under several different circumstances * can result in the maintenance of polymorphism in a population - replacement of one genotype by another - weed some existing traits out of a population * can, in principle, explain all known adaptations. * causal process. * cause of genetic variation in a population - the most significant genetic changes in a population * causes adaptive traits to be increasingly represented in succeeding generations - allele frequencies to change - predictable changes in phenotypic variation * change in the characteristics of living things over time. * choice as to which one better uses the environment to make offspring. * comes from differences in survival and reproduction. * conservative force. * creates change within a species through competition, or the struggle for life. * decreases beak length in soapberry bug populations. * deletes genetic information from the population. * describes how populations, over time, adapt to their environments. * destroys evolutionary change. * determines evolutionary fitness with characteristics related to survival. * different issue from how the morphological change occurs. * does act on individuals - explain how organisms adapt to minor changes in their environment - shape human behavior, they say * drives organismal change through time including the origin of new species. * driving force for evolution and genetic variation provides the raw material. * ensures that a particular trait be advantageous to an animal. * explains a tremendous amount of biology - design in nature * favors only the fittest variations from the phenotypes that are available - primate behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction - the average value of a trait, and selects against either extreme * favors traits improving reproductive success - the survival and reproduction of individuals - in males that increase their success at mating - that maximize reproductive success * favours optimal traits - replicators that prosper in their environment * filters out organisms as they cross the fuzzy line from the present to the future. * fixes one allele but drift determines which allele is fixed and which one is lost. * force that causes evolution. * has much to say about such things as third eyes. * has nothing to do with energy efficiency - optimizing any physical criterion - to take an animal as it finds it the good with the bad * have effects - intentions * increases genetic differentiation among populations - the value of genetic information * influences the increasing or decreasing prevalence of traits in a population. * introduces a systematic bias in allele frequency changes. * involves a consideration of survival rates, fitness, and selection coefficients. * is actually a process of killing off - all about favouring some variants over others * is an action - agent, acting through coincidences and working in mutated genes - algorithm - evolutionary theory, but there are others - opportunistic process - at work in microbes as they constantly try to thwart human pesticides * is based on differential reproductive success - three basic facts about plants and animals in nature - total randomness of process - basically a specialization process - believed to be one of the most influential factors in animal evolution - critical to animal behavior because it generally is linked to ultimate causes - differences in survival among individuals * is differential reproduction by individuals of different genotypes - reproduction, organism perpetuation - survival and reproduction of different phenotypes in a population - easy to study - it occurs over fairly short periods of time - essentially a bookkeeping process - for larger birds - goal directed in the short term - how species evolve by adapting to their environment - important, but there are several mechanisms driving evolution - in fact so powerful that it can work in machines as well - irrelevant to, or negligible in context of, macroevolutionary change - one concept that explains the change * is one of the cornerstones of modern biology - four processes that result in evolution - main factors, resulting in changes in gene proportions - powerless when there is no function to select - process by which species becomes modified over time - seen in action in the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms - simply the consequence of heritable variation in traits that affect fitness - supposed to be nature's sorting mechanism - the controlling factor in the evolution of large populations r * is the driving force behind evolution - of evolution * is the main driving force of the evolution - mechanism of evolution - source of microevolution - way that evolution works - mechanism by which the process of evolution occurs * is the mechanism of change * is the mechanism that chooses one variation over another - produces adaptations * is the only evolutionary mechanism - known explanation for adaptation - mechanism known to produce complex adaptations in nature * is the primary mechanism by which evolution takes place - driving evolutionary change - principle mechanism driving adaptive radiation * is the process by which evolution works - speciation occurs - progenitor, the ancestor of the other selective processes - tendency to survive and reproduce due to having the right characteristics - very specific to the environment it is occurring in * key foundation of evolution. * kind of combinatorial optimiation process. * leads the content of preferences to reflect biological fitness. * leads to extinction - organisms that are well suited for survival in particular environments - the evolution of new traits * maintains favorable alleles regardless of whether they are dominant or recessive. * major agent in natural selection. * makes it necessary that animals and nature fit perfectly. * mechanism by which species evolve - for generating an exceedingly high degree of improbability * occurs based on the variation that is present in a species at any time - in opposition to evolution - over many generations and longer time periods - through interactions between individual organisms and their environments * occurs when genotypes differ in average fitness - the viability of an allele is tested in real life - there are differences in among members of a popu- lation - with or without environmental catastrophes - within species - without a conscious plan or purpose * operates by changing one little part and later another. * operates on individuals, but it is the populations that evolve - causing adaptations in populations - over thousands of generations * operates to eliminate or retain such organisms which have mutated - produce adaptation to the environment * operating on genetic variation leads to adaptation and diversification. * picks the way that maximizes individual fitness. * play important roles * plays a key role in both adaptations and exaptations - role in the origin of new species * prefers one lot of information over another, leading to adaptation. * prepares organisms for future changes in the environment. * process that acts on variable traits among individuals - among species - goes in exactly the opposite direction required for evolution - is directly opposed to the direction of evolution - results in evolution - which slows down degeneration * produces adaptations that enhance survivorship, reproduction, or both. * promotes the survival of individuals best able to survive and reproduce. * reduces the less vigorous young. * refers to differences in survival and reproduction. * reflects an advantage for a particular characteristic in a particular environment - transient adaptation to a prevailing environmental condition * rely on ideas. * scientific law much as gravity is. * stabilizing force. * stops the evolution of male attractiveness. * take places. * takes an organism as a whole. * tends to discourage change, rather than bring about greater change - erode genetic variability - inhibit major evolutionary change - produce individuals that are well adapted to their environment - reduce variation in gene pools * vital contributor to evolution and the emergence of new species. * working on groups of close genetic relatives is called kin selection. * works here because there are already functional traits - in a negative fashion to actually limit diversity * works on an individual - changes that have already occurred - preexisting variation in a population - the variability	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### causative interference: Vertebral subluxation * are a detriment to the fullest possible expression of life. * can lead to many health problems including arthritis. * causative interference. * cause interference with the nerve system's life giving functions. * have many causes. * is all that chiropractors address themselves to. * reduces the function of the entire body including the educated brain. ### causing: Tripping * are causing - events * cause fallings. Caustic * also arise naturally in the distribution of dark matter in space. * are added to desalting water to neutralize acids and reduce corrosion - also highly toxic if swallowed - compounds - powerful agents that can cause burns - the envelope of rays diffracted by surface defects in a material - usually hydroxides of light metals * can cause severe burns to skin and eyes even on short contact. ### cavity nesters: Bali mynah * are cavity nesters - very conspicuous birds and easily trapped for the pet bird trade in Indonesia * share the ability to mimic sounds, including human speech, with their larger cousins. ### celebrated annually worldwide: Earth day * are holidays - shorter than Earth years * is celebrated annually worldwide. Celebration * are great ways for families to spend time together. * is affairs - also a time to listen to laughter, lively conversation and music - an occasion - diversion - rituals - the physical and verbal expression of our freedom from the power of sin * takes places. ### celestial law: Consecration * celestial law. * deed of faith, a part of the glorious life of faith. * divine action. * is commitment - sanctification - that which makes it immutable - the basic whole unit of yoga - to direct the act formed out of that energy towards the divine intention * literally means to make sacred. * miracle of grace. * relates the being in the becoming to the individual. ### celestial love: Mutual love * can begin with limerence, or it can develop gradually in a non-sexual friendship. * celestial love. ### celestial love \| mutual love: Christian love * is opposite to proud behavior - to the world as water in the desert - unique, it is characterized by, a sense of family * mutual love. * requires that trust be maintained in human relationships. * special kind of love. * virtue that results in a commitment to the truth.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Cell * Alive Some tiny organisms , called protists , are made of only one cell. * All cell contain genetic information which is stored in so-called chromosomes - phones discharge electromagnetic waves, a form of radiation * All cells act as sources, but most cells just propagate sound because they have zero amplitude - arc in active division * All cells are able to grow or remain stagnant, depending on the needs of the body - attached to other cells - bound by a cell membrane and contain cytoplasm, which is where the cell parts lie - capable of sampling their environment through a process called endocytosis - coated with various substances - dead in the heartwood - either prokaryotic or eukaryotic - formed from other living cells - genetically identical - made by other cells - microscopic in size - more receptive to the actions of the drug during active cell reproduction - organized into functional units - powered by mitochondria - produced from other cells - programmed to die at a certain time - it is nature's own planned obsolescence - surrounded by a structure called the cell membrane Opens in modal popup window - the products of the division of preexisting cells - tracheids * All cells arise from existing cells - other cells through cell division - pre-existing cells - can divide to produce other cells - carry their genes on a set of long, worm-shaped structures called chromosomes - come from cells * All cells come from other cells by one of two different kinds of cell division * All cells contain DNA which transmits coded information to other cells - a set of coded instructions called genes - an array of unwinding enzymes called helicases - carbon, because they all contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates * All cells contain genes, which are the units that determine raits of a plant or animal - the units that determine the traits of a plant or animal - hereditary information - lipids - much more DNA than they actually use - pairs of idential chromosomes, one from the father and one from the mother - ribosomes - the same key elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen - tiny energy stations called mitochondria - depend on nucleic acids and proteins for survival, growth, and replication - derive from cells and therefore begin life with a basic starter set of cellular machinery * All cells differentiate only form pluripotent stem cells - from pluripotent stem cells - do a function called mitosis - follow a regular pattern of growth called the cell cycle - function in a similar way * All cells go through a cell cycle - changes, or mutations, day to day - have a built in senescence or death after so many cell divisions * All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nuclear material - wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell - complex internal mechanism which controls everything they do - cytoplasmic membrane - cytoskeleton, and share common elements and modes of organization - genetic program for death - nucleus * All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus - cytoplasm, and ribosomes - self-destruct program, called apoptosis - suicide program encoded in their genes * All cells have actin and myosin, contractile proteins - in some form * All cells have an electrical membrane potential or voltage across their plasma membranes - intrinsic polarity, set up in response to extracellular and intracellular cues - outer covering called a plasma membrane - biomembranes that segregate their internal environment from the surroundings - centrioles - chemical ways of consuming food - chloroplasts - energy, so all cells contain and share information - identical chromosomes - internal structures that move - same basic chemical composition and metabolic activities * All cells have some components in common - internal resistance - static organelles - the apoptotic machinery, but healthy cells lack the signals to trigger it * All cells have the same basic chemical composition - general layout, but prokaryotic cells are small and simple - organic nutrional requirement - their magnetic moments pointing in a specific direction along the helix trace - interact with their environment - involved are produced by mitosis - live at least partly in touch with a water solution - maintain an electrical difference across their cell membrane - manufacture proteins using organelles called ribosomes - modulate the levels at which specific genes are expressed under different conditions - pick up oxygen and release waste into red blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream * All cells possess a cell wall - an array of sugars on their surface - probably have cell processes reaching the basal lamina * All cells receive and respond to signals from their environment - signals from their surroundings - rely on the process of osmosis to some degree * All cells reproduce by expanding and dividing into two - themselves by dividing * All cells require calcium for numerous functions - energy to survive and undergo chemical processes to sustain life - folic acid and it can diffuse easily into human cells - oxygen to function - phosphorus for growth - respire, but only plants, algae, and some bacteria also have photosynthesis - rest on the basement membrane - share at least some structures - sit on the basement membrane however - suffer mutations - touch the basement membrane, but only the taller cells reach the lumen - transmit signals to grow, divide or migrate * All cells use DNA as their genetic material - amino acids and fatty acids combined with a glucose and oxygen to make energy * All cells use glucose for energy - to produce energy for function - membranes to make and convert energy, and carry out life processes - precise homeostatic regulatory systems to maintain appropriate intracellular levels - used in rebuilding come from basal layer of endometrium - work in close cooperation and their functioning is what keeps the organism alive * Any cell is recognizable as belonging to a particular body. * Describe the types and functions of cells. * Every cell assembles the amino acids into the proteins it needs - becomes alive because very cell sex cell - carries the same package of DNA, including sex cells - the sperm and egg - contains DNA, the hereditary molecule * Every cell contains a multitude of protein-synthesis factories, the tiny particles called ribosomes - nucleus , which is even smaller, but still visible under a microscope - part called the mitochondria , which acts like an engine - approximately one billion protein molecules - genes, which are sets of instructions for all the functions of our cells * Every cell has a complete set of genes - nucleus , which is the cell's control center - vast assortment of macromolecules - all the planes - eight neighbour cells and belongs to a cell type - small organelles within it that perform different tasks - some things in common, and something that makes it different - tens of thousands of genes, which occur on threadlike structures called chromosomes - the potential to be cloned - three parts, whether it be a blood cell, brain cell, or reproductive cell - two long flagella * Every cell is alive - an electrical generator, and produces an electrical field - bathed in sodium containing fluid - considered to have eight neighboring cells with which it shares edges or corners - covered by a membrane that controls what can enter and leave the cell - encased within a semipermeable membrane * Every cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane - in a membrane - exposed to the external environment, thereby facilitating intracellular digestion - sensitive to certain forms of stress, and capable of initiating a specific response * Every cell is surrounded by a membrane that separates it from the outside world - the product of a cell cycle - needs calcium in order to function properly - reproduces itself * Every cell requires calcium - growth signaling - starts from a fertilized ovum * Many cells also form vacuoles. * Many cells are binocular unless purturbed to mediate stereopsis - capable of synthesizing cytokines but do so only under appropriate conditions - dependent on hormones, cytokines or growth factors for their survival - so small as to be visible only with a good microscope - bind to components of the extracellular matrix * Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes - exhibit migratory behaviour - communicate by secreting small molecules * Many cells contain dried pupae - similar structures - stacks of needle-shaped raphides - die quickly, leaving only a fraction of cancerous cells dividing - die, for example, and some go to the wrong place or become the wrong kind of cell * Many cells have 'calcium channels' on their surface - structural specializations - unique extensions of their cytoskeleton for movement - involved in apoptosis have the capacity to induce apoptosis by overexpression - lose their ability to function, or begin to function abnormally - make up one muscle, and each cell has smaller subdivisions that are the functional units - never have a large increase in size after they are first formed from a parental cell - perform active migration - populate organs, such as the spleen or the tonsils, after maturity - repel negatively charged molecules with their similarly charged cell membranes * Many cells secrete materials into the regions which are outside the cellular membrane - proteins into their surrounding extracellular fluid - take in food and other things using something called endocytosis - undergo exocytosis including mast cells, pancreatic beta cells, and yeast * Many cells use nickel and carbon electrodes, and potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte - respiratory processes to obtain their energy * Most cells also double their mass and duplicate all their cytoplasmic organelles in each cycle. * Most cells are diploid and have two copies of each chromosome - fundamentally aquatic - in interphase most of the time - located in animals - microscopic because a * Most cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye - be seen without a microscope * Most cells contain DNA in the form of chromosomes located in the nucleus - a single nucleus that reproduces during mitosis and cell division - both types of channels, but the relative amount varies - many mitochondria - die after a few divisions * Most cells express more than one hexose transporters - multiple signal transduction pathways - function best within a narrow range of temperature and acidity - go through a series of changes in order to maintain homeostasis * Most cells have a nucleus - reproducible staining pattern, regardless of the tissue - scaffolding made up of 'microtubules', made from fibres of the protein tubulin - abundant pink cytoplasm - cytoskeletons of microtubules, which are fibres made of the protein tubulin - many inputs, integrated over cell surface and over time - no idea of the body or the mind of that body - one centrosome, which is replicated shortly before cell division - repair enzymes which routinely correct mutations in the DNA caused by UV - similar metabolic pathways for synthesis of fat - skeletons made up of microtubules made from fibres of the protein tubulin - something on the walls - very little mass - only measure a few thousandths of a millimeter in diameter - produce coats that are external to the plasma membrane - regenerate themselves by dividing to form a pair of new cells - release histamine and other biologically active substances - spend the vast majority of their life in telophase - stop dividing when they encounter another cell - synthesize an extracellular matrix containing among other things proteoglycans * Most cells undergo a degenerative process indicative of apoptosis and are deleted before ovulation - growth arrest or apoptosis in response to hypoxia - use oxygen to produce enough energy to carry on the basic functions of life * Some cells also demonstrate nuclear folds and grooves - feature orderly arrangements of molecules called organelles * Some cells are amazingly refractory to virus - benign, but growing - body cells - excitable , that is, they can change their membrane potential - huge and some are small - immortal - immune to certain types of environmental selection and others are susceptible * Some cells are located in mammals - mosquitoes - vertebrates - more important than others - multinucleate - part of at least two different gland-like structures * Some cells are specialized for reproduction - to carry oxygen to the different parts of the body - specialized, evolve from unicellular cells - transients, dying when their jobs are done - very agile, and can do amazing things * Some cells become dystrophic with age and no longer perform their normal tasks - skin cells, for example, while others become blood cells - begin to form the brain, others the bones, the digestive system, and so on - break free from the biofilm and return to a free-swimming state * Some cells can divide every few hours - live independently of other cells - take up naked DNA by transformation, as bacteria do * Some cells can use Vitamin D as a substitute for testosterone when testosterone is unavailable - the waste products of others, while other interactions are mutually beneficial - vary the shape and duration of the evoked action potential - cease metabolizing - change their formula in order to survive in an acidic environment - cluster at the dermal-epidermal junction - combine to form bones - come from unborn children, which are killed when the cells are removed * Some cells contain bile - foamy eosinophilic material - continue to metabolize but at slower rates - develop into the embryo and some cells develop into the placenta * Some cells die and disintegrate, leaving spaces where fluid and infected cells accumulate - others are damaged - during the process of neuronal development - differentiate into brain cells, some into liver cells, etc - do contain mucin vacuoles - exhibit concentric laminated smooth faced cisternae - express programmed cell death apoptosis along a particular developmental scheme * Some cells form a long stalk and others form a spore-filled sac atop the stalk - heart connective tissue, other cells grow into heart valves - go through repeated cell cycles * Some cells grow easily and can even form tissues in a dish - outward to form root hair * Some cells have a centrally located nucleus and others have a more basal nucleus - glycocalyx, which carbohydrate-rich surface on the outside the membrane - granules alongside the recurrent flagellum * Some cells have many Golgi bodies - more of the specific receptors than others - multiple nuclei per cell - only a single cell - prominent nucleoli - several thousand mitochondria while others have none - signet ring appearance - specialised functions - tiny hair-like fibers that are called flagella - to die, so that other cells can live - very irregularly-shaped nuclei - identify the characteristic molecular shape of an antigen and respond by proliferation - increase surface area with folds, microvilli - induce cells to become phagocytic - link to the collagen-proteoglycan complex directly - live a couple of hours, others live a couple of days, weeks or months - make food by means of photosyenthesis, others serve for reproduction and locomotion - move to new positions, organs form, and a wormlike larva hatches from the shell - penetrate neighboring tissues, destroying normal cells and taking their place - prefer the right eye, and others prefer the left eye - proceed to make proteins employing iron atoms to carry oxygen - react only to red - receive mysterious signals and begin dividing rapidly - release multiple transmitters, each causing a different response post-synaptically - rely exclusively on salvage pathways - remain meristematic - retain ability to divide - require growth factors to stimulate division - resemble lymphocytes with dense round basophilic nuclei and little cytoplasm - send abnormal signals, which stop other cells from working properly * Some cells show another structure in the nucleus, called the nucleolus - golden brown glycogen in the cytoplasm - simultaneously express both proteins - specialize in secretion - stick to coveslips better if they are coated with poly amino acids or collagen - stop dividing when they become adult cells - take in large molecules by means of pinocytosis - turn over each day * Some cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell - oxygen to release the energy stored in food - wander around the body of the sponge secreting spongin to make the skeleton. * In biology, the 'cell' is the basic structure of organisms. All cells are made by other cells * absorb the radioactive material after it is injected into the body. * absorb, convert, and use several forms of energy in their life processes. * aggregate to form tissues - with others of a similar kind - molecules aid in recognition * also consist of thin layers of proteins and lipid molecules called membranes - contain many tiny organelles called mitochondria - divide so living things can grow - enter secondary lymphoid tissues through the lymphatics - have a complex internal framework made of pro- tein fibers - invade vessels of the lymph system - make carbon dioxide as a waste * always expand in both directions. * appear to react together and permently link to each other. * are a very complex, highly organized form of matter - able to move by a structure termed the raphe - about a micron in diameter, or a millionth of a meter - academic journals - active in proportion to the quantity of food material and oxygen which they receive - alive and are the smallest living unit * are also the basic functioning unit of life - where the processes of metabolism and heredity occur in an organism - amazingly diverse in shape, size, and function - an organism s basic units of structure and function - basic units of biological life * are basically packages of living matter surrounded by membranes or walls - unlike in structure - biflagellated, both are attached at the same end of the cell - books - born from older cells , in a process called cell division * are capable of dies - very diverse specialized functions - capped by worker bees when the larva pupates - chemically very similar - classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic - compartments - complex, containing thousands of small structures called organelles and particles - composed of molecules, which are sets of atoms bonded together - considered the smallest structure that is alive * are dead a functional maturity, but produce secondary cell walls before protoplast dies - or dying - deficient in dolichol kinase activity - dependent on environmental cues for normal growth - diodes - dynamic and metabolically active places - electrical devices - epithelial in nature, in that they are polar and connected with each other - epitheloid - excitable responding to environmental stimuli - exquisitely sensitive to differences in terrain, even on the nanometer scale * are extremely complex and contain DNA, proteins, and a myriad of other components - dynamic entities when viewed under the microscope - films - fluorescent * are formed through mitosis at the basale layer - innermost layers - generally in the size range of nanometers - holons which can form a body organ - identical to parents and so are vulnerable to the same environmental stresses - immortal if they are cleansed, nourished and rehydrated - in turn organized into tissues - incredibly complex - independent of the number and types of machines and networks - irregular spheres with a glycoprotein envelope and monopolar flagella - known as the basic building blocks of all livings things * are like bricks that make a building - chemical factories, constantly putting out complex chemical reactions * are located in animals - jails * are lysed and digested with trypsin to give peptide fragments - in agarose to avoid the shearing effects of pipeting - made from only a small number of elements * are made of cytoplasm - different structures that perform different functions that keep a cell alive - wax, or dug into wood, soil, plant stems, or mortar - up of billions of biomolecules working together - membrane bounded compartments filled with a concentrated solution of chemicals and salts - mesophillic or thermophillic - microcosms of larger living systems - microcytic * are microscopic in size and are measured in metric units called micrometers - size, requiring microscopes for visualization - units, which have got different shapes and sizes - most vulnerable to heat when they duplicate their DNA before they divide - mostly water in which everything else is suspended - much more permeable to water than they are to glycerol - nearly always in the processes of protein turnover - obligate photoautrotrophs, lack phycoerythrin, and are thermophilic - of an unspecialized type * are often able to recognize and repair certain mutations - different sizes and shapes because they perform different functions - too small to be seen without a microscope - with mucilage sheaths * are organized in a way that allows organisms to do many different jobs at the same time * are part of bodies - monasteries - rectangular in shape and contain cellular organelles and large intracellular granules - regarded in the cell theory to be the basic building block of life - relevant to biology class because biology is the study of life and all forms of life - rooms - round or ovoid in pairs or chains and most are non-motile - said to be most sensitive to radiation when they're dividing - seen as the basic structural, functional and biological units of all living systems - self maintaining in that each cell is produced by the division of a previous cell - sensitive to the frequency of calcium oscillations * are small and cuboidal and have apparent nuclei - because rates of diffusion are better and adequate concentration - groups of people which become the focus of Christian community - so that surface area is increase - to maintain an optimal surface area to volume ratio - small, in most cases too small to see with the naked eye * are smaller and have fewer ribosomes - rounder than endocervical adenocarcinomas with finer chromatin pattern - smallest building blocks of our body * are so small that they are only visible through magnification - can only be seen under a microscope - some of the smallest organisms around - specialised for a particular function * are specialized for different functions in multicellular organisms - into different types - subject to cell memory - susceptible to a wide range of fish viruses - teeny tiny things that use fuel, grow, and reproduce * are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division basic feature of life - area created by intersecting rows and columns - basic biological unit of living organisms * are the basic building blocks of all living things - all tissues of the human body - every person * are the basic living unit of organization for all forms of life - organization of living things - parts of life and a fundamental concept studied in life sciences * are the basic structural and functional units of life - unit of plants, insects, animals and human beings - units of the body * are the basic unit of all life - life and thus can regenerate if in a controlled environment - life, and all living things are made of one or more cells * are the basic unit of structure and form in all living things - and function for all living things - and function in all living things - and function of all organisms * are the basic units of structure and function iii - and function in living things - and function in the human body - that perform the vital functions of the tissues and organs of the body - basis of life - boxes in which data is entered * are the building blocks of all life forms - living things, and are marvels of complexity and organization - cement that bonds believers together - constituent units of living things * are the fundamental building blocks of living tissues - structural and functional units of all living organisms - unit of all living things - fundamental, structural, and functional units of living organisms - holographic units in the low and same grade and have similar functions - lowest level of organization in every life form - mature forms found in the circulation - most basic unit of life in living organisms - number of boxes placed in a row - objects in which all commands are executed - small building blocks of living tissue - smallest form of structure and function in living organisms * are the smallest living thing - things, the basic units of organization of all organisms - unit in our body - parts of our bodies that are complete living units - self-functioning unit found in living organisms - things that can be alive * are the smallest unit of life - units of life capable of surviving on their own * are the smallest units that are considered alive - make up the body - perform all vital functions in a living organism * are the structural and functional units of any living organism - of life, all cells come from other cells - units of most living organisms * are the tiny bags of fluid of which every living thing is built - individual structures that make up all parts of the body * are the units of function in living things - structure in living things - very small units that make up all living things - thought necessary because they separate one organism from another - thrifty, expedient, and responsive in their metabolism * are tiny mass of protoplasm that form the fundermental unit of living matter - units that can only be seen with a microscope - too small to be seen without magnification - tumorigenic in nude mice - tumourigenic in nude mice and form colonies on agarose - unable to balance intracellular pH against strong buffers * are uniform and have scant, pink cytoplasm and stipled nuclei - usually visible only through a microscope * are very important because they carry out all of life s activities - small basic units of life - weak after transfection * are what every living thing is made of - make up the human body, often referred to as the bodies building blocks - wider, devoid of chloroplast and are compactly arranged without air spaces * arise by the cellular division of a previously existing cell. * arise from other cells - pre-existing cells, so that all living things are composed of cells * arise only by division of a previously existing cell - from the division of of preexisting cells * assume normal growth process of the host organism. * attack and destroy germs when they enter the body. * become abnormal and are produced in large amounts - grow out of control - cancerous, however, when they begin dividing without control or order - farther removed from the outside at an exponential rate - fused together and are referred to as a giant cell - naturally competent at a certain point in the growth cycle - specialized during the development of an organism - specialized, forming the three germ layers found in all vertebrates - tools for caring for the body * begin keratin synthesis - meiosis just like they begin mitosis, after interphase * begin to die, and the organism becomes ill - form new collagen * break because of shear forces, grinding between beads, and collisions with beads - off and form new colonies - through the basal lamina and spread into the muscle layer * build animals from tiny living things to romping and stomping pets - proteins from smaller molecules called amino acids - up on the skin's surface, making the skin thick, dull, less elastic, and discolored * burn energy while regenerating and healing. * can also differ with respect to their associations with other cells - enter the bloodstream and travel to distant organs, such as the lungs or brain - generate their own action potentials - move as individuals - move, duplicate, and alternate their biomedical reactions - separate due to failure in the middle lamella in the tangential direction - work together to perform some complicated functions - arise only from cells that already exist - attack specific pathogens * can be either bacteria or human cells - isodiametric - of any size - become adrenal gland or sympathetic ganglion depending on their location * can break away from the initial tumor to form new growths elsewhere in the body - off and be carried around the body to settle somewhere else and form new cancers - breakdown starch, liberating glucose molecules in the cytoplasm - change the receptors and other molecules that are active at a given time - communicate by producing chemicals that diffuse locally in the extracellular fluid - contain thousands of genes - die in many ways - distinguish between charge and stuff - divide only so many times - easily migrate through swelled hyaluronic acid ground substance - function as individual organisms or can be part of higher organizational units - grow outside the freshwater plume * can have A or B proteins or both on their surface, and O is the lack of either - materials built and attached to the membrane or just built around the cell - more than one nucleus or lack a nucleus all together - maintain pH chemically by using buffers - make exact copies of themselves - move like amoebae and crawl between other cells to reach their destination - no longer function normally, cell death occurs, and parts of the brain are destroyed - produce gametes only after they have reached a critical size - react to rapid increases in temperature to protect proteins from denaturating - reproduce but only molecules can replicate - secrete proteins outside of the plasma membrane - signal to each other - sometimes contain changes in the information in their genes - spend more energy repairing DNA than synthesizing it - spread as a single cell or as many tiny cells - store one bit of information in one nanometer of space * can then assemble glucose molecules into starch granules that are stored in the cells - grow uncontrolled and develop into a cancer * can thus extensively manipulate the rates of reactions through changes in their DNA sequence - produce particular proteins in large amounts - travel through the body via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system - use their transferrin receptors to locomote * capture and release energy. * carry on the many functions needed to sustain life. * carry out metabolic processes through their cell walls * changes in sensory ganglia following proximal and distal nerve section in the monkey. * cluster into micropapillary tufts or become stratified - together for a common purpose in the process of mitosis * combine to form an organisms. * come in all different shapes and sizes - shapes, sizes, and functions with life spans that vary correspondingly - two distinct types * come only from existing cells - the division of a pre-existing cell - together, too, to construct living things * commonly divide rapidly in womb life, childhood and puberty, to grow the adult body. * communicate bio-information via the medium of light. * communicate by sending messengers to other cells in the form of small molecules - signaling molecules, begin to multiply and form a microcolony - chemically with each other and respond to chemical cues from their environment - covertly, coded call and response to threshold excitation * communicate with cells - each other by chemical signals - one another * communicate, process information and interact. * connected in series make a battery. * consist primarily of water and release a great deal of heat energy during metabolism. * constantly exchange information in the form of chemical message or electrical signals - have to adapt to environmental changes and mutational changes - produce molecules that ensure the survival of their neighbours - switch genes on or off as conditions change * consume energy more efficiently - the oxygen and nutrients and add carbon dioxide, wastes, enzymes and hormones * contain DNA and make up our bodies - DNA, which controls the production of proteins * contain a diverse array of both enzyme families - macronucleus and micronucleus - set of structures called organelles that control the various functions of the cell - actin and myosin protein which enables cells to contract - an amazing array of types of protein activities - four families of small organic molecules - from one to several nucleoids, depending on their growth rate - full metabolic biochemical pathways * contain genetic information that is passed on to the next generation of cells * contain hereditary information that is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division - which is passed on from cell to cell during division - identical chromosome number and are genetically identical to each other and parent - large amounts of silica - long strands of DNA, which are called chromosomes * contain many different sized lipid vacuoles, store vitamin A and are related to fibrocytes - diverse types of myosins - types of cytoplasmic vesicles - many, many enzymes capable of catalyzing hydrolytic reactions - mechanisms to die as well as grow and divide - pairs of chromosomes from each parent - preventive antioxidants to suppress oxidative damage to membranes - separate sets of genes in their nucleus and in their mitochondria - several complex systems to fix damage before, during, and after replication - structural elements, collectively referred to as the cytoskeleton - structures called organelles which carry out specific functions * contain the chromosomes which consist of long strands of DNA on which the genes are arranged - potassium, and the blood and interstital fluids are high in sodium - transducers which convert energy from electron flow to chemical energy - two strands of DNA that are exact mirrors of each other * containing abnormal hemoglobin live less long than normal ones - such struc- tures are muscle cells - two sets of genetic information are referred to as diploid * continually divide to make more cells for growth and repair. * continue to divide and differentiate throughout a person's life - expand in numbers and together form organs for example skin or tissue * continuously die off and are replaced by new cells - receive information from their environment and their neighbours * cope with such changes by an elaborate network of adaptive responses. * counts in bovine milk - individual cows can rise and fall rapidly * depend crucially on communication and signalling. * deprived of oxygen become damaged, and eventually die. * derive energy from the oxidation of nutrients, such as glucose. * develop and maintain complex organization. * die and break down in two ways - as a natural part of our body s processes - off rapidly in hair follicles - via a variety of mechanisms - when ice crystals grow too large and damage cell walls * differ in shape and size - the receptors that they display on their surfaces * differentiate into functional types by using some genes but ignoring others. * dissociate from each other as well as from plastic and glass. * divide all the time. * divide and copy themselves to produce gametes - keep dividing until they reach a limit and die - replicate themselves over the course of our lives - for growth, development, reproduction and replacement of injured or worn-out cells - in two stages - mostly in the direction of the colony surface - repeatedly to produce an embryo - through mitosis or meiosis * divide to form new, identical cells - generate growth, development and repairs of our bodies * divide, grow and migrate - migrate toward food and away from danger - sperm swim, constellations swirl into view * dividing rapidly are at greatest risk. * dying, and changing, is part of the natural anabolic and catabolic process in things. * ellipsoid, ultimately involved in a fourfold tegument, which is expanded at the poles. * emit heat in the course of energy conversion. * enter apoptosis when they are damaged. * entering the second division are haploid. * equipped with pigment used for color change are called chromatophores. * even engage in apoptosis - programmed cell death. * eventually seed the vitreous, thereby obscuring the view of the retina. * exert a tight control over their size. * exhibit no effector activity in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxic system. * exist far from thermal equilibrium by harvesting energy from their environment. * exist in a variety of shapes and sizes - an initiated state rather than a normal or transformed state - under conditions that are described as a steady state * expend much of their energy in expelling sodium from the cell. * express both the wildtype and variant oestrogen receptors as well as progesterone receptor - different surface antigens at different stages - repo after they have committed to the glial cell fate * expressing the b-galactosidase gene cleave the substrate. * feed individually but can aggregate to migrate and form a fruiting body. * filled with fatty droplets die and burst, providing lubrication for the skin and hair. * fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. * form the basic building blocks of living things - parts of an organism and carry out all of the organism's functions - tissues and organs, which form into complex systems * forms the basic units of all living organisms. * frequently assume a cup shape in capillaries - contain brown pigments which are probably tannins - respond to environmental changes or insults by undergoing apoptosis * function like miniature factories, constructing new molecules from raw materials - through the application of electric charges to rare gases contained within * gain their strength by clumping together with other cells - water if external environment is hypoosmotic * generally double their mass during each cell cycle - maintain a homeostasis of energy charge * get nutrition by absorbing it directly through their surfaces - their food from Chloroplasts which are held inside the plant cell * go through a series of changes before they turn into cancer - meiosis and mitosis - several steps in the process of cell division * grow and divide - thereby producing more cells - to replace cells that are lost because of normal wear and tear or injury - divide, producing more cells - as monolayer and in suspension in spinner cultures * grow by dividing - first increasing in size and then splitting into two - taking up water - chemically in vats, While nerves soak in anesthetic * grow in coherent clumps - hollow spheroid colonies that can attach loosely - semi-suspension - increasingly smaller to fit in - larger as they take in or make their own food - to a certain size and then divide * grown in different media have different compositions as well as different sizes and weights. * have a double role - large, oval-shaped nucleus with a prominent nucleolus - specific area on their surface, known as a receptor, to which insulin attaches - variety of organelles, each with a specific function - very large proportion of their volume devoted to mitochondria - watery medium called cytosol that contains the necessary factors for their survival - ability to draw water out of cell into the surrounding environment when temp drops - active control over the stability of chromatin - an equal chance of being dominated by either eye - both free and membrane-bound ribosomes - complex structure and sophisticated molecular machinery - consciousness as well as emotions - finger-like projections that they use to feel their surroundings - internal oscillators that operate independently of light stimulus - large round to oval nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm - life cycles, much like humans do * have many mitochondria to supply energy for active transport - nuclei which contain chromosomes * have particular structures or organelles that perform specific jobs * have receptors for signaling molecules - transferrin on their surface - on their surface and in their cytoplasm and nucleus - sticking out of their membranes - which attract only a specific hormone - round to oval nuclei, relatively clear cytoplasm, and well defined cell borders - several mechanisms that regulate their internal environments * have the ability to produce more mitochondria as needed - rest without dying - connotation of being prolific units, like families, that belong to a larger system - their own processes to deal with proteins they manufacture for themselves * have to be able to recognize each other and know how to interact - selectively take up and excrete certain molecules - expend energy to transport that nutrient into the cell - maintain water balance through something scientists call osmosis - make a copy of their DNA in order to divide and thus grow - two kinds of nuclei - upwards of a hundred times more of it than any other gene - very specialized structure and function and are able to reproduce when needed * having similar specialized functions form together and lead to formation of organs or tissues. * help the body fight off germs. * hold all of the biological equipment necessary for life. * identify their relative position by use of anterior and posterior morphogens in the embryo - themselves by marker molecules on the cell membrane * includes cell membranes - corpi - lobes - sections * increase in size and weight as they store fat - size, incorporate various substances from medium * increases in size. * induce their own death by chopping their DNA into little pieces. * infected by the bacterium make chemicals to fend off the infection - virus often fuse together, producing multinucleated cells, or syncytia * infected with non lytic viruses can continue to produce viral particles indefinitely - the bacteria develop mineral deposits both on the inside and outside * interact with one another in different ways based on what type of cell they are. * intercalate to narrow the tissue and at the same time move it forward. * internalize molecules from the exterior by at least two distinct pathways of endocytosis. * invaded by bacteria normally give clear signals that they're infected - the zygotes appear to behave differently * involved in the immune response are white blood cells. * just vary in their forms and functions. * keep living things organized - moving in by involution together with extensive epiboly movements on the surface * know when to stick together. * lack a cell wall - symbiotic algae and structural organization of normal tissue * lacking membrane-bound organelles are prokaryotic, and bacteria are prokaryotes - specific receptors are resistant * lining the airways produce excess mucus to intercept and expel dust - follicles appear to be increased in number as well as in size - tubes produce substances that alter sperm so that they can fertilise an ovum * lose their ability to regulate the coming and going of calcium and potassium - repair themselves and die - integrity and die within hours or minutes - turgor and begin to shrink away from their cell walls - viability once the animal is deceased * lying between the seminiferous tubules produce the male sex hormone testosterone. * make a copy of themselves, or divide in a process called mitosis. * make a small molecule called tubulin that is critical to cell division and movement - that's critical to cell division and movement - cholesterol as well as absorbing it from the blood plasma - identical copies of themselves through mitosis - new cells by dividing - protein strands from nonessential amino acids - proteins by stringing together long chains of organic molecules called amino acids * make up bodies - every part of a living thing and work together to keep the life form alive - or comprise tissues * manufacture their own energy by burning the substances found in foods. * maximize contact with each other and begin to spread on each other. * migrate during gastrulation - from the embryonic yolk sac to the testes * migrate to form a layered structure - regional lymph nodes and can spread to other internal organs * move at apparently random directions due to the absence of exogenous chemotactic stimulation - away from the lumen after completing mitosis - down, displacing the hypoblast * move materials across their membranes - into and out of their interiors by a number of processes - upward through the layers reaching toward the surface, maturing as they go * multiply and divide - out of control and tumors develop * mutate in everyone, everyday. * naturally produce waste chemicals as a product of their metabolism. * never have flagella but some can glide using mucilage. * normally divide in a series of carefully timed steps - an orderly way to produce more cells only when they are needed - into two equal halves - have very small amounts of the proteins that extrude anti-tumor agents - present in blood which act as defenders against invading bacteria and viruses * obtain energy from nutrients and also produce waste products - nutrients and eliminate wastes through the cell membrane * occupy positions in space, they sit on a regular lattice. * often appear in both the vitreous and anterior chamber - binucleate that morphologically ganglion cells are also present - destroy themselves if they have a mutation - have to respond very quickly to changes in their internal and external environments * only arise from pre-existing cells * orchestrate their functions, in part, through discrete calcium signals. * organize things. * originate as fairly similar types of cells then specialize into different kinds of cells - only from pre-existing cells, meaning new cells arise by cell division * overburdened with protein become toxic. * pass on their genetic material to newly formed cells through their chromosomes - to the mesenteric lymph nodes where the immune response is amplified * perform a variety of functions necessary for life. * phones cause gas station explosions - lower teens' smoking * pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to all the body cells. * possess cell surface antigens specific for intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. * prepare for meiosis by replication of their genetic material as for mitosis. * present an intact glycocalyx and complement of surface molecoles. * process an enormous amount of iron for very small yields of energy. * produce compounds called prostaglandins that promote cell division in the colon - mRNA by transcription of their DNA genomes - more cells by dividing into two cells - proteins by reading information inside genes - substances called growth factors - the rhino's horn, which helps the rhino defend itself - tumours in athymic nude mice * produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent - on the outside of the cambium layer become bark * producing enamel degenerate after the tooth has broken through the gum. * protect themselves against cancer naturally and, in doing so, decrease their reproduction. * provide structure and carry on major functions to sustain life. * receive information from their environment through a class of proteins known as receptors - neighbors through a class of proteins known as receptors - some substances by osmosis * regenerate more rapidly when moist. * regulate protein activity by adding and removing phosphates - the activity of cytokines by glycosylation * rely on proteins to regulate their differentiation and growth. * remain viable because physiological changes occur. * replicate at the ends - tlieends - to produce neurones by the billion * reproduce asexually, by dividing - by binary fission - through a continuous sequence of growth and division known as the cell cycle - twice as fast during rest than during working hours - using a process called mitosis * require a constant supply of oxygen so the heart beats more quickly to meet the demand - continuous supply of energy, as adenosine triphosphate, for survival and function - moist environment to survive - an adequate supply of negatively charged ions to function effectively - chemical energy to function - energy in order to perform their cellular processes efficiently * resemble endodermal cells. * respond directly to mechanical input through a process called mechanotransduction. * respond to a variety of stimuli resulting in the expression of a protein - activin by transcribing various mesodermal genes in a concentration-dependent way - injury by synthesizing a family of heat shock proteins - introduced oncogenes in a variety of ways - the environment * retain oil and tenin. * rotate while swimming, and can also swim backwards. * secrete somatostatin and insulin in culture. * seem generally able to migrate within the tube - to have appeared first in the oceans * send information to the Gustatory sensory neurons. * shift and change and die and move all the time. * show evidence of coagulation necrosis and are converted into a uniform pink staining material - loss of intercellular cohesiveness - morphological and immunocytochemical features of the tumour of origin - properties that characterise life * showing intestinal dysplasia are one step closer to cancer - the positive reaction belong to granulocytes or monocytes * shrink and blood flow decreases - stimulate neurosecretory cells * shrink, condense their chromatin, and display membrane blebbing. * simply provide physical cohesion. * slowly lose the ability to divide and reproduce as easily. * sometimes coalesce to form organisms. * specialise through cell differentiation. * spend much more time in interphase than in cell division. * stain gram positive - gram-negative * start major differentiation processes, losing their totipotentiality - moving in separate parts - the cell cycle with a single centrosome which duplicates only once each cycle - to make an enzyme that breaks down the fibers in the basement membrane * structurally unite to form organisms. * support the replication of a wide range of feline viruses. * synthesize a new dermis at the same time that the scaffold is being broken down - fats from sugars - purine nucleotides in two ways * take highly varied forms in different plants, animals, and microorganisms - in and get rid of substances in various ways * take in nutrients and give off wastes - that they use to provide energy to carry out their life functions - specific substances from surrounding fluid using a receptor * take up cholesterol through receptor-mediated endocytosis of plasma lipoproteins - less glucose, leaving too much in the bloodstream * taken into the body also have their individual and collective consciousness. * tap energy from electrons transferred from organic fuels to oxygen. * tend to be polygonal in solid areas - relatively alkaline internally living within relatively acid fluid - spherical - pile up in cultures with high population density * then become malnourished, weaken, degenerate and then die - begin to proliferate more rapidly and develop stroma and undergo angiogenesis - migrate around the helpless prey and digestion takes place extracellularly * then use it as energy or convert it to fat - the amino acids as building blocks * therefore use catalysts called enzymes to accelerate many metabolic reactions. * tie all living organisms together. * transiently produce insulin in culture followed by somatostatin. * travel along the dorso lateral surface of the somite. * undergo apoptotic death or death linked to mitosis after ionizing radiation - ingression in the marginal region of the blastoderm, but mainly away from the margin - many changes in the proteins they make when they transform into cancer cells * undergoing autophagy essentially eat themselves - division are particularly susceptible to free radicals - mitosis are common, as are cells undergoing apoptosis * unfortunately contain thousands of different proteins. * use cytokines to communicate with each other, and to regulate the immune response - different genes as they divide and become specialized during embryonic and fetal growth - either chemical or electrical signals to communicate with each other - enzymes to regulate metabolic pathways - hormones to communicate with each other - it to produce energy to grow and function - light energy from the sun to split water, a process called photolysis - lipidsfor energy storage, for structural support, and as signaling molecules - many different ways to monitor and control their growth - nutrients during the day, which are replenished during the night - the simple sugar glucose as a source of energy - vesicles to signal each other in a variety of ways - vitamin C in the form of ascorbic acid * usually die within seconds without water - divide in a controlled way, but abnormal cells keep on dividing and dividing * vary greatly in size and shape * vary in size and complexity - the amount of handling they can survive * work better in the presence of magnetic fields. * work together as tissue, tissues work together as organs, and organs work together as systems - because they want to + Birth defect, Genetic defects, Chromosome defects: Health problems * Cells divide and copy themselves to produce gametes. Sometimes, errors happen in the way that chromosomes are copied during this process. These errors are then copied again and again as cells keep dividing and copying themselves. This condition happens when a child has three copies of the 21st chromosome, instead of two. + Blood, Red blood cells: Biochemistry :: Cardiovascular system * Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around our body. Cells in our body need oxygen to live. Cells also make carbon dioxide as a waste. Red blood cells bring more oxygen around the body. They also take away the carbon dioxide. + Calcium, Occurrence, Calcium in cells: Alkaline earth metals * It is important to know how cells work. Many cells have 'calcium channels' on their surface. These are openings where calcium ions can enter the cell. The cell is told to act and it opens the channels. Once in the cell calcium ions activates many proteins to do specific things. When it goes into nerve cells, it triggers electrical impulses that send a messages. When it goes into white blood cells it makes them fight germs. + Cell division: Cell biology :: Chromosomes * Cells are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division is a basic feature of life. For simple unicellular organisms like amoeba, one cell division reproduces the entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled fertilised egg zygote. After growth, cell division allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism. And binary fission is where a cell splits in two * Cells are born from older cells, in a process called cell division. Cells contain information that is passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells, so that the daughter cells can do what they need to do. * Because cells are alive, they must be able to eat and do other things to stay alive. All cells have chemical ways of consuming food. These are part of its metabolism + Centrosome, Roles of the centrosome: Organelles * Interestingly, centrosomes are not required for the progression of mitosis. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused by motors allowing the formation of a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. + Eukaryote, Structure, Internal membrane: Cell biology :: Protista :: Taxonomy :: Evolutionary biology * In eukaryotic cells, there are many things with membranes around them. All of them together are called the endomembrane system. Simple bags, called vesicles or vacuoles, are sometimes made by budding off other membranes, just like how children make bubbles with their toys. Many cells take in food and other things using something called endocytosis. In endocytosis, the membrane closest to the outside bends inwards and then pinches off to make a vesicle. Many other organelles that have membranes probably started off as vesicles. + Matter, Composition * The structure and composition of matter is investigated by breaking matter into smaller and smaller pieces. Hence, living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are composed of molecules, which are sets of atoms bonded together. Each atom, in turn, is an assemblage of elementary particles. + Photovoltaics, Solar Cells: Solar energy :: Solar power * Solar cells can be used to power tools or to recharge a battery. The first actual request of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecrafts, but today the most photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power creation. In this case a tool called an inverter is required to convert the direct current to alternating current. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can give off, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power plant the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays. + Prison, Prison buildings and facilities: * The inmates sleep in small locked rooms called cells. Cells have a bunk bed, a toilet, and a sink. Inmates are allowed to leave their cell every day for exercise. + Zinc finger, Zinc finger structure, ZFN function: Genetic engineering :: Enzymes * The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Cell group * are akin to the cells in our bodies - gatherings of at least three people who meet regularly for a variety of purposes * are small groups of people who meet in members homes for a weekly bible study - study groups made up either of all men or all women ### cell: Adrenocortical cell * change with age in both subcellular morphology and level of steroidogenesis. * lack estradiol reactivity. Amacrine cell * perform lateral inhibition similar to that of the horizontal cells. * receive input from bipolar cells and modulate ganglion cell activity. Ameloblast * are cells which participate in the formation of enamel - derived from oral epithelium tissue of ectodermal origin - embryonic cells * arise from epithelium, the oral epithelium. * mainly make enamel, whereas odontoblasts make dentin. Amoeboid cell * capture food particles from the water. * circulate in the mesoglea. * produce the skeletal elements known as spicules. * secrete the skeletal elements of the sponge. Angiogenic cell * coalesce to form two lateral and two median endothelial tubes. * form in a horse shoe distribution lateral and rostral to the brain plate.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Animal cell * All animal cells are exactly the same shape. * Most animal cells have common features. * Some animal cells go into meiosis. * are a type of eukaryotic cell * are eukaryotic cells, or cells with a membrane-bound nucleus - generally smaller than plant cells - more oval-shaped, elongated - organized into tissues, and are mostly dipoid - similar to that of a plant cells with the presence of similar organelles - soft and flexible and can change shape reversibly * bear the most similarity to marine protist cells, even though no fossil record. * belong to the family of eukaryotic cell with the presence of membrane bound nucleus. * can communicate by direct contact between membrane-bound cell surface molecules. * come in a wide variety of shapes. * divide by creating cleavage furrow - in two by pinching of the cytoplasm * have a centrosome that contains a pair of centrioles - pair of centrioles composed of microtubules - smaller central vacuole than plant cells and completely lack cell walls * have cell membranes rather than a cell wall and have no chloroplasts - walls to maintain their shape - centrioles that are used during cell division - more than one vacuole - no surrounding wall and are usually organized into multicellular tissues - softer membranes than plants cells * induce their vegetal neighbors to form mesoderm. * lack a cell wall, while plant cells have a cell wall - cellulose walls and chlorophyll * lack the cell walls that provide support in the bodies of plants and fungi - cellulose cells walls of plant cells - rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells * produce an extracellular matrix. * require oxygen to survive. * secrete a lot of protein, while plant cells secrete mainly hydrocarbons. * turn carbohydrates, water and oxygen into energy. Apical cell * are fundamental to gametophyte growth. * is dome like, Intercalated disc is present in filamentous. Apoptotic cell * are also rapidly disposed of, engulfed and broken down by neighboring cells. * become small and compact, and their nuclei also become condensed and inactivated. * initiate endothelial cell sprouting via electrostatic signaling. * lose substrate attachment and become rounded. * show characteristic smear on DNA staining. Atypical cell * have nothing to do with fibroids. * tend to invade the most superficial portion of the dermis.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: B cell * Most B cells situate themselves in immune organs such as the spleen and wait for their activation. * appear to develop in a series of programmed steps. * are a type of white blood cell that, when activated, multiply and produce antibodies - characterized by their surface immunoglobulins - involved in humoral immunity * are lymphocytes or cells of the lymphatic system - that produce antibodies * are lymphocytes that, when activated, become antibody- secreting plasma cells - stimulated, become antibody-secreting plasma cells - of course antibody producing cells - produced in the bone marrow * are the antibody factories of the body and are crucial for eradication of many pathogens - principle agents in cell-mediated immunity - unable to proliferate and produce adequate antibody to contain the virus * become fully mature plasma cells - plasma cells to produce antibodies * can act as antigen-specific antigen presenting cells - produce seven different types of antibody, each with a distinct function - receive stimulation in two ways * catch the antigen or invader and engulf it. * circulate around the body in the blood stream. * come from bone marrow. * complete maturation in the bone marrow and migrate to lymphoid organs. * complete their maturation in the bone marrow - structural growth and differentiation and mature in the bone marrow * create antibodies during an immune response. * develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. * develop in bone marrow and produce antibodies - the bone marrow, hence their name - into plasma cells, which produce antibodies * develope into plasma cells that produce y shaped antibodies which attach to antigens. * fight disease by secreting antibodies into the body fluid. * form germinal centers around follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid organs. * go through developmental checkpoints during differentiation. * have IgM on surface. * make antibodies B cells start to make chemicals called antibodies. * produce antibodies in response to immune activation of the antigen receptor. * produce antibodies that aid in the attack against bacterial or viral infections - attack of bacterial or viral infections - destroy free-floating viruses - to fight the invader directly * produce antibodies, and T cells attack foreign and virus-infected cells - which are secreted into the bloodstream - inappropriate and excessive antibodies - molecules called antibodies that hook on to pathogens - proteins called antibodies - several kinds of heterophile antibodies which can be tested for in screening assays - substances called antibodies * recognize protein, carbohydrate and lipid antigens. * start their life in the bone marrow as pre-B cells. * tend to accumulate in clusters called follicles. * work by producing, transporting, and secreting antibodies - chiefly by secreting soluble substances known as antibodies<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Bacterial cell * Most bacterial cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall that helps to protect the cell - have a distinctive cellular morphology * Some bacterial cells are capable of excreting transforming DNA during certain phases of growth - consist of hydrophobic surfaces - contain gas vacuoles - have the ability to form spores * are very small and can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. * can contain thousands of ribosomes , the sites of protein synthesis - pick up the DNA through the process of transformation * enter leaves and twigs through natural openings. * have no nucleus, but animal cells do. * outnumber human cells ten to one.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Basal cell * Every basal cell is attached to a melanocyte. * ceep dividing but stop differentiating into columnar and goblet cells. * continue to divide until the epithelial stratification is restored. * make up the base of the epidermis, the outermost covering of the body. * occur in smaller numbers and are located in the lowest part of the epidermis. * regenerate the two other cell types.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Beta cell * are cells - unique cells in the pancreas that produce, store and release insulin - very sensitive to the amount of glucose in the bloodstream - well preserved * have a vital job - channels in their plasma membrane that serve as glucose detectors * occur in clusters called islets, so they are also known as islet cells. * produce insulin and alpha cells produce glucagon - insulin, which helps blood sugar get into the body's cells, where it's needed - proinsulin - the insulin that turns the body's glucose into the energy of life * secrete insulin. Blastomere - embryology * become motile. * move relative to one another. * sit on top of yolk. Blue cell * hold the visible symbols. * indicate the times when labs close. * reprensent the progeny of one of the MBNbs.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Cancerous cell * Some cancerous cells move and attack other parts of the body. * are more active and reproduce at an abnormally high rate. * can enter the lymphatic system and move around the body, infecting other organs - invade the spinal cord, the brain and other organs * contain more protein than normal cells. * crowd out the normal cells in the bone marrow. * demonstrate invasion of surrounding tissues. * depend on the rapid growth of new blood vessels to grow. * feed on animal protein, which triggers the abnormal proliferation of cells. * grow out of control and take over the normal functions of the body. * interfere with the growth and functions of normal cells. * lose that differentiation. * produce telomerase naturally and proliferate without limit. * replace normal white blood cells known as lymphocytes. * thrive on animal protein and fat whereas body cells thrive on complex carbohydrates. Chief cell * contain abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum in their basal cytoplasm. * produce digestive enzymes that break down food - parathyroid hormone * store their secretory product intracellularly as inactive zymogen granules. * synthesize and secrete pepsinogen, a precursor of the enzyme pepsin.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Choanocyte * are found lining the spongocoel - located in the interior part of the sponge - vase shaped cells with a collar of fine fibrils connected by microvilli - versatile cells - very similar in structure to choanoflagellate protozoa * can transform to become male sex cells, or oocytes. * flagellated cell * function to take food and bacteria through phagocytosis. * give rise to egg and sperm cells, and archaeocyte cells also give rise to egg cells. * have flagella that propel water through the body. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * line the radial canals - spongocoel and filter nutrients out of the water * move water through flagellar movement. Ciliated cell * are an integral part of the pulmonary defense - frequent * have longer microvilli interspersed between cilia. Collenchyma cell * are elongated cells with unevenly-thickened walls - long narrow cells with thick, strong, yet extensible, cell walls - still alive at functional maturity - thus they can grow as the plant grows - useful in support in young parts of the plant that are growing quickly * have thick primary walls composed of cellulose. * provide support to growing plant parts. * retain their living contents at maturity. * support the plant.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Companion cell * are small with dense cytoplasm. * form the conducting tissue for sap. * have much protoplasm. * help transfer carbohydrates. * move sugars and amino acids into and out of the sieve elements. * retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells. * supply the energy that loads sucrose at the source. Concentration cell * are cells in which the e.m.f. is caused by a difference of concentration. * can form in the deposits of corrosion products, leading to localized corrosion. Damaged cell * can become cancerous - then lead to malfunctioning organ systems * have a natural suicide process that caffeine inhibits. * provide ideal sites for the growth of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. * release chemicals from their lysosomes that activate the inflammatory response. * stain nonspecifically. * take longer to heal raising the risk of injury and illness. Dark cell * are cells which have many of that species and brighter cells have little. * produce a mucous-like secretion while clear cells make an aqueous secretion.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Daughter cell * Some daughter cells hang together for a long time and form long flexible chains. * are blastomeres - clones of the parent cells - offsprings * can get very different ratios of types - remain connected to mother cell and form a chain * forming within tomonts are known as tomites. * get exact copies of the chromosomes during mitosis. * have exactly half dimension of their mother cell - half the number of chromosomes from the original * stick together because of the adhesive they produce. Dead cell * accumulate and can put pressure on surrounding tissues. * appear as round fragments next to others still in the process of degenerating. * are exceptions among bryophytes, but very common in flowering plants - traditionally white, live cells black * can cause all sorts of artefacts. * have a naughty ability to nonspecifically binding antibodies. Dedritic cell * develop from monocytes , white blood cells which circulate in the body. + Dendritic cell, Young dentritics: Blood cells :: Immunology * Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body. Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. Deep cell * Many deep cells lie beneath the enveloping layer. * undergo radial intercalation to form a coherent sheet known as the hypoblast. Delta cell * produce somatostatin. * secrete the hormone somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Dendritic cell * act as gate keepers in the body's immune response process. * are a specialised type of immune system cells. * are a type of antigen presenting cell - inflammatory cell used to arm the immune system against invasion - an integral part of the immune system - cells found in the bloodstream of everyone - covered with a maze of membranous processes that look like nerve cell dendrites - essential components of the immune response that occurs in asthma - immune cells specialized to initiate immune responses - mononuclear cells with long cytoplasmic processes - particularly effective at presenting antigens to CTLs - present in tissues in contact with the external environment - specialized antigen-presenting cells * are the principal stimulators of the primary mixed leukocyte reaction in mice - professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system * break the antigens on the cancer cell surfaces into smaller pieces. * exhibit direct anticancer effector function. * have the capability to both initiate immune response and regulate immune reactivity. * pick up tumor peptides during the pre-treatment process. * play a pivotal role in inducing immune responses to infection in vivo. * receive their name from growths called dendrites that they produce. * are present in tissues in contact with the external environment. These tissues are the skin, and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature state in the blood. Different cell * bear widely variable numbers of bad mitochondria. * die at different rates. * grow and die at different rates. * have different activities - connexins in their gap junctions - functions in the body - jobs to do - structures and functions - many different shapes and sizes to adapt to their function * perform different functions for the life of a multicellular organisms. * use different amounts of all chemicals. * vary in the permeability of their boundaries. Differentiated cell * More differentiated cells contain red cytoplasmic granules. * are less likely to become cancerous - the mature cells that perform specialized tasks appropriate to the organ * contain large amounts of specific proteins associated with the cell function. * specialize in different physiological functions. Diploid cell * are cells that have pairs of chromosomes - with a full set of chromosomes * have copies of both parents ' chromosomes and DNA - two alleles per trait, with one allele being donated from each parent * have two complete sets of DNA, one set from each parent - homologous copies of each chromosome * possess pairs of homologous chromosomes. Dry cell * are such wet cells with a minimum amount of water sealed in. * are used in many electrical appliances - ' are a type of chemical cells. Dry cells are commonly used today, in the form of batteries. Dry cells are used in many electrical appliances Dysplastic cell * differ from normal cells in their shapes and the size of their nuclei. * lie in a continuum between benign and fully malignant. Effector cell * act to get rid of the invader. * are short-lived cells that combat the same antigen. * kill tumors using the same mechanisms they use to kill microorganisms. Elongated cell * can give a spurious drift towards higher DNA contents. * cause the plant to bend and grow toward the light. Embryonic cell * are a good example of how there can be cell division without growth - alive sure, but only in the literal sense - in general pig - less likely to be rejected by the body's immune system - totipotent in their early stages * have the potential to develop into all basic tissue types. * produce signals that alter the behavior of neighboring cells.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Endocrine cell * appear to be very important in the local regulation of the laryngeal mucosa. * are the cells that secrete hormones. * produce hormones that travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Endothelial cell * -These cells form the lining of the blood vessels. * are cells that line internal cavities including blood vessels and glands - fairly flat and pancake-shaped - important targets for a variety of treatment strategies - responsible for corneal clarity and appropriate hydration of the cornea - vital in preventing the clogging and hardening of the arteries * can release NO to dilate local blood vessels or endothelin to constrict vessels. * grow and divide toward organ-forming regions secreting angiogenesis factors. * have a cobble stone appearance - many complex functions essential to health * internalize monoclonal antibody to angiotensin -converting enzyme. * line the vessel wall and form a tight overlapping barrier to macromolecules. * make new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. * possess carrier systems to actively transport certain substances into the brain. * prevent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides in low-density lipoprotein. * produce buds off existing blood vessel near the tumor. * seem to be more affected than neutrophils. * swelling is another histological feature of capillaritis. * vary in their organization of TJs. Erythroblast * appear mainly during the early fetal period. * are a source of angiogenic factors.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Erythrocyte * also contain substantial amounts of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase - lack all other subcellular organelles such as mitochondria * antigens and their normal and abnormal immunology. * are also the carriers of the properties that define blood groups - ingested - more numerous than leukocytes - the red blood cells in a hummingbird's blood - very flexible and change shape when flowing through capillaries * can move passively to the extravascular space during emigration by diapedesis. * contain no DNA, however, having lost their nuclei during maturation. * fill the lumen of the arteriole. * have an increased passive permeability to sodium ions. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * lack nuclei and mitochondria, critical elements in the machinery of apoptosis. * maintain regular shape and size. * possess an intrinsic barrier to nitric oxide consumption. * protect cultured endothelial cells from neutrophil-mediated damage. * pyruvate kinase deficiency resulting in congenital non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. * synthesize large amounts of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. * transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the tissues of the body. ### cell \| erythrocyte: Mature erythrocyte * are released into the capillaries - visible in most pictures * lack a nucleus. Eucaryotic cell * Some eucaryotic cells are very small. * understand the signals preceding the synthetase genes of octopine and nopaline.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Eukaryote cell * have many different internal membranes and structures , called organelles. + Eukaryote, Structure: Cell biology :: Protista :: Taxonomy :: Evolutionary biology * Eukaryotic cells are usually much bigger than prokaryotes. They can be up to 10 times bigger. Eukaryote cells have many different internal membranes and structures, called organelles. They also have a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. Those parts are very important in the cell's shape. Eukaryotic DNA is put in bundles called chromosomes, which are separated by a microtubular spindle during cell division. Most eukaryotes have some sort of sexual reproduction through fertilisation, which prokaryotes do not use.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Eukaryotic cell * All eukaryotic cells contain a network of microtubules - endoplasmic reticulum - organelles that serve as the machinery to carry out various tasks * All eukaryotic cells have a complex three dimensional organization - similar general layout - certain structures - endoplasmic reticulum except the red blood cells of mammals - own an external bilayered phospholipidic membrane - require oxygen for their more complicated and more efficient metabolism * Most eukaryotic cells have a mitochondia * Some eukaryotic cells are very small. * are able to constitute multicelled animals and plants - also much larger than prokaryotic cells - called so because they have a true nucleus * are capable of phagocytosis and endocytosis - sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and fertilization * are cells which have a nucleus and contain internal structures called organelles - with a true nucleus - considerably more complicated - fairly complicated and have numerous parts to keep track of * are larger and more complex - larger, have a membrane bound nucleus and various cellular organelles * are more complex and are found in plants, animals and fungi - cells and are found in plants, animals and fungi * are much bigger than bacterial cells - larger and more advanced - on average much larger and internally more complex than prokaryotic cells - subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane enclosed organelles - symbiotic colonies of prokaryotes many of the symbionts called organelles - the plants and animal cells - themselves a group of formerly independent organisms - well structured units with a membrane bound organelles like nucleus * can differentiate and organize making it possible for multicellularity. * characterize all forms of life except the bacteria. * contain a nucleus, in which DNA resides - membranous cytoplasmic organelles - special energy centers - specialized structures surrounded by membranes * grow and reproduce through a complex sequence of events called the cell cycle. * has a nucleus. * have a complex cytoskeletal system - highly evolved process of 'secretion' - membrane enclosed nucleous which contains the organism's DNA * have a much longer doubling time than bacteria - more complex structure than bacteria * have a nucleus and have membrane enclosed organelles - membrane-bound organelles - other membrane-bound compartments - containing several elongated DNA-bearing chromosomes - enclosed by a membrane - which contains the cellular genes in the form of chromatin - true nuclei that has DNA in it - cell components called organelles - internal membranes that surround the nucleus and other internal structures - many of the same organelles * have more chromosomes to copy than prokaryotic cells - genes than Prokaryotic cells - nuclei and organelles that are separated from the cytoplasm by membranes - only one chromosome whereas eukaryotic cells have many - the same general layout - their DNA packaged in a nucleus - two copies of genes per cell * is known as a cell with a well developed nucleus. * possess a substantial amount of internal membrane. * reproduce using either mitosis or meiosis - via the creation of two identical diploid cells from one diploid cell * respond to a greater range of regulatory stimuli. * synthesize proteins for thousands of different functions. * work in synchrony thanks to cyclic AMP and prostaglandins. + Secretion: Physiology Fetal cell * can also provide benefits to mothers, migrating to damaged tissue and repairing it. * provide special advantages as cell lines because of their rapid growth and adaptability. * thrive in a Parkinsonian brain. Fewer cell * are killed, thus there greater risk that abnormal cells can divide and spur cancer - produced, they migrate larger distances and take longer to mature * dividing in the growth plates of bones mean that the bones grow more slowly.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Fibroblast * actively secrete components of the matrix. * also enter the local tissue to replace the extracellular matrix and collagen. * are a convenient and successful target for studies to assess external agent damage - type of general, all-purpose cell - animal cells - cells or tissues from which connective tissue is grown * are cells that make collagen and connective tissue proteins - produce connective tissues in the body - support body tissue and turn on to produce collagen - embryonic cells - normally bipolar or spindle shaped cells - probably the most important cell type - prominent - responsible for laying down collagen in the wound and hence rebuilding tissue - somatic cells - specialized cells that produce collagen, a tough fibrous and inelastic protein * are the cells in the human skin responsible for producing collagen - dominant cell type - main producers of collagen and ground substance in connective tissues * are the most abundant cell type within our body - common cell type found in areolar connective tissue - usually thin elongated cells with relatively little cytoplasm visible * begin laying down collagen to form a seal over the injured structure - more collagen * create fibrous tissue that interferes with the implants. * form scar tissue and adhesions. * help build the collagen needed for tissue growth, maintenance and repair. * invade and strengthen the clot. * maintain the phenotype and viability of the rat heparin-containing mast cell in vitro. * make connective tissue and endothelium regenerates. * produce weak type III collagen. * proliferate, and there great deal of regeneration and synthesis of a new membrane. * promote the formation of a continuous basal lamina during myogenesis in vitro. * respond to therapeutic ultrasound with an enhanced rate of protein synthesis. * secrete collagen and elastin. Foam cell * are one of the key cell types involved in the process of atherosclerosis. * play an important role in preventing heart disease progression. Follicle cell * envelop the maturing, pre-fertilized egg. * remain as corpus luteum. Follicular cell * make up most of the gland. * produce thyroid hormone. * secrete increasing amounts of estrogen. * surround the egg.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Fuel cell * All fuel cells have the same basic internal structure. * Most fuel cells burn hydrogen but can use a variety of ther fuels such as methanol - operate on hydrogen, which combines with oxygen from the air to form water - operating today use natural gas, propane, methanol or gaseous hydrogen - use fossil fuels, breaking hydrogen from carbon * Most fuel cells use hydrogen as fuel, but some can use methane - the primary fuel * Some fuel cells are tiny enough to fit into a cellular phone - require pure hydrogen * act like batteries generating electricity or heat through a chemical reaction. * are a clean, environmentally friendly, versatile, reliable and efficient power source - different story, theoretically capable of storing vastly more energy - quiet, clean source of power, with water as the only emission - remarkable power source - technology which has been performing for decades on our manned space flights - very viable technology for automobiles - about three times as efficient as an internal combustion engine * are also environmentally friendly with regard to noise generation - more efficient and less polluting than internal combustion engines - very efficient at converting chemical energy into electrical energy - among the cleanest and most efficient producers of electricity * are an emerging technology for efficient, clean generation of electrical power - exceptionally clean energy technology that turns hydrogen into electricity - extremely high-quality power source - another new technology, which can radically reduce energy use - at least twice as efficient as gasoline engines - basically hydrogen batteries - bladder type * are capable of producing electricity very efficiently in relatively small sizes - running on hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, or other hydrocarbon fuels - completely silent, and much more of the energy is converted into electricity - cousins to another electrochemical device, the battery - devices for generating electric power * are devices that directly convert hydrogen into electricity - generate electrical energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen - distinguished by the type of electrolyte they use - efficient, quiet, have no moving parts and emit few harmful emissions - electro-chemical devices that convert chemical energy into electricity * are electrochemical devices that convert a fuel's energy directly to electrical energy - produce electrical power without combustion - power generators * are essentially large batteries - nonpolluting and are more efficient than internal combustion engines - even more benign to the environment than battery powered Evs - expensive, but they also run very clean - highly energy-efficient replacements for the internal combustion engine - inherently more efficient and low-polluting than conventional energy systems - like a batteries with fuel tanks * are like batteries in that they convert chemical energy directly into electricity - that never run down - likely to be the power source of automobiles and electric motorcycles as well - located in space shuttles * are more efficient than today's internal combustion engines - turbines, even at lower power levels * are much less polluting than diesel or gas powered systems - like batteries only they have a longer lifespan and can be refueled - nearly silent, eliminating noise pollution - of critical importance to manned space missions - on the brink of commercialization * are one of the cleanest and most efficient technologies for producing electricity - most promising means of producing energy in the future - newest and most innovative ways to generate power - quiet and produce negligible emissions of pollutants * are similar to a battery with a fuel tank - common batteries - stacked to increase voltage * are the cleanest technology available or in development for buses - same type of energy source that power rockets while in orbit - technology of the future - therefore inherently ultra clean, highly efficient and reliable - too expensive for most commercial uses * are two to three times as efficient as combustion engines - energy efficient as combustion engines - more expensive than current power technology - very much like batteries - virtually emissions-free * are, in a variety of ways, beneficially to humans and the environment. * can also have economic benefits - supply heat and electricity for homes and buildings - avoid the cost of constructing big power lines that run long distances - be large enough to power an entire farm or small enough to power a car or tractor - convert hydrocarbons into energy when they are too diluted for standard combustion - help our economy grow while improving the condition of the planet - offer many potential benefits over batteries - operate on a variety of gaseous and liquid fuels - power a car with virtually no pollution - promote energy diversity and a transition to renewable energy sources * can use a number of different fuel sources - various sources of hydrogen, including a simple tank of compressed gas * combine hydrogen and air to make electric power. * combine hydrogen and oxygen and produce electricity, heat and water - in a reaction that yields water * combine hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity used to run the car - oxygen, without combustion, to produce water and electricity * convert a carbon based fuel such as methanol or propane into electricity - fuel into hydrogen, which then is mixed with oxygen to make electricity * convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy - electricity without combustion - of fuel into electricity - energy into electricity through an electrochemical process - gas directly into power without combustion * convert hydrogen and oxygen into electricity to power a vehicle - into electricity and emit only water vapor * create electric power by combining hydrogen and oxygen. * create electricity from an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen - chemical reactions, without any kind of combustion - through a chemical process * create their own electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen * differ from other chemical batteries in two major respects. * emit negligible amounts of pollutants. * generate electricity by combining hydrogen with oxygen from the air - converting hydrogen and oxygen into water - splitting hydrogen atoms into electrons and protons - from the energy released when oxygen and hydrogen combine * generate electricity through an electro-chemical process - electrochemical reaction, known as reverse electrolysis * generate electricity using a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen - an electrochemical reaction, much like a battery - without combustion using such fuels as natural gas or hydrogen - heat and electricity from natural gas or other hydrogen rich gases - power through a chemical process without combustion * have many advantages over the heavy batteries currently used to power electric cars - attributes that minimize their environmental impact - several advantages over batteries, which currently have range and durability limits - the potential for very low cost, high reliability, and high efficiency * have the potential to greatly reduce vehicle energy use and emissions - replace less-efficient technologies - power to change our future * hold many promises of becoming a clean and relatively efficient energy source. * make distributed power a competitive and flexible alternative to central generation. * make electricity by combining oxygen and hydrogen - without burning anything * mix hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity. * offer an efficient source of power, while generating extremely low emissions. * operate by converting hydrogen and oxygen into electricity - creating electricity produced by the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen - quietly and are zero to low emissions, comparable to a battery-powered vehicle - using hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air - with a continuous supply of externally-stored fuel and oxidizer * operates at near constant efficiency. * point to the future of motoring. * powered by hydrogen are the power packs of tomorrow - offer the promise of sustainable mobility * produce electricity and heat by combining hydrogen and oxygen to create water. * produce electricity by combining hydrogen with oxygen - electrochemically combining hydrogen and oxygen into water - through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen - energy through electrochemical reaction instead of combustion - no pollutants - pure water as a by-product of power generation * promise to be cleaner than combustion engines and use much fewer natural resources. * provide electricity and a heat source with no harmful emissions. * provide electricity to the orbiter while in space - vehicle while in orbit * remove electrons from hydrogen to make electric current. * replace traditional power sources in cars or buildings, such as engines and furnaces. * represent the largest part of the electrically driven sector - electrically-driven sector * require 'reformed' fuel, which is basically a purified fuel - catalysts that become active at or near room temperature * resemble both a battery and an engine. * run on fuel, ideally hydrogen - hydrogen, which renewable resource - the renewable resource hydrogen - quietly with no combustion cycle and no moving parts * take advantage of the fact that opposites attract - in hydrogen and oxygen, and give off pure drinking water, and electricity - the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, electricity, and heat * turn hydrogen into reliable, efficient electricity with water as the by-product. * use a chemical process that directly converts a fuel's energy into electrical energy - hydrogen in a chemical reaction that produces electricity, water and waste heat * use hydrogen to create electricity with no pollution - power with few emissions - make electrical energy - power battery-operated vehicles and produce only water as a byproduct - produce electricity, and emit only water vapor - natural gas and other hydrogen-based fuels to produce electricity - only hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity * work by combining oxygen, which has a fierce passion for electrons, with hydrogen - something like batteries with a fuel tank + Fuel cell, Efficiency: Energy - Features * Some types of fuel cells produce only water, which means no pollution. They can consume the same fuel types as classic power generators, for example Diesel engines. But they are about two times as efficient. Fuel cells are very quiet. They have no moving parts, which means they very rarely require repairs	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Fuels cell * are more efficient than turbines, even at lower power levels. * use an environmentally friendly non-aerosol propellant. Fungal cell * are much smaller than host cells, and appear as small tubes with stained nuclei - strong and rigid - surrounded by cell walls that are made of chitin * can reproduce asexually by undergoing mitosis followed by cytokinesis. * have cell walls containing the carbohydrate chitin. * provide the housing for algae and receive foodstuff in return from the algae.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Gamete * All gametes carry that allele - produced by females contain an X chromosome * Most gametes simply enlarge to form the female gamete or macrogamete. * also exit through nephridiopores in many annelids and through the mouth in a few species. * are a delicacy in many cultures - always haploid, whereas zygotes are diploid - an organism's reproductive cells - created out of germ cells - delicate single cells - diploid, a zygote is haploid - equal in fertility - eukaryotic cells * are formed by a kind of cell division called meiosis - type of cell division called meiosis * are formed in Chlamydomonas in exactly the same way as daughter individuals - reprodutive structures at the tips of gametophytes * are formed in the f gonads, which themselves arise from endoderm in the embryo - same way as the zoospores, but are smaller and more numerous - that fuse to form zygote * are haploid cells used in sexual reproduction - cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome - egg or sperm that fuse to form a zygote - to preserve the diploid number - involved in sexual reproduction - just like vegetative cells * are made by a process called Meiosis - during a process of cell division called meiosis - normally haploid * are produced by 'germ cells' - a process called meiosis * are produced in gametophytes through mitosis - structures called gametangia * are produced in the cortex * are produced in the male testes and female ovaries by a process called meiosis - and female ovaries by a splitting process called meiosis - via meiosis * are released from the medusae into the water - into the ocean via the gonopores, located on the comb-rows - reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg * are sex cells, and haploid cells are cells containing half of a full set of chromosomes - single haploid cells - spawned from early spring through to summer with increased spawning activity in spring - specialised cells that combine to produce progeny - specialized sex cells formed in gonads by gametogenesis * are the egg and sperm cells used to form a new individual during sexual reproduction - only haploid cells - sex cells, sperm and egg - sperm and egg of the seaweed - usually haploid, but diploid, triploid, etc, gametes are possible * arise by proliferation of germinal cells that line the follicle wall. * being haploid are made by mitosis in haploid thallus. * can differ greatly in genetic make-up and compatibility. * carry genes from parents and fertilization happens. * contain a random assortment of maternal and paternal alleles - and paternal chromosomes * contain half as many chromosomes as the parent cell - the number of chromosomes found in body cells * eventually join to form sporophyte. * fuse randomly and new organisms contain one factor from each parent. * fuse to form a diploid zygote, which develops into a new sporophyte - zygote that develops via mitosis into a diploid adult - zygote, which is the only diploid phase - produce the diploid generation, which grows into the adults * haploid, one of each allele. * have a single set of chromosomes. * have half the number of chromosomes as the other cells in the body - found in other cells from the same organism - only one member of each homologous pair * includes cell membranes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * join together to form a complete juvenile plant. * normally meet in the fallopian tube. * only have one set of chromosomes. * pass to mantle cavity. * result from meiosis. * undergo no cell division themselves, but they fuse to form a diploid zygote. * unite at random and irrespective of the other gene pairs involved - in the gamete pool to produce diploid offspring - during sexual reproduction to produce a zygote * vary in shapes and sizes in different animals. + Phoronida, Reproduction: Minor phyla * Phoronids may be hermaphrodites or single sexed, and may also reproduce asexually. Gametes are released through the nephridia. Fertilisation is probably internal. Phoronids follow one of two types of reproductive strategy. These eggs are brooded within the adults tube, they are released only when they have hatched. These eggs are released as soon as they are fertilised. They hatch a few days later into what is called an 'actinotrocha' larvae.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| gamete: Egg cell * are much bigger and simpler than sperm cells in their structure - larger than sperm cells because they contain more cytoplasm * develop in the ovaries. Female gamete * are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm - eggs or ova - found in the ovules of a flower * is called an ovum.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| gamete: Male gamete * are called sperm and female gametes are called eggs - are eggs - sperm, while female gametes are called eggs or ova - flagellated and highly motile - found inside tiny pollen grains on the anthers of flowers - inside pollen grains in the anthers - much more sensitive than females to external conditions - sperm cells while female gametes are egg cells - sperm, and the female gametes are eggs - transferred through the pollen tube into the ovule * consists of large nucleus with thin sheath of cytoplasm. * fertilize female gametes to form a zygote, which grows into a sporophyte. * tend to be almost colorless, unlike the pigmented zoospores. Ovum * also has an active metabolism as substances are absorbed and released. * mainly consists of cell fluids.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| gamete \| ovum: Egg * All eggs contain one X chromosome, and half of all sperm carry an X chromosome - require a sufficient quantity of salt, to promote their solution in the stomach * Every egg has an opening on the broader side that enables a sperm to penetrate in - one hole out of which the yolk and white have been drained - is enveloped in a follicle.The color result of the large amount of yolk in each ovum - produced by the woman carries a single X chromosome * Make sure eggs are cooked thoroughly to reduce the risk of salmonella food poisoning. * Most eggs also have a leathery hard layer to keep the eggs from drying out. * Most eggs are already dead in the first stage of their development - laid in the hollow of a tree and are incubated by the parents until they hatch - protected by a cocoon that is placed in water or in earth - can survive the winter and hatch in the spring - carry salmonella bacteria on the shell - come from birds - contain oil droplets and are buoyant - hatch in a few days to reveal the second stage of the life cycle, the larvae - have a fair degree of tolerance for temperature fluctuations for short periods - make chickens - turn into birds - used in baking are at room temperature * Some EGGs appear as nothing but tiny bumps on the surface of the columns. * Some egg laying wounding can occur on plants such as maple, crabapple and honeylocust - omelettes contain sausage * Some eggs are eaten by ants and provide extra nourishment - laid on top of leaves or stems - located in birds - can hatch in just two or three days * Some eggs come from frogs - pigeons - snails - snakes - spiders - turtles - emerge from chickens - even have gold hinges with little eggshell doors that open - hatch before winter, a few weeks after being laid * Some eggs have a line of weakness which facilitates the exit of insect at hatching - blood clots, pieces of tissue of the oviduct or some rare cases, worms - plasma membranes that are difficult to pierce - hold the remains of an embryo that can be identified to a particular species * Some eggs make caterpillars - geese - turn into tadpoles * absorb moisture from the surrounding environment, and with it any hydrocarbons present. * add food value, color and flavor to breads - richness and protein * also are extremely rich in IG and contain a valuable source of amino acids. * also contain a small amount of carbohydrate - almost every essential vitamin - various other trace nutrients that are important for health - give flavor and richness - have several physical and chemical properties important in cooking and baking * also provide significant amounts of several vitamins and minerals - steam for leavening or moisture for starch * appear in faeces after the disease has occurred. * are a good source of protein and choline - and contain amino acids that produce dopamine - protein, calcium, iron, vitamins A and D, and riboflavin - great food, full of protein and vitamins * are a great source of protein, which strengthens hair and helps it grow - vitamins, minerals and high-quality proteins - high cholesterol source in the diet - long-standing symbol of creation, fertility, renewed life and resurrection - major problem for wine, making it taste metallic - nutrient dense food - nutritional food and can be prepared in many ways for any meal - perishable food, just like milk or meat - potentially hazardous food, in the same category as meat, poultry, fish, and milk - protein powerhouse, and can be part of a heart-healthy diet - significant source of dietary cholesterol - symbol of fertility - universal food - valuable food - versatile food - wonderful source of protein, vitamins and fat - abundant in fat and cholesterol * are also a high-quality protein source - versatile and economical source of protein and other nutrients - an excellent source of protein - another good source of protein for dogs - good sources of specific nutrients whose importance in the diet is becoming clearer * are also hazardous to health - human health - one of the most complete sources of amino acids, the building blocks of protein - packed with essential nutrients and antioxidants - related to other cancers, as is milk * are among the most nutritious foods on earth and can be part of a healthy diet - on the planet - safest food available to humans * are an economical source of high-quality protein and an important ingredient in baked goods - economical, nutritious food * are an excellent dietary source of choline - source of nutrition * are an excellent source of protein and are fairly low in fat - as well as fat-soluble vitamins * are an important part of a healthy balanced diet - source of nutrition for many predators - old, old symbol of resurrection * are another example of unusually large single cells - great source of protein, as well as niacin, calcium, riboflavin and minor minerals - at the top of our list of allergy-causing foods - biologically valuable and expensive to produce - cholesterol bombs, too, and a major source of food poisoning, particularly from salmonella - commonplace in virtually every corner of the world and are truly an international food - convenient to eat, especially for people who live alone - deposited along the sides of a container, just above the water surface * are deposited in dwellings around the water that can be hidden from various predators - the intestinal tract, where they stick to the walls of the intestines * are eaten by a variety of crustacean organisms or any fish - leeches, newts , and turtles - especially important when maggots or later insect stages are absent - expelled outside the human body to find a new host - extremely variable in color and pattern * are fertilized after their ejection from the oviducts - by sperm when they are deposited - externally after mating when they are released into the water - when the sperm and egg fuse together, and a zygote is formed - found in egg sacs - full of choline, a nutrient that helps block fat from being absorbed in the liver - great source of protein and vital nutrients - high in nutritional value - highly nutritious food, rich in proteins - inexpensive, high in protein, and can be cooked quickly in a variety of ways - ingested and adult worms inhabit intestines - just about perpetually laid on plants - laid by the queen in honeycomb cells and the wormlike larvae are fed by workers * are laid in groups called rafts in some species and are laid singly, one at a time, in others - the soil, and the maggots enter and feed within the earthworms - water that hatch into tadpoles, often in ponds close to streams * are laid on clothing fibers and all stages of the louse appear in clothing - land and possess a shell and special membranes for the embryo - land, after the male deposits sperm - plants by the adult female butterfly - the bark of trees, on stones, or lumber - singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb , produced and shaped by the worker bees - less in number than other frogs * are low in calories and saturated fat - calories, and contain high quality protein - cost and rich in protein, essential amino acids, some vitamins and other minerals - saturated fat, which is more solid at room temperature - made in the process of oogenesis, while sperm is made in the process of spermatogenesis * are much bigger than sperms - more than cholesterol in a shell - named after the birds that laid the eggs - nutrient dense, providing a good proportion of nutrients compared with their calories - objects of art - of many sizes, shapes, and colors - one fourth the size of a chicken egg and very white in color * are one of nature's most nutrient dense foods - perfect foods - perfectly balanced and nutrient-dense foods - the greatest foods on earth * are one of the most complete sources of amino acids, the building blocks of protein - complete, yet least expensive, protein foods - safest animal protein foods - only of value when no maggots or later insect stages are present - parashible, like meat, fish and poultry - placed in two parallel lines on plants - porous and can and do absorb external contaminants - preyed upon by raccoons, skunks and foxes * are produced in enlarged structures known as oogonia - similar fashion to sperm - springtime from cells that line the digestive cavity - the ovaries and transported to the uterus, the site of embryonic development - when two earthworms inseminate each other during mating * are protein-rich, low in sodium, and contain a respectable amount of vitamins and minerals - contain vitamins and minerals - reasonably high in protein, so are peanuts, bread and hard cheese - released from the ovary and travel down the oviduct * are released in brown mucousy masses, while spermatozoa are released in milky-white masses - the feces and ingested by cattle - into the body cavity by ruptures in the peritoneum covering the ovaries - when the proglottid deteriorates, so a uterine pore is unnecessary - retained in the ovaries and fertilized by sperm from neighbouring individuals * are rich in biotin, a B vitamin essential for hair growth and overall scalp health - cysteine, sulfur, lecithin, amino acids and lutein - safe to eat if they are well cooked - sensitive to drying - shells that keep the penguin warm - symbols of luck and fertility in some Eastern cultures * are the ancient symbol for life and fertility - easiest way to keep a low energy intake while getting a high protein intake * are the female gametes formed inside the body of female within special organs calledovaries - reproductive cells - hard-shelled reproductive cells of birds - highest biological source of protein - main agent of pathology inducing granuloma formation - number one cause of salmonella poisoning and forced molting major cause - progeny of five-sensed beings - quintessential ingredient in a lot of dishes - richest source of cholesterol - sign of new life * are the stage in which the gypsy moth overwinters - least affected by cold temperature and standing water - standard by which all other protein sources are rated for their ability to assimilate - symbol of changing process of life and red sign of happiness in Chinese culture - whole of the reproductive body produced by hens - tiny specks that are firmly glued to the hair close to the scalp - traditional symbols in most cultures of spring and new life - versatile, that means they can be used and cooked in many different ways - vulnerable to adverse circumstances, like drought, extreme temperatures and fungi * become infective after being outside the pig for one month. * binding occurs when an egg becomes stuck in the pelvic canal. * binding, egg retention or dystocia occurs when eggs are abnormally held within the body. * can again be part of a healthy, weight-loss diet. - present in the stool in infections with all Schistosoma species - bind ingredients as in meatloaves or croquettes - remain infective for months to years - survive for years in the soil * can survive in the environment for up to two months - soil for many years even when a host plant is absent - withstand cold temperatures, which is why they survive dormancy through the winter * cause damage to various tissues, particularly the bladder and liver. - wombs, and wombs are attached to women - in a great variety of shapes * come in a variety of colors and patterns - colors, patterns, shapes and textures - an incredible variety of shapes, sizes and markings * come in different sizes and colors - sizes, colors, and grades - lots of different colors and sizes - many different sizes - variety of dehydrated forms - out in the carnivore s droppings and contaminate plants that are eaten by the herbivore * comes out of a living animal and then there living thing comes out of it. * commonly develop and hatch inside the reproductive system. * contain all nine essential amino acids - few cells and have one of the lowest potassium contents among high-protein foods - lecithin which balances their cholesterol - no trans fat - one of the best proteins for the hair * contain the highest quality food protein known to mankind - sulfur-bearing amino acids which aid detoxification * contains seed of life * contribute to obesity, heart disease, and other serious health problems - the structure of a baked product * deteriorate more in one day at room temperature than during one week in the refrigerator. * develop by dividing unequally instead of in the spiral pattern of other molluscs - in follicles in the ovaries * develop in the ovaries and then pass through the oviducts and into the vagina - travel through the oviducts to the uterus - into immature worms, travel through the arteries, and are transported to muscles * differ in the amount and location of yolk. * drops off fly when feeding on human. * dumping lace bugs preferentially oviposit with kin. * eating by hens habit which is extremely difficult to break. * embeds into Uterine wall. * enter soil with contaminated human feces. * escape through the coelomic pore which connects the body cavity to the outside. * fly into the air and miraculously land on the blade, or are pierced on the point, of a knife. * have a big supply of protein - richer colour in the yolk, are larger and full of flavor - shellfull of nutrients - sticky coating and stick to objects where they are laid - far less fat than many take-away foods - lots of calcium - more cholesterol than chicken and come from the same place - no vitamin C because the chick can produce it from food it eats * have the highest quality protein of any food - highest-quality protein nature can provide, rivaled only by soy - therefore special mechanisms to grow to their large size - two shell membranes, the inner and outer shell membranes * help to keep our eyes healthy. * hold babies that are new. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - sections - vacuoles - yolks * is accepted as a symbol of fertility and immortality - an egg cell - rich in proteins, sulphur, zinc, iron, selenium, phosphorous and iodine * keep unborn bed bugs safe from insecticides. * laid after fertilisation is made up of a single cell. * laid by mated pairs of adult worms, however, can cause inflammation and hemorrhaging - snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another - the female moths start the cycle over again * laying and nesting is tied more closely to day length than to warm temperatures - depletes the body of calcium, proteins and valuable minerals - females cause significant damage to trees during their brief, adult stage - flights can result in some great trout feeding activity * laying occurs in early morning at one egg a day - over several weeks when new leaves unfold from the bud - probably occurs at night, often on the same tree the beetles inhabited as borers * laying punctures are deeper and are most often found on the calyx end - cause the fruit to have a dimpled appearance - typically happens in the late summer or early fall, depending on the elevation - usually involves the formation of clutches of four to six eggs - workers appear in queenless colonies * lose a little fertility each day they are stored. * masses on rocks * mature in less than a month and queens can survive for years. * mixture of proteins and fats. * normally contain a single X chromosome. * offer exceptional nutritional value and contain particular high quality protein. * often take wax and dye differently. * pass down the pancreatic duct, make their way to the intestine, and exit in the feces. * play a very important part in ancient myths regarding the vernal equinox. * possess the unique property of creating foams. * produced by female cockroaches are enclosed in resilient egg cases known as oothecae. * provide an overwintering stage for many nematode species - high-quality protein and vitamins along with iron and other trace minerals - nutrients necessary for the developing embryo * provide protein and flavor - the calcium in the shell is beneficial for laying hens - some iron, but it is poorly absorbed * receives the shell membranes, fibrous keratin membranes. * remain in the liver until the host is devoured or the liver undergoes postmortem decomposition. * represent life - the circle of life, the cycle of birth and death * require greater energy investments than sperm. * return via the bile duct to the digestive system and exit from the body in feces. * rot in the body. * stands for emu egg shells, rhea egg shells and ostrich egg shells. * strengthen cell structure. * substitutes Use any one of the following combinations instead of eggs in baked foods. * supply a variety of minerals and vitamins, with iron in the yolk being especially noteworthy. * symbolize birth and fertility in many cultures. * tend to coat the tongue making it difficult to taste wine. * too are a symbol of new birth and fertility. * trading name of the Egg group of companies. * usually are produced in groups and in structures called egg pods. * vary greatly in size, shape, and color - in color and texture from one species to another * versatile commodity and chefs can put it to numerous uses. + Death's-head Hawkmoth, Development: Sphinginae * Eggs are laid one by one under old leaves of the hostplant, and are green or grey-blue. None of the three species are forced to use a single family of host plant. Many of the types of plants used are in the families Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Oleaceae, Bignoniaceae, and others. The larvae are strong, reaching 120-130 mm, with a tail horn that stands out or can be seen easily. Larvae do not move much, and will click their mandibles or even bite if threatened. When mature, they burrow underground and excavate a small chamber where they pupate. + Easter, Customs and traditions * Easter is celebrated in several ways in northern Europe and the United States. Most of these celebrations have nothing to do with the Christian meaning of the holiday. These celebrations are related more to the pagan festivals of ancient Germany. Children are given baskets filled with candy. Eggs are decorated and hidden for children to find. People wear new clothes and go to church. Greeting cards are exchanged. An Easter Egg Roll is held on the lawn of the White House. Small leafless trees or branches are carried indoors and decorated with colored eggs, paper trims, and lights. Some shopping malls offer children a chance to visit with an adult costumed as the Easter Bunny, in a manner similar to visiting with Santa Claus at Christmas. + Egg (food), Egg as a food ingredient * Chicken eggs are widely used in many types of cooking. Dishes that use eggs range from both sweet to savoury dishes. Eggs are versatile, that means they can be used and cooked in many different ways. Roasted eggs are used at the Jewish holiday of Passover Eating raw eggs is not recommended for people who may be likely to catch to salmonella, such as the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women - (food): Breakfast foods :: Egg * Every part of the egg is edible, although the eggshell is usually thrown away. Eggs are a good source of protein and choline + Eggshell, Amniotes, Reptile eggs: Tetrapods * While many reptiles lay eggs with flexible, calcified, eggshells, there are some that lay hard eggs. Eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another. Depending on the species, turtles and tortoises lay hard or soft eggs. Several species lay eggs which are nearly the same as bird eggs. + Rough-skinned newt: Salamanders * Juveniles live on land for four or five years after metamorphosis. Adults are amphibious, and live in water and on land. Eggs are laid in water. They can be found especially after there has been a lot of rain.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| gamete \| ovum \| egg: Amniotic egg * are born from mammals birds and reptiles. * grow inside an amniote and are made of calcium that is leathery. * permits groups of vertebrates known as amniotes to live in dry terrestrial habitats. Amphibian egg * are soft and jelly-like and like the amphibians themselves, dry out easily. * lack a shell and dehydrate quickly in dry air. * make excellent subjects for observation. Brown egg * are laid by a different breed of hen than white eggs, that's all - lower in cholesterol than the common white egg - more nutritious than white eggs - usually more expensive because the hens are bigger and consume more food * take on a dull almost greenish hue when exposed to bright light for any length of time. Cold egg * are easier to separate than room temperature eggs. * separate more easily than room temperature ones. Dinosaur egg * are preserved in a variety of shapes. * come in many shapes and sizes from cannonballs to giant footballs. * have hard shells to protect the babies on land. Duck egg * are larger, more oily, and tougher than chicken eggs - often almost twice the size of chicken eggs * have a sturdy shell suitable for carving and decorating. Egg donation * has some advantages over adoption. * is one of the most successful measures in treating infertility. * life-affirming gift from one woman to another. * medical treatment that requires the giving and receiving of a very personal gift. * require a semi-surgical procedure that requires weeks of hormonal injections. * simple medical procedure. * uses the male partner's sperm to fertilize eggs donated by another woman. Few egg * are produced since eggs and sperms are in a confined space. * survive in warm water. Fish egg * are kind of rubbery and they survive being scraped off just fine - sensitive to environmental toxicants - soft, which is fine under water - very sensitive to poor water quality - without a shell and are deposited in water * die if they are smothered in silt. * hatch into little fish. Flea egg * are laid on the host or are deposited on the floor or ground - oval, slightly opalescent and about the size of a grain of salt - removed from carpets easier than larvae - small and white - smooth, whitish and oval and readily fall from the pet to the floor or ground * look like tiny white sand grains. * represent about one-half of the entire flea population present in an average home. Immature egg * appear much smaller and remain opaque following hormone injection. * are called oocytes. Insect egg * Many insect eggs develop by nuclear division without cell membranes. * Most insect eggs have a coating to protect the embryo from desiccation. * are known as centrolecithal eggs, for the yolk is collected in the center - relatively bulky, with a high content of nutritive material called vitellus - therefore similar to the seeds of plants + Syncytium, Examples: Cell biology Large egg * can be a factor, as opposed to small. * have difficulty hatching, and small eggs often produce chicks that are too small to live. Mosquito egg * can lie dormant for years without water - remain domant for a long time without contact to water * can survive for more than five years - years in dry conditions and hatch during rainfall - in a dried state for years before being reactivated by water * hatch only in water.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| gamete \| ovum \| egg: Nit * are a measure of brightness - actually clusters of tiny white sacs that contain eggs - always oval-shaped - body lice eggs - eggs from the adult lice and are whitish and are firmly attached to hairs - grayish-white, always oval shaped, and are glued at an angle to the side of the hair shaft - greyish white in colour and are oval in shape * are lice eggs on the hair - light in color, described in different sources as pearly, grey, whitish, and silvery - little white eggs that lice cement to the hair - louse eggs - more likely to contain a live embryo if they are close to the scalp - off-white in color and about the size and shape of the head of a straight pin - often the first sign of a head lice infestation * are oval eggs that are cream-colored and are roughly the size of a pin - shaped and most often can been seen in the hair behind the ears or near the neck * are oval, usually grayish-white and are attached at an angle to the hair shaft - whitish eggs attached to shafts of hair - shiny white and are about half the size of a pinhead - small, oval-shaped, yellowish eggs - smaller than lice and can be white to yellowish-brown in color * are the eggs of the head lice - head lice eggs - their eggs - tiny egg-shaped deposits which are firmly attached to the hair * are tiny, approximately the size of a period at the end of a sentence - grayish-white oval eggs attached to the hairshafts - yellowish-white oval eggs attached to the hair shafts * are very difficult to remove from hair while drandruff is easy to remove - small round eggs that stick to hair an inch or so from the scalp - tenacious and difficult to remove from hair shafts - tiny eggs, half the size of a pinhead, and oval in shape - viable lice eggs and are found attached to the hair and bound with a glue-like substance - visible to the naked eye in natural light * are white clumps visible hanging on to the base of the pubic hair - when they are first laid and turn brownish before they hatch - whitish-grey, tan or yellow ovals, about the size of a grain of sand * attach to a piece of hair close to the scalp. * become more noticeable as they move further from the scalp as the hair grows. * breed lice. * can survive even through treatment with a lotion or shampoo. * firmly attach to the hair shafts, close to the scalp. * generally cluster close to the skin but they can also appear on individual hair strands. * hatch in about one week, and the females are capable of laying eggs less than two weeks later. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles - yolks * light unit * look like small transparent grains of rice. * make lice. * range in color from yellow to gray * typically hatch eight or nine days after they're laid. ### cell \| gamete \| ovum \| egg \| nit: Dead nit * are silvery-coloured and easier to see. * remain attached to the hair shaft until they are combed out or the hair falls out. Older egg * are much easier to peel than fresh eggs. * masses bleach out from weathering. * tend to be easier to peel than fresh eggs - less likely to develop into viable embryos once fertilized Organic egg * are also another part of organic farming - one of the best dietary sources * have far lower levels of saturated fat than non organic eggs. Osprey egg * are whitish with reddish spots. * incubate for about five weeks.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| gamete \| ovum \| egg: Raw egg * are a common source of salmonella - used in homemade versions of mayonnaise and hollandaise sauce * can be a source of salmonella - dangerous for the young children and elderly - carry dangerous amounts of salmonella * can contain bacteria that, if consumed, can cause salmonella infection - harmful bacteria that if consumed can cause salmonella infection * can contain salmonella and other bacteria - result in a problem when used in homemade ice cream and salads Spawn * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles - yolks * is an egg - eggs Squid egg * Some squid eggs are free-floating, others are attached to seaweed or to the ocean floor. * develop faster in warmer temperatures, resulting in higher hatch rates. Unfertilized egg * are hemizygous and develop into haploid males - identifiable under the microscope by their elongated shape - laid in much spacious drone cells where they develop into drones * become drones, while fertilized eggs become either workers or queens - male, and thus remain haploid * develop into monoploid offsprings that develops into males - winged male fire ants * go through cleavage divisions, sometimes to blastula. * produce male larvae. Unhatched egg * are an easy target for humans and small mammals along nesting sites. * can break, and nestlings can die, and rot or attract pests. * have a dark area within the shell while hatched eggs are transparent.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| gamete: Sperm * All sperm require some form of liquid to swim to the eggs - sperms have a head and a tail called a flagellum * Any sperm can fuse with any egg. * Every sperm has a soul. * Many sperm continue up to the ovary and can fertilize the egg - surround the egg in the Fallopian tube * Most sperm have a group of five mitochondrial clumps in the midpiece. * Some sperm is part of anglerfish - argentines - belugas - bluefishes - carps - cods - coelacanths - coneys - congers - flounder - frogfishs - gars - gobies - goldfishes - guppies - hammerheads - hinds - largemouths - lungfishes - mollies - mosquitofishs - mullets - perches - plaices - rays - remoras - semen - sharks - smallmouths - snooks - stingrays - stonefishs - triggerfish * are formed in the testis, a part of male reproductive system - produced by primary sex organ i.e., called testes * are produced in seminiferous tubules present in male reproductive organ testis - the testis situated inside the scrotum - single celled male gametes with a head, midpiece, and a tail - the male gametes * arise from transformation of choanocytes. * contribute only nuclear DNA when the egg is fertilized. * feed on nutrients in the semen fluid. * have flagella. * includes acrosomes - corpi - lobes * move to ovum and fuse with it to form a zygote. * originate in the testes and leave the male body through the penis. * produced in males are deposited into vagina through the process called copulation. * swim with their tails. * tastes like sea water mixed with egg white.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| gamete \| sperm: Human sperm * are much smaller than a human egg. * comes in three varieties, mixed. * have a single flagellum. * is made in the testicles of a man. + Sperm, In humans: Biological reproduction :: Human sexuality * Human sperm is made in the testicles of a man. Human sperm contains 23 chromosomes. A human needs 46 chromosomes, so a sperm cell is called a 'haploid' as it only has half. The other half is contained within the ovum or egg of a female. During sex, semen is shot out of the man's penis during ejaculation. Male sperm * are generally faster swimmers than female sperm. * is stored within the female for use throughout the entire breeding season.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| gamete \| sperm: Mature sperm * are better able to move, find an egg and penetrate it to complete fertilisation - highly specialized cells composed of a head, neck and tail region * is an elongated cell with a head, neck, body, and tail. * leave the epididymis and enter the vas deferens. Normal sperm * are A. haploid. * have an oval head with a long tail. Older sperm * are more likely to experience a nondisjunction event during meiosis. * can lose their ability to swim well. Spermatid * are formed from secondary spermatocytes as a result of second meiotic division - gametes - present surrounding the lumina * become spermatozoa. * differentiate and develop into sperm. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * show nuclei smaller than the spermatocytes. * undergo extensive changes in cell shape and organization in differentiating into sperm. Gametocyte * are cells - germ cells - large and circular or ameoboid * arise from erythrocytic asexual stages. * enter mosquito gut. * have a characteristic crescent shape appearance. * ingested by the fly vector undergo sporogony to continue the cycle. * present emerge from their red cell hosts, and become haploid gametes. Gel cell * are particularly vulnerable to overheating damage. * combine sulfuric acid with silica to form a gelatinous consistency between the plates.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Germ cell * are capable of mitosis to perpetuate the cell line and meiosis to produce gametes - cells which become the embryo that develops in the womb - different from somatic cells in a critical way - eukaryotic cells - more likely to be killed by DNA damage than to be mutated - primitive cells that go to the ovary very early in life - reproductive cells that develop into testicles in males and ovaries in females * are reproductive cells, that is, eggs or sperm - either sperm or eggs - responsible for transmitting genes to the next generation of an organism * are the cells in the testes that make sperm and in the ovaries make eggs - of the embryo which give rise to gametes - that produce sperm or eggs - progenitors of all cell types in metazoan organisms * complete multiple events to form functional oocytes and sperm. * contain material in the cytoplasm called germ plasm. * develop at both ends of the egg - while the child is still in the womb * form amid the embryonic endoderm. * navigate through and along different tissue to reach the somatic part of the gonad. * occupy a central position in animal development, heredity, and evolution. * play central roles in animal development, heredity, and evolution. * produce gametes and are the only cells that can undergo meiosis as well as mitosis. Giant cell * Many giant cells are present in the granulomatawhich contain the organisms. * are fragile and usually die within a day or so - often present - related to inflammation and healing - usually present, but the number is quite variable from case to case * contain dozens of nuclei and are mixed with small cells.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Glia cell * continue to be produces after birth. * keep the neurons safe and healthy. + Nerve, Nerve Structure: Anatomy of the nervous system * Nervous system contains neurons and cells called glia. Glia cells keep the neurons safe and healthy. Neurons take messages to and from the CNS to the rest. The dendrite and axon are fibers that go out from the cell body. Axons take information 'away from' the cell body. Dendrites take information to the cell body. * It lets people and animals respond to what is around them. The 'central nervous system' is the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. It is present in most animals. It is there to coordinate movement, to process the input of the senses, and to make the animals act a certain way. It is made up of neurons and cells called glia among other things. Glia cells keep the neurons safe and healthy.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Golgi cell * are the only elements within the cerebellar cortex that inhibit granule cells. * create a brief burst of granule cell activity. Gray cell * die, affecting functions controlled by the damaged area. * indicate chromatic functions in either major or minor keys. Green cell * convert light to carbohydrates and oxygen. * develop from a white cell line that again becomes green and so on.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Guard cell * absorb water and become turgid. * allow gas exchange between the surrounding air and the internal photosynthetic cells. * are able to open and close the stomates to save water - activated by sunlight - bean-shaped cells covering the stomata opening - cells surrounding each stoma - kidney-shaped cells that are filled with chloroplasts - the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts * become flaccid - fully turgid , and because of their specialised structure, they 'bend' apart * can change shape to open or close the stoma. * change the shape of the opening by changing their own shape. * contain chloroplasts and so are able to conduct photosynthesis. * control the size of the opening of the stoma. * differ from the translucent epidermal cells in that they contain chloroplasts. * regulate the opening by changing water pressure within the cell to swell or shrink. * surround a stoma and control the stoma opening and closing. * 's are types of cells that surrounds stomates in plants. Plants lose water through stomates. Guard cells are able to open and close the stomates to save water. Guard cells are activated by sunlight. When water follows, the cells get hard and they push open. At night, guard cells lose water and close again. Hadley cell * are very efficient at transporting heat. * serve to diffuse heat away from equatorial regions. Haploid cell * can fuse in fertilization, forming a new diploid cell. * grow vegetatively by budding and are non-pathogenic. * have half of a full set of chromosomes - twice the normal number of chromosomes Helper cell * T lymphocyte * help the immune system to function normally and fight off certain kinds of infections. * mature and multiply rapidly to fight off the virus. * use receptors on their surface to read antigenic displays.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Heterozygote * also express the dominant trait. * are a large reservoir of genetic variability - available for distribution in limited quantities - clinically and haematologically normal * are phenotypically normal but are carriers of the trait - protected from malaria, however, which is what keeps the allele in the populaiton - unaffected - usually asymptomatic - zygotes * can also develop thrombosis. * display an intermediate level of sensitivity. * exhibit a low penetrance of ectopic wing veins - both hair colors, and are referred to as tortoiseshell, or calico cats * have a normal phenotype - slective advantage against malaria - an advantage over normal homozygotes - intermediate levels but are clinically normal - no advantage when infected individually with either pathogen - severe anemia, splenomegaly - short tails and other abnormalities * look normal. * produce equal numbers of normal and dysfunctional enzymes. * show a general pale yellow-green color - both phenotypes, but no blending - mild orotic aciduria but are otherwise unaffected * tend to run in circles and show a white patch of fur on their forehead or belly. * usually have no bleeding manifestations. Homozygote * are true-breeding * die at birth with cleft lip and cleft palate * die in utero with multiple abnormalities - of renal failure at about one year - within a few hours postnatally * have a thalassemia intermedia - small brains and die during late pupal stages * often develop neonatal purpura fulminans shortly after birth. * show circling, head-tossing, deafness, and hyperactivity - typical circling, head tossing, deafness, and hyperactivity	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Horizontal cell * are interneurons which aid in signal processing - neurons in the vertebrate retina involved in the processing of form vision * can inhibit the other rods. * interconnect groups of photoreceptor cells. * mediate lateral inhibition. Host cell * Some host cells burst during viral release - open releasing the newly produced virions * is lysed and destroyed. * range distinctions and specific cytokine upregulation.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Individual cell * align as healing begins. * bring food particles in by endocytosis. * consume energy, and perform other metabolic chores necessary for their survival. * drift upward to invade the epidermis without provoking much edema. * grow in size, but there are limits to the size that cells can reach. * have low grade nuclear atypia. * migrate to site of ventral nerve cord. * produce a small voltage. * secrete a gelatinous material. * use a textured pyramidal surface to maximise photon absorption. * vary in shape from ovoid to fusiform. * work together to form the whole plant.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Infected cell * are in the process of catalyzing a reaction. * become rounded and the cell sheet disintegrates. * contain often voluminous virus crystals. * form crown gall or root tumors - galls or root tumours , respectively * have lower levels of enzyme activity and are less stable. * release millions of copies of the original virus when they die and burst open. + Bacterial conjugation, Inter-kingdom transfer: Bacteria :: Genetics * These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy. Infected cells form crown galls or root tumours, respectively.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Inflammatory cell * are also in the normal bronchial wall - present in the interstitium - the target of the anti-inflammatory activity of hypodermins - in the wall and canal of hair follicle - present throughout the dermis - relatively few * are usually absent, but if present usually indicate infection - present within the fibrous capsule * consist of lymphoid cells, as well as mast cells, eosinophils, and PMNs. * proliferate in the synovial lining. * release an enzyme that gradually destroys bone and cartilage. * rush to destroy, dilute or isolate invaders and injured tissue. Inhibitory cell * come in a greater variety of morphologies. * form symmetric synapses in which the presynaptic elements contain flat vesicles. Interstitial cell * are found lying at the base of the other entoderm cells - the embryonic structures which can change into any other kind of cells * have small, darkly staining, elongated nuclei. * lining the peritubular capillaries of human adult kidneys produce erythropoietin. * located between seminiferous tubules produce testosterone.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Leukocyte * are a second line of defense against disease. * are blood cells that fight infections and get rid of debris - primarily defensive, but also have important sanitation and recycling duties - responsible for immunity and fighting infections - specialists - the primary effector cells against infection and tissue damage * are white blood cells and function in fighting disease - cells, one of the types of cells in human blood * destroy infective agents and promote healing but can also amplify chronic inflammation - some microogarnisms and cancerous cells * gradually infiltrate during diestrus. * help defend the body from disease. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * marginate along and adhere to endothelial surfaces. * move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion. * play a crucial role in the process of inflammation. * play a major part in the body's defense system by fighting infection and disease - role in the defense system of the body against invading microorganisms * serve as the second line of defense for bacteria that have entered the body. * slow down by rolling, then receive signals.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| leukocyte: Lymphocyte * All lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow from immature cells called stem cells - originate in the bone marrow as immature cells called stem cells * Make immune responses. * Most lymphocytes are part of bodies - programmed to die , and are replaced by newly matured cells - very sensitive and easily damaged by x-rays - enter and leave the spleen by way of the bloodstream * Some lymphocytes act as tumor-killing cells - are capable of reacting against self, resulting in an autoimmune reaction - have a lifespan of months or years - leave and reenter the circulation, surviving for many years * also cause tissue-rejection during organ transplants. * are a part of the immune system and can be affected by many diseases. * are a type of immune cell that is involved in tumor and antimicrobial surveillance - leukocyte responsible for the immune response * are a type of white blood cell in the body which are crucial for fighting infections * are a very heterogeneous population of cells in size shape and function - important part of the bird s immune system - white blood cell with important functions in the immune system - able to respond to a huge number of antigens - also present in the submucosa - an important part of the immune system - another important somatic cell type * are cells important to fighting infection - produced by the lymph system and found in human blood * are cells that attack the bacteria directly - have a dense nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm - recognize antigens in a specific manner - colorless cells of the blood and made in lymph glands - complex cells that direct the body's immune system - critical cells in the immune system - formed in lymphatic tissue throughout the body - immune system cells that have large round nuclei - important component cells of the immune system - leukocytes - mobile, migratory cells - more specific in the invaders they target - much more common in the lymphatic system - of two major kinds, T cells and B cells - one kind of white blood cell in the blood system * are part of the immune system which guards the body against germs or alien substances - normal defence system of the body - poorly motile, and usually appear at the site of inflammation later in the process * are present among hyperplastic enterocytes - the decidua surrounding the vessel - and are produced in the lymphatic tissues - in the lamina propria * are produced in bone marrow - lymph nodes throughout the body - regular * are responsible for immune memory - round white blood cells a bit bigger than a red blood cell * are small white blood cells circulating throughout the lymphatic system - that travel through the lymph system - with round nuclear contour and clumped chromatin * are the body's major disease fighters - cells that attack bacteria in the blood - first cells that arrive at the site of inflammation - key cells controlling the immune system - main cell type of the immune system * are the primary effectors of adaptive immune responses - officers of the immune defense - smallest white blood cells and are the backbone of the immune system - very important to the body's immune functions - virtually absent from the PALS and there are no lymphoid follicles - white blood cells that are part of the immune system * are, in some respects, the most important cells in the immune system. * arriving from bone marrow populate the outer margins of the cortex. * attack foreign cells directly or secrete an enzyme that immobilizes foreign substances. * become specialized during an infection and produce the body's immune response. * belong to the white blood cell family. * can also accumulate in the connective and epithelial tissues throughout the body - appear reactive - destroy certain cancer cells - live for weeks, months or years * circulate in the blood and lymph systems, and make their home in the lymphoid organs - make up twenty per cent of the white cells * circulating in the blood are normally spherical with randomly displayed microvilli. * come from bone marrow and from lymph glands. * comprise a critical component of host defenses against cryptococcosis. * contain high concentrations of deoxycytidine kinase. * continually pass back and forth between lymph tissue, lymph fluid and blood. * control antigen-specific immune responses and their outcomes - the body's ability to recognize and fight infections and cancers * disappear and are replaced by fat tissue from the partitions between the lobules. * enter here via the afferent lymphatics - the lingual tonsil via afferent lymphatics * express receptors with varying affinity for the antigen in question. - infections by viruses and bacteria * function in antibody and antigen production and cellular and humoral immune reactions - immune process See the formation of immune cells * have a dense nucleus with little cytoplasm - markedly abnormal appearance when visualized by scanning electron microscopy - unique structure which allows then to respond to antigens * help defend against infections - govern immunity and are responsible for antibody production - with our immune response - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - vacuoles * infiltrate the intralobular stroma, which becomes dense. * integrate multiple input signals to regulate the extent of their proliferative response. * invade the limiting plate and surround and destroy hepatocytes. * make a molecule called granzyme B which enters a perceived enemy cell to kill it - up one of the classes of white blood cells * manufacture antibodies and are vital for immunity. * often invade the epithelium or form solitary lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria. * originate from the bone marrow. * produce specific antibodies when exposed to antigens. * protect against the growth of tumors. * reach every cell of the body, carried in lymphatic channels to every organ and tissue. * rearrange, edit, and revise their antigen receptors to be useful yet safe. * recognise pathogens with antigen receptors. * recognize and help destroy in body fluids and cells. * start in the bone marrow. * stimulated by antigen undergo a process of mutagenesis and selection. * support the immune system. * surround a vessel near the bottom. * travel in the bloodstream, as well - locally in a lamina propria of a mucosa * undergo a phase of antigen-independent development in the thymus or bone marrow. * vary in life span with some living only a few days while others ciculate for many years. * wander through the lymph spaces in the body, resting and proliferating in lymph nodes. + White blood cell, Types of white blood cells, Lymphocytes: Cell biology :: Immunology :: Blood cells * Lymphocytes are round white blood cells a bit bigger than a red blood cell. Their center is round and they have little cytoplasm. Part of the lymphatic system, these target specific germs or poisons using their antibodies.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| leukocyte \| lymphocyte: B lymphocyte * acquire the virus mainly from the pharynx. * are plasma cells that produce antibodies - produced in the bone marrow - they fight off bacterial infections - responsible for humoral immunity and are precursors to plasma cells - white blood cells that travel throughout the body * come from bone marrow. * express and lose syndecan at specific stages of differentiation. * have a limited life-span in culture. * is the only cell that is able to secrete antibody. * make antibodies which help destroy germs in our body - specific antibodies to bind antigens * mature in the bone marrow. * occur in normal numbers and are capable of terminal differentiation to plasma cells. * respond to processed organisms. * use membrane bound antibody to interact with antigens. Intraepithelial lymphocyte * are present throughout the mucosa. * coinduce nitric oxide synthase in intestinal epithelial cells. Large lymphocyte * are active B or T cells. * have abundant pale blue transparent cytoplasm. Numerous lymphocyte * seen in between vessels are normal. * surround toxic crystals.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| leukocyte \| lymphocyte: Plasma cell * Every plasma cell is essentially a factory for producing a unique antibody - factory for producing antibodies * are a critical part of the body's immune system - group of white blood cells produced by the body to fight infection - kind of white blood cell - type of white blood cell that produces and secretes antigen-specific antibodies - frequent in the ct - highly efficient producers of antibodies - important to the immune system because they produce antibodies - involved in the synthesis and secretion of circulating antibodies - lymphocytes - one form of the white blood cells that the body manufactures to fight infection - present, however, and the levels of immunoglobulins are normal - prominent at and beneath the dermoepidermal junction * are responsible for helping the body fight infection - production of immunoglobulins - specialized cells that produce high levels of serum antibody * are the cells responsible for forming antibodies against bacteria and foreign proteins - that actually produce and secret the antibodies - mature, fully differentiated forms of B lymphocytes that produce antibodies - then able to secrete antibodies specific to the antigen - very numerous in muco-cutaneous junctions eg lips, feet, perineum - white blood cells that produce antibodies to fight infections * create the antibody as directed. * die after about two days, but memory B cells live for decades. * migrate to the medulla. * predominate the immune infiltrates. * produce antibodies , substances that help the body fight infection - that destroy the invading cell - to help fight infection and disease - proteins that help protect the body from infection - special proteins known as antibodies or immunoglobulins * secrete large amounts of highly specific antibody - the antigen-specific antibody - quantities of antibodies which recognize and neutralize the antigen * specialize in mass production of antibodies. * use their machinery to produce antibodies.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| leukocyte \| lymphocyte: T lymphocyte * are also part of the adaptive immune system - crucial to the body's defenses against infection - long-lived and constitute most of the lymphocytes in lymph and blood - responsible for cell mediated immunity - the part of the immune system that seek and destroy cancer cells - white blood cells with two extraordinary properties - without a doubt the MOST important part of the immune system * arise in bone marrow but mature in the thymus. * attack the transplanted tissue and can destroy it within a few days. * coordinate the immune system's response to infection and cancer. * develop in the thymus from bone derived stem cells. * dictate the nature of immunologic responses. * differentiate from a naive state to an effector state. * exhibit a restricted epitope specificity. * have a difficult existence - in vitro graft vs leukemia activity in the absence of an allogeneic response - various types of regulatory functions * is associated with defect - regulated by late exposure to serum to prevent apoptosis * kill virus-infected cells and regulate the activities of other white blood cells. * mature in the a. red bone marrow. * mediate leaflet destruction and allograft aortic valve failure in rats. * play a fundamental role in the initiation and regulation of inflammatory responses - number of critical roles in the immune system * protect against retroviral challenge. * recognize, destroy virus-infected cells, tumor cells. * regulate the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance. * responses in immunized animals - seronegative volunteers - vertically-infected infants * responses to antibody recognition regions on influenza virus hemagglutinin - viruses bearing variant epitopes * responses, after peptide vaccination of patients with cervical carcinoma.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Malignant cell * Many malignant cells are quasidiploid. * are mixed with the blood salvaged from the surgical field - pleomorphic with large distorted nuclei - present - typically more sensitive to slightly elevated temperatures * can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. * can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body - tissues and organs * proliferate excessively from the epidermis and result in a tumor. * show variable nuclear size and shape and prominent nucleoli. Medullary cell * are larger and bluer in color here. * store their hormones in the form of granules.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Melanocyte * Most melanocyte stimulate hormones produce in glands - pituitary glands * accumulate certain drugs to affect their action. * act as factories for the production of granules of the pigment, melanin. * are a stable and long-lived population of cells. * are cells derived from the neural crest - located in the lower part of the epidermis - of neural crest origin - that make the brown pigment called melanin - characterized by long, fixed extensions of the outer cell membrane - dendritic and are distributed roughly one per six basal cells * are epidermal cells which produce melanin - in the epidermis * are melanin-producing cells found in the basal cell layer of the epidermis - located in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis - more in the epi - most prevalent in the distal matrix and are absent in the nail bed - pigment producing cells in the skin - pigment-producing cells in the skin of humans and other vertebrates - skin cells that produce the dark protective pigment called melanin * are the cells from which melanoma begins to develop - in the skin that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin color * are the cells that become cancerous in malignant melanoma - synthesize pigment * are the cells which can lose control, and grow into a malignant melanoma - give rise to the development of malignant melanoma - little factories inside our skin that are responsible for producing melanin - transparent cells with dendrites - very difficult to grow in culture * begin to make pigment - regionalize in the hair peg * complete regional migration into the hair bulb. * contain giant melanosomes. * decrease in number to level in mature epidermis. * develop from neuroectodermal elements in the early stages of gestation. * form pigment in small particles, melanosomes, in a series of steps. * have long, dendritic processes that reach the upper and lower layers of the epidermis. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * increase in number, differentiate, make premelanosomes - production of melanin and the numbers of melanosomes - the arborization of their cell processes * insert granules of melanin into specialized cellular vesicles called melanosomes. * is an epidermal cell * manufacture melanin. * populate the epidermis. * produce melanin , which pigment that is the source of tanning - and are derived from neural crest cells - within cytoplasmic packets called melanosomes * produce melanin, a pigment that darkens the skin - determines skin, eye, and hair color - which gets deposited into the epidermal cells - pigments in the form of melanin granules - the melanin * produce the pigment called melanin - melanin , and are also in the inner layer of the epidermis - melanin, which contributes to hair, eye, and skin color - pigment, melanin , which generates our skin color * produce the protective pigment called melanin - skin-darkening pigment melanin * resemble nerve celss and are ssential for conveying energy. * reside in the basal layer of the epidermis. * synthesize melanin. * transfer pigment to keratinocytes.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Memory cell * act much more quickly if the antigen is re-encountered and their response lasts longer. * allow the immune system to destroy an antigen quickly. * are a type of T lymphocytes that have been exposed to specific antigens - available to produce antibodies quickly if the same antigen reappears - present at birth - responsible for cell resistance after immunization and also for natural immunity - the basis of immunological memory * can survive in the body for many years. * insure that subsequent infections by the pathogen receive a more rapid response. * live a long time in the body , and are how vaccinations work. * persist in the circulation for decades. * produce more memory cells. * remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again. * remember exposure to a specific antigen and react if exposed again. + Lymphocyte, Types, T and B cells: Cell biology :: Immunology :: Blood cells * Once they are made active, B cells and T cells produce 'memory cells'. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these cells will 'remember' each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to make a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. Memory cells live a long time in the body, and are how vaccinations work. Merged cell * are a slightly tougher nut to crack because they also merge vertically. * single cell that is created by combining two or more adjacent cells.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Meristematic cell * are packed closely together without intercellular cavities - undifferentiated and capable of repeated division * divide, growing into new plants. * have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals. * have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals. They are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cell division. * The cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small. Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall very thin primary cell wall. Mesenchymal cell * Some mesenchymal cells differentiate to myocytes and fibroblasts. * are stellate cells that are embedded in a semifluid intercellular substance. * condense to somitomeres. * form around the ossified portion of the membrane and form a periosteum. * have a less rigid shape and are more likely to be motile. Mucous cell * are numerous in the trachea. * secrete a thick mucus that protects the stomach lining from stomach acid - the alkaline mucous for shielding the epithelium from hydrochloric acid Multinucleated cell * are also present. * contain multiple nuclei. Muscles cell * are told to contract by electrical impulses. * remain muscle cells where as fat cells remain fat cells. Myoepithelial cell * are within the basement membrane. * surround the alveoli, the interlobular ducts, and the cisterns. Neuroblast * can mature into ganglion cells. * delaminate in five waves spanning approximately three hours. Neuroblastoma cell * Many neuroblastoma cells have on their surfaces receptors for dopamine. * resemble developing nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Neuron * All neurons are electrically coupled and normally silent. * All neurons have a resting potential across the membrane - dendrites, a cell body or soma, an axon, and synapses - the same basic parts - use neurotransmitters for communication - work by sending signals in the form of impulses * Any neuron corresponds to one action. * Every neuron has an axon - which can extend several feet - dendrites that receive messages from adjoining neurons * Many neurons die via an active process called apoptosis - respond best to faces, others to animals, some to houses - work at the same time, and somehow each information is processed in parallel * Most neurons are located in vertebrates - part of bodies - generate processes only after they reach their final position * Most neurons have a single axon to transmit outgoing signals - multiple dendrites, which are typically short and highly branched - only one axon - small cell bodies and long extensions called axons and dendrites - migrate from their birthplace to their permanent home in the developing brain - respond best to oriented bar stimulus, sensitive to motion, monocular or binocular - stop dividing once they leave the ventricular zone - talk to each other by releasing neurotransmitters at thousands of synapses * SOme neurons contains large accumulation of measles nucleocapsid. * Some neurons also use the axons of other nerves to migrate from one brain area to another - appear to be tuned to detect movement in one direction - can also produce or receive special chemical tags transported though the blood flow * Some neurons continue to be created throughout the life span - higher centers of the brain - contribute to selecting the target for a movement of the eyes - emit rapid barrages of impulses, for example, whereas others tick like a clock * Some neurons have short axons, while others can be quite long - special purposes * Some neurons migrate by following the long fibers of cells called radial glia - vertically and stop short of the pial surface, just as in the spinal cord - recover, but others die leaving muscles stranded - stimulate pivoting and others inhibit it - support productive infection and are destroyed * act through waves of depolarization that travel down axons. * allow communication and coordinated functioning among various brain areas. * also die in response to various insults and external stress - have many receptor proteins for receiving chemical information from other neurons - travel by using chemical signals - undergo programmed cell death * appear to code stimuli in a language where the relative timing of events is important. * are a major class of cells in the nervous system - acutely sensitive to stress, possibly because they exhibit little or no stress response * are also important for sending pain information to the brain - unique in other respects, for example in their polarity - animal cells - arranged in ways to allow the transmission or processing of information - basically of two basic types, projection neurons and interneuons - brain cells that specialize in communication - but one kind of cell that can benefit from making proteins locally * are cells in the body that control thought and physical movement - specialized for communication * are cells that are similar to other cells - specialized for the transmission of information - circles in various shades of pink - clustered into ganglia, which are connected by a nerve cord * are connected by synapse - to one another in a highly organized way - directionally selective - discrete cells which communicate with each other via specialized junctions - examples of specialized cells * are excitable cells that are the functional unit of the nervous system - extremely long-lived - flooded with excess calcium oxygen - found in both the endoderm and ectoderm - fully differentiated cells which are usually incapable of cell division - good examples of how there can be growth without division - held together by supporting tissue * are highly resistant to division - specialized communication tools - individaul nerve cells - individual nerve cells responsible for transmitting information throughout the body - information messengers - large cells with appropriately large nuclei * are like little electric batteries - small telephone wires running through the brain - more vulnerable than astrocytes or endothelial cells to ischemia * are nerve cells that make up a large part of the nervous system - transmit information between the brain and the rest of the body - only cells having different characteristics than other cells * are part of bodies - brains - nervous systems - particularly sensitive to hyponatremia * are sensitive to certain types of changes in their surroundings - correlations among synaptic inputs - solid objects - somatic cells - special in that they are also electrically active - specialist cells that have lost the ability to reproduce themselves * are specialized cells - to transmit information throughout the body - specifically adapted cells that carry an electrical signal when stimulated - surrounded by a membrane * are the basic anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system - functional unit of the brain - units of the nervous system - brain cells that carry nerve impulses - building blocks of the nervous system - cells adapted for receiving and eliciting electrical signals * are the cells of nerve tissue - the nervous system that carry information to and from the brain - that process and transmit information in the brain - electrically active, signaling cells of the nervous system - fundamental building blocks of the nervous system - longest lived of human cells * are the most critical cells for brain function - important building blocks of the brain - nerve cells within the brain - nervous system s primary computing elements - structures that serve as building blocks of the brain and nervous system - unique in that they are electrically active - very active secretory cells, producing proteins for transport out of the cell * attach to it and grow axons, the long tails through which they send signals. * become dysfunctional, lose connections with other nerve cells and degenerate. * can also change and adapt, as the data and information changes - die due to brain injury or disease - grow new dendritic and axon branches and create new synapses with other neurons * can be unipolar with a single axonal process or multipolar with more than two processes - very long cells, but they are microscopic in size - convert dopamine into norepinephrine - express the receptor genes in either of two ways - extract energy from only a few, critical types of molecules * can have multiple connections with none identical synaptic efficacies and delays - passive or excitable membrane, or both - learn - regenerate to a small extent - show many different types of plastic responses after injury * carry electrical messages. * carry messages throughout the nervous system - using a chemical version of electricity - out basic cellular processes like protein synthesis and energy production * come in a large variety of shapes, sizes and forms - variety of shapes and sizes, but all have the same basic parts - all sizes * come in many shapes and sizes - but share many common features - types and shapes - several varieties, including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons * communicate at synapse. * communicate by either chemical or electrical synapses - sending chemical messengers across small gaps called synapses - using chemical messengers like serotonin between cells - through electrical signals which travel between their axons * communicate with each other a. at a synapse - and with effector cells by means of synapses * communicate with each other by an electrochemical process - sending signals through synapses * communicate with each other through an electrochemical process - electrical discharges - using a combination of electrical and chemical signalling - via electrochemical events - other cells by releasing neurotransmitters at synapses - small electrical impulses called action potentials * communicating with other neurons form our body's primary system, the nervous system. * compete for the minute amounts of trophic factors that are produced - via their functional activity * conduct signals in the form of tiny electrical impulses, known as spikes * conform as ensembles to SELFs at many levels of organization and complexity. * consist of a cell body and one or more cytoplasmic processes that extend from the cell body - body, containing the nucleus, and two types of processes - three parts * contain granular brown perinuclear pigment - neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that trigger signals to pass messages * contain numerous lysosomes used for life-long recycling of biomolecules and organelles - mitochondria that are needed for aerobic energy production * continue to be capable of making new connections throughout life. * depend on their intended targets to supply the crucial trophic factors. * develop substantially after birth. * die in great numbers during normal human development - within minutes * die, leaving behind protein plaques as tell-tale signs of a silent culprit. * differ in invertebrates from mammalian cells. * do communicate with each other. * do the same thing, but they pump out positively charged sodium ions - work of conducting information and controlling our bodies * exist in complex environments in which they are constantly exposed to many diverse signals - that grow new axons or longer dendrites when neighboring neurons are damaged * expressing the same receptor genes within each zone appear to be randomly arranged. * fire tiny electrical charges to build circuits. * form neural circuits that process information and control behavior. * function much like electric wires conveying an electrical impulse. * generally have several inputs from the dendrites, but only one output through the axon - show polarity * generate and conduct electrical signals, or nerve impulses, throughout the body - elaborate axonal and dendritic networks - electrical signals that travel along their axons * glide along the fibers until they reach their destination. * have a membrane that is designed to send information to other cells - nucleus that contains genes - rich treasury of mechanisms to optimize calcium levels - limited powers of regeneration - long projections that conduct electrical signals to the brain - many dendrites but usually only one axon - periods of rest that alternate with periods of electrical activity * have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons - projections called dendrites and axons - the property of being able to generate action potentials - three types of axonal transport - to constantly use energy shuffling sodium and potassium across their membranes - tree-like processes stemming from the soma - two kinds of filaments extending from their cell bodies, axons and dendrites * includes axons - cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nerve endings - plasma membranes - sections * initiate and conduct electrochemical impulses. * lose their oxygen and glucose supply. * make connections with other neurons via a complex known as the synapse. * migrate or move to their final destinations in the body. * monitor the world by parceling it into small regions of space, known as receptive fields. * normally release small amounts of glutamate to signal neighboring cells. * often have extensive networks of dendrites , which receive synaptic connections. * operate by the interaction of electrical and chemical signals - on spike trains traveling down nerve cell axons * play a key role in cognition and consciousness. * prefer to grow in lower cell density areas. * produce a mitogen for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and influence their differentiation. * provide critical signals that regulate both the number and differentiation of glia. * receive information from other neurons and from sensory receptors - information, integrate it, and pass it along - input from dendrites * receive, process and transmit information to other cells. * release chemicals that cross the synapses sending messages to one another * require a stimulus of a minimum strength to fire. * respond to low levels of stimulation by putting more receptors in place. * send each other messages in the form of electrical impulses - electrical and chemical changes along their length - information to each other through a fibre called an axon - messages through an electrochemical process * send out axons that grow over large distances to form connections with their targets - signal to specific cell, direct line of communication, very specific - signals to other neurons by releasing chemicals into synapses - their molecular data streams across complex junctions called synapses * serve as the structural and functional units of the human nervous system. * share many common functions but differ in two major ways. * specialize in carrying and processing information. * synapse synchronously as a group in computing elements of information. * synthesize some neurotransmitters right in the vesicle. * talks to chip, and chip to nerve cell. * transmit electrochemical impulses through specialized nerve endings called synapses - information to other neurons, to muscle cells, and to gland cells - nerve messages - the electrical impulses with which the brain tells the body what to do * typically have a large, pale-staining euchromatic nucleus. * undergo apoptosis in animal and cell culture models of diabetes. * use energy to reset their resting state so that they can fire again. * vary in the amount of information they receive and transmit. * vegetative cell * work by electrical stimulus - releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters from their nerve endings	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| neuron: Afferent neuron * carry information from tissues and organs into the central nervous system. * have one axon, whereas efferent neurons have one central and one peripheral axon. + Neuron, Types of neurons, By connection: Anatomy of the nervous system Bipolar neuron * are spindle-shaped, with one process at each end - the middle layer and the rods and cones are the outermost layer of the retina * have one axon and one dendrite at opposite poles of a rounded body - dendritic tree at opposing ends of the cell body<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| neuron: Brain cell * More brain cells develop and survive, post-synaptic terminals enlarge, and synapses multiply. * Most brain cells work just the way they are supposed to work. * Some brain cells are part of brains - heads - become dormant due to a lack of oxygen, which can be caused by reduced blood flow - have a chemical nature that causes nicotine from blood to attach * are electrical connections that tell the body what to do - in a constant dance of connectivity as impulses flow from cell to cell - nerve cells - sensitive to chemicals, substances in the blood and other brain fluids - the first casualties of the loathsome excesses - very vulnerable to the effects of alcohol * begin to die after just a few minutes without blood or oxygen - as soon as the heart stops pumping oxygen * can die from decreased blood flow and the resulting lack of oxygen - lack of bloodflow, and thus effects of stroke can be permanent - with prolonged stress - only survive for a few hours in a state of non-function * combine memory and operational functions into one immense cooperative network. * come and brain cells go but fat cells live forever - go, but fat cells live forever * come, brain cells go. * communicate by sending electrical signals in an orderly pattern. * communicate with each other across small gaps called synapses - by electricity - using chemicals known as neurotransmitters * continue to die, and physical and mental functions continue to decline. * depend on methylation as surely as liver cells. * die off, and as a result muscles no longer get the message to move. * die very quickly without healthy, oxygenated blood - when deprived of the oxygen in blood * die, and memory and other brain functions begin to wither - interrupting motor commands to muscles and causing limbs to spasm * do continue to grow throughout our lives if they are appropriately nourished - indeed multiply * have high levels of tyrosinase because there is high demand for dopamine, for example - receptors for estrogen, which factors in growth * involved in thinking and memory communicate with one another in two fundamental ways. * prefer glucose as a carbon source. * produce electricity when they are active - very small amounts of choline, thereby necessitating dietary sources * proliferate and lifelong neuronal pathways are created. * release dopamine to send signals of pleasure or reward for a person's behavior. * require a constant supply of oxygen to stay healthy and function properly. * take flight. * understand only the language of nerve impulse patterns. * use dopamine by binding the chemical to specific openings on their surfaces. * work together, communicating by means of electric signals. Different neuron * have different threshold - slightly different resting potentials * require different neurotropins. * respond differently to each neurotropin. * use different types of chemicals. Dopamine neuron * make glutamatergic synapses in vitro. * report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning. Enteric neuron * Most enteric neurons have no central connections at all, however. * express steel factor-lacZ transgene in the murine gastrointestinal tract. * secrete an intimidating array of neurotransmitters.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| neuron: Ganglion cell * are always active - few and their ratio to visual elements is remarkably low - present on suction rectal biopsy - round or polygonal with prominent nuclei * are the eye s output cells, forming the optic nerve connecting it to the brain - eye's output cells, forming the optic nerve connecting it to the brain * do generate action potentials. * exhibit a spontaneous rate of action potentials in the absence of light. * form the front, or innermost, layer of the retina. * have the typical features of neurons described above. * integrate impulses from many bipolar cells into a single firing rate. * keep up a steady spontaneous firing rate in darkness or in diffuse light. * receive input from bipolar cells and from amacrine cells. * regulate normal colonic peristaltic activity. * transmit information through the optic nerve back to the brain. Individual neuron * can fire at different rates, and thereby convey information to other neurons. * sum excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Inhibitory neuron * are necessary for stabilizing the electrical activity. * inhibit their target neurons.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| neuron: Motor neuron * activate muscles and glands. * appear to be very sensitive to the effects of free radicals. * are accelerators and inhibitatory - divided into two groups * are nerve cells that control muscles - part of motor nerves - remarkable machines * carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and out into the periphery - from the brain to muscles or glands - information from the central nervous system to organs, glands, and muscles - outgoing information from the central nervous system to the body's tissues - signals from brain or spinal cord to muscles or secretory glands * extend from the brain to the spinal cord and to muscles throughout the body. * have their cell bodies within the spinal cord, in the ventral horn. * send inpulses to control muscles and glands - responses from the brain or spinal cord out to the muscles - signals from the brain to the muscles * syndromes in cancer patients. * transmit information from the brain to the muscles of the body - nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles * use a rate code to signal the amount of force to be exerted by a muscle. Multipolar neuron * are the most common type of neuron in the body. * have polygonal cell bodies and many processes. Normal neuron * are able to regulate calcium concentration very effectively. * produce a protein that is very similar in structure to the prion. Postsynaptic neuron * display receptors to which the neurotransmitter binds. * receives the signal. Real neuron * are very slow but the brain is fast. * can have hundreds or thousands of input and output connections to other neurons.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| neuron: Sensory neuron * are nerve cells - part of sensory nerves * carries nerve impulse from dendrite to cell body in the dorsal root ganglion to axon. * carry impulses from sense organs to the brain - information from the sensory receptor cells throughout the body to the brain - nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands - signals from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain * conduct action potentials to the spinal cord. * develop depolarizing currents in response to their normal stimulus. * mediate protective vasodilatation in rat gastric mucosa. * run anteriorly from the nerve ring to the sensory organs in the head. * send action potentials to the brain. * transmit nerve impulses toward the spinal cord and the brain. + Neuron, Types of neurons, By function: Anatomy of the nervous system Single neuron * appear to depend sequentially on different neurotrophins. * can have extraordinary specificity for a patten of stimulation - trigger discrete behaviours * do have some peculiar characteristics that can themselves give rise to periodicity.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: New cell * Every new cell requires over a trillion new molecules. * are added to the nest as the number of larvae grows. * are created by other living cells by the process of cell division - through cell division, when one cell splits into two * are formed by mitosis and so are exact copies of the cells being replaced - only from the pre-existing cells - needed throughout life * are produced at the same rate as older cells die - from existing cells * arise by mitosis in the deep crypts and migrate up the sides of the villi to the tips - from the division of pre-existing cells * begin forming into chains. * come from the division of old cells. * form and take the place of old or injured cells. * get their chromosomes from old cells through cell division, or mitosis. * grow to replace the damaged ones. * keep forming, however and a cyst filled with cells forms under the skin. * originate in the lowest layer and become keratinized as they are pushed to the surface.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Normal cell * Most normal cells are able to recover quickly when the treatment is over - differentiated, that is, they have a specific appearance and function - grow, reproduce and die in response to signals inside and outside the body * are able to recover from radiation damage better than cancer cells - capable of repairing damage to their DNA as a means of preventing mutation - genetically pre-programmed to produce new copies of themselves and then die out - subject to both positive and negative growth stimulii * can only serve one function. * die off as they compete against the cancer cells for nutrients. * differ from cancer cells by their capacity to repair themselves. * divide in a planned way, creating more cells only when needed - an orderly way, making more cells only when needed * exposed to radiation begin to repair themselves hours after exposure. * grow and die in a controlled manner - divide, but have a limited life span * grow, divide and die in an orderly fashion - divide, and die in an orderly manner * grown in culture tend to stick together causing movement to stop. * have a defined life span, roughly a few weeks to a few months - greater ability to repair themselves than do cancer cells - protective coating of sugars around their core - telomere ladder, each containing partials up to seven subunits * have two copies of each chromosome - very small nuclei * live only so long and then die. * react after proteolytic treatment. * reproduce themselves and divide in two - throughout life, but in an orderly and controlled manner * show low amounts and nuclear localization. * stop dividing to create new cells when they reach the end of their natural life span - growing and dividing at appropriate times * take up DNA and begin expressing the protein which induces an immune response. * tend to lose their ability to proliferate during the process of differentiation. Nurse cell * make sure the egg has all the nutrients it needs before joining with the sperm. * produce the bulk of the cytoplasmic contents of the mature oocyte. Old cell * detach more rapidly uncovering smoother, finer textured, and more supple skin. * have short telomeres.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Oocyte * Most oocytes are in tandem arrangement. * Some oocytes fail to resume meiosis - have multiple nuclei , although it is thought they never mature * ageing before fertilization is the main factor responsible for chromosomal anomalies. * are formed in the ovaries, a part of female reproductive system - gametocytes - produced inside the body and remain inside mesogloea waiting for fertilization - small, fragile and difficult to culture * contain sporozoites. * includes cell membranes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * is the largest human cell and is just visible to the naked eye. * originate in the ovaries. * provide virtually all the mitochondria of the zygote at the time of fertilization. * range from pale yellow to white or orange and appear slightly granular. * vastly increase in size during vitellogenesis. ### cell \| oocyte: Primary oocyte * are formed from the oogonia in the ovary of the foetus - large cells produced in great number by mitosis * begins to grow e. * undergo vitellogenesis whenyolk is deposited in the ooplasm. Orange cell * hold CGI representations. * indicate chromatic functions in minor keys only.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Osteoblast * also express a secreted factor called osteoprotegerin - influence osteoclast function - manufacture hormones , such as prostaglandins , to act on the bone itself * are bone-forming cells, have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes - cells active in bone formation, filling in pits of resorption - embryonic cells - normal cells that are involved in bone formation - prominent on the side of the trabeculae away from the lobule * are responsible for bone formation - building bone matrix by producing mineral deposits - specialized, terminally differentiated products of mesenchymal stem cells - target cells for transformation in c-fos transgenic mice * are the agent in making bone - cells responsible for the formation of bone * are the cells that create new bone - form the matrix of the bone - immature bone cells - major cellular component of bone - vital for increasing bone density * arise from mesenchymal stem cells. * attach to the membrane, ossifying from the center of the bone outward. * build bone - up bone and osteoclasts tear down bone * can grow on such foams. * express receptors for parathyroid hormone and control the initiation of bone resorption. * follow along behind the osteoclasts and fill in the defects. * form a calcium phosphate matrix and deposit salts, they then become osteocytes - cell layer over bone surfaces on which matrix is being formed - collagen and proteoglycans * form new bone in a process called formation - the resorption cavity * function in forming new bone. * give rise to the alveolar bone around the roots of teeth. * have receptors for parathyroid hormone and apparently for estrogen. - chromosomes - cytoskeletons - lobes - sections * increase growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate. * invade the callus and convert it to bone. * line the surface of newly forming bone matrix. * make and secrete collagen, giving bone a measure of elasticity - up bone and osteoclasts break it down * manufacture bone and are derived from mesodermal in origin. * move in and ossify the matrix to form bone. * produce exuberant hypervascular new bone. * secrete alkaline phosphatase causing a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase - collagen which are bound together by polysaccharides - material inside the shaft of the cartilage model of long bones * synthesize and secrete a collagen matrix and calcium salts. * then move in to cover the excavated area and start the process of building new bone - take over and fill the holes with a material that takes a few days to harden * try to compensate for the increased pace by rapidly depositing new bone. * work in teams to build bone.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Osteoclast * also aid in the healing of fractures and building new bone. * are a critical part of growth plate remodeling which is vital for height growth - an important part of the process of growing taller * are bone cells, which break down bone tissue - cells found during bone development and remodeling * are cells that bone - break down, or reabsorb, bone - clearly the agents driving bone loss due to unloading - formed by the fusion of many cells derived from circulating monocytes in the blood - found in sites in which bone is being remodeled - generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum - hematopoietic cells which play important roles in bone remodeling and resorption - large cells that break down bone tissue - many times larger than osteoblasts - multinucleate cells that secrete enzymes to breakdown bown tissue - multinucleated haematopoietic cells that resorb bone - normal cells that are involved in bone resorption * are responsible for bone resorption - the reabsorption or breakdown of bone - specialized cells known to play a key role in bone resorption and bone remodeling * are the cells responsible for bone resorption - breaking of the bones - unable to resorb unmineralized matrix * are very large cells with multiple, seperate round to oval, uniformly sized nuclei - mobile - what remodel bone * arise by the fusion of mononuclear precursors. * break down bone matrix and help recycle calcium and repair and reshape bone - bone, and osteoblasts build it - matrix while osteoblasts form new bone matrix - the middle of the diaphysis, forming the medullary cavity * cause bone reabsorption. * continually break down old bone while osteoblasts continually form new bone. * derive from hematopoietic stem cells according to marker, giant lysosomes of beige mice. * destroy bone as part of the overall continual remodeling process - mineral tissue in the process called bone turnover - tissue while osteoblasts build it - the old bone and osteoblasts deposit new minerals and build new bone * develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells. * dissolve minerals in bone. * form marrow cavity.... * have receptors for calcitonin and osteoblasts have receptors for parathyroid hormone - the function of removing old bone * invade the newly formed spongy bone and carve out a marrow cavity. * live in the central portion of the bone. * make new bone cells. * play an important role in the body in the routine process of bone removal and growth. * promote the formation of hematopoietic stem cell niches in the bone marrow. * reabsorb the existing bone while the new bone is formed by osteoblasts. * remove the existing calcified matrix releasing the inorganic or organic components. * resorb bone and osteoblasts make bound - old bone and osteoblasts make new bone * tear down aging bone, while osteoblasts work to rebuild it. * work to break down bone, while osteoblasts rebuild bone.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Osteocyte * are actually osteoblasts that have become embedded in the newly mineralizing bone tissue * are bone maintenance cells and are found in bone spaces called lacunae - arefound in bone spaces called lacunae - branched cells - derived from osteoblasts - the cells that form new bone - found in small, round cavities called lacunae and have thin, cytoplasmic branches - mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves - responsible for bone growth and changes in the bone * are the actual bones - mature cells inside of bone tissue - most abundant type of cell in mature bone tissue - permanent living cells of the bone matrix - within new bone lacunae * connect with the vasculature, as shown with the blood vessel. * ensure that the bone continues to function as living tissue. * have important functions in maintenance of the skeleton. * help to maintain the minerals in bone tissue and continue to strengthen the growing bone. * includes cell membranes - chromosomes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * live in the cavities of the bone and maintain it from within. * maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. * remain alive and are connected by cell processes to a surface layer of osteoblasts. * remove and replace perilacunar mineral during reproductive cycles. * secrete much less collagen than do osteoblasts. Pacemaker cell * give the signal for myocardial cells to contract. * have no fast sodium changes, just a steady influx of sodium. Pancreatic cell * can live for as long as a year. * line congenital cysts. * produce enzymes that digest carbohydrate, protein and fat. Paneth cell * are generally absent from the adult human colon - noticeably absent from the crypts - often present - usually absent * defensins and innate immunity of the small bowel. * help protect the intestine by responding to infections rapidly and effectively. Parafollicular cell * lie adjacent to the follicles within the basal lamina. * occur singly or in small groups in the spaces between the follicles. * synthesize and secrete the hormone calcitonin.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Parenchyma cell * Most parenchyma cells have primary cell walls that are rather thin - lack secondary cell walls * Some parenchyma cells have many chloroplasts and form the tissues found in leaves. * are classified by their thin, permeable primary walls - relatively unspecialised, with thin, flexible primary walls - responsible for metabolic functions, such as photosynthesis * are the most abundant type of cell in plants a - common plant cells - typically spherical to cube shaped * can eventually develop into Sclerenchyma cells. * conduct water absorbed by the roots and soluble carbohydrate material chiefly. * convert it into starch and move it from cell to cell in glycogenolysis vesicles. * function to store, support, phloem load, and photosynthesize. * have thin primary walls and highly functional cytoplasm. * originate only from ground meristem. * undergo transdifferentiation.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Phagocyte * Most phagocytes are derived from stem cells in the bone marrow. * Some phagocytes also have the ability to present antigen to lymphocytes. * act as a sort of cleaning service for the body. * also ingest dead cells and debris caused by tissue injury. * are a type of leukocyte that engulf invading microorganisms - white blood cell present in body fluids and tissues - an important part of the immune system - cells that eat antigens regardless of specificity - important in the defence mechanisms of many animals - large white cells that can swallow and digest microbes and other foreign particles - motile by ameboid action - present within the tubules of the digestive gland which empty into the stomach - somatic cells * are the cells primarily involved in first-line host defenses against bacterial pathogens - soldiers of the immune system, and provide innate immunity - very important in fighting infections and in getting rid of dead and dying cells * attach to their prey via surface receptors on microbes. * can kill microbes using either intracellular or extracellular processes - take up and destroy antibody and complement coated viruses * consume bacteria and cell debris and the wound is repaired. * defend the body against invading microorganisms. * engulf foreign cells and other substances by endocytosis. * eventually die. * follow the chemical trail to damaged tissue and engulf invaders and cellular debris. - chromosomes - cytoskeletons - nuclei - vacuoles * initiate our nonspecific immune response. * normally use amoeboid-type motion to move toward microbes. * pay little attention to cells that are in junctional communication with each other. * respond to chemical signals and move toward the site of infection by a process called. * then engulf the clumped pathogens. * use oxidants to help kill bacteria they have engulfed. * vegetative cell + Phagocyte, Professional phagocyte: Blood cells :: Physiology :: Immunology * Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called professional or non-professional, depending on how good they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Robinson p. 187 and Ernst pp. The reason they are called professional phagocytes is because they have receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria. Phagocytes are very important in fighting infections and in getting rid of dead and dying cells.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| phagocyte: Macrophage * Many macrophages surround the giant cells and are called epitheliod cells. * Some macrophages are in the alveolar spaces - contain myelin debris * a. are white blood cells. * also play a key part in alerting the rest of the immune system of invaders - an important anti-inflammatory role * also produce a number of interleukins, interferons and colony-stimulating factors - cytokines - swim freely * are a key component in the physical demyelination process - major source of cytokines * are a type of lymphocyte - able to phagocytose bacteria and cell debris * are also antigen-presenting cells - mononuclear cells, but ones quite different than lymphocytes - numerous within the medulla - amoeba-like cells that engulf bacteria and foreign matter - another component of the immune system which relies on glutathione * are cells produced in the bone marrow - that engulf foreign invaders - characteristically present - easiest to see when they have devoured pigment, such as carbon - essential for wound healing - facilitated by opsonins , which label debris for removal - frequently the first line of immune defense against infection - important in the regulation of immune responses * are large cells that surround and digest foreign substances in the body - phagocytic leukocytes - scavenger white blood cells - largfe, specialized cells that recognize, engulf and destroy target cells - less specific - leucocytes - like garbage collectors - long-lived cells, and can divide at the site of inflammation - mobile cells that eat up toxins in the airways and lungs - more efficient and multi-purposed than neutrophils - one cell type under investigation * are part of the body defences - dissolving and rebuilding process * are phagocytic amoeboid cells that function in immune defense of the body - present in all stages of atherogenesis - professional scavengers that assist in 'devoring rubbish' - resident phagocytic cells in connective tissues - responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances - sentinel cells of the innate immune response * are the cleanup crew for the innate immune system - first to arrive at regions of inflammation * are the major antigen processing cells others include B-lymphocytes - source of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the porcine corpus luteum - most common APCs - terminally differentiated derivative of the peripheral blood monocyte - usually in the resting state unless activated during an immune response - versatile cells that play many roles - very efficient phagocytes and present in all parts of the body - vitally important components of the immune system's mechanism * are white blood cells and they exist everywhere in the body - in animals - with a number of important functions * begin to fuse with and inject toxins into the cancer cell. * can also present processed antigen to B cells to elicit a humoral response - swallow and destroy old and dying cells, bacteria, or viruses - be cytotoxic and participate in antitumor and antiviral mechanisms - become so overcome with the bacteria that they start to die and a granuloma forms - engulf and consume foreign proteins that enter the body - proliferate within the tissue when needed - sustain chronic production of small amounts of virus * carry the virus to the brain. * clean up debris and bacteria. * come from the bone marrow - in to clean up dead tissue * complete the process by stripping the myelin sheath directly off the nerves. * consume foreign substances, such as bacteria, by phagocytosis. * contain granular to rod shaped material. * containing digested myelin are a prominent pathologic feature. * contribute to tumor growth and progression. * destroy bacteria and other foreign matter. * destroys infectious cells, remove debris and toxins. * develop from bone marrow precursors which mature and enter the bloodstream as monocytes - monocytes to become cheif phagocytic cells * display specific markers from the invading organisms on their surface known as antigens. * eat everything non-specifically. * engulf and eliminate foreign materials through the process of phagocytosis - many foreign agents and do so repeatedly with a big appetite - the lens proteins, become bloated, and block trabecular outflow * exhibit phagocytosis and killing. * express osteopontin during repair of myocardial necrosis. * function best in a basic pH with low oxygen tension. * fuse into large cells and with lymphocytes infiltrate infected tissues in large numbers. * have a key role in the initiation of inflammatory response - great phagocytosis ability * induce apoptosis in normal cells in vivo. * infiltrate common in area of white matter destruction. * kill cells by engulfing the ones presenting the appropriate antigen. * literally remove the tissue. * move with amoeboid movements using pseudopods. * occur in both cortex and medulla. * participate in many aspects of host defense, inflammation, and immunity. * perform basically the same functions as monocytes. * phagocytose degraded myelin and axons - pollution, bacteria, and viruses * predominate in atherosclerotic lesions * protect against infection by several mechanisms, one of which is killing bacteria. * remain in the tissues - prime suspects for the cells on which mAb acts * remove bacteria and other foreign matter as well as debris - damaged myelin * represent the first line of defence against invading microorganisms. * reside on the protein fibers of the network. * search, identify, and engulf nonself intruders, including newly mutated cancer cells. * secrete assorted biochemicals that affect the behavior of the surrounding cells - cytokines when activated - or produce several factors that induce mitoses of capillary endothelium * start out as white blood cells called monocytes - to decrease c * stimulate bone resorption when they phagocytose particles around implants. * surround and digest antigens. * take a principal role in stripping and phagocytosis of myelin from intact axons. * use different internalization mechanisms to clear apoptotic and necrotic cells. * wander throughout the body. + Innate immune system, Cells of the innate immune response, Phagocytes, Macrophages * Macrophages are large phagocytic leukocytes. They can move across the cell membrane of capillary vessels and go between cells to hunt invading pathogens. Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes, and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes. + Monocyte, Physiology: Immunology :: Blood cells * Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to the tissues will then differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, which then stay in the tissue. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| phagocyte \| macrophage: Activated macrophage * appear to decrease the growth rate of tumors that they infiltrate. * are able to combat viral replication and withstand attack by other pathogens. * have an important role in phagocytosis. * induce vascular proliferation. Alveolar macrophage * eliminate organisms that reach alveoli. * inhibit retroviral-mediated gene transfer to airway epithelia. * modulate the epithelial cell response to coal dust in vitro. Histiocyte * are scavenger cells, the cells responsible for removing tissue debris from the body. * predominate the pseudocyst wall. Human macrophage * constitute targets for immunotoxic inorganic arsenic. * convert L-tryptophan to the neurotoxin quinolinic acid. Mononuclear phagocyte * are a prominent component of chronic inflammation. * can utilize plasminogen activator to regulate human interferon- g. Phagocytic cell * are critical in the defense against bacterial and simple eukaryotic pathogens - the most important component of the innate immune attack on bacterial invaders * consume pathogens and cell debris. * contain inclusions. * remove the oldest cells from the bloodstream. Photosynthetic cell * contain special pigments that absorb light energy. * use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Pigment cell * absorb light, and destroy the used-up tips of the rods. * are less active so that the skin tans less easily - scattered over the surface of the ommatidium - thus uniquely attractive models for the study of basic cell biological phenomena - what give color or tint to the skin * migrate into the dermis from the nerve crest. * occur in the plant bodies of other species of Spirodela. * originate from neural crest cells which migrate into skin. * surround the retinula cells.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Plant cell * All plant cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, which is then surrounded by a stiff cell wall - cell walls - contain a primary cell wall * All plant cells have a cell wall that surrounds the plasma membrane - in addition to a plasma membrane , a cell wall * Every plant cell can defend itself from attacking pathogenic microorganisms and invertebrates. * Many plant cells contain a large central vacuole filled with water - crystalline inclusions of different chemical composition and shape - have green chloroplasts * Most plant cells contain membrane-encapsulated vacuoles as major components of their cytoplasm - exist in that kind of setting * Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes up much of the cell - common features * Most plant cells have one large one * Some plant cells are highly specialized for plant defense - are, in fact, cube-shaped * appear to contain more than one kind of vacuolar compartment. * are Eukaryotic cells - also notorious for having huge vacuoles - connected through plasmodesmata - different from animal cells - distinguished from other eukaryotic cells by various features - generally hypertonic compared to their fluid environment - larger than animal cells - more rectangular, and in blocks - much more rigid and rectangular in shape - organized into tissue that, in turn, are organized into organs and organ systems - prokaryotic - quite similar to animal cells - rather different in two respects - tessellated to form tissues - totipot nt - totipotent - usually larger than animal cells * avoid bursting in hypotonic surroundings by their strong cell walls. * become flaccid or limp. * belong to the family of eukaryotic cell, which are most similar to the animal cells. * can be larger than animal cells - have specialized functions, and there are many cell types - sometimes have big vacuoles for storage - stick the wrong carbohydrates onto a human antibody * capture light energy and convert it into stored chemical energy through photosynthesis. * contain a novel member of the retinoblastoma family of growth regulatory proteins - chloroplasts but no mitochondria - chloroplasts, which work as tiny energy capturing factories - far more compounds than are produced by the basic metabolism * divide by making a cell plate - very differently from animal cells * fix atmospheric carbon using energy from sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. * grow by pumping themselves full of water. * have a cell wall in addition, and exterior, to a cell membrane - outside the cell membrane - wall, large central vacuole, and plasmodesmata - cellulose cell wall surrounding the cell membrane - rigid cell wall, outside the cell membrane - stiff cell wall and a thin cell membrane - strong, sturdy cell wall * have an additional cell wall outer to the plasma membrane - phase, preprophase, that occurs before prophase - elaborate cytoskeleton of actin filaments, microtubules, and other proteins - equivalent structure * have cell walls and chloroplasts - in which they can store water - made of cellulose - that are made of cellulose * have cell walls which are made of cellulose - provide rigid structure to the plant - cellulose-bearing cell walls and chloroplasts * have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis - which have chlorophyll and a cell wall - four major parts - internal sacs called vacuoles that are used for storage including waste storage - no breath of life - one, large vacuole - rigid walls that contain organs that regulate plant health and growth - spindle fibers but no centrioles - the same molecular components of innate defense as animals - vacuoles instead of lysosomes - walls made primarily of cellulose * lack centrioles in their microtubule-organizing centers * lack the centrioles and lysosomes found in animal cells - formation of asters * make crystals of calcium oxalate in an intriguing variety of shapes. * possess a cell wall, animals never * produce a vast mount of secondary products - both types of phosphoantigens - hormones that affect even different regions of the cell producing the hormone * react to osmosis by hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic. * release water to outside surfaces during transpiration. * require oxygen for respiration. * use oxygen during cellular respiration - some of the glucose produced during photosynthesis for respiration - the raw materials carbon dioxide and water, and release oxygen as a waste product - vacuoles to adjust their size and turgor pressure	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Plants cell * contain all of the structure of animal cells with the addition of other structures. * do contain cell walls. * have a functionally unique cortical microtubule array. Pole cell * constitute the germ line for the next generation. * migrate around the embryo, at first passively and then actively. Positive cell * adhere to the steel wool. * stain brown. Primary cell * have a limited life span in culture. * inhibit oncogene-dependent apoptosis.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Prokaryotic cell * Lack a nuclear envelope, cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic organelles. * Most prokaryotic cells have additional structures - replicate by a process called binary fission * are bacteria and eukaryotic cells make up all other organisms - enclosed by a protective cell wall - far simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells - found in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria - quite different from eukaryotes - relatively simple - represent the most primitive life forms on earth - simpler than eukaryotic cells and have no membrane-bound organelles * are smaller and simpler - smaller, and lack a nucleus and most eukaryote organelles - structurally much simpler than eukaryotic cells - the simplest systems that exhibit all of the signs of life - typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells - unicellular * are usually much smaller than Eukaryotic and are less complex * can have multiple plasma membranes. * can reproduce asexually only through binary fission - either sexually and asexually * contain a single compartment enclosed within the cell membrane. * divide by binary fission - via binary fission * have a less complex internal structure than eukaryotic cells - rigid, triple layer cell wall structure - single circular DNA chromosome - many more genes than a Eukaryotic cell * have no internal membranes or cytoskeleton - nuclei, unlike Eukaryotic cells - separate compartment for the genetic material - true nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus * lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles - the complex compartmentalization found in eukaryotic cells * reproduce by a process called a. mitosis - that is called binary fission - commonly through binary fission - using binary fission , where the cell simply splits in half * store chromosomal DNA inside their nuclei. * tend to be small in size. + Cell, Cell reproduction Receptor cell * come in all different sizes and types. * extract chemical signals from the environment through various filtering processes. Reproductive cell * are almost entirely protein. * attach to nets that are mounted in the sea. * develop in protected sex organs and the plant body has a waxy cuticle. * have a single flagellum at their base. Resistant cell * grow more slowly than susceptible ones. * grow, forming a bacterial colony. Root cell * expend energy during the night to pump mineral ions into the xylem. * grow faster on the side where there is the smallest amounts of auxin. * receive sugars from the leaves and also actively absorb salts from the soil. Sclerenchyma cell * are characterized by thickenings in their secondary walls - the principal supporting cells in plant parts that have ceased elongation * have thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin. * provide mechanical support and protection in mature plants. * support the plant. Secretory cell * are devoid of cilia - most abundant in the seed kernels - often specialized and organized in groups to form glands - somatic cells * produce the protective extracellular lining of the conducting airways. Sensory cell * More sensory cells mean better visual acuity. * extend microvilli into the taste pore. * generate electrical signals in response to external stimuli. Sickled cell * become stuck and form plugs in small blood vessels - trapped and are destroyed in the liver and spleen * interfere with oxygen transport and blood flow.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Single cell * analyses of nitrergic neurons in simpler nervous systems. * becomes abnormal and then it divides to form the whole tumor. * can sense their position in a morphogen gradient. * isolate from baking yeast. * live in salt water oceans and diffuse nutrients and oxygen in and waste products out. * make copies of their chromosomes and divide into two cells. Small cell * mean little is lost if a single cell fails to arrive. * reduce latency. Smaller cell * are easily visible under a light microscope. * mean many more cells to cover the same area.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Solar cell * Run a fan motor from a light source shining onto a solar cell. * adapt to the varying intensity of the sun's rays. * are a special class of semiconductors that convert sunlight into electricity. * are also useful where low amounts of power are needed - very practical as building materials - an astonishingly attractive way to make electricity - connected and arranged into a single panel - electrical components * are expensive and inefficient, so the cost of their electricity is high - to buy - inefficient, fragile, and expensive - part of solar arrays - photovoltaic devices - regarded as one of the key technologies towards a sustainable energy supply - semiconductor devices which convert sunlight directly into electricity * are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise known as solar panels - core component inside every solar electric power system - thick pieces of silicon * can deliver a respectable charging current in bright sun. * change radiant energy into electrical energy. * collect solar energy then transfer that energy to the battery. * convert light energy into electricity * convert sunlight to electricity within wafer thin cells - the energy of sunlight into electric energy * generate electricity directly from sunlight. * have many applications - no moving parts - relatively low efficiencies - very low storage capacity but constantly generate more power * made of semiconducting materials directly convert sunlight into electricity. * make absolutely no noise at all - electrical power from sunlight * produce electricity directly from sunlight - when sunlight strikes silicon coated with various materials - no greenhouse-warming carbon dioxide - zero carbon dioxide, the chief greenhouse gas * provide a clean way of making electricity directly from sunlight. * supply electricity without emitting any greenhouse gases or other pollution - the power for the motor and charge the on-board batteries for night flight * turns light into electricity that powers a small electrolyzer. * works in low light or with flashlight at night. + Solar cell, Solar cells applications: Solar energy :: Electronic components :: Electricity * Solar cells have many apps. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. More recently, they are starting to be used in assemblies of solar modules connected to the electricity grid through an inverter, often in combination with a net metering anger magnegment - energy, Types of technologies, Solar cells: Astrophysics :: Solar energy :: Solar power * Solar cells have many applications. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Somatic cell * Every somatic cell contains all the genetic information required for copying the whole organism. * are usually diploid, except where there is polyploidy. Either way, somatic cells have double the number of chromosomes that gametes in the same organism have. Somatic cells divide by mitosis and make identical copies of themselves, while gametes are made when germ cells divide by meiosis. * accumulate oxidative damage as their fate is anyway death. * are all the cells in a multicellular organism except the sex cells - rest - diploid in humans - eukaryotic cells - generally diploid, in constrast to gametes, which are haploid * are produced by simple cell division called mitosis - from a zygote by mitosis - simply animal body cells present at low levels in normal milk - the second line of defense - usually diploid , except where there is polyploidy * contain the full complement of chromosomes. * contain two of each type of chromosome - pairs of each chromosome, while germ cells contain only one * counts in bovine milk - relation to infection status of the goat udder * divide using mitosis, for growth and repair. * give rise to all non-germline tissues. * have a limited lifespan, and they are difficult to manipulate genetically - the highest telomerase activity * make up the rest of the body - skin, hair and muscle tissues - structural components of an animal, such as skin, muscle, and nerves * replicate through mitosis and sex cells reproduce via meiosis. Special cell * help to take the food out of the water. * line the inside of the nose. * manufacture proteins, such as keratin, that make up the hair. * receive stimuli and make appropriate responses. * secrete the substances needed to form supportive or protective tissue. Specialized cell * act as receptors for certain chemical compounds. * are more efficient than nonspecialized cells. * arise by differentiation from unspecialized cells. * can concentrate heavy metals, which are then deposited in the tunic. * carry out both processes. * help absorbed materials cross the intestinal lining into the bloodstream. * perform specialized functions in multi-cellular organisms. * protect the body from infectious disease. Spermatocyte * are a type of male gametocyte in animals - larger than spermatogonia, and in the early stage present synaptonemal complex * includes cell membranes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * undergo meiosis to produce spermatids that mature to become sperm cells. ### cell \| spermatocyte: Primary spermatocyte * are arrested after DNA synthesis and prior to division - present in an irregular row toward the lumen * go through the first meiotic division and become secondary spermatocytes. * undergo a final round of DNA synthesis and enter meiosis. Spindle cell * are also like long thin cells that are mixed in with the muscle cells - dominant but there are also infiltrating inflammatory cells and vascular elements * having eosinophilic cytoplasm resemble ordinary smooth muscle cells. Sponge cell * are very plastic and easily change from one type to another. * obtain oxygen from water moving through the sponge by diffusion. Stellate cell * are the local circuit neurons. * receive afferents and form intracortical networks. * resemble smooth muscle but are of ectodermal origin. Stromal cell * are the cells that support the parenchymal cells in any organ. * consist of fibroblasts, fat cells, endothelial cells, and mature macrophages. * mediate retinoid-dependent functions essential for renal development. * recruit cancer cells by producing soluble chemoattracting molecules.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: T cell * All T cells originate from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. * activated by zwitterionic molecules prevent abscesses induced by pathogenic bacteria. * are able to recognise virus infected cells early in the infection process - absent as are peripheral T cells and B lymphocytes - an important part of the immune system and aid in fighting disease * are essential for cell-mediated immunity - disease development - important in the development of some autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis - key cells that coordinate immune system response * are lymphocytes or cells of the lymphatic system - which develop in the thymus * are part of the natural defense system of the body - what is known as the cancer-immunity cycle - primed in the thymus, where they undergo two selection processes - produced in the bone marrow and later move to the thymus where they mature - specialized white blood cells mobilized by the immune system to destroy foreign cells - that part of the immune system which turn an immune response on and off * are the cells which control and regulate the immune response - quarterback of the immune system * are the white blood cells that fight infections - orchestrate the immune response - what vaccines ultimately activate and produce - white blood cells which fight infection * are, in fact, special kinds of white blood cells. * attach to the invading cell and kill it directly, cell mediated destruction of the invader. * attack a. cells that are infected with viruses - when they are exposed to small amounts of an antigen * become specific killers when presented with protein cues. * can also produce memory cells with an even longer life span than B memory cells - be helper cells or killer cells - live for months to years - prevent the rapid evolution of lung fibrosis - represent an exclusive means of immunopathology in a virus infection - respond vigorously in vitro to previously encountered antigens * come in many varieties - to attack the virus and are killed - two different types, helper cells and killer cells * contribute to control of chronic parasitemia in Plasmodium chabaudi infections in mice. * contribute to the body's defenses in two major ways - control of infection - immune defenses in two major ways * deal with intracellular parasites, typically viruses. * defend the body from microbes by interacting with another immune system cell - potentially deadly pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi * destroy cells marked by antibodies or expressing specific antigens. * develop in an organ called the thymus. * direct the immune response. * do, however, readily squeeze through the vascular endothelium without any loss of integrity. * express a clonal antigen-specific receptor. * function in the cell-mediated immune response iii. * have receptors which are generated by randomly shuffling gene segments - several functions * help in various other ways. * induce acute pancreatitis and diabetes in immune-compromised NOD mice - terminal differentiation of transformed B cells to mature plasma cell tumors * infiltrate the pancreas and destroy the beta-cells in the islets of langerhans. * is compatible with normal ovarian function in mice - geared toward regulation rather than immune response * lead the immune response against infections. * lymphocytes' job is to scan cells for infection. * mature in bone marrow, and B cells mature in the thymus. * mature in the thymus gland, which lies on the heart * mediate cellular reactions - delayed hypersensitivity by releasing various lymphokines * mediated hypersensitivity is responsible for prevention of the disease. * play a cardinal role in regulating the immune system - critical role in costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection - key role in combating most viral infections - large role in our fight against cancer * play an important role in acute experimental pancreatitis in mice - in vivo rejection of human melanoma - critical roles in host immune responses to pathogens * produce a large group of cytokines known as interleukins - antibodies in response to specific antigens on the surface of foreign cells - antiviral cytokines but are impaired in cytolytic function - proteins called lymphokines, which are one type of cytokine * proliferate before they differentiate into effector cells. * provide for desirable outcomes such as protection from pathogens and tumours. * recognize and kill infected cells - antigen only in the context of other proteins found on cell surfaces - only fragments of proteins bound to histocompatibility proteins * regulate the immune system's response to infections. * reproduce through a process known as mitosis, in which the cells split in two. * require tryptophan for their proliferation - two signals to become activated * respond to antigens exposed on the surfaces of macrophages. * responses to the parent tumor, and thereby serve as immunotherapeutic vaccines. * see antigen in a different way to B cells. * seek and destroy cells containing viruses. * serve two roles. * start in the marrow but migrate through the bloodstream to the thymus and mature there. * take their name. * undergo metabolic reprogramming after they are activated. * work in both direct and indirect ways to fight cancer - on cell-mediated immune responses - primarily by producing proteins called lymphokines	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell: Tanniniferous cell * are present or lacking. * occur in the cortex, the medullary rays and the outer pith. Transfer cell * are abundant in the mesophyll of leaves - common in xylem and especially phloem parenchyma, primarily at the nodes - specialized parenchyma cells * originate only from protoderm. Transformed cell * are atypical in many ways - cells that have incorporated DNA by transformation * have the ability to reproduce themselves in large quantities in culture. * proliferate, giving rise to brightly fluorescent calli. Treated cell * accumulate in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. * patch damage and build healthy tissue. * take up plasmids, and then bacteria and plasmids reproduce. Trophoblast cell * attach to the uterine epithelium. * develop into the placenta. * invade the walls of the uterus and begin to proliterate.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Tumor cell * Many tumor cells exhibit strong cytoplasmic PAS positivity which is abolished by diastase digestion. * Most tumor cells have different genes and proteins activated compared to normal cells - high levels of diglyceride * Some tumor cells are resistant to chemotherapy. * Some tumor cells contain brown melanin pigment - specific antigens that trigger the production of tumor-specific antibodies - vacuoles indenting the nucleus * are also as likely to reside in the lungs - cells that have lost the map - cytogenetically heterogeneous - distinct from the benign stroma - osteocytes or osteoblasts and resemble normal osteoblasts - present within the vessels and soft tissue of the renal sinus - small with small nuclei and readily visible but small nucleoli * are young, immortal cells that never grow up, mature and die off - grow, mature and die off * can also inhibit normal blood cells from stopping the formation of a clot - directly activate the blood-clotting cascade - do things with their genes that are amazing - induce angiogenesis through a variety of soluble factors * compete for nutrients, often at the expense of the normal cells' growth. * contain all the possible target proteins. * enter the lymph node via afferent lymphatics. * fight back to beat immune system. * grow faster than normal cells and therefore have an increased demand for nutrients. * have a peroxide intolerance due to insufficient glutathione peroxidase and catalase - certain 'markers' that are only found on other tumor cells - low nuclear grade, inconspicuous nucleoli, and low mitotic activity - oval to round nuclei with stippled chromatin * indicate dissemination of metastatic or primary brain tumors in the subarachnoid space. * proliferate when that engine fails to operate. * resemble hepatocytes. * secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. * tell the host to provide a blood supply. Tumour cell * Some tumour cells continue to modify their properties as they grow. * activate their own migration by producing a cell-surface bound chemotactic activity. Type of cells * Many types of cells possess receptors that bind steroid hormones. * Some types of cells are more prone to abnormal growth than others. Vegetative cell * All vegetative cells contain two sets of chromosomes. * are bacteriums - diploid, and gametes are the only haploid stages * are the normal, photosynthetic cells formed under favorable growing conditions - site of photosynthesis and carbon fixation - uninucleate * divide by binary fission. * form spores under adverse conditions as a means of survival.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Blood cell * All blood cells appear to originate from a common progenitor cell or pluripotent. * All blood cells develop from a parent cell in the bone marrow - pluripotential stem cells - have limited life spans and are produced throughout the life of an animal * All blood cells originate and mature in the bone marrow - from what is called a stem cell * Most blood cells are produced within the soft tissue in the bone. * Some blood cells are part of bloodstreams - engulf and destroy other virus infected cells * are cells which fight disease in the body - either white or red - made in the bone marrow and in the spleen - somatic cells - too large to go through the membrane and are returned to the body * are too large to pass across the semipermeable membrane used in dialysis - through the pores * begin to break down into their component chemicals. * burst releasing new meorozoites, each one entering a new blood cell. * can clump together and clog vessels after a meal high in fat. * circulate for months, while free hemoglobin is short-lived. * contain hemoglobin, it holds oxygen and carry it throughout the body. * develop in marrow within bone. * formed in the bone marrow start out as a stem cell. * go exactly where they are needed most in the body without ever stopping. * grow in the bone marrow. * have potassium in their center which as a positive bioelectric charge - has a positve bioelectric charge * help keep our bodies healthy. * live for a few weeks, then die off and are recycled. * look and work differently, but they repair and reproduce themselves in the same way. * originate from the stem cells which are located in bone marrow. * receive the oxygen and release carbon dioxide. * remain in circulation for two to three months. + Blood, Where does blood come from?: Biochemistry :: Cardiovascular system * Blood cells are made in the bone marrow and in the spleen. The bone marrow is the soft material in the middle of bones. Special cells in the bone marrow make most of the blood cells in your body.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell: Bone cell * Some bone cells absorb bone tissue, while others re-form the bone's surfaces. * Some bone cells are part of alsatians - ankles - arms - backbones - beagles - bridges - bulldogs - chests - chicks - cochleas - craniums - cygnets - doggies - ducklings - endoskeletons - fangs - fawns - fingers - fishbones - foxhounds - heads - incisors - jaws - knees - laps - legs - mandibles - molars - necks - noses - notochords - partridges - pelves - poodles - proboscises - puppies - shinbones - skulls - snouts - spines - sterna - studs - teeth - thighs - thumbs - toes - toms - tusks - vertebrae - wishbones - wrists * are composed of Calcium and Phosphorus compounds - eukaryotic cells - part of bones * called osteoblasts add calcium to bones, then osteoclasts pull the calcium out of bones - create new bone tissue, while cells called osteoclasts destroy it * called osteoclasts begin the process of remodeling by dissolving or resorbing bone - dissolve old bone cells, leaving small cavities * deprived of nutrients begin to die. * die if they are unsuccessful in attaching themselves to something. * extend through canaliculi and pass materials from cell to cell. * have much longer life span before they are replaced by new cells.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell \| bone cell: Megakaryocyte * are bone cells - hematopoietic cells - mildly to moderately decreased - numerous - prominent, even at low power - responsible for production of platelets within the body - very important cells because they differentiate into blood platelets * generate platelets , essential to blood clotting. * originate from stem cells of the bone marrow. * produce platelets by pinching off small cell fragments. * remain in the bone marrow when mature.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Cone cell * Some cone cells are part of eyes - retinas. * They react to light and work best in relatively bright light. Cone cells are less sensitive to light than rod cells. Human eyes usually have different types of cone cells. This makes it possible to distinguish different colors. Rod cells are more sensitive to light, but cannot tell colors apart. In a publication done in 1935, Osterberg thinks that there are about 6 million cone cells in a human eye * affect each other in complex ways. * are also responsible for colour vision - densely concentrated in the macula, the center of the retina - for color viewing * are less sensitive to light and function under normal and bright lighting conditions - mainly responsible for central and color vision - more sensitive to light than rod cells are - particularly important for color vision and discriminating fine visual detail - responsible for daytime color vision * can perceive color in bright light. * come in red, blue, and green types, the names indicating their color sensitivities. * detect colored light. * have a shorter, more tapered outer segment with fewer membranous disks. * live primarily in the macula while rod cells live in the peripheral retina. * perceive fine visual detail and discern colors.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell: Epithelial cell * Some epithelial cells are specialized to produce secretions - have motile processes on their surfaces called cilia * are connected through cell junctions formed by protein complexes - cultured and the sheets of cells fixed to an artificially made matrix - part of epitheliums - somatic cells - subjected to physical stress and injury * are the cells in an organ that most often form tumors - hallmark of the animal body - main target of adenoviridae - thus extremely important in maintaining homeostasis * can be flat, cuboidal, columnar, or stretchy - produce secretions into the surrounding environment * come in three shapes, squamous, cuboidal or columnar. * constitute many tissues of the fly. * cover or line the internal organs, body surface, internal cavities and form glands. * die as a result of lack of nutrients. * discharge large amounts of fluids and electrolytes. * divide and migrate over the basal layers to regenerate the epithelium. * exhibit a rich variety of molecular interconnections. * form a semi-permeable barrier between the body and the environment - important biological barriers in many different tissues and organs * have an intrinsic apical-basal polarity. * indicate saliva. * ingest the bacterium, then slough off of the epithelial surface - thebacterium, then slough off of the epithelial surface * line the intestine - lungs as well as the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and vagina - urinary tract and are normally shed into the urine * lose the ability to incorporate fatty acids, acetate, and glucose into lipids. * make contact with only one surface - up almost one-third of all the human body's cells * migrate from the border in a leap frog fashion or in a train like fashion. * play important defensive roles in respiratory tract and digestive tract. * proliferate in celiac disease. * range in shape from columnar to cuboidal to flattened squamous cells. * reach maximum development. * secrete a thin, watery mucus e. * show effaced foot processes. * start to move into the area under the scab, forming a thin layer. * stick tight to one another. * undergo vacuolation because of urease activity. * use two pathways to send proteins to the cell surface. ### cell \| vegetative cell \| epithelial cell: Cuboidal cell * have more depth. * is an epithelial cell	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell \| epithelial cell: Goblet cell * More goblet cells are present than in the jejunum and ileum. * account for more of the epithelial cells than in the small intestine. * are epithelial cells - numerous in intestinal epithelium they are interspersed among the absorptive cells - rare or absent and the epithelium appears low columnar * increase in number from the proximal jejunum to the distal ileum. * look like a drinking goblet, with the pedestal or base toward the basal side. * protect the living cells of the alimentary canal from hard rough food and enzymes. * secrete mucus for protection.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell \| epithelial cell: Hair cell * Most hair cells are part of cochleas. * are also a type of skin cell - extraordinarily sensitive to cilia displacement - fast-growing, so the hair falls out during treatment - in the inner ear , or cochlea - neurons - pale orange and non-hair cells are in dark orange - sensitive mechanical-stimulus detectors - small * are the hearing mechanoreceptor cells, and they reside in the cochlea - receptors in the olfactory epithelium that respond to particular chemicals - very sensitive, but they are also very fragile * begin alive, but when they come out of the scalp, they are dead. * center around lamia III. * convert sound waves into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain. * have projections called stereocilia - small hairs called cilia on one side and an axon on the other side * is an epithelial cell * move mucus toward the sinus ostia. * populate the length of the cochlea down the basilar membrane. * send the sounds, as electrical impulses, to the brain. * synapse upon dendrites of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the spiral ganglion. * transform mechanical energy to electrical energy.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell: Fat cell * Every fat cell makes estrogen. * More fat cells produce more estrogen. * Most fat cells are in the trunk and limbs. * Some fat cells are in place to help keep the eyes warm. * are animal cells - constantly present in bone marrow - examples of specialized cells - plentiful and easy to get to - present, large and empty of fat in embedded sections - somatic cells - the body's equivalent of a piggy bank * are very delicate but many survive the liposuction process - efficient about storing fat, but have to be coaxed into letting it go * develop in tissue grown from preadipocyte cells. * feast on sugar alcohol and other alchemic surplus clouded by a mushroom. * function as energy reservoirs. * have a large capacity to increase in size by storing more fat per cell - an almost unlimited storage capacity * insulate the body from cold and can help protect it from injury. * lie beneath the skin in virtually all body areas - throughout the body accumulate in greater amounts in certain areas * make leptin, and in general, obese people have more leptin in their bloodstreams. * manufacture estrogen. * produce a substance that makes the other cells in the body resistant to insulin - estrogen, which lowers the risk of osteoporosis after menopause * release fats into blood as alternative fuel - high density lipoproteins when called upon to do so * respond by giving up their little lives as they are burned for energy. * retain estrogen which helps maintain the calcium in the bones. * seem to increase in number during childhood development. * take in the fat. * tend to convert testosterone to estrogen, exacerbating any existing deficiency.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Glial cell * Some glial cells produce an insulating material called myelin. * act in interesting ways to modulate the survival and growth of neurons. * are a specific type of brain cell - astrocytes, oligodendroglia, ependymal cells, and microglia - considered support cells, only secondarily involved in signaling and integration - more numerous than nerve cells - non-neural support cells and are of three, functionally distinct types - non-neuronal cells which play supporting roles in the brain and nervous system * are responsible for making up the blood brain barrier - the most aggressive type of brain tumor, the glioblastoma - the metabolic and structural support cells for the nerve cells * are the most common cellular component of the brain - numerous calls in the brain * can divide by mitosis and hence get rejuvenated - in response to damage, creating a glial scar * carry out metabolic functions in the nervous system. * contribute to the formation of subretinal membranes. * help wrap axons to enhance propagation of electrical signals. * immigrating from the optic stalk take residence in the basal layer of the eye disc. * increase in number when nerve cells grow with enrichment. * multiply dramatically from fetal age four months to the child's second birthday. * perform critical functions in the nervous system. * play a crucial role in immunological responses to various infections and toxic agents. * produce myelin, which fatty substance that protects the nerves. * provide nutritional, metabolic, and mechanical support to neural tissue - scaffolding - support for neuronal function * serve a variety of functions depending upon their specialization. * support and nourish the neurons. * support the neurons in many ways * surround and support the neurons.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell \| glial cell: Astrocyte * also take up various extracellular ions. * are accessory cells found in the nervous system - also important for maintaining proper ionic balance in the extracellular fluid - important for regulation of metabolic activities of neurons - key players in the cellular response to injury in the nervous system - star-shaped cells that provide the scaffolding upon which neurons can grow - the most plentiful and diverse of the glial cells * can take up neurotransmitters, and even possess neurotransmitter receptors. * contain many intermediate filaments suggesting they provide structural support. * create the blood-brain barrier that keeps unwanted substances out of the brain tissue. * express functional chemokine receptors. * form scar tissue in the form of astoglial fibers. * generate isoprostanes in response to trauma or oxygen radicals. * have a complex morphology with numerous fine processes that ensheath synapses - elaborate processes that extend between blood vessels and neurons - numerous filaments within their cell bodies and processes - other functions * participate in maintenance of brain homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. * play a central role in maintaining brain homeostasis. * represent the most abundant cell type of the adult nervous system. * then cause the toxic effects on the motor neurons.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell \| glial cell: Oligodendrocyte * act as stem cells, producing neurons and glia. * are capable of forming myelin - cells affected in demtelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis - glias - responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths surrounding axons * fail to recruit macrophages for debris removal. * form and maintain the myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system. * form myelin sheaths around optic nerve axons - that insulate nerve processes * have small dark nuclei and resemble lymphocytes. * maintain the myelin covering of nerve cells. * myelinate axons, and provide for rapid conduction of neuronal signals. * produce myelin, a sheath that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers. * produce the myelin in the central nervous system - that insulates axons and makes synaptic transmission faster * provide a good model system for such investigations. * repel axons and cause axonal growth cone collapse. * wrap around nerves to produce myelin, a substance that protects nerves. Hybridoma * ascites production in laboratory animals. * vegetative cell	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Mast cell * Some mast cells are part of alsatians - ankles - arms - backbones - beagles - bridges - bulldogs - chests - chicks - cochleas - craniums - cygnets - diaphragms - doggies - ducklings - endoskeletons - esophagi - fangs - fawns - fingers - fishbones - foxhounds - heads - incisors - jaws - knees - legs - ligaments - mandibles - marrow - molars - necks - noses - notochords - partridges - pelves - penises - poodles - proboscises - puppies - shinbones - skin - skulls - snouts - spines - sterna - studs - teeth - tendons - thighs - thumbs - toes - toms - tusks - vertebrae - wishbones - wrists * are a kind of blood cell - non-circulating counterpart to the basophil - population of cells in the skin which are closely associated with blood cells - type of innate immune cell in connective tissue and the mucous membranes - abundant in the skin, eyes, nose, mouth and lungs - active participants in immune reactions against foreign substances - all over the place within our skin, and basophils circulate within our bloodstream - almost identical to basophils - cells which help to mediate the immune system of man and animals - fragile, granular cells that can rupture during tissue preparation and staining - granule-containing cells in tissue - important mediators of certain allergic reactions - indigenous cells in the body's connective tissues and arise from the bone marrow - instrumental in resistance to some other intestinal helminthiases * are normal cells in the body that serve a normal defense mechanism - constituents of bone marrow - part of connective tissue - plentiful in the lungs, skin, tongue, and linings of the nose and intestinal tract - present in tissues - responsible for many of the symptoms of allergy - somatic cells - tissue cells that are present in almost all organs - tissue-resident granule containing cells with IgE receptors * can degranulate by other signals. * degranulate as a result of physical, chemical, pharmacological and immunological stimuli. * disrupt epithelial barrier function during enteric nematode infection. * express connexins on their cytoplasmic membrane. * function to promote an inflammatory response to things the cells perceive as foreign. * have IgE receptors on their surface - high affinity IgE receptors - many granules rich in histamine and heparin * is present in the blood smear of a dog with cutaneous neoplasms. * live in the lungs, skin, tongue, and mucosal linings of the body. * make a chemical called histamine - substance called histamine * migrate from blood to brain. * participate in allergic and inflammatory reactions in the body's tissues. * play a central role in the pathophysiology of urticaria - an important protective role in wound healing and defence against pathogens * play an important role in the body's allergic response - body's immune response - self-defence of the human body * produce a chemotactic factor for eosinophils - histamine and other signal molecules * release histamine and all sorts of inflammation-promoting substances - heparin, chemicals which mediate allergic reactions - the histamine - three sets of mediators with dramatic, immediate, local and systemic effects * reside in tissues while basophils are found in the blood. * seem to have other roles as well. * stain strongly metachromatic with toluidine blue as shown below. + Innate immune system, Cells of the innate immune response, Mast cells * Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell in connective tissue and the mucous membranes. They are intimately associated with defence against pathogens and wound healing. They are also often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis. When activated, mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators, and chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the signs of inflammation, and recruits neutrophils and macrophages. * Mast cells have many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Mast cells play an important protective role in wound healing and defence against pathogens.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Muscle cell * All muscle cells are contractile - excitable - in a constant state of synthesis and degradation * Some muscle cells are part of anuses - muscles - sphincters - urethras - uteruses - wombs * are a body s natural flab fighters - animal cells - bound together by perimysium into bundles called fascicles - elongated - examples of specialized cells - excitable because the membrane of each cell is electrically charged - extremely abundant and accessible - fibre - filled with proteins called 'actin' and 'myosin' - most sensitive to insulin two hours after exercise - part of muscles - precious fat-burning factories - smooth with nuclei in cytons called myoblasts - the first cell type to be immortalised - typically longer than they are wide * become less able to let the hormone guide nutrients into the cells. * burn calories much more quickly and efficiently than fat cells do. * can contract to move parts of the body. * contain a contractile mechanism that is activated by the action potential - long strands of protein lying next to each other - most of the structures common to all cells - several nuclei which lie on the periphery of the cell - the protein myoglobin which also requires oxygen to function - two very special chemicals called actin and myosin * generate mechanical work from an energy liberating chemical reaction. * have many nuclei and other intracellular organelles. * have the ability to contract and relax like a spring - unique ability to contract, that is shorten - their own oxygen-binding molecule called myoglobin * hold more water, becoming larger and better defined. * is fibre * lose some of their mitochondria, the cellular structures that produce energy. * require calcium to generate contraction. * respond by becoming larger and stronger, especially in the upper body. * stay put, and so do the plasmids within. * tend to be elongated and red in appearance. * use more energy then fat cells - the energy to contract - the basis of all human activity * work to move the rhino from place to place. + Muscle, Muscle Structure: Tissues<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell: Muscle fiber * All muscle fibers can make energy aerobically and anaerobically in varying degrees - contract to their greatest possible tension when stimulated * Every muscle fiber is surrounded by a basement membrane. * Muscle Fibers See fibroplasm. * Some muscle fiber contains myofibril. * Some muscle fiber is part of anuses - esophagi - eyes - fibers are normal in size and dark pink * are also highly vascularized and innervated by nerves - composed of functional units called sarcomeres - covered by the endomysium - single large muscle cells - smooth, supple, organized, flexible, and have plenty of blood supply * are the main cell type - tissues in our bodies that respond to exercise * become locked in a state called rigor. * can vary between individuals. * change in several ways during development. * consist mainly of water - of two main protein strands - actin and myosin * contain creatine phosphate - many myofibrils , which are organized arrays of myofilaments - myofibrils, which in turn contain myofilaments - only nicotinic receptors * develop from the fusion of many muscle precursor cells called myoblasts. * have a hyaline appearance - variety of other specialized parts - contractile protein, mitochondrial protein, and other components - cytoplasmic vacuolation - only one type of neural activation, which causes a positive response * make up the bulk of a muscle. * send processes to nerve. * show evidence of inflammation and changes similar to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. * signaling scales the myogenic stem cell pool. * stretch, and the heart loses strength. * tend to be long spaghetti like masses that contract. * undergo necrosis and are ultimately replaced with adipose and connective tissue. * work like molecular-scale linear motors.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Muscle fibre * Every muscle fibre is made from thin strands called myofibrils. * Some muscle fibre is part of anuses - uteruses - wombs * are the basic cellular units of living muscle and of meat. * differ from species to species of animal and between parts of the same animal. Neoplastic cell * are abnormal cells - clonal - eukaryotic cells - multifocally necrotic - somatic cells * have pleomorphic nuclei, anisocytosis, and mitotic figures.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell \| neoplastic cell: Cancer cell * All cancer cells originate from normal cells and have the intelligence of a normal cell. * Many cancer cells appear to owe their immortality to a switched on telomerase gene. * Most cancer cells are immature, unspecialized cells that multiply indefinitely - part of cancer - exhibit telomeric associations * Most cancer cells have a high level of the enzyme telomerase - elevated levels of tyrosine kinase activity * Some cancer cells produce hormones while others continue to divide and produce more abnormal cells - large amounts of molecules called growth factors * absorb large amounts of the sugar, compared to normal cells. * accumulate multiple mutations as they regress to malignancy. * are a type of malignant cell - able to grow in parts of the body other than their site of origin * are abnormal and divide without control or order - cells that divide too often and without any order - academic journals - acidic while healthy cells are alkaline - all about telomerase and unrestricted cell division - also different from normal human cells - always atypical in some respect * are cells that are engaged in uncontrolled mitosis - ignore cell cycle regulations and divide unchecked - which are growing uncontrollably - chameleons - characterized by rapid cell division - daunting to treat because they often have a number of genetic mutations - different from normal cells - easy to grow in culture - extremely small - full of telomerase and is why they live so long * are genetically different from normal cells, and exhibit aberrant gene expression - the normal cells from which they derive - immortal while normal cells die after a number of divisions - less differentiated than normal cells - more sensitive to enzymes than normal cells * are more susceptible to radiation than healthy tissue, because they reproduce faster - neoplastic cells - no exception * are part of cancer * are present in lung secretions but no tumor can be found in the lung - several locations within the prostate - rapidly proliferating and, as such, they have high requirements for folate - similarly immortal - some of our own cells that have mutated and refuse to die - unable to adhere other cells - usually less differentiated than the cells of the tissue where they arose - well differentiated * are, in the human or animal body, in an inexhaustible supply. * arise from normal cells whose nature is permanently changed. * attack healthy tissue and never stop multiplying. * become resistant to chemo and radiation treatments given previously - chemotherapy drugs * can also become involved in the lymph nodes. * can also break away and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system - from a malignant tumor * can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream and the lymphatic system - tumor and enter the bloodstream or the Iymphatic system - tumor and enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic system - off from the tumor and enter the blood stream - enter specialized channels in the breast called lymphatics - hide their antigens, making themselves less likely to be destroyed - spread from their original site to other parts of the body * can also spread to other organs through lymph channels and the bloodstream - parts of the body, distant from the primary tumor - spread, or metastasize, to other parts of the body through the bloodstream - become resistant to attack - break away from a malignant tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system - develop a resistance to drugs that are commonly used in chemotherapy - enter lymph vessels - form tumors, abnormally growing masses of body cells - go into a quiescent stage, then start dividing again - hide from lymphocytes by becoming almost invisible * can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs - tissues and organs near the tumor - nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body - lodge in an organ at a distant location and start a new tumor - look different than normal cells - metastasize - break off and then grow in another location * can spread through the bloodstream and Iymphatic system to other parts of the body - throughout the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body - to distant places in the body and set up a new colony * can travel through the bloodstream or through the immune system's lymph nodes * continue to grow and divide out of control and can spread to other parts of the body. * demonstrate an abnormality of both the proliferation and apoptosis. * develop at approximately the same phenomenal speed as embryonic cells do. * die, tumors shrink, and no side-effects are caused in any other tissues. * differ from healthy cells in that they are immortal - they are, in effect, immortal * differ from normal cells in many ways - several ways * disappear after a famous rabbi predicts their retreat. * divide and multiply uncontrollably - at inappropriate times - continuously, and many anti-cancer drugs attack dividing cells - rapidly, but so do stomach cells and bone-marrow cells and lots of other cells - very rapidly * eat sugar more quickly than healthy cells. * evade our immune system by a. hiding inside of our organs. * exude nitric oxide. * generate a tremendous amount of poisons. * get energy from glucose by fermentation instead of by oxidizing it like normal cells. * go through many steps to grow. * gobble up sugar ten to fifteen times more than normal cells do. * grow and divide rapidly out of control - rapidly, and they are very sensitive to the effects of radiation - uncontrollably, eventually pushing aside healthy cells - very quickly - faster than normal tissue - more rapidly than normal, healthy cells - outwith the growth regulating system in the body - rapidly and uncontrollably - so fast they lack sufficient oxygen - unpredictably, ignoring the warnings to which other cells respond * have a faster metabolism than normal cells - higher proportion integrated than premalignant cells - defects in the apoptotic pathway which lead to tumor development and progression - low or undetectable levels of CKIs when compared to normal cells - more cholesterol-type compounds in their membranes than normal cells * have the ability to break into the blood vessels and travel to distant sites - invade the blood vessels and find their way into the bloodstream * hide under a coating of fibrin. * interfere with and overrun the functioning of normal body cells. * keep dividing and forming more cells without a control mechanism. * live forever and become so numerous that they invade other tissues. * lose that - the ability to control the cell cycle - their normal awareness of their position with respect to other cells * make abnormal molecules to put on their surface - their way, sometimes all too quickly, throughout the body * metabolize sugar faster than normal cells. * move rapidly through the cell cycle and reenter cell division. * multiply faster than normal cells, and continue to multiply, or proliferate. * override the checkpoints, and grow at break neck speed. * proceed through cell division at break-neck speed. * produce plentiful telomerase. * recover more slowly and with more difficulty. * reflect light differently from the way healthy cells reflect light. * release various antigens, some of which appear in the urine. * reproduce relatively quickly in culture. * require food, oxygen, and growth proteins in order to grow and spread - high levels of nitrogen * seem to express cathepsin-B on their membrane surfaces as well. * share certain traits with anti-social members of human society. * show no contact inhibition. * stop reproducing and begin to die. * thrive by altering their micro-environment to make it more hospitable - on iron * travel through the lymphatics to the lymph nodes to form tumors. * use autocrine signaling to trigger growth - basically the same mechanism to evade chemotherapy - more energy than neighboring cells * use the enzyme protein kinase as a growth factor - tyrosine kinase as a growth factor - urokinase to invade cells and metastasize * violate the natural scheme by following their own agenda for growth and proliferation.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Nerve cell * All nerve cells have a similar structure - the capacity to learn * Many nerve cells are extremely long compared to their width - have receptors that are sensitive to various drugs * Most nerve cells allow impulses to travel in either direction. * Some nerve cells have characteristic abnormalities when viewed under a microscope. * are arranged in the form of a nerve net, as has been pointed out else- where - called neurons - cells too - classic examples of excitable systems though there are chemical ones as well - large, complicated, highly specialized cells - long and thin * are one example - part of the body's nervous system - part of nervous systems - quite small - scattered in the deeper part of the epidermis adjacent to the mesogloea - somatic cells - the control centers that send messages to the muscles - very long * attached to the hair cells depolarize from the hair cells. * can be thinner than the hairs on the head, but they can also be very long - become dependent on opiates - make new connections and break old ones - measure up to two meters in length and are well suited to transmitting messages - only utilize glucose as an energy source - reach one meter in length - send signals without myelin, but the transmission rate is slower * can use levodopa to make dopamine and replenish the brain's dwindling supply - and replenish the brain's reduced supply - and replenish the shortfall in the brain * come in many types. * communicate by means of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters - messages by secreting neurotransmitters - through electrical signals termed action potentials - to send messages around the body - with each other by making many connections with other nerve cells * consist of a cell body and long attachments, called axons, that conduct nerve impulses. * contain even more than most cells. * covered by myelin make up a tissue called white matter. * die, and areas controlled by the damaged region react - resulting in paralysis, speech impediments and other stroke symptoms * generate electrical signals, that transmit information. * grow and multiply and connect with one another by way of long extensions called axons. * grow, connect and start functioning as a brain. * have an unusually high capacity for regenerating themselves when damaged - specialized receptors for receiving neurotransmitted signals - to be able to respond to stimulation and to carry signals through the body * lose the ability to transmit neural signals properly. * producing beta amyloid seem also to produce more free radicals. * seem to become vulnerable to stimulation - especially overstimulation. * send chemical signals to other cells. * show deformations called neurofibrillary tangles. * signaling ultimately drives behaviors such as alcohol craving and dependence. * use L-dopa to regenerate the brain's diminishing supply of dopamine - electricity to transmit information - it to communicate with one another - levadopa to make dopamine, which can then be used by the brain - the drug to replenish the brain's dwindling supply of dopamine * vegetative cell * work by carrying tiny electrical charges. * working together are nerve tissue. + Electroencephalography: Neurology :: Medical imaging * Electroencephalography' is a way to record certain patterns of brain activity, on the skin of the head. Nerve cells use electricity to transmit information. It is one of the methods of diagnosis which can be used for conditions that affect the nerves. An 'electroencephalogram' is a recorded electroencephalography. Electorencephalography is used to detect epilepsy, coma, sleep and brain death. Special adaptations exists to research sleep, for example the length of sleep rhythms. Sleep occurs in different phases, the specially adapted EEG can show the length of these phases.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Rod cell * Some rod cells are part of eyes - retinas. * ' are one of two types of photoreceptor cells that can be found in the retina of the eyes of humans, as well as other animals. The other type are the cone cells, of which there are about 7 million in the human eye. Rod cells are very sensitive to light. They allow night vision. They are concentrated at the edge of the retina, where they also allow peripheral vision. There are about 125 million of them in the human eye * are about four magnitudes more sensitive to light than cone cells - more numerous than cone cells - most highly concentrated in the center of the retina * are responsible for our night vision - peripheral and night vision - seeing at low light levels * are sensitive to small amounts of light - various intensities of light, and cone cells are sensitive to color - the cells that dominate in nocturnal animals' eyes * function in lower levels of light allowing the patient to have better vision - only in dim light and are blind to color * perceive black and white images and work best in low light. * pick up dim light, but cone cells pick up bright light and are the ones involved in color. * receive the images that the eye sees when the light is dim, at night, or in a dark room. + Color blindness, Seeing color, How the human eye sees colors: Diseases and disorders of the eye :: Genetic disorders<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell: Skin cell * Some skin cells are part of elephants - necks - pachyderms - penises - make melanin, which creates brown coloring * are impervious to many chemicals and are an effective barrier against bacteria - on the outside, intestinal cells on the inside - part of skin - somatic cells * become dry and wrinkled and lose their elasticity. * bring cloning a step nearer to efficiency. * can normally make only more skin cells. * contain melanin, and as a result of UV exposure, rise to the surface and flake off. * form a tough, thick layer to protect the rhino's body. * have to be flat to cover a wide area so as to protect the organism from outside insults. * respond to changes in their immediate environment. * shed at the rate of more than a million every hour. * swell with fluid, become weakened and more susceptible to injury. * vegetative cell * zip into place.<\|endoftext\|>### cell \| vegetative cell \| skin cell: Epidermal cell * Most epidermal cells contain chloroplasts. * Some epidermal cells are capable of opening and closing. * accumulate the highest amount of DNA damage. * are brick-shaped, or isodiametric with a prominent papilla - either hexagonal or ovoidal - part of epidermises - rather large - termed epitheliomuscular cells and contain muscle fibers - the most common cell type in the epidermis * create the exterior layer of the sponge. * dry then the epidermis breaks open and curls. * exposed to air are covered with a waxy cu icle. * form the skin on the outside of the sponge. * secrete wax- prevent water loss and attack. * tend to be straight-margined - wavy-margined	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Stem cell * All stem cells have the capability of self-renewal, i.e., they can continually reproduce themselves. * Most stem cells mature in the bone marrow. * Some stem cells are pluripotent, capable of producing several kinds of tissue. * account for only a tiny fraction of cells found in bone marrow or other tissues. * are 'embryonic' cells. * are a kind of master cell for the body - nursery cell that can generate a range of cells in the body - part of each person's individual biology - potential source of such tissues - rich source of information for the drug discovery process - special type of cell that have the capacity to develop into any type of cell - type of immature cell that exists for a short period of time in fetal tissue - vital part of blood cell development and the immune system - actually bone marrow cells that live in the blood * are also highly responsive to their surroundings - present in the blood stream, though in much smaller amounts than in the marrow - among the first cells to form in animals and humans after the fertilization process - at the center of a new field of science called regenerative medicine - basic biological building blocks - basically no specific type of cell - blank cells that can develop into virtually any kind of cell in the human body * are capable of growing into any kind of cell in the body - producing specialized cells throughout the body - categorized by their potential to differentiate into other types of cells - cells in an early embryo which are able to develop into any type of cell in the body * are cells that are able to reproduce indefinitely - capable of becoming any tissue in the human body * are cells that can become many tissues and organs - develop into any sort of tissue - divide to form one of many different types of cells - proliferate and differentiate into many potential cell types * are cells that have the ability to develop into any cell in the body - to divide without limit and to form specialized cells - that, in cell cultures at least, have the ability to divide forever - developmentally immature - distinctive in that they have the capacity to generate a variety of cell types - earlier cells which have the unique capacity to self-perpetuate * are embryonic cells that have the potential to develop into any of the body's cells - cells, among the first to appear as a fertilised egg develops * are essentially a clean slate for producing other cells that serve a specific purpose - unformed spare parts the body keeps around various organs - extracted from embryos while the embryos are still alive - ideal for gene therapy because they appear to be immortal * are immature blood cells that become red cells, white cells and platelets - which develop into red cells, white cells and platelets - bone marrow-like cells that circulate in the peripheral blood * are immature cells capable of maturing into many different fates - from which all blood cells develop as they are needed - that can be cohorsed into maturing into specified tissue types * are immature cells that can develop into any cell type in the body - into specialized cells * are immature cells that develop into blood cells - more advanced cells - give rise to adult cells - grow into white blood cells - have yet to take on permanent characteristics of their own - progenitor cells that can grow into mature tissue * are immortal and can be grown indefinitely in the laboratory - as long as they express - important in the formative stages of brain development - incapable of inducing a pregnancy and resulting in the birth of a newborn - like clay which can be molded to fit numerous purposes * are master cells that can develop into virtually any part of the body - grow into virtually any type of cell in the body - microscopic, undifferentiated masses consisting of a few hundred cells - multi-purpose embryonic cells from which each organ is originally formed - neophyte blood cells that can help strengthen the body's ability to fight infection - normal cells - parent cells to all the human body s systems - particularly vulnerable to toxic drugs because they reproduce so rapidly - powerful cells that give rise to other, more specialised types of cells in the body - precursors to other types of cells - premature cells that develop into various organs - present at the beginning of life * are primitive blood cells that can develop into the entire repertoire of blood cells - cells from which a wide variety of tissue in the human body develops - rare cells found in bone marrow - raw material needed to make new blood cells - remnants of the basic cellular templates from which all others cells then develop - resident in the bone marrow, since that is where new blood cells are normally made - responsible for hair production - seed cells capable of regrowing bone marrow - self-renewing cells that create all of the other various types of blood cells - self-replicating in that only one of the daughter cells differentiates - situated near the outer edge of the tubules * are the basic blood cells from which other cells develop - building blocks for blood - cell in the marrow which produces the various blood cells - fetal cells from which all of the body's tissues and organs develop - or primordial cells from which all of a human's tissues and organs develop - units that eventually develop into the body's tissue and organs * are the basis for all other cells in the human body - every type of cell in the body - body s starting point * are the body's building blocks for all types of tissue * are the building blocks of blood and the immune system - our blood and immune systems - essential element in successful bone marrow transplants - foundation of the immune system - fundamental building blocks for all tissues in the body - immature cells that give rise to a variety of specialized cells * are the master cells found in embryos that give rise to all other cells in the body - of the body, capable of turning into nearly any kind of body tissue - mortar and brick for growing all of the body's tissues * are the most basic blood-forming cells in the bone marrow - primitive cells which are used to create a new and healthy bone marrow - only cells of the body which divide into two unique entities * are the parent cells of all cells in the body - undifferentiated cells that can grow into different kinds of cells - unprogrammed master cells that mature to become different cell types in the body * are undifferentiated cells that can develop into almost any type of cell in the body - which develop into different type of body tissue - long-lived cells that are capable of many rounds of division - unique cells within our body - versatile master cells from which a variety of tissues and organs develop * are very distinct from other cells - early cells which have the capacity to develop into any cell in the body * are very young blood cells that are formed in the bone marrow - can repopulate depleted bone marrow - vital to the development of an organism - what are known as pluripotent cells - white and medium-sized compared with other blood cells * become precursor cells, which can change into a limited number of cell types. * build, maintain, and repair the body throughout our lives. * can act as blueprints for all the cells of the body - aid in tissue regeneration * can come from aborted fetuses or discarded embryos from fertility clinics - from embryos left over from fertility clinics * can develop into any organ of tissue in the body - every type of cell in the nervous system - many different types of other cells, such as bone, muscle and skin - muscle, nerve, heart, blood and other cells - evolve into a variety of human cells - grow up to be whatever they want to be - transform themselves into literally any cell in the body * change into actual, specific types of white blood cells. * come from a variety of sources - human embryos a few days after conception - in several forms - of age * develop into many varieties of human tissue. * differ from other kinds of cells in the body. * divide to form more stem cells or they can divide and become fully mature blood cells. * exist in different forms in both the embryo and the adult - only briefly after an egg is fertilized * fight infection, carry oxygen and promote healing. * form early in an embryo s development - very early in the gestation of a human being - when an embryo is four days old, and go on to make up every part of the body - within four days of conception * give rise to a host of blood cells. * give rise to all of the different types of cells in the body - various tissues and organs in the body * have ability to grow into almost any type of cell within our body - an incredible capacity to migrate * have the ability to evolve into an array of cell types as they mature - produce a wide range of cells which means that they are pluripotent - capability of developing into all other cells in the body - potential to change medicine radically - remarkable ability to develop into many different cell types in the body - unique property of being able to give rise to virtually any type of body tissue * hear call of injured tissue. * help repair or replace tissue damaged by illness - to replace dead and or damaged cells in the human body * invade the cortical regions of the thymus, where they divide to form lymphocytes. * live predominantly in the bone marrow but can circulate in the blood. * make brain cells. * occur in early stages of embryonic development. * offer possible exciting treatment for a variety of hitherto incurable diseases - the potential to mend and even regenerate tissues and organs * produce blood cells that fight infection, carry oxygen and promote healing - red and white blood cells and platelets * resemble medium sized white blood cells. * show great promise for a number of diseases. * supply evidence that specific adaptation property or governing law of life. * tend to migrate throughout the brain, settling in damaged areas and initiating repair.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cell \| vegetative cell: Target cell * are cells which recognize only a particular hormone or hormones - prominent in patients with hemoglobinopathies and obstructive liver disease - somatic cells - specific cells to which a hormone travels to produce a specific effect - the cells with receptors to which a particular hormone can bind * have specific receptor for hormone on cell surface. * possesses cytoplasmic receptors or nuclear receptors. Walled cell * are flaccid in isotonic surroundings, where there is no tendency for water to enter. * become turgid as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Yeast cell * adapt internal osmolarity by altering their glycerol content. * are an example - easy to transform - eukaryotic and are more similar to human cells than bacteria - medium size with thick walls * are relatively simple - small * can produce alcohol and carbon dioxide under the same circumstances. * carry out the process of cellular respiration as shown in the equation below. * change the structure of microtubule arrays through different phases of the cell cycle. * digest food to grow - obtain energy for growth * display a lag phase prior to an explosive period of division. * have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall - an oval shape - multiple buds * metabolize polysaccharides to form carbon dioxide gas and ethyl alcohol - sugar and excrete carbon dioxide * possess a helicase- making gene with a similar structure to the human gene. * respond to the presence of the chemicals by changing their shape. * seem to vary in shape, some look to be more oval and round, although.<\|endoftext\|>### cell: Zygote - created by fertilization - diploid and undergo cell division to become an embryo - embryology - passed out through the feces - single cells which arise by the fusion of two cells called gametes * can be eggs, seeds, or spores. * develop and grow into sporophytes, and the life cycle continues - directly into polyps without an intervening planula - into planktotrophic veligers - several stages * divide by mitosis and develop into sporophytes so the life cycle can begin again - to form embryo * have two copies of all chromosomes. * includes cell membranes - corpi - cytoskeletons - lobes - nuclei - plasma membranes - sections - vacuoles * obtain that information from parent organisms of their own kind. * only form a separate stage if dormancy can last longer than one year. * produced by fertilization have the normal number of chromosomes. * start to develop whenever they settle, even if the substratum is entirely unsuitable. * then form multinucleate protoplasmic masses, known as plasmodia. ### cells: Abnormal cell * accumulate and interfere with the production of healthy blood cells. - irregular in shape - present in the cervix - shown in the mucosa of the rectum wall * can develop and eventually become cancerous if abortion interrupts the process - grow into the layers * form occlusive aggregates which result in infarct of the spleen. * take a long time to develop into cancer. Cellular organism * Most cellular organisms have membranes - nuclear membranes * Some cellular organisms have cell walls ### cellular: Circadian clock * are cellular. * function to govern a wide range of rhythmic activities in organisms. * govern many human activities. * have mechanisms to keep accurate time even when the temperature varies. * regulate daily activities such as sleep and wakefulness - olfactory responses ### cement: Hydraulic cement * expands and dries quickly, even in wet conditions. * has a composition which permits it to set quickly under water. * is cement ### centered around morality: Religious teaching * All religious teaching is centered around morality. * are progressive and evolutionary due to the constant evolution of humanity. * helps people control their sexual behavior.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cereal seed: Canary seed * Most canary seeds make up diets. * Some canary seed is mixed with other seed and sold as mixed birdseed in Manitoba. * cereal seed. * is birdseed * major ingredient in birdseed mixes for caged and wild birds.<\|endoftext\|>Ceremony * Ceremonies also accompany events such as births, marriages, and deaths. * Ceremonies are celebrations of human development - pageants, which are used to celebrate a person or element of faith - rituals on a larger scale and they can be an important part of any business - the instruments which help Indigenous people remember to remember - continue to sort people into groups by gender and the ancient clans - have an important function within Fijian society * has stature. * includes celebration. * involves biological fathers * is activities - affairs - an occasion - located in churchs<\|endoftext\|>### ceremony: Burial * are conspicuous consumption, in that the items are taken out of circulation. * can occur over geologically instantaneous intervals, or over longer periods of time. * commonly take place on the very day a person dies. * follows services. * is part of an outworn social order - permanent installation - the basic means of pumping heavy noble gases * means different things to different people. * plays an important role in potential preservation of the organic matter. * provides a medium in which to preserve the body parts. * requires coffins. * symbolizes the promise of resurrection by anticipating the preservation of the body. * verification that death has occurred. ### ceremony \| burial: Rapid burial * common process which occurs on a regular basis. * is important for fossilization for a number of reasons - the key in either habitat for fossilization * near essential for bone preservation.<\|endoftext\|>### ceremony \| burial: Water baptism * can never atone for sins - symbolically express both a cleansing and a burial * comes after salvation. * is an outward symbol of that inward reality - by full immersion * is done both in word and deed - by total immersion - essential to salvation * is for a person who has been born again - the remission of sins - important in many ways * is necessary for the new birth - one sacrament - only for saved people - symbolic of that washing * is the immersion in water - of a believer in water * is the one baptism practiced today by all religious groups claiming to be Christian - entrance into the one body - outward testimony of the believer's inward faith - sign and seal of that very thing - their confession, and a public commitment - thought by many to be instrumental in the washing away of sins - thus a permanent feature of the Christian system - to be administered only by immersion * point of separation, dividing the old from the new. * public burial of the old life - witness to the world * rite to be experienced by believers only. * symbol, and is designed to picture death, burial and resurrection. * symbolic separation of the regenerate from their family of generation.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### ceremony: Funeral * Some funerals are solemn, others are festive. * also reflect many ancient customs. * are a public acknowledgment of a death - about a community's care, compassion, respect and spiritual beliefs - an important time for expressing filial love for parents and grandparents * are important as means of the extended family meeting from time to time - for the pet owners as well as the pet - only for religious people - part of life - rituals to help the living adjust to loss - the strangest compressions of time - to be celebrated without singing, music, or tolling of bells * cause sadness. * happen and people come to put flowers on graves. * help family and friends acknowledge loss and take the first step to overcoming grief - people cope with their loss and move forward with life * involve either burial or cremation. * is ceremony * often serve as the initial point in the recovery process from grief. * reflect the personality of the person. * require the body to be embalmed. * vary depending on the culture and who has died.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### ceremony: Induction * Some inductions cause degeneration - organisms * affects the fuel with suspended microbes and particles passing through the unit. * also occurs because of the presence of allolactose - operates early in development, even before the three layered embryo forms * alter uptake. * appears to be in part due to oxidative stress. * are introductions. * arises because of the linked nature of electricity and magnetism. * brings about cell differentiation through transcriptional regulation of specific genes. * coils with open magnetic circuits are inefficient at transferring power to loads. * contribute to outcomes. * cooking units use a magnetic field to transfer heat to iron or steel cookware. * creates a magnetic field around the container holding the metal. * decreases when more power is applied. * derives axioms from the senses and particulars. * happens when a short-lived signal triggers that phase to begin. * involves reasoning from the particular to the whole - the extraction of information from certain inputs - conclusive thinking in which general rules are reached from particular facts - contrasted with deduction , in which true premises do necessitate the conclusion - elemental to mathematics, science, and preparing for technological change - one of the key techniques when dealing with abstract datatypes - perhaps the most powerful and versatile proof technique in mathematics - rational, because it form of inference to the best explanation * is the formal name for learning from experience - method of science - practice of inferring from the specific to thegeneral * is the process of arriving at a general conclusion from the observation of specific facts - observing particular details and noting that the outcome is consistent - transient following a pulse, and, with slower decay, in continuous light * is, arguably, at the heart of the scientific method. * medical technique used to jump-start labor. * movement from particular facts to general conclusions. * occurs when a magnetic field changes with time. * plays a key role in the aurora, as explained further below. * probably requires the presence of certain chemicals that turn genes on. * process by which a charge can be given to a metal. * ranges cook food by creating a magnetic field - use magnetic fields * refers to the earliest genetic change induced by a carcinogen. + Inductive reasoning: Logic * Induction is the method of science. A scientist makes a large number of observations, and then suggests a general rule that all of these observations follow. He then publishes his ideas, and they are checked in many other cases by other scientists. The general rule becomes a scientific theory only if it passes all of these tests. If it fails even one test, then the theory must be either changed or thrown out. The major scientific theories of today have been tested many thousands of times and have passed every test. ### ceremony \| induction: Coronation * are to be found everywhere, for there are no societies without traditions. * is an induction - in eastern Alberta, near the Saskatchewan border - initiatings	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### ceremony \| induction: Electromagnetic induction * causes electricity to flow through the wires. * creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate.A. * is the generation of an electric field due to a varying magnetic field. + Electricity, Methods of generating electricity: * Electricity is mostly generated in places called power stations. Power stations use heat to turn water into steam. The force of the steam pressure turns giant fan-like structures called turbines, which are linked to machines called 'generators'. Generator have a head with wires which spins inside a magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction causes electricity to flow through the wires. + Inductively coupled plasma: Electromagnetism :: Spectroscopy * Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. A. Montaser and D. W. Golightly, eds. Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1992. Enzyme induction * is critical to detoxification of large doses of chemicals. * occurs when one drug stimulates production of more enzymatic metabolism capacity - two drugs compete for the same enzyme Mathematical induction * is employed in higher mathematics. * powerful proof technique closely related to recursion. Mutual induction * causes voltage to be induced in the secondary coil. * is an induction<\|endoftext\|>### ceremony: Initiation * Some initiations occur in pinyons. * are beginnings - ceremony - times of crisis for humanity * growth in experience and the attainment thereby of a point of tension. * involve family members - male family members * is ceremony * is the mechanism by which air is caused to flow within the vocal tract - stage by stage expansion and fusion of ones consciousness with the greater whole * occur at sites. * occurs when a person passes into a higher state of consciousness. * process of birth, or re-birth. * very important role for the transition from youth to adulthood. ### ceremony \| initiation: Fomentation * are good in pleurisy and many other inflammations. * is an initiation Transcription initiation * key point in the regulation of the expression of most genes. * requires assembly of a multi-protein complex at the promoter. Religious ceremony * Religious ceremonies can summon a ghost and send it off to the next realm - have no legal standing * is ceremony - religious activities Religious ritual * are cultural activities - often re-enactments of a Myth * can range from simple events to lengthy feasts. * develop to assist the religious elite in maintaining control over their flocks. - right if and only if it produces mercy, kindness, and love ### ceremony \| religious ritual: Religious rite * are to be banquets of joy and peace. * reflect a diversity of cultures and variety of Christian sects. * religious ritual<\|endoftext\|>### ceremony \| religious ritual: Sacrament * also bring about grace. * are also visible seals - celebrations of Christian tradition , of Christian life and of Christian hope - infant baptism and communion - intense moments in that sanctification - moments of grace - outward and visible signs of inward and spiritual grace - parish celebrations - rituals that are highly symbolic - sacred signs which make present the realities they signify - steps on the way to our salvation - the prayer of the entire community - to be celebrated within and among the believing community * are, by definition, sacred signs. * celebrate life experiences. * give the grace they signify. * is part of tradition - religious ceremony	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### ceremony: Wedding * Many weddings occur during the summer months. * Most weddings affect inheritances - happen in the spring, like bronchitis * always begin on Sundays and last for several days. * are a blend of customs, traditions and personal expressions - major internet industry - rite of passage into a new way of living * are a time for joy, and rejoicing - reflection and appreciation for the loved ones in our own lives - when families look back at their roots and dream about their future - an important aspect of social life, especially in the rural areas - as individual as people with no two being exactly alike - both a celebration of joy and the source of incredible stress - cause for celebration the world over - colorful celebrations that often require months of preparation - happy occasions when the bride and groom look forward to a lifetime together - important social occasions, and are hosted by the groom's family - joyful occasions, no matter where they are conducted - lengthy celebrations that often last several days - life cycle events - located in churchs - marriage ceremony - milestone markers in the lives of the brides, grooms, and their families * are often elaborate with ceremonies, food, and celebrations - one of the most stressful, complex, and expensive endeavors people undertake - parties - social events * are the beginning of long-term, intimate relationships - most popular times when people sing and dance on the tunes of the popular songs - second largest industry in Nevada, and gambling, of course, is the first - times of celebration when they play games, race horses, wrestle, sing and dance * generally take place between people of fairly young age. * have reception. * take places. * usually take place between two young people who are in their teens. + Mosque * For many Muslim people, a mosque is more than a place of worship. Muslims worship, study and discuss Islam, and do many other things in a mosque and its compounds. In the United Kingdom, many mosques are used as community centres. They are also used to teach about Islam. Religious festivals and gatherings are held in mosques. Weddings are one example. Mosques have rules to control what people do inside. One of these rules is that it is considered rude to disturb another person who is worshipping. Certain organism * have features. * produce acid. ### certifications: Organic certification * are certifications. * is the longest-standing type of certification in the marketplace today.<\|endoftext\|>### cessation: Smoking cessation * can completely resolve the cough associated with chronic bronchitis - dramatically decrease the risk of heart attack - increase the risk of depression - promote positive role-modeling for smoking prevention * critical step in staying healthy. * has a major impact on health. * improves the respiratory mucociliary function. * is associated with an increase in exhaled nitric oxide - beneficial, even after cardiovascular disease has developed - essential for preventing the progression of occlusive disease - important, as nicotine is also a stimulant - paramount since nicotine multiplies the risks of having high blood pressure - the best method for preventing stain as well as for preserving overall health * major goal to improve the nation's overall health. * popular treatment with acupuncture. ### chairs: Ergonomic chair * are chairs - used for comfort * encourages body movement for creature comfort. * promote comfort, but they also increase productivity.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Chalkboard * allow visiting children to write messages of their own. * are images. * are located in classrooms - schools - slate - the primary piece of equipment used for instruction * can be black or dark green, also called blackboards and greenboards. * is an artifact + Blackboard: Learning :: Writing media * Chalkboards are written on with chalk, which is actually not the stone chalk at all. It is actually made by factories. Schoolteachers often use the chalkboard to display things at large. Chalkboards can be black or dark green, also called blackboards and greenboards. Chalkboards use chalk, the only to write on these is using chalk. Challenge * are what allow a person to grow. * come when a child gets frustrated or scared. * is demand - located in work - objections - questioning - speech acts ### challenge: Confrontation * are challenge - comparison - disagreements - discord - resistance * is challenge ### challengings: Modern living * are challengings. * makes it more difficult for families to get together and to be together. * seems to produce more dust and therefore more dust mites. ### chameleons: Veiled chameleon * are chameleons - native to deserts of Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia - omnivores, eating insects, leaves, and flowers - one of the largest chameleons available in the pet trade - shy in nature - typically hardy chameleons - very hardy chameleons that can withstand a large range of temperatures * do best in screen-sided enclosures because of the increased airflow.<\|endoftext\|>### changing field: Physical chemistry * attempts to explain chemical processes via known laws of physics. * changing field. * has a large overlap with theoretical chemistry and molecular physics. * involves the use of calculus in deriving equations. * is chemistry - concerned with the measuring and understanding of physical properties - mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science - power, it is exactness, it is life * is the applications of the methods of physical to chemical problems - study of the physical fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. * is not the same as chemical physics. Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science. These include chemical equilibrium and colloids<\|endoftext\|>### changing field: Sports medicine * dynamic field, with treatments that are constantly refined. * growing field. * has many subspecialties, some of which are less scientifically focused. * is another area served by compounding pharmacists, today - medicine - the study of the health implications of human physical activity - too generic to continue to benefit exercise physiology * multi-faceted profession. * specializes in the care of exercise-related injuries and conditions. * studies the implications of physical activity on the health of an individual. * very broad term.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Channel * All channels are integral membrane proteins. * Most channels contain water. * Some channels accumulate silt that needs to be removed - carry blood - contain blood - end at low latitudes - facilitate pinocytosis - fill with water - form helixes - pass through penises * Some channels provide nutrients - potassium conductance * allow ions to move down their concentration gradient primarily by diffusion - surface water * are bodies of water - communication - linear and direct the flow of things in a certain direction - lines of political, social, economic, or national cleavage among groups * are located in rivers - television - towns - tv - waterways - open canals that convey floodwater through the valley - passage - sites - television stations - transmissions * are used for boating - swims - views - watching * improve drainage - soil drainage * includes readsides - sections * induced by rill erosion vary both in their depth and length. * left by dead roots bring water and oxygen down to the microorganisms living in the soil. * offer product selections * provide drainage. * require a chemical ligand for activation - skills * simply allow ions to pass through the membrane in either direction.<\|endoftext\|>### channel: Ion channel * All ion channels open faster as temperature increases. * Many ion channels are sensitive to other stimuli, such as voltage. * Most ion channels exist either in an open or closed state. * act as gates allowing particular ions to enter or leave the cell or organelle - pathways for ions across cell membranes * allow selected ions to cross lipid bilayer membranes. * are a major class of cellular effectors governing membrane excitability - very important topic in molecular biology - fundamentally important in the regulation of cellular physiology - intrinsic membrane proteins that mediate fast communication in nerve and muscle - large molecules with multiple functional domains - membrane proteins that allow cells to generate electrical signals - membrane-spanning proteinaceous pores - of different types - pores in the membranes of nerve cells through which sodium flows * are present in both excitable and non-excitable cells - plasma membranes and intracellular membranes * are proteins in cell membranes that open to allow ions to flow into or out of the cell - on the cell surface that open to allow ions to pass through - that are integral parts of the membranes of all cells * are small pores in the membranes of cells that open and close when stimulated - which pierce the sarcolemma * are the molecular building blocks of cell membranes that conduct electrical signals - units of electrical signaling in cells - tiny molecular pores in cells - transmembrane proteins that form pores through which ions can pass - transport proteins - usually closed and open only in response to specific stimuli - vital to most cellular physiological functions in virtually all living organisms * contain extended columns of water molecules within their transbilayer pores. * mediate electrical excitability in neurons and muscle. * permit specific charged molecules, or ions, to enter a cell - water soluble molecules and ions to cross the plasma membrane * provide passageways through which ions can move. * represent a relatively easy target for pharmaceutical compounds. * underlie the physiology of excitable membranes.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### channel: Potassium channel * Some potassium channels provide conductance - potassium conductance * act as brakes, slowing the conduction. * agonists cause penile erection in cats. * are a diverse and widespread family of channels - group of ion channels * help set the resting membrane potential of the cell. * maintain the resting potential. * modulate cerebral autoregulation during acute hypertension. * pass potassium ions and in the heart act to end each beat. * play a very important role in regulating neuronal excitability. * regulate tone in rat pulmonary veins. Character string * String values are finite sequences of characters. * is an finite, ordered, and possibly empty set of characters. ### character trait: Liberality * character trait. * is generosity - the cannon of construction - tolerance<\|endoftext\|>### characteristic kin groups: Altruism * based on kin selection is the enemy of civilization. * breeds sympathy for criminals. * carries with it an acceptance of and respect for all people. * characteristic kin groups. * develops after childhood. * dominates the collectivist mind. * healing act. * implies an indiference to one's own interests, and perhaps self-sacrifice as well. * involves acting to help another. * is an adult concept - exalted human feeling, and what generates it is love - example of behaviour that expresses inclusive fitness - illusion - integral part of self-development - invalid code of morality because it is destructive toward human life - unselfish devotion to the welfare of others - anathema to the feline nature, however - behavior that is intended to help another without expectation of reward - both selfless and a fractalian activity - built on a system of contradictions - cooperative behavior - essential to the Sikh religion - inbom, and the rudiments of empathy are apparent even in a newborn - incompatible with freedom, with capitalism and with individual rights - inescapably a meddling in the lives of other people - intellectually nonrespectable because it is contrary to purpose - just some sanctimonious way of praising oneself for charitable acts - often a mystery, with one animal sacrificing itself for others - only one of several mechanisms that can evolve to increase the fitness of groups - part of our nature - our animal nature - regard for and dedication to the welfare of others * is seen as just another form of enlightened self interest - by most people as very desirable - simply the concern for other human beings * is the end for one's egoism - giving of oneself for the betterment or well-being of another - mark of a superior being - supreme characteristic of a true Theosophist * is the unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others - regard for or devotion to the welfare of others * leads to grouchiness and resentment. * means personally paying for the privilege of enriching a total stranger - sacrificing oneself for others * poses a major problem for a theory of evolution based on natural selection. * possible response to great threatening challenges. * reward for dedicated personnel who are committed to their organization's success. * sees each individual as the means to the ends of others. * superior value to egoism, when they conflict. * tool of demagogues seeking power, based on bribery and corruption.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Charge * Calculates atom-centred charges using a variety of algorithms. * Most charge absorbs energy - photon energy - creates electricity - depends on voltage * Most charge generates fields - magnetic fields * Most charge has energy - imaginary values - potential energy * Most charge loses energy * Most charge passes through electrolytes - solid electrolytes * Most charge possesses energy * Most charge produces fields - forces * Most charge produces magnetic fields * Most charge provides electrical energy - uses energy * Some charge attracts dust - contains oxygen * Some charge has components - electric fields - is generated by crystal * accumulate on the atmospheric electrode and varistor poles. * always comes in an integral multiple of a basic unit - it is quantized. * appears in two forms, positive and negative, and like charges repel. * applies to customers. * are objects and animals on top of the field such as lions, wreaths and swords - the symbols placed on the field * balance out and none of the atoms has any charge. * basic property of all matter - quantity underpinning all electrical phenomena * can also flow freely through some materials - exist only on the surface of a conductor - flow through a metal with very little resistance * carry their own magnetic force, too. * change into light when a lamp is turned on. * comes in multiples of an indivisible unit of charge, represented by the letter e. * depend upon size and quantity of materials. * electroscope by conduction with negative charge. * exists as integral multiples of the electronic charge. * flow faster in thin wire - through a capacitor * flows easily through a conductor, only with difficulty though an insulator - conductors so it is difficult to keep the charges separate * flows through a dielectric, such as glass - circuits - devices - external circuits * fundamental property of an electron. * has effects * have a much greater affect in a polar solvent than in a non-polar solvent. * is also discrete. * is an amount of electrons - attack * is conserved in all reactions - chemical reactions - cost - dependants - explosives - liabilities - material, it is like atoms but it is one step lower than atoms * is measured in coulombs and voltage is measured in volts - part of indictments - pleading - quantized all charge multiple of the elementary electron charge - requests - stored electrostatically in the electrochemical double-layer formed on the carbon surface * is the product of current and time for direct current - transferred to a metallic sphere on the other side * lag where electrostatic forces continue propagating. * measure of the number of spatial dimensions missing. * moves from sides. * moving in the magnetic field cause a force opposing motion. * passes through batteries * placed on an isolated conductor always reside on the surface. * plays the role of mass. * produce electric fields. * reach their equilibrium positions rapidly because the electric force is extremely strong. * reside on water drops, ice particles, or both. + Northern Virginia military shootings, Suspect: Virginia :: The Pentagon * He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible. ### charge: Accusation * are assertions - capable of shade results - films * is charge	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### charge \| accusation: Blame * can cover up feelings of shame and powerlessness. * characteristic that differs significantly for natural and human-caused disasters. * defense designed to hide our own issues or responsibility for an ending. * form of energetic cancer. * human concept. * is also the basic reason for the current escalation in violence - an accusation - placed on the relationship between men and their fathers or women and their mothers * is the core of most emotional disturbances - symptom of an unsafe relationship * refer to how responsible people are for being exposed to a risk. * value judgment against our choices, implying sin and guilt which implies punishment.<\|endoftext\|>### charge \| accusation: Imputation * are accusations - attribution * is an accusation - important part of salvation * is the allocation of a response based on the responses of others with similar attributes - charging to the account of one person something which properly belongs to another - means of our salvation - used to designate any action or word or thing as reckoned to a person * means filling missing values in a data set. * reckoning or a putting to the account of. * statistical procedure used to fill in values for missing items. Color charge * are net and in addition to space charges. * is conserved in every such process. Electrical charge * Most electrical charge generates fields - magnetic fields * Most electrical charge passes through electrolytes - solid electrolytes * affect compasses. * are called monopoles, since they can exist without the opposite charge. * interact via a field. * is additives - stored on the floating gate of each cell * physical property of matter. * provides the primary basis for chemical reactions. * tends to accumulate on some places and objects more easily than on others. Electrostatic charge * can lead to electric shocks and sparks. * cause the toners to adhere to the belt. * is charge. * rises to a maximum, and is discharged much more quickly. Fee * are a means of increasing university funding - in the currency of the country the dog is in * charged for abortions constitute a large portion of many doctors' incomes. * is charge ### charge \| fee: Animal feed * Most animal feed is from plants, but some is of animal origin. * is made up of energy and protein. Attorney fee * are a major issue in divorce court. * increase in the event of tax issues or issues of the valuation of assets. Gluten feed * consists of fibres, spent germ and steep liquor. * is the entire residue of the kernel, including the germs and hulls. Live feed * is essential to the early stages of developing larvae. * provide more protein than pelleted feed and all the amino acids essential to fish. Medicated feed * contains drugs that help treat or prevent coccidiosis. * is recomended because it reduces the risk of the babies getting sick. Seigniorage * are fees. * is the profit a government makes from printing money - resulting from the creation of money - revenue gained by issuing currency Toll * are a user fee paid by users of a transportation asset - essentially the rates associated with transporting the gas on the pipeline - payable on some roads and all motorways - the most precise user fee mechanism to fund highways * is also the compensation paid to a miller for grinding another person's grain.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### charge \| fee: Tuition * is dollars - monetary values - the price parents are asked to pay + Romania, Education: European Union member states * The Romanian school is obligatory for 10 years. After school, students can voluntarily take the entrance exam to high school, which has a range of practical and theoretical lines. There are over 40 higher educational institutions, including five universities and five technical colleges. Tuition is free and is a hot political commitment even at the university. The country's minorities have the opportunity to receive instruction in their native language. Since 1989, education has been reformed. But it has been slow and the standard of education varies greatly in different parts of the country, education has improved the standard of urban compared to rural areas where quality can be very low. Wet feed * is high in protein and good for animals. * major component - in any mammal.<\|endoftext\|>### charge: Negative charge * Most negative charge creates electricity. * appears on the surface of the bottom wire. * are sinks of electric field. * attract positive charges, so electrons attract protons. * create negative energy , the calming healing energy. * disposition to repel negative charge and attractive positive charge. * is charge - developed on the side of liquid water and positive charge on the side of ice - shown in blue, positive charge in red * means a gain of electrons - electrons have joined Opposite charge * attract and bond to each other - which causes the electrons to be attracted to the protons * attract, and they behave as if they are connected by invisible rubber bands - just as with magnets * deflect in opposite directions. * form attractive forces. Overcharge * are charge. * often are the result of incorrect or inaccurate hospital billing. Positive charge * Most positive charge passes through electrolytes - solid electrolytes * Some positive charge contains oxygen. * are associated with protons and negative charges are associated with electrons. - stationary, and has charge density , so the net charge is zero * net excess of electon holes. * occur in the base of the drum to balance the negative charges on the surface. * stay on the inside surface of the belt and travel upwards as the belt moves. Static charge * act in ways similar to magnets. * can be positive or negative. * flow from the liquid surface to the earth, where the charge is dissipated. * is generated only in extremely dry environments - when lightning strikes Surcharge * are anti-competitive and threaten the viability of small banks and credit unions - the fees banks charge noncustomers for use of their ATMs * create an inverted form of price competition. * enable big banks to place their smaller rivals at a competitive disadvantage. ### charge \| surcharge: Single supplement * are surcharge. * is surcharge ### charged service: Information retrieval * charged service. * is dependent on selection of search words and strategies. * is one of the interesting issues in computer engineering and computer science - most important topics in computer science - the main thrust of library work in today's world - then the skill of the age - web-based ### chart: Astrological chart * Most astrological charts are a geocentric chart, which is an earth-centered chart. * predict a person's predisposition toward acting in a certain manner. * serve as a reminder of when myth and magic governed our lives. Bar chart * are charts - the most popular type of security chart * represent values or amounts by bars of scaled lengths.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chart: Bar graph * are graphs in which data is compared in the form of rectangular bars - one way to compare variability of traits * are used to compare facts - things between different groups or to track changes over time - display comparisons between nominal data - summarize data which has been or can be categorized * compare two or more counted or measured things. * make it easy to compare data by looking at the length or height of the bars or objects. * show the likelihood of extremes of temperature and precipitation - value of a series of statistics graphically as the heights of bars Climate chart * provide an overview of the climate in a particular place * Used to create climate charts, with average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures. Climate charts provide an overview of the climate in a particular place ### chart \| color chart: Color wheel * can help gardeners visualize various color harmonies. * color chart * help artists remember how to mix and think about pigments. * show how visible colors are related. Control chart * are a way of detecting and monitoring the variation in a process - graphic representations of information collected from processes over time * deal with averages, plotting points, and interpreting graphs. Gantt chart * consist of horizontal bars representing tasks plotted on a graph that depicts time. * provide graphical representation of project tasks, progress and deadlines. Growth chart * can also make it easy for parents to follow their children's growth. * help pediatricians figure out if children are growing and gaining weight well.<\|endoftext\|>### chart: Histogram * are a useful way to summarize frequency data - bar charts - most convenient for large data sets in regularly spaced bins - one of the most commonly used and misused graphical display type - sensitive to changes in bin width and midpoints for small amounts of data - useful when comparing the same variable for two groups of observations - visual representations of how well a group of students did on a test or quiz * bar graph * can be difficult to judge, as their interpretations are sensitive to bin size. * convey information about percentages by area. * display numeric data in bars. * have a slightly different data format than other graphs - nothing to do with pictures of female reproductive sterilization * indicate the number of cases as a function of parameter value. * present large amounts of information in a very compact form. * provide both linear and square-root y axis scaling. * show continuity of data i.e. continuous interval - distributions of some statistics, and can be plotted either with bars or lines - how many data points fall in a particular range of values - sharp peaks at elevations that are multiples of the source s contour interval Marine chart * give detailed information about depths, tides, navigation hazards and anchorages. * work best with ccordinates in degrees of latitude and longitude. Organizational chart * explain the structures of that governance. * give people some idea of who makes which decisions. * imply that companies function vertically. * provide a visual presentation of lines of authority. * rule the workplace. Pedigree chart * are a graphical way to represent the ancestry of an individual - useful for showing each direct line grandparent * depict the ancestry of a particular person or animal.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chart: Pie chart * Limit the pie to a maximum of seven slices, using colors more than once. * are better than bar graphs for comparing relative sizes - especially useful in representing proportions, percents, and fractions - most popular for information that represents parts of a whole - often useful to quickly convey relative proportions - rare in scientific writing * divide information like pie pieces and show parts of a whole. * illustrate ethnic distribution within each gender. * show different values as part of a whole. * show relationships between parts of a whole or percentages as pieces of a pie - the relationship of parts to a whole + Pie chart, Warning against usage * Pie charts are rare in scientific writing. They are more common in business and economics. One reason for this may be that it is more to compare the size of items in a chart when area is used instead of length. Stevens' power law says that it is harder to see small differences using visual area than when using length. This means that length is a better scale to use, because differences can be found out easier.<\|endoftext\|>### chart: Plot * are charts - located in stories - plans - schemes - tracts * consist of trees. * continue for third years * device used by writers to impose order on what is essentially chaos. * follow growth. * function which plots the given equation over a specified range. * have emergence - production - regeneration * help conclusions. * includes goals. * involve crops. * is the armature upon which character decisions are created. * literary term. * show clear trends - evolution - reversals - wind reversals + Fiction, Parts of fiction, Plot: * Plot is a literary term. It is the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another. The events may form a pattern. That pattern may be a sequence, through cause and effect, or how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence.<\|endoftext\|>### chart \| plot: Conspiracy * Conspiracies are agreement - organisation - sets - the residual effluent of a secretive national security state * crime in the first degree. * criminal act which carries criminal penalties in many societies. * is agreeing to commit an illegal act - an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime - the easiest and commonest performance of men * theme that connects the late eighteenth century with our own era. * usually secret effort to accomplish evil or illegal goals. Food plot * can attract deer for watching, hunting, or photography - enhance deer habitat by offering both food and cover * play a major role in managing deer herds and other game. Recurrence plot * are very useful for identifying recurrences in time series data. * is essentially a graphical representation of a correlation integral. Scatter plot * are graphic representations of the relationship between two interval variables - similar to line graphs in that they start with mapping quantitative data points - useful for illustrating important correlations between variables * display data points in one or two dimensions. Profile * are biographies - outlines - sketches or wire frame curves that drive solid and surface features * block of options specified in a configuration file with a particular name. * describe a monitor's or printer's color space with numbers. * is where information about identity is stored. * refer to different patterns of soil horizons. * refers to a person's physical shape or outline - the specific design and exposure size of a panel ### chart \| profile: Low profile * are visibility. * describes a person who avoids publicity. Soil profile * Every soil profile is made up of layers called soil horizons. * are profiles. Radar chart * are useful for plotting changes in values relative to a central reference point. * have multiple axes along which data can be plotted.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### cheap anti-malarial medication: Quinacrine * cheap anti-malarial medication. * is an antimalarial drug - old drug, originally used to treat malaria in the Second World War - primarily in the treatment of giardiasis, covered below ### checks: Criminal investigation * are checks - law enforcement * involve a variety of scientific fields and complex instrumentation. Chelate * Some chelates are also mixed with water and poured over the soil and taken up through the roots. * also appear in concentrated powder forms, as well. * are generally the most soluble and plant- available form. * help keep iron from binding to soil particles for a period of time. * prevent phosphate precipitation of iron. Chemical bonding * are chemical reaction. * is less conspicuous, but more pervasive.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Chemical compound * Many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other things attached - can be dangerous but are safe if they are used the right way - exist in two forms, which are mirror images * Most chemical compounds are formed by reaction. * Most chemical compounds compose of atoms - oxygen atoms * Most chemical compounds consist of atoms * Most chemical compounds have effects - negative effects - inhibit oxidation - play roles * Most chemical compounds remain in atmospheres - upper atmospheres - show characteristics - support metabolism - use in treatments * Some chemical compounds accumulate in animals - tissue - affect humans - are made of nitrogen * Some chemical compounds are produced by fungi - glands - very strong * Some chemical compounds cause fevers - problems * Some chemical compounds consist of magnesium - silicon - contain oxygen * Some chemical compounds contribute to acid rain - flavour * Some chemical compounds destroy layers - ozone layers - deter animals * Some chemical compounds find in cycads - leaves - plants - wood - have impact - inhibit growth * Some chemical compounds interfere with chemical reaction * Some chemical compounds produce flavor - spicy flavor * Some chemical compounds release energy - heat energy * Some chemical compounds stimulate cell growth * are changed by a chemical reaction - chemical substances - made up of more than one kind of atom * can break down into simpler substances. * compose all of the living and non-living aspects of our environment. * containing fluorine ions are called fluorides - the phosphite ion are called phosphites * dissolve differently in each liquid. * have both a common name and a scientific name * show a bewildering array of characteristics + Aromatic hydrocarbon, Types of aromatic compounds, Substituted aromatics: Organic compounds * Sometimes people use the word 'chemical' just to talk about compounds that are dangerous. Many chemical compounds can be dangerous but are safe if they are used the right way. We all use chemicals every day and these chemicals have to be tested to make sure they are safe. Most dangerous chemicals are only used by scientists who have had special training in how to handle and use them. These chemicals might be poisonous, corrosive, explosive, they may catch fire easily, or they may react with other substances. + Chemistry, Concepts of chemistry, Basic concepts * In a compound, two or more atoms are joined together to form a molecule. The tiniest speck of dust or drop of liquid, that one can see is made up of many millions or billions of these molecules. Mixtures are substances where chemicals are mixed but not reacted. An example would be mixing sand and salt. This can be undone again to produce salt and sand separately. Chemical compounds are changed by a chemical reaction. An example would be heating sodium bicarbonate, common baking soda. It will make water, carbon dioxide, and sodium carbonate. This reaction cannot be undone. + Fluorine, Properties, Chemical compounds: Nonmetals :: Halogens + Phosphite: Phosphorus compounds * Phosphite' is an ion. Chemical compounds containing the phosphite ion are called phosphites. Phosphites are the salts of phosphorous acid. They are poisonous. They are reducing agents. An example would be sodium phosphite. ### chemical compounds: Abscisic acid * helps leaves respond to drought. * is chemical compounds - plant hormones * promotes stomatal closure and bud and seed dormancy. * stimulates potassium to flow from adjacents cells into both guard cells.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical compounds \| acid \| phenol \| tannic acid: Catechin * aid in weight loss. * also appear to kill strains of escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. * are another type of bioflavonoid known as flavanols - antioxidant - major forms of tannin in tea leaves - phenols - potent antioxidants that can also be found in tea - powerful antioxidants in the prevention of cancer and heart disease - simple flavonoids that are abundant in green tea - tannins * are the main components of tea - polyphenols, bioflavinoids that act as super antioxidants * can function as antioxidants. * defeat cancer in at least one of three ways. * have antimutagen properties - several properties * is tannic acid * lower cholesterol and generally improve lipid metabolism. ### chemical compounds \| acid \| phenol \| tannin: Condensed tannin * are flavonoid-based and found in most woody plants. * deter feeding by browsing ruminants in a South African savanna. * scavenge active free radicals - oxygen free radicals Soft tannin * coat the mouth. * suggest ageworthiness.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds: Amyl nitrite * are chemical compounds. * can catch fire very easily and cause serious burns - cause serious harmful effects if too much is inhaled * clear, yellowish liquid having a peculiar ethereal, fruity odour - that is sold in a cloth-covered, sealed bulb * comes in ampoules that resemble some types of smelling salts. * dilates blood vessels, easing the heart's work. * is extremely flammable - used in the treatment of asthma and epileptic convulsions as an antispasmodic - useful only in a closed positive pressure respiratory system * specific antidote.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds \| carbohydrate \| monosaccharide \| glucose: Blood glucose * Some blood glucose leads to diseases. * can also become elevated after exercise as a result of insulin deficiency. * is clearly an important marker for morbidity and mortality - measured from a blood sample - most likely to be high first thing in the morning - nearly always normal or only slightly elevated - only one analyte that can be monitored noninvasively - replenished from liver glycogen stores - taken up by muscle - the substance that feeds our cells - used by muscles to replace the glycogen * regulates growth hormone. * stays in the blood instead of going into the cells.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds \| carbohydrate \| monosaccharide \| glucose: Excess glucose * is converted into glycogen, which is reserve food. * is converted to fat by the liver and adipose cells - glycogen for storage by the liver and skeletal muscles after meals - triglyceride for energy storage * is stored as body fat - fat the body - starch or sucrose - by the liver as glycogen which can be released as it is needed - in the liver and muscles in a form called glycogen * passes through the kidneys, causing frequent urination and increased thirst. * produced during photosynthesis is stored as starch. * stimulates the fat enzyme, lipoprotein lipase. Glucose oxidase * catalyzes the oxidation of glucose by oxygen according to the following equation. * has application in oxidation reactions.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical compounds \| carbohydrate \| polysaccharide \| cellulose: Pectin * also form gels under certain conditions. * are chemicals related to carbohydrates and are found in fruits and vegetables. * are components of intercellular spaces in higher plants - the middle lamella and the matrix phase of the primary cell wall - predominant in the middle lamella, the layer between neighbouring cells - present in all plant cells and in the outer skin and rind of fruits and vegetables - unique and complicated types of fiber - what are commonly used to produce jellies * can ferment in the rumen as rapidly as starch, but they form acetate rather than propionate. * is cellulose. * operate by binding with bile acids, thereby decreasing cholesterol and fat absorption. * readily hold water in an interconnecting network. Wood fiber * contain complex hydrocarbon molecules. * is cellulose - digested by symbiotic flagellates in the gut - mostly cellulose, that is, very long sugar molecules - used more efficiently in osb - wood fiber * turn into non-toxic dirt and enrich the soil as they decompose.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds \| carbohydrate \| polysaccharide \| starch: Corn starch * Gives many Chinese dishes and sauces their familiar textures. * can help keep the area cool and dry. * has twice the thickening power of flour. * is available at most markets and is used extensively in cooking - good for rashes - the white powder that is used as a thickening agent in many Asian sauces * is used in a variety of food processing and industrial applications - aspirin, antibiotics, chewing gum, cosmetics and many bakery products * reduces friction and can be used at diaper changes to prevent diaper rash. Resistant starch * Some resistant starches promote fat oxidation * is also important in bowel health - starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of healthy individuals<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds: Carbonate * More carbonate is thus in solution as bicarbonate. * Most carbonates are secondary in origin, and react with HCl. * accumulate in the soils. * also give off carbon dioxide when treated with dilute acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid. * are absent even below the solum - in the solum - commone to many soils, but are easily weathered - generally in the form of concretions or soft accumulations * are in some pedons - the lower part of some pedons * are present in most pedons - solvents which can be used in many different ways * are the most important chemical sediments - second most common group of rock-forming minerals is the carbonates * can neutralize stomach acid resulting in a failure to absorb tininerals. * is chemical compounds - of major importance in apatite because it very significantly increases solubility - salt * resist increases in mash acidity by neutralizing acids as they are formed. * serve as a buffer for pH in water. * tend to be brittle, many have rhombohedral cleavage, and all react with acid. * usually decrease with depth and are absent in some pedons.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical compounds \| carbonate: Barium carbonate * can dissolve in stomach acid, so it is toxic. * gives permanent magnetic properties to the ferrites used in small electric motors. - crystal - electrolytes - ionic compounds - organic compounds * is used as rat bait - in glass, as a pottery glaze, and as a rat poison - to poison rats * occurs as 'witherite' - the mineral witherite * rat poison and can also be used in making bricks. * white solid. + Barium carbonate, Occurrence * Barium carbonate occurs as 'witherite'. Witherite is the main source of barium salts. It is more easily turned into other barium compounds than barium sulfate, barite. It is heavily mined in Northumberland. It turns into barium sulfate when water containing sulfates flows through it - Properties: Barium compounds :: Carbonates * Barium carbonate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make barium salts. It turns into barium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated. It reacts with sulfuric acid to make barium sulfate though - Safety * Barium carbonate can dissolve in stomach acid, so it is toxic. There is a controversy over whether it should be used as a glaze - Uses * Barium carbonate is used to poison rats. It is also used in making bricks. It is also used to glaze ceramics. This glaze can make different colors Copper carbonate * is considered to have intermediate availability - used in pottery glazes, and is available from large ceramics suppliers * natural form of copper. Lanthanum carbonate * hygroscopic powder soluble in water and acids. * is used as a phosphate binder cases of renal failure - to reduce blood levels of phosphate in patients with kidney disease Magnesium carbonate * is an additive for lubricants - antacids - electrolytes - inorganic compounds - ionic compounds - medicine - the buffer in Wei T'o - used as a filler in paper and as an antacid * offers better protection against aging than calcium carbonate. Zinc carbonate * makes zinc oxide when heated. * source of the mineral zinc. + Zinc oxide, Preparation: Zinc compounds :: Oxides * Zinc oxide can be made by heating powdered zinc metal. It can also be made by heating zinc hydroxide. It can be made by boiling zinc metal in air. Zinc carbonate makes zinc oxide when heated. Ethidium bromide * are chemical compounds. * can inhibit restriction enzyme digestion. * is mutagenic at higher concentrations - strongly mutagenic, causing living cell mutations * is used to detect the nucleic acids - stain the gels after running - very carcinogenic Guar gum * can cause diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, and intestinal blockages. * is chemical compounds - gum - more soluble than locust bean gum , as it has more galactose branch points * shows close groups of round to pear formed cells, their contents being yellow to brown - viscosity synergy with xanthan gum ### chemical compounds \| lipid \| oil \| grease: Dielectric grease * does the same for electrical contacts. * is non-conductive. * lubricant composed of petroleum grease with an added thickener. Hot grease * can spatter and ignite any paper, cloth, or wood materials nearby - cloth, or wood nearby * cools quickly in a sanitary sewer. * is capable of burns. Thermal grease * improves the heat conductivity between the processor and the heat sink. * is applied between the contact surfaces. ### chemical compounds \| organic ester \| lactate: Ammonium lactate * combination of lactic acid and ammonium hydroxide. * is used to treat dry skin. ### chemical compounds \| organic neurochemical \| endorphin: Enkephalin * are also pain killers - as effective as morphine in killing pain - endorphins - proteins - small proteins - the body's own morphine. * small proteins. They consist of five amino acids in each of their molecules * is an endorphin	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical compounds: Perchlorate * All perchlorates are potentially hazardous when in contact with reducing agents. * are also a laboratory waste by-product of perchloric acid - irritants to the body wherever they contact it - strong oxidants, one of the primary oxidants used in solid rocket fuel * continues to be manufactured and used nationwide. * interferes with the thyroid gland's uptake of iodine to produce thyroid hormones. * is chemical compounds * targets the thyroid and is highly toxic.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds \| perchlorate: Ammonium perchlorate * is an oxidizer in solid rocket propellant. * is used for fireworks, ammunition, and component of rocket fuel - missile fuel - in the manufacture of rocket fuel - more, though - very soluble and is mobile in groundwater and surface water * strong oxidizer and potentially explosive. + Potassium perchlorate, Uses: Potassium compounds :: Chlorine compounds * It is used as a rocket propellant. It can also be used in fireworks and other explosives. Ammonium perchlorate is used more, though. Phenol red * can inhibit phase II glucuronidation reactions. - yellow when acidic and red when alkaline * turns an organic acid pink upon contact. ### chemical compounds \| protein \| antibody \| monoclonal: Human tumor * Most human tumors are monoclonal. * antigens are ready to fly.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds \| protein \| cytokine \| lymphokine: Interleukin * are another type of hormone generated by white blood cells - chemicals that make the B cells become an antibody factory - highly redundant and pleitrophic, controlling a wide range of functions - hormone-like substances produced by the body * can make chains with any number of antibody molecules linked together. * cause a marked decease in synthesis of plasma proteins other than albumin. * have antitumor activity and can selectively lyse tumor cells. * is cytokines * stimulates the body to produce more white blood cells - growth of white cells, the body's main defence mechanism<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds \| protein \| plasma protein \| clotting factor: Calcium ion * activate the next protein in a signal-transduction pathway. * add hardness to the bone matrix. * are calcium. * are important components in cell walls - to cells , but too many calcium ions can be bad * are required for each cycle of myosin-actin interaction - the sarcomere - second messengers - similar in size to yttrium ions but have a smaller positive charge - very reactive - vital in the activation of contraction in muscle * can move about more readily at the grain boundaries than within the grains. * clotting factor * follow and extend the depolarization even further. * have diverse functions in the regulation of cell function. * improve beer fining performance. * inhibit the enzyme under all conditions. * interact with residues contained within the loop region. * is calcium * play a dual role in muscle contraction. * pour in, again playing a signaling role in mobilizing the organism's defenses. * promote rapid mechanically evoked movements of hair bundles. * protect the enzyme a-amylase from inhibition by heat. * trigger active sliding of the filaments, which produces muscle shortening. + Calcium, Occurrence, Calcium in cells: Alkaline earth metals * Calcium ions are important to cells, but too many calcium ions can be bad. If a cell gets more calcium ion than it needs it can die. This is why the amount of calcium ion in cells is highly regulated. Conversely, not enough calcium ion is bad. Cells must have the right amount to function properly. Fibrinogen * are proteins. * binds blood platelets together, thus initiating abnormal arterial blood clot formation - abnormal arterial blood clots * influx into the arterial wall as a mediator of intimal proliferation.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical compounds \| salt \| halide \| fluoride: Excess fluoride * can cause staining and mottling of the teeth. * causes degeneration of the teeth. Hydrogen fluoride * Most hydrogen fluoride released into the air by natural sources comes from volcanoes. * is fluoride Several fluoride * are found in the earth, though. + Fluorine, Occurrence: Nonmetals :: Halogens * Several fluorides are found in the earth, though. When calcium phosphate is reacted with sulfuric acid to make phosphoric acid, some hydrofluoric acid is produced. Also, fluorite can be reacted with sulfuric acid to make hydrofluoric acid. Is a luiquid of fluoride U. Fluorine naturally occurs on the earths' crust in rocks, coal and clay.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds \| salt \| halide \| fluoride: Sodium fluoride * compound that has many industrial uses. * is added to most public drinking water - prevent tooth decay - public water supplies in carefully regulated, nontoxic amounts - an active ingredient in anti-caries mouth washes - another nonhormonal approach to the prevention of and therapy for osteoporosis - employed as an insecticide - inorganic compounds - ionic compounds - rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract - salt - solids * is the active ingredient in many brands of toothpaste - only one that has been studied extensively - toxic substances - white * powerful roach killer and rat poison. * toxic derivative created by aluminum smelting. * vitamin inhibitor. Stannous fluoride * can also irritate the gums. * is added to toothpastes and water supplies to prevent tooth decay - also active against bacteria<\|endoftext\|>### chemical compounds: Sodium azide * are chemical compounds * broad-spectrum enzyme inhibitor and acts as an antimicrobial agent. * component of the propellant that inflates the airbag. * inhibits the activities of iron-porphyrin compounds such as catalase and cytochromes. * is harmful if swallowed - known to produce hypotension in laboratory animals and humans - poisonous - self-reactive - the explosive ingredient that makes vehicle airbags inflate instantly on impact - very toxic * reacts with copper, lead, and acids to create dangerous products. + Sodium azide, Safety: Sodium compounds :: Nitrogen compounds * Sodium azide is very toxic. It reacts with acids to make the explosive hydrazoic acid, which also is a very toxic gas. It is similar to cyanide poisoning. It attacks the respiratory system and the circulatory system. Synthetic dye * Most synthetic dye contains chemicals - nasty chemicals * Some synthetic dye replaces dye - natural dye * can reproduce the colors from natural dyes as well as hundreds more.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Chemical control * can backfire when insects develop resistance and become more difficult to control - be difficult because of the long emergence and egg laying periods * consists of economically viable products that kill nematodes in soil - ground and aerial herbicide applications * continues to be a mainstay in preventing crop damage. * deworming programs work best if treatments coincide with the parasite life cycle. * includes regular applications of tomato fungicides. * involves application of registered fungicides at the first sign of infection - the judicious use of pesticides * involves using a pesticide, such as an herbicide or insecticide - herbicides to reduce or eradicate weed infestations - one or more approved herbicides to control targeted species * is achieved with sulfur - another way to combat diseases and insects * is based on preventing the adults from laying eggs - onthe use of protective fungicides - directed toward adults soon after emergence, before oviposition - done by hormones secreted in specialized tissues known as endocrine glands - effective in reducing the weed infestations in some areas - often the best alternative for eliminating heavy infestations of grasshoppers * is the most commonly used method of weed control - use of herbicides * refer to the use of chemical pesticides. * utilizes various herbicides to control weeds.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical deficiency: Bipolar disorder * accounts for a large proportion of children s psychiatric hospitalizations. * are a universal phenomenon, however, and occur in all races and nationalities - different in children than in adults * can be difficult to understand - severe and long-term, or it can be mild with infrequent episodes * can have episodes of just mania or mania and depression together - significant consequences on an individual's life * causes extreme changes in mood, thinking, and behavior - severe changes of mood and behavior * chemical deficiency. * chronic medical condition that can be hard to treat - mental health disorder that is genetic in nature * combination of depression and manic or hypomanic episodes. * common but serious mental illness. * complex, chronic disease. * does occur in preadolescents, although it is uncommon. * has a strong genetic influence - heterogeneous outcome * involve periods of depression followed by periods of mania. * involves cycles of depression and elation or mania - episodes of mania and depression - unusual shifts in mood, energy, and functioning * is affective disorder - an emotional disturbance * is an illness that causes extreme mood swings - needs long-term management - where the person's state of mind alternates between extremes - associated with hypomania - caused by a dominant gene on the X chromosome - characterised by extreme states of mind, from depression through to mania * is characterized by alternating cycles of depression and mania * is characterized by bouts of depression and mania - mania followed by bouts of depressions - dramatic mood swings between mania and depression - episodes of mania alternating with episodes of depression - mood swings, from depression to mania * is characterized by periods of depression which give way to manic episodes - symptoms that fall into several major categories - clinical depressions - diagnosed in equal numbers of men and women - different in children than it is in adults - equally common in men and women in the United States - highly responsive to treatment with mood stabilizers, including lithium - marked by incidents of mania - more common in adolescents than in younger children * is often a chronic recurring condition - difficult to recognize and diagnose - one of the most well researched mental illnesses * is probably due to the interaction of many different genes - the best known mood disorder - rare before puberty - recognized by episodes of mania or depression separated by periods of wellness - the new name for what used to be called manic depression - thought to be genetic - treatable, but if ignored, the condition is likely to worsen by the day - treated with medicine to stop the mood swings - when people alternate between episodes of mania and depression * lifelong disease. * lifetime illness. * major lifelong condition. * medical disorder requiring a lifetime of medication * neurobiological brain disorder involving extremes in mood. * occurs more often among creative writers and artists. * recurring illness. * serious, but treatable disorder of the brain chemistry - potentially fatal illness * tends to be inherited. * tends to run in families, and is believed to be inherited in many cases - there is strong evidence that it is inherited - worsen with age * widely misunderstood condition. Chemical disinfection * generally lightweight method, easy to use, inexpensive and effective. * is an integral part of pool water treatment.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical elements: Barium * absorbs X-rays. * compounds that dissolve in water can be harmful to human health. * derives from cesium decay. * fills the lumen and outlines the serosa of the lesser and greater curvatures. * forms several other useful compounds. * hydroxide contains two hydroxide anions. * increases the refractive index, chemical resistance and hardness of the glass. * is chemical elements - contrast material that is given by enema prior to taking X-rays - metal - metallic elements * is part of a group of elements known as the alkaline earth metals - an abiotic deposition-dissolution cycle that is activated by organic materials * occurs in nature in many different forms called compounds - naturally in two primary forms, barium carbonate and barium sulfate * oxidizes in air, reacts vigoroulsy with water to form the hydroxide, liberating hydrogen. * precipitates quantitatively as the sulfate. * provides contrast for the x-rays. * reacts with almost all the non-metals, forming often poisouning compounds - water to make barium hydroxide and hydrogen gas * sulfate occurring in blue, green, brown, and red. * swallows simple exam, which allows usually the identification of vascular anomalies. + Barium, Properties, Chemical properties * Barium is reactive, and if you put pure barium metal in the air, it will react with oxygen. At first it will turn black, then white as barium oxide is formed. Barium reacts with water to make barium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Barium also reacts very fast with acids to make a barium salt and hydrogen. Barium can form barium peroxide if it is burned in air - Physical properties: Alkaline earth metals * Barium is part of a group of elements known as the alkaline earth metals. It is a silvery metal that easily turns black. It is soft and ductile. It can form alloys with some metals that are partially alloys and partially chemical compounds<\|endoftext\|>### chemical elements \| barium: Barium sulfate * has some of the same properties as bony material. * is by nature a heavy compound - crystal - electrolytes - inorganic compounds - ionic compounds - one of the most insoluble salts of sulfate - reduced to barium sulfide by carbon - reported to help make paint film harder and tougher - taken by mouth or given rectally by enema - to be used only by or under the direct supervision of a doctor - used as a filler for rubber products, in paint and in linoleum * is used in soil testing - taking X-ray photographs of the intestinal tract - to partially fill and open up the colon * is, in fact, the most common naturally occurring ore of barium. * precipitate and water is predominantly molecular. * radiopaque agent.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical elements: Gallium * Most gallium produced today is used in electronics. * arsenide digital integrated circuit design. * expands as it freezes like water. * forms a very reflective surface on glass making an excellent mirror. * interferes with the conversion itself and causes chemical problems when the MOx is used. * occurs in a trace amount in bauxite and zinc ores. * reacts with the chalcogens only at relatively high temperatures. * readilyalloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys. * results in an inordinate delay to diagnosis and a larger radiation exposure. * wets glass and porcelain, forming a brilliant mirror finish on glass - or porcelain, and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass ### chemical elements \| gallium: Solid gallium * blue-gray metal with orthorhombic crystalline structure. * is brittle and poorer electrical conductor than lead - soft enough to be cut with a knife Chemical flammability * A flammability is quality * Flammabilities are dispositions. * Flammability chemical property. * Flammability is determined by the flash point of a material - enhanced by the presence of oxidizers - the tendency of a chemical to burn	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Chemical pneumonitis * can be a life threatening condition. * occurs when aspirated material is directly toxic to the lungs.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical processes: Life process * All life process occur in one cell when it unicellular. * All life processes are a reflection of the genetic complement of the organism under study - manifestations of chemical change * Many life processes involve moving ions in and out of the cell. * are chemical processes - chemical, and chemical reactions take place more rapidly as temperature rises - the basic functions performed by living organisms to survive on earth * involve oxidation-reduction reactions. * operate most efficiently within a narrow temperature range.<\|endoftext\|>Chemical property * Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese - often hard to observe - only observable during a chemical reaction - properties that do change the nature of matter - the characteristics that describe the composition of matter - virtually identical for all isotopes of a given element - deal with how one chemical reacts with another * Chemical properties describe how a substance can change into other new substances - changes into a new substance - influence chemical reactions which supply nutrients to plants - involve reacting with another substance - show the potential of matter to go through some chemical changes or reaction Chemical prussian blue * Prussian blue chemical compound - is still the most important medicine + Prussian blue, Potential use in computer storage: Colors * Prussian blue is a chemical compound. One of the chemical elements in this compound is iron. ### chemical rockets: Hybrid rocket * are chemical rockets. * use a solid fuel and a liquid oxidizer. * utilize safe, non-toxic and storable fuels.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical substances: Hazardous chemical * Many hazardous chemicals are metabolized into reactive electrophilic forms by the human body - can destroy the bacterial action in the septic system and drainfield * Some hazardous chemicals cause pollution. * are chemical substances - chemicals which have physical hazards or health hazards * can hurt the delicate lung tissues, making it harder to breathe. * endanger the environment by contaminating our groundwater, lakes and oceans - health and safety of swimmers and marine life * means any chemical which physical hazard or a health hazard. * require that employees follow special procedures for handling and storage. * seep into water sources from previously buried dumping grounds.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Chemical volatility * Volatility causes some investors to panic and lose large sums of money - common concept in financial analysis - cyclical phenomena - differs greatly from sector to sector and from stock to stock * Volatility fact of life for the world s stock markets - in the investment markets - form of risk - here refers to the distribution of the return around the mean - increases as temperature increases * Volatility increases with duration in bear markets - time * Volatility is actually more cyclical than is price - adjusted seasonally and geographically to account for weather extremes - also a key variable in option pricing * Volatility is an asset if the trend is up - important factor in many option valuation models - indicator of the riskiness and potential for profit that the stock has - annualised standard deviation of returns - calculated as high less low divided by close over time - chemical properties - computed as the annualized standard deviation of monthly returns - dispositions - found to flow from the Finnish stock and futures markets to the Swedish stock market - high during the summer and low during shoulder months - highest when gasoline is first exposed to air * Volatility is how much and how quickly the value changes - the price of a bond changes for a given movement in yield - intrinsic to stocks and mutual funds * Volatility is one of characteristics distinguishing authority data from bibliographic records - way to measure risk - part of market dynamics particularly in equity markets - rates * Volatility is related to the variability in a fund's performance - viscosity - simply how much prices change over a given period of time - subject to the forces of supply and demand * Volatility is the average movement in any given period of time - change in price and thus, by definition, is directly related to price - characteristic of liquids to become a vapor when heat is applied - key to understanding market behavior - measure of how fast a stock moves up or down - oil and gas industry's worst enemy - relative fluctuation of the underlying stock price - statistical measurement of a stock's price fluctuation over time - tendency or ability of a liquid to vaporize - variance in price or return of the underlying stock - thought of as the variability or range of prices - what gives acrylic products their characteristic odors - when a stock price goes up or down - matters for all consumers and producers in the economy - means prices can move dramatically and often unpredictably, either down or up * Volatility measure of how the price of a stock fluctuates over a given period of time - price fluctuations - short-term risk - the propensity of a stock price to undergo large changes - measurement of how easily the fuel vaporizes * Volatility measures the change in value during any given period - speed of change in the price of the underlying instrument or the option - necessary ingredient of stock market investing * Volatility normal part of investing in stock and bond funds - often increases around market tops and decreases at market bottoms - primary determinant in the valuation of options premiums and time value - reduces growth * Volatility refers to how quickly the oil evaporates into the air - measures of the standard deviation of the daily percentage change * Volatility refers to the changes in price that securities undergo when trading - compound's ability to vaporize - tendency of the herbicide molecule to become a vapor - represents fluctuation, both up and down - shows the investor the range that a stocks price has fluctuated in a certain period - tends to be more cyclical than price - variable that appears in option pricing formulas	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chemical volatility: Boiling point * are television shows - temperature * is dependent upon the pressure the substance is under - the temperature at which a liquid boils * ranges, densities and aniline points of liquid fuels. Historical volatility * estimates volatility based on past prices. * is calculated by using the standard deviation of an underlying stock price. Implied volatility * is the volatility needed to achieve the option s actual market price - used in the calculation of the option's price * is, in effect, the option's price. Market volatility * can mean great buying opportunities. * condition equity investors, particularly, learn to live with over time. * is one of the few certainties in the capital markets-it is inevitable.<\|endoftext\|>### chemical weapons: Toxic gas * Most toxic gases cause effects - greenhouse effects * Some toxic gases are harmful to inhale - contain methane - kill animals * are chemical weapons - either lighter than air or heavier than air * are present in adult beds as well as babies' cribs - debris waste containers * can form - kill animals and plants - result in permanent health problems or sudden death * create both immediate and long term risk to personnel. * es create a lack of oxygen in the water and cause the poisoning of living organisms. * include particles. * present a danger of asphyxiation, poisoning, and suffocation. * produced are hydrogen chloride, chlorine, iodine, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide. ### chemicals: Herbal product * Many herbal products contain more than one herb. * Most herbal products are bitter - become ineffective on the first rapid pass through the liver * are chemicals. * can also interfere with the absorption and effectiveness of other medications. * do have benefit for use with residents of long-term care facilities. * fall under the category of dietary supplements. * vary greatly - widely, simply because of the nature of the plants and the processing Chicken broth * Most chicken broths have flavor. * are broths. * can marinate chicken to give it extra flavor. * is stock ### chief offender: Hilarity * chief offender. * is happiness<\|endoftext\|>### child care: Day care * Most day cares take precautions against disease by bleaching, using gloves and washing hands. * are expensive to run, resulting in low salaries for workers. * can also provide substitute care for children needing protection - be a major factor in some younger kids due to excessive exposure to viruses - enable people to remain at home for a longer period and delay institutionalization * is child care - more than a name or a company, it's a relationship with families and children - the primary source of exposure to respiratory infections * requires vaccines. Daycare * are childcare. * offer care to many children each and every day. ### child-resistant: Personalized handgun * are child-resistant. * can reduce the likelihood of certain gun-related deaths and injuries. ### childhood diagnosis: Attention deficit * Attention Deficits can exist on a continuum from mild to severe. * Some attention deficits come with hyperactivity and some without hyperactivity. * are among the most common causes of academic underachievement * childhood diagnosis. ### childhood disease: Tobacco addiction * affects people differently. * childhood disease. * fiendish adversary. * is another killer in communities of colour - considered the most powerful addiction known to humankind - one of the most important * is the greatest cause of death in our society - number one cause of lung cancer * means death and disease for kids everywhere, from America to Armenia. * runs in families, just like alcoholism.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Chimera * are hybrid animals made with the genes of different species - imagination - three headed creatures that shoot fire from all three heads, damaging a wide area * creature that is part lion, part goat, and part snake. * fire-breathing monster with the head of a lion. * is imagination * result from an embryo that mosaic of original cells and engineered cells. * teaches a concept of self-defense which gives women the means to defend themselves.<\|endoftext\|>Chloride * Most chloride conducts electricity. * Some chloride affects capacity - exists as crystal - has carbon - is produced by reaction. * It occurs when chlorine gets reduced, gaining an electrons and becoming an ion. Chloride is necessary for life. It is normally found in the salt sodium chloride, which is very common in diets * also contribute to permanent hardness. * can accumulate with long term use of sodium hypochlorite - contaminate freshwater streams and lakes - corrode metals and affect the taste of food products - damage concrete and metal * competes with nitrite at the fishes' gill surface for absorption. * compound - consisting of two elements, one of which is always chlorine * greenish gas that irritates the bronchi. * helps regulate fluids in and out of body cells. * is absorbed by exchange with bicarbonate. * is an essential element for plant growth, especially small grain - micronutrient - ion that usually passively follows the movement of positively charged ions - chemical compounds * is essential for contraction of afferent arterioles after agonists and potassium - maintaining acid-base, electrolyte and fluid balance in the body - in the maintenance of the body's acid-base and fluid balance - found in the soil - important in photosynthesis and osmotic relations of guard cells in leaves - more responsible for a salty taste than sodium - much like nitrogen * is one of the major anions to be found in water and sewage - inorganic anions in water - two components of table salt - soluble and moves like nitrates in the soil * is the element chlorine - ionized form that is found in the body - predominant negative ion in plasma - very weakly basic and readily neutralized - water-soluble and washes out of the atmosphere quickly * modest leaving group. * powerful germical agent, but is highly toxic to all animal life. * supports potassium absorption and helps oversee the body's acid and base balance. ### chloride: Barium chloride * is added to the water to precipitate sulfates containing the radium - highly toxic and creates a disposal problem - ionic compounds - used in medicinal preparations and as a water softener * reacts with sodium sulfate to produce barium sulfate and sodium chloride. * is toxic. Sodium sulfate may be an antidote.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chloride: Calcium chloride * absorbs moisture from the air at a known, fixed rate - water vapor from the air and liquid water from the road bed * attracts water well, sodium chloride slightly less so. * can be corrosive to certain soft metals if left on for a period of time. * different form of salt. * has a high heat of solution - the ability to attract moisture directly from the air * improves mushroom color and shelf life by reducing effects of bruising. * is also an accelerator - an excellent economical accelerator for concrete - another de-icing salt - available as pellets or other granules, flakes, or in solution form - chemical compounds - good for pickling but bad as a supplement as it tends to irritate the stomach - harmless and is used all over North America for dust control and ice control - highly water soluble and fast-acting, but it generally is too expensive to use - melted at a high temperature and electrolyzed to produce calcium metal * is mixed with salt in colder temperatures to increase the salt's melting ability - sodium chloride for melting ice and snow in low temperature regions - sold at most garden centers under the name stop rot - soluble in either cold or hot water - suggested only for tomatoes * is the cheapest source of calcium - chemical most effective at extreme low temperatures - other product - unstable in the presence of water - used as a suspending agent in the suspension polymerization of various plastics * is used to increase the deicing effectiveness at lower temperatures - protect the heart * liquefies as it absorbs water. * more effective ice melter than fertilizer, but it, too, can harm plants. * prevents freezing of stored water. * produces an exothermic reaction, giving off heat. * remains wet at low temperatures and is itself a deicing agent. * ' chemical compound made of calcium and chlorine atoms. It has the formula CaCl2. It absorbs water from the air and releases heat when it is dissolved in water. It is used as a de-icer on roads to melt the ice. Calcium chloride is melted at a high temperature and electrolyzed to produce calcium metal. * viable alternative to sodium chloride as an ice-melting agent. Calomel * mercury and chloride compound, usually a purgative and antiseptic. * strong laxative while tartar is an emetic which causes vomiting. Choline chloride * high potency, synthetic source of choline. * is an essential component in feed for chickens, pigs and cattle - ingredient necessary for the proper growth and development of animals * vitamin of the B-complex group.<\|endoftext\|>### chloride: Ferric chloride * Most ferric chloride is produced as a byproduct of steel pickling liquor. * bleaching solution used on negative materials. * gives a more controllable etch, plus it is safer than the traditional acids. * has numerous advantages over other etchants such as nitric acid and dutch mordant. * is best when 'seasoned' or after it has been used for etching a few copperplates - crystal - ionic compounds - very reactive with metals, which is one reason it was used to etch the copper * salt which gives a clean etch to copper-based alloys. * screening test for phenylketones.<\|endoftext\|>### chloride: Magnesium chloride * by-product of potash production and is available as a liquid solution. * can keep the sand from blowing to the shoulder of the road. * great intermediate solution to reducing dust on low volume roads. * is added to the soy milk, which separates the soy milk into curds and whey - another source and is applied as a liquid fertilizer - available in several grades, with varying amounts of water of hydration - less toxic than baking soda or salt - the newest deicing salt - used as a supplement to maintain adequate magnesium in the body * neutral solid salt but hydrogen chloride is an acid gas. * stimulates the biliary system. * supplement for patients who are deficient in magnesium.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chloride: Nitrogen trichloride * can present an explosion hazard. * is chloride<\|endoftext\|>### chloride: Rubidium chloride * is the most common rubidium compound. + Rubidium, Properties, Chemical compounds: Alkali metals :: Chemical elements * Some rubidium compounds have a mixed oxidation state, though. Rubidium chloride is the most common rubidium compound. Rubidium hydroxide and rubidium carbonate are also used commonly. Rubidium compounds makes a red-violet color in a flame. Most rubidium compounds are colorless. Rubidium compounds are not as common as other alkali metal compounds, such as sodium compounds. Otherwise, they are similar. Silver chloride * Some silver chloride is produced by reaction. * is by definition the precipitation of salt crystals within the solution - chemical compounds - electrolytes * is insoluble and sodium nitrate is soluble - while sodium nitrate is soluble in water - ionic compounds - toxic substances - used for mammography and X-ray films * produces ionic silver, a non-toxic germicide similar to colloidal silver.<\|endoftext\|>### chloride: Zinc chloride * can serve as a flux for soldering and as a wood preservative. * irritates skin and the respiratory tract. * is also the major ingredient in smoke from smoke bombs - an irritant gas which can cause severe pulmonary damage including pulmonary oedema - inorganic compounds - one of the most common zinc compounds * reacts against anaerobic bacteria to reduce sulfur excretion and halitosis. + Zinc chloride, Safety: Chlorine compounds :: Zinc compounds + Zinc, Properties, Chemical compounds: Chemical elements :: Transition metals * Zinc chloride is one of the most common zinc compounds. They are quite unreactive. They are a little acidic when dissolved in water. They make a green flame when heated in a fire. Chlorinated compound * are also essential to new drug research - essential for the production of lifesaving pharmaceuticals * don t fluoresce well. * occur naturally in humans and are found in blood, skin and teeth. Chlorine compound * can turn blue, brown, or sparkling white. * have some effect in inactivating bacterial spores.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
Chocolate * Most chocolate comes from beans - cocoa beans - countries - tropical countries * Most chocolate contains butters - caffeine - cocoa butters - drug substances - nutrients * Most chocolate has butters - origins - chocolates are made with sugar, cocoa, and soy lecithin * Some chocolate causes acne. * Some chocolate contains acid - little sugar * Some chocolate has enzymes - habits * Some chocolate leads to illnesses - serious illnesses * absorbs odors easily. * affects a dog's heart and nervous system. * are always the right color, as are cigars. * becomes one of the four major food groups. * begins as the cacao bean of South American origin. * can be especially toxic to dogs, causing death in some cases - fatal to dogs - harmful to pets - lethal to dogs * can be part of a healthful diet - healthy diet when consumed in appropriate amounts * can be toxic for many animals and candy wrappers, lollipop sticks, etc - very toxic for dogs * can cause death in an otherwise healthy pig - seizures and death in dogs * can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and other ailments - restlessness, heart disturbances, and even death - contribute to the development of pancreatitis in dogs - kill dogs - trigger migraine headaches - vary in shade from light to dark chocolate - cavities * comes from a tree that grows in warm areas and it likes to be in the shade - cacao beans * comes from cocoa beans - trees * comes from the cacao tree - cocoa beans and is considered a treat in many cultures - fruit of the cacao tree * comes from the seeds of a tropical tree called cacao - cacao trees * contain no animal fat,and the dark chocolates are lactose-free. * contains a chemical called theobromine that gastric irritant - that is toxic to dogs - chemical, theobromine, which is poisonous to all dogs - group of chemicals called methyl-xanthine alkaloids - plant substance called phytosteral - powerful stimulant called theobromine, which is highly toxic to pets * contains a substance called theobromine, which is toxic - that can cause nausea, diarrhea, even death * contains a toxic substance called theobromine, which is harmful to animals - substance, theobromine, which is harmful to pets * contains an ingredient called theobromine, which acts very much like caffeine - antioxidants, compounds that limit the oxidation of lipoprotein cholesterol - bio-active compounds, e.g. caffeine and theobromine - biogenic amines that act as sympathomimetic agents * contains cocoa butter, a vegetable fat that is sensitive to heat and humidity - magne-sium, a mineral involved in the body's manufacturing of serotonin - naturally occurring plant compounds called polyphenols - obromine, which is toxic to dogs in sufficient quantities - phenolics , the same type of antioxidants that gave red wine sales a major boost - phenylethylamine which creates a feeling similar to being in love - several amino acids, natural stimulants and natural calming elements - significant amounts of stimulants - small amounts of caffeine and larger amounts of theobromine, a similar substance * contains the chemical theobromine which is in the same chemical family as caffeine - same phenols as red wine * contains theobromine, a powerful stimulant that is toxic to pets - stimulant similar to caffeine - which can result in toxicity - two antioxidants that are believed to have significant health benefits - very little caffeine * contains vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and plant compounds that our brain needs - plant compounds that the brain needs * contributes little to tooth decay. * crusted citrus is sublime. * definitely can be part of a balanced and varied diet. * does contain mood altering substances. - creamy taste * have a tendency to fade badly, especially if exposed to sunlight. * helps prevent clogged arteries and heart attacks - stop tooth decay * is as popular today as it was when it was first discovered - capable of melts - common among the diets of many people, especially for the student on the run - dessert - ecstacy to humans and poison to dogs - food for the heart - good * is located in boxs - mouths - movies - restaurants - supermarkets - magnesium rich - medicinal - moisture sensitive and absorbs odors from food, perfume and smoke - more complex than other dessert flavors - one of the most efficient restoratives * is one of the world's greatest expressions of taste and rapture - most widespread passions - pleasure that children and adults love to eat - sweet that is popular any time of the year - part of cocoa beans - pleasure food that is nearly desired by all * is still a high-fat food and packs a caloric punch - food, and many chocolate products contain large amounts of sugar - used for eating - usually cheap, tacky, wrapped in highly polluting packaging and high in fat * is very high in fat and sugar, thus giving it a bad rep - toxic to ferrets * kills dogs. * lasts a long time if stored properly. * often plays a part in our lives unequaled by any other food. * packs fat and sugar, so overindulging does put on pounds. * readily absorbs other flavors and odors. * releases the same endorphins as sex. * simply enhances the effects of a naturally occurring compound in the brain. * tend to gum up into little ovals, and are less demanding on the arms. * tends to burn if melted over boiling water. + Chocolate bar: Candy * A 'chocolate bar' is a candy in bar form made of cocoa solids, cocoa butter, sugar, and milk. It contains a high source of energy. Chocolate comes from the cacao tree.	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chocolate: Belgian chocolate * are too heavy and sweet for the French palate. * is used by chocolatiers around the world. Choc * contains one of the last prestine stretches of coastline in tropical America. * is chocolate<\|endoftext\|>### chocolate: Cocoa butter * CoCoa butter is made by blending chocolate syrup with butter and spread on French pastries. * affects cholesterol levels. * are chocolate - fat. * ', also called 'theobroma oil', is the pale-yellow, pure vegetable fat of the cacao bean. It is used to make solid chocolate bars, and mixed with cocoa powder to make solid pieces of chocolate. Cocoa butter is removed from the cacao beans and can be used to make chocolate, pharmaceuticals, ointments, and toiletries. Cocoa butter has a mild chocolate flavor and smell. It is one of the most stable fats known, which means that it takes a long time to go rancid * can crystallise into six different arrangements of molecules known as polymorphs. * improves the overall consistency of soap, making it both creamy and hard. * is an emollient and adds soothing properties to any soap - composed of three fatty acids, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids - squeezed from the liquid paste, leaving solids * is the fat that occurs in cocoa beans and is used in the manufacture of chocolate - that's removed from the liquor - natural fat of the cocoa bean * is used in chocolate bar manufacture, other confectionery , soaps , and cosmetics - to thicken many cosmetics, especially lipsticks and emollient creams - very rich and soothing and goes deep to moisturize and soften skin * is, after all, the basis of many expensive skin creams. * mixture of triglycerides. * natural fat that is present in cocoa beans. * vegetable fat that looks like caramel.<\|endoftext\|>### chocolate: Dark chocolate * Most dark chocolate contains nutrients. * Some dark chocolate contains little sugar * can be either sweet or bitter-sweet depending on how much sugar is added - last up to a year and a half to two years * contain a metabolite called flavonoids. * contains about twice that amount - ingredients that lower blood pressure and fight disease * contains more phenolics than milk chocolate - than three times more cancer-fighting antioxidants than tea by weight - substances that coat the teeth to actually prevent decay - sugar, cocoa solids, and sometimes dairy butter, with cocoa butter removed * has higher concentrations of catechins due to higher levels of cocoa - more than double that amount and cocoa powder has four times that amount * improves coronary vasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity. - with the cocoa butter still in it - extremely high in anti-oxidants * is made by combining chocolate liquor with sugar, cocoa butter, and vanilla - mixing the separated cocoa butter with chocolate liquor and sugar * is made from cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, sugar, and flavourings - cocoa, cocoa butter, and sugar - the least sweet and has the strongest chocolate flavor + Chocolate, Safety * Chocolate is safe to eat unless it is eaten in large amounts. Some animals, like dogs, become sick if they eat chocolate. People with diabetes can also get sick from eating chocolate. Dark chocolate contains ingredients that lower blood pressure and fight disease. Small amounts of dark chocolate have been found to lower the risk of heart disease because of polyphenol in chocolate. It is necessary to eat moderate amount of chocolate - Types of chocolate: Desserts :: Food ingredients * White chocolate tastes much sweeter than the other two types, because it has more of the sweeter ingredients in it. White chocolate does not have any cocoa in it. It is mostly made of cocoa butter. Milk chocolate is sweet, but not as sweet as white chocolate. Milk chocolate has some cocoa. Dark chocolate is the least sweet and has the strongest chocolate flavor	{ "source": "generics_kb" }
### chocolate: Milk chocolate * Many milk chocolates add more milk, cream, or cocoa butter to add richness by adding fat. * Some milk chocolate contains acid. * add milk as well. * contains about the same amount of catechins as black tea - cocoa butter, sugar, milk, and vanilla - milk in addition to the four ingredients above * has a less bitter taste that semisweet or dark chocolate - robust flavor than sweet or semi-sweet chocolates - milk as well as cocoa, cocoa butter, and varying amounts of sugar - created with the addition of milk powder to the cocoa mass and cocoa butter - exactly that chocolate made with milk * is made from cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, sugar, milk and flavourings - cocoa, cocoa butter, sugar, milk, and small amounts of vanilla - when cocoa powder is combined with cocoa butter, sugar, and milk powder - much less toxic, and dark chocolate falls somewhere in between - obtained from seeds of theobroma cacao after fermentation and roasting - slightly less lethal, but to dogs, chocolate is chocolate * is the least concentrated, but can still be harmful - type of chocolate used in candy bars - where the cocoa butter in chocolate is replaced with milk * keeps for about a year and white chocolate for seven or eight months. + Chocolate, Types of chocolate: Desserts :: Food ingredients Semisweet chocolate * has the same ingredients as bittersweet with the addition of more sugar. * is lighter in flavor and sweeter - made of pure chocolate, cocoa butter and sugar - more like the dark chocolates available in Australia Solid chocolate * can contain artificial colorings and flavors and maybe other additives. * major source of copper and magnesium. Unsweetened chocolate * is made from cocoa powder and some refined cocoa butter - the purest of all cooking chocolate and packs the most punch * mixture of cocoa powder and refined cocoa butter.<\|endoftext\|>### chocolate: White chocolate * Most white chocolate contains butters - cocoa butters * comes from white cacao beans. * confection of fat and sugar and contains no antioxidants at all. * contains cocoa butter, sugar, milk, but no chocolate liquor - no chocolate liquor, but only cocoa butter, sugar, milk, and flavorings * has no cocoa solids which is where the caffeine is. * is almost impossible to find in most supermarkets - also much milder, so the flavors are different - even more sensitive to heat - food - is obtained by mixing cocoa butter, sugar and milk - made from cocoa butter, milk solids, sugar and vanilla * is made from cocoa butter, sugar, milk and flavouring such as vanilla - combining cocoa butter, milk, and sugar - fresh or dried milk, flavorings, sugar and cocoa butter - of cocoa butter , milk , and sugar - without chocolate liquor - more difficult to work with when making candies - the most fragile form of chocolate * mix of milk solids, cocoa butter and sugar and contains no cocoa solids. * mixture of cocoa butter, sugar, milk and vanilla flavoring.<\|endoftext\|>Choice * affect development. * are a fundamental element of being human - actions - our conscious experience of moral or other dilemmas - the hinges upon which the paths of our lives turn * can have direct impact * contribute to outcomes. * depend on ages - characteristics - choices - complexity - conditions - factors - many factors - personal characteristics - skills - vegetation conditions * depend upon characteristics - types * determine fate. * exist in regions. * have consequences - cost - incredible power - positive impact * help life. * impact health. * improve chances. * include assessments - oatmeals * influence results. * made in high school can affect a person's entire life. * relate to issues. * threaten survival. ### choice: Consumer choice * creates income for businesses. * goal of antitrust. * is essential to empowering the force of the marketplace - something everyone can do	{ "source": "generics_kb" }

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