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https://www.crossref.org/blog/january-2015-doi-outage-followup-report/
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# Blog
## January 2015 DOI Outage: Followup Report
Geoffrey Bilder – 2015 March 17
## Background
On January 20th, 2015 the main DOI HTTP proxy at doi.org experienced a partial, rolling global outage. The system was never completely down, but for at least part of the subsequent 48 hours, up to 50% of DOI resolution traffic was effectively broken. This was true for almost all DOI registration agencies, including Crossref, DataCite and mEDRA.
At the time we kept people updated on what we knew via Twitter, mailing lists and our technical blog at CrossTech. We also promised that, once we’d done a thorough investigation, we’d report back. Well, we haven’t finished investigating all implications of the outage. There are both substantial technical and governance issues to investigate. But last week we provided a preliminary report to the Crossref board on the basic technical issues, and we thought we’d share that publicly now.
## The Gory Details
First, the outage of January 20th was not caused by a software or hardware failure, but was instead due to an administrative error at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI). The domain name “doi.org” is managed by CNRI on behalf of the International DOI Foundation (IDF). The domain name was not on “auto-renew” and CNRI staff simply forgot to manually renew the domain. Once the domain name was renewed, it took about 48 hours for the fix to propagate through the DNS system and for the DOI resolution service to return to normal. Working with CNRI we analysed traffic through the Handle HTTP proxy and here’s the graph:
It could have been much worse. The domain registrar (GoDaddy) at least had a “renewal grace and registry redemption period” which meant that even though CNRI forgot to pay its bill to renew the domain, the domain was simply “parked” and could easily be renewed by them. This is the standard setting for GoDaddy. Cheaper domain registrars might not include this kind of protection by default. Had there been no grace period, then it would have been possible for somebody other than CNRI to quickly buy the domain name as soon as it expired. There are many automated processes which search for and register recently expired domain names. Had this happened, at the very least it would have been expensive for CNRI to buy the domain back. The interruption to DOI resolutions during this period would have also been almost complete.
So we got off relatively easy. The domain name is now on auto-renew. The outage was not as bad as it could have been. It was addressed quickly and we can be reasonably confident that the same administrative error will not happen again. Crossref even managed to garner some public praise for the way in which we handled the outage. It is tempting to heave a sigh of relief and move on.
We also know that everybody involved at CNRI, the IDF and Crossref have felt truly dreadful about what happened. So it is also tempting to not re-open old wounds.
But it would be a mistake if we did not examine a fundamental strategic issue that this partial outage has raised: How can Crossref claim that its DOIs are ‘persistent’ if Crossref does not control some of the key infrastructure on which it depends? What can we do to address these dependencies?
## What do we mean by “persistent?”
To start with, we should probably explore what we mean by ‘persistent’. We use the word “persistent” or “persistence” about 470 times on the Crossref web site. The word “persistent” appears central to our image of ourselves and of the services that we provide. We describe our core, mandatory service as the “Crossref Persistent Citation Infrastructure.”
The primary sense of the word “persistent” in the New Oxford American Dictionary is:
Continuing firmly or obstinately in a course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition.
We play on this sense of the word as a synonym for “stubborn” when we half-jokingly say that, “Crossref DOIs are as persistent as Crossref staff.” Underlying this joke is a truth, which is that persistence is primarily a social issue, not a technical issue.
Yet presumably we once chose to use the word “persistent” instead of “perpetual” or “permanent” for other reasons. “Persistence” implies longevity, without committing to “forever.” Scholarly publishers, perhaps more than most industries, understand the long term. After all, the scholarly record dates back to at least 1665 and we know that the scholarly community values even our oldest journal backfiles. By using the word “persistent” as opposed to the more emphatic “permanent” we are essentially acknowledging that we, as an industry, understand the complexity and expense of stewarding the content for even a few hundred years to say nothing of “forever.” Only the chronologically naïve would recklessly coin terms like “permalink” for standard HTTP links which have a documented half-life of well under a decade.
So “persistent” implies longevity- without committing to forever- but this still begs questions. What time span is long enough to qualify as “persistent?” What, in particular, do we mean by “persistent” when we talk about Crossref’s “Persistent Citation Infrastructure?” or of Crossref DOIs being “persistent identifiers?”
## What do we mean by “persistent identifiers?”
First, we often make the mistake of talking about “persistent identifiers” as if there is some technical magic that makes them continue working when things like HTTP URIs break. The very term “persistent identifier” encourages this kind of magical thinking and, ideally, we would instead talk about “persist-able” identifiers. That is, those that have some form of indirection built into them. There are many technologies that do this- Handles, DOIs, Purls, ARKs and every URL shortener in existence. Each of them simply introduces a pointer mapping between an identifier and location where a resource or content resides. This mapping can be updated when the content moves, thus preserving the link. Of course, just because an identifier is persist-able doesn’t mean it is persistent. If Purls or DOIs are not updated when content moves, then they are no more persistent than normal URLs.
Andrew Treloar points out that when we talk about “persistent identifiers,” we tend to conflate several things:
1. The persistence of the identifier- that is the token or string itself.
2. The persistence of the thing being pointed at by the identifier. For example, the content.
3. The persistence of the mapping of the identifier to the thing being identified.
4. The persistence of the resolver that allows one to follow the mapping of the identifier to the thing being identified.
5. The persistence of a mechanism for updating the mapping of the identifier to the thing being identified.
If any of the above fails, then “persistence” fails. This is probably why we tend to conflate them in the first place.
Each of these aspects of “persistence” is worthy of much closer scrutiny, however, in the most recent case of the January outage of “doi.org,” the problem specifically occurred with item “D”- the persistence of the resolver. When CNRI failed to renew the domain name for “doi.org” on time, the DOI resolver was rendered unavailable to a large percentage of people over a period of about 48 hours as global DNS servers first removed, and then added back the “doi.org” domain.
## Turtles all the way down*
The initial public reaction to the outage was, almost unanimous in one respect- people assumed that the problem originated with Crossref.
This is both surprising and unsurprising. It is surprising because we have fairly recent data indicating that lots of people recognise the DOI brand, but not the Crossref brand. Chances are, that this relatively superficial “brand” awareness does not correlate with understanding how the system works or how it relates to persistence. It is likely plenty of people clicked on DOIs at the time of the outage and, when they didn’t work, simply shrugged or cursed under their breath. They were aware of the term ‘DOI’ but not of the promise of “persistence”. Hence, they did not take to twitter to complain about it, and if they did, they probably wouldn’t have known who to complain to or even how to complain to them (neither CNRI or the IDF has a Twitter account).
But the focus on Crossref is also unsurprising. Crossref is by far the largest and most visible DOI Registration Agency. Many otherwise knowledgeable people in the industry simply don’t know that there are even other RAs.
They also generally didn’t know of the strategic dependencies that exist in the Crossref system. By “strategic dependencies” we are not talking about the vendors, equipment and services that virtually every online enterprise depends on. These kinds of services are largely fungible. Their failures may be inconvenient and even dramatic, but they are rarely existential.
Instead we are talking about dependencies that underpin Crossref’s ability to deliver on its mission. Dependencies that not only affect Crossref’s operations, but also its ability to self-govern and meet the needs of its membership. In this case there are three major dependencies: Two of which are specific to Crossref and other DOI registration agencies and one which is shared by virtually all online enterprises today. The organizations are: The International DOI Foundation (IDF), Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Each of these agencies has technology, governance and policy impacts on Crossref and the other DOI registration agencies, but here we will focus on the technological dependencies.
At the top of the diagram are a subset of the various DOI Registration Agencies. Each RA uses the DOI for a particular constituency (e.g. scholarly publishers) and application (e.g. citation). Sometimes these constituencies/applications overlap (as with mEDRA, Crossref and DataCite), but sometimes they are orthogonal to the other RAs, as is the case with EIDR. All, however, are members of the IDF.
The IDF sets technical policies and development agendas for the DOI infrastructure. This includes recommendations about how RAs should display and link DOIs. Of course all of these decisions have an impact on the RAs. However, the IDF provides little technical infrastructure of its own as it has no full-time staff. Instead it outsources the operation of the system to CNRI, this includes the management of the doi.org domain which the IDF owns.
The actual DOI infrastructure is hosted on a platform called the Handle System which was developed by and is currently run by CNRI. The Handle System is part of a quite complex and sophisticated platform for managing digital objects that was originally developed for DARPA. A subset of the Handle system is designated for use by DOIs and is identified by the “10” prefix (e.g. 10.5555/12345678). The Handle system itself is not based on HTTP (the web protocol). Indeed, one of the much touted features of the Handle System is that it isn’t based on any specific resolution technology. This was seen as a great virtue in the late 1990s when the DOI system was developed and the internet had just witnessed an explosion of seemingly transient, competing protocols (e.g. Gopher, WAIS, Archie, HyperWave/Hyper-G, HTTP, etc.). But what looked like a wild-west of protocols quickly settled into an HTTP hegemony. In practice, virtually all DOI interactions with the Handle system are via HTTP and so, in order to interact with the web, the Handle System employs a “Handle proxy” which translates back and forth between HTTP, and the native Handle system. This all may sound complicated, and the backend of the Handle system is really very sophisticated, but it turns out that the DOI really uses only a fraction of the Handle system’s features. In fact, the vast majority of DOI interactions merely use the Handle system as a giant lookup table which allows one to translate an identifier into a web location. For example, it will take a DOI Handle like this:
10.5555/12345678
and redirect it to (as of this writing) the following URL:
http://psychoceramics.labs.crossref.org/10.5555-12345678.html
This whole transformation is normally never seen by a user. It is handled transparently by the web browser, which does the lookup and redirection in the background using HTTP and talking to the Handle Proxy. In the late 1990s, even doing this simple translation quickly, at scale with a robust distributed infrastructure, was not easy. These days however we see dozens if not hundreds of “URL Shorteners” doing exactly the same thing at far greater scale than the Handle System.
It may seem a shame that more of the Handle Systems features are not used, but the truth is the much touted platform independence of the Handle System rapidly became more of a liability and impediment to persistence than an aid. To be blunt, if in X years a new technology comes out that supersedes the web, what do we think the societal priority is going to be?
• To provide a robust and transparent transition from the squillions of existing HTTP URI identifiers that the entire world depends on?
• To provide a robust and transparent transition from the tiny subset of Handle-based identifiers that are used by about a hundred million specialist resources?
Quite simply, the more the Handle/DOI systems diverge from common web protocols and practice, then the more we will jeopardise the longevity of our so-called persistent identifiers.
So, in the end, DOI registration agencies really only use the Handle system for translating web addresses. All of the other services and features one might associate with DOIs (reference resolution, metadata lookup, content negotiation, OAI-PMH, REST APIs, Crossmark, CrossCheck, TDM Services, FundRef etc) are all provided at the RA level.
But this address resolution is still critical. And it is exactly what failed for many users on January 20th 2015. And to be clear, it wasn’t the robust and scaleable Handle System that failed. It wasn’t the Handle Proxy that failed. And it certainly wasn’t any RA-controlled technology that failed. These systems were all up and running. What happened was that the standard handle proxy that the IDF recommends RAs use, “dx.doi.org”, was effectively rendered invisible to wide portions the internet because the “doi.org” domain was not renewed. This underscores two important points.
The first is that it doesn’t much matter what precisely caused the outage. In this case it was an administrative error. But the effect would have been similar if the Handle proxies had failed of if the Handle system itself had somehow collapsed. In the end, Crossref and all DOI registration agencies are existentially dependent on the Handle system running and being accessible.
The second is that the entire chain of dependencies from the RAs down through CNRI are also dependent on the DNS system which, in turn, is governed by ICANN. We should really not be making too much of the purported technology independence of the DOI and Handle systems. To be fair, this limitation is inherent to all persistent identifier schemes that aim to work with the web. It really is “turtles all the way down.
## What didn’t fail on January 19th/20th and why?
You may have noticed a lot of hedging in our description of the outage of January 19th/20th. For one thing, we use the term “rolling outage.” Access to the Handle Proxy via “dx.doi.org” was never completely unavailable during the period. As we’ve explained, this is because the error was discovered very quickly and the domain was renewed hours after it expired. The nature of DNS propagation meant that even as some DNS servers were deleting the “doi.org” entry, others were adding it back to their tables. In some ways this was really confusing because it meant it was difficult to predict where the system was working and where it wasn’t. Ultimately it all stabilised after the standard 48-hour DNS propagation cycle.
But there were also some Handle-based services that simply were not affected at all by the outage. During the outage, a few people asked us if there was an alternative way to resolve DOIs. The answer was “yes,” there were several. It turns out that “doi.org” is not the only DNS name that points to the Handle Proxy. People could easily substitute “dx.doi.org” with “dx.crossref.org” or “dx.medra.org” or “hdl.handle.net” and “resolve” any DOI. Many of Crossref’s internal services use these internal names and so the services continued to work. This is partly why we only discovered the “doi.org” was down from people reporting it on Twitter.
And, of course, there were other services that were not affected by the outage. Crossmark, the REST API, and Crossref Metadata Search all continued to work during the outage.
## Protecting ourselves
So what can we do to reduce our dependencies and/or the risks intrinsic to those dependencies?
Obviously, the simplest way to have avoided the outage would have been to ensure that the “doi.org” domain was set to automatically renew. That’s been done. Is there anything else we should do? A few ideas have been floated that might allow us to provide even more resilience. They range greatly in complexity and involvement.
1. Provide well-publicised public status dashboards that show what systems are up and which clearly map dependencies so that people could, for instance, see that the doi.org server was not visible to systems that depended on it. Of course, if such a dashboard had been hosted at doi.org, nobody would have been able to connect to it. Stoopid turtles.
2. Encourage DOI RAs to have the members point to Handle proxies using domain names under the RA’s control. Simply put, if Crossref members had been using “dx.crossref.org” instead of “dx.doi.org”, then Crossref DOIs would have continued to work throughout the outage of “doi.org”. The same with mEDRA, and the other RAs. This way each RA would have control over another critical piece of their infrastructure. It would also mean that if any single RA made a similar domain name renewal mistake, the impact would be isolated to a particular constituency. Finally, using RA-specific domains for resolving DOIs might also make it clear that different DOIs are managed by different RAs and might have different services associated with them. Perhaps Crossref would spend less time supporting non-Crossref DOIs?
3. Provide a parallel, backup resolution technology that could be pointed to in the event of a catastrophic Handle System failure. For example we could run a parallel system based on PURLs, ARKs or another persist-able identifier infrastructure.
4. Explore working with ICANN to get the handle resolvers moved under the special “.arpa” top level domain (TLD). This TLD (RFC 3172) is reserved for services that are considered to be “critical to the operation of the internet.” This is an option that was first discussed at a meeting of persistent identifier providers in 2011.
These are all tactical approaches to addressing the specific technical problem of the Handle System becoming unavailable, but they do not address deeper issues relating to our strategic dependence on several third parties. Even though the IDF and CNRI provide us with pretty simple and limited functionality, that functionality is critical to our operations and our claim to be providing persistent identifiers. Yet these technologies are not in our direct control. We had to scramble to get hold of people to fix the problem. For a while, we were not able to tell our users or members what was happening because we did not know ourselves.
The irony is that Crossref was held to account, and we were in the firing line the entire time. Again, this was almost unavoidable. In addition to being the largest DOI RA, we are also the only RA that has any significant social media presence and support resources. Still, it meant that we were the public face of the outage while the IDF and CNRI remained in the background.
And this is partly why our board has encouraged us to investigate another option:
1. Explore what it would take to remove Crossref dependencies on the IDF and CNRI.
Crossref is just part of a chain of dependencies the goes from our members down through the IDF, CNRI and, ultimately, ICANN. Our claim to providing a persistent identifier structure depends entirely on the IDF and CNRI. Here we have explored some of the technical dependencies. But there are also complex governance and policy implications of these dependencies. Each organization has membership rules, guidelines and governance structures which can impact Crossref members. Indeed, the IDF and CNRI are themselves members of groups (ISO and DONA, respectively) which might ultimately have policy or governance impact for DOI registration agencies. We will need to understand the strategic implications of these non technical dependencies as well.
Note that the Crossref board has merely asked us to “explore” what it would take to remove dependencies. They have not asked us to actually take any action. Crossref has been massively supportive of the IDF and CNRI, and they have been massively supportive of us. Still, over the years we have all grown and our respective circumstances have changed. It is important that occasionally we question what we might have once considered to be axioms. As we discussed above, we use the term “persistent” which, in turn, is a synonym for “stubborn.” At the very least we need to document the inter-dependencies that we have so that we can understand just how stubborn we can reasonably expect our identifiers to be.
The outage of January 20th was a humbling experience. But in a way we were lucky: Forgetting to renew the domain name was a silly and prosaic way to partially bring down a persistent identifier infrastructure, but it was also relatively easy to fix. Inevitably, there was a little snark and some pointed barbs directed at us during the outage, but we were truly overwhelmed by the support and constructive criticism we received as well. We have also been left with a clear message that, in order for this good-will to continue, we need to follow-up with a public, detailed and candid analysis of our infrastructure and its dependencies. Consider this to be the first section of a multi-part report.
### Image Credits
Turtle image CC-BY “Unrecognised MJ” from the Noun Project
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aabramowitz.milton
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Abramowitz, Milton
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: abramowitz.milton Published as: Abramowitz, Milton; Abramowitz, M. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 30 Publications since 1939, including 6 Books
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
15 single-authored 8 Stegun, Irene Ann 3 Lowan, Arnold N. 2 Blanch, Gertrude K. 1 Antosiewicz, Henry A. 1 Cahill, William F. 1 Kaufman, W. 1 King, F. G. 1 Laderman, Jack 1 Pfeferman, M. 1 Rabinowitz, Philip 1 Wade, C. jun.
all top 5
#### Serials
11 Journal of Mathematics and Physics 3 Physical Review, II. Series 3 Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 2 Journal of the Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 1 Journal of the American Statistical Association 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics
all top 5
#### Fields
5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 5 Number theory (11-XX) 5 Special functions (33-XX) 5 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 5 Statistics (62-XX) 5 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 3 Approximations and expansions (41-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
24 Publications have been cited 9,168 times in 9,148 Documents Cited by Year
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs and mathematical tables. Zbl 0171.38503
Abramowitz, Milton (ed.); Stegun, Irene A. (ed.)
1964
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. 10th printing, with corrections. Zbl 0543.33001
Abramowitz, Milton (ed.); Stegun, Irene A. (ed.)
1972
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs and mathematical tables. Translated from the English by V. A. Ditkin and L. N. Karmazinaya. (Справочник по специальным функциям с формулами, графиками и математическими таблицами.) Zbl 0515.33001
Abramowitz, M. (ed.); Stegun, I. A. (ed.)
1979
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. Reprint of the 1972 ed. Zbl 0643.33001
Abramowitz, Milton (ed.); Stegun, Irene A. (ed.)
1984
Pocketbook of mathematical functions. Abridged edition of “Handbook of mathematical functions” by Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun. Material selected by Michael Danos and Johann Rafelski. Zbl 0643.33002
Abramowitz, Milton (ed.); Stegun, Irene A. (ed.)
1984
Generation of Coulomb wave functions by means of recurrence relations. Zbl 0065.43202
Stegun, Irene A.; Abramowitz, Milton
1955
Generation of Bessel functions on high speed computers. Zbl 0084.12101
Stegun, Irene A.; Abramowitz, Milton
1957
On the solution of the differential equation occurring in the problem of heat convection in laminar flow through a tube. Zbl 0051.06901
Abramowitz, Milton
1953
Asymptotic expansions of spheroidal wave functions. Zbl 0034.34001
Abramowitz, Milton
1949
Evaluations of Coulomb wave functions along the transition line. Zbl 0055.42406
Abramowitz, Milton; Rabinowitz, Philip
1954
On the practical evaluation of integrals. Zbl 0058.33802
Abramowitz, Milton
1954
Note on the computation of the differences of the $$Si(x), Ci(x), Ei(x)$$ and $$-Ei(-x)$$ functions. JFM 66.0320.03
Abramowitz, M.
1940
Evaluation of the integral $$\int_0^\infty e^{-u^2-x/u}du$$. Zbl 0051.09802
Abramowitz, Milton
1953
On backflow of a viscous fluid in a diverging channel. Zbl 0033.41303
Abramowitz, Milton
1949
Asymptotic expansions of Coulomb wave functions. Zbl 0041.06101
Abramowitz, Milton
1949
Pitfalls in computation. Zbl 0077.32801
Stegun, Irene A.; Abramowitz, Milton
1957
Tables of integrals of Struve functions. Zbl 0036.20701
Abramowitz, Milton
1950
Coulomb wave functions expressed in terms of Bessel-Clifford and Bessel functions. Zbl 0042.36702
Abramowitz, Milton
1951
Coulomb wave functions in the transition region. Zbl 0055.42405
Abramowitz, Milton; Antosiewicz, H. A.
1954
Regular and irregular Coulomb wave functions expressed in terms of Bessel-Clifford functions. Zbl 0057.05405
Abramowitz, Milton
1954
Tables of the exponential function $$e^x$$. JFM 65.1328.03
Lowan, A. N.; Pfeferman, M.; Blanch, G.; King, F. G.; Kaufman, W.; Abramowitz, M.
1939
Heat transfer in laminar flow through a tube. Zbl 0141.43304
Abramowitz, M.; Cahill, William F.; Wade, C. jun.
1959
Table of the Integrals $$\int_0^x J_0(t)dt$$ and $$\int_0^x Y_0(t)dt$$. Zbl 0061.30306
Lowan, Arnold N.; Abramowitz, Milton
1943
Table of $$Ji_0(x)=\int_x^\infty (J_0(t)/t)dt$$ and related functions. Zbl 0061.30401
Lowan, Arnold N.; Blanch, G.; Abramowitz, M.
1943
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. Reprint of the 1972 ed. Zbl 0643.33001
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A.
1984
Pocketbook of mathematical functions. Abridged edition of “Handbook of mathematical functions” by Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun. Material selected by Michael Danos and Johann Rafelski. Zbl 0643.33002
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A.
1984
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs and mathematical tables. Translated from the English by V. A. Ditkin and L. N. Karmazinaya. (Справочник по специальным функциям с формулами, графиками и математическими таблицами.) Zbl 0515.33001
Abramowitz, M.; Stegun, I. A.
1979
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. 10th printing, with corrections. Zbl 0543.33001
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A.
1972
Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs and mathematical tables. Zbl 0171.38503
Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A.
1964
Heat transfer in laminar flow through a tube. Zbl 0141.43304
Abramowitz, M.; Cahill, William F.; Wade, C. jun.
1959
Generation of Bessel functions on high speed computers. Zbl 0084.12101
Stegun, Irene A.; Abramowitz, Milton
1957
Pitfalls in computation. Zbl 0077.32801
Stegun, Irene A.; Abramowitz, Milton
1957
Generation of Coulomb wave functions by means of recurrence relations. Zbl 0065.43202
Stegun, Irene A.; Abramowitz, Milton
1955
Evaluations of Coulomb wave functions along the transition line. Zbl 0055.42406
Abramowitz, Milton; Rabinowitz, Philip
1954
On the practical evaluation of integrals. Zbl 0058.33802
Abramowitz, Milton
1954
Coulomb wave functions in the transition region. Zbl 0055.42405
Abramowitz, Milton; Antosiewicz, H. A.
1954
Regular and irregular Coulomb wave functions expressed in terms of Bessel-Clifford functions. Zbl 0057.05405
Abramowitz, Milton
1954
On the solution of the differential equation occurring in the problem of heat convection in laminar flow through a tube. Zbl 0051.06901
Abramowitz, Milton
1953
Evaluation of the integral $$\int_0^\infty e^{-u^2-x/u}du$$. Zbl 0051.09802
Abramowitz, Milton
1953
Coulomb wave functions expressed in terms of Bessel-Clifford and Bessel functions. Zbl 0042.36702
Abramowitz, Milton
1951
Tables of integrals of Struve functions. Zbl 0036.20701
Abramowitz, Milton
1950
Asymptotic expansions of spheroidal wave functions. Zbl 0034.34001
Abramowitz, Milton
1949
On backflow of a viscous fluid in a diverging channel. Zbl 0033.41303
Abramowitz, Milton
1949
Asymptotic expansions of Coulomb wave functions. Zbl 0041.06101
Abramowitz, Milton
1949
Table of the Integrals $$\int_0^x J_0(t)dt$$ and $$\int_0^x Y_0(t)dt$$. Zbl 0061.30306
Lowan, Arnold N.; Abramowitz, Milton
1943
Table of $$Ji_0(x)=\int_x^\infty (J_0(t)/t)dt$$ and related functions. Zbl 0061.30401
Lowan, Arnold N.; Blanch, G.; Abramowitz, M.
1943
Note on the computation of the differences of the $$Si(x), Ci(x), Ei(x)$$ and $$-Ei(-x)$$ functions. JFM 66.0320.03
Abramowitz, M.
1940
Tables of the exponential function $$e^x$$. JFM 65.1328.03
Lowan, A. N.; Pfeferman, M.; Blanch, G.; King, F. G.; Kaufman, W.; Abramowitz, M.
1939
all top 5
#### Cited by 12,471 Authors
37 Chu, Yuming 35 Xiang, Shuhuang 34 Chen, Chaoping 33 Yang, Zhenhang 30 Qi, Feng 30 Schulze-Halberg, Axel 25 Withers, Christopher Stroude 24 Nadarajah, Saralees 24 Temme, Nico M. 22 Boyd, John Philip 22 Forbes, Lawrence K. 21 Alzer, Horst 21 Coffey, Mark William 21 Srivastava, Hari Mohan 20 Gesztesy, Fritz 18 Lu, Dawei 18 Mortici, Cristinel 16 Hasheminejad, Seyyed Mohammad 16 Llibre, Jaume 15 Hod, Shahar 15 López, José Luis 14 Dilcher, Karl 14 Knessl, Charles 14 Leonenko, Nikolai N. 14 Qiu, Songliang 14 Sever, Ramazan 13 Dette, Holger 13 Green, William R. 13 Paris, Richard Bruce 13 Vu Kim Tuan 13 Wang, Weiping 12 Baccouch, Mahboub 12 Cai, Wei 12 Frank, Rupert L. 12 Guo, Bai-Ni 12 Ikhdair, Sameer M. 12 Iserles, Arieh 12 Kim, Taekyun 12 Sidi, Avram 12 Xu, Zhenhua 11 Borwein, Jonathan Michael 11 Comte, Fabienne 11 Cvijović, Djurdje 11 Gautschi, Walter 11 Holcman, David 11 López-Ortega, A. 11 Pérez, Teresa E. 11 Piñar, Miguel A. 11 Segura, Javier 11 Wang, Lilian 11 Wong, Roderick Sue-Chuen 10 Albrecher, Hansjörg 10 Chen, Ruyun 10 Di Crescenzo, Antonio 10 Kang, Hongchao 10 Kim, Dae San 10 Kovařík, Hynek 10 Lampret, Vito 10 Lefebvre, Mario 10 Martínez-Finkelshtein, Andrei 10 Mukhopadhyay, Nitis 10 van Leeuwaarden, Johan S. H. 10 Vignat, Christophe 10 Wang, Miaokun 10 Wei, Juncheng 9 Almog, Yaniv 9 Arda, Altuğ 9 Ashbaugh, Mark S. 9 Bruzón, Maria Santos 9 Butler, Ronald W. 9 Cho, Minhyung 9 Choi, Junesang 9 Georgiadis, H. G. 9 Helffer, Bernard 9 Hunter, David B. 9 Le Maître, Olivier P. 9 Martinucci, Barbara 9 Ohtani, Kazuhiro 9 Rokhlin, Vladimir 9 Szpankowski, Wojciech 9 Takahashi, Toru 9 Wood, Andrew T. A. 9 Yakubovich, Semyon B. 9 Zhang, Xiaohui 9 Zhao, Yuqiu 9 Zhu, Ling 8 Balakrishnan, Narayanaswamy 8 Baricz, Árpád 8 Boĭvalenkov, Pet”r Georgiev 8 Castro, Luis B. 8 Cools, Ronald 8 Dixit, Atul 8 Elliott, David L. 8 Erdoğan, Mehmet Burak 8 Exner, Pavel 8 Hassell, Andrew 8 Ixaru, Liviu Gr. 8 Jones, William Branham 8 Kirsten, Klaus 8 Koepf, Wolfram A. ...and 12,371 more Authors
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268 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 208 Journal of Mathematical Physics 186 Journal of Computational Physics 184 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 182 Applied Mathematics and Computation 156 Mathematics of Computation 137 Journal of Statistical Physics 130 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 127 Physics Letters. A 119 Journal of Engineering Mathematics 106 Annals of Physics 98 Communications in Mathematical Physics 91 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 87 Acta Mechanica 84 Physica D 80 Numerische Mathematik 76 Wave Motion 73 Journal of High Energy Physics 72 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 72 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 69 Computer Physics Communications 69 Numerical Algorithms 67 General Relativity and Gravitation 64 Statistics & Probability Letters 62 Nuclear Physics. B 61 Applied Numerical Mathematics 58 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 58 Journal of Approximation Theory 58 Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 56 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 55 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 53 Journal of Differential Equations 53 Journal of Number Theory 53 Journal of Scientific Computing 52 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 52 Physics of Fluids 51 Mathematical Biosciences 51 Physics Letters. B 51 The Ramanujan Journal 50 Applied Mathematical Modelling 48 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 47 Journal of Mathematical Biology 46 Fluid Dynamics 45 BIT 45 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 43 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 43 Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 42 Physica A 42 Applied Mathematics Letters 40 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 40 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 39 Astrophysics and Space Science 39 Insurance Mathematics & Economics 39 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 38 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 37 Physics of Fluids 37 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 37 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 36 The Annals of Statistics 36 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 34 Modern Physics Letters A 34 Journal of Econometrics 33 International Journal of Engineering Science 33 Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 33 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 33 Constructive Approximation 33 Advances in Computational Mathematics 32 Computing 32 Theoretical Population Biology 32 Queueing Systems 31 Journal of Applied Probability 31 The Annals of Applied Probability 30 International Journal of Modern Physics A 30 International Journal of Modern Physics B 30 Advances in Applied Probability 30 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 28 International Journal of Solids and Structures 28 The Annals of Probability 28 Journal of Functional Analysis 28 Probability Theory and Related Fields 28 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 27 Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 27 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 27 Annales Henri Poincaré 26 Results in Mathematics 26 Bernoulli 25 Mathematical Notes 25 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 24 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 24 Mathematische Zeitschrift 24 Meccanica 24 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 24 Linear Algebra and its Applications 24 Abstract and Applied Analysis 24 Electronic Journal of Statistics 23 Advances in Mathematics 23 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 23 European Journal of Operational Research 23 Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 23 Journal of Theoretical Biology ...and 719 more Serials
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1,727 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1,473 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1,174 Special functions (33-XX) 1,159 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1,113 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1,069 Statistics (62-XX) 977 Quantum theory (81-XX) 571 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 542 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 540 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 523 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 470 Number theory (11-XX) 386 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 350 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 344 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 336 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 323 Real functions (26-XX) 302 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 238 Operator theory (47-XX) 222 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 218 Combinatorics (05-XX) 218 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 203 Computer science (68-XX) 196 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 193 Integral equations (45-XX) 169 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 169 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 169 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 140 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 129 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 128 Geophysics (86-XX) 122 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 115 Functional analysis (46-XX) 107 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 90 Differential geometry (53-XX) 86 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 85 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 84 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 83 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 50 Potential theory (31-XX) 32 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 31 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 31 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 30 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 27 Measure and integration (28-XX) 23 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 20 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 15 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 15 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 14 Geometry (51-XX) 13 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 13 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 10 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 9 History and biography (01-XX) 6 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 5 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 4 General topology (54-XX) 4 Mathematics education (97-XX) 3 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 3 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 2 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 2 Algebraic topology (55-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-10-21T01:34:30 |
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|
https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GDR2/Data_analysis/chap_cu8par/sec_cu8par_process/ssec_cu8par_process_flame.html
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Author(s): Orlagh Creevey, Christophe Ordenovic
Stellar radii and luminosities are estimated as part of the FLAME software package. The luminosities are derived using
$-2.5\log{\cal L}=M_{G}+\mathrm{BC}_{G}(T_{\rm eff})-M_{\rm bol\odot}$ (8.6)
where ${\cal L}$ is given in solar units, $M_{\rm G}$ is given by Equation 8.1, $M_{\rm bol\odot}=4.74$ as defined by the IAU Resolution 2015 B2 and $\mathrm{BC}_{G}(T_{\rm eff})$ is the temperature-only dependent bolometric correction. ${\cal R}$ is then calculated from ${\cal L}$ and $T_{\rm eff}$ (see Equation 8.2).
The Priam $A_{\rm G}$ estimates are found not be very accurate on a star-to-star basis. This is shown in Figure 8.7 where we compare ${\cal R}$ with those values taken from external catalogues for main sequence (panel a, Chaplin et al. 2014) and more evolved stars (panel b, Vrard et al. 2016). Black represents ${\cal R}$ as found in Gaia DR2, i.e. setting $A_{\rm G}$ = 0.0 mag, and red represents ${\cal R}$ using $A_{\rm G}$ from Priam (Equation 8.8). It can be seen that including Priam $A_{\rm G}$ leads to an overestimation of ${\cal R}$ (and ${\cal L}$) for many stars. For this reason we decided to set $A_{\rm G}$ = 0.0 mag in Equation 8.1 to derive the radius and luminosity for Gaia DR2. On the right panel it can be seen, however, that in some cases, e.g. stars with $\sim$11 ${\cal R}_{\odot}$, better agreement with the literature is obtained when we use $A_{\rm G}$ from Priam (the bisector passes closer to the mean of the points). Upon validation of the astrophysical parameters, it was decided to remove $A_{\rm G}$ and $E(G_{\rm BP}-G_{\rm RP})$ from Gaia DR2 for some sources satisfying certain conditions (Andrae et al. 2018). This removed many of the outliers in these figures. The sources with the filled red squares are the sources with an $A_{\rm G}$ estimate in Gaia DR2.
Should a user want to estimate luminosity or radius assuming a non-zero extinction $A_{\rm G,new}$ and/or a change in the bolometric correction of $\Delta\mathrm{BC}_{G}$, one can use the following expressions
${\cal L}_{\rm new}={\cal L}\,10^{0.4(A_{\rm G,new}-\Delta\mathrm{BC}_{G})}$ (8.7)
${\cal R}_{\rm new}={\cal R}\,10^{0.2(A_{\rm G,new}-\Delta\mathrm{BC}_{G})}$ (8.8)
We obtained our bolometric correction $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ on a grid as a function of $T_{\rm eff}$, $\log g$, [Fe/H], and [$\alpha$/Fe], derived from the MARCS synthetic stellar spectra (Gustafsson et al. 2008) for a $T_{\rm eff}$ range 2 500K to 8 000K. The spectra were calculated for values of $\log g$ between $-0.5$ and +5.5 dex, [Fe/H] between $-5.0$ and $+1.0$ dex, and [$\alpha$/Fe] between +0.0 and +0.4. The magnitudes are then computed from the grid spectra using the $G$ filter (see Figure 5.9). These models assume local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), with plane-parallel geometry for dwarfs and spherical symmetry for giants. We extended the $T_{\rm eff}$ range using the $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ from Jordi et al. (2010), but with an offset added to achieve continuity with the MARCS models. However, following validation of our results we choose to filter out FLAME results for stars with $T_{\rm eff}$ outside the range 3300 – 8000 K.
For the present work we have two issues to address. First, $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ is a function of four parameters which we do not have at our disposition in Gaia DR2, and so we must derive a 1D temperature projection. The second issue concerns the bolometric correction offset, as this is not defined by the synthetic models.
1. 1.
To address the first issue we selected the models with [$\alpha$/Fe] = 0 and $|[Fe/H]|<0.5$. For each $T_{\rm eff}$ bin we adopted the mean value of the selected $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ as $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ and the dispersion primarily due to $\log g$ as the standard deviation $\sigma(\mathrm{BC}_{G})$. We then fit a polynomial to these values to define a function $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($T_{\rm eff}$)
$\mathrm{BC}_{G}(T_{\rm eff})=\sum_{i=0}^{4}a_{i}(T_{\rm eff}-{T_{{\rm eff}{% \odot}}})^{i}$ (8.9)
This was done in two temperature regions 2500 – 4000 K and 4000 K – 8000 K. The bolometric correction is shown in Figure 8.8, and the resulting coefficients are given in Table 8.3, where we have fixed the the offset parameter $a_{0}$ as the reference bolometric correction of the Sun $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($\odot$) = +0.06.
2. 2.
The conversion of $M_{\rm G}$ to $M_{\rm bol}$ depends on the photometric $G$ filter and the subsequent data treatment. As we have no single reference star for which we know $M_{\rm bol}$ and $M_{\rm G}$ (through the observed $G$) exactly, we need to determine it empirically in order to set the $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ scale. In the ideal case we use the solar value through a $(G-V)$ conversion to derive $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($\odot$), and correct $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($T_{\rm eff}$) in order to obtain the solar value at 5772 K. However, at the time of processing no $(G-V)$ conversion was available, and we opted for an empirical determination.
Our empirical determination consisted of selecting several catalogues with stars where we can assume $A_{\rm G}$ is near zero or we can assume a single value for the population. Of these stars we further selected the cleanest subsamples by choosing sources with $\sigma(T_{\rm eff})/T_{\rm eff}<0.05$, $\sigma(\varpi)/\varpi<0.05$, and $7. We then corrected for the differences in Priam $T_{\rm eff}$ and the values from the external catalogue in order to isolate the effect of $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ on the radius. The $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($\odot$) was fitted for each subsample by minimizing the differences between FLAME and literature radii and luminosities values. After performing this analysis on several subsamples along with subsequent validation we obtained a mean $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($\odot$) = +0.06$\pm$0.10 mag. This implies that here in this work $M_{G\odot}=4.68$ mag and consequently $(G-V)_{\odot}$ = –0.13 mag using Torres (2010). Figure 8.9 shows a comparison between the literature and FLAME luminosity and radius after setting $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($\odot$) = +0.06 mag. The open symbols in panels (a) and (b) show luminosities using published bolometric fluxes from Casagrande et al. (2011), and radii using predicted angular diameters from Bourges et al. (2017), respectively. The filled symbols show the subset of sources which were used to determine $\mathrm{BC}_{G}$ ($\odot$). By construction, the mean differences are close to zero, and we find a disperion below $10$% in both ${\cal L}$ and ${\cal R}$, indicating no unknown systematic effects in our results. More detail is given in the appendix of Andrae et al. (2018). For $T_{\rm eff}$ above 8 000 K (panel b) the differences may be attributed to a poorer calibration of this temperature range for predicting angular diameters. Equally the discrepancy can be attributed to these stars having Gaia photometry outside of the training range. Note that we do not publish ${\cal L}$ or ${\cal R}$ for sources with $T_{\rm eff}$ above 8000 K.
The 1-$\sigma$ uncertainties in ${\cal L}$ are based on a first order propagation of uncertainties considering $G$ and $\varpi$. These are reported in the catalogue as a symmetric confidence interval. The lower and upper radius percentiles is obtained from propagating through the values of the lower and upper $T_{\rm eff}$ percentiles. The distribution of the relative uncertainties as a function of ${\cal R}$ and ${\cal L}$ is shown in Figure 8.10.
| 2021-09-23T14:04:13 |
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https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/753/4734
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Retinex Algorithm with Reduced Halo Artifacts
Retinex image enhancement technique is an attempt to model human vision system. Scope of this nonlinear enhancement algorithm is immense which makes it a powerful algorithm. The most important application of Retinex algorithm is the development of visibility improvement system for helping drivers with poor vision at night and bad weather condition1-9. The algorithm is extensively used in Langley Research Centre, NASA, and DLR, Germany for their technology demonstrator projects of development of enhanced vision system for NASA 757 aircraft. The algorithm is also extensively used in medical image processing area in the TruView Imaging Company formed by the scientists of NASA who worked extensively for the development of this algorithm10-11. This paper presents the work done on Retinex so far and proposes a method to reduce the halo artifacts for better performance of human vision system.
In recent days, with the increasing use of digital camera capturing and rendering a good image is not a trivial task. Recorded images differ from direct view to the lack of dynamic range compression and colour constancy. Dynamic range is the ratio of the largest value to the smallest value of a physical quantity. Dynamic range of a scene is the ratio of the brightest and darkest part of the scene. The range of human vision system is quite large. The luminance of starlight is around 0.001 cd/m2 to that of a sunlit is around 100,000 cd/m2, which is hundred million times higher. The human eye can accommodate a dynamic range of approximately 10,000:1 in a single view, but the imaging system has a restricted dynamic range. To render a captured scene with very high dynamic range therefore remains a challenging task.
Colour constancy is defined as the maintenance of colour appearance despite variation in the colour of nearby objects and despite variation in the spectral power distribution. A captured image of rose under different lighting condition appears differently. While the colour of rose appears to be same to us in sunlight as well as room illuminated by light source, a camera film does not see it in the same way. If colour appearance is useful feature in identifying an object, then colour appearance must be constant when the object is viewed in different context. Colour constancy is the ability of human being under natural variation of light sources, but it is not perfect. If the illuminant is strongly saturated, then we cannot predict colour correctly.
The human vision system performs the task of dynamic range compression and colour constancy almost effortlessly. Thus to improve the quality of images we have to combine dynamic range compression, colour constancy and colour and lightness rendition. Multi scale Retinex with colour restoration (MSRCR), based on Land’s Retinex theory12-16, is an attempt to achieve these goals. This is a powerful algorithm especially for the visibility improvement of the dark regions.
Retinex theory17 was proposed in 1983 as an attempt to develop a computation model of human perception of colours. Experiments based on colour perception17-24, depends on neural structure of human vision system. On the basis of these experiments, Land concluded that the composition of the light from an area in an image does not specify the colour of that area. He found a quantity, termed it as ‘lightness’ exist which neither changes with change in illumination nor location of object on a scene. Thus on that basis of retinal cortical system there are three independent lightness making mechanism, one for long waves (R), one for middle waves (G) and the other for short waves (B) each served by its own spectrum independently. Each system forms a separate image of the scene.
In 1986, E. Land23 proposed a simple alternative technique for computation of the designator in retinex theory. The designator is the computed numerical measure on one waveband of the lightness seen as part of the whole field of view. Instead of overall average for the denominator, average flux from contiguous areas was used. Unlike the previous Retinex technique17 which involved some kind of comparison between the flux coming from a point in remote as well as the use of contiguous area, new algorithm produced randomness in the average because of the arbitrary reflectivity and the smallness of the population of contiguous areas. Land proposed an inverse square surround.
Thus the Retinex theory can be implemented as follows:
For each waveband the relative reflectance for each point can be calculated as the relative reflectance of i to j:
$\begin{array}{l}{R}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(i,j\right)=\sum \delta \mathrm{log}{\mathrm{I}}_{k+1}/{\mathrm{I}}_{k}\\ \delta \mathrm{log}\frac{{\mathrm{I}}_{k+1}}{{\mathrm{I}}_{k}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{log}{\mathrm{I}}_{k+1}/{\mathrm{I}}_{k}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}if|\mathrm{log}\frac{{\mathrm{I}}_{k+1}}{{\mathrm{I}}_{k}}|>Th\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}if|\mathrm{log}\frac{{\mathrm{I}}_{k+1}}{{\mathrm{I}}_{k}}| (1)
Th is the threshold.
Role of Th in Retinex is to decrease the effect channel intensity ratios.
Average relative reflectance of an area i is given as
${R}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=\frac{{\sum }_{j=1}^{N}{R}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\left(i,j\right)}{N}$ (2)
3.1 Path Algorithm
The Retinex algorithm proposed was the first attempt to develop a computational model for human colour constancy. In random path algorithm, next pixel position is chosen randomly from the current pixel position. David19, et al. studied this algorithm and formulated the path using stochastic method: An accumulator is designed to calculate lightness values of each pixel which is initialised to zero. As the path precedes, the path value of accumulator A gets updated. This process is repeated for n number of paths. The final value for each pixel is obtained by normalising the accumulator value by the number of paths visited. If the path is too long, then the Retinex algorithm is equivalent to its maximum value. They found the algorithm too sensitive to changes in the colour of nearby objects, and hence an inadequate model of human colour constancy. Horn formulated calculation of lightness using Laplacian operator8. Andrew Blake18 introduces an improved version of Horn’s algorithm. He used gradient operator instead of Laplacian operator. This improved boundary condition along the image. A. Rizzi25, et al. used Brownian motion to randomly distributed path. Main drawback with path algorithm is the complexity associated with number of paths, path lengths and their trajectories.
3.2 Iterative Algorithm
Frankle-McCann Retinex in 1983 proposed a multi-resolution iterative version of the algorithm. Funt26, et al. published its Matlab Code in 2004. R. Sobol27 proposed an improvement in this iterative model by introducing ratio-modification operator which preserves small contrast ratio and significantly compresses large contrast.
3.3 Centre/Surround Algorithm
Land evolved the concept from random walk computation to its last form as a centre/surround form. This last form of Retinex captured attention of Jobson15, et al. who studied the properties of center/surround function. In this method, the pixel under consideration is replaced by a value which depends on the weighted average of the surrounding pixels. Study of centre/surround method and propose method to reduce artifacts present around high contrast edges are presented in this paper.
The single-scale Retinex (SSR)25 for a single spectral component can be represented as
${R}_{i}\left(x,y\right)=\mathrm{log}{\mathrm{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)-\mathrm{log}\left[F\left(x,y\right)*{\mathrm{I}}_{i}\left(\text{x,y}\right)\right]$ (3)
where Ii(x, y) is the image distribution in the ith colour spectral band, x and y are image coordinates. * denotes the convolution operation, F(x, y) is the surround function and Ri(x, y) is the associated Retinex output.
$F\left(x,y\right)=K\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{exp}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-{r}^{2}/{C}^{2}\right)$ (4)
C is a scalar value called surround space constant and K is selected such that
$r=\sqrt{x2}+y2\text{\hspace{0.17em}}and\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\int \int F\left(x,y\right)dx,dy=1$ (5)
Results obtained with different Gaussian space constant values are shown in Fig. 3.
Small kernels results in dynamic range compression. With large kernel the output looks more like natural impression of the image. Middle value of surround space constant is good for compensating shadow and to achieve acceptable rendition for the processed image.
When the dynamic range of scene exceeds the dynamic range of the recording medium, there is a loss of information which cannot be recovered. Single-scale Retinex (SSR) can either provide dynamic range compression or tonal rendition but not both simultaneously. To combine the strength of various surround space Multi-scale Retinex (MSR) was developed12.
Multi-scale Retinex output is the weighted sum of the several different SSR outputs. Mathematically,
${R}_{MSR}={\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{W}_{n}{R}_{ni}$ (6)
where n is the number of scales, Rni is the ith component of the nth scale, RMSR is the ith spectral component of the MSR output, and Wn is the weight associated with the nth scale. In MSR the surround function is given by
${F}_{n}\left(x,y\right)=K\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{exp}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-{r}^{2}/{C}_{n}^{2}\right)$ (7)
where Cn is the Gaussian surround space constant. Multi-scale Retinex combines the dynamic range compression of the Single-scale Retinex with the tonal rendition to produce an output which encompasses both as shown in Fig. 4.
Although MSR gives better results by combining dynamic range compression and colour rendition, it suffers from ‘graying-out’ of uniform zones.
Images which violate gray-world assumptions on retinex processing suffer from ‘graying-out’ of the image, either globally or in specific regions. Thus gives a washed out appearance for the processed images. To restore colour12-13,15, MSR was modified by adding a colour restoration function given as:
${R}_{MSRCR}={C}_{i}\left(x,y\right){R}_{MSRi}\left(x,y\right)$ (8)
where,
${C}_{i}\left(x,y\right)=f\left[{{\mathrm{I}}^{\prime }}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\right]$ (9)
${{\mathrm{I}}^{\prime }}_{i}\left(x,y\right)={\mathrm{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)/{\sum }_{i=1}^{S}{\mathrm{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)$ (10)
where ${{\text{I}}^{\prime }}_{i}\left(x,y\right)$ is the ith band of the colour restoration function (CRF), RMSRCR is the ith spectral band of the Multi-scale Retinex with colour restoration(MSRCR), S is the number of spectral channels. The value of S is generally 3 for RGB.
Results show that the function that provides the best overall colour restoration is given by
${C}_{i}\left(x,y\right)=\beta \mathrm{log}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[\alpha \text{\hspace{0.17em}}{{\mathrm{I}}^{\prime }}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\right]$ (11)
where α controls the strength of the non-linearity and β is a gain constant. The final gain/offset adjustments are required for transition from the logarithmic to the display domain. The final version of the MSRCR can be written as
$\begin{array}{l}{R}_{MSRCR}=G\left[{C}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\left\{log\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}-\mathrm{log}\left[F\left(x,y\right)*{\mathrm{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\right]\right\}+b\right]\end{array}$ (12)
where G and b are the final gain and offset values, respectively. The value of G and b are implementation dependent.
Choice of appropriate space constant values is one of the design issue. The algorithm15 is designed for constant values:
N c1 c2 c3 α β wn 3 15 80 250 125 46 1/3
The result of Multi-scale–Retinex with colour restoration processing on the test image is shown in Fig. 5.
Multi-scale–Retinex with colour restoration algorithm effectively restores colours in the processed images but shows artifacts in the images having high contrast edges, as shown in Fig. 5. In this section we propose a method of reducing these halo artifacts. This work is inspired by the work of Moore28, according to which the induction can be reduced by multiplying surround by gradient of the image. Unlike Moore’s work, the authors have used a Multi-scale approach and Laplacian of Gaussian as edge detector.
$\begin{array}{l}\text{Retinex}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{algorithm}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{has}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{the}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{form:}\\ \text{Retinex}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{Centre}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}-\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{Surround}\end{array}$ (13)
The surround function is given as:
$Surround=\mathrm{log}\left[F\left(x,y\right)*{\text{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\right]$ (14)
To reduce the artifacts we modify the surround weight as shown below:
$\begin{array}{l}Surround=\mathrm{log}\left[{{F}^{\prime }}_{n}\left(x,y\right)*{\text{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\cdot log\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\text{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)*{\text{F}}_{n}\left(x,y\right)\right]\end{array}$ (15)
where ${{F}^{\prime }}_{n}\left(x,y\right)$ the Laplacian of Gaussian is function and ${\text{F}}_{n}\left(x,y\right)$ is Gaussian function of the nth scale. Proposed algorithm is given in Appendix-A.
The surround function is multiplied by edge detector, thus in smooth region the output will be almost equal to zero. Hence surround value will be almost zero for smooth regions. This would result more colour rendition and reduction of artifacts near the high contrast edges. Image in Fig. 6 is processed by the proposed method with three scale values such as 3, 15, 80. This not only reduces artifacts, but also decreases the computational time.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, test has been conducted on images collected from various sources given in the web site. Proposed method is designed for three scales and surround space constant values chosen are 3, 15, 80. Some of the results are presented in the paper.
The face of the lady in Fig. 7(a) is not clear in MSRCR output Fig. 7(b) compared to that obtained by our method. Thus this algorithm cannot be suitable for face detection or recognition purposes. The algorithm works well for images having dark zones.
Quality assessment plays an important role in image processing application. Many cameras had inbuilt image processing algorithms to correct the quality of image before rendering to mimic closely to the perceived image by the observers. How pleasing the overall rendered image is and how well it conforms to the observer’s expectation is measured by number of factors called attributes of the image. The quality Q of an image is determined by a number of visual attributes that includes sharpness, tone rendition and colour. In this experiment we have calculated mean square error, structure similarity (SSIM) and mean structural similarity (MSSIM).
Mean square error is given by the equation:
$MSE=\sum {\left({f}_{i}\left(x,y\right)-{{f}^{\prime }}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\right)}^{2}/MN$
Structural similarity is given by the equation:
$\begin{array}{l}SSIM\left(x,y\right)=\left(2{\mu }_{x}{\mu }_{y}+{C}_{1}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(2{\sigma }_{xy}+{C}_{2}\right)\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}/\left\{\left({\mu }_{x}^{2}+{\mu }_{y}^{2}+{C}_{1}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left({\sigma }_{x}^{2}+{\sigma }_{y}^{2}+{C}_{2}\end{array}$
Mean structural similarity index measurement is given
by:
$MSSIM\left(x,y\right)=\left(\sum SSIM\left({x}_{j},{y}_{j}\right)\right)/M$
Tables 1 and 2 shows that proposed methods give better results compared to result obtained by Rahman, et al., especially with single scale where MSE is found to be highest. But the SSIM and MSSIM values are almost the same for all the results except for C where MSSIM result is quite high. Moreover Single scale result is takes less computational time as compared to Rahman, et al. algorithm.
The time complexity of the algorithm can be subdivided into three parts:
1. computation time required for Gaussian mask,
2. time complexity for convolution and logarithm, and
3. time required for colour restoration function.
Let the size of the image be of dimension M × N.
The computation time required for Gaussian mask is equal to 16NM+M+N+1. Hence the order of Gaussian mask is O(MN), if the dimension of the image is same say N, then the O(N2). To calculate time complexity for convolution operation we considered the worst condition where for all pixels are multiplied by 3 x 3 mask i.e., 9 multiplication and 9 addition thus the computational time is equal to 18 operation on each pixel so for N × M image the operations are 18MN(approximately). Thus the order of the image is equal to O(MN) if the image is of N x N dimension then it is of order O(N2).The logarithmic calculation is of same order. Since the MSRCR uses three scales that and the scales are 15 × 15, 80 × 80 and 250, the computation time is much higher than that of our proposed method. The colour restoration function requires (14MN+N+M+1) i.e. also order of O(NM). Hence the total complexity of the algorithm is of O(MN) if the dimensions are different otherwise O(N2). This calculation is done only one colour space out of RGB, the same time it required to other two planes. Hence total complexity is given by O(3N2).
The SSR provides a good mechanism for enhancing images. However depending on the surround space constant, it can either provide good tonal rendition or dynamic range compression. The MSR, comprised of the three scales such as, small, intermediate and large overcomes these limitations. The scene which violates the gray –world assumption, desaturation of colour was found to occur The MSRCR adds a colour restoration scheme which produced good colour rendition even for severe gray-world violations. MSRCR shows artifacts around high contrast edge. Proposed method reduces the artifacts, but at the same time suffers from desaturation of colour. It effectively pulls out the details from dark areas. Since designed with scales 3, 15, 80 the computational time is also reduced. Future work is to find the optimal range of surround space constant as well as number of scales required for proper colour rendition.
The images used for evaluating the performance of the algorithm are taken from www.dragon.larc.nasa.gov.
1. Ngo, H.; Tao, Li.; Ming, Zhang; Livingston A. & Asari, V. A visibility improvement system for low vision drivers by non linear enhancement of fused visible and infrared video. In Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPRW’05), 2005, 03.
2. Hines, G.D.; Rahman, Z.; D. Jobson, D.J. & Woodell, G.A. A real-time enhancement, registration, and fusion for a multi-sensor enhanced vision system. In Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2005, SPIE 2006, 6226.
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5. Doehler, H.U. & Bollmeyer, D. Simulation of imaging radar for obstacle avoidance and enhanced vision. In Enhanced and Synthetic Vision, edited by J. G. Verly, SPIE, 1997, 3088, 64-73.
6. Ferguson. D, Radke. J. System for Adverse Weather Landing. In Proceedings of the AIAA Aircraft Design, Systems and Operations Meeting, 1993, 11-13, 1-5.
7. Hecker, P. & Doehler, H.U. Enhanced vision systems: Results of simulation and operational tests. In Enhanced and synthetic vision 1998, edited by J. G. Verly, SPIE, 1998, 3364, 115-22.
8. Horn, W.F.; Stanley, Ekiert; Jeff, Radke; Richard, R.; Tucker, C.; Harold Hannan, J. & Allen, Zak. Synthetic vision system technology demonstration methodology and results to date. SAE International Technical Paper Series No. 921971, Aerotech “92, October 1992, 5-8, 1-9.
9. Nordwall, B.D. UV Sensor proposed as pilot landing aid. Aviation Week Space Technol., 1997, 147, 81-84.
10. Rahman, Z. Retinex image enhancement: Application to medical Images. In NASA workshop on New Partnerships in Medical Diagnostic Imaging, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA. July 2001.
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12. Jobson, D.J.; Rahman, Z. & Woodell, G.A. Retinex image processing: Improved fidelity for direct visual observation. In Proceedings of the IS&T Fourth Color Imaging Conference: Color Science, Systems, and Applications, 1996, pp. 124-126.
13. Rahman, Z.; Jobson, D.J. & Woodell, G.A. Multiscale Retinex for color rendition and dynamic range compression. In Applications of Digital Image Processing XIX, SPIE, 1996, 2847.
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15. Jobson, D.J.; Rahman, Z. & Woodell, G.A. A multi-scale Retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes. IEEE Trans. Image Proces., 1997, 6(7), 965-76.
16. Wang, W. Fast Multi-Scale Retinex algorithm for color image enhancement. In Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, Aug 2008, 80-85.
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20. Land, E.H. Recent advances in Retinex theory and some implications for cortical computations: Color vision and the natural image. In Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA. 1983, 80, 5163-569.
21. Rahman, Z. Jobson, D.J.; Woodell, G.A. & Hines, G.D. Multi-sensor fusion and enhancement using the Retinex image enhancement algorithm. Visual Information Processing XI, Proc. SPIE 2002, 4736.
22. Rahman, Z.; Jobson, D.J. & Woodell, G.A. Retinex processing for automatic image enhancement. J. Electro. Imaging, 2004, 13(10), 100-110.
23. Land, E.H. An alternative technique for the computation of the designator in the Retinex theory of color vision. In Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA. 1986, 83, 3078-080.
24. Land, E.H. Recent advances in Retinex theory. Vision Research, 1987, 26(1), 7-21.
25. Rizzi, A.; Gatta, C. & Marini, D. A new algorithm for unsupervised global and local color correction. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2003, 24(11), 1663-1677.
26. Funt, B. & Ciuera, C. Tuning Retinex parameter. J. Electro. Imaging, 2004, 13(1), 58-64.
27. Sobol, R. Improving the Retinex algorithm for rendering wide dynamic range photograph. J. Electro. Imaging, 2004, 13.
28. Moore, A.; Allman, J. & Goodman, M. A real-time neural system for color constancy. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, 1991, 2, 237-47.
Dr Jharna Majumdar currently working as Dean R & D and Professor and Head, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (PG) at the NITTE Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangaluru. Prior to this she served in different laboratories of DRDO. She has published about 82 research papers in national/international journals and conferences. Her research areas include Image and video processing for defence and non-defence applications, robot vision, vision-based autonomous-guided systems, development of computer vision algorithms in FPGA, etc. Ms Mili Nandi (Biodata is not available) Dr P. Nagabhushan currently working as Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Mysore. He worked on a large number of funded research projects of Indo-French Centre, DRDO, ISRO, AICTE, UGC, MHRD, ICMR, etc. He designed and successfully implemented a large number of graduate programme at the university. He received a large number of awards for his academic excellence. His research areas include: Document analysis, pattern recognition, image processing, artificial intelligence, neural network and allied areas.
# Appendix-‘A’
Algorithm: MSRCR with Halo Reduction
Input: Colour image I( M × N)
Output: Enhanced colour image I(M × N)
It includes the following steps:
Step 1. The input image is read and stored in an array.
Step 2. The individual colour components are separated and stored in individual arrays as d (R(x,y)), green (G(x,y)) and blue (B(x,y)).
Step 3. The Gaussian functions that are required for the convolution are calculated using the following equations.
$F\left(x,y\right)=K*\mathrm{exp}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\left({x}^{2}+{y}^{2}\right)/{C}^{2}\right)$
where C is the Gaussian surround space constant. K determined by:
$\iint K*\mathrm{exp}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(-\left({x}^{2}+{y}^{2}\right)/{C}^{2}\right)dx\text{\hspace{0.17em}}dy=1$
Thus K is determined as K = 1/(2 × π × c2).
Step 4. The Gaussian functions are determined for two scale values of c1 = 3, c2 = 15. The convolution is done for each scale to get ${\text{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)*F\left(x,y\right)$ as
$\begin{array}{l}{\text{I}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)*F\left(x,y\right)=\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\sum _{m=0}^{M-1}\sum _{n=0}^{N-1}\text{I}\left(\text{m,n}\right)\text{F(x}-\text{m,}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{y}-\text{n)}\end{array}$
Step 5. The same procedure of convolution is repeated for ${F}^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)$ , where ${F}^{\prime }\left(x,y\right)$ is given Laplacian of Gaussian.
Step 6. The outputs of the result obtained after convolving with two functions are added and the resultant is
Step 7. The convolution result for each scale is used in
${R}_{i}\left(x,y\right)=\mathrm{log}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left({I}_{i}\left(x,y\right)/{{I}^{\prime }}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\right)$
i = 1: Red component,
i = 2: Green component,
i = 3: Blue component
Step 8. The multi-scale result is weighted sum of the output s of several different SSR outputs.
${{R}^{\prime }}_{MSRi}={\sum }_{i=1}^{N}wn\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{{R}^{\prime }}_{ni}$
where N is the number of scales, ${{R}^{\prime }}_{ni}$ is the ith component of the nth scale, ${{R}^{\prime }}_{MSRi}$ is the ith spectral component of the MSR with halo reduction output and Wn is the weight associated with it. Wn =1/2 n=1, 2
Step 9. To calculate colourimetric transform:
${{I}^{″}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)={I}_{i}\left(x,y\right)/{\sum }_{i=1}^{S}{I}_{i}\left(x,y\right)$
where S is the number of spectral channels.
Step 10. The colour restoration function (CRF) in the chromaticity space is calculated as
${\mathrm{C}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)=\beta \mathrm{log}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[\alpha {{\text{I}}^{″}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\right]$
where β is a gain constant = 46, α is linearity the strength of the non linearity = 125
Step 11. The MSRCR with halo reduction can be written as:
${{R}^{\prime }}_{MSRCRi}={C}_{i}\left(x,y\right){{R}^{\prime }}_{MSRi}\left(x,y\right)$
Step 12. The MSRCR with gain offset can be written as:
Step 13. ${\text{R}}_{MSRCRi}\left(x,y\right)=G\left\{{\text{C}}_{i}\left(x,y\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left({\text{R}}_{MSRi}\left(x,y\right)+b\right)\right\}$
Step 14. The colour components are recombined to get the processed output image, which is then stored in ‘raw’ format.
| 2023-03-21T04:45:51 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10370546-characterizing-kinematics-young-stars-radcliffe-wave
|
Characterizing the 3D Kinematics of Young Stars in the Radcliffe Wave
Abstract
We present an analysis of the kinematics of the Radcliffe Wave, a 2.7 kpc long sinusoidal band of molecular clouds in the solar neighborhood recently detected via 3D dust mapping. With Gaia DR2 astrometry and spectroscopy, we analyze the 3D space velocities of ∼1500 young stars along the Radcliffe Wave in action-angle space, using the motion of the wave’s newly born stars as a proxy for its gas motion. We find that the vertical angle of young stars—corresponding to their orbital phase perpendicular to the Galactic plane—varies significantly as a function of position along the structure, in a pattern potentially consistent with a wavelike oscillation. This kind of oscillation is not seen in a control sample of older stars from Gaia occupying the same volume, disfavoring formation channels caused by long-lived physical processes. We use a “wavy midplane” model to try to account for the trend in vertical angles seen in young stars, and find that while the best-fit parameters for the wave’s spatial period and amplitude are qualitatively consistent with the existing morphology defined by 3D dust, there is no evidence for additional velocity structure. These results support more recent and/or transitory processes in the formation of the more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10370546
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
936
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
Article No. 57
ISSN:
0004-637X
Publisher:
DOI PREFIX: 10.3847
Recent analyses of Gaia data have resulted in the identification of new stellar structures, including a new class of extended stellar filaments called stellar “strings,” first proposed by Kounkel & Covey. We explore the spatial, kinematic, and chemical composition of strings to demonstrate that these newfound structures are largely inconsistent with being physical objects whose members share a common origin. Examining the 3D spatial distribution of string members, we find that the spatial dispersion around the claimed string spine does not improve in the latest Gaia DR3 data release—despite tangible gains in the signal-to-noise ratio of the parallax measurements—counter to expectations of a bona fide structure. Using the radial velocity dispersion of the strings (averaging$σVr=16kms−1$) to estimate their virial masses, we find that all strings are gravitationally unbound. Given the finding that the strings are dispersing, the reported stellar ages of the strings are typically 120× larger than their measured dispersal times. Finally, we validate prior work that stellar strings are more chemically homogeneous than their local field stars but show it is possible to obtain the same signatures of chemical homogeneity by drawing random samples of stars from spatially, temporally, and kinematicallymore »
| 2023-03-22T13:50:28 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10058217-measurement-differential-cross-sections-associated-production-boson-jets-proton-proton-collisions
|
Measurement of the differential cross sections for the associated production of a $W$ boson and jets in proton-proton collisions at $s=13 TeV$
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10058217
Journal Name:
Physical Review D
Volume:
96
Issue:
7
ISSN:
2470-0010
| 2022-09-27T07:40:43 |
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https://khmer-protocols.readthedocs.io/en/latest/metagenomics/3-partition.html
|
# 3. Partitioning¶
Note
Partitioning may not be needed or useful for data sets with low or medium richness. You can proceed to 4. Assembling and use the pe.qc.fq.gz and se.fq.fq.gz files from 2. Running digital normalization in place of XXX. @@
Note
Make sure you’re running in screen!
Start with the QC’ed files from 2. Running digital normalization or copy them into a working directory.
## Simple Partitioning¶
Partitioning is a rather complex process – nowhere near as nice and simple as digital normalization. However, we do have a simple script to run the basic stuff; if this script is too slow, or doesn’t work well for big chunks of data, we might have remedies, so please contact us. But in the meantime, here is a simple procedure.
First, eliminate highly repetitive k-mers that could join multiple species and rename the files appropriately
cd /mnt/work
python /usr/local/share/khmer/sandbox/filter-below-abund.py normC5k20.kh *.kak.*.fq.gz
for i in *.below
do
mv $i$i.fq
done
Note
You will need the normC5k20.kh file from 2. Running digital normalization for this step. If you don’t have it, you can regenerate it like so:
/usr/local/share/khmer/scripts/load-into-counting.py -k 20 -N 4 -x 5e8 normC5k20.kh *.qc.fq.gz
Next, run partitioning
/usr/local/share/khmer/scripts/do-partition.py -k 32 -x 1e9 --threads 4 kak *.kak.qc.fq.gz.below.fq
This should take about 15 minutes, and will produce ‘.part’ files. These are now FASTQ files that contain partition annotations. For example, check out:
head *.pe.kak.qc.fq.gz.below.fq.part
## Extracting the Partitions Into Groups¶
Generally there are lots of partitions, and for convenience sake we group them into group files that can be assembled in small chunks. To do this, run
/usr/local/share/khmer/scripts/extract-partitions.py -X 100000 kak *.part
This will leave you with a bunch of kak.group*.fq, as well as a kak.dist file containing the distribution of partition sizes (how many sequences are in a given partition).
Here, the ‘-X’ sets the number of sequences stuck into a group file. By default the -X parameter is 1 million, which would put all of the sequences into a single file for this data set.
## Separating Groups Into PE and SE¶
We still want to track paired and single-ended reads, so let’s go ahead and extract the PE reads as before
for i in kak*.fq
do
/usr/local/share/khmer/scripts/extract-paired-reads.py $i name=$(basename $i .fq) mv${name}.fq.pe ${name}.pe.fq mv${name}.fq.se ${name}.se.fq done And, finally, compress them gzip *.pe.fq *.se.fq ## Reinflating Partitions (Optional)¶ At this point it’s worth noting that the partitions are normalized, that is, diginormed. That makes it hard to use them for abundance calculations, and some assemblers prefer to have the original abundances in there. So, can you recover the abundances? Of course you can! python /usr/local/share/khmer/sandbox/sweep-files.py -x 3e8 --db kak.group*.fq --query *.?e.qc.fq.gz Finally, split the resulting .sweep files into PE/SE for i in *kak*.sweep do sweep=$(basename $i .fq) mv$i $sweep.fq /usr/local/share/khmer/scripts/extract-paired-reads.py${sweep}.fq
mv $sweep.fq.pe${sweep}.nodn.pe.fq
mv $sweep.fq.se${sweep}.nodn.se.fq
done
and compress
gzip *.nodn.se.fq *.nodn.pe.fq
## Cleaning Up¶
At this point, you have quite a few intermediate files, all of which can be removed
rm *.part kak.group*.fq *.kh *.below.fq *.sweep.fq
You’ll be left with 18 pairs of files named kak.group00XX.pe.fq.gz and kak.group00xx.se.fq.gz, and (if you reinflated the partitions), another 18 pairs of files named kak.group0000.nodn.pe.fq.gz and kak.group0000.nodn.se.fq.gz.
Next: 4. Assembling
LICENSE: This documentation and all textual/graphic site content is licensed under the Creative Commons - 0 License (CC0) -- fork @ github.
comments powered by Disqus
| 2021-08-04T06:55:36 |
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|
https://www3.aps.anl.gov/forums/elegant/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=1271&sid=a2c1af4c31cb5bc8e6654e852df7a285
|
## rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Moderators: cyao, michael_borland
li.chao
Posts: 31
Joined: 18 Aug 2021, 08:59
### rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Dear All,
This is Chao. Recently, I am looking back to the transient beam loading simulation with rfmode element in elegant. What I am trying to do is simulate a double rf system, where the main cavity is ideal (RFCA) and the harmonic cavity is rfmode element. With the setting in the attached file, the coupled bunch growth rate due to the harmonic cavity is below the radiation damping till 100nC. To maintain the harmonic cavity voltage and phase, a cavity feedback is also applied to the harmonic cavity. In the attached files you can see the settings prepared for running.
Here is my question:
1. I assume the cavity feedback can maintain the condition \tilde{Vc}=\tilde{Vg} +\tilde{Vb}, where \tilde{Vc},\tilde{Vg},\tilde{Vb} are the cavity voltage, generator voltage and beam induced voltage vectors. However, when I feed a very small shut impedance Rs in rfmdoe (harmonic) element, leading to a very small beam induced voltage \tilde{Vb}, I expect the (harmonic cavity) rfmode element will perform as a ideal cavity like RFCA element. So I expect almost an ideal bunch lengthening effect, however, the simulation results does not give any bunch lengthening. I probably have a wrong understanding on setting in the rfmode element, would some one help me to figure which part I made a mistake?
2, in my setting rfmode settings, why my output for rfmode cavity feedback ( feedback_record="%s.rfhc-fb") does not have any data there? Any mistakes in the settings?
Great thanks.
yours Chao
Attachments
toElegantFormus.tar
michael_borland
Posts: 1801
Joined: 19 May 2008, 09:33
Location: Argonne National Laboratory
Contact:
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Chao,
I think the problem was just some typos in the definition of the RFMODE element for the harmonic cavity. See attached.
Also, be sure that the macro <qin> is defined to something non-zero.
I did see output in the feedback file. Please be aware that asking for this output at small intervals will slow things down.
--Michael
Attachments
ILMatrix.lte
li.chao
Posts: 31
Joined: 18 Aug 2021, 08:59
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Thanks Michael. I got it.
I am also trying to do some benchmark study between elegant and a code developed in house.
Will let you know my process and it will be great if I can get further assistant from you.
Thanks again.
yours Chao
li.chao
Posts: 31
Joined: 18 Aug 2021, 08:59
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Dear Michael,
I am trying to run elegant with setting as shown in the attached file. In the setting, still the main cavity is the ideal RFCA element and the harmonic cavity is the rfmode element. Since the harmonic number is 3840 in our ring, the filling pattern is expressed as
3840 = 2* (100*10+920), where I have two periodic bunch trains, each bunch train includes 100 bunces. 10 empty rf buckets between bunches within one bunch train and 920 empty buckets between bunch trains.
For simplicity, in the simulation, one bunch is represented by one macro-particle.
In the harmonic cavity "rfmode" settings, there is no cavity feedback, in this scene, I expect the generator phase and voltage both does not change during the simulation. In my understanding, when the cavity feedback in on, then \tilde{Vg} is changed, leading to a variation of the net cavity voltage changing of \tilde{Vc}=\tilde{Vg}+\tilde{Vb} that beam feels.
However, with the settings in the attached file without cavity feedback, the simulation results in *.rfhc shows that generator voltage and phase both vary as function of tracking turns and bunch index. Why the generator voltage and phase change in my settings?
Another thing is about data "dCt" in the *.wp* files. I found all of the dCt data is the same in the *.wp* files. Is what expected?
yours Chao
/////////////////////////rfmode Harmonic settings //////////////////
HCRFMode: RFMODE, RS=1.8e6, Q=17000, beta=5.3, bin_size=1e-12, n_bins=1000, &
FREQ="f0 ringHarm * 3 * 13.882e3 +", DRIVE_FREQUENCY="f0 ringHarm * 3 * ", &
V_SETPOINT="V_Hc", PHASE_SETPOINT="Phi_Hc", &
N_CAVITIES=1,RECORD="%s.rfhc",sample_interval=100,flush_interval=100
Attachments
ToElegantForums.tar
michael_borland
Posts: 1801
Joined: 19 May 2008, 09:33
Location: Argonne National Laboratory
Contact:
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Chao,
Your file train.sdds has an issue: you set IDSlotsPerBunch = 1, but your particleID values are 1, 11, 21, ... This confuses RFMODE's bunch finding algorithm, causing it to think there are buckets you want to simulate between the bunches. The simulation is still the same, but the output becomes confused. Try
Code: Select all
sddsprocess train.sdds -redefine=param,IDSlotsPerBunch,10,type=long
Following that, the HC cavity log should look as expected if you filter out the buckets in the gap, e.g., using
Code: Select all
sddsplot -colum=Bunch,VCavity Tracking.rfhc -filter=col,Charge,0,0,\! -graph=sym
As for the dCt values all being the same, that has to do with a problem with the START_PID and END_PID values. The way it is programmed, if START_PID=END_PID, they are ignored. I don't like this and will change it in the future, but if you add 1 to your END_PID values you can work around the problem.
--Michael
li.chao
Posts: 31
Joined: 18 Aug 2021, 08:59
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Dear Michael
The explanation of the IDSlotSSperBunch: Number of particle ID slots reserved to a bunch"
I guess I can simply set IDSlotSSperBunch value at the ith page as particleID (start_id at the i+1 page) - particleID( end_id at ith page).
Or probably the safe way is to set IDSlotSSperBunch value as the number of particle in the page. Then in each page the particleID should be START_PID,START_PID + 1,...,END_PID. And at the ith page and (i+1)th page, ensure the condition: particleID ( start_ID at i+1 page) = particleID (end_id at ith page) + 1.
Both approaches will work, right?
Would like to ensure one thing for print out setting, for example
"wc900: WATCH,FILENAME="%s.wc900", MODE="coordinate",FLUSH_INTERVAL=100,interval=100,startPID=901,endPID=902"
For the case of one particle per bunch, the setting above will print out data related to the startPID=901 particle, right?
yours Chao
michael_borland
Posts: 1801
Joined: 19 May 2008, 09:33
Location: Argonne National Laboratory
Contact:
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Chao,
IDSlotsPerBunch needs to be the same on all pages. This isn't checked, but if it isn't done things will get messed up. The reason is that this is a global parameter that is used to group particles into bunches according to the particleID values. The page structure of the file ends up being ignored in that process.
The bunch number is computed as Floor[(particleID-1)/IDSlotsPerBunch]. So if IDSlotsPerBunch=10, particleID values 1-10 are in bunch 1, 11-20 in bunch 2, etc.
--Michael
li.chao
Posts: 31
Joined: 18 Aug 2021, 08:59
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Dear Michael
Thanks for your explanation. I got it.
Assuming I have Np particle per bunch, in my script to prepare the train.sdds, I ensure that IDSlotsPerBunch=Np for all pages. And particleID in the first page varies from 1 to Np, in the 2nd page varies from np+ 1 to 2*Np...
Then, if I set only one particle per bunch, the watch element is defined as
"wc0: WATCH,FILENAME="%s.wc0", MODE="coordinate",FLUSH_INTERVAL=100,interval=100,startPID=1,endPID=2"
As suggested, endPID=startPID+1. It should print out the particle info as specified to startPID=1.
The attachment includes results from in-house code and elegant. In the settings, the main cavity is set as RFCA and the harmonic cavity is set as RFMODE element without the generator (passive cavity). Beam current is 200mA current (1mA=7.68nC). Only one particle in one bunch. The filling pattern is 3840 = 2*(100*10+920), where I have 2 bunch trains, and each train contains 100 bunches.
Then I am trying to compare the beam induced in the harmonic cavity at the 0th turn and the 1000th turn. In the attached files, there are 4 figures, giving the amplitude and phase of the beam induced voltage. I would say the abs(Vb) value agrees well between elegant and our code, whereas the arg(Vb) seems does not agree well.
As you can see, in figure 0_turns_argV.png, the beam induced phase shows a sawtooth from bunch index above 100 in elegant simulation.
In figures 1000_turns_argV_elegant.png and 1000_turns_argV_CETASIM.png, they show beam induced voltage phase. Elegant simulation shows phase oscillation around -pi, whereas our code shows different behavior, you can see in the figures.
Would you please check my elegant script, is everything there set correctly? And would you mind commenting a little about the beam induced phase of the 0th turn, why it shows a sawtooth…, and also the phase oscillation on 1000 turns?
Yours Chao
Attachments
ToElegantForums.tar
michael_borland
Posts: 1801
Joined: 19 May 2008, 09:33
Location: Argonne National Laboratory
Contact:
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Chao,
One issue with the phase plots is just a matter of the phases being close to -pi, which causes them to wrap to +pi. You can fix this with
Code: Select all
sddsprocess 200mA.rfhc -redefine=col,%s,"%s 0 > ? pop 2 pi * - : pop \$ ",units=rad,select=Phase*
When you do this, you'll noticed that the phases are "noisy". That's because you have quantum excitation turned on, which is not a good approach when you are simulating an entire bunch with one particle. Set QEXCITATION=0 on SREFFECTS elements to address this.
Another issue I noticed is that your bunches are not spaced exactly by n/rfFrequency, which means that in elegant the bunches will need to execute synchrotron oscillations and damp to the correct spacing.
I couldn't change this and check whether it explains other effects (e.g., sawtooth) because I don't have the command you used to run elegant (with the values for the macros).
--Michael
li.chao
Posts: 31
Joined: 18 Aug 2021, 08:59
### Re: rfmode element in a active harmonic cavity
Dear Michael,
I thought elegant will turn turn off the quantum excitation effect once there is only one particle in one bunch. Following your suggestion, set QEXCITATION=0 on SREFFECTS elements helps to get a smooth beam induced voltage phase.
As to the bunch separation time distance, it is supposed to be n/rfFrequency as you point out. The inaccuracy comes from rpnl command used in my bunch train preparation script. In the file makBunchTrain.sh shows how I generate the bunch train.
In previous simulation, I use
frf=sdds2stream twiss.rf -parameters=Frequency to get the RF frequency. It seem like that it is not accurate enough. Then, I switch to the method to give the values explicitly as
line 26: frf=4.996540948545876e+08
line 27: trf=2.0013845784427e-9
I think the bunch center separation time distance now is correct as expected, which is n/rfFrequency.
The attached files, it also include file run_script.sh. It shows how I run the Pelegant.
For short, I summary the main command as:
"mpirun Pelegnat Tracking.ele -macro=root=200mA,qin=1536e-9.
After the correction above, the sawtooth is also gone.
In the attached files, I also show compares between codes. the 1st turn, 100th and 1000th and 9900th turns. Seems the beam induced phase are still not consistent with each other. (Strange, 1st turn beam induced phase agrees roughly, whereas when beam evolution, it starts to show differences between codes. )
Would be very eager to know which part I might make mistakes in code. I will organize another post to discuss that.
Thanks for your reply again and looking forward to further discussion in the coming days.
yours Chao
Attachments
ToElegantForums.tar
| 2023-02-01T03:33:26 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/281/241
|
Volume 281 - The 26th International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2016) - Neutrinos and Nuclei – Tuesday 13
Neutrinoless Double-beta Decay Rates Around Mass 80 In The Nuclear Shell Model
K. Yanase,* N. Yoshinaga, K. Higashiyama, E. Teruya, D. Taguchi
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: 2017 May 04
Published on: 2017 May 09
Abstract
We carry out the nuclear shell model calculations for nuclei with $A=76$ and $A=82$, and the energy levels are compared with the experimental data for nuclei with $A=82$.
We then estimate the nuclear matrix element (NME) for the $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay by using the ground state wavefunctions.
In order to investigate the model dependence of the NMEs, the pair-truncated shell model calculations are performed and the NMEs in terms of the wavefunctions are also calculated.
It is found that the NMEs are considerably different in the models,
although the number occupancies in the ground states of the parent and the daughter nuclei are almost unchanged.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.281.0241
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2020-06-05T00:58:25 |
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|
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15949/contributions/34664/
|
Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
#### This search is only for public events. Restricted events are not available.
IMPORTANT! Indico has been upgraded. Please let us know as soon as possible if you find any issues and email [email protected]
# 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory
22-28 July 2018
Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center
EST timezone
## $\mathcal{N}=1$ Supersymmetric $SU(3)$ Gauge Theory - Pure Gauge sector with a twist
Jul 27, 2018, 5:50 PM
20m
Big Ten A (Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center)
### Big Ten A
#### Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center
219 S Harrison Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824
Physics Beyond the Standard Model
### Speaker
Mr Marc Steinhauser (Friedrich Schiller University Jena)
### Description
Supersymmetric gauge theories are a popular building block of theories beyond the standard model. We investigate the pure gauge sector of Super-QCD focusing on the bound states, i.e. mesonic gluinoballs, gluino-glueballs and pure glueballs. To improve chiral symmetry as well as supersymmetry at finite lattice spacing, we introduce a deformed Super-Yang-Mills lattice action. It contains a twist term, similar to the twisted mass formulation of lattice QCD. We furthermore explore if the multigrid method (DDalphaAMG solver) applied to the gluinos (adjoint Majorana fermions) achieves similar improvements as one finds for QCD.
### Primary authors
Dr Andre Sternbeck (University of Jena) Prof. Andreas Wipf (Friedrich Schiller University Jena) Dr Björn Wellegehausen (FSU Jena) Mr Marc Steinhauser (Friedrich Schiller University Jena)
Slides
| 2021-06-23T14:26:01 |
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|
https://cryptozoology.fandom.com/wiki/Cryptid?diff=3948&oldid=3662
|
## FANDOM
213 Pages
If you opened this page you are o$Insert formula here$bviosly Smart enough to actually believe in cryptids See I actually tried to plant a phony article So that I could see if anyone noticed well Feel free to edit this article so that it is Even more random and awesome! Well hi this person said I could edit this so, of course I did. Cryptids are animals that have been heard of but not seen too much. Bye :D
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-03-31T10:50:44 |
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|
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/advanced-algebra/s09-02-quadratic-formula.html
|
Has this book helped you? Consider passing it on:
Creative Commons supports free culture from music to education. Their licenses helped make this book available to you.
DonorsChoose.org helps people like you help teachers fund their classroom projects, from art supplies to books to calculators.
### Learning Objectives
2. Use the determinant to determine the number and type of solutions to a quadratic equation.
In this section, we will develop a formula that gives the solutions to any quadratic equation in standard form. To do this, we begin with a general quadratic equation in standard form and solve for x by completing the square. Here a, b, and c are real numbers and $a≠0$:
$ax2+bx+c=0Standard form of a quadratic equation.ax2+bx+ca=0a Divide both sides by a.x2+bax+ca=0Subtract ca from both sides.x2+bax=−ca$
Determine the constant that completes the square: take the coefficient of x, divide it by 2, and then square it.
$(b/a2)2=(b2a)2=b24a2$
Add this to both sides of the equation to complete the square and then factor.
$x2+bax+b24a2=−ca+b24a2(x+b2a)(x+b2a)=−ca+b24a2(x+b2a)2=−4ac4a2+b24a2(x+b2a)2=b2−4ac4a2$
Solve by extracting roots.
$(x+b2a)2=b2−4ac4a2x+b2a=±b2−4ac4a2x+b2a=±b2−4ac2ax=−b2a±b2−4ac2ax=−b±b2−4ac2a$
This derivation gives us a formula that solves any quadratic equation in standard form. Given $ax2+bx+c=0$, where a, b, and c are real numbers and $a≠0$, the solutions can be calculated using the quadratic formulaThe formula $x=−b±b2−4ac2a$, which gives the solutions to any quadratic equation in the standard form $ax2+bx+c=0$, where a, b, and c are real numbers and $a≠0.$:
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a$
### Example 1
Solve using the quadratic formula: $2x2−7x−15=0.$
Solution:
Begin by identifying the coefficients of each term: a, b, and c.
$a=2 b=−7 c=−15$
Substitute these values into the quadratic formula and then simplify.
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(−7)±(−7)2−4(2)(−15)2(2)=7±49+1204=7±1694=7±134$
Separate the “plus or minus” into two equations and simplify further.
$x=7−134orx=7+134x=−64x=204x=−32x=5$
Answer: The solutions are $−32$ and 5.
The previous example can be solved by factoring as follows:
$2x2−7x−15=0(2x+3)(x−5)=02x+3=0orx−5=02x=−3x=5x=−32$
Of course, if the quadratic expression factors, then it is a best practice to solve the equation by factoring. However, not all quadratic polynomials factor so easily. The quadratic formula provides us with a means to solve all quadratic equations.
### Example 2
Solve using the quadratic formula: $3x2+6x−2=0.$
Solution:
Begin by identifying a, b, and c.
$a=3 b=6 c=−2$
Substitute these values into the quadratic formula.
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(6)±(6)2−4(3)(−2)2(3)=−6±36+246=−6±606$
At this point we see that $60=4×15$ and thus the fraction can be simplified further.
$=−6±606=−6±4×156=−6±2156=2(−3±15)63=−3±153$
It is important to point out that there are two solutions here:
$x=−3−153 or x=−3+153$
We may use ± to write the two solutions in a more compact form.
Answer: The solutions are $−3±153.$
Sometimes terms are missing. When this is the case, use 0 as the coefficient.
### Example 3
Solve using the quadratic formula: $x2−45=0.$
Solution:
This equation is equivalent to
$1x2+0x−45=0$
And we can use the following coefficients:
$a=1 b=0 c=−45$
Substitute these values into the quadratic formula.
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(0)±(0)2−4(1)(−45)2(1)=0±0+1802=±1802=±36×52=±652=±35$
Since the coefficient of x was 0, we could have solved this equation by extracting the roots. As an exercise, solve it using this method and verify that the results are the same.
Answer: The solutions are $±35.$
Often solutions to quadratic equations are not real.
### Example 4
Solve using the quadratic formula: $x2−4x+29=0.$
Solution:
Begin by identifying a, b, and c. Here
$a=1 b=−4 c=29$
Substitute these values into the quadratic formula and then simplify.
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(−4)±(−4)2−4(1)(29)2(1)=4±16−1162=4±−1002Negative radicand=4±10i2Two complex solutions=42±10i2=2±5i$
Check these solutions by substituting them into the original equation.
$Check x=2−5i$
$Check x=2+5i$
$x2−4x+29=0(2−5i)2−4(2−5i)+29=04−20i+25i2−8+20i+29=025i2+25=025(−1)+25=0−25+25=0 ✓$
$x2−4x+29=0(2+5i)2−4(2+5i)+29=04+20i+25i2−8−20i+29=025i2+25=025(−1)+25=0−25+25=0 ✓$
Answer: The solutions are $2±5i.$
The equation may not be given in standard form. The general steps for using the quadratic formula are outlined in the following example.
### Example 5
Solve: $(5x+1)(x−1)=x(x+1).$
Solution:
Step 1: Write the quadratic equation in standard form, with zero on one side of the equal sign.
$(5x+1)(x−1)=x(x+1)5x2−5x+x−1=x2+x5x2−4x−1=x2+x4x2−5x−1=0$
Step 2: Identify a, b, and c for use in the quadratic formula. Here
$a=4 b=−5 c=−1$
Step 3: Substitute the appropriate values into the quadratic formula and then simplify.
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(−5)±(−5)2−4(4)(−1)2(4)=5±25+168=5±418$
Answer: The solution is $5±418.$
Try this! Solve: $(x+3)(x−5)=−19$
Answer: $1±i3$
## The Discriminant
If given a quadratic equation in standard form, $ax2+bx+c=0$, where a, b, and c are real numbers and $a≠0$, then the solutions can be calculated using the quadratic formula:
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a$
As we have seen, the solutions can be rational, irrational, or complex. We can determine the number and type of solutions by studying the discriminantThe expression inside the radical of the quadratic formula, $b2−4ac.$, the expression inside the radical, $b2−4ac.$ If the value of this expression is negative, then the equation has two complex solutions. If the discriminant is positive, then the equation has two real solutions. And if the discriminant is 0, then the equation has one real solution, a double root.
### Example 6
Determine the type and number of solutions: $2x2+x+3=0.$
Solution:
We begin by identifying a, b, and c. Here
$a=2 b=1 c=3$
Substitute these values into the discriminant and simplify.
$b2−4ac=(1)2−4(2)(3)=1−24=−23$
Since the discriminant is negative, we conclude that there are no real solutions. They are complex.
If we use the quadratic formula in the previous example, we find that a negative radicand introduces the imaginary unit and we are left with two complex solutions.
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(1)±−232(2)=−1±i234=−14±234i Two complex solutions$
Note: Irrational and complex solutions of quadratic equations always appear in conjugate pairs.
### Example 7
Determine the type and number of solutions: $6x2−5x−1=0.$
Solution:
In this example,
$a=6 b=−5 c=−1$
Substitute these values into the discriminant and simplify.
$b2−4ac=(−5)2−4(6)(−1)=25+24=49$
Since the discriminant is positive, we conclude that the equation has two real solutions. Furthermore, since the discriminant is a perfect square, we obtain two rational solutions.
Because the discriminant is a perfect square, we could solve the previous quadratic equation by factoring or by using the quadratic formula.
Solve by factoring: Solve using the quadratic formula:
$6x2−5x−1=0(6x+1)(x−1)=06x+1=0orx−1=06x=−1x=1x=−16$ $x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(−5)±492(6)=5±712x=5−712orx=5+712x=−212x=1212x=−16x=1$
Given the special condition where the discriminant is 0, we obtain only one solution, a double root.
### Example 8
Determine the type and number of solutions: $25x2−20x+4=0.$
Solution:
Here $a=25$, $b=−20$, and $c=4$, and we have
$b2−4ac=(−20)2−4(25)(4)=400−400=0$
Since the discriminant is 0, we conclude that the equation has only one real solution, a double root.
Since 0 is a perfect square, we can solve the equation above by factoring.
$25x2−20x+4=0(5x−2)(5x−2)=05x−2=0or5x−2=05x=25x=2x=25x=25$
Here $25$ is a solution that occurs twice; it is a double root.
### Example 9
Determine the type and number of solutions: $x2−2x−4=0.$
Solution:
Here $a=1$, $b=−2$, and $c=−4$, and we have
$b2−4ac=(−2)2−4(1)(−4)=4+16=20$
Since the discriminant is positive, we can conclude that the equation has two real solutions. Furthermore, since 20 is not a perfect square, both solutions are irrational.
If we use the quadratic formula in the previous example, we find that a positive radicand in the quadratic formula leads to two real solutions.
$x=−b±b2−4ac2a=−(−2)±202(1)Positive discriminant=2±4×52=2±252=2(1±5)21=1±5 Two irrational solutions$
The two real solutions are $1−5$ and $1+5.$ Note that these solutions are irrational; we can approximate the values on a calculator.
$1−5≈−1.24 and 1+5≈3.24$
In summary, if given any quadratic equation in standard form, $ax2+bx+c=0$, where a, b, and c are real numbers and $a≠0$, then we have the following:
$Positive discriminant:b2−4ac>0Two real solutionsZero discriminant:b2−4ac=0One real solutionNegative discriminant:b2−4ac<0Two complex solutions$
Furthermore, if the discriminant is nonnegative and a perfect square, then the solutions to the equation are rational; otherwise they are irrational. As we will see, knowing the number and type of solutions ahead of time helps us determine which method is best for solving a quadratic equation.
Try this! Determine the number and type of solutions: $2x2=x−2.$
### Key Takeaways
• We can use the quadratic formula to solve any quadratic equation in standard form.
• To solve any quadratic equation, we first rewrite it in standard form $ax2+bx+c=0$, substitute the appropriate coefficients into the quadratic formula, $x=−b±b2−4ac2a$, and then simplify.
• We can determine the number and type of solutions to any quadratic equation in standard form using the discriminant, $b2−4ac.$ If the value of this expression is negative, then the equation has two complex solutions. If the discriminant is positive, then the equation has two real solutions. And if the discriminant is 0, then the equation has one real solution, a double root.
• We can further classify real solutions into rational or irrational numbers. If the discriminant is a perfect square, the roots are rational and the equation will factor. If the discriminant is not a perfect square, the roots are irrational.
### Part A: The Quadratic Formula
Identify the coefficients, a, b and c, used in the quadratic formula. Do not solve.
1. $x2−x+3=0$
2. $5x2−2x−8=0$
3. $4x2−9=0$
4. $x2+3x=0$
5. $−x2+2x−7=0$
6. $−2x2−5x+2=0$
7. $px2−qx−1=0$
8. $p2x2−x+2q=0$
9. $(x−5)2=49$
10. $(2x+1)2=2x−1$
Solve by factoring and then solve using the quadratic formula. Check answers.
1. $x2−6x−16=0$
2. $x2−3x−18=0$
3. $2x2+7x−4=0$
4. $3x2+5x−2=0$
5. $4y2−9=0$
6. $9y2−25=0$
7. $5t2−6t=0$
8. $t2+6t=0$
9. $−x2+9x−20=0$
10. $−2x2−3x+5=0$
11. $16y2−24y+9=0$
12. $4y2−20y+25=0$
Solve by extracting the roots and then solve using the quadratic formula. Check answers.
1. $x2−18=0$
2. $x2−12=0$
3. $x2+12=0$
4. $x2+20=0$
5. $3x2+2=0$
6. $5x2+3=0$
7. $(x+2)2+9=0$
8. $(x−4)2+1=0$
9. $(2x+1)2−2=0$
10. $(3x+1)2−5=0$
1. $x2−5x+1=0$
2. $x2−7x+2=0$
3. $x2+8x+5=0$
4. $x2−4x+2=0$
5. $y2−2y+10=0$
6. $y2−4y+13=0$
7. $2x2−10x−1=0$
8. $2x2−4x−3=0$
9. $3x2−x+2=0$
10. $4x2−3x+1=0$
11. $5u2−2u+1=0$
12. $8u2−20u+13=0$
13. $−y2+16y−62=0$
14. $−y2+14y−46=0$
15. $−2t2+4t+3=0$
16. $−4t2+8t+1=0$
17. $12y2+5y+32=0$
18. $3y2+12y−13=0$
19. $2x2−12x+14=0$
20. $3x2−23x+13=0$
21. $1.2x2−0.5x−3.2=0$
22. $0.4x2+2.3x+1.1=0$
23. $2.5x2−x+3.6=0$
24. $−0.8x2+2.2x−6.1=0$
25. $−2y2=3(y−1)$
26. $3y2=5(2y−1)$
27. $(t+1)2=2t+7$
28. $(2t−1)2=73−4t$
29. $(x+5)(x−1)=2x+1$
30. $(x+7)(x−2)=3(x+1)$
31. $2x(x−1)=−1$
32. $x(2x+5)=3x−5$
33. $3t(t−2)+4=0$
34. $5t(t−1)=t−4$
35. $(2x+3)2=16x+4$
36. $(2y+5)2−12(y+1)=0$
Assume p and q are nonzero integers and use the quadratic formula to solve for x.
1. $px2+x+1=0$
2. $x2+px+1=0$
3. $x2+x−p=0$
4. $x2+px+q=0$
5. $p2x2+2px+1=0$
6. $x2−2qx+q2=0$
Solve using algebra.
1. The height in feet reached by a baseball tossed upward at a speed of 48 feet per second from the ground is given by $h(t)=−16t2+48t$, where t represents time in seconds after the ball is tossed. At what time does the baseball reach 24 feet? (Round to the nearest tenth of a second.)
2. The height in feet of a projectile launched upward at a speed of 32 feet per second from a height of 64 feet is given by $h(t)=−16t2+32t+64.$ At what time after launch does the projectile hit the ground? (Round to the nearest tenth of a second.)
3. The profit in dollars of running an assembly line that produces custom uniforms each day is given by $P(t)=−40t2+960t−4,000$ where t represents the number of hours the line is in operation. Determine the number of hours the assembly line should run in order to make a profit of \$1,760 per day.
4. A manufacturing company has determined that the daily revenue R in thousands of dollars is given by $R(n)=12n−0.6n2$ where n represents the number of pallets of product sold. Determine the number of pallets that must be sold in order to maintain revenues at 60 thousand dollars per day.
5. The area of a rectangle is 10 square inches. If the length is 3 inches more than twice the width, then find the dimensions of the rectangle. (Round to the nearest hundredth of an inch.)
6. The area of a triangle is 2 square meters. If the base is 2 meters less than the height, then find the base and the height. (Round to the nearest hundredth of a meter.)
7. To safely use a ladder, the base should be placed about $14$ of the ladder’s length away from the wall. If a 32-foot ladder is used safely, then how high against a building does the top of the ladder reach? (Round to the nearest tenth of a foot.)
8. The length of a rectangle is twice its width. If the diagonal of the rectangle measures 10 centimeters, then find the dimensions of the rectangle. (Round to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.)
9. Assuming dry road conditions and average reaction times, the safe stopping distance in feet of a certain car is given by $d(x)=120x2+x$ where x represents the speed of the car in miles per hour. Determine the safe speed of the car if you expect to stop in 50 feet. (Round to the nearest mile per hour.)
10. The width of a rectangular solid is 2.2 centimeters less than its length and the depth measures 10 centimeters.
Determine the length and width if the total volume of the solid is 268.8 cubic centimeters.
11. An executive traveled 25 miles in a car and then another 30 miles on a helicopter. If the helicopter was 10 miles per hour less than twice as fast as the car and the total trip took 1 hour, then what was the average speed of the car? (Round to the nearest mile per hour.)
12. Joe can paint a typical room in 1.5 hours less time than James. If Joe and James can paint 2 rooms working together in an 8-hour shift, then how long does it take James to paint a single room? (Round to the nearest tenth of an hour.)
### Part B: The Discriminant
Calculate the discriminant and use it to determine the number and type of solutions. Do not solve.
1. $x2−x+1=0$
2. $x2+2x+3=0$
3. $x2−2x−3=0$
4. $x2−5x−5=0$
5. $3x2−1x−2=0$
6. $3x2−1x+2=0$
7. $9y2+2=0$
8. $9y2−2=0$
9. $2x2+3x=0$
10. $4x2−5x=0$
11. $12x2−2x+52=0$
12. $12x2−x−12=0$
13. $−x2−3x+4=0$
14. $−x2−5x+3=0$
15. $25t2+30t+9=0$
16. $9t2−12t+4=0$
Find a nonzero integer p so that the following equations have one real solution. (Hint: If the discriminant is zero, then there will be one real solution.)
1. $px2−4x−1=0$
2. $x2−8x+p=0$
3. $x2+px+25=0$
4. $x2−2x+p2=0$
### Part C: Discussion Board
1. When talking about a quadratic equation in standard form $ax2+bx+c=0$, why is it necessary to state that $a≠0$? What would happen if a is equal to zero?
2. Research and discuss the history of the quadratic formula and solutions to quadratic equations.
3. Solve $mx2+nx+p=0$ for x by completing the square.
1. $a=1$; $b=−1$; $c=3$
2. $a=4$; $b=0$; $c=−9$
3. $a=−1$; $b=2$; $c=−7$
4. $a=p$; $b=−q$; $c=−1$
5. $a=1$; $b=−10$; $c=−24$
6. −2, 8
7. $−4,12$
8. $±32$
9. $0,65$
10. 4, 5
11. $34$
12. $±32$
13. $±2i3$
14. $±i63$
15. $−2±3i$
16. $−1±22$
17. $5±212$
18. $−4±11$
19. $1±3i$
20. $5±332$
21. $16±236i$
22. $15±25i$
23. $8±2$
24. $2±102$
25. $−5±22$
26. $18±78i$
27. $x≈−1.4$ or $x≈1.9$
28. $x≈0.2±1.2i$
29. $−3±334$
30. $±6$
31. $−1±7$
32. $12±12i$
33. $1±33i$
34. $12±i$
35. $x=−1±1−4p2p$
36. $x=−1±1+4p2$
37. $x=−1p$
38. 0.6 seconds and 2.4 seconds
39. 12 hours
40. Length: 6.22 inches; width: 1.61 inches
41. 31.0 feet
42. 23 miles per hour
43. 42 miles per hour
1. −3; two complex solutions
2. 16; two rational solutions
3. 25; two rational solutions
4. −72; two complex solutions
5. 9; two rational solutions
6. −1; two complex solutions
7. 25; two rational solutions
8. 0; one rational solution
9. $p=−4$
10. $p=±10$
| 2018-12-17T17:41:26 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/282/107/
|
Volume 282 - 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics (ICHEP2016) - Astro-particle Physics and Cosmology
Type II leptogenesis
L. Covi, J.E. Kim,* B. Kyae, S. Nam
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: February 06, 2017
Published on: April 19, 2017
Abstract
We discuss our new theory on baryogenesis Type-II leptogenesis' \cite{CoviKim16} which is different from the well-known Type-I leptogenesis' \cite{FY86}. First, we will briefly comment on the Jarlskog phases in the CKM and PMNS matrices, $\delta_{CKM}$ and $\delta_{PMNS}$. Then, the PMNS phase is used in the `Type-II' leptogenesis for Sakharov's condition on the global quantum number generation in the Universe. For this to be effective, the SU(2)$\times$U(1) gauge symmetry must be broken during the leptogenesis epoch.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.282.0107
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2020-12-05T02:35:45 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10249580-measurement-quark-gluon-like-jet-fractions-using-jet-charge-pbpb-pp-collisions-tev
|
Measurement of quark- and gluon-like jet fractions using jet charge in PbPb and pp collisions at 5.02 TeV
A bstract The momentum-weighted sum of the electric charges of particles inside a jet, known as jet charge, is sensitive to the electric charge of the particle initiating the parton shower. This paper presents jet charge distributions in $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC. These data correspond to integrated luminosities of 404 μ b − 1 and 27.4 pb − 1 for PbPb and pp collisions, respectively. Leveraging the sensitivity of the jet charge to fundamental differences in the electric charges of quarks and gluons, the jet charge distributions from simulated events are used as templates to extract the quark- and gluon-like jet fractions from data. The modification of these jet fractions is examined by comparing pp and PbPb data as a function of the overlap of the colliding Pb nuclei (centrality). This measurement tests the color charge dependence of jet energy loss due to interactions with the quark-gluon plasma. No significant modification between different centrality classes and with respect to pp results is observed in the extracted quark- and gluon-like jet fractions.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10249580
Journal Name:
Journal of High Energy Physics
Volume:
2020
Issue:
7
ISSN:
1029-8479
2. A bstract Modifications to the distribution of charged particles with respect to high transverse momentum ( p T ) jets passing through a quark-gluon plasma are explored using the CMS detector. Back-to-back dijets are analyzed in lead-lead and proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV via correlations of charged particles in bins of relative pseudorapidity and angular distance from the leading and subleading jet axes. In comparing the lead-lead and proton-proton collision results, modifications to the charged-particle relative distance distribution and to the momentum distributions around the jet axis are found to depend onmore »
3. A bstract Measurements are presented of differential cross sections for the production of Z bosons in association with at least one jet initiated by a charm quark in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 13 TeV. The data recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb − 1 . The final states contain a pair of electrons or muons that are the decay products of a Z boson, and a jet consistent with being initiated by a charm quark produced in the hard interaction. Differential cross sections as a functionmore »
4. A bstract We study inclusive jet suppression and modifications in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) with a transport-based model. The model includes vacuum-like parton shower evolution at high-virtuality, a linearized transport for jet-medium interactions, and a simple ansatz for the jet-induced hydrodynamic response of the medium. Model parameters are calibrated to nuclear modification factors for inclusive hadron $${R}_{AA}^h$$ R AA h and single inclusive jets $${R}_{AA}^j$$ R AA j with cone size R = 0 . 4 in 0–10% central Au-Au and Pb-Pb collisions measured at the RHIC and LHC. The calibrated model consistently describes the cone-sizemore »
| 2022-06-29T10:54:10 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aveech.william-a
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Veech, William Austin
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: veech.william-a Published as: Veech, W.; Veech, W. A.; Veech, William A. Homepage: http://report.rice.edu/sir/faculty.detail?p=A6B7D13019ABFD4C External Links: MGP · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 65 Publications since 1963, including 1 Book Biographic References: 1 Publication
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
64 single-authored 1 Arveson, William Barnes 1 Katznelson, Yitzhak 1 McCarthy, John Edward 1 Medina, Herbert A. 1 Merrill, Kathy D. 1 Sarason, Donald Erik 1 Tanaka, Junichi 1 Wermer, John 1 Zabihi, Farhad
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#### Serials
11 American Journal of Mathematics 6 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Israel Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 3 Monatshefte für Mathematik 3 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 3 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 3 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 3 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 2 Inventiones Mathematicae 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 1 Houston Journal of Mathematics 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Mathematica Scandinavica 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Topology 1 Note di Matematica 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 1 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 1 Moscow Mathematical Journal 1 Journal of Modern Dynamics
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#### Fields
18 Measure and integration (28-XX) 18 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 11 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 10 Number theory (11-XX) 10 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 6 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 5 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 5 General topology (54-XX) 4 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 3 Potential theory (31-XX) 3 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
53 Publications have been cited 1,342 times in 880 Documents Cited by Year
Gauss measures for transformations on the space of interval exchange maps. Zbl 0486.28014
Veech, William A.
1982
Teichmüller curves in moduli space, Eisenstein series and an application to triangular billiards. Zbl 0676.32006
Veech, W. A.
1989
Almost automorphic functions on groups. Zbl 0137.05803
Veech, W. A.
1965
Interval exchange transformations. Zbl 0455.28006
Veech, William A.
1978
Topological dynamics. Zbl 0384.28018
Veech, William A.
1977
The Teichmüller geodesic flow. Zbl 0658.32016
Veech, William A.
1986
Strict ergodicity in zero dimensional dynamical systems and the Kronecker-Weyl theorem $$\bmod 2$$. Zbl 0201.05601
Veech, William A.
1969
The metric theory of interval exchange transformations. I: Generic spectral properties. Zbl 0631.28006
Veech, William A.
1984
Point-distal flows. Zbl 0202.55503
Veech, W. A.
1970
Moduli spaces of quadratic differentials. Zbl 0722.30032
Veech, William A.
1990
Siegel measures. Zbl 0922.22003
Veech, William A.
1998
The equicontinuous structure relation for minimal abelian transformation groups. Zbl 0177.51204
Veech, W. A.
1968
A criterion for a process to be prime. Zbl 0499.28016
Veech, William A.
1982
The billiard in a regular polygon. Zbl 0760.58036
Veech, William A.
1992
Almost automorphic functions. Zbl 0173.33402
Veech, W. A.
1963
Geometric realizations of hyperelliptic curves. Zbl 0859.30039
Veech, William A.
1995
Finite group extensions of irrational rotations. Zbl 0334.28014
Veech, William A.
1975
The metric theory of interval exchange transformations. III: The Sah- Arnoux-Fathi invariant. Zbl 0631.28008
Veech, William A.
1984
Unique ergodicity of horospherical flows. Zbl 0365.28012
Veech, William A.
1977
On a theorem of Bochner. Zbl 0155.40502
Veech, W. A.
1967
Short proof of Sobczyk’s theorem. Zbl 0213.39402
Veech, W. A.
1971
Boshernitzan’s criterion for unique ergodicity of an interval exchange transformation. Zbl 0657.28012
Veech, William A.
1987
Some questions of uniform distribution. Zbl 0226.43001
Veech, William A.
1971
A second course in complex analysis. Zbl 0145.29901
Veech, W. A.
1967
Flat surfaces. Zbl 0803.30037
Veech, William A.
1993
Periodic points and invariant pseudomeasures for toral endomorphisms. Zbl 0616.28009
Veech, William A.
1986
Weakly almost periodic functions on semisimple Lie groups. Zbl 0438.43009
Veech, William A.
1979
Erratum to: “Teichmüller curves in moduli space, Eisenstein series and an application to triangular billiards”. Zbl 0709.32014
Veech, W. A.
1991
A converse to the mean value theorem for harmonic functions. Zbl 0324.31002
Veech, William A.
1976
A zero-one law for a class of random walks and a converse to Gauss’ mean value theorem. Zbl 0282.60048
Veech, William A.
1973
Well distributed sequences of integers. Zbl 0229.10019
Veech, William A.
1971
The metric theory of interval exchange transformations. II: Approximation by primitive interval exchanges. Zbl 0631.28007
Veech, William A.
1984
A fixed point theorem-free approach to weak almost periodicity. Zbl 0286.43009
Veech, William A.
1973
Möbius orthogonality for generalized Morse-Kakutani flows. Zbl 1381.37006
Veech, William A.
2017
Measures supported on the set of uniquely ergodic directions of an arbitrary holomorphic 1-form. Zbl 0996.37060
Veech, William A.
1999
The necessity of Harris’ condition for the existence of a stationary measure. Zbl 0126.33902
Veech, W.
1963
Delaunay partitions. Zbl 0954.32009
Veech, W. A.
1997
Quasiminimal invariants for foliations of orientable closed surfaces. Zbl 0697.57012
Veech, William A.
1989
Ergodic theory and uniform distribution. Zbl 0401.10062
Veech, William A.
1979
Minimality of horospherical flows. Zbl 0334.28013
Veech, William A.
1975
Bicuspid $$F$$-structures and Hecke groups. Zbl 1238.32013
Veech, William A.
2011
Decoding Rauzy induction: Bufetov’s question. Zbl 1213.37066
Veech, William A.
2010
A converse to Gauss’ theorem. Zbl 0235.31013
Veech, William A.
1972
Properties of minimal functions on Abelian groups. Zbl 0206.42804
Veech, W. A.
1969
Minimal transformation groups with distal points. Zbl 0177.51301
Veech, W. A.
1969
A Kronecker-Weyl theorem modulo 2. Zbl 0175.33201
Veech, William A.
1968
Invariant distributions for interval exchange transformations. Zbl 1264.32008
Veech, William A.
2012
Martin boundary for the similarity walk in a planar triangle. Zbl 1255.60130
Veech, William A.
2012
The Forni cocycle. Zbl 1161.37008
Veech, William A.
2008
Abel’s formula and $$\beta$$-duality in sequence spaces. Zbl 0802.46022
Veech, William A.
1991
Complementation and continuity in spaces of almost automorphic functions. Zbl 0203.44201
Veech, W. A.
1969
A moment theorem. Zbl 0169.46301
Veech, W. A.
1968
Almost automorphy and a theorem of Loomis. Zbl 0155.40501
Veech, W. A.
1967
Möbius orthogonality for generalized Morse-Kakutani flows. Zbl 1381.37006
Veech, William A.
2017
Invariant distributions for interval exchange transformations. Zbl 1264.32008
Veech, William A.
2012
Martin boundary for the similarity walk in a planar triangle. Zbl 1255.60130
Veech, William A.
2012
Bicuspid $$F$$-structures and Hecke groups. Zbl 1238.32013
Veech, William A.
2011
Decoding Rauzy induction: Bufetov’s question. Zbl 1213.37066
Veech, William A.
2010
The Forni cocycle. Zbl 1161.37008
Veech, William A.
2008
Measures supported on the set of uniquely ergodic directions of an arbitrary holomorphic 1-form. Zbl 0996.37060
Veech, William A.
1999
Siegel measures. Zbl 0922.22003
Veech, William A.
1998
Delaunay partitions. Zbl 0954.32009
Veech, W. A.
1997
Geometric realizations of hyperelliptic curves. Zbl 0859.30039
Veech, William A.
1995
Flat surfaces. Zbl 0803.30037
Veech, William A.
1993
The billiard in a regular polygon. Zbl 0760.58036
Veech, William A.
1992
Erratum to: “Teichmüller curves in moduli space, Eisenstein series and an application to triangular billiards”. Zbl 0709.32014
Veech, W. A.
1991
Abel’s formula and $$\beta$$-duality in sequence spaces. Zbl 0802.46022
Veech, William A.
1991
Moduli spaces of quadratic differentials. Zbl 0722.30032
Veech, William A.
1990
Teichmüller curves in moduli space, Eisenstein series and an application to triangular billiards. Zbl 0676.32006
Veech, W. A.
1989
Quasiminimal invariants for foliations of orientable closed surfaces. Zbl 0697.57012
Veech, William A.
1989
Boshernitzan’s criterion for unique ergodicity of an interval exchange transformation. Zbl 0657.28012
Veech, William A.
1987
The Teichmüller geodesic flow. Zbl 0658.32016
Veech, William A.
1986
Periodic points and invariant pseudomeasures for toral endomorphisms. Zbl 0616.28009
Veech, William A.
1986
The metric theory of interval exchange transformations. I: Generic spectral properties. Zbl 0631.28006
Veech, William A.
1984
The metric theory of interval exchange transformations. III: The Sah- Arnoux-Fathi invariant. Zbl 0631.28008
Veech, William A.
1984
The metric theory of interval exchange transformations. II: Approximation by primitive interval exchanges. Zbl 0631.28007
Veech, William A.
1984
Gauss measures for transformations on the space of interval exchange maps. Zbl 0486.28014
Veech, William A.
1982
A criterion for a process to be prime. Zbl 0499.28016
Veech, William A.
1982
Weakly almost periodic functions on semisimple Lie groups. Zbl 0438.43009
Veech, William A.
1979
Ergodic theory and uniform distribution. Zbl 0401.10062
Veech, William A.
1979
Interval exchange transformations. Zbl 0455.28006
Veech, William A.
1978
Topological dynamics. Zbl 0384.28018
Veech, William A.
1977
Unique ergodicity of horospherical flows. Zbl 0365.28012
Veech, William A.
1977
A converse to the mean value theorem for harmonic functions. Zbl 0324.31002
Veech, William A.
1976
Finite group extensions of irrational rotations. Zbl 0334.28014
Veech, William A.
1975
Minimality of horospherical flows. Zbl 0334.28013
Veech, William A.
1975
A zero-one law for a class of random walks and a converse to Gauss’ mean value theorem. Zbl 0282.60048
Veech, William A.
1973
A fixed point theorem-free approach to weak almost periodicity. Zbl 0286.43009
Veech, William A.
1973
A converse to Gauss’ theorem. Zbl 0235.31013
Veech, William A.
1972
Short proof of Sobczyk’s theorem. Zbl 0213.39402
Veech, W. A.
1971
Some questions of uniform distribution. Zbl 0226.43001
Veech, William A.
1971
Well distributed sequences of integers. Zbl 0229.10019
Veech, William A.
1971
Point-distal flows. Zbl 0202.55503
Veech, W. A.
1970
Strict ergodicity in zero dimensional dynamical systems and the Kronecker-Weyl theorem $$\bmod 2$$. Zbl 0201.05601
Veech, William A.
1969
Properties of minimal functions on Abelian groups. Zbl 0206.42804
Veech, W. A.
1969
Minimal transformation groups with distal points. Zbl 0177.51301
Veech, W. A.
1969
Complementation and continuity in spaces of almost automorphic functions. Zbl 0203.44201
Veech, W. A.
1969
The equicontinuous structure relation for minimal abelian transformation groups. Zbl 0177.51204
Veech, W. A.
1968
A Kronecker-Weyl theorem modulo 2. Zbl 0175.33201
Veech, William A.
1968
A moment theorem. Zbl 0169.46301
Veech, W. A.
1968
On a theorem of Bochner. Zbl 0155.40502
Veech, W. A.
1967
A second course in complex analysis. Zbl 0145.29901
Veech, W. A.
1967
Almost automorphy and a theorem of Loomis. Zbl 0155.40501
Veech, W. A.
1967
Almost automorphic functions on groups. Zbl 0137.05803
Veech, W. A.
1965
Almost automorphic functions. Zbl 0173.33402
Veech, W. A.
1963
The necessity of Harris’ condition for the existence of a stationary measure. Zbl 0126.33902
Veech, W.
1963
all top 5
#### Cited by 785 Authors
22 Hubert, Pascal 19 Chaika, Jonathan 19 Glasner, Eli 17 Veech, William Austin 14 Ferenczi, Sébastien 14 Lemańczyk, Mariusz 13 Masur, Howard A. 13 Schmidt, Thomas A. 12 Boshernitzan, Michael D. 12 Weiss, Barak 12 Wright, Alex 12 Ye, Xiangdong 11 Möller, Martin 11 Nogueira, Arnaldo C. R. 11 Shen, Wenxian 10 Eskin, Alex 10 Huang, Wen 10 Johnson, Russell Allan 10 McMullen, Curtis Tracy 10 Ulcigrai, Corinna 9 Avila Cordeiro de Melo, Artur 9 Bufetov, Aleksandr Igorevich 9 Shao, Song 9 Yoccoz, Jean-Christophe 8 Athreya, Jayadev S. 8 Forni, Giovanni 8 Gutkin, Eugene 8 Hooper, W. Patrick 8 Matheus, Carlos 8 N’Guérékata, Gaston Mandata 7 Arnoux, Pierre 7 Ezzinbi, Khalil 7 Frączek, Krzysztof Marek 7 Troubetzkoy, Serge Eugene 7 Zorich, Anton 6 Auslander, Joseph 6 Boissy, Corentin 6 Chen, Dawei 6 Dani, Shrikrishna Gopalrao 6 Ellis, Robert Mortimer 6 Essebbar, Brahim 6 Lanneau, Erwan 6 Mirzakhani, Maryam 6 Nguyen, Duc-Manh 6 Pinto, Alberto Adrego 6 Treviño, Rodrigo 5 Barge, Marcy M. 5 Cheung, Yitwah 5 Dai, Xiongping 5 Delecroix, Vincent 5 Gadre, Vaibhav S. 5 Ghazouani, Selim 5 Lelièvre, Samuel 5 Levitt, Gilbert 5 Liang, Jin 5 Marmi, Stefano 5 Smillie, John 4 Bainbridge, Matt 4 Calta, Kariane 4 Conze, Jean-Pierre 4 del Junco, Andres 4 Dynnikov, Ivan Alekseevich 4 El Abdalaoui, El Houcein 4 Fickenscher, Jon 4 Fisher, Albert Meads 4 Fu, Xinchu 4 Goujard, Elise 4 Hansen, Wolfhard 4 Kostić, Marko 4 Kułaga-Przymus, Joanna 4 Lau, Anthony To-Ming 4 Leininger, Christopher J. 4 Marchese, Luca 4 McMahon, Douglas C. 4 Milnes, Paul 4 Mukamel, Ronen Eliahu 4 Nikolaev, Igor Vasilievich 4 Obaya, Rafael 4 Rafi, Kasra 4 Rand, David A. 4 Ratner, Marina 4 Robinson, E. Arthur jun. 4 Schmoll, Martin Johannes 4 Shapiro, Leonard D. 4 Skripchenko, Alexandra 4 Wang, Yi 4 Weitze-Schmithüsen, Gabriela 4 Wu, Ta-Sun 4 Xiao, Ti-Jun 4 Yi, Yingfei 4 Zamboni, Luca Quardo 3 Agarwal, Ravi P. 3 Aggarwal, Amol 3 Ahn, Youngho 3 Ashwin, Peter 3 Basit, Bolis 3 Berthé, Valérie 3 Bowen, Rufus 3 Cobo, Milton 3 Correa, Claudia ...and 685 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 175 Serials
64 Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 57 Israel Journal of Mathematics 42 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 38 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 32 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 28 Geometriae Dedicata 26 Inventiones Mathematicae 25 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 24 Journal of Modern Dynamics 21 Journal of Differential Equations 21 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 19 Geometry & Topology 18 Duke Mathematical Journal 17 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 15 Journal of Functional Analysis 15 Monatshefte für Mathematik 13 Topology and its Applications 12 Advances in Mathematics 12 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 11 Mathematische Annalen 11 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 11 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 11 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 10 Communications in Mathematical Physics 10 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 10 Mathematische Zeitschrift 10 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 9 Publications Mathématiques 9 Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 9 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 7 Semigroup Forum 7 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 6 Acta Mathematica 6 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 6 Conformal Geometry and Dynamics 4 Mathematical Notes 4 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 4 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 4 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 4 Compositio Mathematica 4 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 4 Theoretical Computer Science 4 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 4 Chaos 4 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 4 Advances in Difference Equations 4 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 3 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 3 Journal of Statistical Physics 3 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 3 Nonlinearity 3 Journal of Geometry and Physics 3 Archiv der Mathematik 3 Journal of Number Theory 3 Physica D 3 Experimental Mathematics 3 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 3 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 2 Letters in Mathematical Physics 2 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 2 Fundamenta Mathematicae 2 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 2 Mathematical Systems Theory 2 Advances in Applied Mathematics 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 2 Journal of Theoretical Probability 2 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 2 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 2 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 2 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 2 Potential Analysis 2 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 2 Electronic Research Announcements of the American Mathematical Society 2 Doklady Mathematics 2 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 2 Annales Henri Poincaré 2 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 2 Dynamical Systems 2 Stochastics and Dynamics 2 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 2 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 2 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 2 Involve 2 Journal of Topology and Analysis 2 Science China. Mathematics 2 Arnold Mathematical Journal 2 European Journal of Mathematics 1 Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1 Applicable Analysis 1 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Russian Mathematical Surveys 1 Studia Mathematica 1 Acta Arithmetica 1 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 1 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 1 Demonstratio Mathematica 1 Functional Analysis and its Applications 1 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 1 Journal of Differential Geometry ...and 75 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 51 Fields
475 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 159 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 123 Measure and integration (28-XX) 122 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 98 Number theory (11-XX) 98 General topology (54-XX) 80 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 64 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 62 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 62 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 49 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 48 Operator theory (47-XX) 44 Functional analysis (46-XX) 42 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 32 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 31 Differential geometry (53-XX) 28 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 17 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 16 Potential theory (31-XX) 14 Combinatorics (05-XX) 12 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 12 Computer science (68-XX) 11 Integral equations (45-XX) 10 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 9 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 8 Geometry (51-XX) 8 Quantum theory (81-XX) 6 Real functions (26-XX) 6 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 6 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 5 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 5 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 4 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 4 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 4 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 3 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 3 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 3 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 2 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 1 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-05-12T03:21:24 |
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|
https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/version/cr/F-3.1.1,%20r.%206?code=se:37&history=20221201
|
F-3.1.1, r. 6 - Regulation respecting the holding of competitions
37. A qualifications list is valid for 1 year from the date on which it takes effect. However, a person authorized to approve that list may extend the validity period, each extension corresponding to 1 year, in consideration of the following criteria:
(1) the number of qualified applicants not yet selected;
(2) the foreseen number of positions to be filled;
(3) the appropriateness of the evaluation procedure used in relation to the nature of the position.
O.C. 2290-85, s. 37; T.B. 192495, s. 16.
| 2023-01-26T22:58:36 |
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https://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action?node=M022&init=0&home=sumtabM
|
STRANGE MESONS($\boldsymbol S$ = $\pm1$, $\boldsymbol C$ = $\boldsymbol B$ = 0) ${{\mathit K}^{+}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit s}}}$, ${{\mathit K}^{0}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit s}}}$, ${{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$ = ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit d}}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$, ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ = ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit u}}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$, similarly for ${{\mathit K}^{*}}$'s INSPIRE search
# ${{\boldsymbol K}_{{2}}^{*}{(1430)}}$ $I(J^P)$ = $1/2(2^{+})$
We consider that phase-shift analyses provide more reliable determinations of the mass and width.
${{\boldsymbol K}_{{2}}^{*}{(1430)}}$ MASS
CHARGED ONLY, WITH FINAL STATE ${{\mathit K}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ $1427.3 \pm1.5$ MeV (S = 1.3)
NEUTRAL ONLY $1432.4 \pm1.3$ MeV
${{\boldsymbol K}_{{2}}^{*}{(1430)}}$ WIDTH
CHARGED ONLY, WITH FINAL STATE ${{\mathit K}}{{\mathit \pi}}$ $100.0 \pm2.1$ MeV
NEUTRAL ONLY $109 \pm5$ MeV (S = 1.9)
constrained fit information
| 2021-05-12T04:38:52 |
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https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2019/2019-06/does-debt-amplify-the-effect-of-financial-shocks-on-spending.html
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RDP 2019-06: The Effect of Mortgage Debt on Consumer Spending: Evidence from Household-level Data 6. Does Debt Amplify the Effect of Financial Shocks on Spending?
Next, we explore whether the level of debt makes households more sensitive to other financial shocks (the debt amplifier effect). The debt overhang and debt amplifier effects are intrinsically linked, since financing constraints and uncertainty are likely to be more significant during financial shocks. While this makes it hard to disentangle the debt overhang and amplifier effects, especially at times of large financial shocks, significant debt amplifier effects may provide indirect evidence for the importance of financing constraints and precautionary saving motives in driving the effect of debt on spending.
We measure a financial shock in four ways. First, the GFC is used to capture an aggregate shock.[18] Next, we use two measures of a local economic shock: an increase in the regional unemployment rate by more than 1 percentage point in a given year; and a fall in postcode-level housing prices by more than 5 per cent over a year. Finally, we use the household reference person becoming unemployed as a measure of a household-level shock.
If debt makes households more sensitive to shocks, then the spending of highly indebted households should fall by more than the spending of comparable households with lower levels of debt in response to a negative shock. This is precisely what we see in the event of a household unemployment shock (Figure 6).[19] The indebted household reduces its spending on durable goods by more than the non-indebted in the year of the household unemployment shock and spending remains subdued after the shock.[20] In contrast, the effects of the GFC and local economic shocks appear to have been broadly similar across indebted and non-indebted households, although indebted households tend to increase their spending after local economic shocks.
While these event studies provide some evidence that debt levels could amplify households' responses to financial shocks, they fail to take into account differences in the characteristics of indebted and non-indebted households, making it unclear whether it is debt per se that is behind the differences in responses. To address this more formally, we add an interaction term between the level of debt and the SHOCK into the FE model. We then test whether the interaction coefficient is significantly different from zero. For example, the FE model is:
$E h,t = β 0 + β 1 D h,t−1 + β 2 Y h,t + β 3 A h,t−1 + β 4 SHOC K h,t + φ 1 D h,t−1 ×SHOC K ht + φ 2 Y h,t ×SHOC K h,t + φ 3 A h,t−1 ×SHOC K h,t +γ X h,t + δ h + ε h,t$
Table 7 presents the results for each financial shock. As before, we find a persistent negative and quantitatively similar effect of debt on spending. This suggests that our results for the debt overhang effect are not driven by a higher sensitivity of indebted households to income or wealth shocks alone. We find some evidence for the debt amplifier effect, though it is not present in all specifications.
The debt interaction coefficient is negative for all shocks, but only significantly different from zero for the GFC and the local housing price shocks. These shocks increase the negative effect of debt on spending to around −0.05 or −0.06 per cent. While the event study suggests that households with more debt reduce their spending by more if they become unemployed, the regression estimates do not confirm this. However, even though the interaction effect of debt with household unemployment shocks is negative, it could be imprecisely estimated due to the small sample of survey respondents that have debt and have become unemployed.
Table 7: Debt Amplifier during Financial Shocks
Total spending, 2006–10
Global financial crisis Local housing price shock Household unemployment shock Local unemployment shock
Lagged mortgage debt −0.02*
(0.07)
−0.03**
(0.03)
−0.03**
(0.01)
−0.03**
(0.04)
Lagged mortgage debt × financial shock −0.03**
(0.03)
−0.03*
(0.07)
−0.13
(0.34)
−0.02
(0.22)
Income 0.10***
(<0.00)
0.09***
(<0.00)
0.09***
(<0.00)
0.09***
(<0.00)
Income × financial shock <0.00
(0.94)
0.02
(0.59)
0.03
(0.92)
<0.00
(0.88)
Lagged home value 0.11**
(0.04)
0.11**
(0.04)
0.11**
(0.04)
0.10*
(0.06)
Lagged home value × financial shock 0.01
(0.64)
0.01
(0.73)
−0.23*
(0.09)
0.02
(0.54)
Observations 6,622 6,619 6,599 6,622
Note: See notes to Table 1
Sources: Authors' calculations; HILDA Survey Release 17.0
Footnotes
While the financial crisis began in 2007, the effects of the global recession on Australia were not evident until late 2008. From late 2008 to mid 2009, the unemployment rate increased and salary income fell. The unemployment rate peaked in mid 2009, but remained relatively high for the rest of 2009. Given our focus on households as well as the annual frequency of our data, we define the crisis period as 2009. [18]
Due to small sample sizes for some shocks, in Figure 6 we compare indebted and non-indebted households rather than highly indebted and less-indebted households. [19]
We focus on durables spending in Figure 6 as purchases of durable items are easier to postpone when a shock occurs. However, we find a similar pattern for non-durables spending before and after an unemployment shock. [20]
| 2023-01-31T19:55:01 |
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https://baseball.fandom.com/wiki/Slugging_percentage
|
## FANDOM
7,948 Pages
$SLG = \frac{TB}{AB}$
In baseball statistics, slugging percentage (often abbreviated SLG) is a measure of the power of a hitter. It is calculated as total bases divided by at bats.
SLG = (s + 2d + 3t + 4hr)/ AB or SLG = (h + d + 2t + 3hr) / AB, where AB is the number of at-bats for a given player, and s, h, d, t, hr, are the number of singles, hits, doubles, triples, and home runs, respectively. The following site provides information on calculation, total bases, total official at bats, slugging, and other baseball statistics: ESPN's MLB statistics glossary.
The term slugging percentage is a misnomer, for it is actually a weighted average, not a percentage.
For example, in 1920, Babe Ruth was playing his first season for the New York Yankees. In 458 at bats, he had 172 hits, including 73 singles, 36 doubles, 9 triples, and 54 home runs, which brings the total base count to (73 × 1) + (36 × 2) + (9 × 3) + (54 × 4) = 388. He had 458 at bats, so his total number of bases (388) divided by his total at-bats (458) is .847, his slugging average. The next year he slugged .846, and for 80 years those records went unbroken until 2001, when Barry Bonds hit 411 total bases in 476 at-bats, bringing his average to .863, unmatched since. Babe Ruth led the league 13 times (1918-1931, except 1925) - the most times which any batter of pitcher led the league in any major category.
## Slugging average's significance Edit
Long after it was first invented, the slugging percentage gained new significance when baseball analysts realized that it combined with on-base percentage (OBP) to form a very good measure of a player's overall production. A predecessor metric was developed by Branch Rickey in 1954. Rickey, in Life Magazine, suggested that combining OBP with what he called "extra base power" would give a better indicator of player performance than typical Triple Crown stats. EBP was a predecessor to slugging average.
Allen Barra and George Ignatin were apparently the early adopters in combining the two modern-day statistics, multiplying them together to form what is now known as "SLOB" (Slugging × On-Base). Bill James applied this principle to his Runs Created formula several years later (and perhaps independently), essentially multiplying SLOB × At-Bats (the actual formula for Runs Created is: $RC = [(Hits + Walks)(Total Bases)]/[At Bats + Walks]$). In 1984, Pete Palmer and John Thorn developed perhaps the most widespread means of combining slugging and on-base average: OPS. "OPS" simply stands for "on-base plus slugging", and is a simple addition of the two values. While less accurate than SLOB and Runs Created, OPS is extremely easy to calculate, and has become the unofficial shorthand form of player evaluation in recent years.
## Sources Edit
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2019-09-21T06:53:52 |
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http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.32
|
# §10.32(i) Integrals along the Real Line
10.32.1 $\mathop{I_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{\pm z% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta}d\theta=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}\mathop{% \cosh\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta\right)d\theta.$
10.32.2 $\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{(\frac{1}{2}z)^{\nu}}{\pi^{% \frac{1}{2}}\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\int_{0}^% {\pi}e^{\pm z\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta}(\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\theta)^{% 2\nu}d\theta=\frac{(\frac{1}{2}z)^{\nu}}{\pi^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\nu+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\int_{-1}^{1}(1-t^{2})^{\nu-\frac{1}{2% }}e^{\pm zt}dt,$ $\realpart{\nu}>-\tfrac{1}{2}$.
10.32.3 $\mathop{I_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{z% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\theta\right)d\theta.$
10.32.4 $\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{z% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu\theta\right% )d\theta-\frac{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu\pi\right)}{\pi}\int_{0}^{% \infty}e^{-z\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits t-\nu t}dt,$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{2}\pi$.
10.32.5 $\mathop{K_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=-\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi}e^{\pm z% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta}\left(\EulerConstant+\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits\!% \left(2z(\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\theta)^{2}\right)\right)d\theta.$
10.32.6 $\mathop{K_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits\!\left(x\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits t\right)dt=\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{% \mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(xt\right)}{\sqrt{t^{2}+1}}dt,$ $x>0$.
10.32.7 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\mathop{\sec\/}\nolimits\!\left(% \tfrac{1}{2}\nu\pi\right)\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(x% \mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits t\right)\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu t\right% )dt=\mathop{\csc\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\nu\pi\right)\int_{0}^{\infty}% \mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits t\right)\mathop{% \sinh\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu t\right)dt,$ $|\realpart{\nu}|<1$, $x>0$.
10.32.8 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{\pi^{\frac{1}{2}}(\frac{1}{2% }z)^{\nu}}{\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\int_{0}^{% \infty}e^{-z\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits t}(\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits t)^{2\nu}dt% =\frac{\pi^{\frac{1}{2}}(\frac{1}{2}z)^{\nu}}{\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\nu+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\int_{1}^{\infty}e^{-zt}(t^{2}-1)^{\nu-\frac{1}{2% }}dt,$ $\realpart{\nu}>-\tfrac{1}{2}$, $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{2}\pi$.
10.32.9 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-z\mathop{% \cosh\/}\nolimits t}\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits\!\left(\nu t\right)dt,$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{2}\pi$.
10.32.10 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\tfrac{1}{2}(\tfrac{1}{2}z)^{\nu}% \int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\left(-t-\frac{z^{2}}{4t}\right)\frac% {dt}{t^{\nu+1}},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{4}\pi$.
# Basset’s Integral
10.32.11 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(xz\right)=\frac{\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits% \!\left(\nu+\frac{1}{2}\right)(2z)^{\nu}}{\pi^{\frac{1}{2}}x^{\nu}}\int_{0}^{% \infty}\frac{\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(xt\right)dt}{(t^{2}+z^{2})^{\nu+% \frac{1}{2}}},$ $\realpart{\nu}>-\tfrac{1}{2}$, $x>0$, $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{2}\pi$.
# §10.32(ii) Contour Integrals
10.32.12 $\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{\infty-i\pi}% ^{\infty+i\pi}e^{z\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits t-\nu t}dt,$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{2}\pi$.
# Mellin–Barnes Type
10.32.13 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{(\frac{1}{2}z)^{\nu}}{4\pi i% }\int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty}\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(t\right)\mathop% {\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(t-\nu\right)(\tfrac{1}{2}z)^{-2t}dt,$ $c>\max(\realpart{\nu},0),|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\pi$.
10.32.14 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{1}{2\pi^{2}i}\left(\frac{\pi% }{2z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{-z}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits(\nu\pi)\*\int_{-i% \infty}^{i\infty}\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(t\right)\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}-t-\nu\right)\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(% \tfrac{1}{2}-t+\nu\right)(2z)^{t}dt,$ $\nu-\tfrac{1}{2}\notin\Integer,|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{3}{2}\pi$.
In (10.32.14) the integration contour separates the poles of $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(t\right)$ from the poles of $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{1}{2}-t-\nu\right)\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\frac{1}{2}-t+\nu\right)$.
# §10.32(iii) Products
10.32.15 $\mathop{I_{\mu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% z\right)=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}\pi}\mathop{I_{\mu+\nu}\/}\nolimits% \!\left(2z\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta\right)\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits((\mu-% \nu)\theta)d\theta,$ $\realpart{(\mu+\nu)}>-1$.
10.32.16 $\mathop{I_{\mu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% x\right)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{J_{\mu\pm\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(2x\mathop{% \sinh\/}\nolimits t\right)e^{(-\mu\pm\nu)t}dt,$ $\realpart{(\mu\mp\nu)}>-\tfrac{1}{2}$, $\realpart{(\mu\pm\nu)}>-1$, $x>0$.
10.32.17 $\mathop{K_{\mu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% z\right)=2\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{K_{\mu\pm\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(2z\mathop{% \cosh\/}\nolimits t\right)\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits((\mu\mp\nu)t)dt,$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{2}\pi$.
10.32.18 $\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% \zeta\right)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{\infty}\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\left(-\frac{% t}{2}-\frac{z^{2}+\zeta^{2}}{2t}\right)\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\left(\frac{% z\zeta}{t}\right)\frac{dt}{t},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\pi$, $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits\zeta|<\pi$, $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits(z+\zeta)|<\tfrac{1}{4}\pi$.
# Mellin–Barnes Type
10.32.19 $\mathop{K_{\mu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% z\right)=\frac{1}{8\pi i}\int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty}\frac{\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(t+\frac{1}{2}\mu+\frac{1}{2}\nu\right)\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(t+\frac{1}{2}\mu-\frac{1}{2}\nu\right)\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(t-\frac{1}{2}\mu+\frac{1}{2}\nu\right)\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(t-\frac{1}{2}\mu-\frac{1}{2}\nu\right)}{\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(2t\right)}(\tfrac{1}{2}z)^{-2t}dt,$ $c>\tfrac{1}{2}(|\realpart{\mu}|+|\realpart{\nu}|),|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}% \nolimits z|<\tfrac{1}{2}\pi$.
For similar integrals for $\mathop{J_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% z\right)$ and $\mathop{I_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\mathop{K_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(% z\right)$ see Paris and Kaminski (2001, p. 116).
# §10.32(iv) Compendia
For collections of integral representations of modified Bessel functions, or products of modified Bessel functions, see Erdélyi et al. (1953b, §§7.3, 7.12, and 7.14.2), Erdélyi et al. (1954a, pp. 48–60, 105–115, 276–285, and 357–359), Gröbner and Hofreiter (1950, pp. 193–194), Magnus et al. (1966, §3.7), Marichev (1983, pp. 191–216), and Watson (1944, Chapters 6, 12, and 13).
| 2015-07-01T15:15:44 |
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|
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/apr/section1/apr121.htm
|
8. Assessing Product Reliability
8.1. Introduction
8.1.2. What are the basic terms and models used for reliability evaluation?
## Repairable systems, non-repairable populations and lifetime distribution models
Life distribution models describe how non-repairable populations fail over time A repairable system is one which can be restored to satisfactory operation by any action, including parts replacements or changes to adjustable settings. When discussing the rate at which failures occur during system operation time (and are then repaired) we will define a Rate of Occurrence of Failure (ROCF) or "repair rate". It would be incorrect to talk about failure rates or hazard rates for repairable systems, as these terms apply only to the first failure times for a population of non repairable components.
A non-repairable population is one for which individual items that fail are removed permanently from the population. While the system may be repaired by replacing failed units from either a similar or a different population, the members of the original population dwindle over time until all have eventually failed.
We begin with models and definitions for non-repairable populations. Repair rates for repairable populations will be defined in a later section.
The theoretical population models used to describe unit lifetimes are known as Lifetime Distribution Models. The population is generally considered to be all of the possible unit lifetimes for all of the units that could be manufactured based on a particular design and choice of materials and manufacturing process. A random sample of size $$n$$ from this population is the collection of failure times observed for a randomly selected group of $$n$$ units.
Any continuous PDF defined only for non-negative values can be a lifetime distribution model A lifetime distribution model can be any probability density function (or PDF) $$f(t)$$ defined over the range of time from $$t = 0, \, \ldots, \, \infty$$. The corresponding cumulative distribution function (or CDF) $$F(t)$$ is a very useful function, as it gives the probability that a randomly selected unit will fail by time $$t$$. The figure below shows the relationship between $$f(t)$$ and $$F(t)$$ and gives three descriptions of $$F(t)$$.
1. $$F(t)$$ = the area under the PDF $$f(t)$$ to the left of $$t$$.
2. $$F(t)$$ = the probability that a single randomly chosen new unit will fail by time $$t$$.
3. $$F(t)$$ = the proportion of the entire population that fails by time $$t$$.
The figure above also shows a shaded area under $$f(t)$$ between the two times $$t_1$$ and $$t_2$$. This area is $$[F(t_2) - F(t_1)]$$ and represents the proportion of the population that fails between times $$t_1$$ and $$t_2$$ (or the probability that a brand new randomly chosen unit will survive to time $$t_1$$ but fail before time $$t_2$$).
Note that the PDF $$f(t)$$ has only non-negative values and eventually either becomes 0 as $$t$$ increases, or decreases towards 0. The CDF $$F(t)$$ is monotonically increasing and goes from 0 to 1 as $$t$$ approaches infinity. In other words, the total area under the curve is always 1.
The Weibull model is a good example of a life distribution The 2-parameter Weibull distribution is an example of a popular $$F(t)$$. It has the CDF and PDF equations given by: $$\begin{eqnarray} F(t) & = & 1 - e^{-(t/\alpha)^\gamma} \\ & & \\ f(t) & = & \frac{\gamma}{t} \left(\frac{t}{\alpha} \right)^\gamma e^{-(t/\alpha)^\gamma} \end{eqnarray}$$ where $$\gamma$$ is the "shape" parameter and $$\alpha$$ is a "scale" parameter called the characteristic life.
Example: A company produces automotive fuel pumps that fail according to a Weibull life distribution model with shape parameter $$\gamma$$ = 1.5 and scale parameter 8,000 (time measured in use hours). If a typical pump is used 800 hours a year, what proportion are likely to fail within 5 years?
Solution: The probability associated with the 800*5 quantile of a Weibull distribution with $$\gamma$$ = 1.5 and $$\alpha$$ = 8000 is 0.298. Thus about 30 % of the pumps will fail in the first 5 years.
Functions for computing PDF values and CDF values, are available in both Dataplot code and R code.
| 2017-10-22T17:08:34 |
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https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pmc/section5/pmc53.htm
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6. Process or Product Monitoring and Control
6.5. Tutorials
## Elements of Matrix Algebra
Elementary Matrix Algebra
Basic definitions and operations of matrix algebra - needed for multivariate analysis Vectors and matrices are arrays of numbers. The algebra for symbolic operations on them is different from the algebra for operations on scalars, or single numbers. For example there is no division in matrix algebra, although there is an operation called "multiplying by an inverse". It is possible to express the exact equivalent of matrix algebra equations in terms of scalar algebra expressions, but the results look rather messy.
It can be said that the matrix algebra notation is shorthand for the corresponding scalar longhand.
Vectors A vector is a column of numbers. $${\bf a} = \left[ \begin{array}{c} a_1 \\ a_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_p \end{array} \right]$$
The scalars $$a_i$$ are the elements of vector $${\bf a}$$.
Transpose The transpose of $${\bf a}$$, denoted by $${\bf a}'$$, is the row arrangement of the elements of $${\bf a}$$. $${\bf a}' = \left[ a_1 \,\,\, a_2 \,\,\, \cdots \,\,\, a_p \right]$$
Sum of two vectors The sum of two vectors (say, $${\bf a}$$ and $${\bf b}$$) is the vector of sums of corresponding elements. $${\bf a} + {\bf b} = \left[ \begin{array}{c} a_1 + b_1 \\ a_2 + b_2 \\ \vdots \\ a_p + b_p \end{array} \right]$$ The difference of two vectors is the vector of differences of corresponding elements.
Product of $${\bf a}'{\bf b}$$ The product $${\bf a}'{\bf b}$$ is a scalar formed by $${\bf a}'{\bf b} = \left[ a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + \cdots + a_p b_p \right]$$ which may be written in shortcut notation as $$c = \sum_{i=1}^p a_i b_i \, ,$$ where $$a_i$$ and $$b_i$$ are the $$i$$th elements of vectors $${\bf a}$$ and $${\bf b}$$, respectively.
Product of $${\bf ab}'$$ The product $${\bf ab}'$$ is a square matrix $${\bf ab}' = \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} a_1 b_1 & a_1 b_2 & \cdots & a_1 b_p \\ a_2 b_1 & a_2 b_2 & \cdots & a_2 b_p \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_p b_1 & a_p b_2 & \cdots & a_p b_p \end{array} \right]$$
Product of scalar times a vector The product of a scalar ($$k$$) times a vector ($${\bf a}$$) is $$k$$ times each element of $${\bf a}$$. $$k{\bf a} = {\bf a}k = \left[ \begin{array}{c} k a_1 \\ k a_2 \\ \vdots \\ k a_p \end{array} \right]$$
A matrix is a rectangular table of numbers A matrix is a rectangular table of numbers, with $$p$$ rows and $$n$$ columns. It is also referred to as an array of $$n$$ column vectors of length $$p$$. Thus $${\bf A} = \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{p1} & a_{p2} & \cdots & a_{pn} \end{array} \right]$$ is a $$p$$ by $$n$$ matrix. The typical element of $${\bf A}$$ is $$a_{ij}$$, denoting the element of row $$i$$ and column $$j$$.
Matrix addition and subtraction Matrices are added and subtracted on an element-by-element basis. Thus $${\bf A}+{\bf B} = \left[ \begin{array}{cccc} a_{11} + b_{11} & a_{12} + b_{12} & \cdots & a_{1n} + b_{1n} \\ a_{21} + b_{21} & a_{22} + b_{22} & \cdots & a_{2n} + b_{2n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ a_{p1} + b_{p1} & a_{p2} + b_{p2} & \cdots & a_{pn} + b_{pn} \end{array} \right]$$
Matrix multiplication Matrix multiplication involves the computation of the sum of the products of elements from a row of the first matrix (the premultiplier on the left) and a column of the second matrix (the postmultiplier on the right). This sum of products is computed for every combination of rows and columns. For example, if $${\bf A}$$ is a $$2 \times 3$$ matrix and $${\bf B}$$ is a $$3 \times 2$$ matrix, the product $${\bf AB}$$ is $${\bf AB} = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} a_{11} b_{11} + a_{12} b_{21} + a_{13} b_{31} & a_{11} b_{12} + a_{12} b_{22} + a_{13} b_{32} \\ a_{21} b_{11} + a_{22} b_{21} + a_{23} b_{31} & a_{21} b_{12} + a_{22} b_{22} + a_{23} b_{32} \, . \end{array} \right]$$ Thus, the product is a $$2 \times 2$$ matrix. This came about as follows: The number of columns of $${\bf A}$$ must be equal to the number of rows of $${\bf B}$$. In this case this is 3. If they are not equal, multiplication is impossible. If they are equal, then the number of rows of the product $${\bf AB}$$ is equal to the number of rows of $${\bf A}$$ and the number of columns is equal to the number of columns of $${\bf B}$$.
Example of $$3 \times 2$$ matrix multiplied by a $$2 \times 3$$ It follows that the result of the product $${\bf BA}$$ is a $$3 \times 3$$ matrix. $${\bf BA} = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} b_{11} a_{11} + b_{12} a_{21} & b_{11} a_{12} + b_{12} a_{22} & b_{11} a_{13} + b_{12} a_{23} \\ b_{21} a_{11} + b_{22} a_{21} & b_{21} a_{12} + b_{22} a_{22} & b_{21} a_{13} + b_{22} a_{23} \\ b_{31} a_{11} + b_{32} a_{21} & b_{31} a_{12} + b_{32} a_{22} & b_{31} a_{13} + b_{32} a_{23} \end{array} \right]$$
General case for matrix multiplication In general, if $${\bf A}$$ is a $$k \times p$$ matrix and $${\bf B}$$ is a $$p \times n$$ matrix, the product $${\bf AB}$$ is a $$k \times n$$ matrix. If $$k = n$$, then the product $${\bf BA}$$ can also be formed. We say that matrices conform for the operations of addition, subtraction or multiplication when their respective orders (numbers of row and columns) are such as to permit the operations. Matrices that do not conform for addition or subtraction cannot be added or subtracted. Matrices that do not conform for multiplication cannot be multiplied.
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Alarsen.michael-j
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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Larsen, Michael Jeffrey
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: larsen.michael-j Published as: Larsen, Michael; Larsen, Michael J.; Larsen, M.; Larsen, Michael Jeffrey; Larsen, M. J. Homepage: http://mlarsen.math.indiana.edu/~larsen/ External Links: MGP · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 107 Publications since 1990
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
21 single-authored 10 Shalev, Aner 9 Im, Bo-Hae 7 Lindenstrauss, Ayelet 7 Lubotzky, Alexander 7 Tiep Pham Huu 6 Khare, Chandrashekhar 6 Lunts, Valery A. 5 Pink, Richard 5 Wang, Zhenghan 4 Propp, James Gary 3 Freedman, Michael Hartley 3 Guralnick, Robert Michael 3 Hui, Chun Yin 3 Rowell, Eric C. 2 Elkies, Noam David 2 Friedlander, John Benjamin 2 Hesselholt, Lars 2 Kuperberg, Gregory John 2 Lieman, Daniel B. 2 Marion, Claude 2 Nguyen Ngoc Dong Quan 2 Ramakrishna, Ravi 2 Savin, Gordan 2 Shparlinski, Igor E. 1 Bellaïche, Joël 1 Bergh, Daniel 1 Bondal, Alexey I. 1 Bou-Rabee, Khalil 1 Canetti, Ran 1 Chenevier, Gaëtan 1 Cohn, Henry Lee 1 Eiderman, Vladimir Ya. 1 Ellenberg, Jordan S. 1 Fisher, David Michael 1 Garion, Shelly 1 Grunewald, Fritz J. 1 Kazhdan, David A. 1 Kitaev, Alexei Yu. 1 Kollár, János 1 Konyagin, Sergeĭ Vladimirovich 1 Kronheimer, Peter Benedict 1 Lü, Zhipeng 1 Lyons, Russell 1 Malestein, Justin 1 Malle, Gunter 1 Manack, Corey 1 Mazur, Barry 1 Miller, Alexander R. 1 Rubin, Karl Cooper 1 Scherk, John 1 Schoof, René 1 Spatzier, Ralf J. 1 Stover, Matthew 1 Ullman, Daniel H. 1 Varshavsky, Yakov
all top 5
#### Serials
9 Israel Journal of Mathematics 9 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 6 Algebra & Number Theory 5 Inventiones Mathematicae 5 Journal of Algebra 4 Duke Mathematical Journal 4 Journal of Number Theory 3 Communications in Mathematical Physics 3 American Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 2 Compositio Mathematica 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 $$K$$-Theory 2 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 2 Mathematical Research Letters 2 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Communications in Algebra 1 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1 Mathematics of Computation 1 Acta Arithmetica 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 1 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 1 Journal of Graph Theory 1 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. Oxford Second Series 1 Topology 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Topology and its Applications 1 Journal of Theoretical Probability 1 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 1 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 1 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 1 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 1 The New York Journal of Mathematics 1 Representation Theory 1 The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 1 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 1 Moscow Mathematical Journal 1 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Groups, Geometry, and Dynamics 1 Forum of Mathematics, Pi 1 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma
all top 5
#### Fields
49 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 39 Number theory (11-XX) 26 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 16 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 9 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 8 Combinatorics (05-XX) 5 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 4 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 4 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 4 Quantum theory (81-XX) 3 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 3 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 3 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Computer science (68-XX) 2 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
87 Publications have been cited 1,261 times in 908 Documents Cited by Year
Alternating-sign matrices and domino tilings. I. Zbl 0779.05009
Elkies, Noam; Kuperberg, Greg; Larsen, Michael; Propp, James
1992
The shape of a typical boxed plane partition. Zbl 0908.60083
Cohn, Henry; Larsen, Michael; Propp, James
1998
Alternating-sign matrices and domino tilings. II. Zbl 0788.05017
Elkies, Noam; Kuperberg, Greg; Larsen, Michael; Propp, James
1992
Topological quantum computation. Zbl 1019.81008
Freedman, Michael H.; Kitaev, Alexei; Larsen, Michael J.; Wang, Zhenghan
2003
A modular functor which is universal for quantum computation. Zbl 1012.81007
Freedman, Michael H.; Larsen, Michael; Wang, Zhenghan
2002
Finite subgroups of algebraic groups. Zbl 1241.20054
Larsen, Michael J.; Pink, Richard
2011
Grothendieck ring of pretriangulated categories. Zbl 1079.18008
Bondal, Alexey I.; Larsen, Michael; Lunts, Valery A.
2004
The fractional chromatic number of Mycielski’s graphs. Zbl 0830.05027
Larsen, Michael; Propp, James; Ullman, Daniel
1995
Word maps and Waring type problems. Zbl 1206.20014
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2009
Motivic measures and stable birational geometry. Zbl 1056.14015
Larsen, Michael; Lunts, Valery A.
2003
The Waring problem for finite simple groups. Zbl 1283.20008
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner; Tiep, Pham Huu
2011
The two-eigenvalue problem and density of Jones representation of braid groups. Zbl 1045.20027
Freedman, Michael H.; Larsen, Michael J.; Wang, Zhenghan
2002
Characters of symmetric groups: sharp bounds and applications. Zbl 1166.20009
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2008
On $$\ell$$-independence of algebraic monodromy groups in compatible systems of representations. Zbl 0778.11036
Larsen, M.; Pink, R.
1992
Representation growth of linear groups. Zbl 1142.22006
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2008
Maximality of Galois actions for compatible systems. Zbl 0912.11026
Larsen, M.
1995
Word maps have large image. Zbl 1130.20310
Larsen, Michael
2004
On the statistical properties of Diffie-Hellman distributions. Zbl 0997.11066
Canetti, Ran; Friedlander, John; Konyagin, Sergei; Larsen, Michael; Lieman, Daniel; Shparlinski, Igor
2000
Determining representations from invariant dimensions. Zbl 0687.22004
Larsen, M.; Pink, R.
1990
Abelian varieties, $$\ell$$-adic representations, and $$\ell$$-independence. Zbl 0867.14019
Larsen, M.; Pink, R.
1995
On the conjugacy of element-conjugate homomorphisms. Zbl 0898.20025
Larsen, Michael
1994
Fibers of word maps and some applications. Zbl 1258.20011
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2012
The support problem for abelian varieties. Zbl 1039.11040
Larsen, Michael
2003
Rationality criteria for motivic zeta functions. Zbl 1076.14024
Larsen, Michael; Lunts, Valery A.
2004
The largest irreducible representations of simple groups. Zbl 1319.20013
Larsen, Michael; Malle, Gunter; Tiep, Pham Huu
2013
Functoriality and the inverse Galois problem. Zbl 1194.11062
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Savin, Gordan
2008
Quotients of Calabi-Yau varieties. Zbl 1200.14074
Kollár, János; Larsen, Michael
2009
Cyclic homology of Dedekind domains. Zbl 0781.13008
Larsen, M.; Lindenstrauss, A.
1992
The $$N$$-eigenvalue problem and two applications. Zbl 1109.22008
Larsen, Michael J.; Rowell, Eric C.; Wang, Zhenghan
2005
Waring problem for finite quasisimple groups. Zbl 1329.20014
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner; Tiep, Pham Huu
2013
Density of the $$\text{SO}(3)$$ TQFT representation of mapping class groups. Zbl 1114.57012
Larsen, Michael; Wang, Zhenghan
2005
Beauville surfaces and finite simple groups. Zbl 1255.20008
Garion, Shelly; Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2012
Arithmetic quotients of the mapping class group. Zbl 1334.57017
Grunewald, Fritz; Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander; Malestein, Justin
2015
Navigating the Cayley graph of $$\text{SL}_2(\mathbb F_p)$$. Zbl 1049.22005
Larsen, Michael
2003
A connectedness criterion for $$\ell$$-adic Galois representations. Zbl 0870.11037
Larsen, Michael; Pink, Richard
1997
Representation growth in positive characteristic and conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups. Zbl 1244.20007
Guralnick, Robert M.; Larsen, Michael; Tiep, Pham Huu
2012
The Waring problem for Lie groups and Chevalley groups. Zbl 1343.22006
Hui, Chun Yin; Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2015
Arithmetic compactification of some Shimura surfaces. Zbl 0760.14009
Larsen, Michael J.
1992
An algebra-level version of a link-polynomial identity of Lickorish. Zbl 1154.57007
Larsen, Michael J.; Rowell, Eric C.
2008
The Tannakian formalism and the Langlands conjectures. Zbl 1395.11127
Kazhdan, David; Larsen, Michael; Varshavsky, Yakov
2014
A non-abelian free pro-$$p$$ group is not linear over a local field. Zbl 0923.20018
Barnea, Y.; Larsen, M.
1999
Rank of elliptic curves over almost separably closed fields. Zbl 1140.11335
Larsen, Michael
2003
On the conjugacy of element-conjugate homomorphisms. II. Zbl 0898.20026
Larsen, Michael
1996
Constructing semisimple $$p$$-adic Galois representations with prescribed properties. Zbl 1083.11034
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Ramakrishna, Ravi
2005
Normal subgroup growth of linear groups: the $$(G_2,F_4,E_8)$$-theorem. Zbl 1161.20305
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2004
How often is $$84(g-1)$$ achieved? Zbl 1026.30040
Larsen, Michael
2001
Transcendental $$\ell$$-adic Galois representations. Zbl 1134.11023
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Ramakrishna, Ravi
2005
On the distribution of values of certain word maps. Zbl 1347.20081
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2016
Deformation theory and finite simple quotients of triangle groups. I. Zbl 1312.20030
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander; Marion, Claude
2014
Abelian varieties over cyclic fields. Zbl 1149.14037
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2008
Diophantine stability. Zbl 06924832
Mazur, Barry; Rubin, Karl; Larsen, Michael
2018
On the correlation of binary $$M$$-sequences. Zbl 0941.94014
Friedlander, John; Larsen, Michael; Lieman, Daniel; Shparlinski, Igor
1999
Random generation in semisimple algebraic groups over local fields. Zbl 1049.20028
Barnea, Y.; Larsen, M.
2004
Unitary braid representations with finite image. Zbl 1187.20047
Larsen, Michael; Rowell, Eric
2008
Representation varieties of Fuchsian groups. Zbl 1272.20054
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2013
Type A images of Galois representations and maximality. Zbl 1402.11081
Hui, Chun Yin; Larsen, Michael
2016
Functoriality and the inverse Galois problem. II: Groups of type $$B_n$$ and $$G_2$$. Zbl 1194.11063
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Savin, Gordan
2010
Words, Hausdorff dimension and randomly free groups. Zbl 06923807
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2018
A probabilistic Tits alternative and probabilistic identities. Zbl 1356.20030
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2016
On the semisimplicity of low-dimensional representations of semisimple groups in characteristic $$p$$. Zbl 0834.20045
Larsen, Michael
1995
Filtrations, mixed complexes, and cyclic homology in mixed characteristic. Zbl 0839.19002
Larsen, M.
1995
Deformation theory and finite simple quotients of triangle groups. II. Zbl 1312.20031
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander; Marion, Claude
2014
Low degree representations of simple Lie groups. Zbl 1247.22006
Guralnick, Robert; Larsen, Michael; Manack, Corey
2012
Character levels and character bounds. Zbl 07158138
Guralnick, Robert M.; Larsen, Michael; Tiep, Pham Huu
2020
Probabilistic Waring problems for finite simple groups. Zbl 1448.20063
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner; Tiep, Pham
2019
Determining a semisimple group from its representation degrees. Zbl 1073.22009
Larsen, Michael
2004
Exponential generation and largeness for compact $$p$$-adic Lie groups. Zbl 1219.22011
Larsen, Michael
2010
Coalescing particles on an interval. Zbl 0922.60061
Larsen, Michael; Lyons, Russell
1999
Topological Hochschild homology and the condition of Hochschild-Kostant-Rosenberg. Zbl 0989.19003
Larsen, Michael; Lindenstrauss, Ayelet
2001
The problem of kings. Zbl 0827.05005
Larsen, Michael
1995
Rational curves on quotients of abelian varieties by finite groups. Zbl 1351.14028
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2015
A refined Waring problem for finite simple groups. Zbl 1328.20023
Larsen, Michael; Tiep, Pham Huu
2015
A refined counter-example to the support conjecture for abelian varieties. Zbl 1097.14036
Larsen, Michael; Schoof, René
2006
Irrationality of motivic zeta functions. Zbl 1464.14026
Larsen, Michael J.; Lunts, Valery A.
2020
Linear groups with Borel’s property. Zbl 06725179
Bou-Rabee, Khalil; Larsen, Michael
2017
Two-dimensional systems of Galois representations. Zbl 0797.11088
Larsen, Michael
1992
Homology of maximal orders in central simple algebras. Zbl 0777.16005
Larsen, Michael
1992
Topological Hochschild homology of algebras in characteristic $$p$$. Zbl 0940.19002
Larsen, Michael; Lindenstrauss, Ayelet
2000
Weak approximation for linear systems of quadrics. Zbl 1160.11018
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2006
Generalizing a theorem of Richard Brauer. Zbl 1204.11096
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2008
Rigidity in the invariant theory of compact Lie groups. Zbl 1330.22006
Larsen, Michael
2015
Casson’s invariant and quadratic reciprocity. Zbl 0729.57007
Kronheimer, P. B.; Larsen, M. J.; Scherk, J.
1991
Converging sequences of $$p$$-adic Galois representations and density theorems. Zbl 1091.11017
Bellaïche, Joël; Chenevier, Gaëtan; Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael
2005
Parallelopipeds of positive rank twists of elliptic curves. Zbl 1277.11059
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2011
Positive motivic measures are counting measures. Zbl 1196.14021
Ellenberg, Jordan S.; Larsen, Michael
2010
Most words are geometrically almost uniform. Zbl 07275225
Larsen, Michael Jeffrey
2020
The sparsity of character tables of high rank groups of Lie type. Zbl 07325595
Larsen, Michael J.; Miller, Alexander R.
2021
The sparsity of character tables of high rank groups of Lie type. Zbl 07325595
Larsen, Michael J.; Miller, Alexander R.
2021
Character levels and character bounds. Zbl 07158138
Guralnick, Robert M.; Larsen, Michael; Tiep, Pham Huu
2020
Irrationality of motivic zeta functions. Zbl 1464.14026
Larsen, Michael J.; Lunts, Valery A.
2020
Most words are geometrically almost uniform. Zbl 07275225
Larsen, Michael Jeffrey
2020
Probabilistic Waring problems for finite simple groups. Zbl 1448.20063
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner; Tiep, Pham
2019
Diophantine stability. Zbl 06924832
Mazur, Barry; Rubin, Karl; Larsen, Michael
2018
Words, Hausdorff dimension and randomly free groups. Zbl 06923807
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2018
Linear groups with Borel’s property. Zbl 06725179
Bou-Rabee, Khalil; Larsen, Michael
2017
On the distribution of values of certain word maps. Zbl 1347.20081
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2016
Type A images of Galois representations and maximality. Zbl 1402.11081
Hui, Chun Yin; Larsen, Michael
2016
A probabilistic Tits alternative and probabilistic identities. Zbl 1356.20030
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2016
Arithmetic quotients of the mapping class group. Zbl 1334.57017
Grunewald, Fritz; Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander; Malestein, Justin
2015
The Waring problem for Lie groups and Chevalley groups. Zbl 1343.22006
Hui, Chun Yin; Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2015
Rational curves on quotients of abelian varieties by finite groups. Zbl 1351.14028
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2015
A refined Waring problem for finite simple groups. Zbl 1328.20023
Larsen, Michael; Tiep, Pham Huu
2015
Rigidity in the invariant theory of compact Lie groups. Zbl 1330.22006
Larsen, Michael
2015
The Tannakian formalism and the Langlands conjectures. Zbl 1395.11127
Kazhdan, David; Larsen, Michael; Varshavsky, Yakov
2014
Deformation theory and finite simple quotients of triangle groups. I. Zbl 1312.20030
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander; Marion, Claude
2014
Deformation theory and finite simple quotients of triangle groups. II. Zbl 1312.20031
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander; Marion, Claude
2014
The largest irreducible representations of simple groups. Zbl 1319.20013
Larsen, Michael; Malle, Gunter; Tiep, Pham Huu
2013
Waring problem for finite quasisimple groups. Zbl 1329.20014
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner; Tiep, Pham Huu
2013
Representation varieties of Fuchsian groups. Zbl 1272.20054
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2013
Fibers of word maps and some applications. Zbl 1258.20011
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2012
Beauville surfaces and finite simple groups. Zbl 1255.20008
Garion, Shelly; Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2012
Representation growth in positive characteristic and conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups. Zbl 1244.20007
Guralnick, Robert M.; Larsen, Michael; Tiep, Pham Huu
2012
Low degree representations of simple Lie groups. Zbl 1247.22006
Guralnick, Robert; Larsen, Michael; Manack, Corey
2012
Finite subgroups of algebraic groups. Zbl 1241.20054
Larsen, Michael J.; Pink, Richard
2011
The Waring problem for finite simple groups. Zbl 1283.20008
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner; Tiep, Pham Huu
2011
Parallelopipeds of positive rank twists of elliptic curves. Zbl 1277.11059
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2011
Functoriality and the inverse Galois problem. II: Groups of type $$B_n$$ and $$G_2$$. Zbl 1194.11063
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Savin, Gordan
2010
Exponential generation and largeness for compact $$p$$-adic Lie groups. Zbl 1219.22011
Larsen, Michael
2010
Positive motivic measures are counting measures. Zbl 1196.14021
Ellenberg, Jordan S.; Larsen, Michael
2010
Word maps and Waring type problems. Zbl 1206.20014
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2009
Quotients of Calabi-Yau varieties. Zbl 1200.14074
Kollár, János; Larsen, Michael
2009
Characters of symmetric groups: sharp bounds and applications. Zbl 1166.20009
Larsen, Michael; Shalev, Aner
2008
Representation growth of linear groups. Zbl 1142.22006
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2008
Functoriality and the inverse Galois problem. Zbl 1194.11062
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Savin, Gordan
2008
An algebra-level version of a link-polynomial identity of Lickorish. Zbl 1154.57007
Larsen, Michael J.; Rowell, Eric C.
2008
Abelian varieties over cyclic fields. Zbl 1149.14037
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2008
Unitary braid representations with finite image. Zbl 1187.20047
Larsen, Michael; Rowell, Eric
2008
Generalizing a theorem of Richard Brauer. Zbl 1204.11096
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2008
A refined counter-example to the support conjecture for abelian varieties. Zbl 1097.14036
Larsen, Michael; Schoof, René
2006
Weak approximation for linear systems of quadrics. Zbl 1160.11018
Im, Bo-Hae; Larsen, Michael
2006
The $$N$$-eigenvalue problem and two applications. Zbl 1109.22008
Larsen, Michael J.; Rowell, Eric C.; Wang, Zhenghan
2005
Density of the $$\text{SO}(3)$$ TQFT representation of mapping class groups. Zbl 1114.57012
Larsen, Michael; Wang, Zhenghan
2005
Constructing semisimple $$p$$-adic Galois representations with prescribed properties. Zbl 1083.11034
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Ramakrishna, Ravi
2005
Transcendental $$\ell$$-adic Galois representations. Zbl 1134.11023
Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael; Ramakrishna, Ravi
2005
Converging sequences of $$p$$-adic Galois representations and density theorems. Zbl 1091.11017
Bellaïche, Joël; Chenevier, Gaëtan; Khare, Chandrashekhar; Larsen, Michael
2005
Grothendieck ring of pretriangulated categories. Zbl 1079.18008
Bondal, Alexey I.; Larsen, Michael; Lunts, Valery A.
2004
Word maps have large image. Zbl 1130.20310
Larsen, Michael
2004
Rationality criteria for motivic zeta functions. Zbl 1076.14024
Larsen, Michael; Lunts, Valery A.
2004
Normal subgroup growth of linear groups: the $$(G_2,F_4,E_8)$$-theorem. Zbl 1161.20305
Larsen, Michael; Lubotzky, Alexander
2004
Random generation in semisimple algebraic groups over local fields. Zbl 1049.20028
Barnea, Y.; Larsen, M.
2004
Determining a semisimple group from its representation degrees. Zbl 1073.22009
Larsen, Michael
2004
Topological quantum computation. Zbl 1019.81008
Freedman, Michael H.; Kitaev, Alexei; Larsen, Michael J.; Wang, Zhenghan
2003
Motivic measures and stable birational geometry. Zbl 1056.14015
Larsen, Michael; Lunts, Valery A.
2003
The support problem for abelian varieties. Zbl 1039.11040
Larsen, Michael
2003
Navigating the Cayley graph of $$\text{SL}_2(\mathbb F_p)$$. Zbl 1049.22005
Larsen, Michael
2003
Rank of elliptic curves over almost separably closed fields. Zbl 1140.11335
Larsen, Michael
2003
A modular functor which is universal for quantum computation. Zbl 1012.81007
Freedman, Michael H.; Larsen, Michael; Wang, Zhenghan
2002
The two-eigenvalue problem and density of Jones representation of braid groups. Zbl 1045.20027
Freedman, Michael H.; Larsen, Michael J.; Wang, Zhenghan
2002
How often is $$84(g-1)$$ achieved? Zbl 1026.30040
Larsen, Michael
2001
Topological Hochschild homology and the condition of Hochschild-Kostant-Rosenberg. Zbl 0989.19003
Larsen, Michael; Lindenstrauss, Ayelet
2001
On the statistical properties of Diffie-Hellman distributions. Zbl 0997.11066
Canetti, Ran; Friedlander, John; Konyagin, Sergei; Larsen, Michael; Lieman, Daniel; Shparlinski, Igor
2000
Topological Hochschild homology of algebras in characteristic $$p$$. Zbl 0940.19002
Larsen, Michael; Lindenstrauss, Ayelet
2000
A non-abelian free pro-$$p$$ group is not linear over a local field. Zbl 0923.20018
Barnea, Y.; Larsen, M.
1999
On the correlation of binary $$M$$-sequences. Zbl 0941.94014
Friedlander, John; Larsen, Michael; Lieman, Daniel; Shparlinski, Igor
1999
Coalescing particles on an interval. Zbl 0922.60061
Larsen, Michael; Lyons, Russell
1999
The shape of a typical boxed plane partition. Zbl 0908.60083
Cohn, Henry; Larsen, Michael; Propp, James
1998
A connectedness criterion for $$\ell$$-adic Galois representations. Zbl 0870.11037
Larsen, Michael; Pink, Richard
1997
On the conjugacy of element-conjugate homomorphisms. II. Zbl 0898.20026
Larsen, Michael
1996
The fractional chromatic number of Mycielski’s graphs. Zbl 0830.05027
Larsen, Michael; Propp, James; Ullman, Daniel
1995
Maximality of Galois actions for compatible systems. Zbl 0912.11026
Larsen, M.
1995
Abelian varieties, $$\ell$$-adic representations, and $$\ell$$-independence. Zbl 0867.14019
Larsen, M.; Pink, R.
1995
On the semisimplicity of low-dimensional representations of semisimple groups in characteristic $$p$$. Zbl 0834.20045
Larsen, Michael
1995
Filtrations, mixed complexes, and cyclic homology in mixed characteristic. Zbl 0839.19002
Larsen, M.
1995
The problem of kings. Zbl 0827.05005
Larsen, Michael
1995
On the conjugacy of element-conjugate homomorphisms. Zbl 0898.20025
Larsen, Michael
1994
Alternating-sign matrices and domino tilings. I. Zbl 0779.05009
Elkies, Noam; Kuperberg, Greg; Larsen, Michael; Propp, James
1992
Alternating-sign matrices and domino tilings. II. Zbl 0788.05017
Elkies, Noam; Kuperberg, Greg; Larsen, Michael; Propp, James
1992
On $$\ell$$-independence of algebraic monodromy groups in compatible systems of representations. Zbl 0778.11036
Larsen, M.; Pink, R.
1992
Cyclic homology of Dedekind domains. Zbl 0781.13008
Larsen, M.; Lindenstrauss, A.
1992
Arithmetic compactification of some Shimura surfaces. Zbl 0760.14009
Larsen, Michael J.
1992
Two-dimensional systems of Galois representations. Zbl 0797.11088
Larsen, Michael
1992
Homology of maximal orders in central simple algebras. Zbl 0777.16005
Larsen, Michael
1992
Casson’s invariant and quadratic reciprocity. Zbl 0729.57007
Kronheimer, P. B.; Larsen, M. J.; Scherk, J.
1991
Determining representations from invariant dimensions. Zbl 0687.22004
Larsen, M.; Pink, R.
1990
all top 5
#### Cited by 1,012 Authors
37 Larsen, Michael Jeffrey 26 Lai, Tri 26 Shalev, Aner 19 Tiep Pham Huu 19 Wang, Zhenghan 17 Rowell, Eric C. 13 Ciucu, Mihai 12 Guralnick, Robert Michael 12 Pronko, Andrei G. 12 Shparlinski, Igor E. 11 Gorin, Vadim 10 Fischer, Ilse 10 Liebeck, Martin Walter 8 Avni, Nir 8 Colomo, Filippo 8 Lindenstrauss, Ayelet 8 Lubotzky, Alexander 8 Lunts, Valery A. 7 Gajda, Wojciech 7 Johansson, Kurt 7 Petersen, Sebastian 7 Toninelli, Fabio Lucio 6 Borodin, Alexei 6 Chhita, Sunil 6 Hui, Chun Yin 6 Klopsch, Benjamin 6 Pak, Igor 6 Panova, Greta 5 Canonaco, Alberto 5 Di Francesco, Philippe 5 Freedman, Michael Hartley 5 Gordeev, Nikolai L. 5 Kanel’-Belov, Alekseĭ Yakovlevich 5 Kunyavskiĭ, Boris Èmmanuilovich 5 Onn, Uri 5 Pink, Richard 5 Propp, James Gary 5 Puder, Doron 5 Rasetti, Mario 5 Stellari, Paolo 5 Tabuada, Gonçalo 5 Voll, Christopher 5 Zakharevich, Inna 4 Achter, Jeffrey D. 4 Adler, Mark 4 Arias-de-Reyna, Sara 4 Banaszak, Grzegorz 4 Behrend, Roger E. 4 Breuillard, Emmanuel 4 Bufetov, Alekseĭ Igor’evich 4 Cadoret, Anna 4 Ferrari, Patrik Lino 4 Friedlander, John Benjamin 4 Funar, Louis 4 Garion, Shelly 4 Ge, Molin 4 Kauffman, Louis Hirsch 4 Kenyon, Richard W. 4 Khare, Chandrashekhar 4 Krasoń, Piotr 4 Krattenthaler, Christian Friedrich 4 Marcolli, Matilde 4 Marzuoli, Annalisa 4 Musiker, Gregg 4 Perucca, Antonella 4 Reshetikhin, Nikolai Yu. 4 Rohatgi, Ranjan 4 Saldanha, Nicolau Corção 4 Schnürer, Olaf M. 4 Stanley, Richard Peter 4 Striker, Jessica 4 van Moerbeke, Pierre 4 Yan, Weigen 4 Zhang, Yong 3 Bandman, Tatiana M. 3 Barańczuk, Stefan 3 Böckle, Gebhard 3 Bombín, Héctor 3 Bors, Alexander 3 Dieulefait, Luis Victor 3 Duits, Maurice 3 Egorchenkova, E. A. 3 Fulmek, Markus 3 Griess, Robert L. jun. 3 Gustafson, Paul P. 3 Helfgott, Harald Andrés 3 Hong, Seung-Moon 3 Im, Bo-Hae 3 Jaikin-Zapirain, Andrei 3 Kionke, Steffen 3 Kitaev, Alexei Yu. 3 Kuijlaars, Arno B. J. 3 Kuperberg, Gregory John 3 Lin, Wensong 3 Lombardo, Davide M. 3 Malev, Sergey 3 Marin, Ivan 3 Martin-Delgado, Miguel Angel 3 McReynolds, David Ben 3 Myasnikov, Alexei G. ...and 912 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 212 Serials
40 Advances in Mathematics 39 Journal of Algebra 29 Communications in Mathematical Physics 27 Israel Journal of Mathematics 26 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 24 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 23 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 22 Discrete Mathematics 22 Journal of Number Theory 20 Inventiones Mathematicae 19 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 17 Journal of Mathematical Physics 14 Duke Mathematical Journal 14 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 13 Compositio Mathematica 13 Advances in Applied Mathematics 11 Mathematische Annalen 11 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 10 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 10 New Journal of Physics 10 Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 9 Communications in Algebra 9 Journal of Statistical Physics 9 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 9 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 8 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 8 Mathematische Zeitschrift 8 International Journal of Algebra and Computation 7 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 7 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 7 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 6 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 6 The Annals of Probability 6 Manuscripta Mathematica 6 Theoretical Computer Science 6 European Journal of Combinatorics 6 Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications 6 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 6 Journal of Group Theory 6 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 6 Quantum Information Processing 6 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 6 International Journal of Number Theory 5 Discrete Applied Mathematics 5 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 5 Graphs and Combinatorics 5 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 5 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 5 Linear Algebra and its Applications 5 Finite Fields and their Applications 5 Geometry & Topology 5 Annals of Combinatorics 5 Journal of High Energy Physics 4 Letters in Mathematical Physics 4 Siberian Mathematical Journal 4 Probability Theory and Related Fields 4 The Annals of Applied Probability 4 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 4 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 4 Documenta Mathematica 4 Journal of Algebra and its Applications 4 International Journal of Quantum Information 4 Japanese Journal of Mathematics. 3rd Series 3 International Journal of Modern Physics B 3 Reviews of Modern Physics 3 Mathematics of Computation 3 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 3 Archiv der Mathematik 3 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 3 Geometriae Dedicata 3 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 3 Journal of Functional Analysis 3 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 3 Monatshefte für Mathematik 3 Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society 3 Random Structures & Algorithms 3 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 3 Transformation Groups 3 Algebras and Representation Theory 3 Physical Review Letters 3 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 3 Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 3 Science China. Mathematics 3 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 3 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 3 Algebraic Combinatorics 2 Information Processing Letters 2 Mathematical Notes 2 Mathematische Semesterberichte 2 Russian Mathematical Surveys 2 Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 2 Acta Arithmetica 2 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 2 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 2 Publications Mathématiques 2 Journal of Graph Theory 2 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 2 Mathematika 2 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series ...and 112 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 46 Fields
261 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 231 Combinatorics (05-XX) 199 Number theory (11-XX) 196 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 96 Quantum theory (81-XX) 82 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 66 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 57 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 53 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 49 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 45 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 39 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 36 Computer science (68-XX) 33 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 29 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 26 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 23 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 20 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 18 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 17 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 15 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 14 Special functions (33-XX) 12 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 10 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 9 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 9 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 7 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 6 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 6 Differential geometry (53-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 5 Functional analysis (46-XX) 5 Geometry (51-XX) 5 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 4 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 3 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Measure and integration (28-XX) 2 Potential theory (31-XX) 2 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-12-03T10:17:44 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10017082-interference-effect-between-production-channels-pk+kp-reaction-near-threshold
|
Interference Effect between $ϕ$ and $Λ(1520)$ Production Channels in the $γp→K+K−p$ Reaction near Threshold
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10017082
Journal Name:
Physical Review Letters
Volume:
116
Issue:
23
ISSN:
0031-9007
Publisher:
American Physical Society
| 2022-09-29T18:30:23 |
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|
http://gams.cam.nist.gov/28.11
|
# §28.11 Expansions in Series of Mathieu Functions
Let $f(z)$ be a $2\pi$-periodic function that is analytic in an open doubly-infinite strip $S$ that contains the real axis, and $q$ be a normal value (§28.7). Then
28.11.1 $f(z)=\alpha_{0}\mathop{\mathrm{ce}_{0}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right)+\sum_{n=1% }^{\infty}\left(\alpha_{n}\mathop{\mathrm{ce}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right% )+\beta_{n}\mathop{\mathrm{se}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right)\right),$ Defines: $f(z)$: function (locally) Symbols: $\mathop{\mathrm{ce}_{\NVar{n}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\NVar{z},\NVar{q}\right)$: Mathieu function, $\mathop{\mathrm{se}_{\NVar{n}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\NVar{z},\NVar{q}\right)$: Mathieu function, $q=h^{2}$: parameter, $n$: integer, $z$: complex variable, $\alpha_{n}$ and $\beta_{n}$ Referenced by: §28.11 Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.11.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 28.11
where
28.11.2 $\displaystyle\alpha_{n}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}f(x)\mathop{\mathrm{ce}_{n}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(x,q\right)\mathrm{d}x,$ $\displaystyle\beta_{n}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}f(x)\mathop{\mathrm{se}_{n}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(x,q\right)\mathrm{d}x.$
The series (28.11.1) converges absolutely and uniformly on any compact subset of the strip $S$. See Meixner and Schäfke (1954, §2.28), and for expansions in the case of the exceptional values of $q$ see Meixner et al. (1980, p. 33).
## Examples
With the notation of §28.4,
28.11.3 $1=2\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}A_{0}^{2n}(q)\mathop{\mathrm{ce}_{2n}\/}\nolimits\!\left% (z,q\right),$
28.11.4 $\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits 2mz=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}A_{2m}^{2n}(q)\mathop{\mathrm{% ce}_{2n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right),$ $m\neq 0$,
28.11.5 $\displaystyle\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits(2m+1)z$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}A_{2m+1}^{2n+1}(q)\mathop{\mathrm{ce}_{2n+1}% \/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right),$ 28.11.6 $\displaystyle\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits(2m+1)z$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}B_{2m+1}^{2n+1}(q)\mathop{\mathrm{se}_{2n+1}% \/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right),$ 28.11.7 $\displaystyle\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits(2m+2)z$ $\displaystyle=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}B_{2m+2}^{2n+2}(q)\mathop{\mathrm{se}_{2n+2}% \/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right).$
| 2017-05-28T06:39:24 |
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|
http://mathonline.wikidot.com/solving-linear-congruences-2
|
Solving Linear Congruences 2
Table of Contents
# Solving Linear Congruences 2
On the Existence of Solutions to Linear Congruences page we looked at some important results regarding solving the linear congruence $ax \equiv b \pmod m$:
• If $(a, m) \not \mid b$ then $ax \equiv b \pmod m$ has no solutions.
• If $(a, m) = 1$ then $ax \equiv b \pmod m$ has one solution.
• If $(a, m) = d$ and $d \mid b$ then $ax \equiv b \pmod m$ has $d$ solutions.
We will now look at some more examples of finding all solutions linear congruences.
## Example 1
Find all solutions to the linear congruence $124x \equiv 132 \pmod {900}$.
Notice that since $(124, 900) = 4$, we can simplify our congruence by dividing by $4$ to obtain $31x \equiv 33 \pmod 225$. Using the division algorithm and we have that:
(1)
\begin{align} 225 & = 31(7) + 8 \\ 31 & = 8(3) + 7 \\ 8 & = 7(1) + 1 \\ \\ 1 & = 8 + 7(-1) \\ 1 & = 8 + [31 + 8(-3)](-1) \\ 1 & = 31(-1) + 8(4) \\ 1 & = 31(-1) + [225 + 31(-7)](4) \\ 1 & = 225(4) + 31(-29) \end{align}
Hence we can use $-29$ as an inverse of $31$ modulo $225$. We will get:
(2)
\begin{align} (-29)31x & \equiv (-29)(33) \pmod {225} \\ x & \equiv -957 \pmod {225} \\ x & \equiv 168 \pmod {225} \end{align}
So our solutions are $x = 168, 393, 618, 843$.
## Example 2
Find all solutions to the linear congruence $120x \equiv 52 \pmod {119}$.
First notice that $120x \equiv 52 \pmod {119}$ is the same thing as $(30)4x \equiv (13)4 \pmod {119}$. Notice that $(4, 119) = 1$, hence it follows that $30x \equiv 13 \pmod {119}$. Now, using the division algorithm and we get:
(3)
\begin{align} 119 & = 30(3) + 29 \\ 30 & = 29(1) + 1 \\ \\ 1 & = 30 + 29(-1) \\ 1 & = 30 + 29[119 + 30(-3)](-1) \\ 1 & = 119(-1) + 30(4) \\ \end{align}
Hence we can use $4$ as an inverse of $30$ modulo $119$ to get:
(4)
\begin{align} (4)30x \equiv (4)(13) \pmod {119} \\ x \equiv 52 \pmod {119} \end{align}
Hence our solution is $x = 52$.
## Example 3
Verify that for the linear congruence $120x \equiv 52 \pmod {119}$ that all values $x$ are of the form $x = 52 + 119k$.
From example 5, we know that the solution to the linear congruence $120x \equiv 52 \pmod {119}$ is $x = 52$ (mod 119). Suppose that $x = 52 + 119k$ for any $k \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then:
(5)
\begin{align} 120(52 + 119k) & \equiv 52 \pmod {119} \\ 6240 + 14280k & \equiv 52 \pmod {119} \\ 14280k & \equiv -6188 \pmod {119} \\ 14280k & \equiv 0 \pmod {119} \\ (119)120k & \equiv (119)0 \pmod {119} \\ 120k & \equiv 0 \pmod 1 \end{align}
Hence all possible values of $x$ are in the form $x = 52 + 119k$.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
| 2018-04-19T11:48:34 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10298026
|
Deep Denoising for Scientific Discovery: A Case Study in Electron Microscopy
Denoising is a fundamental challenge in scientific imaging. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) provide the current state of the art in denoising natural images, where they produce impressive results. However, their potential has been inadequately explored in the context of scientific imaging. Denoising CNNs are typically trained on real natural images artificially corrupted with simulated noise. In contrast, in scientific applications, noiseless ground-truth images are usually not available. To address this issue, we propose a simulation-based denoising (SBD) framework, in which CNNs are trained on simulated images. We test the framework on data obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), an imaging technique with widespread applications in material science, biology, and medicine. SBD outperforms existing techniques by a wide margin on a simulated benchmark dataset, as well as on real data. We analyze the generalization capability of SBD, demonstrating that the trained networks are robust to variations of imaging parameters and of the underlying signal structure. Our results reveal that state-of-the-art architectures for denoising photographic images may not be well adapted to scientific-imaging data. For instance, substantially increasing their field-of-view dramatically improves their performance on TEM images acquired at low signal-to-noise ratios. We also demonstrate that standard performance metrics for photographs more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10298026
Journal Name:
ArXivorg
Volume:
2010.12970
ISSN:
2331-8422
5. Fluorescence microscopy imaging speed is fundamentally limited by the measurement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To improve image SNR for a given image acquisition rate, computational denoising techniques can be used to suppress noise. However, common techniques to estimate a denoised image from a single frame either are computationally expensive or rely on simple noise statistical models. These models assume Poisson or Gaussian noise statistics, which are not appropriate for many fluorescence microscopy applications that contain quantum shot noise and electronic Johnson–Nyquist noise, therefore a mixture of Poisson and Gaussian noise. In this paper, we show convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on mixed Poisson and Gaussian noise images to overcome the limitations of existing image denoising methods. The trained CNN is presented as an open-source ImageJ plugin that performs real-time image denoising (within tens of milliseconds) with superior performance (SNR improvement) compared to conventional fluorescence microscopy denoising methods. The method is validated on external datasets with out-of-distribution noise, contrast, structure, and imaging modalities from the training data and consistently achieves high-performance ($><#comment/>8dB$) denoising in less time than other fluorescence microscopy denoising methods.
| 2023-02-01T15:52:50 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Abarnett.alex-h
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Barnett, Alex H.
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: barnett.alex-h Published as: Barnett, A.; Barnett, A. H.; Barnett, Alex; Barnett, Alex H.; Barnett, Alexander Homepage: http://users.flatironinstitute.org/~ahb External Links: MGP · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 33 Publications since 1996, including 1 Book
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
4 single-authored 5 Greengard, Leslie F. 4 Hassell, Andrew 4 Veerapaneni, Shravan Kumar 3 Betcke, Timo 3 Gillman, Adrianna 2 Marple, Gary R. 2 Martinsson, Per-Gunnar 2 Spivak, Marina 2 Wu, Bowei 2 Zhao, Lin 1 Andén, Joakim 1 Cohen, Doron 1 Epstein, Charles Lawrence 1 Gordon, Carolyn S. 1 Hao, Sijia 1 Heller, Eric J. 1 Jiang, Shidong 1 Klöckner, Andreas 1 Kobayashi, Motoki 1 Lai, Jun 1 Liu, Yuxiang 1 MacKay, David J. C. 1 Mahoney, J. Matthew 1 Moorcroft, Paul R. 1 Nelson, Bradley J. 1 O’Neil, Michael 1 Pataki, Andras 1 Perry, Peter A. 1 Rahimian, Abtin 1 Rangan, Aaditya V. 1 Tacy, Melissa 1 Uribe, Alejandro 1 Wang, Jun 1 Young, Patrick M. 1 Zhu, Hai 1 Zorin, Denis N.
all top 5
#### Serials
9 Journal of Computational Physics 4 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 3 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 3 BIT 3 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 1 Inverse Problems 1 Journal of Mathematical Biology 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 1 Advances in Computational Mathematics 1 Chaos 1 Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences 1 Pure and Applied Analysis
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#### Fields
27 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 17 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 7 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 6 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 5 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Quantum theory (81-XX) 2 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
28 Publications have been cited 387 times in 255 Documents Cited by Year
Stability and convergence of the method of fundamental solutions for Helmholtz problems on analytic domains. Zbl 1170.65082
Barnett, A. H.; Betcke, T.
2008
Quadrature by expansion: a new method for the evaluation of layer potentials. Zbl 1349.65094
Klöckner, Andreas; Barnett, Alexander; Greengard, Leslie; O’Neil, Michael
2013
High-order accurate methods for Nyström discretization of integral equations on smooth curves in the plane. Zbl 1300.65093
Hao, S.; Barnett, A. H.; Martinsson, P. G.; Young, P.
2014
A new integral representation for quasi-periodic scattering problems in two dimensions. Zbl 1214.65061
Barnett, Alex; Greengard, Leslie
2011
A spectrally accurate direct solution technique for frequency-domain scattering problems with variable media. Zbl 1312.65201
Gillman, Adrianna; Barnett, Alex H.; Martinsson, Per-Gunnar
2015
An exponentially convergent nonpolynomial finite element method for time-harmonic scattering from polygons. Zbl 1216.65151
Barnett, A. H.; Betcke, T.
2010
Evaluation of layer potentials close to the boundary for Laplace and Helmholtz problems on analytic planar domains. Zbl 1298.65184
Barnett, Alex H.
2014
A new integral representation for quasi-periodic fields and its application to two-dimensional band structure calculations. Zbl 1197.78025
Barnett, Alex; Greengard, Leslie
2010
Spectrally accurate quadratures for evaluation of layer potentials close to the boundary for the 2D Stokes and Laplace equations. Zbl 1433.65323
Barnett, Alex; Wu, Bowei; Veerapaneni, Shravan
2015
A fast and robust solver for the scattering from a layered periodic structure containing multi-particle inclusions. Zbl 1349.74208
Lai, Jun; Kobayashi, Motoki; Barnett, Alex
2015
A fast algorithm for simulating multiphase flows through periodic geometries of arbitrary shape. Zbl 1381.76229
Marple, Gary R.; Barnett, Alex; Gillman, Adrianna; Veerapaneni, Shravan
2016
Quantum mushroom billiards. Zbl 1163.37310
Barnett, Alex H.; Betcke, Timo
2007
Boundary quasi-orthogonality and sharp inclusion bounds for large Dirichlet eigenvalues. Zbl 1227.35224
Barnett, A. H.; Hassell, A.
2011
Asymptotic rate of quantum ergodicity in chaotic Euclidean billiards. Zbl 1133.81022
Barnett, Alexander
2006
Efficient numerical solution of acoustic scattering from doubly-periodic arrays of axisymmetric objects. Zbl 1360.65297
Liu, Yuxiang; Barnett, Alex H.
2016
Fast computation of high-frequency Dirichlet eigenmodes via spectral flow of the interior Neumann-to-Dirichlet map. Zbl 1288.65160
Barnett, Alex; Hassell, Andrew
2014
Robust and efficient solution of the drum problem via Nyström approximation of the Fredholm determinant. Zbl 1327.65230
Zhao, Lin; Barnett, Alex
2015
A fast direct solver for quasi-periodic scattering problems. Zbl 1349.78044
Gillman, A.; Barnett, A.
2013
Perturbative analysis of the method of particular solutions for improved inclusion of high-lying Dirichlet eigenvalues. Zbl 1195.35236
Barnett, A. H.
2009
A unified integral equation scheme for doubly periodic Laplace and Stokes boundary value problems in two dimensions. Zbl 1442.65451
Barnett, Alex H.; Marple, Gary R.; Veerapaneni, Shravan; Zhao, Lin
2018
Ubiquitous evaluation of layer potentials using quadrature by kernel-independent expansion. Zbl 1395.65151
Rahimian, Abtin; Barnett, Alex; Zorin, Denis
2018
Rapid solution of the cryo-EM reconstruction problem by frequency marching. Zbl 1380.92036
Barnett, Alex; Greengard, Leslie; Pataki, Andras; Spivak, Marina
2017
Comparable upper and lower bounds for boundary values of Neumann eigenfunctions and tight inclusion of eigenvalues. Zbl 1407.35087
Barnett, Alex H.; Hassell, Andrew; Tacy, Melissa
2018
Analytic steady-state space use patterns and rapid computations in mechanistic home range analysis. Zbl 1141.92042
Barnett, Alex H.; Moorcroft, Paul R.
2008
High-order boundary integral equation solution of high frequency wave scattering from obstacles in an unbounded linearly stratified medium. Zbl 1349.76415
Barnett, Alex H.; Nelson, Bradley J.; Mahoney, J. Matthew
2015
Estimates on Neumann eigenfunctions at the boundary, and the “method of particular solutions” for computing them. Zbl 1317.35020
Hassell, Andrew; Barnett, Alex
2012
Spectral geometry. Based on the international conference, Dartmouth, NH, USA, July 19–23, 2010. Zbl 1253.58001
Barnett, Alex H. (ed.); Gordon, Carolyn S. (ed.); Perry, Peter A. (ed.); Uribe, Alejandro (ed.)
2012
A fast numerical method for time-resolved photon diffusion in general stratified turbid media. Zbl 1061.78003
Barnett, Alex H.
2004
A unified integral equation scheme for doubly periodic Laplace and Stokes boundary value problems in two dimensions. Zbl 1442.65451
Barnett, Alex H.; Marple, Gary R.; Veerapaneni, Shravan; Zhao, Lin
2018
Ubiquitous evaluation of layer potentials using quadrature by kernel-independent expansion. Zbl 1395.65151
Rahimian, Abtin; Barnett, Alex; Zorin, Denis
2018
Comparable upper and lower bounds for boundary values of Neumann eigenfunctions and tight inclusion of eigenvalues. Zbl 1407.35087
Barnett, Alex H.; Hassell, Andrew; Tacy, Melissa
2018
Rapid solution of the cryo-EM reconstruction problem by frequency marching. Zbl 1380.92036
Barnett, Alex; Greengard, Leslie; Pataki, Andras; Spivak, Marina
2017
A fast algorithm for simulating multiphase flows through periodic geometries of arbitrary shape. Zbl 1381.76229
Marple, Gary R.; Barnett, Alex; Gillman, Adrianna; Veerapaneni, Shravan
2016
Efficient numerical solution of acoustic scattering from doubly-periodic arrays of axisymmetric objects. Zbl 1360.65297
Liu, Yuxiang; Barnett, Alex H.
2016
A spectrally accurate direct solution technique for frequency-domain scattering problems with variable media. Zbl 1312.65201
Gillman, Adrianna; Barnett, Alex H.; Martinsson, Per-Gunnar
2015
Spectrally accurate quadratures for evaluation of layer potentials close to the boundary for the 2D Stokes and Laplace equations. Zbl 1433.65323
Barnett, Alex; Wu, Bowei; Veerapaneni, Shravan
2015
A fast and robust solver for the scattering from a layered periodic structure containing multi-particle inclusions. Zbl 1349.74208
Lai, Jun; Kobayashi, Motoki; Barnett, Alex
2015
Robust and efficient solution of the drum problem via Nyström approximation of the Fredholm determinant. Zbl 1327.65230
Zhao, Lin; Barnett, Alex
2015
High-order boundary integral equation solution of high frequency wave scattering from obstacles in an unbounded linearly stratified medium. Zbl 1349.76415
Barnett, Alex H.; Nelson, Bradley J.; Mahoney, J. Matthew
2015
High-order accurate methods for Nyström discretization of integral equations on smooth curves in the plane. Zbl 1300.65093
Hao, S.; Barnett, A. H.; Martinsson, P. G.; Young, P.
2014
Evaluation of layer potentials close to the boundary for Laplace and Helmholtz problems on analytic planar domains. Zbl 1298.65184
Barnett, Alex H.
2014
Fast computation of high-frequency Dirichlet eigenmodes via spectral flow of the interior Neumann-to-Dirichlet map. Zbl 1288.65160
Barnett, Alex; Hassell, Andrew
2014
Quadrature by expansion: a new method for the evaluation of layer potentials. Zbl 1349.65094
Klöckner, Andreas; Barnett, Alexander; Greengard, Leslie; O’Neil, Michael
2013
A fast direct solver for quasi-periodic scattering problems. Zbl 1349.78044
Gillman, A.; Barnett, A.
2013
Estimates on Neumann eigenfunctions at the boundary, and the “method of particular solutions” for computing them. Zbl 1317.35020
Hassell, Andrew; Barnett, Alex
2012
Spectral geometry. Based on the international conference, Dartmouth, NH, USA, July 19–23, 2010. Zbl 1253.58001
Barnett, Alex H. (ed.); Gordon, Carolyn S. (ed.); Perry, Peter A. (ed.); Uribe, Alejandro (ed.)
2012
A new integral representation for quasi-periodic scattering problems in two dimensions. Zbl 1214.65061
Barnett, Alex; Greengard, Leslie
2011
Boundary quasi-orthogonality and sharp inclusion bounds for large Dirichlet eigenvalues. Zbl 1227.35224
Barnett, A. H.; Hassell, A.
2011
An exponentially convergent nonpolynomial finite element method for time-harmonic scattering from polygons. Zbl 1216.65151
Barnett, A. H.; Betcke, T.
2010
A new integral representation for quasi-periodic fields and its application to two-dimensional band structure calculations. Zbl 1197.78025
Barnett, Alex; Greengard, Leslie
2010
Perturbative analysis of the method of particular solutions for improved inclusion of high-lying Dirichlet eigenvalues. Zbl 1195.35236
Barnett, A. H.
2009
Stability and convergence of the method of fundamental solutions for Helmholtz problems on analytic domains. Zbl 1170.65082
Barnett, A. H.; Betcke, T.
2008
Analytic steady-state space use patterns and rapid computations in mechanistic home range analysis. Zbl 1141.92042
Barnett, Alex H.; Moorcroft, Paul R.
2008
Quantum mushroom billiards. Zbl 1163.37310
Barnett, Alex H.; Betcke, Timo
2007
Asymptotic rate of quantum ergodicity in chaotic Euclidean billiards. Zbl 1133.81022
Barnett, Alexander
2006
A fast numerical method for time-resolved photon diffusion in general stratified turbid media. Zbl 1061.78003
Barnett, Alex H.
2004
all top 5
#### Cited by 393 Authors
15 Barnett, Alex H. 14 Greengard, Leslie F. 10 Nicholls, David P. 8 Gillman, Adrianna 8 Tornberg, Anna-Karin 8 Veerapaneni, Shravan Kumar 7 Antunes, Pedro Ricardo Simão 7 Bruno, Oscar P. 7 O’Neil, Michael 7 Rachh, Manas 6 Helsing, Johan 6 Hiptmair, Ralf 5 af Klinteberg, Ludvig 5 Askham, Travis 5 Klöckner, Andreas 5 Lai, Jun 5 Martinsson, Per-Gunnar 5 Pérez-Arancibia, Carlos 5 Quaife, Bryan D. 5 Turc, Catalin 5 Zepeda-Núñez, Leonardo 4 Alves, Carlos J. S. 4 Biros, George 4 Chen, Wen 4 Hao, Sijia 4 Hong, Youngjoon 4 Jiang, Shidong 4 Rokhlin, Vladimir 4 Valtchev, Svilen S. 3 Andén, Joakim 3 Bogoşel, Beniamin 3 Bremer, James C. 3 Cai, Wei 3 Cerfon, Antoine J. 3 Cho, Minhyung 3 Demanet, Laurent 3 Godinho, Luís M. C. 3 Hassell, Andrew 3 Huybrechs, Daan 3 Karlsson, Anders 3 Ladevèze, Pierre 3 Lesnic, Daniel 3 Li, Hao 3 Luan, Tian 3 Matsumoto, Toshiro 3 Moiola, Andrea 3 Perugia, Ilaria 3 Riou, Hervé 3 Serkh, Kirill 3 Sun, Yao 3 Trefethen, Lloyd Nicholas 3 Wala, Matt 3 Wu, Bowei 3 Zhao, Hongkai 2 Anand, Akash 2 Beams, Natalie N. 2 Bergen, Bart 2 Bin-Mohsin, Bandar 2 Borges, Carlos C. H. 2 Borges, Carlos R. 2 Carvalho, Camille 2 Casati, Daniele 2 Desmet, Wim 2 Dettmann, Carl P. 2 Fang, Jun 2 Faria, Luiz M. 2 Fernandez-Lado, Agustin G. 2 Fu, Zhuojia 2 Galkowski, Jeffrey 2 Gao, Haifeng 2 Gimbutas, Zydrunas 2 Han, Xiaolong 2 Henrot, Antoine 2 Hong, Yongxing 2 Isakari, Hiroshi 2 Jerez-Hanckes, Carlos 2 Karageorghis, Andreas 2 Khatri, Shilpa 2 Kim, Arnold D. 2 Kropinski, Mary Catherine A. 2 Lee, June-Yub 2 Ma, Fuming 2 Martins, Nuno F. M. 2 Monk, Peter B. 2 Moore, M. Nicholas J. 2 Niino, Kazuki 2 Nishimura, Naoshi 2 Oudet, Edouard 2 Pandey, Ambuj 2 Qian, Jianliang 2 Rahimian, Abtin 2 Sakakibara, Koya 2 Santiago, J. A. F. 2 Serranho, Pedro 2 Siegel, Michael 2 Singer, Amit 2 Strohmaier, Alexander 2 Tacy, Melissa 2 Takahashi, Toru 2 Zheng, Enxi ...and 293 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 68 Serials
70 Journal of Computational Physics 26 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 14 Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 11 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 9 Advances in Computational Mathematics 8 Journal of Scientific Computing 6 BIT 6 Applied Numerical Mathematics 5 Inverse Problems 5 Wave Motion 5 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 5 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 4 Journal of Differential Equations 3 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3 Chaos 3 Journal of Computational Acoustics 3 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 2 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2 Journal of Mathematical Physics 2 Applied Mathematics and Computation 2 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 2 Computational Mechanics 2 Numerical Algorithms 2 Applied Mathematical Modelling 2 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 2 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2 Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 2 SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences 2 Journal of Theoretical Biology 1 Applicable Analysis 1 Communications in Mathematical Physics 1 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV) 1 Journal of Statistical Physics 1 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1 Nonlinearity 1 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 1 Journal of Functional Analysis 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 1 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 1 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 1 SIAM Review 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Potential Analysis 1 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 1 Abstract and Applied Analysis 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 European Journal of Mechanics. A. Solids 1 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 1 The ANZIAM Journal 1 International Journal of Computational Methods 1 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 1 Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering 1 Journal of Spectral Theory 1 Research in the Mathematical Sciences
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#### Cited in 33 Fields
188 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 121 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 57 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 52 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 24 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 21 Integral equations (45-XX) 13 Potential theory (31-XX) 12 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 10 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 9 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 9 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 6 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 5 Quantum theory (81-XX) 4 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 3 Number theory (11-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 3 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Computer science (68-XX) 2 Geophysics (86-XX) 2 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 2 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 1 Combinatorics (05-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-01-21T15:37:15 |
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http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj08/20080416.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, April 16, 2008
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 10:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
"Those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the sky, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever."
(Daniel 12:3)
Let us pray:
Dear God, today we pray that You will lead each of these Senators as they strive to fulfill Daniel's admonition: to be women and men who indeed are wise, who stand boldly and confidently before others, who exercise leadership in ways pleasing to You-and in ways beneficial to those they are called to serve. We ask special blessings for all who struggle against forces of adversity, for those servants of peace who find themselves far from home and from those they love, indeed, for all who strive to honor You. All of this we pray in Your name, O Lord. Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., April 15, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.205, S. 771 by a vote of 1 to 0:
(R205, S771 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO CREATE THE ALLENDALE COUNTY AERONAUTICS AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF MEMBERS, THEIR TERMS, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES; AND TO REPEAL ACT 721 OF 1962 RELATING TO THE CREATION OF THE ALLENDALE COUNTY DEVELOPMENT BOARD AND ACT 842 OF 1973 RELATING TO THE ALLENDALE COUNTY AERONAUTICS COMMISSION.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Doctor of the Day
Senators LAND and BRYANT introduced Dr. Marshall Meadors of Anderson, S.C., Doctor of the Day, along with first year medical student, Jim Ford.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 1302 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Thomas, Grooms, Cleary, Alexander, Gregory, Scott, Sheheen, Hayes, Williams, Courson, Hutto, Setzler, Cromer, Ceips, McConnell, Campbell, McGill, Land, Lourie, Martin, Drummond, Massey, Anderson, Matthews and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY REPEALING SECTION 48-59-75, RELATING TO THE SUSPENSION OF FUNDING PROVISIONS FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK IN FISCAL YEARS WHEN APPROPRIATIONS TO MORE THAN ONE-HALF OF STATE AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS ARE LESS THAN SUCH APPROPRIATIONS IN THE PRIOR FISCAL YEAR OR IN A FISCAL YEAR WHEN ACROSS THE BOARD APPROPRIATIONS REDUCTIONS ARE ORDERED BY THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
l:\council\bills\bbm\10529htc08.doc
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources.
S. 1303 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Land, Setzler, Campsen, Verdin, Fair, Cromer, Alexander, Williams and Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 56 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLES, BY ADDING CHAPTER 35, TO PROVIDE AN OPERATOR OF A COMMERCIAL DIESEL VEHICLE MAY NOT ALLOW A VEHICLE TO IDLE FOR MORE THAN TEN MINUTES IN ANY SIXTY MINUTE PERIOD, TO PROVIDE THAT A PASSENGER BUS MAY IDLE UP TO FIFTEEN MINUTES IN A SIXTY MINUTE PERIOD, TO PROVIDE HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING WHEN NON-DRIVER PASSENGERS ARE ON BOARD THE VEHICLE, TO PROVIDE FOR EXCEPTIONS TO THE IDLING RESTRICTIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE USE OF AN AUXILIARY POWER UNIT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE IDLING, TO PROVIDE FOR A DIESEL IDLING REDUCTION FUND, TO PROVIDE FOR AN IDLING REDUCTION AWARENESS AND EDUCATION PROGRAM, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PUNISHMENTS FOR VIOLATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE CHAPTER.
l:\s-res\lkg\017idli.kmm.doc
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 1304 (Word version) -- Senator O'Dell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-80, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN ANDERSON COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN VOTING PRECINCTS IN ANDERSON COUNTY, TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER FOR THE MAP ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 1305 (Word version) -- Senator Matthews: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE MRS. MICHELLE WILSON FOR BEING NAMED 2008 SOUTH CAROLINA ELEMENTARY DISTINGUISHED PRINCIPAL OF THE YEAR, AND TO THANK HER FOR HER TIRELESS DEDICATION IN MAKING ST. JAMES-GAILLARD ELEMENTARY SCHOOL A SOURCE OF PRIDE TO HER DISTRICT AND COMMUNITY.
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S. 1306 (Word version) -- Senator Scott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR JOHN MCKISSICK OF SUMMERVILLE THE "WINNINGEST FOOTBALL COACH AT ANY LEVEL" AND A LEGEND FOR HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD SHAPING GENERATIONS OF YOUNG MEN INTO WINNERS IN BOTH SPORTS AND LIFE.
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H. 4578 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrison, Hagood, Talley, W. D. Smith and G. R. Smith: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE VIII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, BY ADDING SECTION 19 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, BY SPECIAL OR LOCAL LAW, TO ABOLISH A SPECIAL OR PUBLIC SERVICE DISTRICT AND TRANSFER ITS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES TO AN ASSUMING SERVICE PROVIDER.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 5018 (Word version) -- Reps. Huggins, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Daning, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE APRIL 2008 AS "FAIR HOUSING MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO RECOGNIZE AND SUPPORT "FAIR HOUSING MONTH" IN OUR STATE.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Invitations.
H. 5025 (Word version) -- Reps. Neilson, McLeod, Leach, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Daning, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO URGE COORDINATION OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE RESOURCES IN THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA TO PROTECT OUR SENIOR CITIZENS FROM SCAMS AND OTHER SCHEMES THAT UNDERMINE THEIR FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
Senator McGILL asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Judiciary.
There was no objection.
The Concurrent Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary.
The question then was the adoption of the Resolution.
On motion of Senator McGILL, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 5026 (Word version) -- Reps. Kennedy, Anderson, Harvin, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Daning, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY UPON THE DEATH OF MR. FRED S. BURGESS OF WILLIAMSBURG COUNTY AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 5028 (Word version) -- Reps. Barfield, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Daning, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE BASKETBALL ACHIEVEMENTS OF JACK LEASURE, AN OUTSTANDING GUARD WITH COASTAL CAROLINA UNIVERSITY WHO CONCLUDED HIS ELIGIBILITY THIS SEASON, AND TO CONGRATULATE HIM FOR REACHING THE ALL-TIME BIG SOUTH RECORD FOR THREE-POINT SHOOTING.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator ALEXANDER from the General Committee polled out a majority favorable and Senator LEVENTIS a minority unfavorable report on:
S. 83 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 25-3-10, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE GUARD, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE ADJUTANT GENERAL TO ESTABLISH AN EMERGENCY AIR WING WITHIN THE STATE GUARD AND PROVIDE FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND DUTIES OF THE EMERGENCY AIR WING AND FOR THE LIABILITY OF AIRPLANES USED BY VOLUNTEER PARTICIPANTS IN THE EMERGENCY AIR WING; TO AMEND SECTION 15-78-60, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXCEPTIONS TO LIABILITY UNDER THE TORT CLAIMS ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE USE OF ANY VEHICLE OR AIRPLANE OPERATED FOR TRAINING OR DUTY BY THE EMERGENCY AIR WING OF THE STATE GUARD SHALL CONVEY LIABILITY UPON THE SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD, SOUTH CAROLINA STATE GUARD, OR STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA ONLY AFTER THE REQUIRED LIABILITY INSURANCE ON THE VEHICLE OR AIRPLANE HAS BEEN FULLY APPLIED; AND TO AMEND SECTION 42-7-50, RELATING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS AND OTHER ENTITIES WHICH MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION INSURANCE PROGRAM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RECOVERY OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION BENEFITS BY MEMBERS OF THE EMERGENCY AIR WING OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE GUARD SHALL BE PAYABLE FROM THE GENERAL FUND OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
General Committee
Polled 17; Ayes 16; Nays 1; Not Voting 0
AYES
Alexander O'Dell Martin
Hawkins Knotts Ford
Short Sheheen Reese
Lourie Williams Vaughn
Bryant Ceips Campbell
Massey
Total--16
NAYS
Leventis
Total--1
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable report on:
S. 901 (Word version) -- Senators Ceips and Leventis: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE HEALTHY LIFESTYLES STUDY COMMITTEE TO EXPLORE WAYS TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF SOUTH CAROLINIANS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE STUDY COMMITTEE'S MEMBERSHIP, AND TO REQUIRE THE STUDY COMMITTEE TO REPORT ITS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BEFORE JANUARY 1, 2009, AT WHICH TIME THE STUDY COMMITTEE IS ABOLISHED.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 1059 (Word version) -- Senator O'Dell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-79-40, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PROHIBITED CONTRACTUAL PROVISIONS IN CONTRACTS FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS SERVICES, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL LANGUAGE AND REFERENCE CHANGES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 44-79-60, RELATING TO PERMISSIBLE CONTRACTUAL PROVISIONS IN CONTRACTS FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS SERVICES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR AUTOMATIC RENEWAL OPTIONS FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS SERVICES CONTRACTS ON CONDITION THAT THE AUTOMATIC RENEWAL BE FOR NO MORE THAN ONE MONTH, THE AUTOMATIC RENEWAL PROVISION BE DISCLOSED IN BOLD TYPE OF AT LEAST TEN-POINT FONT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF THE INITIAL CONTRACT, AND THE CUSTOMER BE GIVEN THE ABILITY TO OPT OUT OF THE AUTOMATIC RENEWAL PROVISION AT THE TIME THE INITIAL CONTRACT IS EXECUTED, TO PROVIDE THAT THE PRICE OF AN AUTOMATICALLY RENEWED CONTRACT MAY NOT CHANGE WITHOUT WRITTEN NOTICE TO THE CUSTOMER AT LEAST THIRTY BUT NO MORE THAN SIXTY DAYS PRIOR TO THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE CHANGE IN PRICE, AND TO PROVIDE CANCELLATION OF A CONTRACT VOIDS AUTOMATIC RENEWAL PROVISIONS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable report on:
S. 1156 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-86, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE STAFFING REQUIREMENTS FOR PHARMACIES, SO AS TO INCREASE FROM THREE TO FOUR THE NUMBER OF TECHNICIANS THAT A PHARMACIST MAY SUPERVISE AND TO REQUIRE THAT IF A PHARMACIST SUPERVISES FOUR TECHNICIANS, TWO OF THE FOUR MUST BE STATE CERTIFIED.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable report on:
H. 4845 (Word version) -- Reps. Neilson, Bales, Lucas and Williams: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-61-530, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE TRAUMA ADVISORY COUNCIL, ITS MEMBERS, POWERS, AND DUTIES, SO AS TO ADD AN ORTHOPEDIC PHYSICIAN AND A PEDIATRIC PHYSICIAN TO THE COUNCIL.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
HOUSE CONCURRENCE
S. 1281 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO FIX 12:00 NOON ON WEDNESDAY, MAY 28, 2008, AS THE DATE FOR THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE SENATE TO MEET IN JOINT SESSION IN THE HALL OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR THE PURPOSE OF ELECTING CERTAIN MEMBERS OF THE BOARDS OF TRUSTEES OF THE CITADEL, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, LANDER UNIVERSITY, AND WINTHROP UNIVERSITY; AND TO ESTABLISH A PROCEDURE REGARDING NOMINATIONS AND SECONDING SPEECHES FOR THE CANDIDATES FOR THESE OFFICES DURING THE JOINT SESSION.
Returned with concurrence.
S. 1286 (Word version) -- Senator Ford: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION CONGRATULATING ST. EMMA MILITARY ACADEMY AND THE ST. FRANCIS DE SALES HIGH SCHOOL ON THE CELEBRATION OF THE FIFTIETH REUNION OF THE CLASS OF 1958, AND THE FORTIETH REUNION OF THE CLASS OF 1968.
Returned with concurrence.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 880 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Knotts, Fair and Scott: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-2110 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DISQUALIFICATION FROM DRIVING A COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WITH A VERIFIED POSITIVE DRUG TEST OR ALCOHOL CONFIRMATION TEST IS DISQUALIFIED FROM DRIVING A COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE UNTIL THE PERSON SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETES AN ALCOHOL OR DRUG PROGRAM; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 56 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DRIVER'S LICENSES, TO PROVIDE THAT A MEDICAL REPORTING OFFICER CONDUCTING DRUG OR ALCOHOL CONFIRMATION TESTS PURSUANT TO 49 C.F.R. 40 MUST REPORT POSITIVE VERIFIED TEST RESULTS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES.
S. 1207 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews, Patterson, Williams, Anderson and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-127-20 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE ELECTION OF BOARD MEMBERS TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES, TO PROVIDE THAT NINE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD ARE ELECTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, ONE FROM EACH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT AND THREE FROM THE STATE AT LARGE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION ELECTS THREE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
The following Bill, having been read the second time, was ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar:
S. 1257 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes, Peeler, Short and Gregory: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-530, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN YORK COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE AND RENAME CERTAIN VOTING PRECINCTS OF YORK COUNTY, AND TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER FOR THE MAP ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
S. 1233 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-112-20 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO SOUTH CAROLINA DOMICILE FOR TUITION AND FEE PURPOSES, TO PROVIDE THAT INDEPENDENT PERSONS WHO RESIDE IN AND HAVE BEEN DOMICILED IN SOUTH CAROLINA FOR FEWER THAN TWELVE MONTHS, AND THEIR DEPENDENTS, MAY BE CONSIDERED ELIGIBLE FOR IN-STATE TUITION AND FEES AS LONG AS THE INDEPENDENT PERSON IS EMPLOYED ON A FULL-TIME BASIS WITHIN AN ADJOINING COUNTY IN NORTH CAROLINA OR GEORGIA.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education.
The Committee on Education proposed the following amendment (1233R001.JEC), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, SECTION 1, by striking lines 36 through 41 and inserting:
/ B. Independent persons who reside in and have been domiciled in South Carolina for fewer than twelve months with an intention of making a permanent home therein but who have full-time employment in the State, and their dependents, may be considered eligible for in-state rates for as long as such independent person is employed on a full-time basis in the State or within an adjoining county in North Carolina or Georgia. The Commission on Higher Education shall explore and establish, if possible, a reciprocal agreement for persons, and theirdependents, who are employed on a full-time basis in this State but are domiciled in an adjoining county in North Carolina or Georgia. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4735 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Cato, Funderburk, Loftis, Sandifer, Thompson, Owens, Harvin, Bedingfield, Leach, Bales, Whipper and R. Brown: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATIONAL BROADBAND SERVICE COMMISSION FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING AND EVALUATING PROPOSALS FROM COMMERCIAL ENTITIES FOR THE LEASING OF SPECTRUM CAPACITY LICENSED TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION NETWORK, TO PROVIDE A PROCESS FOR APPROVAL OF THE LEASES, TO PROVIDE THAT ANY REVENUE RECEIVED FROM THE LEASE OF SPECTRUM CAPACITY SHALL BE DEPOSITED INTO THE STATE GENERAL FUND, TO EXEMPT THE LEASES FROM THE CONSOLIDATED PROCUREMENT CODE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE MEMBERSHIP, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
Senators McCONNELL and RANKIN proposed the following amendment (JUD4735.012), which was adopted:
Amend the joint resolution, as and if amended, beginning on page 4, by striking lines 36-43 and continuing to page 5, by striking lines 1-5.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment.
There being no further amendments, the Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4680 (Word version) -- Reps. Walker, Anthony, W.D. Smith, Littlejohn, Talley, Kelly, Mahaffey and Davenport: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 906 OF 1962, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SPARTANBURG COUNTY COMMISSION FOR TECHNICAL AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR REPRESENTATION ON THE COMMISSION OF A MEMBER FROM CHEROKEE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT ONE AND A MEMBER FROM THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF UNION COUNTY, TO REDUCE FROM FOUR TO TWO THE AT-LARGE MEMBERS FROM SPARTANBURG COUNTY AND TO PROVIDE TRANSITION PROVISIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education.
The Committee on Education proposed the following amendment (4680R001.JEC), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, page 1, by striking lines 39 and 40 and inserting:
/ Cherokee County School District One shall have one member upon the recommendation of the majority of the Cherokee County Legislative Delegation, the School District of Union County shall have one member upon the recommendation of the majority of the Union County Legislative Delegation, and four two members /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
CARRIED OVER
S. 815 (Word version) -- Senators Setzler, Courson, Short, Matthews, Rankin, Hayes, Sheheen, Drummond and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 2 TO CHAPTER 35, TITLE 59 SO AS TO CREATE A FULL-DAY, FOUR-YEAR-OLD KINDERGARTEN, TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS, TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR STUDENT ELIGIBILITY AND PRIORITY FOR ADMISSION, TO PROVIDE DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND OTHER STATE AGENCIES, TO PROVIDE FUNDING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, TO PROVIDE THAT ENROLLMENT IS A MATTER OF PARENTAL DISCRETION, TO PROVIDE THAT A FEE OR TUITION MAY NOT BE CHARGED, TO PROVIDE A PARENTING EDUCATION PROGRAM, AMONG OTHER THINGS; AND TO DESIGNATE SECTION 59-35-10 AS ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 35, TITLE 59 AND ENTITLED "FIVE-YEAR-OLD KINDERGARTEN".
On motion of Senator HAYES, the Bill was carried over.
S. 1242 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Cleary, Short and Hayes: A BILL TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA TAXATION REALIGNMENT COMMISSION, TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMMISSION'S MEMBERSHIP, POWERS, DUTIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION MUST CONDUCT A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE STATE'S TAX SYSTEM AND SUBMIT A REPORT OF ITS RECOMMENDED CHANGES TO FURTHER THE GOAL OF MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING THE STATE AS AN OPTIMUM COMPETITOR IN THE EFFORT TO ATTRACT BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS TO LOCATE, LIVE, WORK, AND INVEST IN THE STATE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PROCEDURES GOVERNING THE CONSIDERATION OF LEGISLATION RESULTING FROM THE COMMISSION'S RECOMMENDATIONS.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Bill was carried over.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF H. 4800, THE GENERAL APPROPRIATION BILL.
RETURNED TO THE HOUSE WITH AMENDMENTS
H. 4800--GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS BILL
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
Adoption of Amendment No. 33 Reconsidered and
Amendment No. 33 Tabled
Senators VERDIN and McGILL proposed the following Amendment No. 33 (DAD 56.1 CLOSED CAPTIONING.DOC), which was adopted (#11) on Tuesday, April 15, 2008. Adoption was reconsidered and the amendment was tabled on Wednesday, April 16, 2008:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 56, PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION, page 480, paragraph 56.1, by striking the proviso in its entirety, lines 20 - 26 and inserting:
/ 56.1. (PSC: Real-Time Closed Captioning - Major Media Markets) The Public Service Commission is authorized and instructed to expend up to $810,000 from the Dual Party Relay Fund in order to continue real-time closed captioning of locally produced news services broadcasts for the four number one rated television stations in the state that are currently providing the service. The purpose of the voluntary project program is to allow for the deaf and hard-of-hearing citizens of our state to have real-time access to news and weather information. Only expenditures directly related to These funds may only be used for the provision and management of real-time closed captioning can be funded from this appropriation at the number one station in each of the respective media markets served in the Upstate, Midlands, Lowcountry, and Pee Dee. This proviso will remain in effect through June 30, 2008 2009, or until such time as a contract for real-time closed captioning may be awarded, whichever comes first. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator VERDIN moved to reconsider the vote whereby Amendment No. 33 was adopted. There was no objection and the motion was adopted to reconsider the vote whereby Amendment No. 33 was adopted. The question then was the adoption of the amendment. On motion of Senator VERDIN, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. 33 was laid on the table. Amendment No. 17 Senators RANKIN, CAMPSEN and CEIPS proposed the following Amendment No. 17 (KW DESTINATION SPECIFIC TOURISM.DOC), which was withdrawn: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 39, DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION & TOURISM, page 448, after line 14, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read: /(PRT: Destination Specific Tourism Transfer) Of the funds appropriated to the department in the prior fiscal year for Tourism Product Development and carried forward into the current fiscal year, the department shall use$4.5 million for the Destination Specific Tourism Program./
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator RANKIN spoke on the amendment.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 10:56 A.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair.
Senator RANKIN resumed speaking on the amendment.
PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES
At 11:31 A.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair.
Senator RANKIN resumed speaking on the amendment.
Expression of Personal Interest
With Senator RANKIN retaining the floor, with unanimous consent, Senator CLEARY rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Senator RANKIN resumed speaking on the amendment.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 11:59 A.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
Senator RANKIN spoke on the amendment.
RECESS
At 12:00 P.M., with Senator RANKIN retaining the floor, on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business.
At 12:07 P.M., the Senate resumed.
Senator RANKIN spoke on the amendment.
On motion of Senator RANKIN, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. 17 was withdrawn.
Amendment No. 43
Senators ELLIOTT, RANKIN, McGILL, CLEARY and CAMPSEN proposed the following Amendment No. 43 (DAD 1M DESTINATION SPECIFIC.DOC), which was withdrawn:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 40, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, page 453, after line 22, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read:
/ (CMRC: Destination Specific Tourism Marketing Transfer) Of the funds authorized for the Coordinating Council for Economic Development, the Department of Commerce is directed to transfer $1,000,000 to the Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism for the Destination Specific Tourism Marketing program. These funds shall require the same match requirement as the program currently requires. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator ELLIOTT explained the amendment. On motion of Senator ELLIOTT, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. 43 was withdrawn from consideration. Amendment No. 42 Senator McCONNELL proposed the following Amendment No. 42 (DGJUSTICE.DOC), which was adopted (#19): Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 50, LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL, page 470, after line 9, by adding a new paragraph to read: / (LETC: Justice Academy Funds) The Criminal Justice Academy shall study and provide a written report to the General Assembly regarding the establishment of regional basic and advanced law enforcement training programs. The purpose of the study is to determine if basis and advanced law enforcement training offered by the Criminal Justice Academy to local law enforcement agencies at technical colleges in various regions of the State would provide for a more accessible, economical, and efficient procedure of law enforcement training. The Criminal Justice Academy shall cooperate with local law enforcement agencies and technical colleges in conducting the study. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. Amendment No. 60 Senator MARTIN proposed the following Amendment No. 60 (DGEPT.DOC), which was adopted (#20): Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 521, by deleting paragraph 80A.59. Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator MARTIN explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. Amendment No. 40 Senator FAIR proposed the following Amendment No. 40 (DAD 100K CHILDRENS TRUST FUND.DOC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 521, after line 18, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read: / (BCB: Children's Trust Fund Transfer) The Budget and Control Board is directed to transfer$100,000 to the Governor's Office of Executive Policy and Programs for the Children's Trust Fund from the following agency cash balances: $3,435 from CCF Ward vs. State;$19,870 from the Baldrige Training Fund; $25,354 from the Brandenburg Fund;$39,808 from the Funded Debt Sinking Fund; and $11,533 from the Civil Contingent Fund / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator FAIR explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 54 Senator BRYANT proposed the following Amendment No. 54 (DAD ETV 800K.DOC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 521, after line 18, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read: / (BCB: ETV Satellite Funding) From the funds carried forward by the Budget and Control Board, the board shall transfer$800,000 to the Educational Television Commission for Educational Satellite
Services. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator BRYANT explained the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the amendment.
Senator BRYANT moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The amendment was laid on the table.
Amendment No. 57
Senator BRYANT proposed the following Amendment No. 57 (DGCOMMERCE.DOC), which was tabled:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 521, after line 18, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read:
/ (BCB: Deal Closing) From the funds carried forward by the Budget and Control Board, the board shall transfer $7,000,000 to the Department of Commerce for the Deal Closing Fund. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator BRYANT explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 61A Senator BRYANT proposed the following Amendment No. 61A (4800R014.KLB.DOC), which was adopted (#21A): Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 86, AID TO SUBDIVISIONS, STATE TREASURER, page 525, after line 17, by adding an appropriately numbered new proviso to read: / 86.___. (Transaction Register) Funds appropriated in Part IA, Section 86, Aid to Subdivisions, State Treasurer, may not be distributed to counties or county officials unless the county government maintains a transaction register that includes a complete record of all checks written for one hundred dollars or more from whatever source for whatever purpose and all of the county's credit card expenditures, including expenditures on credit cards issued to the county's officers or employees for official use. The register must be prominently posted on the internet website maintained by the county and made available for public viewing and downloading. The register must include for each check and expenditure: (a) the transaction amount;(b) the name of the payee; and (c) a detailed statement of the purpose of the check or expenditure. The register must not include an entry for salary, wages, or other compensation paid to individual employees. The register must not include any information that can be used to identify an individual employee. The register must be accompanied by a complete explanation of any codes or acronyms used to identify a payee or an expenditure. The register must be searchable and updated at least once a month. Each monthly register must be maintained on the internet website for one year. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator BRYANT explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the amendment be adopted. The amendment was adopted. Statement by Senators MARTIN and HAYES The disclosure of any financial information of a public body should be open for public disclosure under our law, and we believe that is already required under the state's Freedom of Information Act. However, this amendment establishes a disclosure requirement that may well result in additional costs to the counties' taxpayers. Also, it will likely result in confusion about why the money is being spent since no name is to be attached to the expenditure. While it is well intended, an amendment of this nature should be discussed and vetted by the appropriate committee and provide our state's county officials with an opportunity to be heard on it. For these reasons, we are opposed to its approval as a floor amendment to the state budget. RECESS At 12:57 P.M., on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Senate receded from business until 2:00 P.M. AFTERNOON SESSION The Senate reassembled at 2:09 P.M. and was called to order by the ACTING PRESIDENT, Senator MARTIN. Point of Quorum At 2:09 P.M., Senator LEATHERMAN made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present. Call of the Senate Senator LEATHERMAN moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call: Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Cleary Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Short Thomas Verdin Williams A quorum being present, the Senate resumed. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 2:26 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. Point of Order Withdrawn 6.20. (CHE: Excellence Enhancement Program Additions) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, Converse College and Columbia College shall be eligible to receive funds under the Higher Education Excellence Enhancement Program. On motion of Senator RITCHIE, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order raised on Proviso 6.20 inasmuch as it was violative of Rule 24A, was withdrawn. Point of Order Senator HAYES raised a Point of Order that Proviso 1.8 was out of order inasmuch as it was violative of Rule 24A. 1.8. (SDE: Educational Responsibility/Foster Care) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, Except as otherwise may be provided by the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. Section 11431, et seq.), Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. Section 794), the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. Section 1400, et seq.), or South Carolina Code, Section 59-33-90, the responsibility for providing a free and appropriate public education program for all children including disabled students is vested in the public school district wherein a child of lawful school age resides in a foster home, group home, orphanage, or a state operated health care facility including a facility for treatment of mental illness or chemical dependence and habilitation centers for mentally retarded persons or persons with related conditions located within the jurisdiction of the school district. For children in other alternative residences for the purpose of receiving medical or psychological treatment or care, and not attending a private educational program, responsibility shall remain with the school district wherein the child's lawful parent or guardian resides in South Carolina, and educational services may be provided pursuant to the Department of Education's medical homebound services regulations and guidelines. The districts concerned may agree upon acceptable local cost reimbursement. If no agreement is reached, districts providing education shall receive from the district where the child last resided before placement in a facility an additional amount equivalent to the statewide average of the local base student cost multiplied by the appropriate pupil weighting as set forth in Section 59-20-40 of the Education Finance Act. If a child from out of state is residing in a facility owned and/or operated by a for profit entity, the district providing educational services shall be reimbursed by the for profit entity the local district's local support per weighted pupil above the statewide average base student cost multiplied by the appropriate pupil weighting as set forth in Section 59-20-40 of the Education Finance Act or the actual cost to the school district of providing the educational services, whichever is greater. This also applies to John de la Howe School who also has the authority to seek reimbursement in any situation that the school district has participation in the placement of the student. John de la Howe school shall be reimbursed the local district's local support per weighted pupil above the statewide average base student cost multiplied by the appropriate pupil weighting as set forth in Section 59-20-40 of the Education Finance Act. Participation will be evidenced by a written agreement from the IEP team or 504 team, written referral, or the school district initiating the placement process. School districts providing the education shall notify the nonresident district in writing within 45 calendar days that a student from the nonresident district is receiving education services pursuant to the provisions of the proviso. The notice shall also contain the student's name, date of birth, and disabling condition if available. If appropriate financial arrangements cannot be effected between institutions of the state, including independent school districts under the authority of the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs, and school districts, institutions receiving educational appropriations shall pay the local base student cost multiplied by the appropriate pupil weighting. Children residing in institutions of state agencies shall be educated with nondisabled children in the public school districts if appropriate to their educational needs. Such institutions shall determine, on an individual basis, which children residing in the institution might be eligible to receive appropriate educational services in a public school setting. Once these children are identified, the institution shall convene an IEP meeting with officials of the public school district in which the institution is located. If it is determined by the committee that the least restrictive environment in which to implement the child's IEP is a public school setting, then the school district in which the institution is located must provide the educational services. However, that school district may enter into contractual agreements with any other school district having schools located within a 45 mile radius of the institution. The cost for educating such children shall be allocated in the following manner: the school district where the child last resided before being placed in an institution shall pay to the school district providing the educational services an amount equivalent to the statewide average of the local base student cost multiplied by the appropriate pupil weighting as set forth in Section 59-20-40 of the Education Finance Act; the school district providing the educational services shall be able to count the child for all funding sources, both state and federal. The institution and school district, through contractual agreements, will address the special education and related services to be provided to students. Should the school district wherein the institution is located determine that the child cannot be appropriately served in a public school setting, then the institution may request a due process hearing pursuant to the procedures provided for in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The agreed upon acceptable local cost reimbursement or the additional amount equivalent to the statewide average of the local base student cost multiplied by the appropriate pupil weighting set forth in Section 59-20-40, for instructional services provided to out-of-district students, shall be paid within 60 days of billing, provided the billing district has provided a copy of the invoice to both the Superintendent and the finance office of the district being invoiced. Should the district not pay within 60 days, the billing district can seek relief from the Department of Education. The department shall withhold EFA funding equal to the billing from the district refusing to pay and submit the funding (equal to the invoice) to the billing school district. The agency placing a child in any situation that requires changing school districts, must work with the schools to assure that all required school records, including confidential records, are transferred from the sending to the receiving school within three working days. School records to be transferred should include grade transcripts, state birth certificate, certificate of immunization, social security card, attendance records, discipline records, IEP's, psychological reports (or notation in the school records that a psychological report on the child is available at the school district office) and any other records necessary for the appropriate placement of the child in the new school. School districts must release all records upon presentation of a court order or appropriate permission for confidential release. If evaluation or placement is pending, the receiving school district is responsible to secure information and to complete the placement. The receiving school will maintain appropriate confidentiality of all records received on a child. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore took the Point of Order under advisement. On motion of Senator HAYES, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was subsequently withdrawn. Amendment No. 46 Senators FAIR and THOMAS proposed the following Amendment No. 46 (DAD UNIV CTR 860K.DOC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 6, COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, page 30, line 19, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 417,743 417,743 and INSERTING: 1,278,232 1,278,232/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 31, STATE MUSEUM COMMISSION, page 151, line 11, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 3,041,694 2,649,173 and INSERTING: 2,271,463 1,878,942/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 315, line 21, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 473,100 445,000 and INSERTING: 382,842 354,742 Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator FAIR explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 68A Senator BRYANT proposed the following Amendment No. 68A (DGEMPPAY3.DOC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 6, COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, page 30, line 32, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,371,930 1,371,930 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 6, page 30, line 33, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,506,801 1,506,801 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 6, page 30, line 36, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,201,015 1,201,015 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 18, page 84, line 34, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,500,000 1,500,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 6, page 33, line 7, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 2,409,820 2,409,820 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 9, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, page 40, line 4, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 2,000,000 2,000,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 10, UNIVERSITY OF CHARLESTON, page 43, line 20, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,204,314 1,204,314 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 10, page 43, line 22, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 901,800 901,800 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15A, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, page 57, line 21, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,000,000 1,000,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15A, page 57, line 22, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,500,000 1,500,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15A, page 57, line 23, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,000,000 1,000,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15A, page 57, line 29, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 936,534 936,534 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15A, page 57, line 31, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 100,000 100,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 18, TECHICAL AND COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION BOARD, page 84, line 35, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,500,000 1,500,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15D, page 84, line 36, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,000,000 1,000,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15D, page 84, line 38, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 1,500,000 1,500,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 15D, page 84, line 39, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 775,000 775,000 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 49, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY, page 217, line 27, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 257,317 257,317 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 78, ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, page 301, line 13, by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 151,495 151,495 and INSERTING: 0 0/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IB, page 573, paragraph 90.12, by striking lines 4, 6, 7, 14, and 15. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IB, page 574, paragraph 90.13, by striking line 33. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 34, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, page 442, after line 6, by adding a new paragraph to read: / (AGRI: Pay Increase) Of the funds appropriated to the Department of Agriculture by Act 122 of 2007 for the Farmers Market, the department shall transfer$6,000,000 of the funds carried forward from the prior fiscal year to the Budget and Control Board Employee Benefits. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IB, page 518, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, paragraph 80A.47, lines 21 and 26, and page 519, lines 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 14 by striking all references to / 0% / and by inserting / 2% /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator BRYANT explained the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The amendment was laid on the table.
Recorded Vote
Senators BRYANT and RYBERG desired to be recorded as voting against the motion to table Amendment No. 68A.
Amendment No. 59
Senator FAIR proposed the following Amendment No. 59 (DAD SCDC 1M.DOC), which was tabled:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 31, STATE MUSEUM COMMISSION, page 151, line 11, by:
COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8
/ STRIKING: 3,041,694 2,649,173
and
INSERTING: 2,091,463 1,698,942/
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 51, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, page 222, line 3, by:
COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8
/ STRIKING: 75,204,445 57,264,252
and
INSERTING: 76,264,934 58,324,741/
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 315, line 21, by:
COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8
/ STRIKING: 473,100 445,000
and
INSERTING: 362,842 334,742/
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator FAIR explained the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The amendment was laid on the table.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 2:50 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair.
Amendment No. 47
Senators CLEARY and SHORT proposed the following Amendment No. 47 (DGLMOE.DOC), which was adopted (#22):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 1, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, page 362, paragraph 1.45, after line 15, by adding:
/ For fiscal year 2008-2009, Section 59-21-1030 is suspended. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator CLEARY explained the amendment.
Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the amendment.
Point of Order
Senator SHEHEEN raised a Point of Order that Amendment No. 47 was out of order inasmuch as it was violative of Rule 24A.
Senator THOMAS spoke on the Point of Order.
Senator McCONNELL spoke on the Point of Order.
Senator SHEHEEN spoke on the Point of Order.
The ACTING PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Senator CLEARY spoke on the amendment.
Amendment No. 53
Senators McCONNELL, CAMPSEN, GROOMS, ELLIOTT and RANKIN proposed the following Amendment No. 53 (DGEFA2.DOC), which was tabled, subsequently reconsidered, withdrawn and incorporated into Amendment No. 70:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 1, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, page 376, by striking paragraph 1.71 and inserting:
/ 1.71. (SDE: Education Finance Act Reserve Fund) (A) There is created in the State Treasury a fund separate and distinct from the General Fund of the State and all other funds entitled the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund. All unexpended general funds appropriated to the Department of Education for the Education Finance Act in the current fiscal year shall be transferred to the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund. In the event that the amount appropriated for the Education Finance Act is insufficient to fully fund the base student cost as established by this act, revenues from the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund may be used to supplement the funds appropriated. The General Assembly may make direct appropriations to this fund. All unexpended funds in the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund and any interest accrued by the fund must remain in the fund and may be carried forward into the current fiscal year.
(B) The Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State is projected to receive less state EFA Employer Contribution Funds than the prior fiscal year. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds to compensate for the difference that any district is projected to receive as compared to the prior fiscal year. The department must use these funds to supplement the school district's monthly disbursement of state EFA Employer Contribution Funds so that the district's monthly disbursement is equivalent to the prior fiscal year. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for the difference unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty-five day student count and the one hundred thirty-five day fund student count.
(C) After the obligations in (B) have been met, the Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State is projected to receive less in total state EFA and EFA Reserve Funds than the prior fiscal year. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds to compensate for the difference that any district is projected to receive as compared to the prior fiscal from the combination of the total EFA and EFA Reserve Funds. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for the difference unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty five day student count and the one hundred thirty five day fund student count. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 3:26 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment.
Senator PEELER spoke on the amendment.
Senator McCONNELL argued in favor of the adoption of the amendment.
Senator HUTTO moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 22; Nays 21
AYES
Anderson Bryant Courson
Drummond Hawkins Hutto
Knotts Land Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
Matthews Patterson Peeler
Reese Ryberg Setzler
Sheheen Short Verdin
Williams
Total--22
NAYS
Alexander Campbell Campsen
Ceips Cleary Cromer
Elliott Fair Ford
Gregory Hayes Jackson
Leatherman Martin McConnell
McGill O'Dell Pinckney
Rankin Scott Thomas
Total--21
The amendment was laid on the table.
Senator CAMPSEN asked unanimous consent to make a motion in Senator GROOMS' absence, that Senator GROOMS be granted leave to vote against the motion to table Amendment No. 53, not changing the outcome. Inasmuch as casting a "no" vote would change the outcome, the vote was not counted.
Senator PEELER spoke on the amendment.
Senator HAYES spoke on the amendment.
Amendment No. 58
Senators HAYES, GREGORY, SETZLER and CEIPS proposed the following Amendment No. 58 (DGEFA3.DOC), which was withdrawn and incorporated into Amendment No. 70:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 1, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, page 376, by striking paragraph 1.71 and inserting:
/ 1.71. (SDE: Education Finance Act Reserve Fund) (A) There is created in the State Treasury a fund separate and distinct from the General Fund of the State and all other funds entitled the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund. All unexpended general funds appropriated to the Department of Education for the Education Finance Act in the current fiscal year shall be transferred to the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund. In the event that the amount appropriated for the Education Finance Act is insufficient to fully fund the base student cost as established by this act, revenues from the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund may be used to supplement the funds appropriated. The General Assembly may make direct appropriations to this fund. All unexpended funds in the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund and any interest accrued by the fund must remain in the fund and may be carried forward into the current fiscal year.
(B) The Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State is projected to receive less state EFA Employer Contribution Funds than the prior fiscal year. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds to compensate for the difference that any district is projected to receive as compared to the prior fiscal year. The department must use these funds to supplement the school district's monthly disbursement of state EFA Employer Contribution Funds so that the district's monthly disbursement is equivalent to the prior fiscal year. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for the difference unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty-five day student count and the one hundred thirty-five day fund student count.
(C) After the obligations in (B) have been met the Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State is projected to receive less in total state EFA and EFA Reserve Funds than the prior fiscal year. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds to compensate for the difference that any district is projected to receive as compared to the prior fiscal from the combination of the total EFA and EFA Reserve Funds. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for the difference unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty-five day student count and the one hundred thirty-five day fund student count.
(D) After the obligations in (B) and (C) have been met the Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State has experienced growth in the number of Weighted Pupil Units from the second preceding year's final one hundred thirty-five day student count as compared to the prior fiscal year's one hundred thirty-five day student count. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds to compensate each of the identified districts with additional funding at ten percent of the current year's appropriated base student cost for each weighted pupil unit that exceeds the statewide average Weighted Pupil Unit growth from the second preceding year's final one hundred thirty-five day student count as compared to the prior fiscal year's one hundred thirty-five day student count. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for growth unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty-five day student count and the one hundred thirty five day fund student count. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the amendment.
RECESS
At 4:26 P.M., with Senator HAYES retaining the floor, on motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business.
At 4:52 P.M., the Senate resumed.
Senator HAYES resumed speaking on the amendment.
Decisions by the PRESIDENT
The PRESIDENT took up the Points of Order raised by Senator McCONNELL on Wednesday, April 15, 2008, that the following Provisos were out of order inasmuch as each was violative of Rule 24A.
Proviso 1.4 - Overruled
1.4. (SDE: EFA - Formula) The amount appropriated in Part IA, Section 1 for "Education Finance Act" shall be the maximum paid under the provisions of Act 163 of 1977 (the South Carolina Education Finance Act of 1977) to the aggregate of all recipients. The South Carolina Education Department shall develop formulas to determine the state and required local funding as stipulated in the South Carolina Education Finance Act of 1977. Such formulas shall require the approval of the State Board of Education and the Budget and Control Board. After computing the EFA allocations for all districts, the department shall determine whether any districts' minimum required local revenue exceeds the districts' total EFA Foundation Program. When such instance is found, the department shall adjust the index of taxpaying ability to reflect a local effort equal to the cost of the districts' EFA Foundation Program. The districts' weighted pupil units are to be included in determination of the funds needed for implementation of the Education Finance Act statewide.
In the event that the formulas as devised by the Department of Education and approved by the State Board of Education and the Budget and Control Board should provide for distribution to the various school districts totaling more than the amount appropriated for such purposes, subject to the provisions of this proviso, the Department of Education shall reduce each school district entitlement by an equal amount per weighted pupil so as to bring the total disbursements into conformity with the total funds appropriated for this purpose. If a reduction is required in the state's contribution, the required local funding shall be reduced by the proportionate share of local funds per weighted pupil unit. The Department of Education shall continually monitor the distribution of funds under the provisions of the Education Finance Act and shall make periodic adjustments to disbursements to insure that the aggregate of such disbursements do not exceed the appropriated funds.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, local districts shall not be mandated or required to inflate the base number in their respective salary schedules by any percentage greater than the percentage by which the appropriated base student cost exceeds the appropriated base student cost of the prior fiscal year.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 1A.41 - Sustained
1A.41. (SDE-EIA: Report Card Printing) The State Department of Education is prohibited from printing the Annual School and District Report Card in any other color other than black and white. School districts must advertise the results of their schools' report cards in an audited newspaper of general circulation in their geographic area within 45 days. If the audited newspaper has previously published the entire report card results as a news item, this requirement is waived for the school and district. Notwithstanding Section 59-18-930, the requirement to mail school and district report cards is suspended and report cards may be sent home with the students. The parent survey required by Section 59-28-190 may be sent home with the students and the department must use the results of the parent survey to report parent perceptions on the school report cards.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 1A.41 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 1A.45 - Sustained
1A.45. (SDE-EIA: Critical Geographic Area) Notwithstanding the provision of Section 59-26-20(j) for those students seeking loan cancellation under the Teacher Loan Program after July 1, 2004, "critical geographic area" shall be defined as schools that have an absolute rating of below average or unsatisfactory, schools where the average teacher turnover rate for the past three years is 20 percent or higher, or schools that meet the poverty index criteria at the 70 percent level or higher. The list shall also include special schools, alternative schools, and correctional centers as identified by the State Board of Education. After July 1, 2005, students shall have their loan canceled based on those schools or districts designated as a critical geographic area at the time of employment. The definition of critical geographic area shall not change for those students who are in the process of having a loan canceled, on or before June 30, 2005. Beginning in Fiscal Year 2005-06 the maximum loan amount will be increased to an amount not to exceed 20,000. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 1A.45 was ruled out of order. Proviso 1A.47 - Sustained 1A.47. (SDE-EIA: EAA Summer School, Grades 3-8) Funds appropriated for summer school shall be allocated to each local public school district based on the number of academic subject area scores below the basic on the prior year Spring PACT administration for students in grades three through eight and on the number of students entering ninth grade who score below proficient in reading. Individual student scores on the PACT shall not be the sole criterion used to determine whether a student on an academic plan the prior year will be placed on probation or retained. Individual student scores on the PACT shall not be the sole criterion for requiring students to attend summer school. School districts may consider other factors such as student performance, teacher judgment, and social, emotional, and physical development in placing students on academic probation or requiring summer school attendance. Students may not be placed on academic probation or retained based solely on the PACT scores. The State Department of Education working with the Education Oversight Committee must develop a method to supplement the PACT with diagnostic training and materials aligned to the content standards. Current year appropriations may be expended for prior year EAA summer school purposes. Local public school districts shall utilize these funds in accordance with the requirements of Section 59-18-500 of the 1976 Code. The State Department of Education is directed to utilize PACT-like tests aligned with standards to be administered to students on academic probation required to attend summer school. The test shall be a determinate in judging whether the student has the skills to succeed at the next grade level. The State Board of Education shall establish regulations to define the extenuating circumstances including death of an immediate family member or severe long-term student illness, under which the requirements of Section 59-18-900(D) may be waived. Furthermore, the Department of Education, working with and through the SC Afterschool Alliance, will provide250,000 to produce a model of voluntary quality standards for out-of-school time programs, develop a directory of technical assistance, and identify gaps of service.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 1A.47 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 6.10 - Sustained
6.10. (CHE: Furlough) Notwithstanding Section 8-11-195 of the 1976 Code, or any other provision of law, in a fiscal year in which the general funds appropriated for an institution of higher education are less than the general funds appropriated for that institution in the preceding fiscal year, or whenever the General Assembly or the Budget and Control Board implements a midyear across-the-board budget reduction, agency heads for institutions of higher education and the State Board for Technical and Comprehensive Education through policy and procedure for the Technical College System may institute employee furlough programs of not more than twenty working days in the fiscal year in which the deficit is projected to occur. The furlough must be inclusive of all employees regardless of source of funds, place of work, or tenure status, and must include employees in classified positions and unclassified positions as well as agency heads. Scheduling of furlough days, or portions of days, shall be at the discretion of the agency or individual institution. During this furlough, affected employees shall be entitled to participate in the same state benefits as otherwise available to them except for receiving their salaries. As to those benefits which require employer and employee contributions, including but not limited to contributions to the South Carolina Retirement System or the optional retirement program, institutions will be responsible for making both employer and employee contributions during the time of the furlough if coverage would otherwise be interrupted; and as to those benefits which require only employee contributions, the employee remains solely responsible for making those contributions. Placement of an employee on furlough under this provision does not constitute a grievance or appeal under the State Employee Grievance Act. In the event an institution's reduction is due solely to the General Assembly transferring or deleting a program, this provision does not apply. The implementation of a furlough program authorized by this provision shall be on an institution by institution basis.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 6.10 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 6.11 - Sustained
6.11. (CHE: Unspent Scholarship Grants) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 59-143-10, any unspent balance in the Higher Education Scholarship Grants share of the Children's Education Endowment Fund, including interest and low-level radioactive waste tax revenue from previous years' collections, may be made available for Need-based Grants and Palmetto Fellows Scholarships during the current fiscal year.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 6.11 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 6.14 - Sustained
6.14. (CHE: Gifted Student Scholarship Criteria) For an exceptionally gifted student who is a resident of South Carolina and is accepted into an institution of higher learning without having attended or graduated from high school, the Commission on Higher Education by regulation must define alternative criteria for the student to qualify for a Palmetto Fellows Scholarship.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 6.14 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 6.17 - Sustained
6.17. (CHE: International Exchange Program Abatement) State supported colleges and universities which have an established and ongoing relationship in one or more degree programs with an international institution, the terms of which have been formally approved by the institution's Board of Trustees, and the relationship includes regular arrangements for the enrollment of qualified students and/or the exchange of faculty between the institutions, although not necessarily in equal exchange numbers, may charge tuition to such qualified students at the South Carolina resident rate.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 6.17 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 6.20 - Withdrawn
6.20. (CHE: Excellence Enhancement Program Additions) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, Converse College and Columbia College shall be eligible to receive funds under the Higher Education Excellence Enhancement Program.
On motion of Senator RITCHIE, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 15.5 - Withdrawn
15.5. (USC: Beaufort Campus - Reciprocal Tuition) The University of South Carolina Beaufort Campus may offer in-state tuition to any student whose legal residence is in the Chatham-Effingham and Bryan County area of the neighboring state of Georgia as long as the Georgia Board of Regents continues its Georgia Tuition Program by which in-state tuition is offered to students residing in the Beaufort/Jasper County area of the State of South Carolina.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 18.4 - Sustained
18.4. (TEC: NC/GA Reciprocal) The South Carolina Technical Colleges may offer in-state tuition to the bordering North Carolina and Georgia communities when a negotiated reciprocal agreement is in effect with the two-year colleges in these neighboring regions or when students from these out-of-state communities are employed by South Carolina employers who pay South Carolina taxes.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 18.4 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 19.2 - Sustained
19.2. (ETV: New Facility Equipment Purchases & Renovations) Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, the commission, with approval by the Budget and Control Board, is allowed to sell or lease its facilities, property, equipment, programs, publications, and other program related materials, and funds received therefrom may be used for equipment purchases and renovations of its facilities upon review by the Joint Bond Review Committee and approval by the Budget and Control Board.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 19.2 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 21.9 - Sustained
21.9. (DHHS: Managed Care) The Insurance Law of South Carolina and the regulations promulgated thereunder shall not apply to partially capitated, primary care providers, insofar as such groups or individuals are defined by and agree to provide health care services under South Carolina's Medicaid Managed Care Program.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 21.9 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 21.13 - Withdrawn
21.13. (DHHS: Generic Drugs) With respect to prescriptions reimbursed through the South Carolina Medicaid Program, Medicaid recipients for whom the pharmaceuticals are intended are deemed to have consented to substitution of a less costly equivalent generic product which will result in a cost savings to the South Carolina Medicaid program. Therefore, individual Individual patient consent for substitution as required in S.C. Code of Laws Section 40-43-86(H)(6) shall not be required.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 21.17 - Sustained
21.17. (DHHS: Hospital Tax - Medicaid Expansion Fund) The tax on licensed hospitals imposed pursuant to Article 11, Chapter 23, Title 12 of the 1976 Code, must initially equal two hundred and sixty-four million dollars. The amount of each general hospital's tax shall be derived from Schedule B, Part 1 of each hospital's cost report. The initial annual tax shall be collected, beginning July 1, 2006, based upon the reconciled account of each general hospital under this Article considering any partial payments or uncollected portion of the previous assessment under this Article for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2006 and upon notification from the Department of Revenue, on behalf of and based upon calculations performed by the Department of Health and Human Services, each general hospital shall remit the balance due based on a payment schedule as determined by the Department of Health and Human Services. Furthermore, beginning July 1, 2006, on the first day of each quarter, each general hospital shall remit one-fourth of a second and each successive annual tax, as calculated above, based upon operations conducted during the fiscal year ending June 30, 2007, and each successive state fiscal year, to the Department of Revenue. The tax must be paid for each quarter a hospital is in operation. If a hospital ceases operations, the taxes not paid as a result of the cessation of operations must be apportioned among other hospitals in operation. In addition to the purposes specified in Section 44-6-155, monies in the Medicaid Expansion Fund shall be used to provide healthcare coverage to the Medicaid-eligible and uninsured populations in South Carolina.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 21.17 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 21.21 - Overruled
21.21. (DHHS: Franchise Fees Suspension) Franchise fees imposed on nursing home beds and enacted by the General Assembly during the 2002 session are suspended July 1, 2002.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 21.25 - Sustained
21.25. (DHHS: Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee) There is established within the department the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The committee must consist of fifteen members appointed by the director and serving at his pleasure. The members must include eleven physicians and four pharmacists licensed to practice in South Carolina and actively engaged in providing services to the South Carolina Medicaid population. The physicians may include, but are not limited to, doctors who have experience in treating diabetes, cancer, HIV/AIDS, mental illness, and hemophilia and who practice in internal medicine, primary care, and pediatrics. The committee shall adopt by-laws that include, at a minimum, the length of a membership. A chairman and a vice chairman shall be elected on an annual basis from the committee membership. Committee members must not be compensated for service on the committee. However, committee members may be reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses incurred pursuant to discharging committee duties in an amount not to exceed the mileage and subsistence amounts allowed by law for members of boards, commissions, and committees. The committee must meet at least quarterly and may meet at other times at the discretion of the chairman or the director of the department. Committee meetings are subject to the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. The department shall publish notice of regular business meetings of the committee at least thirty days before the meeting. However, the director or chairman may call special meetings of the committee and provide such notice as may be practical. The committee must provide for public comment, including comment on clinical and patient care data from Medicaid providers, representatives of the pharmaceutical industry, and patient advocacy groups. Proprietary information as defined in the trade secret law shall not be discussed. Trade secrets as defined in Section 30-4-40(a)(1) and relevant federal law must not be publicly disclosed. The committee must recommend to the department therapeutic classes of drugs that should be included on a Preferred Drug List. For those recommended classes, the committee shall recommend the drug or drugs considered preferred within that class based on safety and efficacy. In determining safety and efficacy, the committee may consider all submitted public comment or clinical information including, but not limited to, scientific evidence, standards of practice, peer-reviewed medical literature, randomized clinical trials, pharmacoeconomic studies, and outcomes research data. The committee also shall recommend prior authorization criteria for nonpreferred drugs in the recommended therapeutic classes. Any Preferred Drug List program implemented by the department must include: (1) procedures to ensure that a request for prior authorization that has no material defect or impropriety can be processed within twenty-four hours of receipt; (2) procedures to allow the prescribing physician to request and receive notice of any delays or negative decision in regard to a prior authorization; (3) procedures to allow the prescribing physician to request and receive a second review of any denial of a prior authorization request; and (4) procedures to allow a pharmacist to dispense an emergency, seventy-two hour supply of a drug requiring prior authorization without such prior authorization if the pharmacist: (a) has made a reasonable attempt to contact the physician and request that the prescribing physician secure prior authorization; and (b) reasonably believes that refusing to dispense a seventy-two-hour would unduly burden the Medicaid recipient and produce an undesirable health consequences. A grant of prior authorization for a drug is specific to the drug, rather than the actual prescription, and extends to all refills allowed pursuant to the original prescription and to subsequent prescriptions for the same drug at the same dosage provided the time allowed by the prior authorization has not expired. A Medicaid recipient who has been denied prior authorization for a prescribed drug is entitled to appeal this decision through the department's appeals process.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 21.25 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 21.30 - Withdrawn
21.30. (DHHS: Federally Qualified Health Centers-Pharmacies) (A) Federally qualified health centers are suspended from provisions of Chapter 43, Title 40 of the 1976 Code that require:
(1) all facilities distributing or dispensing prescription drugs to be permitted by the Board of Pharmacy;
(2) each pharmacy to have a pharmacist-in-charge;
(3) a pharmacist to be physically present in the pharmacy or health center delivery site in order to serve as the pharmacist-in-charge;
(4) a pharmacist to serve as a pharmacist-in-charge for only one pharmacy at a time.
(B) A federally qualified health center must be recognized as a covered entity under Section 40-43-60(I) of the 1976 Code allowing licensed practitioners, as defined by Section 40-43-30(45), to dispense drugs or devices that are the lawful property of the practitioner or the corporation.
(C) A federally qualified health center may transport medications in the same manner as allowed by laws for free clinics and/or private physician practices.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 22.18 - Overruled
22.18. (DHEC: Medical & Dental Loan Program) Notwithstanding other provisions of law, unobligated Unobligated funds in the Medical & Dental Loan program may be expended for other health service programs.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 22.25 - Overruled
22.25. (DHEC: Certificate of Public Advantage) Notwithstanding Regulation 61-31, Health Care Cooperative Agreements and other provisions of law, should the department of Health and Environmental Control issue a Certificate of Public Advantage, the applicant will pay to the department, an annual monitoring fee to cover the actual cost of audits and monitoring. This fee shall be used by the department in whatever manner solely for the purpose of monitoring Certificates of Public Advantage as set forth in Section 44-7-570(A).
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 22.28 - Overruled
22.28. (DHEC: Church/Charitable Organization Food Preparation) The Department of Health and Environmental Control shall not use any funds appropriated or authorized to the department to enforce Regulation 61-25 to the extent that the regulation would prohibit churches and charitable organizations from preparing and serving food to the public on their own premises at not more than one function a month or not more than twelve functions a year.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 22.41 - Overruled
22.41. (DHEC: Hazardous Waste Contingency Fund) Beginning on July 1, 2006, all interest accruing on funds collected and held pursuant to Section 44-56-160 must be credited to the Hazardous Waste Contingency Fund and authorized for expenditure by the department to defray costs of governmental response actions at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites and for the purpose of response actions incidental to the transportation of hazardous materials.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 22.42 - Overruled
22.42. (DHEC: South Carolina State Trauma Care Fund) Of the funds appropriated to the South Carolina State Trauma Care Fund, $4,000,000 shall be utilized for increasing the reimbursement rates for trauma hospitals, for trauma specialists' professional fee, for increasing the capability of EMS trauma care providers from counties with a high rate of traumatic injury deaths to care for injury patients, and for support of the trauma system, based on a methodology as determined by the department with guidance and input from the Trauma Council as established in Section 44-61-530 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. The methodology to be developed will include a breakdown of disbursement of funds by percentage, with a proposed 77% disbursed to hospitals and trauma physician fees, 16% of the 21% must be disbursed to EMS providers for training EMTs, Advanced EMTs and paramedics by the four regional councils of this state and the remaining 5% must be disbursed to EMS providers in counties with high trauma mortality rates, and 2% allocated to the department for administration of the fund and support of the trauma system. The Department of Health and Environmental Control shall promulgate regulations as required in Section 44-61-540 of the 1976 Code for the administration and oversight of the Trauma Care Fund. The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order. Proviso 22.45 - Sustained 22.45. (DHEC: Hospital Infections Reports) Of the funds appropriated to the department for Infectious Diseases,$276,245 will be allocated for Hospital Infections Reports. The department is authorized to phase-in the reporting requirements in consultation with the advisory committee appointed pursuant to Section 44-7-2430 of the 1976 Code.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 22.45 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 22.46 - Sustained
22.46. (DHEC: Hazardous Waste Fee) The department is authorized to assess each company generating hazardous waste a fee based on the amount of hazardous waste generated. Large Quantity Generators, as determined by R.61-79.262 South Carolina Hazardous Waste Regulations, producing greater than 100 tons of hazardous waste per year will be assessed an annual base fee of $1,000 per facility and a$1.50 per ton fee for all hazardous waste the company generates. Large Quantity Generators producing 100 tons or less of hazardous waste will be assessed an annual fee of $1,000. Small Quantity Generators will be assessed an annual fee of$500. Fees collected under this provision shall not exceed an annual cap of $15,000 per generator. Companies subject to fees required by Section 44-56-170(F) (1) of the 1976 Code are exempt from fees established by this provision. The fees collected under this provision shall be deposited to the Hazardous Waste Contingency Fund for response actions at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 22.46 was ruled out of order. Proviso 23.2 - Withdrawn 23.2. (DMH: Paying Patient Account) Notwithstanding any other provision of law and in In addition to other payments provided in Part I of this act, the Department of Mental Health is hereby directed during the current fiscal year to remit to the General Fund of the State the amount of$3,400,000 to be paid from the surplus funds in the paying patient account which has been previously designated for capital improvements and debt service under the provisions of Act 1276 of 1970. It is the intent of the General Assembly to assist the department to reduce and eventually eliminate this obligation to the general fund.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 23.3 - Overruled
23.3. (DMH: Patient Fee Account) Notwithstanding any other provisions of law and in In addition to other payments provided in Part I of this act, the Department of Mental Health is hereby authorized during the current fiscal year, to provide the funds budgeted herein for $6,214,911 for departmental operations,$400,000 for the Continuum of Care, $50,000 for the Alliance for the Mentally Ill,$250,000 for S.C. SHARE Self Help Association Regarding Emotions, $50,000 for Palmetto Pathways,$50,000 for New Day Clubhouse, $15,000 for the Children's Advocacy Center of Spartanburg, and all fees collected at the Campbell Nursing Home and other veterans facilities for day-to-day operations, from the Patient Fee Account which has been previously designated for capital improvements and debt service under provisions of Act 1276 of 1970. The Department of Mental Health is authorized to fund the cost of Medicare Part B premiums from its Patient Fee Account up to$150,000. The South Carolina Alliance for the Mentally Ill, and the South Carolina Self-Help Association Regarding Emotions, Palmetto Pathways, New Day Clubhouse, and the Children's Advocacy Center of Spartanburg shall provide an itemized budget before the receipt of funds and quarterly financial statements to the Department of Mental Health. DMH is authorized to use unobligated Patient Paying Fee Account funds for community transition programs. The funds made available shall be utilized consistently with the Transition Leadership Council's definition of severely mentally ill children and adults. The department shall report their use of these funds to the Senate Finance Committee and the House Ways and Means Committee. This amendment is made notwithstanding other obligations currently set forth in this proviso.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 26.14 - Sustained
26.14. (DSS: Foster Care Fingerprint Reviews) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 20-7-1640, of the SC Code of Laws, 1976, as amended, the The department is authorized to pay from funds appropriated in this section the costs of Federal Bureau of Investigation fingerprint reviews for foster care families recruited, selected and licensed by the department.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 26.14 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 26.22 - Overruled
26.22. (DSS: Penalty Assessment) The Department of Social Services may impose monetary penalties against a person, facility, or other entity for violation of statutes or regulations pertaining to programs, other than foster home licensing, that the department regulates. Penalties collected must be remitted to the State Treasurer for deposit into the State General Fund. The department shall promulgate regulations for each program in which penalties may be imposed. The regulations must include guidance on the decision to assess a penalty, the effect of failure to pay a penalty in a timely manner, and a schedule of penalty ranges that takes into account severity and frequency of violations. These regulations must provide for notice of the penalty and the right to a contested case hearing before a designee of or panel appointed by the director of the department. Judicial review of the final agency decision concerning a penalty must be in accordance with statutes or regulations that apply to judicial review of final revocation and denial decisions in that particular program. The department, in accordance with regulations promulgated pursuant to this provision, shall have discretion in determining the appropriateness of assessing a monetary penalty against a person or facility and the amount of the penalty. The authority to assess monetary penalties shall be in addition to other statutory provisions authorizing the department to seek injunctive relief or to deny, revoke, suspend, or otherwise restrict or limit a license or other types of operating or practice registrations, approvals, or certificates.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 27.3 - Sustained
27.3. (BLIND: Patriot's Point Vendor Exemption) For the current fiscal year, the provisions of Chapter 26, Title 43 of the 1976 Code pertaining to rules regulating vending facilities operated by persons who are blind do not apply to the Patriots Point Development Authority is not subject to provisions regulating vending facilities operated by persons who are blind.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 27.3 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 34.4 - Sustained
34.4. (AGRI: Seed Licenses) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the department shall charge, for the licenses it issues pursuant to Section 46-21-40, a minimum fee of twenty-five dollars ($25.00), and a maximum fee of one hundred fifty dollars ($150.00). The department shall institute a graduated fee schedule between these minimum and maximum fees, which schedule shall be based on the per year dollar volume of the gross business receipts of the applicant. The department shall retain any revenue collected pursuant to this provision to defray the costs of printing, mailing and inspections and to pay the costs of leasing the Florence Farmer's Market from Clemson University.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 34.4 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 34.5 - Sustained
34.5. (AGRI: Specialty Crop Grant Indirect Cost Waiver) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Department of Agriculture is granted a waiver of the remittance of indirect cost recoveries for the Specialty Crop Grant (H.R. 2213, Section 7) supported by the United States Department of Agriculture through the Commodity Credit Corporation.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 34.5 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 34.6 - Overruled
34.6. (AGRI: Warehouse Receipts Guaranty Fund) The Department of Agriculture may retain and expend fifty thousand dollars from the Warehouse Receipts Guaranty Fund established by Section 39-22-150 of the 1976 Code as is necessary for the department to administer the funding of the program.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 34.8 - Overruled
34.8. (AGRI: Private Sector Calibrations) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Department of Agriculture shall charge a fee of $45.00 an hour based on a fee schedule for all calibrations performed for private sector entities by the Metrology Laboratory authorized by Section 39-9-68(3) of the 1976 Code of Laws. Revenues generated by these fees shall be for use by the Department of Agriculture to offset expenses incurred in operating the Metrology Laboratory. The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order. Proviso 34.12 - Sustained 34.12. (AGRI: Grain Handlers Guaranty Fund) The Department of Agriculture may retain and expend one hundred thousand dollars of the interest from the Grain Handlers Guaranty Fund established by Section 46-41-230 of the 1976 Code as is necessary for the department to administer the funding of the program. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 34.12 was ruled out of order. Proviso 35.4 - Sustained 35.4. (CU-PSA: Fee Increase) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, beginning FY 2001-2002, the Division of Regulatory and Public Service is authorized to increase the fertilizer, lime, and soil amendments registration fees; pesticide licensing fees; seed certification fees; and fertilizer inspection fees not to exceed twice the amount of the fee schedules set in FY 2000-2001. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 35.4 was ruled out of order. Proviso 37.3 - Sustained 37.3. (DNR: Armed Forces Fishing/Hunting License) Any member of the armed forces of the United States who is a resident of South Carolina stationed outside of the state, shall upon presentation of his official furlough or leave papers, be allowed to fish or hunt without purchasing a fishing or hunting license. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 37.3 was ruled out of order. Proviso 37.15 - Sustained 37.15. (DNR: Hunting License Fees) For the current fiscal year, the fee: (1) for the combination hunting and fishing license issued pursuant to Section 50-9-510(3) of the 1976 Code is increased from twenty to twenty-five dollars; (2) for the nonresident statewide license issued pursuant to Section 50-9-510(6) is increased from one hundred to one hundred twenty-five dollars; (3) for the ten consecutive days regular hunting season license for a nonresident issued pursuant to Section 50-9-510(7) of the 1976 Code is increased from fifty to seventy-five dollars; (4) for the three consecutive days regular hunting season license for a nonresident issued pursuant to Section 50-9-510(8) of the 1976 Code is increased from twenty-five to forty dollars; and (5) for the big game nonresident permit issued pursuant to Section 50-9-510(10) of the 1976 Code, the fee is increased from eighty-nine to one hundred dollars. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 37.15 was ruled out of order. Proviso 39.4 - Sustained 39.4. (PRT: Park Fee Structure) Notwithstanding Section 51-3-60 of the 1976 Code, in order to maintain the fiscal soundness and continued maintenance and operations of the State Park System, the Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism is directed to maintain the adjustments in the fee structure implemented in September 2003 as a result of the study directed in the previous year by the General Assembly, however, residents listed in Section 51-3-60 may not be given discounts of less than 35% for the services listed. Members of the SC National Guard shall be given the same discounts for the State Park System as the residents listed in Section 51-3-60. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 39.4 was ruled out of order. Proviso 40.13 - Sustained 40.13. (CMRC: Economic Development Coordinating Council - Administrative Expenses) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Council: (1) may retain up to five percent of the revenue received by the State Rural Infrastructure Fund for the purposes of meeting administrative, reporting, establishment of grant guidelines, review of grant applications, and other statutory obligations; and (2) may increase the application fee for qualification for the Enterprise Zone Program from two thousand to four thousand dollars of which$500 will be shared with the Department of Revenue and establish annual renewal fees of $500 for the Enterprise Zone and Retraining Programs to be shared equally with the Department of Revenue for the purposes of meeting administrative, data collection, credit analysis, cost-benefit analysis, reporting, and other statutory obligations. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 40.13 was ruled out of order. Proviso 40.22 - Sustained 40.22. (CMRC: Yearly Financial Audit) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Department of Commerce may have an Agreed Upon Procedures audit in lieu of having audited financial statements. This audit shall be in coordination with the State Auditor's Office and will be in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and must comprise all financial records and controls. This audit must be completed by November 1 following the close of the fiscal year. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 40.22 was ruled out of order. Proviso 46.7 - Sustained 46.7. (PCC: Drug Court Funding) (A) In addition to all other assessments and surcharges required to be imposed by law, during the current fiscal year, a one hundred dollar surcharge is also levied on all fines, forfeitures, escheatments, or other monetary penalties imposed in the general sessions court or in magistrates' or municipal court for misdemeanor or felony drug offenses. No portion of the surcharge may be waived, reduced, or suspended. (B) The revenue collected pursuant to subsection (A) must be retained by the jurisdiction which heard or processed the case and paid to the State Treasurer within thirty days after receipt. The State Treasurer shall transmit these funds to the Prosecution Coordination Commission which shall then apportion these funds among the sixteen judicial circuits on a per capita basis equal to the population in that circuit compared to the population of the State as a whole based on the most recent official United States census. The funds shall be used for drug treatment court programs only. (C) It is the intent of the General Assembly that the amounts generated by this paragraph shall be in addition to any amounts presently being provided for drug treatment court programs and may not be used to supplant funding already allocated for these services. (D) The State Treasurer may request the State Auditor to examine the financial records of any jurisdiction which he believes is not timely transmitting the funds required to be paid to the State Treasurer pursuant to subsection (B). The State Auditor is further authorized to conduct these examinations and the local jurisdiction is required to participate in and cooperate fully with the examination. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 46.7 was ruled out of order. Proviso 47.11 - Withdrawn 47.11. (INDEF: Assessments Increase) The assessment paid pursuant to Section 14-1-206, 14-1-207, or 14-1-208 by a person who is convicted of, pleads guilty or nolo contendere to, or forfeits bond for an offense tried in general sessions, magistrate's, or municipal court is increased from one hundred to one hundred seven and one-half percent of the fine imposed. The revenues generated by this increase of seven and one-half percent must be deposited in the General Fund of the State. From the total revenues generated by Sections 14-1-206, 14-1-207, and 14-1-208, and in addition to other uses prescribed by law,$3,200,000 shall be allocated to the following agencies for support of the programs specified: $500,000 to the Department of Juvenile Justice for the Juvenile Arbitration Program;$450,000 to the Department of Juvenile Justice for the Marine Institutes; $500,000 to the Department of Juvenile Justice for regional status offender programs, of which$106,000 must be allocated to the Anderson County Upstate Youth Camp; and $1,750,000 to the Office of Indigent Defense for use in offsetting budget cuts. It is the intent of the Legislature that the amount of the funds generated from this source and credited to the other State Agencies as provided by Section 14-1-206, 14-1-207, or 14-1-208 shall not be less than the amounts credited to those agencies in the previous fiscal year. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn. Proviso 45.1 - Overruled 45.1. (AG: Hiring of Attorneys) No department or agency of the State Government shall hire any classified or temporary attorney as an employee except upon the written approval of the Attorney General and at a compensation approved by him. All such attorneys shall at all times be under the supervision and control of the Attorney General except as otherwise provided by law unless obtaining prior approval by the Budget and Control Board. The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order. Proviso 48.3 - Withdrawn 48.3. (SLED: Criminal Record Search Fee) (1) The State Law Enforcement Division shall charge and collect a fee of$25 for each criminal record search conducted pursuant to Regulations contained in Chapter 73, Article 3, Subarticle 1 of the Code of State Regulations. All revenue generated up to an amount of four million four hundred sixty-one thousand dollars collected from the criminal record search fee must be deposited to the General Fund of the State; any revenue generated above this amount shall be collected, retained, expended, and carried forward by the State Law Enforcement Division for agency operations. The sale or dissemination of the criminal history record database maintained by the State Law Enforcement Division is prohibited. The individual sale of individual criminal history records by SLED is not affected. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, criminal history record information, including arrest history, may be disseminated in accordance with regulations regardless of whether a corresponding judicial finding or disposition is part of the record.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 48.10 - Overruled
48.10. (SLED: Concealed Weapon Permit) The State Law Enforcement Division shall collect, retain, expend, and carry forward all fees associated with the Concealed Weapon Permit program.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 49.4 - Sustained
49.4. (DPS: License Fees) Notwithstanding any provision of Title 56 of the 1976 Code relating to the disposition of revenues, all revenues derived under Title 56 credited to the Department of Public Safety must be credited to the General Fund of the State, except for those fees collected to recover the costs of the production, purchase, handling and mailing of documents, publications, records, and data sets, those fees collected under Sections 56-5-2951 and 56-1-286 for supplying and maintaining video cameras in law enforcement vehicles used for traffic enforcement and the issuance of the alcohol restricted license, those fees designated under Section 56-1-1320 to be used by the department to hire, train, and equip members of the highway patrol and state transport police, and the revenues of fees imposed pursuant to Sections 56-1-170, 56-1-286, 56-1-390, 56-1-740, 56-1-745, 56-1-746, 56-5-750, 56-5-2951, 56-9-430, 56-10-260, and 56-10-270, but only the revenues of that portion of these fees that represents increases in the rate of these fees over rates in effect June 30, 2001, to be used by the department to defray the expenses of the Department of Motor Vehicles.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 49.4 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 49.5 - Overruled
49.5. (DPS: Motor Carrier Registration Fees) Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, enforcement by the State Transport Police Division of the department, of Articles 3 and 5, of Chapter 23 of Title 58 of the 1976 Code, shall be funded from the motor carrier registration fees collected by the Department of Motor Vehicles that previously were collected by the Public Service Commission and the Department of Public Safety. Additionally, the State Transport Police is authorized to expend the motor carrier registration fees to build or renovate weigh stations. All unexpended funds from prior years collected under this proviso may be retained and carried forward by the department for the same purposes.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 49.14 - Sustained
49.14. (DPS: Law Enforcement Subsistence) The provisions of Section 56-19-420(B)(1) of the 1976 Code are suspended for the current fiscal year and instead of the allocation provided pursuant to that subitem, the first one million dollars must be deposited into the State General Fund and used to increase the subsistence allowance for law enforcement officers. For the current year the subsistence deduction allowed pursuant to Section 12-6-1140(6) of the 1976 Code is increased to eight dollars for each regular work day.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 49.14 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 49.17 - Sustained
49.17. (DPS: Yearly Financial Audit) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Department of Public Safety may have an Agreed Upon Procedures audit in lieu of having audited financial statements. This audit shall be in coordination with the State Auditor's Office and will be in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and must comprise all financial records and controls. This audit must be completed by November 1 following the close of the fiscal year.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 49.17 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 50.3 - Sustained
50.3. (LETC: CJA-Miscellaneous Revenue) Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, revenue received from the sale of meals to employees and students attending non-mandated, advanced, or specialized training courses, sale of student locks and materials, sale of legal manuals and other publications, postal reimbursement, photo copying, sale of miscellaneous refuse and recyclable materials, tuition from non-mandated, advanced, or specialized courses, coin operated telephones, revenue from E-911 and Coroner training, private college tuition, and revenue from canteen operations and building management services, revenue from "Crime-to-Court" and other Criminal Justice Academy training series shall be retained by the Academy and expended in budgeted operations for food services, expansion of the department's distance learning programs, professional training, fees and dues, clothing allowance and other related services or programs as the Director of the Criminal Justice Academy may deem necessary. The Law Enforcement Training Council, Criminal Justice Academy shall report annually to the General Assembly the amount of miscellaneous revenue retained and carried forward.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 50.3 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 52.1 - Sustained
52.1. (DPPP: Offender-Related Record Information) The department is authorized to collect a fee for providing offender-related record information and for providing responses to freedom of information requests. The fee will be based on the staff time required to compile the information and the costs of supplies, photocopying and postage. The department must continue to remit fee proceeds to the general fund. Fee proceeds in excess of $6,000 may be retained by the department to offset associated costs and be carried forward from one fiscal year to another. Further, the department may accept unconditional gifts of money or personal property. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 52.1 was ruled out of order. Proviso 53.3 - Overruled 53.3. (DJJ: Educational Funds Audit) Notwithstanding the provisions of the Education Finance Act, the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice shall have its educational funds audited by the Office of the State Auditor pursuant to a schedule established by the State Auditor, and said audit shall be sufficient to satisfy the timetable for audits required in Regulation 43175. The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order. Proviso 53.12 - Sustained 53.12. (DJJ: Good Behavior Incentive) A child committed to the Department of Juvenile Justice for a determinate period pursuant to Section 20-7-7810 may be released by the department prior to the expiration of the determinate period for "good behavior" as determined by the department, after having served at least two-thirds of the time ordered by the court. The court, in its discretion, may include language in the order indicating that the child is not to be released prior to the expiration of the determinate period ordered by the court. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 53.12 was ruled out of order. Proviso 53.17 - Sustained 53.17. (DJJ: Twelve-Month Funding) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all funds disbursed to the Department of Juvenile Justice school district by the Department of Education shall be calculated using a base of 235 instructional days rather than a base of 190 instructional days. This includes, but is not limited to, all funding for teacher salary supplements, for instructional purposes or any other funds disbursed to the Department of Juvenile Justice school district's twelve-month continuous progress education program. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 53.17 was ruled out of order. Proviso 65.6 - Sustained 65.6. (LLR: Cosmetologist, Esthetician, Manicurists License) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 40-7-280 or any other provision of law, a person licensed as a cosmetologist, esthetician, or manicurist pursuant to Chapter 13 of Title 40 may practice, within the scope of practice authorized by the person's license, in a barbershop registered in accordance with this chapter. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 65.6 was ruled out of order. Proviso 66.1 - Overruled 66.1. (DMV: Miscellaneous Revenue) Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, revenue received from the sale of legal manuals and other publications, postal reimbursement, third party commercial driver license testing, photo copying, sale of miscellaneous refuse and recyclable materials, insurance claim receipts, and tuition from non-mandated, advanced, or specialized courses shall be retained by the department and expended in budgeted operations and other related services or programs as the Director of the Department of Motor Vehicles may deem necessary. The Department of Motor Vehicles shall report annually to the General Assembly the amount of miscellaneous revenue retained and carried forward. The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order. Proviso 66.5 - Sustained 66.5. (DMV: License Fees) Fees collected under Sections 56-5-2951 and 56-1-286 for supplying and maintaining video cameras in law enforcement vehicles used for traffic enforcement and the issuance of the alcohol restricted license, and those fees designated under Section 56-1-1320 to be used by the Department of Public Safety to hire, train, and equip members of the highway patrol and state transport police, shall be transferred to the Department of Public Safety. All fees collected to recover the costs of the production, purchase, handling and mailing of documents, publications, records, and data sets, and the revenues of fees imposed pursuant to Sections 56-1-170, 56-1-286, 56-1-390, 56-1-740, 56-1-745, 56-1-746, 56-5-750, 56-5-2951, 56-9-430, 56-10-260, and 56-10-270, but only the revenues of that portion of these fees that represents increases in the rate of these fees over rates in effect June 30, 2001, shall be transferred to the Department of Motor Vehicles to defray the expenses of the Department of Motor Vehicles. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 66.5 was ruled out of order. Proviso 66.6 - Sustained 66.6. (DMV: Expedited Documents and Records Upon Request) The Department of Motor Vehicles may collect a surcharge, not to exceed$20 per document, in addition to normal fees to expedite requests for copies of documents and records at the option of the requesting party. Requested documents or records will be available within 72 hours of receipt of the expedited request. Normal document and record processing time will be not more than 30 days. Funds derived from these sources shall be retained by the department. Nothing in this section may be construed as circumventing the requirements of Section 30-4-30 of the Freedom of Information Act for documents requested pursuant to Section 30-4-30.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 66.6 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 66.17 - Sustained
66.17. (DMV: Personalized License Plates) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 56-3-2010(B) of the 1976 Code, as amended, every personalized license plate issued to members of the General Assembly and members of the licensed state or federal commissions and boards expires January thirty-first each year.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 66.17 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 68A.8 - Sustained
68A.8. (DOT: Relax Design/Construction Standards Authority) In recognition of budgetary restraints, the Department of Transportation, its commission, officers and employees, are herewith granted the discretionary authority to relax design and construction standards for the current fiscal year, with respect to highway projects in the secondary state highway system, and the exercise of such discretionary authority to relax design and construction standards shall not give rise to any liability on the part of the department, its commission, officers and employees.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 68A.8 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 68A.13 - Sustained
68A.13. (DOT: Oversize and Overweight Permits) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the current fiscal year, the Department of Transportation may charge the following rates for Oversize and Overweight permits and licenses:
Single Trip $30.00 Excessive Width Over 16'$ 35.00
Excessive Width Over 18' $40.00 Excessive Width Over 20'$ 45.00
Excessive Width Over 22' $50.00 Multiple Trip (Annual)$ 100.00
House Moving License (Annual) $100.00 Superload Application (Non-Refundable)$ 100.00
Superload Engr Analysis Over 130,000 lbs. $100.00 Superload Engr Analysis Over 200,000 lbs.$ 200.00
Superload Engr Analysis Over 300,000 lbs. $350.00 Superload Impact Fee for Loads Over 130,000 lbs.$ 3.00/1,000 lbs.
Admin. Fee for Prorating Active Annual Permits $10.00 Admin. Fee for Road Machinery Permits$ 10.00.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 68A.13 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 72.6 - Overruled
72.6. (GOV: Governor's Office Budget) All other provisions of law notwithstanding, the Office of Executive Policy and Programs section, the Executive Control of State section and Mansion and Grounds section shall be treated as a single budget section for the purpose of transfers and budget reconciliation.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 73.1 - Withdrawn
73.1. (LTG: Personnel Administration Exemption) The staff of the Lieutenant Governor's Office who report directly to the Lieutenant Governor shall be exempt from the provisions of Article 3, Chapter 11, Title 8 of the 1976 Code of Laws, as amended. In addition, to the extent provided in proviso 72.61, the staff employees of the Lieutenant Governor's Office shall be exempt from the provisions of Article 5, Chapter 17, Title 8 of the 1976 Code of Laws, as amended, if those employees report directly to the Lieutenant Governor or report directly to a person who reports directly to the Lieutenant Governor.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 73.2 - Withdrawn
73.2. (LTG: Division on Aging Transfer) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the The duties, functions and responsibilities of the Division on Aging are transferred from the Department of Health and Human Services to the Office of the Lieutenant Governor as the Office on Aging. A director must be employed to be the administrator of the office.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 74.1 - Sustained
74.1. (SS: Charitable Funds Solicitation - Fire Dept/Rescue Squads) A fire department or rescue squad conducting or intending to conduct a professional solicitation of charitable funds may comply with the registration and fee requirements of Chapter 56, Title 33 of the 1976 Code if the local governing body having jurisdiction over that department or squad and other departments or squads in its area singly registers the multiple departments or squads annually and pays a single annual registration fee to the Secretary of State of fifty dollars pursuant to Section 33-56-30. The single annual registration and fee payment of fifty dollars effectively registers all fire departments and rescue squads within the jurisdiction of the local governing body.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 74.1 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 76.6 - Sustained
76.6. (TREAS: Unclaimed Property) Notwithstanding Section 27-18-190(A) the State Treasurer shall only be required to publish a notice not later than April thirtieth of the year immediately following the report required by Section 27-18-180 by electronic means in this State or at least once in a newspaper of general circulation in the county of this State in which is located the last known address of any person named in the notice.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 76.6 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 76.8 - Sustained
76.8. (TREAS: Electronic Publication of Financial Institutions Cash) Notwithstanding Section 11-5-120, the State Treasurer shall publish quarterly, by electronic means and in a manner that allows for public review, a statement showing the amount of money on hand and in what financial institution it is deposited and the respective funds to which it belongs.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 76.8 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 80A.9 - Withdrawn
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Proviso 80A.14 - Sustained
80A.14. (BCB: Higher Education Salary Limit Exemption) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 8-11-165 of the Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1976, as amended, higher education technical colleges, colleges and universities shall be exempt from the requirement that the salaries of employees shall not exceed ninety-five percent of the midpoint of the agency head salary range or the agency head actual salary, whichever is greater.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 80A.14 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 80A.19 - Sustained
80A.19. (BCB: Mandatory Furlough) Notwithstanding Section 8-11-195 of the 1976 Code, or any other provision of law, in a fiscal year in which the general funds appropriated for a state agency, institution, or department are less than the general funds appropriated for that state agency, institution, or department in Fiscal Year 2001-02, or whenever the General Assembly or the Budget and Control Board implements an across-the-board budget reduction, agency heads may institute employee furlough programs of not more than ten working days in the fiscal year in which the deficit is projected to occur. The furlough must be inclusive of all employees in an agency or within a designated department or program regardless of source of funds or place of work. The furlough must include all classified and unclassified employees in the designated area. If the furlough includes the entire agency, the furlough must include the agency head. Scheduling of furlough days, or portions of days, shall be at the discretion of the agency head, but under no circumstances should the agency close completely. During this furlough, affected employees shall be entitled to participate in the same state benefits as otherwise available to them except for receiving their salaries. As to those benefits that which require employer and employee contributions, including but not limited to contributions to the South Carolina Retirement System or the optional retirement program, the state agencies, institutions, and departments will be responsible for making both employer and employee contributions if coverage would otherwise be interrupted; and as to those benefits which require only employee contributions, the employee remains solely responsible for making those contributions. Placement of an employee on furlough under this provision does not constitute a grievance or appeal under the State Employee Grievance Procedure Act. In the event the reduction for the state agency, institution, or department is due solely to the General Assembly transferring or deleting a program, this provision does not apply. The implementation of a furlough program authorized by this provision shall be on an agency-by-agency basis. Agencies may allocate the employee's reduction in pay over the balance of the fiscal year for payroll purposes regardless of the pay period within which the furlough occurs. The Budget and Control Board shall promulgate guidelines and policies, as necessary, to implement the provisions of this proviso. State agencies shall report information regarding furloughs to the Office of Human Resources of the Budget and Control Board.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 80A.19 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 80A.27 - Overruled
80A.27. (BCB: Antenna and Tower Placement) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all leases for antenna and tower operations within institutions of higher learning campuses must conform to the present and any future master plans for such property, as determined solely by the institution of higher learning.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 81.10 - Sustained
81.10. (DOR: Temporary Permits) Temporary permits issued by the Department of Revenue pursuant to Section 61-6-2010 may be issued in all parts of a municipality when any part of the municipality has been approved for the issuance of such permits.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 81.10 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 81.14 - Overruled
81.14. (DOR: Rural Infrastructure Fund Transfer) Notwithstanding Section 12-10-85, the Department of Revenue is authorized to deposit revenues from the Rural Infrastructure Fund in excess of $12 million dollars to the Rural Infrastructure Bank Trust Fund under the Budget and Control Board, Office of Local Government. Any revenues in excess of$17 million shall be deposited in the Rural Infrastructure Fund under the Department of Commerce, Coordinating Council.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 89.16 - Sustained
89.16. (GP: Residency Preference) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, when a vacancy occurs in a state agency, other than institutions of higher education, or when an agency acts to fill a new position, the agency shall give preference to residents of this State, if the two are equally qualified for the vacancy or new position.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
Proviso 89.16 was ruled out of order.
Proviso 89.24 - Overruled
89.24. (GP: Travel Spouse of Governor & Lt. Governor) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the spouses of the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor of the State are authorized to receive reimbursement of actual expenses when accompanying the Governor or the Lieutenant Governor on official state business.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
Proviso 89.62 - Withdrawn
89.62. (GP: Fee for Motions Disbursement) For the current fiscal year, the revenue collected pursuant to Section 8-21-320 of the 1976 Code shall be distributed by the State Treasurer in the following manner: (1) The first $450,000 of these funds must be transferred to the Prosecution Coordination Commission. The funds shall be distributed equally to the third, fourth, and eleventh judicial circuits to fund drug courts. (2) Any remaining funds must be transferred to the Judicial Department for operating purposes. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn. Proviso 89.65 - Sustained 89.65. (GP: Endangered Species License Plates) The Department of Motor Vehicles shall issue a series of special commemorative motor vehicle license plates for use by the owner on his private passenger motor vehicle for the purposes of the "Non-game Wildlife and Natural Areas Fund" provided in Section 50-1-280. The special fee for the commemorative license plate is thirty dollars and this amount must be placed in the fund. This fee is in addition to the regular motor vehicle registration fee set forth in Article 5, Chapter 3 of Title 56. The commemorative plate must be of the same size and general design of regular motor vehicle license plates and must be imprinted with the words "South Carolina Protects Endangered Species." The plates must be issued or revalidated for a biennial period, which expires twenty-four months from the month they are issued. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 89.65 was ruled out of order. Proviso 89.84 - Sustained 89.84. (GP: Workers' Compensation for Voluntary Constables) For the current fiscal year, a voluntary constable appointed pursuant to Section 23-1-60, of the 1976 Code, as amended, must be included under the provisions of the workers' compensation laws only while performing duties in connection with his appointment and as authorized by the State Law Enforcement Division. The workers' compensation premiums for these constables must be paid from the funds appropriated for this purpose upon warrant of the Chief of the State Law Enforcement Division. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. Proviso 89.84 was ruled out of order. Proviso 89.110 - Previously Sustained on April 15, 2008 89.110. (GP: Printed Graphic Materials Surcharge) For the current fiscal year in addition to all other taxes collected on printed materials, any entity that sells adult entertainment printed materials depicting frontal nudity shall collect a surcharge equivalent to twenty percent of the cost of such printed material sold by the entity and shall remit these funds to the Department of Revenue. Frontal nudity is defined as exposure of any genitalia or exposure of the entire breast of women in a manner that a reasonable/average person applying contemporary community standards would find to be a lascivious exhibition. Adult entertainment printed materials means those materials printed or published with a substantial purpose that is the sale or distribution of sexually explicit matter and that is prohibited to persons under the age of 18. Adult entertainment printed materials shall not include printed materials where the primary purpose or publication is for educational value or any purpose other than adult entertainment. The Department of Revenue shall provide collection and remittance procedures for this surcharge. All revenue collected under this provision must be transferred to the Department of Probation Parole and Pardon Services, and the department shall receive, expend, and carry forward these funds for use in their sex offender monitoring program or other programs as needed. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order on April 15, 2008. Proviso 89.110 was ruled out of order. Proviso 90.12 - Withdrawn 90.12. (SR: Health and Human Services Funding) The source of funds appropriated in this provision is$96,209,474 of Department of Health and Human Services general fund appropriations, carry forward funds and earmarked and restricted special revenue fund accounts.
Of these funds, the department is directed to disburse the following Department of Health and Human Services appropriations for the purposes stated:
A. Medicaid Maintenance of Effort $29,000,000; B. Institutes for Mental Disease Transition$ 13,000,000;
C. 300 Slots for Community Choices Waiver $1,250,000; D. Personal Care III & Attendant II Rate Increases$ 500,000;
E. Rural Hospital Grants $3,000,000; F. Federally Qualified Community Health Centers$ 700,000;and
G. MUSC Disproportionate Share $5,000,000. The$5,000,000 appropriated for Disproportionate Share directed to the Department of Health and Human Services on behalf of the Medical University of South Carolina Hospital Authority under Title 59, Section 59-123-60(I) shall be transferred to the Medical University Hospital Authority within the first quarter of the state fiscal year. Of these funds $600,000 shall be transferred to the Cancer Center for screening, prevention, and research. The remaining funds shall initially be used as match funds for the hospital's disproportionate share and other Medicaid reimbursement programs as prescribed under paragraph (I). Of these funds the department is further directed to transfer the following amounts to the specified agencies for the purposes stated: A. Department of Health and Environmental Control 1) AIDS Drug Assistance Program$ 2,400,000;
2) SUPERB Fund $2,000,000; 3) Best Chance Network$ 2,000,000;
4) Colorectal Screening $1,000,000; 5) Vaccine Purchases for Under-Insured Children & Adolescents$ 2,397,192;
B. Department of Mental Health
Maintenance of Effort-Base Program/Service Maintenance $5,349,808; C. Department of Disabilities and Special Needs 1) Rehabilitation Services$ 2,253,000;
2) Pervasive Developmental Disorder Waiver $4,500,000; 3) Community Support$ 3,000,000;
4) Greenwood Genetics Center $3,500,000; D. Department of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services 1) Alcohol Enforcement Teams$ 500,000;
2) Adolescent Prevention & Treatment Aid to Entities $1,000,000; E. Department of Social Services 1) Child Support Enforcement System$ 9,000,000;
2) Annualization of Recurring Services
a) Adoption Subsidy $2,000,000; b) Child Care Vouchers$ 2,609,474;
F. School for the Deaf and the Blind
Classroom Refurbishing and Equipment $150,000; and G. Governor's Office of Executive Policy and Programs Children's Trust Fund$ 100,000.
The department is prohibited from using Fiscal Year 2007-08 carry forward funds attributable to the Children's Health Insurance Program or Fiscal Year 2008-09 recurring appropriations for the Children's Health Insurance Program to fund any of the allocations contained in this provision.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Point of Order was withdrawn.
Motion to Table Amendment No. 53 Reconsidered
Amendment Nos. 53 and 58 Incorporated Into Amendment No. 70 and Adopted
Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator KNOTTS moved to reconsider the vote whereby Amendment No. 53 was tabled.
The motion was adopted to reconsider the vote whereby Amendment No. 53 was tabled.
The question then was the adoption of Amendment No. 53.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 5:12 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion that Senators GROOMS and CEIPS be granted leave to attend a meeting, be counted in any quorum calls and be granted leave to be given time to return to the Chamber for any roll call votes.
There was no objection.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Objection
At 5:42 P.M., with Senator RYBERG retaining the floor, Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion that the Senate stand in recess for five minutes.
Senator KNOTTS objected.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
RECESS
At 5:43 P.M., with Senator RYBERG retaining the floor, on motion of Senator HUTTO, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business not to exceed five minutes.
At 5:52 P.M., the Senate resumed.
Motion Under Rule 15A Withdrawn
At 5:52 P.M., Senator LEATHERMAN moved under the provisions of Rule 15A to set a time certain to vote on the entire matter of H. 4800, the General Appropriations Bill at 6:07 p.m.
Call of the Senate
Senator SHEHEEN asked unanimous consent to make a motion that a Call of the Senate be made.
Senator RYBERG objected.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
RECESS
At 6:06 P.M., with Senator RYBERG retaining the floor, on motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the Senate receded from business.
At 7:01 P.M., the Senate resumed.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 7:01 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
At 7:02 P.M., the time had arrived to vote on the motion under Rule 15A.
Call of the Senate
Senator LEATHERMAN moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campbell Campsen Ceips
Cleary Courson Cromer
Elliott Fair Ford
Grooms Hawkins Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin
Massey Matthews McConnell
McGill O'Dell Patterson
Peeler Pinckney Rankin
Ritchie Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Short
Verdin Williams
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, with unanimous consent, the motion under Rule 15A was withdrawn.
Senator CLEARY asked unanimous consent to make a motion to add Georgetown County to Amendment No. 58, which was incorporated into Amendment No. 70.
There was no objection and Amendment No. 58 was amended.
Senator SHEHEEN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to add Chesterfield County to Amendment No. 58, which was incorporated into Amendment No. 70.
There was no objection and Amendment No. 58 was amended.
Objection
Senator HUTTO asked unanimous consent to make a motion to add Orangeburg County to Amendment No. 58.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
Objection
Senator MASSEY asked unanimous consent to make a motion to add Edgefield, McCormick, Saluda and Aiken Counties to Amendment No. 58.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
Objection
Senator ANDERSON asked unanimous consent to make a motion to add Greenville County to Amendment No. 58.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
Objection
Senator LEVENTIS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to add Sumter County to Amendment No. 58.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
The Senate resumed consideration of the adoption of Amendment No. 53.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator RYBERG moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 18; Nays 23
AYES
Anderson Bryant Fair
Hawkins Hutto Leventis
Malloy Massey Matthews
Patterson Peeler Ritchie
Ryberg Setzler Sheheen
Short Verdin Williams
Total--18
NAYS
Alexander Campbell Campsen
Ceips Cleary Courson
Cromer Elliott Ford
Grooms Hayes Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Lourie Martin McConnell
McGill O'Dell Pinckney
Rankin Scott
Total--23
The Senate refused to table Amendment No. 53. The question then was the adoption of the amendment.
Senator RYBERG was recognized to speak on the amendment.
Objection
Senator FORD asked unanimous consent to make a motion, with Senator RYBERG retaining the floor, that the Senate stand in recess until 9:00 P.M.
Senator HUTTO objected.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Leave of Absence
At 7:23 P.M., Senator CEIPS requested a leave of absence from 7:30 - 9:30 P.M. this evening.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Provisions of Rule 3B Invoked
Senator LEATHERMAN moved to invoke the provisions of Rule 3B to send for the absent members.
At 7:26 P.M., Rule 3B was invoked.
The Sergeant-at-Arms was directed to send for the absent members.
Motion Under Rule 15A Failed
At 7:27 P.M., Senator MARTIN moved under the provisions of Rule 15A to set a time certain to vote on the entire matter of H. 4800, the General Appropriations Bill.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
At 7:46 P.M., the time had arrived to vote on the motion under Rule 15A.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 21; Nays 20
AYES
Alexander Campbell Campsen
Ceips Courson Cromer
Elliott Fair Ford
Grooms Hawkins Hayes
Jackson Knotts Leatherman
Martin McConnell O'Dell
Pinckney Rankin Scott
Total--21
NAYS
Anderson Bryant Cleary
Hutto Land Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
Matthews McGill Patterson
Peeler Ritchie Ryberg
Setzler Sheheen Short
Verdin Williams
Total--20
Having failed to receive the necessary vote, the motion under Rule 15A failed.
Provisions of Rule 3B Rescinded
Senator MARTIN moved to rescind Rule 3B.
At 7:55 P.M., Rule 3B was rescinded.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Senator MALLOY moved that the Senate stand adjourned.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order that the motion to adjourn was out of order inasmuch as the Senator did not have the floor.
The PRESIDENT stated that the motion that the Senate stand adjourned required unanimous consent inasmuch as another Senator had the floor.
Senator MARTIN objected to the motion to adjourn.
Leave of Absence
At 7:56 P.M., Senator MALLOY requested a leave of absence beginning at 7:55 P.M. until tomorrow morning at 10:00 A.M.
There was no objection.
Leave of Absence
At 7:56 P.M., Senator HAWKINS requested a leave of absence beginning at 7:55 P.M. until tomorrow morning at 10:00 A.M.
There was no objection.
Leave of Absence
At 7:56 P.M., Senator COURSON requested a leave of absence beginning at 7:55 P.M. until tomorrow morning at 10:00 A.M.
There was no objection.
Objection
At 7:56 P.M., Senator WILLIAMS requested a leave of absence beginning at 7:55 P.M. until tomorrow morning at 10:00 A.M.
Senator KNOTTS objected.
Objection
At 7:56 P.M., Senator PATTERSON requested a leave of absence beginning at 7:55 P.M. until tomorrow morning at 10:00 A.M.
Senator KNOTTS objected.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES
At 8:40 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 8:50 P.M., Senator RITCHIE assumed the Chair.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
Objection
With Senator RYBERG retaining the floor, Senator SHEHEEN asked unanimous consent to make a motion that the Senate stand in recess not to exceed fifteen minutes.
Senator SETZLER objected.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 9:21 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 9:35 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
Senator RYBERG argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
With Senator RYBERG retaining the floor, Senator McCONNELL asked unanimous consent to make a motion to incorporate Amendments No. 53 and 58A into Amendment No. 70 and take up Amendment No. 70 for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
Amendment No. 70
Senators HAYES and McCONNELL proposed the following Amendment No. 70 (4800R015.RWH.DOC), which was adopted (#27):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 1, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, page 376, by striking paragraph 1.71 and inserting:
/ 1.71. (SDE: Education Finance Act Reserve Fund) (A) There is created in the State Treasury a fund separate and distinct from the General Fund of the State and all other funds entitled the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund. All unexpended general funds appropriated to the Department of Education for the Education Finance Act in the current fiscal year shall be transferred to the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund. In the event that the amount appropriated for the Education Finance Act is insufficient to fully fund the base student cost as established by this act, revenues from the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund may be used to supplement the funds appropriated. The General Assembly may make direct appropriations to this fund. All unexpended funds in the Education Finance Act Reserve Fund and any interest accrued by the fund must remain in the fund and may be carried forward into the current fiscal year.
(B) The Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State is projected to receive less state EFA Employer Contribution Funds than the prior fiscal year. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds to compensate for one-half the difference that any district is projected to receive as compared to the prior fiscal year. The department must use these funds to supplement the school district's monthly disbursement of state EFA Employer Contribution Funds so that the district's monthly disbursement is equivalent to the prior fiscal year. The disbursement to each district must be based on that district's percentage of the aggregate variance of all school districts affected. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for the difference unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty-five day student count and the one hundred thirty-five day fund student count.
(C) After the obligations in (B) have been met, the Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State is projected to receive less in total state EFA and EFA Reserve Funds than the prior fiscal year. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds to compensate for one-half the difference that any district is projected to receive as compared to the prior fiscal from the combination of the total EFA and EFA Reserve Funds. The disbursement to each district must be based on that district's percentage of the aggregate variance of all school districts affected. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for the difference unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty-five day student count and the one hundred thirty-five day fund student count.
(D) After the obligations in (B) and (C) have been met the Department of Education must notify the State Treasurer in the event that any school district in this State has experienced growth in the number of Weighted Pupil Units from the second preceding year's final one hundred thirty-five day student count as compared to the prior fiscal year's one hundred thirty-five day student count. Upon notification, the Treasurer must disburse to the Department of Education a sufficient amount of reserve funds equal to five percent of the current year's appropriated base student cost for the aggregate increased weighted pupil units for all the identified districts that exceed the statewide average Weighted Pupil Unit growth from the second preceding year's final one hundred thirty-five day student count as compared to the prior fiscal year's one hundred thirty-five day student count. An identified district must be disbursed an amount equal to the district's percentage of the aggregate increase of all districts that experienced an applicable increase, to include the schools districts of Georgetown and Chesterfield counties. The Treasurer is not required to disburse reserve funds to compensate for growth unless funds are available based on the prior year's audited one hundred thirty-five day student count and unexpended general funds appropriated for the Education Finance Act as adjusted by the current fiscal year's forty-five day student count and the one hundred thirty five day fund student count.
(E) Disbursements required by this section must made in priority order as provided by this section and must not exceed 12,000,000 in the aggregate. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. 53 was withdrawn. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. 58 was withdrawn. Sense of the Senate Motion Adopted Senator HUTTO moved that it be the Sense of the Senate prior to the debate on the 2009-2010 General Appropriations Bill the Senate address the issue of public education funding formulas and inequities so that the Senate does not attempt to redirect monies to specific school districts at the expense of all school districts during the floor debate of next year's budget. The Sense of the Senate motion was adopted. Sense of the Senate Motion Adopted Senator RYBERG moved that it be the Sense of the Senate that any General Fund Surplus certified by the Comptroller General following the close of the Fiscal Year 2008 should be appropriated in the following order of priority: safety provisions for law enforcement agency personnel, tourism promotion and the Department of Commerce closing fund. The Sense of the Senate motion was adopted. Amendment No. 65 Senator PEELER proposed the following Amendment No. 65 (4800R012.HSP.DOC), which was adopted (#23): Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 1A, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION - EIA, page 390, paragraph 1A.47 is amended to read: / 1A.47. (SDE-EIA: EAA Summer School, Grades 3-8) Funds appropriated for summer school shall be allocated to each local public school district based on the number of academic subject area scores below the basic on the prior year Spring PACT administration for students in grades three through eight and on the number of students entering ninth grade who score below proficient in reading. Individual student scores on the PACT shall not be the sole criterion used to determine whether a student on an academic plan the prior year will be placed on probation or retained. Individual student scores on the PACT shall not be the sole criterion for requiring students to attend summer school. School districts may consider other factors such as student performance, teacher judgment, and social, emotional, and physical development in placing students on academic probation or requiring summer school attendance. Students may not be placed on academic probation or retained based solely on the PACT scores. The State Department of Education working with the Education Oversight Committee must develop a method to supplement the PACT with diagnostic training and materials aligned to the content standards. Current year appropriations may be expended for prior year EAA summer school purposes. Local public school districts shall utilize these funds in accordance with the requirements of Section 59-18-500 of the 1976 Code. The State Department of Education is directed to utilize PACT-like tests aligned with standards to be administered to students on academic probation required to attend summer school. The test shall be a determinate in judging whether the student has the skills to succeed at the next grade level. The State Board of Education shall establish regulations to define the extenuating circumstances including death of an immediate family member or severe long-term student illness, under which the requirements of Section 59-18-900(D) may be waived. Furthermore, the Department of Education, working with and through the SC Afterschool Alliance, will provide250,000 to produce a model of voluntary quality standards for out-of-school time programs, develop a directory of technical assistance, and identify gaps of service.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend sections, totals and title to conform.
Senator PEELER explained the amendment.
Amendment No. 49
Senators LEATHERMAN, McCONNELL and RANKIN proposed the following Amendment No. 49 (DAD 19.4 BROADBAND.DOC), which was adopted (#24):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 19, EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION COMMISSION, page 409, paragraph 19.4, by striking lines 2-3 in their entirety, and by inserting / The commission shall elect its chairman and vice-chairman at the first meeting of the commission. The appointee of the President Pro Tempore of the Senate shall call an organizational meeting for the purpose of electing officers and other matters that may arise. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IB, page 409, paragraph 19.4, lines 22-23, striking / The commission must take appropriate steps to obtain the maximum lease payments possible given the relevant market considerations. /
and by inserting: / In determining any service requirements to impose on potential lessees, the commission must consider the costs and benefits, both monetary and societal, that would be borne by or inure to the public at large, as well as the public to be served. Because broadband service may be provided using a number of different technologies, each of which has unique characteristics and advantages, the commission, in developing its recommended service requirements, must consider the costs and benefits of all methods available to deploy broadband services throughout the State, including wireline, wireless technologies utilizing other bands of the spectrum, or satellite. The commission must not impose any pricing requirements on lessees and must take steps to ensure that the state's assets are not made available to a private broadband service provider to subsidize a private company's competitive service offerings. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IB, page 410, paragraph 19.4, lines 6-12, by striking / The Budget and Control Board is authorized and directed to pay for any expenses of the commission incurred in the performance of its responsibilities, including but not limited to the cost of professional assistance, up to an aggregate amount not to exceed $750,000. The Executive Director of the Budget and Control Board is authorized to expend and use such sources of agency funds as the director determines, including the dormant Funded Debt Sinking Fund. In addition to any other carry forward allowed by law, the Budget and Control Board is specially authorized to carry forward from Fiscal Year 2007-08 into Fiscal Year 2008-09 unspent general fund appropriations in the maximum amount it may be required to expend in support of the commission and its activities. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator LEATHERMAN explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. Amendment No. 50 Senator SHEHEEN proposed the following Amendment No. 50 (DAD DOT SMARTRIDE.DOC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 68A, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, page 490, after line 21, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read: / (DOT: SmartRide) From any funds appropriated to or authorized for the Department of Transportation, the department is directed to continue to provide the SmartRide service for the Camden and Newberry areas in the current fiscal year. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator SHEHEEN explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Recorded Vote Senators SHEHEEN, LOURIE, VERDIN and CROMER desired to be recorded as voting against the motion to table the amendment. Amendment No. 67 Senator RITCHIE proposed the following Amendment No. 67 (DAD 80A.9 RESTORE.DOC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 510, paragraph 80A.9, by striking the proviso in its entirety, lines 6 - 27 and inserting / 80A.9. (BCB: Compensation - Agency Head Salary) Notwithstanding any other provision of law in In the event of an agency head or technical or community college president vacancy, the governing board of the agency or the Governor, or the appointing authority if of a technical or community college president, must have the prior favorable recommendation of the Agency Head Salary Commission to set, discuss or offer a salary for the agency head or technical or community college president at a rate that exceeds the minimum of the range established by the Agency Head Salary Commission. The Budget & Control Board shall have final approval authority for agency head and technical college president salaries. However, the agency head salary of the Department of Insurance shall be in accordance with the line item specification in Section 62 of Part IA, and shall be effective on the effective date of this Act. Boards and commissions of newly created agencies shall not offer a salary to a prospective agency head until a salary range has been established and the salary approved by the Agency Head Salary Commission. The funding for such purpose should come from resources within the agency. The Budget & Control Board shall contract every four years for a study of agency head and technical or community college president compensation during the current year. The cost of the study must be shared by the participating agencies. The Agency Head Salary Commission shall recommend to the Budget & Control Board salary increases for agency heads and technical college presidents. No agency head or technical or community college president shall be paid less than the minimum of the salary pay range nor receive an increase that would have the effect of raising the salary above the maximum of the pay range. Funding must be provided for an amount equivalent to the pay increase for all classified employees. Any remaining increases recommended by the Agency Head Salary Commission shall be funded from the individual agency budget. All increases shall be effective on or after January 1, of the current fiscal year. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator RITCHIE explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 69 Senator RITCHIE proposed the following Amendment No. 69 (DAD 80A.47 RITCHIE.DOC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, page 518, paragraph 80A.47, by striking lines 30-36, and page 519, by striking lines 1-2 and by inserting: / 3. With respect to agency heads covered by the Agency Head Salary Commission, the Agency Head Salary Commission shall recommend to the Budget and Control Board salary increases for agency heads. Agency head increases shall be effective on the first pay date that occurs on or after January 1 of the current fiscal year. No agency head shall be paid less than the minimum of the pay increase range nor receive a salary increase that would have the effect of raising the salary above the maximum of the pay range. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator RITCHIE explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 10 Senators COURSON, DRUMMOND, CAMPSEN, McCONNELL, HUTTO, MARTIN, CLEARY, LOURIE, SHEHEEN, ALEXANDER, McGILL, GROOMS, GREGORY, CEIPS, CAMPBELL, MATTHEWS, ANDERSON, BRYANT, CROMER, ELLIOTT, FAIR, FORD, HAWKINS, HAYES, JACKSON, KNOTTS, LAND, LEATHERMAN, LEVENTIS, MALLOY, MASSEY, O'DELL, PATTERSON, PEELER, PINCKNEY, RANKIN, REESE, RITCHIE, RYBERG, SCOTT, SETZLER, SHORT, THOMAS, VAUGHN, VERDIN and WILLIAMS proposed the following Amendment No. 10 (DGDEEDTRANSFER.DOC), which was adopted (#25): Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IB, Section 90, STATEWIDE REVENUE, page 575, after line 11, by adding an appropriately numbered paragraph to read: / (SR: Transfer of Deed) For fiscal year 2008-2009, Section 48-59-75 is suspended. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator LEATHERMAN explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. Amendment No. 41 Senators LEATHERMAN, PEELER, GROOMS, SETZLER, McGILL, ALEXANDER, CAMPBELL, DRUMMOND, HAWKINS, WILLIAMS, ELLIOTT, FAIR, SCOTT, HAYES, HUTTO, CEIPS, CLEARY, PATTERSON, MATTHEWS, LAND, LEVENTIS, ANDERSON, GREGORY, COURSON, JACKSON, REESE, RANKIN, CROMER, LOURIE, KNOTTS, MALLOY, CAMPSEN, FORD, McCONNELL, O'DELL, PINCKNEY, RITCHIE, SHEHEEN, SHORT, THOMAS, VAUGHN and VERDIN proposed the following Amendment No. 41 (DAD PAY PLAN.DOC), which was adopted (#26): Amend the bill, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 80C, B&C BD-EMPLOYEE BENEFITS, page 329, line 20, opposite /Employee Pay Plan by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 2,065,874 1,121,874 and INSERTING: 22,065,874 21,121,874/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IA, Section 80C, page 329, line 25, opposite /OPEB Trust Fund Payment/ by: COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 / STRIKING: 25,400,000 25,400,000 and INSERTING: 5,400,000 5,400,000/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, Part IB, page 518, Section 80A, BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, paragraph 80A.47, lines 21 and 26, and page 519, lines 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 14 by striking all references to / 0% / and by inserting / 1% / Renumber sections to conform. Amend sections, totals and title to conform. Senator LEATHERMAN explained the amendment. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the amendment be adopted. The amendment was adopted. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG, BRYANT and CEIPS desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Bill. Statement by Senators RYBERG and BRYANT We voted against H. 4800, the annual Appropriations Bill, because in a year of a shortfall of hundreds of millions of dollars, this Bill appropriated tens of millions of dollars to special projects while simultaneously cutting state agencies by more than 4%. The across the board cut of all state agencies, furthermore, reflects the complete lack of courage to prioritize the functions of state government and appropriate for them accordingly. Finally, the budget shortfall we find ourselves in resulted from the uncontrolled and irresponsible spending of the last several years. The General Assembly failed, in those years, to lay the foundation to withstand years like this one inasmuch as it spent nearly every dime it received and applied hundreds of millions of dollars in one time revenue to annual programs. We oppose this budget and the method by which it has been constructed. Statement by Senator CEIPS I voted against H. 4800, the General Appropriations Bill, because of a lack of funding for the Beaufort County Schools. Statement by Senator HAWKINS Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission, the Ethics Commission, the Administrative Law Court, the Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, the Probation, Parole and Pardon Services and the Department of Motor Vehicles. Statement by Senator LAND Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission. Statement by Senator HUTTO Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission, the Department of Motor Vehicles, the Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, the Employment Security Commission, the Administrative Law Court and DHEC. Statement by Senator RANKIN Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission. Statement by Senator HAYES Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission. Statement by Senator MALLOY Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission, the Department of Motor Vehicles, Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, the Employment Security Commission, the Administrative Law Court and DHEC. Statement by Senator RITCHIE Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Insurance Reserve Fund. Statement by Senator SHEHEEN Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission, the Department of Motor Vehicles, the Dept. of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, the Employment Security Commission, the Administrative Law Court and DHEC. Statement by Senator THOMAS Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on any matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission each year since obtaining a law license. Statement by Senator MASSEY Under the provisions of Section 8-13-745, S. C. Code of Laws, I abstained from consideration of and voting on matters pertaining to the Workers' Compensation Commission. COMMITTEE AMENDMENT ADOPTED READ THE SECOND TIME H. 4801 (Word version) -- Ways and Means Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROPRIATE MONIES FROM THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND FOR FISCAL YEAR 2007-2008. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Resolution, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance. Senator LEATHERMAN explained the committee amendment. The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (BBM\10508HTC08), which was adopted: Amend the joint resolution, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. In accordance with the provisions of Article III, Section 36(B)(2) and (3), Constitution of South Carolina, 1895, and Section 11-11-320(C) and (D) of the 1976 Code, there is appropriated from the monies available in the Capital Reserve Fund for Fiscal Year 2007-2008 the following amounts: (1) Department of Education Public School Child Development Education Pilot Program 10,542,225 (2) Election Commission General Election 2008 3,125,000 (3) Department of Education School Bus Operations 20,853,307 Total$34,520,532
SECTION 2. The Comptroller General shall post the appropriations contained in this joint resolution as provided in Section 11-11-320(D) of the 1976 Code. Unexpended funds appropriated pursuant to this joint resolution may be carried forward to succeeding fiscal years and expended for the same purpose.
SECTION 3. This joint resolution takes effect thirty days after the completion of the 2007-2008 fiscal year in accordance with the provisions of Article III, Section 36(B)(3)(a), Constitution of South Carolina, 1895, and Section 11-11-320(D)(1) of the 1976 Code. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
There being no further amendments, the Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 4801--Ordered to a Third Reading
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, with unanimous consent, H. 4801 was ordered to receive a third reading on Thursday, April 17, 2008.
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EPRI Electric Power Research Institute Keywords: Nitrogen oxides Combustion control Denitrification Flue gas treatment Fossil fuel boilers EPRI GS-7447 Volume 2 Project 2154 Proceedings November 1991 Proceedings: 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control Volume 2 ------- REPORT SUMMARY Proceedings: 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control Volumes 1 and 2 Proceedings of this 1991 symposium, sixth in a biennial series on NOX control, provide an overview of current NOX control activities. The 66 presentations in these two volumes contribute significantly to the development of cost-effective and reliable control systems for fossil- fuel-fired power plants. INTEREST CATEGORY Fossil plant air quality control KEYWORDS Nitrogen oxides Combustion control Denitrification Flue gas treatment Fossil fuel boilers OBJECTIVE To foster an international exchange of information on developments in NOX control technologies for stationary combustion processes. APPROACH EPA and EPRI cosponsored the sixth joint NOX control symposium, held March 25-28, 1991, in Washington, D.C. Approximately 500 representatives of electric utilities, equipment vendors, R&D groups, and government agencies heard 66 speakers report on control of NOX emissions from stationary combustion processes. Reports focused on developments since the 1989 symposium that per- tain to electric utility power plants and other stationary combustion sources. They described progress in combustion technologies, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR). KEY POINTS • R&D in the United States to reduce NOX emissions from conventional pulverized- coal-fired boilers is oriented mainly toward retrofit combustion modifications. Low NOX burners (LNBs) with or without the addition of overfire air (OFA) continue to be the preferred approach, both economically and technically, for tangentially fired and wall-fired units. Reburning remains the only widely discussed option for cyclone boilers. • Demonstrations of full-scale retrofit LNB and LNB/OFA systems have increased considerably in the past two years. The trend in these demonstrations is toward increasing staging of air and fuel. With controls, emission levels (short-term mea- surements) for tangentially fired boilers are commonly 0.30 to 0.50 Ib/MBtu, and those for wall-fired boilers range from 0.45 to 0.60 Ib/MBtu. Continuously achiev- able levels would be higher. • Many presentations suggested that the maximum NOX reduction achievable with- out significantly affecting boiler operations depends on fuel characteristics, specifi- cally on reactivity, nitrogen content, and fineness. A number of speakers reported increases in unburned carbon (UBC) in fly ash when using combustion modifica- tion techniques to control NOX. The increase depends on the above properties and the amount of staging. Except for high-reactivity coals, UBC increases ranged from 2 to 5%. • SNCR technologies using NH3 or aqueous urea are receiving increased attention in the United States and Europe. Full-scale tests indicate that NOX emission reduc- tions up to 50% are possible with NH3 slip below 5 to 10 ppm. Optimization of EPRI GS-7447S Vols. 1 and 2 Electric Power Research Institute ------- reagent mixing at 1700 to 1900°F and accurate temperature measure- ments are critical in obtaining these results. • Experience with SCR reported by one utility in Germany indicates no significant catalyst activity decrease, attainment of design NOX reduction levels (75 to 80%), and control over NH3 slip, usually to less than 1 ppm. • Retrofit capital costs for SCR on a conventional coal-fired boiler in the United States are estimated at approximately $100/kW. Operating costs are estimated at 5 to 7 mills/kWh and are dominated by catalyst replace- ment costs. PROJECT RP2154 Project Manager: Angelos Kokkinos Generation and Storage Division For further information on EPRI research programs, call EPRI Technical Information Specialists (415) 855-2411. ------- DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS REPORT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS REPORT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS REPORT. ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS REPORT: ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE Printed on Recycled Paper Proceedings: 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control Volume 2 GS-7447, Volume 2 Proceedings, November 1991 March 25-28, 1991 Washington, D.C. Symposium Cochairpersons A. Kokkinos ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE R. Hall U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air and Energy Research Laboratory Combustion Research Branch Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 EPA Branch Chief R. Hall Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, California 94304 EPRI Project Manager A. Kokkinos Air Quality Control Program Generation and Storage Division ------- Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of Electric Power Research Institute, Inc Copyright -" 1991 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc All rights reserved ORDERING INFORMATION Requests for copies of this report should be directed to Research Reports Center (RRC), Box 50490, Palo Alto, CA 94303, (415) 965-4081. There is no charge for reports requested by EPRI member utilities and affiliates, U.S. utility associations, U.S. government agencies (federal, state, and local), media, and foreign organizations with which EPRI has an information exchange agreement On request, RRC will send a catalog of EPRI reports. ------- ABSTRACT The 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control was held in Washington, D.C., March 25-28, 1991. Jointly sponsored by EPRI and EPA, the symposium was the sixth in a biennial series devoted to the international exchange of information on recent technological and regulatory developments for stationary combustion NOX control. Topics covered included the significant increase in active full-scale retrofit demonstrations of low-NOx combustion systems in the United States and abroad over the past two years; full-scale operating experience in Europe with selective catalytic reduction (SCR); pilot- and bench-scale SCR investigations in the United States; increased attention on selective noncatalytic reduction in the United States; and NOX controls for oil- and gas- fired boilers. The symposium proceedings are published in two volumes. ------- PREFACE The 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control was held March 25-28, 1991, in Washington, D.C. Jointly sponsored by EPRI and EPA, the symposium was the sixth in a biennial series devoted to the international exchange of information regarding recent technological and regulatory developments pertaining to stationary combustion NOX control. Topics discussed included the significant increase in active full-scale retrofit demonstrations of Iow-N0x combustion systems in the United States and abroad over the past two years; full-scale operating experience in Europe with selective catalytic reduction (SCR); pilot-and bench-scale SCR investigations in the United States; increased attention on selective noncatalytic reduction in the United States; and NOX controls for oil- and gas-fired boilers. The four-day meeting was attended by approximately 500 individuals from 14 nations. Sixty-six papers were presented by EPRI and EPA staff members, domestic and foreign utility companies, federal and state government agencies, research and development organizations, equipment vendors from the United States and abroad, and university representatives. Angelos Kokkinos, project manager in EPRI's Generation & Storage Division, and Robert Hall, branch chief, Air & Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, EPA, cochaired the symposium. Each made brief introductory remarks. Michael R. Deland, Chairman of the President's Council on Environmental Quality, was the keynote speaker. Written manuscripts were not prepared for the introductory remarks or keynote address and are therefore not published herein. The Proceedings of the 1991 Joint Symposium have been compiled in two volumes. Volume 1 contains papers from the following sessions: • Session 1: Background • Session 2: Large Scale Coal Combustion I • Session 3: Large Scale Coal Combustion II • Session 4A: Combustion NOX Developments I • Session 4B: Large Scale SCR Applications ------- Papers from the following sessions are contained in Volume 2: • Session 5A: Post Combustion Developments I • Session 5B: Industrial/Combustion Turbines on NOX Control • Session 6A: Post Combustion Developments II • Session 6B: Combustion NOX Developments II • Session 7A: New Developments I • Session 7B: New Developments II • Session 8: Oil/Gas Combustion Applications An appendix listing the symposium attendees is included in both volumes. VI ------- CONTENTS Paper Page SESSION 1: BACKGROUND Chair: I. Torrens, EPRI "NOX Emissions Reduction in the former German Democratic Republic," B. Kassebohm and S. Streng 1 -1 "'Top-Down' BACT Analysis and Recent Permit Determinations," J. Cochran and M. Pagan 1-15 "Retrofit Costs and Performance of NOX Controls at 200 U.S. Coal-Fired Power Plants," T. Emmel and M. Maibodi 1 -27 "Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reduction Project," L. Johnson 1-47 "The Global Atmospheric Budget of Nitrous Oxide," J. Levine 1 -65 SESSION 2: LARGE SCALE COAL COMBUSTION I Chair: B. Martin, EPA and G. Often, EPRI "Development and Evolution of the ABB Combustion Engineering Low NOX Concentric Firing System," J. Grusha and M. McCartney 2-1 "Performance of a Large Cell-Burner Utility Boiler Retrofitted with Foster Wheeler Low-N0x Burners," T. Lu, R. Lungren, and A. Kokkinos 2-19 "Design and Application Results of a New European Low-N0x Burner," J. Pedersen and M. Berg 2-37 "Application of Gas Reburning-Sorbent Injection Technology for Control of NOX and SO2 Emissions," W. Bartok, B. Folsom, T. Sommer, J. Opatrny, E. Mecchia, R. Keen, T. May, and M. Krueger 2-55 "Retrofitting of the Italian Electricity Board's Thermal Power Boilers," R. Tarli, A. Benanti, G. De Michele, A. Piantanida, and A. Zennaro 2-75 "Retrofit Experience Using LNCFS on 350MW and 165MW Coal Fired Tangential Boilers," T. Hunt, R. Hawley, R. Booth, and B. Breen 2-89 "Update 91 on Design and Application of Low NOX Combustion Technologies for Coal Fired Utility Boilers," T. Uemura, S. Morita, T. Jimbo, K. Hodozuka, and H. Kuroda 2-109 VII ------- Paper Page SESSION 3: LARGE SCALE COAL COMBUSTION II Chair: D. Eskinazi, EPRI and R. Hall, EPA "Demonstration of Low NOX Combustion Control Technologies on a 500 MWe Coal-Fired Utility Boiler," S. Wilson, J. Sorge, L Smith, and L. Larsen 3-1 "Reburn Technology for NOX Control on a Cyclone-Fired Boiler," R. Borio, R. Lewis, and M. Keough 3'23 "Full Scale Retrofit of a Low NOX Axial Swirl Burner to a 660 MW Utility Boiler, and the Effect of Coal Quality on Low NOX Burner Performance," J. King and J. Macphai! 3-51 "Update on Coal Reburning Technology for Reducing NOX in Cyclone Boilers," A. Yagiela, G. Maringo, R. Newell, and H. Farzan 3-74 "Demonstration of Low NOX Combustion Techniques at the Coal/Gas-Fired Maas Power Station Unit 5," J. van der Kooij, H. Kwee, A. Spaans, J. Puts, and J. Witkamp 3-99 "Three-Stage Combustion (Reburning) on a Full Scale Operating Boiler in the U.S.S.R.," R. LaFlesh, R. Lewis, D. Anderson, R. Hall, and V. Kotler 3-123 SESSION 4A: COMBUSTION NOX DEVELOPMENTS I Chair: W. Linak and D. Drehmel, EPA "An Advanced Low-N0x Combustion System for Gas and Oil Firing," R. Lisauskas and C. Penterson 4A-1 "NOX Reduction and Control Using an Expert System Advisor," G. Trivett 4A-13 "An R&D Evaluation of Low-N0x Oil/Gas Burners for Salem Harbor and Brayton Point Units," R. Afonso, N. Molino, and J. Marshall 4A-31 "Development of an Ultra-Low NOX Pulverizer Coal Burner," J. Vatsky and T. Sweeney 4A-53 "Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Combustion Process Modification in Natural Gas and Fuel Oil Flames: Fundamentals of Low NOX Burner Design," M. Toqan, L. Berg, J. Beer, A. Marotta, A. Beretta, and A. Testa 4A-79 "Development of Low NOX Gas Burners," S. Yang, J. Pohl, S. Bortz, R. Yang, and W. Chang 4A-105 SESSION 4B: LARGE SCALE SCR APPLICATIONS Chair: E. Cichanowicz, EPRI "Understanding the German and Japanese Coal-Fired SCR Experience," P. Lowe, W. Ellison, and M. Perlsweig 4B-1 "Operating Experience with Tail-End and High-Dust DENOX-Technics at the Power Plant of Heilbronn," H. Maier and P. Dahl 4B-17 VIII ------- Paper Page "SO3 Generation-Jeopardizing Catalyst Operation?," R. Jaerschky, A. Merz, and J. Mylonas 4B-39 "SCR Operating Experience on Coal-Fired Boilers and Recent Progress," E. Behrens, S. Ikeda, T. Yamashita, G. Mittelbach, and M. Yanai 4B-57 'Technical Feasibility and Cost of SCR for U.S. Utility Application," C. Robie, P Ireland, and J. Cichanowicz 4B-79 "Application of Composite NOX SCR Catalysts in Commercial Systems," B. Speronello, J. Chen, M. Durilla, and R. Heck 4B-101 "SCR Catalyst Developments for the U.S. Market," T. Gouker and C. Brundrett 4B-117 "Poisoning Mechanisms in Existing SCR Catalytic Converters and Development of a New Generation for Improvement of the Catalytic Properties," L Balling, R. Sigling, H. Schmelz, E. Hums, G. Spitznagel 4B-133 SESSION 5A: POST COMBUSTION DEVELOPMENTS I Chair: C. Sedman, EPA "Status of 1 MW SCR Pilot Plant Tests at Tennessee Valley Authority and New York State Electric & Gas," H. Flora, J. Barkley, G. Janik, B. Marker, and J. Cichanowicz 5A-1 "Pilot Plant Investigation of the Technology of Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides," S. Tseng and C. Sedman 5A-17 "Poisoning of SCR Catalysts," J. Chen, R. Yang, and J. Cichanowicz 5A-35 "Evaluation of SCR Air Heater for NOX Control on a Full-Scale Gas- and Oil-Fired Boiler," J. Reese, M. Mansour, H. Mueller-Odenwald, L. Johnson, L. Radak, and D. Rundstrom 5A-51 "N20 Formation in Selective Non-Catalytic NOX Reduction Processes," L. Muzio, T. Montgomery, G. Quartucy, J. Cole, and J. Kramlich 5A-71 "Tailoring Ammonia-Based SNCR for Installation on Power Station Boilers," R. Irons, H. Price, and R. Squires 5A-97 SESSION 5B: INDUSTRIAL/COMBUSTION TURBINES ON NOX CONTROL Chair: S. Wilson, Southern Company Services "Combustion Nox Controls for Combustion Turbines," H. Schreiber 5B-1 "Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Gas Turbine SCR NOX Control," P. May, L. Campbell, and K. Johnson 5B-17 "NOX Reduction at the Argus Plant Using the NOxOUT* Process," J. Comparato, R. Buchs, D. Arnold, and L Bailey 5B-37 IX ------- Paper page "Reburning Applied to Cogeneration NOX Control," C. Castaldini, C. Moyer, R. Brown, J. Nicholson 5B-55 "Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) Performance on Three California Waste-to- Energy Facilities," B. McDonald, G. Fields, and M. McDannel 5B-71 "Use of Natural Gas for NOX Control in Municipal Waste Combustion," H. Abbasi, R. Biljetina, F. Zone, R. Lisauskas, R. Dunnette, K. Nakazato, P Duggan, and D. Linz 5B-89 SESSION 6A: POST COMBUSTION DEVELOPMENTS II Chair: D. Drehmel, EPA "Performance of Urea NOX Reduction Systems on Utility Boilers," A. Abele, Y. Kwan, M. Mansour, N. Kertamus, L Radak, and J. Nylander 6A-1 "Widening the Urea Temperature Window," D. Teixeira, L. Muzio, T. Montgomery, G. Quartucy, and T. Martz 6A-21 "Catalytic Fabric Filtration for Simultaneous NOX and Particulate Control," G. Weber, D. Laudal, P. Aubourg, and M. Kalinowski 6A-43 SESSION 6B: COMBUSTION NOX DEVELOPMENTS II Chair: R. Hall, EPA "Heterogeneous Decomposition of Nitrous Oxide in the Operating Temperature Range of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustors," T. Khan, Y.Lee, and L Young 6B-1 "NOX Control in a Slagging Combustor for a Direct Coal-Fired Utility Gas Turbine," P. Loftus, R. Diehl, R. Bannister, and P. Pillsbury 6B-13 "Low NOX Coal Burner Development and Application," J. Allen 6B-31 SESSION 7A: NEW DEVELOPMENTS I Chair: G. Veerkamp, Pacific Gas & Electric "Preliminary Test Results: High Energy Urea Injection DeNOx on a 215 MW Utility Boiler," D. Jones, S. Negrea, B. Dutton, L. Johnson, J. Sutherland, J. Tormey, and R. Smith 7A-1 "Evaluation of the ADA Continuous Ammonia Slip Monitor," M. Durham, R. Schlager, M. Burkhardt, F. Sagan, and G. Anderson 7A-15 "Ontario Hydro's SONOX Process for Controlling Acid Gas Emissions," R. Mangal, M. Mozes, P. Feldman, and K. Kumar 7A-35 "Pilot Plant Test for the NOXSO Flue Gas Treatment System," L. Neal, W. Ma, and R. Bolli 7A-61 ------- Paper Page 'The Practical Application of Tunable Diode Laser Infrared Spectroscopy to the Monitoring of Nitrous Oxide and Other Combustion Process Stream Gases," F. Briden, D. Natschke, and R. Snoddy 7A-79 SESSION 7B: NEW DEVELOPMENTS II Chair: C. Miller, EPA "In-Furnace Low NOX Solutions for Wall Fired Boilers," R. LaFlesh, D. Hart, P. Jennings, and M. Darroch 7B-1 "NOX Reduction on Natural Gas-Fired Boilers Using Fuel Injection Recirculation (FIR) Laboratory Demonstration," K. Hopkins, D. Czerniak, L Radak, C. Youssef, and J. Nylander 7B-13 "Advanced Reburning for NOX Control in Coal Fired Boilers," S. Chen, W. Seeker, and R.Payne 7B-33 "Large Scale Trials and Development of Fuel Staging in a 160 MW Coal Fired Boiler," H. Spliethoff and R. Dolezal 7B-43 "Computer Modeling of N2O Production by Combustion Systems," R. Lyon, J. Cole, J. Kramlich, and Wm. Lanier 7B-63 SESSION 8: OIL/GAS COMBUSTION APPLICATIONS Chair: A. Kokkinos, EPRI "Low NOX Levels Achieved by Improved Combustion Modification on Two 480 MW Gas- Fired Boilers," M. McDannel, S. Haythornthwaite, M. Escarcega, and B. Gilman 8-1 "NOX Reduction and Operational Performance of Two Full-Scale Utility Gas/Oil Burner Retrofit Installations," N. Bayard de Volo, L. Larsen, L Radak, R. Aichner, and A. Kokkinos 8-21 "Comparative Assessment of NOX Reduction Techniques for Gas- and Oil-Fired Utility Boilers," G. Bisonett and M. McElroy 8-43 "Analysis of Minimum Cost Control Approach to Achieve Varying Levels of NOX Emission Reduction from the Consolidated Edison Co. of NY Power Generation Systems," D. Mormile, J. Pirkey, N. Bayard de Volo, L. Larsen, B. Piper, and M. Hooper 8-63 "Reduced NOX, Paniculate, and Opacity on the Kahe Unit 6 Low-N0x Burner System," S. Kerho, D. Giovanni, J. Yee, and D. Eskinazi 8-85 "Demonstration of Advanced Low-NOx Combustion Techniques at the Gas/Oil-Fired Flevo Power Station Unit 1," J. Witkamp, J. van der Kooij, G. Koster, and J. Sijbring 8-107 APPENDIX A: LIST OF ATTENDEES A-1 XI ------- Session 5A POST COMBUSTION DEVELOPMENTS I Chair: C. Sedman, EPA ------- STATUS OF 1 MW SCR PILOT PLANT TESTS AT TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY AND NEW YORK STATE ELECTRIC & GAS H. Flora and J. Barkley Tennessee Valley Authority G. Janik and B. Marker New York State Electric & Gas J. E. Cichanowicz Electric Power Research Institute ------- STATUS OF 1 MW SCR PILOT PLANT TESTS AT TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY AND NEW YORK STATE ELECTRIC & GAS H. Flora and J. Barkley Tennessee Valley Authority G. Janik and B. Marker New York State Electric & Gas J. E. Cichanowicz Electric Power Research Institute ABSTRACT EPRI and member utilities are sponsoring a pilot plant test program to evaluate SCR NOX control for potential application by the U.S. utility industry. This program will employ up to six SCR pilot plants of nominally I MW capacity, and focus on evaluating catalyst life and process performance for medium and high sulfur coal application. The first pilot plant in operation is located at TVA's Shawnee Test Facility, operating on high sulfur content (3-4%) coal. Initial results from baseline tests show catalyst performance for NOX removal and control of residual NH3 after 4 months operation meets the design values estimated by the catalyst suppliers. A two year test program including periodic extraction and analysis of catalyst samples is planned for all pilot plants to track any changes in catalyst performance and activity. The results will provide a basis for estimating catalyst life and process feasibility for U.S. conditions. INTRODUCTION In recent decades, environmental agencies in Japan and Europe have implemented regulations to significantly reduce NOX emissions. Generally, these reductions necessitate control of NOX to limits beyond the capabilities of combustion controls. For example, since the 1970s, allowable NOX emissions for coal-fired power stations in Japan have been as low as 150 ppm. Several western European nations in the 1980s implemented NOX regulations for coal-firing to approximately 100 ppm. This international trend in NOX regulations raises the prospects for increasingly stringent requirements in the U.S. Without major improvements in the NOx control performance of combustion technology, postcombustion control may be required to meet the most strict NOX regulations. The most widely commercialized postcombustion technology to date is selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Considerable experience with SCR exists in Europe with low sulfur coal; and in Japan with low sulfur coal, oil, and natural gas. In contrast, there is no meaningful experience with SCR for medium/high sulfur U.S. fuels in combination with furnaces of heat release characteristics that typify U.S. applications. Recent results from a fundamental investigation of SCR catalyst poisoning (1) suggests that sulfur, in combination with certain trace elements in 5A-1 ------- coal (such as alkali) can contribute to catalyst poisoning. Accordingly, meaningful pilot plant experience is desirable prior to full-scale SCR application. To provide this experience, EPRI and member utilities plan to operate up to six SCR pilot plants on medium and high sulfur fuels on U.S. power plants. The proposed pilot plants will provide the basis for realistic estimates of catalyst life and SCR process impacts. A companion paper at this Symposium (2) has identified the significant impacts of SCR on balance of plant equipment, and documented the influence of catalyst life on SCR levelized costs. Data from this pilot plant program will be used by EPRI to refine engineering study results estimating the feasibility and cost of SCR for the U.S. utility industry. This paper describes the pilot plant design and test plans for the first two units scheduled for operation, at the TVA Shawnee Steam Station, and the New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG) Somerset Station. Initial results from the TVA pilot plant are summarized. PROGRAM SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE This empirical test program will address both the conventional "hot-side" SCR process (reactor located between the boiler economizer and air heater) and the alternative "post-FGD" SCR application. The test objective is to provide realistic information for key SCR design variables such as space velocity (e.g. catalyst quantity), the level of residual ammonia that can be tolerated, byproduct SO3 formation, catalyst lifetime, and the formation of byproduct ammonium/sulfur compounds. This information will reflect authentic U.S. utility operating conditions, as defined by fuel properties and furnace design characteristics. A generic pilot plant design was defined for all six planned sites, thus the only changes between sites will be fuel properties, furnace design, and operating modes. For the "hot-side" application, tests will focus on the quantity and lifetime of catalyst necessary to maintain control of residual NH3 while delivering required NOX removal, and generation of byproduct SO3- For the post-FGD process, tests will similarly evaluate the catalyst quantity and lifetime necessary for control of NOX and residual NH3, and generation of acidic compounds; but also evaluate the thermal performance of the heat exchanger necessary to elevate flue gas temperatures to reaction levels. A fundamental premise of this program is that fuel composition and furnace design uniquely determine catalyst life, by defining the conditions for transport of trace species to the catalyst surface. Transport conditions are defined by both the composition and concentration of trace species in flue gas, particularly the amount of trace elements volatilized; thus both fuel composition and furnace temperature/time history are important. A total of six pilot plants will be employed to simulate the wide range of transport conditions typifying the U.S. utility industry. Table 1 summarizes the fuel characteristics and furnace types at four pilot plant sites that are either operating in a test mode, are in startup, or are in a design/planning stage. High sulfur coal SCR testing on a pre-NSPS conventional boiler (e.g. tangential- or wall-fired) is underway at TVA's Shawnee Steam Station. The post-FGD SCR application on a medium sulfur coal is being evaluated at the Somerset Station of NYSEG. SCR application to high sulfur content (-1% sulfur) fuel oil will be conducted at Niagara Mohawk's Oswego Station. Also planned is an SCR pilot reactor followed by an air heater on a high 5A-2 ------- sulfur coal-fired, cyclone type boiler, presently designated for the Coffeen Station of Central Illinois Public Service. Two additional pilot plants are planned, although specific utilities and fuel types have not yet been identified. A unique feature of this program is a cooperative venture with catalyst suppliers to assess deactivation mechanisms and estimate catalyst life based on the pilot plant results. Each pilot plant will be capable of evaluating two catalysts, at identical process conditions. Catalyst suppliers will extract samples at approximately 3 or 4 month intervals for analysis in their laboratories. Measurements will both document catalyst activity (as inferred from NO removal) and the accumulation on the catalyst surface of trace species suspected to be poisons. Results over a two year period will provide a factual basis for estimating catalyst lifetime. Data from these pilot plants will be supplemented by results from the evaluation of SCR conducted by Southern Company Services (SCS) under the Department of Energy's Clean Coal Technology program. The SCS program, which EPRI is cofunding, will also be conducted for a nominal 3% sulfur coal, on a pre-NSPS conventional boiler, similar to the fuel/furnace conditions reflected by the TV A Shawnee Station. The objectives of these two activities are complementary—the SCS program will evaluate a large number of different catalysts at relatively fixed fuel composition and furnace design; in contrast the EPRI program will evaluate a limited number of similar catalysts over a wide range of fuel composition and furnace designs. PROGRAM STATUS The TVA 1 MW pilot plant at the Shawnee Steam Station has been operating for almost four months; baseline tests are 60% complete. The TVA pilot plant is evaluating catalysts supplied by Joy Environmental Equipment Company and Norton Company. The NYSEG pilot plant, evaluating the post-FGD SCR application, is initiating startup/shakedown tests at this writing. Catalysts will be supplied by W.R. Grace Co. and Englehard Industries. The pilot plant at Niagara Mohawk's Oswego Steam Station has been fabricated and is presently being installed; a mid-1991 startup is planned. The SCR reactor/air heater pilot plant planned for the Coffeen Station of Central Illinois Public Service is still in the formative stages of planning and funding; no significant activities are anticipated until late 1991/early 1992. PILOT PLANT DESIGN A generic 1 MW pilot plant was designed based on experience gathered from numerous SCR pilot plants tested in Europe in the mid-1980's, and from the 3 MW SCR pilot plant operated by EPRI on low sulfur coal from 1980 through 1982 at the Arapahoe Test Facility. The key design premises based on this experience are: • pilot plant flue gas should promote process conditions replicating a full- scale reactor in terms of flue gas residence time, temperature, gas species and trace element composition, etc. • full-scale catalysts representative of commercial systems should be tested. 5A-3 ------- • pilot cross section should ensure at least one full-scale catalyst element is not adjacent to a wall, and thus experiences erosion, mass transfer, and heat transfer conditions typifying full-scale conditions. • two catalysts should be evaluated at identical process conditions, with samples capable of being extracted at nominally 3 or 4 month intervals. The TVA and NYSEG pilot plants are described as follows: Hot-side SCR: TVA Shawnee The hot-side SCR high sulfur coal pilot plant is shown in Figure 1. Pilot process conditions are selected to provide 80% NOX removal (from boiler exit concentrations of 600 ppm) and maintain residual NH3 at the exit at 5 ppm. Four catalyst layers are employed to meet the design conditions; a fifth layer exists to evaluate the required catalyst quantity and pressure drop to reduce residual NH3 to 2 ppm or less. Pilot design and operating conditions are summarized in Table 2. Flue gas composition measurements can be obtained at the exit of any of the five layers. Flue gas is extracted from the economizer exit of Unit #9 at the Shawnee Steam Station (Paducah, KY) at approximately 710°F, and passes through an isolation damper, a venturi to monitor flow rate, and a 40 kW heater to adjust process temperature to desired values (680-700°F). Flue gas then enters an approximately 20 ft straight section in which ammonia reagent is injected and mixed. The flow is then equally split into two reactors, each containing catalyst from a different supplier. At the exit of each reactor are flow rate monitors and manual dampers which insure flow rates are equal in each section. An induced draft fan followed by a control damper is the last component prior to flue gas return. Post-FGD: NYSEG The post-side pilot plant is located at NYSEG's Somerset Station, approximately 40 miles northeast of Buffalo, New York. Figure 2 presents a simplified schematic of the pilot plant, which employs a recuperative heat exchanger and electric auxiliary heater to increase flue gas temperature to 625°F for acceptable NOX removal. The NYSEG/post-FGD process conditions are selected to provide 80% NOX removal (from boiler concentrations of 400 ppm) and control of residual NHs to 10 ppm and 5 ppm (at the exit of the second and third catalyst layer, respectively). A fourth catalyst layer is included to evaluate the additional catalyst and pressure drop required to reduce residual NHs to 2 ppm. Similar to the TVA pilot, two different catalysts can be evaluated at identical process conditions. Pilot design and operating conditions are presented in Table 2. Flue gas is extracted following the exit of the host station's wet limestone flue gas desulfurization process at approximately 125 °F. The flue gas concentration typifies that of FGD exit conditions, with low SC>2 and particulates (150 ppm and 0.006 gr/scf, respectively). Design values for the concentration of NOX and O2 at this location are 400 ppm and 6%, respectively. After extraction with the isokinetic scoop flue gas 5A-4 ------- passes through an isolation damper, a venturi to monitor flow rate, and is heated to 550°F by a recuperative (heat pipe) heat exchanger. Two electric heaters provide a total of 100 kW heating input to further increase flue gas temperature to 625°F. The gas then enters the reactor tower, which is identical to the TVA design with the exception that four catalyst layers are provided instead of five. After exiting the reactor, flue gas is cooled by die recuperative heater, and exits the process at approximately 225°F. TEST PLAN A test strategy has been developed based on a two year operating period. The test plan will first establish baseline performance, then implement load-following operation. Documented changes in catalyst activity over two years will allow estimating the useful catalyst life. Additionally, a series of measurements will determine if SCR contributes to or reduces the concentration of trace species and particulates. For approximately 85% of the operating time, the pilot plant will operate in a simple load-following mode, and allow for monitoring NOx removal, residual NH3, and byproduct SC»3. Figure 3 presents the anticipated form of one specific result that will be used to characterize catalyst performance and lifetime. Figure 3 describes the relationship exhibited between NOx removal and residual NH3 concentration, as a function of NH3/NOX ratio. Residual NH3 concentration is relatively constant until an NH3/NOx ratio of approximately 0.90; further increases in NH3/NOX ratio significantly elevate residual NH3- Experience with SCR pilot plants and full-scale applications in Europe, as well as the SCR pilot plant operated by EPRI at the Arapahoe Test Facility, shows that residual NH3 is one of the most sensitive indicators of catalyst activity. Accordingly, residual NH3 as a function of ammonia injected will be periodically documented during the two year tests to characterize any changes with time. This data, in addition to NOX removal and residual NH3 measured between catalyst layers at selected test conditions, will supplement the analysis of catalyst samples for use in projecting catalyst life. Figure 4 depicts the test schedule for the TVA pilot plant. The major components of the test plan are described as follows: Baseline. Selected baseline tests completed to date document NOX removal, residual NH3, and byproduct SC»3 as a function of key design variables. Additional tests scheduled for completion by late April will document the effect of flue gas temperature, space velocity, and NH3/NOX ratio, among others. A second baseline test period of 4 weeks is planned after two years. Load-following. This activity will be fully implemented by June 1991, and will employ a process control system to simulate actual load-following. The pilot will operate at a fixed reactor design flow rate of 2000 scfrrt (1000 scfm per catalyst), but the ammonia injection will be tailored to maintain a fixed NH3/NOX removal over the daily variable conditions of inlet NOX, O2, temperature, etc. Trace Species/Particulate. Over the two year period, two measurement campaigns will be conducted to determine the fate of trace metals across the reactor, and if trace 5A-5 ------- byproducts (e.g., N20) are created or removed by the reactor or the NOX reduction reactions. Catalyst Activity. At three month intervals, the reactor will be removed from load- following operation, and selected test conditions from the baseline series repeated. The reactor will be removed from service and inspected, and catalyst samples extracted for bench-scale testing by the supplier. The first samples were removed in late March 1991. Each catalyst supplier has modified the center catalyst so that samples can be extracted for further testing and analysis in a bench-scale laboratory rig. Samples will be tested under well-controlled operating conditions of gas composition and temperature to define NO removal, allowing catalyst activity to be assessed. In addition, catalyst suppliers will employ special-purpose diagnostic techniques to monitor the surface composition. It is anticipated that changes in catalyst activity will correlate with the surface concentration of trace species suspected to be poisons for SCR catalysts. Samples will be extracted at approximately 3 or 4 month intervals, allowing trends in activity and surface composition to be established that can be used to estimate catalyst life. RESULTS As of late March 1991 testing with the TVA pilot plant had progressed approximately 60% through baseline operation, accumulating almost 2000 hrs (one fourth year) operation. The NYSEG unit had not yet started operation but was in the final stages of construction and check-out. Selected results from the TVA unit are summarized as follows. TVA. Two categories of results have been obtained to date with the TVA pilot plant: (a) process performance data, and (b) operating experience that could minimize operating problems and maintenance costs at full-scale. Process Performance. Preliminary measurements defining NOX removal and residual NH3 as a function of ammonia injection rate are shown in Figure 5. Data analysis is not yet complete, thus data for each specific catalyst is not identified; rather the general range of results is shown along with several points for illustrative purposes. Figure 5 indicates that the catalyst in a new state (e.g. 3 months duty or less) meets the design performance specifications. The measured residual NH3 concentration is two ppm or less for NH3/NOX ratios less than 0.85. We are conducting additional diagnostic tests to insure all residual ammonia both in the flue gas and adsorbed by participate is accounted for. Initial measurements of SO3 show flue gas concentration entering the pilot plant is generally 20-30 ppm, depending on boiler operating factors such as load, excess air, etc. Measurements also show that depending on the specific catalyst and process conditions up to 40 ppm SO3 can be added to the flue gas, producing concentrations exiting the reactor in excess of 70 ppm. The high SOs content (from both inherent levels associated with high sulfur coals and SO2 oxidation) compared to Japanese 5A-6 ------- and European applications could be responsible for the two operating experiences described below. Ash Deposition. Significant deposits of fly ash adhered to the wall of the SCR reactor in the initial stages of operation. In general, most of the adhered fly ash was hardened with a cementitious surface, or glazing. Analysis of surface deposits by scanning electron micrograph show a high content of sulfate compounds - specifically calcium sulfates - well above the content usually observed in fly ash. It is theorized that sulfuric acid (from high SOs) condensed on the fly ash, leached out calcium, and subsequently formed the sulfates. The condensation of sulfuric acid was likely due to frequent startup/shutdown operation in the early phases of pilot plant testing, exposing the catalyst to SC>3 and moisture at temperatures below the condensation threshold. These hardened deposits blocked up to 10% of the catalyst surface, and if allowed to further accumulate, would remove a significant portion of the catalyst from operating duty. As a result of this experience, a procedure for proper startup/shutdown was developed that in principle could be adopted to full-scale. To avoid condensation during startup the catalyst was preheated with ambient air to above both the flue gas SOs and moisture dewpoints (~300 °F and 100 °F, respectively. During shutdown, the reactor is purged with air as the catalyst cools from operating temperatures (-700 °F) to below the SO3 and moisture dewpoint. This is accomplished at the TVA pilot plant by installing an inlet valve in the flue gas ductwork to allow ambient air to be inducted. The ambient air was heated to above 350 °F by either an electric heater (during startup operation) or the relatively hot duct walls (during shutdown operation). This experience has been documented and will be used to develop star tup/shutdown guidelines for full-scale. Deposit Formation On NH^_ Injectors. Additional operating experience addressed ammonia injection equipment. To date, no full-scale installations in Japan or Europe have reported in the open literature problems with ammonia sulfate/bisulfate formation on the injector nozzles. However, operation during the first three months of startup documented the formation of ammonium sulfates/bisulfates on the injectors in quantities sufficient to block ammonia injection and/or cause maldistribution of ammonia and reduced NOx removal. These injectors were of a special design to provide rapid mixing and a uniform distribution of NH3 and NOX; however the solids deposition is believed possible on conventional injectors. The usually reported temperature for deposition of such compounds is approximately 400°F, based on ammonia and SO3 concentrations of approximately 10 ppm. However, the thermodynamics of these reactions for high sulfur coal conditions (up to 30 ppm SOs in flue gas, and ammonia concentration up to 50,000 ppm in the transport air) suggests that such compounds can form at temperatures up to 625°F. These unique conditions, not previously reflected in full-scale or pilot tests, could be responsible for persistent deposition at these relatively high temperatures. As of mid-February this problem at the pilot scale had been remedied with a special-purpose injection system. In this approach, two injectors are alternately used, allowing ammonium compound deposits on the injector not in 5A-7 ------- service to decompose to ammonia and 803. We are presently evaluating concepts that could be applied at full-scale. NYSEG post-FGD. Installation of this pilot plant was completed in mid March 1991, with check out activities and startup tests scheduled to begin in late March. The test plan for the NYSEG unit is similar to that for the TVA pilot plant, and is presented in Figure 6. SUMMARY Selective catalytic reduction has been applied extensively in Japan and more recently in Europe to control NOX emissions to extremely low levels. Although no serious problems have been reported to date for these low sulfur coal applications, several critical concerns remain for high sulfur coal application in the U.S. For the conventional hot-side application, these concerns address primarily catalyst life and quantity to control residual ammonia, and the quantity and fate of residual SO3 generated by the catalyst. For post-FGD applications, the cost and materials of construction required for a recuperative heat exchanger that can survive the potentially corrosive, low temperature environment following conventional wet FGD processes is critical. EPRI and member utilities plan tests employing up to six pilot plants to empirically evaluate these issues for U.S. application. The first pilot plant is addressing hot-side SCR on high sulfur coal at the TVA/Shawnee Test Facility, with early results confirming catalyst suppliers predictions for catalyst performance, but identifying two operating issues that potentially relate to the high SOs content of flue gas. A second pilot plant to evaluate post-FGD SCR at NYSEG's Somerset Station will be operational in April 1991. Results from these pilots and two additional units planned (at Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. and Central Illinois Public Service) will be used with EPRI engineering studies to predict with confidence the feasibility and cost of SCR for U.S. application. REFERENCES (1) "Poisoning of SCR Catalysts," presented at the 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, March 1991, Washington, D.C. (2) "Technical Feasibility and Cost of SCR for U.S. Utility Applications", presented at the 1991 Joint Symposium On Stationary Combustion NOX Control, March 1991, Washington, DC (3) "Technical Feasibility and Cost of SCR NOX Control In Utility Applications," Draft Report for EPRI Project 1256-7, August 1990. 5A-8 ------- Table 1. Fuels. Furnace Designs Evaluated In The EPRI/Utility Industry SCR Pilot Plant Program NYSEG* Niagara Mohawk CIPS FUEL 3-4% S 2% S 1% S Oil 3-4% S *Post-FGD FURNACE DESIGN Pre-NSPS (Wall-fired) '79 NSPS (Wall-fired) Pre-NSPS (Wall-fired) Cyclone Table 2. Design Basis of Pilot Plants PILOT FEATURE NYSEG Flowrate (scfm) Number of Catalyst Layers Dummy Layer Reactor Temperature (°F) Inlet NOX (ppm) Inlet SO2 (ppm) Design Performance - NOX(%) - NH3 (ppm) Catalyst Manufacturer (all honeycomb-type) Catalyst Pitch (mm) 2000 4 no 625 400 150 80 5 WR Grace Englehard 4 TVA 2000 5 yes 700 600 2000 80 5 • Joy/KHI • Norton 6/7 5A-9 ------- Figure 1. Installation Arrangement of 1MW SCR Pilot Plant At TVA DAMPER OLD ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR (OEENERGIZED) SAFETY SHOWER ------- Figure 2. Schematic Of Post-FGD SCR Pilot Plant at NYSEG's Somerset Station From Scrubber Outlet (125T) Return To Plant (250°F) Recuperative Heat Exchanger Gas out 550° F Electric Heater T in : 625°F NH3 SCR I Reactor[ U\J F.D. Fan ------- Figure 3. Anticipated Relationship Between NOx Removal and Residual NH3 vs. Time en ~ 90% NOx Removal 3 months (Baseline) NH3, ppm y X -.90 Ammonia/NOx Ratio (moles) ------- Figure 4. Test Schedule For TVA High Sulfur Pilot Plant Activity 6/9° 9/9° 12/9° 3/91 6/91 9/91 12/91 3/92 6/92 9/92 12/92 3/93 en CO 1. Start-up 2. Sampling/Analytical Trials 3. Baseline 4. Load-Following 5. Catalyst Activity 6. Trace Species/Particulate 7. Second Baseline ------- Figure 5. Relationship of NOx Removal, Residual NH3 - Preliminary TVA Baseline Results NOx 100 95 + en > Removal on 9° 85 -- 80 75 .80 .85 .90 .95 1.0 1.05 Ammonia/NOx Ratio (moles) ------- Figure 6. Test Schedule For NYSEG Post-FGD Pilot Plant 01 en Activity 3/91 6/91 9/91 12/91 3/92 6/92 9/92 12/92 3/93 6/93 1. Start-up ^^ 2. Sampling/Analytical Trials 3. Baseline 4. Load-Following 5. Catalyst Activity 6. Trace Species/Particulate 7. Second Baseline ------- PILOT PLANT INVESTIGATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES Shiaw C. Tseng, Wojciech Jozewicz Acurex Coporation P.O. Box 13109 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Charles B. Sedman Gas Cleaning Technology Branch, MD-04 Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 ------- PILOT PLANT INVESTIGATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES Shiaw C. Tseng, Wojciech Jozewicz Acurex Corporation P.O. Box 13109 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Charles B. Sedman Gas Cleaning Technology Branch, MD-04 Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has built a bench scale pilot plant to investigate the ammonia (NH3) based technology for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOX). A key objective of this task is to establish the performance of commercially available SCR catalysts on U.S. fuels and combustion sources. One rudimentary catalyst produced in-house and two commercial catalysts were tested over the temperature window of 327 to 440°C. The space velocity (SV) ranged from 7,650 to 36,500 hr"1. The combustion gas was doped with nitric oxide (NO) and NH3, and the NH3/NO ratio ranged from about 0.6 to 2.2. Sulfur dioxide (S02) was added to the combustion gas in some runs to investigate its effect on NO conversion. The results obtained indicate that the SV has a significant effect on the conversion of NO for the in-house catalyst which was prepared primarily for start-up of this system before the commercial catalysts arrived. For the two commercial catalysts, the NO conversion was 90% and higher when the NH3/NO ratio was near or above unity. For the same catalysts, the NO conversion was approximately proportional to the NH3 concentration at the inlet of the reactor, when the NH3/NO ratio was below unity. For one commercial catalyst, the NO conversion was lower when 95 ppm of S02 was present in the flue gas. Over the same catalyst, the amount of nitrous oxide (N20) formed was practically negligible. The difference of activity between the in-house and the commercial catalysts is attributed to the difference in chemical composition. 5 A-19 ------- INTRODUCTION The emission of nitrogen oxides (NOX) into the atmosphere contributes to the degradation of air quality as well as to acid rain and forest damage.'1' NOX is formed during the combustion of fossil fuel. Part of the oxides come from the thermal oxidation of nitrogen in the combustion air (thermal NOX) . Thermal NOX generally increases when the combustion temperature is increased. The remaining NOX comes from the oxidation of nitrogen-containing species originally present in the fuel (fuel NOX) . Compared with thermal NOX, fuel NOX is not as sensitive to combustion temperature and depends highly on the reactant stoichiometry. (2) The NOX emissions can be reduced by several approaches such as in-furnace NOX reduction, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Some in-furnace NOX reduction technologies involve modification of the combustion process to reduce peak flame temperature and create fuel-rich conditions by reducing the ratio of fuel to combustion air. Other in-furnace NOX reduction technologies include reduced-air preheat, load reduction, low excess air, flue-gas recirculation, overfire air, deep-air staging, fuel staging (or reburning), and various low NOX burner systems.'2' In-furnace reduction technologies could result in lower combustion efficiency and higher CO emissions. (2) In SNCR processes, ammonia (NH3) or aqueous urea solution is injected into the combustion chamber.'3' The vaporization of water reduces the flame temperature and the reducing agent reacts with NOX to form nitrogen and water. Since no catalysts are employed, the NOX reduction reaction proceeds at the combustion temperature, and the combustion efficiency is usually reduced. Removal efficiencies of NOX ranging from 20 to 80% have been reported by in-furnace NOX reduction'1' and SNCR(3' technologies. However, simultaneous deployment of several of these technologies is often required to achieve the targeted emission level. Furthermore, complicated mechanical modifications are involved, and the application of these technologies has to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. SCR is an established technology capable of removing 80 to 90% of the NOX present in the flue gas.'1'4' This technology was first commercialized in Japan and is widely utilized in Europe to control NOX emissions from fossil fuel fired power plants.'1' ' The SCR processes have the advantage of being applicable to all types of conventional boilers and even municipal solid waste incinerators. The SCR unit can be incorporated into the present process in three configurations. It can be placed upstream of the air preheater (the high-dust system), between the electrostatic precipitator (the low-dust system) and the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) unit, or downstream of the FGD unit (the tail-end system). In SCR processes, anhydrous or aqueous NH3 is injected into the 5A-20 ------- flue gas upstream of a catalyst bed. In the presence of oxygen, NH3 reacts with nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (N02) at the catalyst surface to produce nitrogen and water :(5) 4 NH3 + 4 NO + 02 > 4 N2 +6 H20 (1) 4 NH3 + 2 N02 + 02 > 3 N2 +6 H20 (2) In the U.S., there is little electric utility experience with SCR NOX control techniques. A demonstration of this technology is being undertaken by Southern Company Services, Inc.(6' but no data have been reported yet. Several co-generators (located mostly in California) are testing these technologies; '4) however, the operating data of these facilities are not readily shared, and the performance of the units is not easily verified. The Japanese and European experience with the SCR technologies cannot be blindly applied to the U.S. There remain two significant uncertainties about design, performance, operating parameters, and cost of the SCR technologies. First, U.S. electric power plants operate under more variable loads. Second, the amounts and types of trace elements in U.S. coals are different from those in the fuel consumed in Japan and Europe. (4/6) Acurex Corporation operates U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's pilot plant which is designed to evaluate commercially available catalysts used in the NH3 based SCR technologies. A key objective of this task is to establish the performance of commercially available SCR catalysts on U.S. fuels and combustion sources. Reported in this paper are the preliminary results obtained by testing catalysts from three sources over the typical SCR temperature window ranging from 327 to 440°C. The effects of temperature, space velocity, and NH3/NO ratio on the conversion of NO according to Equation 1 were examined. The amount of N02 detected in the combustion gas was very small, about 5 ppm, and the reaction according to Equation 2 was therefore neglected. The possible poisoning effect of flue gas sulfur dioxide (S02) on the NO conversion was investigated. The issue of the formation of N20, a greenhouse gas, over the catalysts was also examined. To the best of our knowledge, such data have not been reported. EXPERIMENTAL Pilot Plant Test Facility Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the pilot plant facility used in this work. The facility includes (1) a simulated flue gas generating station consisting of a natural gas burner, NO cylinder, S02 cylinder, and 5% NH3 in air cylinder, (2) a section of about 3 m of heated combustion gas transport duct, (3) a reactor which is also externally heated, (4) a dust collecting system consisting of 5A-21 ------- a cyclone separator, a dust collector, and a ceramic particulate filter, (5) a section of -3.6 m long exhaust duct, and (6) a flyash feeding mechanism. The above components, except for the flyash feeder, were made of stainless steel (SS); the flyash feeder was made of Pyrex glass. Not shown in this diagram were the air preheater, the control panels for the natural gas burner and the flyash feeder, and mass flow controllers for natural gas and combustion air including burner and dilution air. The natural gas burner is rated at 2,110 W. The burner is equipped with a Fenwal Series 05-14 ignition/proof-of-flame mechanism which provides positive ignition of the burner when heat is required and therefore eliminates the need for pilot burners. The ignition spark operates until the flame is established and then is immediately shut off. A positive flame sensor is installed to detect the ionized species present in the combustion chamber during normal burning of the natural gas. If the flame is not present or the ionized species are below the detection limit of the flame sensor, the burner management system will shut off the natural gas supply valve automatically until the flame is re-established. For each re-ignition, air will purge the combustion chamber for 15 seconds (approximately 9 combustion volume changes) to ensure that no residual natural gas remains in the combustion chamber. A rupture disc made of aluminum foil is teed to the outlet of the burner for additional safeguard. The reactor was originally made of Pyrex glass with the dimensions of 5.1 cm O.D. x 60 cm long. The breakage and frequent replacement of the Pyrex tube were alleviated by employing a SS tube of the same dimensions in later runs. Blank runs with no catalyst were made and both confirmed no reduction of NO by the SS tube. A 5.1 cm square SS tubing was also used to test a square catalyst. The reactor section is also externally wrapped with a beaded heater to aid maintaining the temperature. A cyclone separator is installed downstream from the reactor to remove all particulate matter from the flue gas. The dust is separated and accumulated in the collector at the bottom of the cyclone. The gas leaving the cyclone passes through the particulate filter and is then vented into the tubing connected to the main exhaust pipe. The body of the flyash feeder is made of Pyrex glass columns in two sections. A maximum of 1,500 g (1 week supply) of flyash can be charged into the bottom section of the feeder. The flyash particles are then air-fluidized and fed into the flue gas stream at a nominal rate of 1.10 g/min through two 0.16 cm O.D. SS lines alternatively. To avoid pressure buildup in this feeder due to possible clogging of the tubing, two solenoid valves are employed so that when one tubing is feeding flyash into the system, the other tubing is back-flushed with air to sweep any particles back into the fluidizing chamber. The fluidizing air, passing through a glass filter mounted on the upper section of the feeder, is then vented via SS tubing tapped into the main exhaust duct. 5A-22 ------- The composition of the combustion gas can be adjusted by introducing NO, S02, and NH3 from cylinders to bring the concentrations of these gases to the desired level. The combustion gas leaving the burner was first mixed with NO and S02 at a common port midway of the combustion gas transport duct. Anhydrous ammonia (5% NH3 in air) was introduced into the reactor through a port located at the 180° connecting elbow between the reactor and the transport duct. The distance between this port and the reactor is about 20 cm. All hot spots of the unit, the burner, combustion gas transport duct, reactor, and the cyclone/duct collector are all thermally insulated. The flame temperature and the gas temperatures at the outlet end of the burner and the inlet and outlet of the reactor are constantly monitored. The test facility is operated at ambient pressure. The nominal gas flowrates are given in Table 1. All the flowrates are measured at ambient temperature. Operating Procedures Catalyst blocks were first loaded into the reactor, usually 1 day ahead of the scheduled test date. The air preheater and the beaded heater were then turned on to keep the reactor at a temperature of at least 150°C to prevent moisture from condensing on the catalysts overnight. The natural gas burner was then fired up the next morning at a proper fuel/air ratio, and the preheater was turned off. Once the reactor temperature rose steadily, the fuel/air ratio was then adjusted to keep the reactor temperature at the desired value. The flue gas temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the reactor were constantly monitored. A temperature difference of less than 5°C could routinely be achieved. As soon as the targeted reactor temperature was reached, NH3, NO, and S02 were then introduced into the combustion gas. The NO concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the reactor were then measured and NO conversion was then calculated. Catalysts More than 10 catalyst vendors were invited to participate in this program by providing their SCR catalysts. So far only three of them have provided catalysts for this work. Since these commercial catalysts arrived rather late, EPA had to make its own catalyst for system start-up. The catalysts were labelled 1A, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 4A. Catalyst 1A was made in-house. The others were commercial catalysts. Catalysts 1A, 2A, and 3A were tested. Testing of Catalysts 2B and 4A is in progress. Described below is the information on Catalysts 1A, 2A, 2B, and 3A. Information regarding Catalyst 4A will be reported after testing is completed. Catalyst 1A was made by coating a cordierite (a form of iolite or silicate of aluminum, magnesium, and iron) substrate with titanium 5A-23 ------- dioxide (Ti02) and subsequently with vanadium pentoxide (V205) . A 15.2 x 15.2 x 7.6 cm cordierite block was cut into six pieces of -4.5 cm O.D. x 7.6 cm long substrate. Each piece was first coated with Ti02-containing solution (concentrated H2S04) followed by calcination at 475°C for 4 hours. A V205-containing solution (diluted H2S04) was then dip-coated on the calcined substrate, followed by calcination at 450°C for 4 hours. The catalyst blocks obtained were brownish yellow, but not uniform due to the dip- coating procedures used. Only very limited information on the commercial catalysts was released by the suppliers. Catalysts 2A and 2B were extruded V205/Ti02 based materials. Catalyst 2A, with a catalyst-flue gas contact area of 910 m2/m3, is marketed for clean-gas applications. Catalyst 2B has a contact area of 470 m2/m3 and is for high-dust applications. Both catalysts are square with dimensions of 4.4 x 4.4 x 50 cm. Catalysts 2A and 2B are green and light yellow, respectively. (Note: Catalyst 2A contained some tungsten.) For the reactivity test, a single piece of Catalyst 2A was used. Catalyst 3A was a greyish brown, extruded precious-metal-based ceramic material, 3.5 cm O.D. x 7.6 cm long. For the reactivity test, six blocks of this catalyst were used. Measurement of N------- the reactor temperature to the geometric volume of the reactor. The results show that when SV was reduced from 18,400 to 7,650 hr"1, the averaged NO conversion increased from about 17 to 67% in the range of NH3/NO ratios tested. Catalyst 2A Effect of Temperature Shown in Figure 3 are the NO conversions at three temperatures: 327, 360, and 406°C. The NH3/NO ratio was from 0.7 to 1.45. The results indicate that the NO conversion is not sensitive to the reaction temperature. In such a temperature range more than 90% of NO is reduced when the NH3/NO ratio is near and above unity. When the NH3/NO ratio is below unity, the NO conversion is approximately proportional to the amount of NH3 entering the reactor, as indicated by the dotted line. This result is in agreement with that observed by others employing vanadia/titania-silica catalyst. (8) Effect of S02 Figure 4 summarizes the effect of S02 on the performance of Catalyst 2A. The concentration of S02 is 95 ppm. The NH3/NO ratio was varied from 0.65 to 1.25. The result indicates that this catalyst is more active without the presence of S02. Shown in Figure 5 is the performance of the same catalyst at two temperatures, 353 and 440°C, and in the presence of 95 ppm S02 . The results indicate that the catalyst is less active at 440°C than at 353°C, when 95 ppm of S02 is present in the flue gas. N20 Measurements The results of N20 measurements over Catalyst 2A are listed in Table 2. The NH3/NO ratio was varied from 0.586 to 2.17. The reaction temperature was 400°C. The space velocity was calculated to be 13,790 hr"1. No S02 was added to the combustion gas. The results shown in Table 2 indicate that practically no N20 formed over Catalyst 2A at the testing conditions chosen. This fact is very significant because N20 is a greenhouse gas which has been blamed for both increasing the alobal temperature <9'10> and destroying stratospheric ozone.'11'12' There was N20 in both the NH3 and NO tanks. Catalyst 3A Shown in Figure 6 is the performance of Catalyst 3A. The test was conducted at a temperature of 340°C and SV of 36,500 hr'1. The NH3/NO ratio was varied from 0.75 to 1.25. More than 90% reduction of NO is achieved when the NH3/NO ratio is above unity. The amount of NO removed is approximately proportional to the amount of NH3 present when the NH3/NO ratio is below unity. This result is in agreement with that observed by others.(8) 5A-25 ------- Performance Comparison The performance of the three catalysts tested in the temperature range of 340 to 360°C is shown in Figure 7. The results indicate that Catalyst 1A is the least active. Although the exact reasons have not been investigated, it is possible that the difference in reactivity between the in-house and the two commercial catalysts is due to the difference in chemical composition which is reflected by the difference in color of the catalysts tested. It is also likely that the catalytic activity can be affected by the conditions under which the catalysts were made. CONCLUSIONS The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has built a pilot plant to investigate the ammonia (NH3) based technology of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides. One in-house catalyst and two commercially available catalysts were tested. The effects of temperature, space velocity (SV), and NH3/NO ratio on the conversion of NO were investigated. In some runs, sulfur dioxide (S02) was added to the combustion gas to investigate its effect on the performance of a commercial catalyst. The formation of nitrous oxide (N20) was also examined. For the in-house catalyst, the SV has a significant effect on NO conversion at about 350°C. The NO conversion increased from an average value of 17 to 67% as the SV was decreased from 18,400 to 7,650 hr"1. For the two commercial catalysts, the NO conversion was 90% and higher when the NH3/NO ratio was near or above unity. For these two catalysts, the NO conversion was approximately proportional to the NH3 concentration at the inlet of the reactor when the NH3/NO ratio was below unity. The NO conversion was found to be temperature insensitive for one commercial catalyst tested at three temperatures, 327, 360, and 406°C. For the same catalyst, flue gas S02 was found to be poisonous, and the poisonous effect of S02 was more severe at 440°C than at 353°C. At 400°C, NH3/NO ratios ranging from .0.586 to 2.17, and SV of 13,790 hr"1, the amount of N20 formed over the same catalysts was negligible. The difference of activity between the in-house and the commercial catalysts is attributed to the difference in chemical composition and how the catalysts were made. DISCLAIMER This paper has been reviewed by the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for presentation. The contents of this article should not be construed to represent Agency policy nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or 5A-26 ------- recommendation for use by the Agency. REFERENCES (1) Mclnnes, R.G. and Van Wormer, M.B., Cleanup NOX emissions. Chem. Enqn. 130, 1990. (2) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Control Techniques for Nitrogen Oxides Emissions From Stationary Sources-Revised Second Edition," EPA-450/3-83-002 (NTIS PB84-118330), 1983. (3) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Municipal Waste Combustion-Background Information for Proposed Standards: Control of NOX Emissions, Vol. 4," EPA-450/3-89-27d (NTIS PB90-154873), August 1989, p. 3-9. (4) Eskinazi, D., Cichanowicz, J.E., Linak, W.P., and Hall, R.E., Stationary combustion NOX control. A summary of the 1989 symposium. JAPCA. 39(8): 1131, 1989. (5) Schonbucher, B., Reduction of nitrogen oxides from coal fired power plants by using the SCR process—Experiences in the Federal Republic of Germany with pilot and commercial scale DeNOx plants. In Proceedings:1989 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, Vol. 2, EPA-600/9-89-062b (NTIS PB 89-220537), June 1989, p. 6A-1. (6) U.S. Department of Energy, "Comprehensive Report to Congress Clean Coal Technology Program. Demonstration of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Technology for the Control of Nitrogen Oxide (NOX) Emissions from High-sulfur-coal-fired Boilers. A Project Proposed by Southern Company Services, Inc.," DOE/FE-0161P, April 1990. (7) Linak, W.P., McSorley, J.A., Hall, R.E., Ryan, J.V., Srivastava, R.K., Wendt, J.O.L., and Mereb, J.B. N20 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. In Proceedings: 1989 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, Vol. 1, EPA-600/9-89-062a (NTIS PB89-220529), June 1989, p. 1-37. (8) Odenbrand, I.C.U., Lundin, S.T., and Andersson, L.A.H., Catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides. 1. The reduction of NO. Appl. Catal., 18: 335, 1985. (9) Donner, L. and Ramanathan, V., Methane and nitrous oxide: Their effects on the terrestrial climate. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 119, 1980. (10) Wang, W.C., Yung, Y.L., Lacis, A.A., Moe, T.M., and Hansen, J.E., Greenhouse effects due to man-made perturbations of trace gases. Science. 194: 685, 1976. 5A-27 ------- (11) Crutzen P.J., Ozone production rates in an oxygen-hydrogen- nitrogen oxide atmosphere. J. Geophvs. Res. 76: 7311, 1971. (12) Weiss, R.F., The temporal and spatial distribution of tropospheric nitrous oxide. J. Geophvs. Res. 86: 7185, 1981, 5A-28 ------- Ol ro CD Burst Disc Vent -Hll Burner Management Flyash Feeder Mechanism Reactor Housing with Backheating Sampling Pump V Gas Analyzers Filter Cyclone Collector Figure 1. Schematics of the bench scale pilot plant facility for testing SCR DeNOx catalysts. ------- 100 - i 80 - C o u o 60 - 40 - 20 - Catalyst 1A B • T T o = 360 O = 350 C, C, SV = SV = 7, 18, 650 400 hr. hr. J- 1 0 . 0 0.5 1.0 1 . 5 2 0 NH /NO ratio Figure 2. Performance of Catalyst 1A. C o •H n M 01 > C O o o z 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 - o - 9"' _,-•' .-'' ,-'' .-•' A 0 B o / o. °. Catalyst 2A T( C) 327 360 406 i ' - i SV(hr ) 12,500 13,360 14, 000 1 i • - 0 . 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 5 NH3 /NO ratio Figure 3. Effect of temperature on the performance of Catalyst 2A. 5A-30 ------- o z 100 80- 60- 40 - 20- Catalyst 2A 0.0 • o SO 2 (ppm) None 95 T (°C) 360 353 SV (hr "-1) 13,360 13,370 0.5 1.0 NH /NO ratio 1 .5 Figure 4. Effect of SC>2 on the performance of Catalyst 2A. 100 o z 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 - Catalyst 2A. SO= 95 ppm 0 O o o o • T (°C) 353 440 SV (hr-1 ) 13,370 14 , 680 0.0 1.0 1.5 NH3 /NO ratio Figure 5. Effect of temperature on the performance of Catalyst 2A in the presence of 95 ppm SO2. 5A-31 ------- 100 -a o- 80 - H/ 60 - Catalyat 3A o z 20 - SV 340 C 36,500 hr 0 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 5 NH /NO ratio Figure 6. Performance of Catalyst 3A. 100 O z 80- o 60 •H n 8 40 20- 0.0 Catalyst • 1A a 2A * 3A T( C) 360 360 340 - 1 SV(hr ) 7, 650 13,360 36,500 0.5 1 .0 1 .5 2.0 NH /NO ratio Figure 7. Comparison of catalyst performance, 5A-32 ------- Table 1. Nominal Gas Flowrates total gas (liters/min) combustion air (liters/min) natural gas (liters/min) NO (ml/min) S02 (ml/min) NH3 (ml/min) 120 105 5 120 120 120 Table 2. Results Of N20 Measurements Over Catalyst 2A. NH3/NO ratio 0.586 0.968 1.93 2.17 inlet N2O (ppm) 3.19 2.74 2.86 2.13 outlet N20 (ppm) 3.37 2.75 2.86 1.79 5A-33 ------- POISONING OF SCR CATALYSTS Jianping Chen, Ralph T. Yang Department of Chemical Engineering State University of New York Buffalo, New York 14260 J. Edward Cichanowicz Generation & Storage Division Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California 94303 ------- POISONING OF SCR CATALYSTS Jianping Chen, Ralph T. Yang* Department of Chemical Engineering State University of New York Buffalo, New York 14260 J. Edward Cichanowicz Generation & Storage Division Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California 94303 ABSTRACT Results are summarized from a comprehensive study of the activity of 5% V20s/Ti02 catalysts for SCR, addressing the influence of all major possible poisons encountered in combustion gases. The strongest poisons are the alkali metal oxides. The effects of the strong poisons are compared for two catalysts: 5% V20s/Ti02 and 8.2% W03 + 4.8% V20s/Ti02, the latter being similar to commercial SCR catalysts. The addition of WOs increases both the catalyst activity and the resistance to poisoning. A general observation from this study is that the strength of the poison is directly related to its basicity. Concerted experimental and theoretical results indicate that the Bronsted acid sites are the active sites for SCR. Deactivation is caused by reducing the strength and the number of these sites. Results also show for this case of pure compounds (e.g., without real effects of pore plugging and blocking), SO2 in the gas phase can either decrease or increase SCR activity for tungsten-containing V20s/Ti02 catalysts, depending on other trace elements present on the catalyst surface. Corresponding Author. 5A-37 ------- INTRODUCTION This paper updates the status of a fundamental investigation into the role of trace elements in coals on catalyst poisoning for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction. The objective of this research is to identify and assess the role of potential poisons for SCR catalysts, particularly for application to high sulfur coal. Although considerable research has been conducted in this area, no systematic analysis of the effect of potential catalyst poisons on catalyst activity in high sulfur coal is available in the open literature. Results from this effort will support analysis of data from the 1 MW pilot plant tests sponsored by EPRI to evaluate catalyst performance and activity with authentic fuels. The results of the initial phase of this activity were reported at the 1989 Symposium on Stationery Combustion NOX Control in San Francisco, and summarized in reference (1). Results from the initial investigation identified the alkali metal oxides as the most potent poisons for vanadium-based catalysts (without tungsten oxide), with relative poisoning strength increasing with basicity. Other elements such as lead and arsenic were identified as exhibiting a poisoning effect on SCR activity. This phase of the research addresses the poisoning influence of these and other elements on SCR catalysts that include tungsten oxide (WO3), thereby more closely simulating the composition of catalysts in commercial applications. In addition, the effects of SO2 are included in this study. To aid in understanding the nature of active sites and the mechanism of poisoning, several special-purpose diagnostic techniques were included in this phase of the study. These are Proton NMR, Extended Huckel Molecular Orbital Calculations (EHMO), and NH3 chemisorption results. SCOPE The scope of this research is to identify changes in catalyst activity due to strictly chemical effects of pure compounds that are potential poisons. It is important to note that this investigation is not intended to simulate the actual mechanism of poisoning of SCR catalysts with real fuels. In actual commercial application, additional factors such as blockage or plugging of pores, or the physical obstruction of active sites to access by the reactants is important. Also, this study at present does not address the details of the surface conditions with real fuels, such as the distribution and concentration of multiple poisons. Rather, purely chemical 5A-38 ------- influences of single compounds are addressed. The role of sulfur in the context of this fundamental evaluation is confined to the chemical influence of SO? as a gas, in conjunction with other species that form on the catalyst surface. Insight into the real deactivation mechanisms in authentic fuels will be addressed with analysis of catalyst samples from the 1 MW SCR pilot plants operated by EPRI-member utilities, described in a companion paper at this Symposium (2). EXPERIMENTAL Details of the preparation of the Ti02 support were described in our previous paper (1). Titanium dioxide powder (P-25, Degussa) was mixed with distilled water at a ratio of 1:1.75 by weight. The resulting paste was first dried in air at 60°C for 24 hours and then at 120°C for 72 hours. After drying, the bulk titanium dioxide was crushed and sieved. The fraction between 20-32 mesh was collected and calcined at 600°C in air during the first hour, and then in He during the following six hours. The BET surface area of this support was 30.6 m2/g, which was measured by a Quantasorb surface area analyzer. The composition of the W03-V20s/Ti02 catalyst was the same as that described for a commercial SCR catalyst (3). The catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation of an aqueous solution of NHjVOs and (NH4)6 H2W12040 in oxalic acid. After impregnation, the catalyst was dried at 120°C for 15 hours and then calcined at 500°C in oxygen flow for 20 hours to decompose the ammonium salts into oxides. The elements identified as potential poisons for the SCR reaction in the earlier work are alkali (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca), as well as arsenic (As), phosphorous (P), lead (Pb), and HC1. Accordingly, these elements were evaluated in this study by impregnation via incipient wetness with the precursor solutions of corresponding salts on the V20s/Ti02 or W03-V205/Ti02 catalysts. The precursor solutions for the alkali oxides, Li20, Na20, K20, Rb20 and Cs20 were, respectively: LiAc, NaNOs, KNOs, RbAc and CsAc. For CaO, PbO, As203 and P205 doped catalysts, aqueous solutions of Ca(Ac)2, Pb(Ac)2, As205 and P205, respectively, were used. The impregnated catalysts were dried at 120°C for 3-4 hours followed by calcination to decompose the precursor salts. The experimental setup and procedure were the same as reported earlier (1, 4). Briefly, the reactor was a quartz tubular reactor in which 1-2 cm3 of catalyst particles were supported on a fritted glass. The temperature was controlled by a thermocouple in a quartz well inserted in the catalyst bed. The NO conversion was 5A-39 ------- measured by the effluent NO concentration. The reactant flowrate and the catalyst particle size were chosen in a manner that the rates were free of mass transfer effects. The reactant gas supply was controlled by using rotameters for higher flow rate gases and mixtures (i.e., N2, NH3 + N2, and NO +N2) and by using mass flow controllers (FM 4575, Linde Division) for lower flow rate gases (SO2 and 02). The premixed gases (0.8% NO in N2, and 0.8% NH3 in N2) were supplied by Linde Division. The walls of the gas mixing system were heated with heating tapes to maintain their temperatures above that for formation and deposition of ammonium sulfates. Also, to avoid possible analytical errors caused by the oxidation of ammonia in the converter of the chemiluminescent NO/NOX analyzer, an ammonia trap was installed prior to the sample inlet of the analyzer (1, 4). The NO concentration was continuously monitored by a chemiluminescent NO/NOX analyzer (Thermo Electron Corporation, Model 10). The first order rate constants were calculated by the following formula: Fo k = In(l-X) [NO]0W where Fo is the inlet molar flowrate of NO, [NO]o is the inlet molar concentration, W is the amount of catalyst, and X is the fractional conversion of NOX which is defined as : X= ([NOJin -[NO]out)/[NO]in 5A-40 ------- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of Alkali Oxides, Arsenic Oxide and Chlorides The potential poisons which were studied in this work included alkali oxides, alkali-earth oxides, phosphorous, arsenic oxides, lead oxide, and chlorides. The poisoning effect is expressed in terms of the decrease of the first order rate constant vs. poison doping amount. To identify the poisoning mechanism and the role of WOs in V2d5-based catalysts, two groups of catalyst were prepared to compare the effects of WOs [i-e., 5% V205/Ti02, compared to 8.2% WOs + 4.8% V20s/Ti02]. The poisoning effects on the 5% V205/Ti02 catalyst are shown in Figure 1. Of the various poisons, alkali oxides are the strongest. Comparing alkali and alkali-earth metal oxides, the poisoning effect is directly related to their basicity. An oxide with a higher basicity gives a stronger poisoning effect. Compared to alkali, lead oxide is a medium-strength poison for SCR, and As20s and are both weak poisons. Figure 1 also shows the change of rate constants vs. M/V (M=metal atoms) over the W0s-V20s/Ti02 catalyst. With the addition of WOs, the rate constant increased from 10.38 to 13.58 cm3/g/s for the catalysts with no poison doping. Moreover, catalysts containing WOs always exhibited higher activities than those without WOs f°r the same amounts of poisons. Figure 1 also reveals that the addition of WOs to the catalyst not only increased the catalytic activity, but also improved the resistance to alkali oxide poisons. Again, As20s is a weak poison compared to alkali for the WOs- V20s/Ti02 catalyst. The effects of chlorides were more complex. Both promoting and poisoning effects were observed, depending on the overall basicity of the chlorides. Experiments with NaCl and KC1 doped catalysts showed a weak poisoning effects. The overall effect of these compounds was a net result of poisoning by alkali and promoting by chlorine. In fact, a small amount of NaCl acted as net promoter for the V20s-based catalysts in SCR. Some transition metal chlorides are actually active catalysts for SCR. For example, 2% CuCl/Ti02 gave a 99. /3% NO conversion at 250°C (with 1000 ppm each of NO and NHs at 15000 hr1). 5A-41 ------- The effects of hydrogen chloride on SCR activity depended strongly on the reaction temperature. HC1 was found to significantly deactivate the SCR catalyst (1). The deactivation was stronger at 300°C than at 350°C. The likely cause for the HC1 deactivation is as follows. First, the formation of NH4C1 by the reaction of HC1 with NHs consumed the reactant NH3. Second, the reaction of HC1 with ¥205 forming vanadium chlorides decreased the concentration of the active component of the catalyst. Third, the deposition of NFLjCl on the catalyst surface below 340°C blocked the active surface area, which was the reason that the deactivation was more pronounced at 300°C than 350°C. Effects of Sulfur Dioxide The results of SCR with S02 and without SO2 are listed in Table 1 and Figure 2. Similar to the case of chlorides, SO2 can be either a promoter or poison. Without the presence of doped poisons, SO2 reduces catalyst activity. Alternatively, a strong promotion effect is noted for catalysts doped by poisons. Figure 2 shows the effects of SO2 on SCR activity over the W03-V205/Ti02 catalysts doped with various amounts of alkali oxides. SO2 significantly decreases the activities of the undoped catalysts, but increases the activity of the doped W03/V205 catalysts for low concentrations of poisons. For example, Figure 2 shows that when Na/V < 0.5, the activity of the doped catalyst actually exceeded that of the undoped catalyst due to the presence of S02 in the gas phase. In the presence of SC>2, the minimum NO conversion reached 98% even at an atomic ratio of M/V (M=Na, K) of 0.5. Alternatively, for K/V > 0.5, the net effect is a decrease in catalytic activity. This result indicates that although the addition of SC>2 initially recovered the catalytic activities of these doped catalysts, catalyst activity eventually decreases. The ability of SO2 to resist the poisoning effect of alkali oxides was probably caused by the gas-solid reaction of SO2 (or SO3) with the alkali oxides. The gas-solid reaction reduced the surface basicity of the catalyst by forming surface sulfates. Sulfates are known to possess Bronsted acidity when water is chemisorbed on the surface. Our recent study on transition metal sulfates (iron, cobalt and nickel sulfates) indicated that these sulfates are highly active SCR catalysts even at near ambient temperatures (4). 5A-42 ------- ANALYSIS OF DATA The above results show that the W03-V20s/Ti02 catalyst yields a higher SCR activity and a stronger alkali poison resistance than the V205/Ti02 catalyst. In order to obtain an understanding of the role of the W03 in the W03-V205/Ti02 catalyst, ammonia chemisorption experiments were performed on a series of catalysts with different K20 dopant amounts. Figure 3 shows the ammonia chemisorption amounts at different doping amounts of K20 or Cs20 over V20s/Ti02 and WOs- V20s/Ti02 catalysts. The ammonia chemisorption values of W03-V20s/Ti02 and V20s/Ti02 catalysts were 2.31 and 1.93 cn\3 STP/g catalyst, respectively. This result indicates that the acid site density of W03-V205/Ti02 was higher than that of V20s/Ti02. In Figure 3, curve A (K20-W03-V205/Ti02 series) is always above curve B (K20- V205/Ti02 series), and curve C (Cs20-W03-V205/Ti02 series) is always above curve D (Cs20-V205/Ti02 series). This result, again, indicates that the strength of the poison coincides with its basicity. The higher acid site density on the W03-V205/Ti02 catalyst was caused by the addition of W03- This was supported by results from Proton Magic Angle Spin Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H MAS NMR) experiments (5). Bronsted acidity is caused by the donation of proton from the surface hydroxyl group. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance shift is a direct measure of the Bronsted acidity, and such shifts are measured relative to a standard, [commonly used is tetramethyl silane (TMS)], in terms of ppm. A positive value means a shift of the resonance toward a lower magnetic field, corresponding to a smaller shielding by the electron shell. This, in turn, means a weaker bond between the proton and the oxygen atom, hence a stronger Bronsted acidity. The "ideal" Bronstead acid, i.e., proton without electron shell, gives a shift of 30.994 ppm relative to TMS. To understand the nature of the sites (Bronsted or Lewis) which were created by the addition of W03,1M MAS NMR experiments were performed. The results showed that the addition of W03 to the V205/Ti02 catalyst increased the Bronsted acidity. The chemical shift increased from 3.56 ppm for 5% V20s/Ti02 to 4.43 ppm for 8.2% WOs + 4.8% V205/Ti02- However, the doping of K20 in either 5%V205 or 8.2% WOs + 4.8% V20s/Ti02 catalyst resulted in a reduction of Bronsted acidity. The chemical shift decreased from 4.43 ppm for 8.25 WOs + 4.8% V20s/Ti02 to 3.14 ppm for 8.2% WOs + 4.8% ¥205 = 0.6% K20/Ti02- 5A-43 ------- For a further understanding of the mechanism of the poisoning effect, the extended Huckel Molecular Orbital (EHMO) calculations were performed to examine the nature of the surface hydroxyl groups. The results were expressed in terms of the extraction energy (EH+) of the hydrogen atom and the net charge of the hydrogen atom (H+). The calculation results showed that the hydrogen of terminal group was easier to be abstracted (i.e., stronger proton donicity hence stronger Bronsted acidity) than that of the bridge hydroxyl group. The doping of alkali oxides lead to a decrease in Bronsted acidity on the catalyst surface, whereas the addition of SO2 on the surface lead to an increase in Bronsted acidity. The above results, summed together indicate that Bronsted acid sites are the active centers for the SCR reaction on the V205-based catalysts. Therefore, we may conclude that a V20s-based catalyst with a higher Bronsted acid site density results in a higher activity for the SCR reaction. The poisons reduce the Bronsted acidity hence the SCR activity. POISONING CONSIDERATIONS IN REAL FUELS Catalysts operating in authentic flue gas will experience different surface conditions (defined by the number of trace compounds on the surface and their distribution) than observed of this experiment. Specifically, the role of sulfur - to be a poison or promoter - is unclear. If sulfur combines with strong alkali and thus acts as a means to add net basicity to the surface - catalyst activity will decrease. Alternatively, if sulfur combines with alkali in a manner to increase the net acidity of the surface - catalyst activity could increase. A possibly more important role of sulfur could be to combine with various trace elements (including alkali) and deposit on the catalyst surface, thereby restricting access of the site to reactants and decreasing catalyst activity. The specific surface conditions - defined by the specific types of compounds and their concentration - will play an important role in the ultimate effect of trace elements on catalyst activity. Further investigations into such surface conditions are being considered to resolve the role of sulfur on catalyst activity. CONCLUSIONS (1) The inclusion of WOs in the proportion of 8.2% in the catalyst composition increases the rate constant for the SCR reaction. 5A-44 ------- (2) The inclusion of WOs improves the resistance of the SCR catalyst to poisoning. However, strong poisons such as alkali compounds still have a pronounced effect on catalyst activity, with poisoning strength in proportion to basicity. Lead, arsenic, and phosphorous are also poisons, but exhibit less poisoning strength compared to strong alkali. (3 The addition of gaseous SC>2 decreases the activity of tunsten-bearing V205/Ti02 catalysts without poisons deposited on the catalyst surface. However, SO2 increases the activity of the catalysts doped with alkali oxides. (4) Chlorides can act to either promote or poison the catalyst, depending on the form of compound deposited. If vanadium chlorides ultimately form, catalyst activity will decrease significantly. (5) Ammonia chemisorption analysis of K20-doped catalyst samples suggest that W03-containing catalyst offer higher acid site density. (6) The actual role of sulfur on catalyst activity will depend on the nature and concentration of sulfur-bearing compounds deposited on the surface. This study identified that sulfur could either decrease or increase catalyst activity. If sulfur acts as a means to add basicity (or acidity) to the surface, catalyst activity will decrease (or increase). (7) These results, supported by NMR analysis (Proton Magic Angle Spin) and calculations (Huckel Molecular Orbital) further support the suggestion that SCR activity can be interpreted in terms of the density of Bronsted acid sites. The presence of elements that decrease Bronsted acidity on the surface (such as alkali compounds) causes a corresponding decrease in activity. REFERENCES 1. J. P. Chen, M.A. Buzanowski, R. T. Yang and J. E. Cichanowicz. Air Waste Manage. Assoc, 40,1403 (1990). 2. H. B. Flora, J. Barkley, G. Janik, B. Marker, and J. E. Cichanowicz. Proceeding of the 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx Control, March 1991. 3. G. Tuenster, W.F.V. Leeuwen and L. J. M. Sheprangers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 25, 633 (1986). 4. J. P. Chen, R. T.Yang, M.A. Buzanowski and J. E. Cichanowicz. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29,1431 (1990). 5. B. M. Reddy, K. Narsimha, D. K. Rao and V. M. Mastikhin. J. Catal., 118, 22 (1989). 5A-45 ------- 16 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 M/V Atomic Ratio Figure 1. SCR activity (expressed as first-order rate constant) of 5% V205/Ti02 (solid curves) and 8.2% W03 +4.8% V205/Ti02 (dashed curves) doped with different amounts of oxide poisons where M = Li, Na, K Rb, Cs, Pb, As and P, 300°C, NO = NH3 = 1,000 ppm, 02 = 2%, N2 = balance, GHSV = 15,000 hr.~l 5A-46 ------- 18- 16- 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 M/V Atomic Ratio 1.0 Figure 2. SCR activities (expressed as first-order rate constant) of 8.2% WO. +4.8% V20 /Ti02 with doped metal oxide poisons. M = metal, 300°C, = 2%, NO = HO = 8%, N = 1,000 ppm, balance, GHSV = 15,000 hr"1 2 = 1,000 ppm, Solid curves are without S0_ and H-0, and dashed curves are with SO,., and HO. 5A-47 ------- co X O E c O E 4) .C O CO I 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 M/V Atomic Ratio 1.0 Figure 3. NH chemisorption amount over alkali oxides doped catalysts at 200°C. doped 8.2% doped 5% V + 4.8% /TiO C --- Cs20 doped 8.2% WO + 4.8% V 0 /TiO D --- Cs20 doped 5% V20 /Ti02 M --- K or Cs 5A-48 ------- Table 1 Effects of SO. on NO Conversion and Rate Constant (k) for SCR at 300°C. Catalyst 5% V205/Ti02 (A) 0.74% CaO/A 0.32% Li 0/A 0.68% As000/A 2 3 8.2% WO +4.8% V205/Ti 1.5% Na20/B 1.1% K20/B 5.1% As20.,/B Without Conv . , % 98.0 97.2 91.4 96.7 02 (B) 99.4 83 54 92 so2 k, cm /g/s 10.38 9.49 6.52 9.09 13.58 4.7 2.06 6.71 With Conv. , % 99.2 99.2 99.1 99.2 99* 95.5* 98* 95.3* so2 k, cm /g/s 12.82 12.82 12.63 12.80 12.23 8.23 10.39 8.12 Reaction Conditions: NO = NH = 1,000 ppm, SO = 1,000 ppm (when used), 0? = 2%, HO = 8% (when used), N2 = balance, GHSV = 15,000 ppm. *reaction with 8% water vapor. 5A-49 ------- EVALUATION OF SCR AIR HEATER FOR NOx CONTROL ON A FULL-SCALE GAS- AND OIL-FIRED BOILER J. L. Reese and M. N. Mansour Applied Utility Systems, Inc. 1140 East Chesnut Avenue Santa Ana, California 92701 H. Mueller-Odenwald, Kraftanlagen AG, Heidelberg Im Brietspiel 7 Postfach 103420 D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Germany L. W. Johnson, L. J. Radak, and D. A. Rundstrom Southern California Edison Company 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue Post Office Box 800 Rosemead, California 91770 ------- EVALUATION OF SCR AIR HEATER FOR NOX CONTROL ON A FULL-SCALE GAS- AND OIL-FIRED BOILER J.L. Reese and M.N. Mansour Applied Utility Systems, Inc. 1140 East Chestnut Avenue Santa Ana, California 92701 H. Mueller-Odenwald, Kraftanlagen AG, Heidelberg Im Brietspiel 7 Postfach 103420 D-6900 Heidelberg 1, Germany L.W. Johnson, L.J. Radak, andD.A. Rundstrom Southern California Edison Company 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue Post Office Box 800 Rosemead, California 91770 ABSTRACT A selective catalytic reduction air heater (CAT-AH) system is being demonstrated by Southern California Edison Company (SCE) on Mandalay Generating Station Unit 2, a gas- and oil-fired unit. The CAT-AH is installed on one of two air heaters and treats flue gas from an equivalent of 107.5 MW of electrical generation. The CAT-AH process involves the reaction of NOX in the flue gas with NH3 in the presence of catalyst-coated air heater elements to form N2 and H2O. The elements are designed to provide optimum NOX reductions while maintaining air heater performance. This technology was developed and is supplied by Kraftanlagen AG Heidelberg (KAH). Projected results of the demonstration are presented, showing the design of the CAT-AH system, NOX reductions, impacts on air heater performance, and process economics. Projected NOX reductions are presented as a function of NH3 to NOX mole ratio and NH3 slip. Air heater performance parameters considered include heat transfer efficiency and pressure loss characteristics. 5A-53 ------- EVALUATION OF SCR AIR HEATER FOR NOS CONTROL ON A FULL-SCALE GAS-AND OIL-FIRED BOILER INTRODUCTION Rule 1135 currently under consideration by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) will require substantial NOX reductions on all utility boilers located in the South Coast Air Basin. Conventional selective catalytic reduction (SCR), the technology identified by the SCAQMD to achieve compliance with Rule 1135, can be very expensive to install on existing boilers. Catalyst coated air heater elements represent an alternative NOX control technology which can be integrated with other NOX controls, such as low NOX burners (LNBs), flue gas recirculation (FOR), and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) to achieve the required NOX reductions at a relatively low cost. The CAT-AH offers a low cost alternative for installing SCR for NOX control on a utility boiler. An air heater is a device with a large surface area compacted in a small volume. The heat transfer surface of an air heater is designed to ensure intimate contact with the boiler flue gas. Placing a catalyst on the surface of an air heater satisfies most of the design and operational requirements of a conventional SCR system. The CAT-AH also is complementary with SNCR processes. NH3 breakthrough, which is a byproduct of SNCR, can be used to provide further reduction of NOX on the surface of a CAT-AH. In addition to offering a NOX reduction, a CAT-AH can eliminate or reduce NH3 discharge to the atmosphere. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAT-AH The CAT-AH technology has been developed by KAH in response to strict environmental regulations in Germany. KAH is a licensee of the Ljungstrom air heater technology and has been supplying industrial air heaters since the 1920's. KAH began development of a catalyst-coated air heater for NOX control in 1984. Since then, extensive development work has been carried out to develop a catalyst and, more importantly, a process to apply the catalyst to the varied profile geometries used by KAH in their Ljungstrom air heater designs. This is particularly important because the catalyst-coated element must reduce NOX emissions while maintaining high heat transfer and low pressure loss characteristics. Initially, ceramic monolithic catalysts available from catalyst manufacturers were evaluated. These proved inadequate due to erosion and structural problems associated with thermal shock. An alternative approach was developed based on KAH's expertise in the manufacture 5A-54 ------- of ceramic coatings. Development of the catalyst materials for NOX removal involved optimizing the catalyst composition to obtain the desired temperature and porosity to maximize reactivity while minimizing plugging potential. An additional key factor involved obtaining good adhesion to the heating element while not compromising the element profile. The manufacturing process includes the following steps: • Form profile; • Cut to length; • Apply catalyst coating. A similar process is used in the manufacture of conventional enamel-coated elements. A key feature of this process is that the profile is formed prior to the application of the catalyst. This approach allows the elements to be formed into the desired profiles to optimize air heater performance characteristics. A large number of laboratory-scale tests have been carried out using the flue gas from different fuels to evaluate NOX removal as well as correlations of thermal performance and pressure loss. These tests have been carried out for KAH at the Karlsruhe University, at the Heat and Mass Transfer Laboratory of Svenska Rotor Maskiner AB in Sweden, as well as at KAH's laboratories. These tests have shown that satisfactory NOX removal can be obtained while not sacrificing air heater thermal or pressure loss performance. The laboratory tests have been followed by full-scale field trials and retrofits. LARGE-SCALE EXPERIENCE Table 1 lists KAH's full-scale experience with CAT-AHs. This experience includes application of the technology to different types of boilers and a full range of fuels. Specific details of this experience are discussed below. Frimmersdorf Station In 1988, KAH CAT-AHs were evaluated on 150 MW units firing brown coal at the Frimmersdorf Generating Station operated by RWE. The objective of this application was to evaluate the use of air heater catalysts in supplementing combustion modifications in achieving the NOX emission limit of 200 mg/m3. The test period lasted approximately 3,500 hours and included eight start-ups and shutdowns. During the test period, the actual NOX concentrations and air heater gas inlet temperatures were lower than expected. During much of the test, the temperature was below 540°F. The tests did provide the following results: 5A-55 ------- • With air heater gas inlet temperatures above 570°F, NOX reductions of 30 percent could be attained; • Erosion of the catalyst from the abrasive fly ash (high S^ content) could be controlled. A permanent retrofit of CAT-AH was not installed because RWE was able to meet the NO, limits only with combustion modifications. Lichterfeld Station KAH CAT-AH was evaluated on an oil-fired boiler in 1988 at the Lichterfeld station in Berlin operated by BEWAG. Air heater catalyst was tested in conjunction with a furnace urea injection system installed by Fuel Tech, Inc. The primary objective of installing the CAT-AH was to control NH3 slip. Results of these tests were as follows: • NOX emissions were reduced by 75 percent with the combined urea injection and CAT-AH; • NH3 emissions were reduced from 20 ppm to 1 to 2 ppm with the CAT-AH despite stratification of NH3 at the air heater inlet; • Catalyst activity and air heater performance were not impaired by water washings. Although favorable test results were obtained with the KAH air heater catalyst, the utility ultimately installed a conventional SCR system due to a lack of time to meet the NOX limits. Marl Station CAT-AH coated with catalysts supplied by BASF have been installed at the slag-tap (wet bottom) boilers operated by BKG at the Marl Generating Station. Additional elements were installed upstream of the catalyst elements to reduce gas temperatures to optimum levels. Results of the installation are: • NO, emissions reductions goal of 30 percent was achieved; • NH3 slip was limited to 3 ppm. The NH3 injection did result in unacceptably high NH3 content in the fly ash, which is recycled for the production of cement. KAH and the catalyst supplier are currently assessing potential solutions to the fly ash problem. 5A-56 ------- Voerde Station A pilot test was conducted in 1987 at the Voerde station operated by STEAG on a gas to gas heat exchanger used to reheat flue gas from a SO2 scrubber. The catalyst matrix was supplied by KAH's Japanese Ljungstrom partner. The system was operated for 1,600 hours. During the test, NOX reductions of 35 percent were achieved and NH3 slip was reduced from 300 ppm to zero. APPLICATION OF CAT-AH TO MANDALAY GENERATING STATION SCE recently installed a CAT-AH system on the north air heater at Mandalay Station Unit 2. This is the first CAT-AH installation in the United States. Catalyst hot end elements were supplied by KAH under subcontract to Applied Utility Systems, Inc. (AUS). Intermediate and cold end elements were supplied by ABB Air Preheater, Inc., the United States licensee of Ljungstrom air heater technology. ABB Air Preheater, Inc. also supplied new conventional elements for the south air heater at Mandalay Unit 2. An NH3 injection system using anhydrous NH3 was provided by SCE's Engineering and Construction Department. Design criteria for the NH3 injection grid was provided by KAH and AUS. Structural design of the injection grid was provided by Charles T. Main, Inc. Installation of the CAT-AH was completed on December 1, 1990. The unit was returned to service and has been operating normally since then. Evaluation of the performance of the CAT-AH has been delayed pending the completion of the installation of the NH3 injection system. This installation is now virtually complete and NH3 injection is expected to be initiated during the week of April 1, 1991. Evaluation of the CAT-AH will be under the direction of SCE's Engineering, Planning and Research Department. EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION The Mandalay Generating Station is located in Oxnard, California. The station consists of two identical steam generating units, Units 1 and 2. Each unit is equipped with two air heaters. The CAT-AH is being evaluated on the north side air heater of Unit 2. The CAT- AH and the NH3 injection system are described briefly below. 5A-57 ------- Mandalav Unit 2 Figure 1 shows a diagram of Mandalay Unit 2. This is a Babcock and Wilcox unit that was installed in 1959. The electrical generation is 215 MW at full load and 20 MW at minimum load. Superheated steam conditions at full load are 2400 psig and 1050°F. The boiler is equipped with primary and secondary superheater sections, a reheat superheater, economizer, and two air heaters. The boiler operates in a forced draft mode and is equipped with 24 combination gas- or oil- fired burners located on the front wall with four rows of six each. Selected burners in the upper rows are operated out of service for NOX control. The unit is equipped with FOR to the hopper of the furnace for steam temperature control at reduced loads. Air Heaters Mandalay Unit 2 is equipped with two vertical shaft Ljungstrom regenerative air heaters. The air heaters are Model 1588, Type 26 VIX, originally supplied by ABB Air Preheater, Inc. The air heater has three layers of elements, consisting of hot end, intermediate, and cold end layers. The heights of the original elements are as follows: • Hot end layer: 42 inches; • Intermediate layer: 16 inches; • Cold end layer: 12 inches. The hot end and intermediate layers are constructed of open hearth steel. The cold end layer is 409 stainless steel. Table 2 shows the design operating conditions for the original air heaters. Flue gas outlet temperatures are shown both uncorrected and corrected for air leakage. The CAT-AH has been installed on the north side air heater. The catalyst has been applied to the hot end elements. The height of the hot end has been increased to maximize NOX reductions. The new intermediate layer is constructed from Corten steel. The height has been reduced to compensate for the increased hot end height. The cold end elements have been replaced with enameled steel elements with the same dimensions as the original elements. Enameled elements have been used due to the potential for increased corrosion caused by the increased conversion of SO2 to SO3 when firing oil fuel. The height of the new elements are as follows: • Catalyst hot end layer: 1150 mm (45.25 inches); • Intermediate layer: 355 mm (14.0 inches); 5A-58 ------- • Cold end layer: 305 mm (12.0 inches). The south side air heater has been replaced with new elements conforming to the original design. NH3 Injection System The NH3 required for the NOX reaction is provided by an air injection system using anhydrous NH3. The NH3 will be mixed with carrier air and injected into the flue gas using a grid of nozzles in the horizontal duct located downstream of the economizer. Table 3 shows the nominal operating conditions of the NH3 injection system. The NH3 injection rate for each test will be selected based on the inlet NOX concentration, flue gas flowrate, and desired NH3/NOX mole ratio. The NH3 is supplied to seven horizontal header pipes located in the duct. Nozzles from adjacent header pipes are offset to provide uniform dispersion of NH3. There are a total of 165 injection nozzles. The NH3 supply line to each header pipe is equipped with a manual valve and pressure indicator to allow control of NH3 to each header pipe. In this way, the NH3 injection can be biased to compensate for stratification of the flue gas flow in the vertical direction. PROJECTED PERFORMANCE OF THE CAT-AH Projections of the performance of the CAT-AH in terms of heat transfer, pressure loss, and NOX removal were provided by KAH using correlations they have developed based on full- scale and laboratory-scale experience. The projected thermal and pressure loss performance are as follows: • Thermal performance: no change; • Pressure loss: increased by less than 20 percent. Air heater outlet gas temperature, and thus boiler efficiency, are not expected to be changed by the CAT-AH. The design total pressure loss for the gas and air side of the original air heater is 7.15 inches H2O at full load. Thus, the increase in pressure loss across the CAT- AH is expected to be less than 1.4 inches H2O. This is not expected to have any significant adverse impacts on boiler operation. Preliminary indications at the Mandalay station are that the performance of the CAT-AH with respect to gas and air side temperatures and pressures are in line with projections. 5A-59 ------- Figures 2 through 4 show the projected NOX reductions as a function of NH3 slip. NOX reductions are shown for the baseline case of 180 ppm (@ 3% O2) NOX. For comparison, NOX reductions also are shown with reduced baseline NOX levels of 120 ppm (@ 3% O2) and 50 ppm (@ 3% O2) to reflect the emissions that could be attained with additional control measures such as LNBs, FGR, and SNCR. At the design condition of 740°F gas inlet temperature and a baseline NOX of 180 ppm, a NOX reduction of 50 percent is projected to maintain NH3 slip below the specified 10 ppm. Higher NOX reductions can be obtained, but with a corresponding increase in NH3 slip. As shown in Figures 2 and 4, higher NOX reductions can be obtained with lower baseline NOX values while maintaining NH3 slip less than 10 ppm. With an inlet NOX level of 120 ppm (@ 3% OJ, NOX removal is projected to be 60 percent. With an inlet NOX of 50 ppm (@ 3% O2), NOX removal increases to 76 percent. NOX reductions are increased as the baseline NOX is decreased because a smaller amount of NH3 injection is required. The ratio of NH3 injected to NH3 slip remains relatively constant. Thus, to maintain a specified level of NH3 slip (10 ppm), higher mole ratios of NH3 to NOX can be injected at lower inlet NOX levels, resulting in a corresponding increase in NOX removal. The figures also show the effect of flue gas inlet temperature on NOX removal. With an inlet NOX level of 180 ppm (@ 3% O2) decreasing the inlet gas temperature from 740°F to 650°F is expected to reduce NOX removal from about 50 to 43 percent. Increasing the inlet temperature to 830°F would increase NOX removal to about 55 percent. The minimum temperature to obtain NOX removals is approximately 540°F. KAH recommends 900°F as a maximum gas inlet temperature. An extensive evaluation program to characterize the performance of the CAT-AH is planned following the initial start-up of the system. Key process parameters to be evaluated will include: • Air heater gas inlet temperature; • Space velocity; • Inlet NOX concentration; • Allowable NH3 slip; • NH3 distribution. 5A-60 ------- Boiler and NH3 injection system operating conditions to be varied to evaluate the above parameters include: • Boiler load; • NH3/NOX mole ratio; • NH3 injection distribution; • FGR rate to hopper; • Excess O2. Boiler load affects several operating variables simultaneously, including inlet flue gas temperature, inlet NOX concentration, and flue gas volume (space velocity). The NH3/NOX mole ratio controls the availability of NH3, but is limited by the allowable NH3 slip. Typically, an NH3/NOX mole ratio of less than one is used to avoid excessive NH3 slip. Because the available NH3 is limited, adequate NH3 distribution across the air heater is important to obtain maximum NOX removal. Proper NH3 distribution will be verified by traverse measurements of NH3 and NOX stratification at the air heater outlet. The distribution of ammonia can be controlled by the manual control valves installed on each horizontal supply pipe or, if necessary, by using injection nozzles of different sizes. FGR and excess O2 are variables that affect flue gas temperature, flue gas volume, and inlet NOX concentration. The impact of these variables on air heater performance also will be determined. INTEGRATED APPROACH TO NOX EMISSIONS CONTROL The CAT-AH is well suited for use with other NOX control techniques because of the following: • CAT-AH can be used to control NH3 slip from upstream SNCR or SCR processes; • For a constant NH3 slip, the NOX removal rate increases with decreasing air heater inlet NOX concentration. Figure 5 shows an example of how a CAT-AH can be combined in a system of multiple NOX control technologies to achieve ultra low NOX emissions levels. Based on an uncontrolled NO, emission level of 200 ppm (@ 3% O2) for a gas-fired utility boiler, it is conservatively estimated that NOX emissions can be reduced by 60 percent to 80 ppm (@ 3% O2) using combustion modifications such as LNBs, FGR and/or staged combustion. The use of a SNCR process could provide a NOX reduction of at least 25 percent, to 60 ppm (@ 3% O2). A CAT-AH could then be applied to provide further NOX reductions while controlling NH3 5A-61 ------- slip from the SNCR process. Based on the projections for the Mandalay unit, the CAT-AH could provide a NOX reduction of at least 67 percent, resulting in a NOX emission level of 20 ppm (@ 3% O2), while limiting NH3 slip to 10 ppm. Thus, the combined use of selected NOX emission control technologies can provide overall NOX reductions comparable to conventional SCR, in the range of 90 percent. This approach can be much less costly than a conventional SCR system in a retrofit application. COSTS Costs of the CAT-AH control technology are dependent on a number of site-specific factors including the unit size, fuel characteristics, number of air heaters, air heater design and operating conditions, and catalyst life. Rough approximations of capital costs are in the range of$20/kW. Operating and maintenance costs are controlled by catalyst life, which is yet to be determined. Approximate costs range from $1.25/MWh to$3.00/MWh for a catalyst life ranging from two years to five years. CONCLUSIONS Testing of the CAT-AH system at the Mandalay station to be conducted in the upcoming months will provide a detailed assessment of CAT-AH performance. At the present time, the following qualitative conclusions can be reached: • CAT-AH provides an additional technique to reduce NOX emissions; • Requires no modifications to existing equipment and has minimal impact on performance; • Provides substantial NOX reductions; • Can be used to control NH3 slip from SNCR or upstream catalyst processes; • Can be integrated with other NOX control technologies to provide ultra low NOX emissions. More quantitative conclusions will be developed following the evaluation at the Mandalay station. 5A-62 ------- Figure 1. Mandalay Unit 2 5A-63 ------- NH 3 slip, ppm Flue Gas Inlet Temperature 740 °F 10 20 30 40 50 60 NOX removal efficiency, % Figure 2. NO x Curve for Inlet NO x • 180 ppm 70 5A-64 ------- NH 3 slip, ppm Flue Gas Inlet Temperature 740 °F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 NOX removal efficiency, % Figure 3. NO x Curve for Inlet NO x - 120 ppm 5A-65 ------- NH3 slip, ppm Flue Gas Inlet Temperature 740 °F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 NOX removal efficiency, % Figure 4. NOX Curve for Inlet NO x • 50 ppm 90 5A-66 ------- en > 05 -vl 250 200 150 100 50 0 NOX, ppm (at 3% O2 ) 200 80 60 20 Uncontrolled Combustion Modifications SNCR Catalyst Air Heater Figure 5. Integrated Approach for Ultra-Low NOX Emissions ------- TABLE 1. KAH FULL-SCALE EXPERIENCE Utility Power Station Fuel Pilot Trials: RWE RWE STEAG Full-Scale Retrofits: RWE BEWAG BKG Frimmersdorf "C1 Meppen Voerde Frimmersdorf "F" Lichterfeld (Berlin) Marl Brown Coal Gas Bituminous Coal Brown Coal Oil Bituminous Coal 5A-68 ------- TABLE 2. ORIGINAL AIR HEATER DESIGN OPERATING CONDITIONS Location Flow, Mlb/hr Temperature, °F Pressure, In. H2O Air Inlet Air Outlet Gas Inlet Gas Outlet 860.5 790.0 850.0 920.5 80 646 740 267 (uncorrected) 259 (corrected) 19.0 15.1 4.25 1.00 5A-69 ------- TABLE 3. NH, INJECTION DESIGN CONDITIONS Location: Flue Gas Flowrate: Flue Gas O2 Content: NOX Concentration: NOX Flowrate: NH3/NOX Mole Ratio: NH3 Flowrate: NH3 Carrier Air Flowrate: Mandalay Unit 2 North Air Heater 850,000 Ib/hr 2.0% O2 180 ppm @ 3% O2 212 Ib/hr 0.92 72 Ib/hr 4,000 Ib/hr 5A-70 ------- N2O FORMATION IN SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC NOV REDUCTION PROCESSES" L. J. Muzio" T. A. Montgomery G. C. Quartucy Fossil Energy Research Corporation 23342 C South Pointe Laguna Hills, CA 92653 J. A. Cole J. C. Kramlich Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 18 Mason Irvine, California 92718 Work sponsored by U.S. DOE AR&TD (DE-AC22-88PC88943) ' Corresponding Author ------- N2O FORMATION IN SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC NO, REDUCTION PROCESSES ABSTRACT NOX control techniques currently under development include combustion modification and post- combustion techniques. As these technologies are developed and implemented, it is important to ensure that NOX reductions are not achieved at the expense of producing other undesirable species. One possible concern is the production of N2O from NOX reduction processes. The current work addressed potential N2O production from selective non-catalytic NOX reduction (SNCR) processes using ammonia, urea and cyanuric acid injection. Previous work with SNCR processes has shown that ammonia injection produces minimal N2O emissions, while cyanuric acid injection has, under certain conditions, almost quantitatively converted NOX to N2O. While little data exists for urea injection, it has been suggested that it might behave as a hybrid between ammonia and cyanuric acid. Pilot-scale testing and chemical kinetic modeling was used to characterize the N2O production of these processes over a range of process parameters. The data show that SNCR processes were all found to produce some N2O as a byproduct. Ammonia injection produced the lowest levels of N2O while cyanuric acid produced the highest levels. N2O formation resulting from these processes was shown to be dependent upon the reagent used, the amount of reagent injected, and the injection temperature. 5A-73 ------- N20 FORMATION IN SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC NO, REDUCTION PROCESSES INTRODUCTION The mean global concentration of N2O is approximately 300 ppm and has been increasing at a rate of 0.2-0.4% per year (Tirpak, 1987, Weiss, 1981). In the troposphere, N2O is a relatively strong absorber of infrared radiation and, therefore, has been implicated as a contributor to the "Greenhouse Effect". Being stable in the troposphere, N2O is transported to the stratosphere where it is the largest source of stratospheric NO. NO in turn is the primary species responsible for establishing the equilibrium stratospheric 03 concentration (Kramlich, et al, 1988). Direct N2O emissions from fossil fuel combustion have previously been reported to be equivalent to 25- 40% of the NOX levels (Hao, et al, 1987; Castaldini, 1983). However, recent tests have shown these measurements to be in error, most of the N20 having been formed as an artifact of the sampling procedure (Muzio and Kramlich, 1988). Full-scale tests using an on-line N2O analyzer have confirmed that direct emissions of N2O from fossil fuel-fired boilers are less than 15 ppm. Further, N2O levels do not generally correlate with the NOX emissions (Muzio, et al, 1990). While N20 emissions from conventional combustion equipment are low, a number of advanced combustion and emission control systems could be responsible for significant N2O emission levels. This paper describes experimental and kinetic modeling studies of selective non-catalytic NOX reduction (SNCR) processes and the potential by-product N2O emissions therefrom. Selective non-catalytic NOX reduction (SNCR) processes involve the reaction of NO with a nitrogen- based chemical in a temperature region of nominally 1000K to 1350K. Representative processes in this category of NOX reduction technologies include: Ammonia (NH3) Injection, (Lyon, 1976) Urea (NH2CONH2) Injection, (Muzio and Arand, 1976; Mansour, et al, 1987) Cyanuric Acid ((HNCO)3)/Cyanic Acid Injection, (Perry, 1988) 5A-74 ------- Figure 1 shows the possible major chemical paths leading to the reduction of NOX with these species and possible paths leading to the formation and emission of N2O as a by-product. Since all of these processes involve reactions between NO and nitrogen species in the temperature window between 1000-1350K, there is some concern that N2O could be a product of the NOX reduction process. Kramlich, et al, (1987, 1989) showed that there is a temperature window in the region from 1200 1500K for the formation and emission of N2O by the reaction of cyano species and NO, essentially the right hand path in Figure 1. This involves the formation of NCO which subsequently reacts with NO to form N2O as follows: OH + HNCO -> NCO + H2O NCO + NO -» N2O + CO Previously reported results with ammonia injection (Lyon, 1976; Muzio and Arand, 1976) indicate that very little N2O is formed during the reduction of NOX. This is consistent with the path shown in Figure 1; the NH3 decomposes to NH, species, which in turn react with NO forming N2 as the primary product. Reported results with cyanuric acid injection ((HNCO)3) or isocyanic acid injection (HNCO) indicate N2O to be a major intermediate species and product (Siebers and Caton, 1988). The detailed reaction chemistry of urea (NH2CONH2) with NOX is not presently known. The actual reaction path is dependent on the urea decomposition products upon injection into high temperature combustion products, of which a number can be postulated. It has been suggested that the urea might decompose into NH3 and HNCO (Caton and Siebers, 1988); this path is shown in Figure 1. If the urea decomposes to NH3 and HNCO, as suggested by the results of Caton and Siebers (1988), then the HNCO may ultimately lead to N2O formation. On the other hand, another decomposition path may be 2NH2 + CO, in which case little N20 would be expected as a product. OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH The specific objectives of work reported in this paper were to 1) determine the extent to which N2O is a by-product of SNCR processes, and 2) determine the process parameters and underlying mechanisms leading to N2O emissions. The formation and emission of N20 from SNCR processes has been addressed through a combination of theoretical and experimental efforts. Chemical kinetic calculations were performed using a mechanism and model developed by Energy and Environmental Research Corp., (Cole and Kramlich, 1990). Pilot scale tests were conducted in a research combustor at Fossil Energy Research Corp. 5A-75 ------- AMMONIA UREA CYANURIC ACID NHs NHs+OH NH2+NO NH2CONH2 I NH3+HNCO (HNCO)3 3HNCO L f HNCOfH —»- NH24CO HNCO+OH —*- NCCM-H2O t NCCMSD—»- N2OCO N20+OH N2OfH Figure 1. Major Paths for Selective Non Catalytic NOX Reduction 5A-76 ------- CHEMICAL KINETIC CALCULATIONS A series of chemical kinetic calculations have been performed to predict the conditions under which SNCR processes may result in N2O formation. These calculations were performed using the gas-phase one-dimensional model and kinetic data set referred to above. The calculations investigated parameters including temperature, combustion product stoichiometry (SR), reducing agent type (NH3, urea, cyanuric acid), and SO2 concentration. Baseline conditions selected for the modeling runs were an SR of 1.1 using a CH4/air flame, an initial NOX (NOJ concentration of 700 ppm and a molar nitrogen to NOX (XN/NOX) ratio of 1.0. There was no SO2 present during the baseline runs. The combustion products were produced by running the model as an adiabatic well stirred reactor followed by a plug-flow reactor. This approach has been previously shown to successfully simulate effluents from premixed and diffusion burners. The gases were then "quenched" to the desired starting temperature and the NO concentration adjusted to provide the baseline NOX level. For all reducing agents, the injection temperature was varied from 900K to HOOK at 100K intervals. A mixing time of 10 ms was used to model the addition of NOX reducing agents. The decomposition routes of complex reducing agents such as urea and cyanuric acid are not currently well understood. This leaves some uncertainty as to how these materials should be treated during modeling. Cyanuric acid (HNCO)3 was assumed to decompose into either HNCO or HOCN. For urea, more complex chemicals such as biuret may result from pyrolysis, thus leading to a more complex set of final decomposition products. Since kinetic data are available for only a few rather simple species, it is necessary to assume that urea is essentially a combination of simpler species such as: -» 2NH2 + CO NH2CONH2 -» NH2 + H + HNCO -» NH3 + HNCO Previous calculations (Chen, et al., 1988; Muzio, et al, 1989) have shown that only the latter product set (NH3 + HNCO) resulted in an acceptable prediction of NOX reduction with urea injection. Figure 2 (a,b) shows the calculated NOX reductions and N2O production, respectively, as a function of temperature for ammonia (NH3), cyanuric acid (as HNCO), and urea (as NH3 + HNCO) addition. These calculations are for the baseline condition described previously at an additive-to-NOx molar ratio (N/NO) 5A-77 ------- c o ' x O H Ammonia (NH3) EJ Urea (NH3+HNCO) D CyanuricAcid(HNCO) 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Temperature, K a) Calculated NOX Reduction versus Temperature 80 P ------- of 2.0. The calculated NO reductions for NH3 injection are 97% with peak removals occurring at 1200K. Calculated NO reductions for urea injection (NH3 and HNCO) show peak removals at 1300K with the peak removals somewhat less than ammonia. For cyanuric acid injection (HNCO), peak removals of 90% occur at 1300K. Also, as seen in Figure 2a, the calculated temperature window with HNCO is narrower than with NH3 or urea. Calculated N2O emissions corresponding to the NOX reductions in Figure 2a are shown in Figure 2b. As seen in Figure 2b with NH3 injection, very little N2O is calculated as a product, with a peak level of 1 ppm at a temperature of 1200K. This is consistent with experimental results reported by Lyon (1976) and Muzio and Arand (1976). For the assumed scenario for cyanuric acid decomposition (HNCO), and for urea (NH3 + HNCO), the calculations show peak N2O levels of 90 and 68 ppm, respectively, at 1200K. For all chemical additives, essentially no N2O is found at temperatures above 1300K. Figure 3 replots the results in Figure 2a,b showing the calculated N2O levels as a fraction of the NOX reduced. For ammonia injection, the calculations indicate less than 1% of the NOX is converted to N2O. For urea injection, the calculations indicate a peak NOX to N2O conversion of 12% at 1200K. For HNCO, the calculations indicate that over 50% of the NOX is converted to N2O at 1200K. Calculated byproduct emissions of NH3 and NHCO are presented in Figure 4 (a,b). In both instances, no byproduct emissions were found at temperatures in excess of 1200K. When considering NH3 emissions (Figure 4a), NH3 injection gave peak emissions of 1397 ppm at 900K, while they were 700 ppm for urea injection at the same temperature. Cyanuric acid injection resulted in maximum NH3 levels of 4 ppm at 1200K. The HNCO emissions, plotted versus temperature in Figure 4b, showed that cyanuric acid injection resulted in maximum HNCO emissions. Urea injection showed peak HNCO levels of about one-half of those seen when injecting cyanuric acid, while no HNCO emissions were seen with ammonia injection. These data show that the byproduct emissions consisted primarily of the initial reactants, and that at lower temperatures they passed through unreacted. Additional calculations have been performed investigating the effect of 1) the presence of SO2, 2) combustion product stoichiometry, 3) initial NOX level, and 4) amount of SNCR chemical added. These results show similar trends and while they have not been included in this paper, they are discussed in the project report (Montgomery, et al, 1990). PILOT-SCALE TEST RESULTS A series of tests were also conducted in a small pilot-scale combustor. A schematic of the combustor is shown in Figure 5. This combustor is the same one described by Teixeira (Teixeira, et al, 1991). 5A-79 ------- U.fc) 0.5 0.4 X 0 z 0 0-3 C\J 0.2 0.1 n n - _ - - - |— i — 1 j - . - - - Ammonia (NH3) Urea (NH3+HNCO) Cyanuric Acid (HNCO) 627 727 827 927 1027 1127 Temperature, °C Figure 3. Chemical Kinetic Modeling Results: N2O Emissions Normalized by the NO, Reduction. NO,=700 ppm, N/NO=2.0. 5A-80 ------- E Q. Q. C g "w (/> E LU CO I 2000 1500 1000 500 Ammonia (NH3) Urea (NH3+HNCO) Cyanuric Acid (HNCO) 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Temperature, K a) Calculated NH3 Emissions versus Temperature kiUUU |_ 1500 Q. c O W) w 1000 E LU O O ^ 500 n • • - - ^ k\\\\\\V ^ // V. \\X\\\\X! L\\\\\\N - H Ammonia (NH3) E3 Urea (NH3+HNCO) D Cyanuric Acid (HNCO) 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature, K 1400 b) Calculated HNCO Emissions versus Temperature Figure 4. Chemical Kinetic Modeling Results NO, = 700 ppm, N/NO = 2.0 5A-81 ------- BUHNER FLOW SYSTEM / \ 7eom COMBUSTION AND COOLING SECTION EIOHT CONCENTRIC COOLINQ PROBE |_ PORTS ^ r OAS AND SOLID INJECTION PORT l_ ; + ^r cm ADDITIVE INJECTION SECTION """"13 a a THERMOCOUPLE 1 1 PORT ^- a a a Ocm TEST SECTION a a 3 u a [~[ i | i| / TO BAQHOUSE !"" 1 1 ! 111 :;::, , BUHNE r r i [ j / \ \ -^ — 11 cm 1 I 7^ -\ \<- \ •^ / - a k- T cm 11cm ,,,] | : I ' — 1 ' . 1 i . : 1 1 i { 1 ROTAUETERS i i v MAIN AIR ffl ffl ffl /METERING 0. 126-140 8LPU M [J Li/ V*LVE8 j BYPASS f f t_DopEONH3 ^^1 | n ^^H NATURAL ^^^ O. B 6-» 4 SLPU 28 ?"" / THEBUOCOUPtE PORT P^JL/ -| ~/^ INJECTION PORT .4 SUCTION PTHOMETEH _j ~i _i C 30cm r L c _i * _i •4 SAMPLE PORT r| . DILUTION •* AIR U Figure 5. Pilot-scale Combustor Facility 5A-82 ------- Gas samples taken at the combustor exit were analyzed for NO/NOX> N2O, CO, CO2 and O2. Continuous N2O measurements were made using an NDIR technique developed by Montgomery, et al (1989). NH3 measurements were made using wet chemical techniques. The pilot-scale tests investigated the effect of temperature, chemical injection rate, and initial NOX concentration on N2O production for selective non-catalytic NOX reduction with NH3 (gaseous), Urea (both a pulverized solid and an aqueous solution), and Cyanuric acid (pulverized solid). Figure 6 shows both NOX reduction and N2O emissions as a function of temperature for NH3 (gaseous), urea (solid), and cyanuric acid (solid) at an injection rate corresponding to an N/NO molar ratio of 2.0. For the test results shown in Figure 6, the initial NO level was 700 ppm. At these conditions, NH3 exhibited the highest NOX reduction with a peak removal of 88 percent at a temperature of about 930°C. The peak NOX removal with urea was 82 percent at a temperature of 980°C. The calculations discussed previously yielded peak NO removals for NH3 and urea at nominally 927°C (1200K) and 1027°C (1300K) respectively. These differences are most likely due to 1) the finite mixing time in the combustor, 2) the non-isothermal nature of the combustor, and 3) the finite time for urea evaporation and decomposition. Cyanuric acid did not exhibit a peak in removal over the range of temperatures studied; NOX removals increased as the temperature increased (at 1100°C, the NOX removal was 73 percent). Again, this difference in high temperature behavior of cyanuric acid relative to the calculations is due to the relatively slow decomposition rate of cyanuric acid in the combustor. Figure 6b shows the corresponding N2O emissions data as a function of temperature. The data show that ammonia injection resulted in the lowest N2O emissions, while urea injection provided the highest in terms of absolute concentration. With ammonia injection, N2O emissions peaked at 877°C, while injecting either urea or cyanuric acid resulted in peak emissions at 977°C. The N2O data from Figure 6 have been replotted in Figure 7. In Figure 7, the N2O is shown as a fraction of the NOX reduction (e.g., the fraction of the NOX reduced that is converted to N2O). These results indicate that for NH3 injection, 2-5 percent of the NOX reduced appears as N20 in the products. For urea injection, 10-25 percent of the NOX reduced shows up as N2O. Cyanuric acid exhibits the highest conversion to N2O with up to 40 percent of the reduced NOX appearing as N2O in the products. The calculated values shown in Figure 3b are in qualitative agreement with the pilot scale results. Experimentally, NH3 exhibits somewhat higher levels of N2O than the calculations. Likewise, the conversion of NO to N2O with urea is higher experimentally than calculated. Finally, the calculations indicate virtually no N2O at temperatures of 1027°C (1300K) and above, while experimentally the window for N20 emissions is broader. 5A-83 ------- > t> (D DC X o 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 827 877 927 977 1027 1097 Temperature, °C a) NOX Reduction versus Temperature H Ammonia (g) E3 Urea(s) D Cyanuric Acid (s) E Q. CL C O "o O QL O CM ^uu 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 n - - - - - - I I 1 1 I i i - I ^ 1 // % 1 1 - - - i - - M Ammonia (g) 0 Urea (s) D Cyanuric Acid (s) 827 877 927 977 1027 1097 Temperature, °C b) N?O Production versus Temperature Figure 6. Pilot-scale Test Results, NOX Reduction and N2O Production NO, = 700 ppm, N/NO = 2.0 5A-84 ------- X o o c\j 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 M Ammonia (g) 0 Urea (s) D Cyanuric Acid (s) 827 877 927 977 1027 1097 Temperature (C) Figure 7. Pilot-scale Test Results, Conversion of NOX to N2O NO, = 700 ppm, N/NO = 2.0 5A-85 ------- The laboratory data show somewhat higher N2O levels relative to the calculated data at lower temperatures. This may be a result of the CO present in the combustor at lower temperatures. ThisCO is an artifact of the way that the laboratory combustor is operated; temperatures are varied by adjusting the combustor gas fuel flow rate. Low temperature conditions are obtained by operating the combustor at very lean conditions that also produce CO. These CO levels of nominally 100 ppm have been shown (Teixeira, et al, 1991) to result in increased N20 emissions with SNCR processes. Figure 8 shows NH3 emissions as a function of temperature, measured during the pilot-scale tests. The data show that regardless of the reagent injected, NH3 slip decreased as temperature increased. NH3 injection resulted in the lowest measured NH3 slip. Cyanuric acid injection was found to give relatively high NH3 emissions. This is in contrast to the modeling data, which predicted that NH3 slip would be minimal. The data suggest that the HNCO is converted to NH3 before it exits the combustor unreacted. To determine if HNCO slip was being measured, three samples were prepared by dissolving cyanuric acid in an aqueous solution. The resulting solutions were analyzed using the same specific ion technique used to detect NH3. Test results showed that dissolved (NHCO)3 was not measured as NH3, thus indicating that NH3 measurements reflected only NH3 emissions. Pilot scale results at a lower initial NOX level of 300 ppm are shown in Figures 9 and 10. Figures 9a and 9b show NOX reduction and N20 emission, respectively, as a function of injection temperature. The NOX reduction data show that NH3 injection provided peak removals of 88 percent at about 980°C. Similarly, urea injection resulted in a maximum NOX reduction of 57 percent at 930°C. As with the higher initial NOX level, cyanuric acid injection did not exhibit any peak NOX removal over the range of temperatures investigated. The maximum reduction of 52 percent was measured at 1100°C. With the exception of NH3 injection, maximum removals were lower for the tests performed with 300 ppm initial NO than those performed with 700 ppm initial NO. N20 emissions (Figure 9b) show that at an initial NO level of 300 ppm, cyanuric acid injection yielded the highest N20 emissions; 69 ppm at about 980°C. N2O emissions resulting from urea injection also peaked at 980°C, at 43 ppm. When injecting the NH3, peak N2O emissions of 21 ppm were measured at 880°C. Figure 10 shows the ratio of N20 emission to NOX reduction as a function of temperature for each of the three SNCR chemicals tested at this lower initial NO level. Test results showed maximum values at temperatures similar to those seen at higher initial NO levels (see Figure 7). The ratio peaked at about 880°C for NH3 and 980°C for urea and cyanuric acid. Again, cyanuric acid was shown to provide the highest conversion of NOX to N20. For NH3, the peak value was about 9 percent, while a peak value of 42 percent was observed with cyanuric acid injection. Urea exhibited a maximum NOX to N20 conversion of 25 percent at this lower initial NOX level. 5A-86 ------- E Q. Q. W~ C o E LU CO I 1000 800 600 400 200 H Ammonia (g) 0 Urea(s) D Cyanuric Acid (s) 877 977 1097 Temperature, °C Figure 8. Pilot-scale Test Results, NH3 Emissions NO, = 700 ppm, N/NO = 2.0 5A-87 ------- c g o 13 T3 CD cc x O 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 fl 877 927 977 Temperature, °C a) NO, Reduction versus Temperature 1097 Ammonia (g) Urea(s) Cyanuric Acid (s) E Q. CL C g o 3 "O o O CM IUU 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 t w 0 - : - - - - 1 SI //// m ~]. 877 || | || § 1 i 927 1 H p i I - " - - - - S Ammonia (g) EJ Urea(s) D Cyanuric Acid (s) 977 1097 Temperature, °C b) N.,0 Production versus Temperature Figure 9. Pilot-scale Test Results, NO, Reduction and N2O Production NO, =300 ppm, N/NO = 2.0 5A-88 ------- X O 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 II 877 % I 927 977 Temperature (C) H Ammonia (g) 0 Urea(s) D Cyanuric Acid (s) 1097 Figure 10. Pilot-scale Test Results, Conversion of NOX to N2O NO, = 300 ppm, N/NO = 2.0 5A-89 ------- The effect of the chemical injection rate on the NOX reduction and N2O emissions are shown in Figures 11 and 12 respectively. As expected, Figure 11 shows increased NOX removals with increasing chemicaladdition rate (N/NO ratio) for all three chemicals and at all temperatures tested. As seen in Figure 12, the amount of chemical injected, N/NO ratio, has little impact on the conversion of NOX to N2O. At the lower temperature conditions, less than 927°C, there appears to be some increase in N2O production and conversion of NOX to N2O as the N/NO ratio increases. The decrease in NOX to N2O conversion with increasing N/NO ratio for cyanuric acid injection at 827°C is due to the increase in NOX reduction as the N/NOX ratio increases, rather than a decrease in N2O emission levels. DISCUSSION The results of this study showed that N2O can be a product of selective non catalytic NOX reduction processes. The question is whether implementation of SNCR processes will have a significant impact on the global N20 budget. The annual atmospheric production of N2O, calculated as the sum of the rate of destruction of N20 and the rate of increase in the atmosphere, is estimated to be 13-14 megatons (metric) of N20 (as N) (Levine 1991). The potential contribution of SNCR processes can be estimated using the results of this study and the amount of fuel burned in industry. For instance, consider the U.S. utility industry which has an annual fuel consumption of about 20 x 1015 Btu (natural gas, oil and coal). An order of magnitude estimate of the annual N2O from SNCR processes can be made with the following assumptions (Eskinazi, 1991): Average utility NOX emissions are 0.7 Ib NOX/106 Btu SNCR processes result in 50% NOX reduction The various SNCR chemicals convert a fraction of the NOX to N2O: NH3 3%, Urea 15%, cyanuric acid - 30%. The results of these calculations are plotted parametrically in Figure 13 as a function of the percent of the NOX converted to N20 and the fraction of the utility fuel burned that use SNCR processes. As seen in Figure 13, even if all of the fuel burned in the utility industry used SNCR technology, annual N2O production would be 0.06 megatons N for NH3; 0.3 megatons N for urea; and 0.6 megatons N for cyanuric acid. While the use of SNCR technology may become wide spread, it is not likely that all of the fuel burned would utilize SNCR. In this context, the calculated 0.06 - 0.6 megatons of N2O (as N) is a conservative estimate of the contribution. CONCLUSIONS Both the chemical kinetic calculations and the pilot scale test results show that N2O can be a product of some of the SNCR processes. NH3 injection yielded the lowest N2O levels; typically less than 4% of the NOX reduced. With cyanuric acid injection, conversion of NOX to N2O ranged from 12 to 40%. The NO to N2O conversion with urea injection ranged from 7 - 25%. The conversion of NO to N2O did 5A-90 ------- c g o a "O 0) CC X O c o o CC x O c o '-»—' o ZJ ~D Q) CC x O 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 N/NO H 2.0 0 1.0 D 0.5 827 877 927 977 1027 1097 Temperature, °C a) NO, Reduction vs. Temperature, Ammonia Injection 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 N/NO H 2.0 0 1.0 D 0.5 827 877 927 977 1027 Temperature, °C 1097 b) NO, Reduction vs. Temperature, Cyanuric Acid Injection 827 877 927 977 1027 1097 Temperature, °C c) NO, Reduction vs. Temperature, Urea Injection Figure 11. Pilot-scale Test Results, NO, Reduction as a Function of N/NO Ratio NO, = 700 ppm 5A-91 ------- X 0 fj o C\J Z 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 n rt - - ' "__ ^.m^.m^.m^.^ N/NO M 2.0 E3 1.0 D 0.5 827 877 927 977 1027 1097 Temperature, °C a) Conversion of NO, to N2O, Ammonia Injection X O Z ------- w c Q g 0) w 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 Urea NH .' 3 / o.o "?•-••' % of Fossil Fuel /+7.0 Using SNCR / 100 % (HNCO)-' S 3 •6.0 5.0 - -4.0 50 % 25 % 10 %" 1 0 20 30 40 50 c .2 B Q- (/] 0| z o> -= <» _ co ••3.0 £ • 2.0 - .1.0 Percent Conversion of NOx to N20 Figure 13. Potential Annual N2O Emissions SNCR Processes (Bars show annual N2O production from SNCR processes if all of the utility fuel burned used SNCR.) 5A-93 ------- not appear to be a strong function of the amount of chemical injected (N/NOX ratio) or the initial level of NOX (over the range tested, 300 -700 ppm). The experimental results are consistent with the chemical kinetic calculations suggesting that N2O production with SNCR processes occurs primarily due to the formation of NCO which subsequently reacts with NO to form N2O, 5A-94 ------- REFERENCES Castaldini, C., et al., Environmental Assessment of Industrial Process Combustion Equipment Modified for Low NOX Operation, Proceedings of the 1982 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NO. Control, V. II, 46.1-46.24, EPA-600/9-85-0266, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. Caton, J. A. and Siebers, D. L, "Comparison of Nitric Oxide Removal by Cyanuric Acid and by Ammonia," Paper 88-67, presented at the Western States Section/The Combustion Institute Fall Meeting, Dana Point, California, October 1988. Chen, S.L., Cole, J.A.,Heap, M.P., Kramlich, J.C., McCarthy, J.M., and Pershing, D.W., Advanced NOX Reduction Processes Using -NH and -CN Compounds in Conjunction with Staged Air Addition. In Proceedings: Twenty-second Symposium (International) on Combustion. 1988, The Combustion Institute. Pittsburg, PA. pp. 1135-1145. Cole, J.A., Kramlich, J.C., Chemical Kinetic Study of Fuel-Rich Reburning Chemistry. Combustion and Flame (1990), (submitted). Eskinazi, D., EPRI, Personal Communication, 1991. Hao, W. M., Wofsy, S.C., McElroy, M. W., Beer, J.M., and Toquan, M. A., Sources of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide from Combustion, J. Geophys. Res., V. 15, 1369, 1987. Kramlich, J.D., Cole, J.A., McCarthy, J.M., Lanier, W.S., and McSorley, J.A., "Mechanisms of Nitrous Oxide formation in Coal Flames". Paper 1A-006. Presented at: Fall Meeting, Western States Section/Japanese Section/The Combustion Institute, Honolulu, HI. November, 1987. Kramlich, J.C., Cole, J.A., McCarthy, J.M., Lanier, W.S., and McSorley, J.A., Mechanisms of Nitrous Oxide Formation in Coal Flames, Combustion and Flame, (1989) 77 (3,4), pp. 375-384. Kramlich, J.C., Lyon, R.K., and Lanier, W.S., EPA/NOAA/NASA/USDA N,O Workshop. Volume I: Measurement Studies and Combustion Sources, EPA-600/8-88-079, 1988. Levine, J., The Global Atmospheric Budget of Nitrous Oxide, presented at the 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, Washington, D.C., March 1991, (this symposium). Lyon, R. K., Longwell, J. P., "Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction of NOX by NH3," Proceedings of the NO.. Control Technology Seminar, EPRI SR39, February 1976. Mansour, M. N., et al. "Full-Scale Evaluation of Urea Injection for NOX Removal," Proceedings of the 1987 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOV Control, Vol. 2, EPRI CS5361, 1987. Montgomery, T.A., Muzio, L.J., Samuelson, G.S., "Continuous Infrared Analysis of N2O in Combustion Products,"JAPCA, V. 39, No. 5, pp. 721-726, 1989. Montgomery, T.A., et al. "N2O Formation from Advanced NOX Control Processes (Selective Non- Catalytic Reduction and Coal Reburning), Report prepared for DOE project DE-AC22-88PC8894,1990. (Draft) Muzio, L. J. and Arand, J. K., "Homogeneous Gas Phase Decomposition of Oxides of Nitrogen, EPRI FP253, August 1976. Muzio, L.J., and Kramlich, J.C., An Artifact in the Measurement of N20 from Combustion Sources, Geophvs. Res. Lett.. V. 15, 1369, 1988. 5A-95 ------- Muzio, L.J., Montgomery, T.A., Samuelsen, G.S., Kramlich, J.C., Lyon, R.K., Kokkinos, A., "Formation and Measurement of N20 in Combustion Systems" presented at the 23rd Symposium (International) on Combustion, Orlean, France, July 1990. Perry, R. A., "NO Reduction Using Cyanuric Acid: Pilot-Scale Testing," Paper 88-68, presented at the Western States SectionAThe Combustion Institute Fall Meeting, Dana Point, California, October 1988. Siebers, D. L. and Caton, J. A., "Removal of Nitric Oxide from Exhaust Gas with Cyanuric Acid," presented at the Fall Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Dana Point, CA, 1988. Teixeira, D.P., et al, "Widening the Urea Temperature Window", presented at the 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, Washington, D.C., 1991. Tirpak, D. A., The Role of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) in Global Climate and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Symposium on Stationary Combustion Nitrogen Oxide Control. V. 1, EPRI CS-5361, EPA Contract 68- 02-3994, WA93, 1987. Weiss, R. F., The Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Tropospheric Nitrous Oxide, J. Geophys. Res. Lett., V. 86 (C 5A-96 ------- TAILORING AMMONIA-BASED SNCR FOR INSTALLATION ON POWER STATION BOILERS Robin M.A. Irons Helen J. Price Richard T. Squires PowerGen p.1.c. Ratcliffe Technology Centre Ratcliffe-on-Soar Nottingham NG11 OEE United Kingdom ------- TAILORING AMMONIA-BASED SNCR FOR INSTALLATION ON POWER STATION BOILERS ABSTRACT An ammonia-based SNCR installation on a power station boiler must be capable of giving acceptable NOX reductions over a range of furnace conditions without excessive ammonia slip. Experimental characterisation of SNCR has been carried out on two combustion test facilities - a 0.15 MW linear furnace and a 6 MW scale model of a power station furnace - with the ultimate aim of determining suitable conditions for a power station installation. The smaller facility has been used to characterise variables affecting SNCR performance and, particularly, to identify the efficacy of additives in both altering the temperature window of SNCR and in controlling ammonia slip. It has been demonstrated that a combination of methane injection (to follow temperature changes at a given injection point) and lower temperature methanol injection (to limit ammonia slip) is potentially suitable for power station installation. The 6MW facility has been used to develop a practical ammonia injection system and to determine the NOX reduction achievable on an installation with finite mixing rates. 5A-99 ------- TAILORING AMMONIA-BASED SNCR FOR INSTALLATION ON POWER STATION BOILERS BACKGROUND The operators of utility boilers are currently seeking to develop cost-effective methods for controlling NOX emissions. One of the possibilities receiving consideration is Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) in which a nitrogenous compound is injected into a flue gas stream and reacts with NOX (primarily NO) to form molecular nitrogen. A number of nitrogenous compounds have been proposed as agents for use in SNCR. These include ammonia (Lyon(1976)), ammonium sulphate (Chen et al. (1989)) and urea (EPRI(1985)). The urea-based process is protected by patent and is available under licence from EPRI. Although the different agents do not have the same effectiveness, all have similar traits since each exhibits a relatively narrow temperature window over which it is useful. At high temperatures, the nitrogenous compound is itself oxidised to NOX, while, at low temperatures, reaction is too slow and unreacted or partially reacted nitrogenous species pass downstream (often in the form of ammonia). This so-called 'ammonia slip' is potentially a major problem on power plant since the ammonium salts which form from reaction between ammonia and 503 or HC1 cause both fouling and low-temperature corrosion. It is thus essential that, on industrial plant, the point at which a NOX control agent is injected is matched to the optimum temperature for the de-NOx process so that acceptable NOX reduction is obtained without significant ammonia slip. It is also important to match the concentration of agent to that of NOX since both NOX reduction efficiency and ammonia slip are functions of this ratio. These aims are complicated by a number of factors:- 1. Variation of gas temperature with boiler load. 5A-100 ------- 2. Variation of gas temperature due to changes in patterns and extent of slagging and fouling. 3. Non-uniform cross-duct temperature profiles. 4. Cross-duct distribution of NOX concentration. In order to engineer a viable power plant implementation of SNCR technology, it is necessary to characterise the behaviour of the process over a wide range of process conditions. In addition, it is extremely desirable to be able to alter the temperature window of operation of the process to allow SNCR to be effective over a range of furnace operating conditions. This paper describes work carried out on two combustion rigs (of 0.15 and 6 MW thermal input) to characterise the behaviour of SNCR using ammonia as the de-NOx agent. It describes tests aimed at illustrating the effects of temperature, NH3/NOX ratio, NOX inlet concentration and flue gas oxygen concentration. The use of additives to alter the temperature window of the process and to control ammonia slip is also described. COMBUSTION FACILITIES USED FOR SNCR STUDIES Two rigs were used to carry out the SNCR studies. Both are located at PowerGen's Marchwood Engineering Laboratories near Southampton in southern England. Coal Ash Deposition Rig (CADR) (see figure 1) This is a horizontally-fired 0.15 MW facility comprising a refractory-lined combustion chamber contracting to a U-shaped length of 100mm square section exhaust ducting. It has been described by Jones (1987) . As its name suggests, the CADR was designed primarily to study coal fouling mechanisms but, for the current SNCR work, it was used solely as a source of hot flue gas and was fired with propane. The propane fuel was doped with ammonia to give independent control of the NOX 5A-101 ------- concentration in the gas entering the test section. In most runs, NOX concentration was set at around 400 ppm, which is typical of the emission level of a UK 500 MWe wall-fired furnace fitted with first- generation combustion NOX control. Ammonia (injected with an air carrier gas to increase its momentum) was introduced via a single jet. Flue gas analysis (O2, CO, NOX, N2O) was carried out 3.3m downstream. Ammonia slip was measured a further 1.6m downstream using a continuous wet chemical ammonia probe developed at PowerGen's Marchwood Laboratories. Total flue gas flow through the system was up to 2000 Nm3/s. Furnace Modelling Facility (FMF) When used for this work, the facility was configured as a l/5th scale model of half a 660 MWe oil-fired power station furnace. The refractory-lined combustion chamber was opposed-fired with 6 residual fuel oil (RFO) burners on both the front and rear walls. A side elevation of the FMF is presented in figure 2. For the duration of the SNCR tests, temperature at the furnace exit plane was controlled by changing the number and configuration of burners in service. In contrast to the CADR, it was not, therefore, possible to obtain independent control of NOX levels and temperature on the FMF. NOX levels at the furnace exit were typically in the range 200-300 ppm (3%C>2) . Ammonia (injected with an air carrier gas) was introduced via two arrays of five 13mm injectors mounted on each of the side-walls of the convective section of the rig (see fig.3). Ammonia and air flows were monitored with turbine flow meters. Maximum flows of 5 kg/h and 400 kg/h of ammonia and air respectively could be maintained. The flow of the gas mixture through each injector could be monitored individually and adjusted by means of control valves. The injectors were mounted downstream of a bank of vertically mounted, ceramically shielded cooling tubes which had an array of Pt/Ptl3%Rh thermocouples attached to their downstream side. These thermocouples were used to determine the 'injection' temperature of ammonia. 5A-102 ------- CHARACTERISATION OF SNCR PERFORMANCE AT 0.15 MW SCALE. A series of tests were carried out on the CADR to quantify the influences governing SNCR performance. These included temperature, NH3/NOX ratio, oxygen concentration and the effect of various additives to the gas stream. Effect of Temperature The results (see fig.4) demonstrated the characteristic temperature 'window' of SNCR performance. The optimum NOX reduction is obtained at a temperature of around 1020°C. At higher temperatures, the ammonia reagent itself oxidises to form additional NOX and reduction efficiency decreases. At lower temperatures, the ammonia is not oxidised sufficiently rapidly to the amine radical, which is the species which actually interacts with NO (Dean et al. 1982), and unreacted ammonia passes through the SNCR reaction zone. Effect of Ammonia/NOx Ratio The onset of ammonia slip is also affected by changes in the NH3:NOX ratio used in the process. This is illustrated in figure 5, which shows the variation of NOX and ammonia emissions as the NH3-.NOX ratio is varied at constant temperature (1074°C) and oxygen content. It is readily apparent that, at ratios not below 1.3, detectable ammonia slip occurs despite the fact that the temperature used for these experiments is considerably higher than the optimum observed when a 1:1 NH3:NOX ratio was in use. Effect of Initial NOX Concentration A series of runs was carried out (at 1093°C, 1:1 NH3/NO ratio and 2.1% 02) to examine the effect of initial NOX concentration on conversion. It was found that NOX conversion remained constant at 38% as inlet NOX was decreased from 385 to 250 ppm but that it 5A-103 ------- decreased to 31% at an initial NOX level of 175 ppm. Effect of Oxygen Concentration The overall stoichiometry of ammonia-based SNCR, 4NH3 + 4NO + 02 = 4N2 + 6H2O suggests that oxygen concentration might affect NOX reduction efficiency. This was tested experimentally by varying the oxygen content of the flue gas in the CADR from 1 to 5 per cent at two different temperatures. The results obtained are shown in fig.6. It is clear that, at 1000°C, the reduction is effectively independent of oxygen concentration but that at 908°C, where the effectiveness is lower, NOX reduction increases monotonically with O2 concentration. However, over the range of O2 contents which are likely to be encountered on industrial pulverised fuel 'p.f.' boilers (3-4%) the NOX removal efficiency is not a strong function of O2 concentration. Effect of Addition of Pulverised Fuel Ash As mentioned above, the work carried out on the CADR used propane flames. A limited number of runs was carried out to determine whether the addition of pulverised fuel ash 'p.f.a.' (collected from earlier runs of combustion rigs, stored and refired) to the air supply to the rig would have any significant effect on the process. These runs proved to be closely similar to those carried out without p.f.a. addition. In addition, no ammonia was found to be adsorbed on the recollected ash. It is, however, possible that some heterogeneous effects might occur in the presence of 'fresh' p.f.a.. USE OF ADDITIVES TO MODIFY SNCR PERFORMANCE Various compounds have been suggested in the literature (e.g. Lodder and Lefers (1985)) as additives capable of altering the temperature window of the SNCR process. All the additives act in a similar way. Their main function is to increase the concentrations of free 5A-104 ------- radicals in the flue gas stream in order to allow the destruction of NOX to take place at lower temperatures. The compounds used to achieve this effect are generally fuels. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, light alkanes and alcohols have all been suggested as possibilities. All these additives exhibit similar behaviour in that they :- 1. Decrease the optimum temperature of SNCR performance. 2. Broaden the effective temperature window. 3. Decrease the best attainable reduction. The choice of the best additive for an industrial installation will depend on its cost, availability, toxicity and ease of storage. Natural gas is a strong candidate for use in UK power stations since it is readily available, non-toxic and easy to store. Thus, a series of runs were carried out on the CADR to determine the efficacy of natural gas as a means of controlling the ammonia SNCR temperature window. Natural gas in the UK is typically over 90% methane. Effect of Methane (Natural Gas) Addition Natural gas was pre-mixed with the ammonia before injection into the flue gas stream. The effect on NOX reduction of varying CH4:NH3 ratio is summarised in fig. 7- It is apparent that, at the low temperatures (735 and 800°C), NOX reduction increases monotonically with CH4:NH3 ratio. At higher temperatures (865,915°C) , the curves begin to exhibit maxima beyond which conversion falls as methane increases. At 965°C and above conversion falls as methane increases. The effect of methane addition on the temperature window is summarised in fig. 8. Introduction of 0.5 mol methane per mol of ammonia depresses the best reduction of the process from 68% to 60%, while the optimum temperature decreases from 1030°C to 916°C. When a 1:1 CH4iNH3 ratio is employed, effectiveness again decreases slightly but there is no longer a clearly defined optimum temperature since the conversion remains constant between 800 and 915°C. The 'window' of applicability of SNCR was generally wider when methane was in use. For instance, reductions of >40% were possible over a range of around 5A-105 ------- 150°C in the absence of methane but around 200°C when a 1:1 ratio of methane to ammonia was used. Effect of Methanol Addition on SNCR Studies were also carried out on the efficacy of methanol in modifying the behaviour of the process. Results are presented in fig.9. These show that, at low CH3OH/NOX ratios, methanol does yield some enhancement of the De-NOx process but that, at higher ratios, it can actually cause NOX formation. The most significant finding of these runs, however, was the ability of methanol to control ammonia slip at lower temperatures. A demonstration of this effect is shown in fig. 10. This summarises the results obtained in a test with a baseline NOX level of 341 ppm and a temperature of 908°C at the injection point. At this low temperature, there was relatively little interaction between NOX and ammonia so that 90% of each passes through the reaction zone. The addition of 0.49 mol of methane per mol ammonia led to significant NOX reduction (-60%) but still gave ammonia slip of over 60 ppm. The addition of methanol at lower temperature (850°C) has little effect on NOX emissions but significantly decreases ammonia slip. By using a methanol to ammonia ratio of 2.4:1 it was possible to reduce ammonia slip to around lOppm. Although the conditions used in this test were not typical of those which are desirable in a utility installation, the results do establish the principle of using methanol to limit ammonia slip. RESULTS FROM 6MW FURNACE MODELLING FACILITY Trials were carried out on the FMF to determine the effectiveness of SNCR in a system where mixing is imperfect. Before any SNCR runs were carried out, the mixing of injected gas with the bulk gas flow was assessed using helium tracer tests. In these tests, helium was injected through the five injection ports on the north side of the FMF and its concentration measured via probes inserted through the corresponding positions on the south wall (refer 5A-106 ------- to fig.3). Some of the results obtained are presented in figure 11 which shows data from tests carried out at an injection temperature of 870°C. It was discovered that, at low injector momentum, helium did not penetrate to the centre of the duct. As the jet momentum was increased, a peak of helium concentration formed towards the centre of the duct and this peak became sharper as the momentum increased further. For all the SNCR tests described below, a momentum ratio of 1.5 was used. Therefore, the injection system will have produced a higher concentration of ammonia towards the centre of the duct. The NOX reduction results obtained on the FMF using ammonia injection (both with and without methane addition) are summarised in fig.12 There is considerably more scatter in these data than in those from the CADR, but the general behaviour is similar- Again, the most effective temperature for NOX reduction is close to 1020°C. However, the maximum attainable reduction is considerably reduced (-40% compared to over 60% in the CADR) and the temperature window is considerably broadened. There is again an obvious movement of the temperature window to lower temperature when methane is injected with the ammonia and NOX reductions of 35-40% are attainable at a temperature of 800°C. EFFECT OF SCALE (MIXING) ON ATTAINABLE REDUCTIONS Fig. 13 presents a comparison of the NOx reduction vs. temperature plots obtained from the two rigs using ammonia injection alone. Also shown are the results of Wenli et al. (1990) which were obtained in an isothermal micro-scale quartz reactor. It is clear that the peak reduction efficiency decreases as scale increases. In fact, this variation is probably due to poorer mixing associated with increasing scale, rather than to scale itself. The apparent decrease in optimum temperature in the micro-scale results arises from the fact that they are obtained under isothermal conditions, whereas the other experiments are conducted in the 5A-107 ------- presence of significant cooling gradients (-200 K/s). The mean reaction temperature under these conditions will thus be lower than the injection temperature, which is the quantity plotted on the abscissa. FURTHER WORK The ultimate objective of PowerGen's work on SNCR is to develop the technology to the point where a large-scale power station installation is viable. More experimentation is planned on the CADR to characterise further the interaction of ammonia, methane and methanol and to elucidate the role of the latter in controlling ammonia slip. This experimental work will be supported by kinetic modelling of the free radical chemistry of the SNCR process. A further project is under way to predict variations in furnace flue gas temperature with position, load, fouling and firing pattern. This work is using steady-state power plant modelling system - Ready (1988) - to examine these effects. The results of these simulations will be verified by on-site temperature measurements. CONCLUSIONS Experiments carried out on 0.15 and 6 MW scale combustion rigs have demonstrated that ammonia-based SNCR is potentially capable of giving significant NOX reductions at conditions typical of the convective sections of industrial p.f. furnaces. The effects of temperature, NH3:NOX ratio, oxygen content and inlet NOX level on reduction efficiency have been determined. The use of methane (natural gas) as an enhancer to alter the effective temperature range of SNCR has also been demonstrated at both 0.15 and 6 MW scale. 5A-108 ------- The use of methanol addition to the process has been shown to have potential as a means of ammonia slip control. Attainable NOx reductions have been shown to decrease with increasing rig scale, possibly due to poorer mixing at larger scale. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The content of this paper draws on work which was undertaken by staff of the Central Electricity Generating Board who are now employed by PowerGen p.I.e. and National Power p.I.e. The authors are particularly grateful for the contributions to this work of Brian Billinge, John Pye and David Hoadley. This paper is published by permission of PowerGen p.I.e. REFERENCES 1. S.L. Chen, J.A. Cole, M.P. Heap, J.C. Kramlich, J.M. McCarthy, D.W. Pershing, 'Advanced NOX Reduction Processes Using -NH and -CN Compounds in Conjunction with Staged Addition', 22nd Symp. (Int.) on Combustion., The Combustion Institute, (1989). 2. A.M. Dean, J.E. Hardy, R.K. Lyon, 19th Symp. (Int.) on Combustion. p97, The Combustion Institute, (1982). 3. EPRI - Report KVB 802200-2029, EPRI RD102A, 1985 4. A.R. Jones , EPRI Conference on Effects of Coal Quality on Power Plants, Atlanta, Georgia October 13-15th, 1987 5. P- Lodder, J.B. Lefers, Chem. Eng. Journal, 30 161-7 (1985) . 6. R.K. Lyon, (1976) Int. J. Chem. Kinetics, 8, p315 5A-109 ------- 7. A.B. Ready, 'The Use of Steady-State Plant Models in the Analysis of Fouling-Related Problems Found in Power Station Boilers', Second UK National Conference on Heat Transfer. 14th-16th September, 1988 Mechanical Engineering Publications, London 8. D. Wenli, K. Dam-Johansen, K. Ostergaard, 'Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reaction between NO, Ammonia and ©2', Preprint - 40th Canadian Chem. Eng. Conf., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, Canada July, 1990. 5A-110 ------- cn Propane burner N T~ Coal burner A secondary air port fi A h ir ] Mfllidiic ^"^ (nat. gas) Combustion * a a a a Chamber - mmonia to ?rm NO* > flue gas 0 CD °°"<^7 p D a 9 React ant i_ injection at port CSI i Flue gas Duct o a I - — | Rig gas Am | analysis ana port pc 1 Secondary injection For slip control (at port CS4 Q5J Brooks Ho control de Liquid reactants from syringe pump nonia ysis >rl w vice Figure 1 COAL ASH DEPOSITION RIG AND REAGENT INJECTION SYSTEM ------- 11,12 Fixed gas sampling positions Sick dust monitor Flue gas recirculating duct f D Ian «• ™ 1— — 31 Of> o o F= "731 , i i cr m 6' ------- 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 - O.i o.i 0.2 900 1000 1100 Reaction temperature, *C Figure 4 z 100 - Figure 5 OENO ON CADR AMMONIA SLIP 1071 CELSIUS 2.1% C>2 5A-113 ------- 1)0 o Z JO u 20 £ + IOOOT D -(08T Figure 6 2 * Per cent onygen in Hue gas DKNO ON CADH PHASE II LI'I CCT OF OXYCUN AT 908 AND 1000'C O.S 1.2 1.6 Mrthane / ammonia mole rjlio Figure 7 METHANE (NO r;J=R:X;T ON AMMONIA OENO 5A-114 ------- o 700 Figure 8 EFI-KC'.T-OF METHANE ON NH} DENO^ WINDOW-' NHj/ INITIAL HOf 1.0 OXYGEN 2.------- Ul > 3: 2 350 300 250 200 O ! 150 100 50 - NO^ with no ammonia or methane (3------- 1.0 r u u iDuct /^------- Natural gas runs Runs without natural gas 7JO Figure 12 sx> 950 Temperature, "C 1050 1130 RACK END OVERALL NO^ REDUCTION CORRECTED TO I; I NHj /NO^. 100 750 Effect Of Scale on NOx Reduction -B- REDN - FMF -0- REDN - CADR REDN - MICRO 800 850 900 950 1000 TEMPERATURE (DEQ. C) 1050 1100 1150 Figure 13 5A-118 ------- Session 5B INDUSTRIAL7COMBUSTION TURBINES NOX CONTROL Chair: S. Wilson, Southern Company Services ------- COMBUSTION NOx CONTROLS FOR COMBUSTION TURBINES Henry Schreiber, P. E. Project Manager, Combustion Turbines Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California ------- COMBUSTION NOx CONTROLS FOR COMBUSTION TURBINES by Henry Schreiber, P.E. Project Manager, Combustion Turbines Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California ABSTRACT The three major currently available nitric oxide (NOX) abatement techniques and their effect on carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, i.e., water or steam injection, dry low NOX combustors and selective catalytic reduction are discussed. The advantages and adverse factors for each method or methods that must be considered in making a site specific selection of NOX reduction technology are described. A way of approaching an economically advantageous selection of a site specific NOX reduction concept is outlined. 5B-1 ------- INTRODUCTION Gas turbine generators are inexpensive compared to other generation equipment, are easily installed, highly reliable and achieve very high thermal efficiency as combined cycles. In the simple cycle configuration they provide a fast start capability ideal for peaking service. Installed costs range from about $200/KW to$300/KW for simple cycles, and from about $400/KW to$700/KW for combined cycles. Simple cycle efficiencies are generally in the high thirties, and combined cycle efficiencies are close to 50%. There has been a large surge of gas turbine procurement in the 1980s by utilities, cogenerators and independent power producers (Fig. 1). Over 30,000 MW of additional gas turbine capacity is predicted to come on line in the 1990s. Advanced gas turbine technology, benefiting from large government outlays for improvement of military jet engines, has resulted in much higher reliability and efficiency than was characteristic of the gas turbines sold in the 1960s and early 1970s. Concurrently, increased emphasis on NOX and CO emissions abatement by regulatory agencies, has resulted in the need to devise new approaches to meet compliance levels (Fig. 2). Gas turbine manufacturers have made considerable progress in this direction. Post combustion treatment of exhaust gas by chemically reacting ammonia with NOX on the surface of a catalyst (selective catalytic reduction, or SCR for short) is also becoming a viable technology. GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS Since gas turbines normally fire natural gas, light distillate oil or syn-gas made from coal, and since combustion efficiency at normal base load operating conditions is high (very close to 100%), particulate and unburned hydrocarbon emissions due to incomplete combustion are not of major concern. The NOX emissions from a gas turbine can result from the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen in the intense high temperature flame in the combustor, (called thermal NOX), or from the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen that may be present in some liquid fuels (called fuel NOX). Some in-engine NOX abatement techniques, such as water or steam injection into the combustor to cool and dilute the flame, can result in some loss of combustion efficiency and produce increased CO and unburned hydrocarbon content in the exhaust. Because of the short residence time of the working fluid in the combustor of engines with can-annular or annular combustion systems, full CO burnout may not occur under these conditions. 5B-2 ------- IN-ENGINE NOX ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES The rate of formation of thermal NOX is directly related to flame temperature and residence time at flame temperature (Fig. 3). Consequently, reducing the peak flame temperature, or reducing the amount of fuel burning at the highest temperature in the combustor will reduce thermal NOX formation. Fuel NOX cannot be materially reduced by these means. A. Water or Steam Injection When liquid water is injected (usually as a fine spray) into a gas turbine combustor, heat from the burning fuel vaporizes the water and brings the resulting mixture of fuel, air, water vapor and combustion products to a lower working fluid temperature level than uncontrolled combustion would achieve. Since the residence time of air in the combustor is unchanged by water injection, the lower rate of thermal NOX formation resulting from the lower flame temperature causes a decrease in NOX emission. At the upper limit of water injection rate for single fuel nozzle can annular combustors, such as on the G.E. MS7001 series engine, NOX levels can be reduced by about 70% from uncontrolled conditions (Fig. 4). The upper limits of water injection flow rate are set by the onset of flame instability, high CO emissions, increased unburned hydrocarbon emissions (Figs. 5, 6, 7), severely increased wear rates of combustion hardware, and possibly by surge margin. This accelerated wear is the result of mechanical vibrations of the combustor liner assembly and the transition piece induced by high amplitude pressure fluctuations at acoustic frequencies in the combustor(Figs. 8, 9). In an EPRI cofunded project (Ref. 1) completed in 1985, General Electric Company developed a modified combustion chamber design for its MS7001 series engines. It has six fuel nozzles per combustor instead of one. This multi-nozzle "Quiet" combustor generates less (lower amplitude) acoustic noise and suffers less mechanical damage when heavily water injected. It can operate for up to 12,000 hours between combustion inspections compared to 3,000 hours for the single nozzle design. Water injection mass flow rates in the range of 0.75 to 1.2 Ib. water per Ib. fuel have been used. The additional mass flow rate through the turbine results in a relatively large power output increase because the parasitic mechanical energy to bring water to combustor injection pressure is far less than the mechanical energy that would have had to be expended by the turbine to compress an equivalent mass flow of air. The water must be demineralized, adding parasitic load. There is also a resulting heat rate penalty, because the latent heat of vaporization of the water which was provided by burning the fuel is 5B-3 ------- not fully recovered, due to the atmospheric exhaust from the gas turbine. Steam injection also cools and dilutes the flame. Since the heat of vaporization to make the steam was provided by a heat source external to the gas turbine combustor, there is a lesser flame cooling effect per pound of steam injected. Steam injection has a lesser causal relationship to flame instability-induced dynamic pressure pulsation and attendant combustion hardware wear rate. The additional mass flow of the steam increases power output and improves the engine heat rate (since its energy as a working fluid was only partially provided by the engine combustion system). Care must be taken to ensure that adequate compressor surge margin is maintained at the higher steam flow rates, which could be as high as 2:1 steam/fuel ratio. The engine manufacturer must define the maximum allowable steam and water injection rates at all possible engine operating modes (load, transients, limiting ambient temperatures). Silo type combustors such as are found on the Siemens and current models of ABB engines have a much larger volume than can- annular combustors and therefore the working fluid has a higher residence time in them. This allows more time for CO to burn to CO2 and reduces CO emissions at high water or steam injection rates. B. Dry Low NOx Combustion All of the dry low NOX combustors currently being offered by the major utility gas turbine manufacturers operate on the lean pre-mix principle. Siemens and ABB are offering dry low NOX silo type combustors. These combustors are capable of dry low NOX operation on gas fuel only, but are also capable of firing oil in the diffusion flame mode while using steam or water injection for NOX reduction. General Electric Company is offering a can-annular combustor with the same fuel constraints (Fig. 10). Westinghouse has a can-annular dry low NOX system in development. The principle of operation of the lean pre-mix type of dry low NOX combustor is to create as uniform as possible a fuel lean mixture of fuel and air prior to combustion. This mixture is then introduced to the combustion zone in the combustion chamber at a controlled velocity sufficiently higher than the local speed of flame propagation so as to prevent the flame from flashing upstream into the pre-mix zone (Fig. 11). The velocity of the pre-mixture must also be low enough so as not to blow the whole flame downstream. When burning in this mode, there is no diffusion flame front where a high temperature stoichiometric flame exists, because all parts of the mixture are at below stoichiometric fuel/air ratio. The resulting flame volume is therefore lower in temperature, since the chemical 5B-4 ------- fuel energy released by combustion must heat a greater mass of air in intimate contact with it at the moment of combustion. Since burning rate is also a function of local air and fuel temperature, the cooler lean pre-mix flames require more time to achieve full burnout of fuel than the hotter diffusion flame. These combustors are more complex than diffusion type combustors as they require precise control of local velocities and sequencing of fuel/air ratios during transients, starts, and stops. Pilot diffusion flames generating NOX at a high rate (but at a low total mass flow) may be employed to prevent lean blowout of the main flame. In a water injected mode firing liquid fuel, NOX levels of about 42 ppm have been offered. Where regulatory requirements dictate lower emission levels with liquid fuel, operating hour limits or post combustion treatment may be needed for compliance. The technology of dry low NOX combustion using a lean pre-mix flame is relatively new and is still being actively developed and refined. It has not been proven in long-term problem-free service in the United States. Reliability characteristics have not been established by user experience. Manufacturer's claims should be carefully evaluated by the potential buyer against available experience. It must be emphasized that the present designs being offered are the product of as much as ten years of research and development work by major engine manufacturers, attesting to the difficulty of achieving these objectives. Other low NOX combustion techniques that avoid long residence time at high temperature, as well as catalytic combustion designs have been explored, but none of these techniques have achieved commercial viability in large utility gas turbines. Due to the fact that gas turbines are usually purchased on a lump sum competitive bid basis, the incremental price of the dry low NOX system is not known to the buyer, unless specified as a separate option. At this time, the technology is too new to allow normal, commercial pricing. C. Post Combustion Treatment A third method of NOX abatement involves treatment of the combustion products after they leave the engine. CO abatement can also be achieved this way. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a process whereby ammonia is reacted with NOX in the gas stream to form N2 and H2O on the surface of a catalyst interposed across the gas stream (Ref. 2). The reaction proceeds in the desired direction when the gas and catalyst are in a temperature window of 550°F to 750°F, and is capable of achieving NOX levels in the single digits. There is as yet no long term operating and maintenance experience with SCR on large utility gas turbines in the U.S. Also, (Ref. 3) there is no significant experience on the successful use of SCR on oil fired 5B-5 ------- gas turbines. This SCR technology was introduced in the U.S. fairly recently, and its use is expanding rapidly in response to stricter regulatory requirements (Fig. 12). A number of units are being operated by cogenerators and independent power producers. The technology and O&M costs of SCR are evolving. Since the majority of systems operating to date require that the combustion products undergoing the reaction be within a 550°F to 750°F temperature window, it is necessary to cool the 950°F to 1100°F exhaust from a gas turbine by means of either a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) or dilution with ambient air. Because of the large gas mass flows involved, dilution with air to achieve uniform mixing is technically impractical and uneconomical. Therefore a HRSG is normally used for this purpose. The resulting steam can be used for steam injection into the gas turbine for NOX reduction and power augmentation, as input to a combined cycle (or repowered) steam turbine, or as process steam in a cogeneration plant. High temperature zeolite catalysts have been introduced more recently, but they are far more costly. Zeolite manufacturers claim that these catalysts are effective and stable over a wider temperature range (and especially at higher temperatures) than base metal oxide or precious metal catalysts. The wide operating temperature range of zeolite catalysts is the most important property for NOX control. However, the specific temperature range depends on the type of zeolite. For example, a naturally occurring mordenite zeolite can operate between 430° to 970°F depending upon the specific formulation. The optimum operating temperature window for a specific formulation is ±100°F. A synthetic zeolite, ZSM-5, has a narrower operating temperature range of 570° - 900°F. A new synthetic zeolite, which is coated on a ceramic honeycomb structure is claimed to be operational at temperatures between 675° and 1075°F. However, above 800°F, NHs begins to be oxidized to NOX, which is counter productive. Because zeolites contain no heavy metals, manufacturers claim that spent catalyst disposal presents less problems than for conventional catalysts. Due to the large cross sectional area of the duct necessary to accommodate the large gas mass flow with acceptable pressure drop, it is usually not practical to achieve completely uniform mixing of ammonia and combustion gas. Thus, at a given NOX level, there will be unreacted ammonia (ammonia slip) emitted from the stack. Other issues affecting the use of SCR are the catalyst initial cost and replacement cost, catalyst disposal (hazardous waste), and the fouling of catalyst and heat transfer surfaces in heat recovery boilers that results from the formation of ammonium bisulfate and ammonium sulfate when sulfur bearing liquid fuels are burned, or when the ambient atmosphere contains sulfur. 5B-6 ------- Since SCR works on the basis of a percentage reduction of exhaust gas NOX content, it is desirable to reduce NOX levels to a minimum by less expensive means such as water or steam injection prior to SCR so as to reduce the amount of catalyst and ammonia required. Latest indications are that SCR, on this basis, adds $30 to$50/KW of capacity to a gas turbine installation. Since SCR requires ammonia storage, there is also a safety issue involved. Ultimately, an engineering evaluation (Ref. 2) is required on a site specific basis to determine the most economical combination of methods to achieve the required emissions level. For example, it may be desirable to bring NOX from 150 ppm to 50 ppm (67% reduction) with water injection and from 50 ppm to 9 ppm (80% reduction) by SCR. The volume of catalyst required increases at a greater than linear rate with the percent NOX reduction needed. Obviously, when catalyst beds and ammonia distribution grids are introduced into the flow stream, additional combustion gas pressure drop results, causing a heat rate penalty. When water injection is used in conjunction with SCR, the CO levels leaving the engine may be excessive. A CO oxidation catalyst may be required ahead of the SCR system (upstream of the ammonia injection grid) at a region in the HRSG where the appropriate temperature level for CO oxidation exists. OVERALL APPROACH TO NOX REDUCTION IN GAS TURBINES A utility faced with siting a new plant, repowering an existing plant or retrofitting an existing plant may need to provide for NOX abatement in response to increased stringency of emissions control regulation. A very broad view of the problem is required to achieve the best site specific solution. It is important to take advantage of as much lead time as possible to plan the strategy to be employed in achieving a cost effective response to regulatory requirements. Over the past few years, mandated NOX levels have been ratcheted downwards, and have been somewhat of a moving target. An early understanding of the local regulatory process and the posture of the regulatory body or bodies is advantageous. Early public education campaigns have been helpful in some cases to alleviate public concerns about new plant sitings or modifications. A thorough knowledge of the various technical aspects of NOX reduction in gas turbines is essential. Unless a utility has a sizeable technical staff and has kept abreast of rapidly evolving technology and regulatory developments and decisions, it would appear highly desirable to engage outside consulting organizations that have expertise in these areas when an undertaking of this kind is contemplated. CONCLUSIONS The increasing popularity of gas turbine generating systems coupled with the greater regulatory stringency of emissions levels, makes it important to have a thorough 5B-7 ------- understanding of the technical as well as administrative aspects of gas turbine operations compatible with environmental requirements. Water injection, steam injection, dry low NOX combustion and post combustion treatment for NOX and CO by using SCR and CO catalysts are all currently available means of NOX and CO emissions abatement. All of these technologies have adverse economic affects, necessitating careful study of the best combination of alternatives to meet regulatory requirements. REFERENCES 1. EPRI Report AP-3885, Project RP1801-1, May 1985; High Reliability Gas Turbine Combustor Project, prepared by the General Electric Company. 2. EPRI Project RP2936-1; Gas Turbine Best Available Control Technology Guidebook: to be published third quarter 1991. 3. EPRI Report GS-7056, Project RP2936-1, December 1990; Evaluation of Oil Fired Gas Turbine Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NQY Control. 5B-8 ------- U.S. GAS TURBINES: YEAR ORDERED BY CUSTOMER TYPE FOR ELECRTIC POWER GENERATION, 1980 THROUGH 1989 IOC We 8GWe 6GWe 4GWe 2GWe OGWe •• Electric utility ED Non-utility generator CHI Industrial generator 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Source: UBS-Phillips & Drew Global Research Group Figure 1. NOx EMISSION REDUCTION Conventional coinbustor without steam injcclion 300 to 150 ppm NOX 100 to 50 ppm 25 ppm 9 ppm Dry low NO* combustion system Figure 2. 5B-9 ------- NOX Production (ppmv/niscc) 40 10 • 0 0 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio, < Fiqure 3. Temperature (F) 4000 -3000 2000 1000 1.8 2.0 NOx REDUCTION vs WATER-TO-FUEL RATIO NOX Emissions Reduction (%) 60 40 20 Water injection Steam injection ——Firing natural gas Firing distillate oil 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Water-to-Fuel Ratio (Ib/lb) Figure 4. 1.2 1.4 5B-10 ------- INCREASE IN HYDROCARBONS DUE TO WATER INJECTION RHC 4 R HC with water injection '"c HC without water injection Data from tests of four engines 0.5 1.0 Water/Fuel Ratio Figure 5. CARBON MONOXIDE INCREASE DUE TO WATER INJECTION CO with water injection CO without water injection Data from tests of four engines 0.5 1.0 Water/Fuel - Ratio Figure 6. 5B-11 ------- NITROGEN OXIDES vs CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS NOx Emissions (ppniv 140 100 200 300 CO Emissions (ppmv) 400 Figure 7. DYNAMIC ACTIVITY vs WATER INJECTION Overall rms Level Dynamic Activity, psi (10 chamber average) 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 K 0.6 [Baseline (SN) natural gas Qt. Comb. MN natural gas Baseline (SN) no. 2 oil Qt. comb. MN - no. 2 oil 0 10 20 30 40 50 Water Injection Rate, (gal/min) 60 Figure 8. 5B-12 ------- DYNAMIC PRESSURE COMPARISON nanuc Pressure, psi fpeak-lo-peak) Dynamic Pressure, psi (pc;ik-to-pcak) 1.0 n.-isclinc (SN) 0.8 production liner 0.6 0.4 0.2 Quid (MM) cumbuslor liner Elect, noise 246" 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Frequency, H/ Frequency, Hz Figure 9. Pan Ou ter casing-i n 1 rlow sleeve 1 m _^^— — Plane of dilution holes |j Conventional\ / Jl ip.nn and = =I -S Secondary zone Dilution zone V-'pre-mixins 1 Jl primary zone/ \ ' '"-^^ J LU -End cover Figure 10. 5B-13 ------- DRY LOW NOX COMBUSTOR OPERATING MODES (49) l-irst Stage Burning Two Stage Burning: Lean-Lean Second Stage Burning First Stage Premixed- Second Stage Burning Figure 11. U.S. COMBUSTION TURBINE SCR INSTALLATIONS IN OPERATION (AND PROJECTED) Generating Capacity (MWe) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Figure 12. 5B-14 ------- SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM (V/Ti02or Zeolite SCR Catalyst) Steam-*- Turbine exhaust CO Oxidation] calalysl Evaporator SCR catalyst Clean gas Water Superheater Economizer Figure 13. 5B-15 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF GAS TURBINE SCR NOx CONTROL Phillip A. May, Lisa M. Campbell, and Kevin L. Johnson Radian Corporation Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF GAS TURBINE SCR NOX CONTROL by Phillip A. May, Lisa M. Campbell, and Kevin L. Johnson Radian Corporation Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 ABSTRACT Approximately 3600 MW of gas turbine SCR capacity is in operation or start-up in the U.S. Total gas turbine SCR operating time is approximately 600,000 hours with a mean operation per unit of 10,000 hours. Many additional sites are either under construction, permitted, or in the process of obtaining a permit. Experience obtained from operating SCR sites will assist in defining both actual control costs and key procurement/technical feasibility issues pertinent to future U.S. applications. This paper characterizes the state of the art with respect to the application of SCR. Operating and cost data collected in a SCR site field program are presented along with a discussion of key technical and procurement issues identified in conjunction with designers and manufacturers. Key design and procurement issues include correct catalyst placement within the operating temperature window, ammonia distribution, and the potential formation and deposition of ammonium salts associated with combustion turbine SCR systems firing sulfur-bearing fuels. 5B-19 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF GAS TURBINE SCR NOX CONTROL INTRODUCTION The use of gas turbines in cogeneration and utility applications has risen sharply over the past decade. In conjunction with this rise, SCR as a NOX control technology has been introduced over the past five years in regions of the U.S. with acute air quality problems. In addition, NOX emissions are receiving increased attention at both the federal and state level because of new Clear Air Act requirements and growing regional, state, and local regulatory requirements. No database from which to evaluate the reliability, cost, and performance of SCR systems under anticipated operating conditions has been available. This paper summarizes the results of a study performed to characterize the current status of SCR applications to gas turbines, determine the true cost of applying SCR controls, and identify key design and procurement issues. Included is a summary of the state of the art in the U.S., a characterization of the SCR systems included in this study, an example of the capital and operating costs associated with the application of SCR, and a discussion of the key design and procurement issues identified. STATE-OF-THE-ART At the end of 1990, the total installed SCR capacity for gas turbines operating in the U.S. was approximately as follows: 80 sites 110 units 3600 MW Almost all of the operating units are in California, with units also operating in New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. All but one of these units is in a cogeneration application. Most of the units (-85%) are in the 20 to 80 MW size range, with some units in the 3 to 10 5B-20 ------- MW range. No gas turbine SCR systems in the 3 to 10 MW size range operates outside of California. Figure 1 shows the total cumulative SCR system capacity for gas turbines in operation over the last five years (1985-1990). The figure indicates that most of the U.S. capacity came on- line in the last 3 years. Relative to current catalyst guarantees of 2 to 3 years this indicates that the industry is still young. The NOX permit limits for gas turbine SCR sites in operation, under construction, or with active permits are presented in Figure 2. A few of the earlier California sites and a New Jersey site have NOX permit limits on the order of 15 to 25 ppmvd (@15% O2) but, most of the recently permitted sites have NOX limits of 9 ppmvd. Currently, 9 ppmvd is the most common level outside of California. The levels shown in Figure 2 for units below 9 ppmvd are all in California. A number of California sites have NOX emissions levels of less than 9 ppmvd in order to minimize offset requirements. Essentially all of the gas turbine SCR installations operating achieve these low NOX levels by applying SCR in combination with wet injection, either steam or water. This is typically done by reducing NOX emitted from the turbine with wet injection down to 25-42 ppmvd and then applying SCR. The distribution of NOX reduction performance at a number of gas turbine SCR sites operating in the U.S. is as follows: NOx Reduction (%) Percent of Sites 80 70 75-80 5 70-75 5 65-70 10 60-65 10 Most of the gas turbines operating or planned to operate with SCR use natural gas as their primary fuel, with a few of these units firing refinery gas. There is very limited experience in the U.S. firing distillate oil at gas turbine SCR facilities. Most SCR catalysts in use are composed of base metal oxides, primarily vanadia and titania, on titania, silica, or tungsten supports. Optimum NOX reduction for these conventional SCR catalysts occurs in the 600° to 750°F temperature range. Below 600°F, NO conversion slows 5B-21 ------- dramatically; at temperatures above ~800-850°F, these catalyst materials can lose surface area and reactivity. This requires location of the SCR catalyst within a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to obtain the proper operating temperature window. In the last few years, molecular sieve zeolites have been commercially marketed in the U.S. Zeolites have reportedly extended the SCR operating range up to approximately 950°F. Currently, there are four gas turbine zeolite applications. The other major SCR catalyst type recently applied commercially in the U.S. is a precious metal-based (e.g., platinum) catalyst. This catalyst has an operating temperature window of about 425 to 525°F, with an optimum temperature of approximately 475°F. This low- temperature operation allows placement of the catalyst outside the high pressure section of the HRSG, upstream of the economizer and stack. However, there are two limitations to this catalyst type. First, at higher temperatures (>525°F), this catalyst is an excellent NH3 oxidation catalyst, producing additional NOX. Second, it is limited to clean fuels because it is also a good SO2 oxidation catalyst, forming SO3, with potential for forming ammonium sulfates and increasing downstream corrosion. GAS TURBINE SCR OPERATING EXPERIENCE To characterize the cost and operating experience of gas turbine SCR applications in the U.S., information was collected from approximately 20 sites, including capital cost, operating and maintenance, and reliability/availability data. Study Group Characterization. A total of 37 operating SCR units applied to gas turbines ranging in size from 3.5 to 80 MW were included in the study. Gas turbine manufacturers/models included in the study are: General Electric (GE)/LM 2500, LM5000, and Frame 5,6, and 7EA; ASEA Brown Bovari (ABB)/Type 8; Solar/Centaur and Mars; and Allison/501-KB. Permit levels for NOX emissions range from 5 to 21 ppmvd. Some of the permits also include ammonia emissions limits ranging from 15 to 20 ppmvd. All of the gas turbine SCR systems included in the study use natural gas as their primary fuel. Back-up fuels include distillate oil and Jet A. Operation with the back-up is almost nonexistent. The following SCR system suppliers are included in the study group: Babcock/Hitachi, Engelhard, Hitachi Zosen, 5B-22 ------- Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI)/Foster Wheeler, Johnson Matthey, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Norton, and Steuler. Nine of the sites also include carbon monoxide (CO) catalyst systems. All but two of the systems included in the study use an anhydrous ammonia system. Both of the aqueous ammonia systems started up in the latter half of 1990. Study Group Results. The results from the study group of 37 operating SCR units are divided into three categories: SCR capital costs; SCR operating parameters; and SCR maintenance history. SCR Capital Costs. Installed capital cost data for the SCR reactor and subsystems was collected from 11 sites in the study group, representing 16 total SCR units. The SCR units from which capital costs were collected range in size from 3.5 to 80 MW. Figure 3 presents the installed capital cost data ($/kW) versus gas turbines size (MW) for the 11 sites. The installed capital cost ranges from$30/kW to $100/kW. This represents 5-25% of the total installed capital cost of a combined cycle combustion turbine system. The sites which were installed earliest, or first generation U.S. SCR sites, were found to have a higher installed capital cost than the equivalent size units which are newer. This is shown in Figure 3 by the two upper data points at 22 MW and 37 MW. This trend indicates that catalyst costs have declined. The two data points at the 80 MW size differ in cost by about$10/KW. This difference in cost is attributed to one site procuring and purchasing the SCR unit as a change order, after the initial design and equipment specifications were made. SCR Operating Parameters. The key SCR operating/cost parameters for the 37 operating SCR units in the study group are summarized below. SCR OPERATING PARAMETERS Operating Parameter Actual Operating Range Outlet NOX, ppmvd 5 21 NOX Reduction, % 60 95 NO3/NOX Molar Ratio 0.9 - 1.6 Pressure Drop (across catalyst), 1.9 - 6.1 in We 170 - 3130 Maintenance, man hours/year 5B-23 ------- Outlet NOX concentrations range from 5 to 21 ppmvd (at 15% O2). The NH3/NOX molar ratio ranges from 0.9 to 1.6, with a corresponding NOX reduction range of 60-85 percent with one site achieving 95 percent. This site is unique in that five turbines exhaust to a single SCR system and only two turbines are currently fired. The pressure drop across the catalyst systems ranges from 1.9 to 6.1 inches water. The pressure drop across the SCR catalyst bed increases the back-pressure on the turbine. This reduces the power generating capacity and increases the heat rate of the turbine. Maintenance labor required for the SCR systems at the study group sites are reported to range from 170 to 3130 man hours per year. Most of this time is devoted to the CEM system. The history of SCR catalyst replacement or additions within the study group is limited based on the low total operating hours of the units. The total operating hour range of the study group is about 1200 to 40,000 hours. Only three sites out of the 20 sites in the study group have replaced or added catalyst. The experience of these three is as follows: Site Total Operating Hours Catalyst Replacement/Addition Site 1 -40,000 6 catalyst replacements or additions Site 2 6,000 1 catalyst addition Site 3 24,000 1 catalyst addition With the limited operating hours represented in the study group, no conclusions can be made on the frequency of catalyst replacement. The SCR operating parameters presented can be used to determine the annual operating cost range for a specific SCR unit. For an 80 MW combustion turbine application, the resulting range in annual operating cost is 1.30 to 3.2 mil/kWh. The cost components and their contribution to the total annual operating cost are as follows: 5B-24 ------- Cost Component Percent of Annual Operating Cost ammonia usage 2-10 heat rate penalty 6 - 8 replacement catalyst 36 - 46 maintenance cost 1 - 6 overhead cost 0.2 - 2 capital charges 22 - 44 G&A, taxes, insurance 6-12 SCR Maintenance History. A maintenance history was collected from each of the SCR study group members. The number of events for each of the plant sections including the gas turbine, HRSG, water treatment, water injection, SCR, and CO systems was then totaled. Figure 4 shows the percentage of events reported for each part of the facility. As shown, the SCR system, including all SCR subsystems, represents about 20 percent of all events reported and is on balance with the other major plant systems. As a check on the results presented in Figure 4 plant operators in the study group were polled to assess the order of priorities when starting a new shift. The order of priority determined was as follows: 1) water treatment; 2) SCR: 3) HRSG; 4) gas turbine. SCR system events were divided among three subsystems: catalyst, ammonium, and continuous emissions monitoring (CEM). The percentage of failures attributed to each of the SCR subsystems, is presented in Figure 5. The ammonia subsystem includes the ammonia storage, vaporization, mixing, injection, and ammonia control system. The catalyst subsystem includes only the SCR reactor housing and catalyst itself. The CEM subsystem includes the NOX, CO, and O2 sample probes and analyzers, and the gas conditioning systems. As shown, 25% of the events reported are attributed to the ammonia system and catalyst system, respectively, while the majority of the failures (50%) are attributed to the CEM system. The failure distribution for the CEM and ammonia subsystems are shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. The CEM subsystem failure distribution indicates that the component with the highest failure rate (45% of the total) is the NOX analyzer. The gas conditioning system has the second highest (20%) malfunction rate. No root cause identification has been performed, so it possible that the high rate of NO monitor failures is linked to gas conditioning system 5B-25 ------- failures. The CEM subsystem failure distribution is based on 28 reported events within a six month period of operation. The ammonia subsystem failure distribution of Figure 7 indicates that two components, the ammonia vaporizer and the ammonia flow control valve, have had the highest failure rate (each component represents 40% of the total ammonia system failures). This failure distribution for the ammonia subsystem is based on 10 reported events occurring within a six month operating period. GAS TURBINE SCR DESIGN ISSUES Key areas identified included: placement of the SCR catalyst in the optimum temperature window, flexible distribution and adjustment of ammonia (NH3), and HRSG impacts that result from firing sulfur- bearing fuels. Other areas identified included: communication channels for procurement and continuous emissions monitoring interfaces with regulatory reporting requirements. The following section is an overview of the information obtained. Where possible the experience of actual sites is used to illustrate the potential impact. Optimum Catalyst Placement. Proper placement of the catalyst within the HRSG is essential to achieving consistent NOX reduction. Incorrect placement or variations in the boiler temperature outside of the SCR system's design range can result in deviations in the operating temperature for the catalyst which in turn can lead to unnecessary increases in ammonia usage, reduced catalyst performance, and unnecessary or premature catalyst replacement. To include the assurance of correct catalyst placement in the HRSG and SCR procurement process, anticipated operating conditions are included in the HRSG and SCR system specification packages. Of particular importance are anticipated gas turbine load swings, shifts in HRSG steam demand, duct firing impacts, and changes in HRSG performance with time. Open communication of anticipated operating conditions between the HRSG and SCR system suppliers is key to a well-designed system. The importance of this concept is best illustrated through the experiences of one of the study group members. The operators of this site were considering catalyst replacement because 5B-26 ------- of unanticipated rises in the NH3 injection rate. Figure 8 shows the relative outlet NOX level and NH3 usage as a function of time for this site. Also shown are the related plant events. As the figure indicates, NH3 usage increased following each of the facility's outages over a two-year period. Although site personnel were aware of the rise in NH3 usage and the potential implications, no cause for this increase was identified until repeated boiler tube leaks resulted in adjustments to the steam flow within the system and subsequent reevaluation of the temperature path within the HRSG. Following each of the outages the performance of the HRSG had been altered resulting in a temperature shift at the SCR catalyst position within the boiler. The temperature shift was undetected because of inadequate and poor thermocouple placement. In response to this problem, the site installed additional thermocouples and now monitors the temperature at several locations in the HRSG on a daily basis. Ammonia Injection and Distribution. Ammonia injection and distribution is key to achieving required NOX emissions limits, meeting any NH3 slip permit requirement and preventing ammonium sulfate and bisulfate formation in SCR applications where sulfur-bearing fuel is fired. The reaction of NH3 and NO is equimolar, but approximately 2 moles of NH3 are required to react with each mole of NO2. Because gas turbine exhaust is primarily NO, a slight molar excess of NH3 is required to react with NOX. For an optimally designed and perfectly mixed SCR system, an approximate 1.0 NH3/NOX mole ratio is required to achieve 80 to 90% NOX reduction when the catalyst is new. Because a perfectly mixed SCR system is not possible, care should be taken in the design of the HRSG to ensure even flow at the catalyst surface and flexibility in the NH3 distribution system. The need for a flexible NH3 distribution system is best illustrated by data collected at one of the study group sites. The HRSG at this site is a split boiler. Figure 9 presents the results of a velocity and NOX traverse performed at the inlet to the catalyst. The average velocities of 30.2 and 26.5 ft/sec (with ranges of 21 to 38 ft/sec) for trains A and B, respectively, indicate uneven flow between the two halves of the unit, and widely variable flow within each train. There was relatively less variation in the inlet NOX, with Train A (25 29 ppm) and Train B (23 - 34 ppm). Therefore, the ability to adjust NH3 flow distribution is critical to meet NOX reduction performance requirements and minimizing NH3 slip. 5B-27 ------- Sulfur-Bearing Fuel-firing Issues. Combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels creates SOX emissions; a portion of these emissions is in the form of SO3. In addition to the SO3 from combustion, SO2 oxidation forms additional SO3 across the boiler tubes within the HRSG and across the SCR catalyst. Available base metal catalysts oxidize between 1 and 5 percent of the SO2 present in the turbine exhaust gases to SO3. Some base metal catalysts offer an SO2 oxidation potential of less than one. However, these low- oxidation formula catalysts also have a decreased NOX reduction activity per unit volume. Thus, greater catalyst volumes are require to achieve an equivalent reduction. Zeolite catalysts are claimed to offer the advantage of significantly lower (<1%) SO2 oxidation rates. One of the unique features of U.S. gas turbine SCR applications is that they may also be combined with a CO catalyst upstream at the entrance to the HRSG. When a CO catalyst is present in the system, as much as half of the SO2 in the gas turbine exhaust may be oxidized to SO3. Therefore, CO catalysts can have a significant impact on the SO3 content of the exhaust gas stream. There are two potential problems associated with increased SO3 in the exhaust gas stream: First, SO3 can be collected as a paniculate in the form of H2SO4 if the paniculate collection train used for compliance measurements is operated at temperatures below the acid gas dew point. This is the case in certain states including California and New Jersey where the sample is collected at ambient conditions. Second, unreacted NH3 slip from the SCR system can react with SO3 and form either ammonium sulfate and/or bisulfate salts via the reactions: 2NH3 + SO3 + H2O- (NH4)2SO4 (ammonium sulfate) (1) NH3 + SO3 + H2O -> NH4HSO4 (ammonium bisulfate) (2) Even at levels of a few ppm slip, NH3, SO3, and aerosol H2SO4 can react to form ammonium sulfate and bisulfate deposits.1 Ammonium bisulfate is a sticky substance which deposits on downstream equipment, particularly HRSG tubes at lower tube metal temperatures. These deposits can cause corrosion and plugging, eventually resulting in loss of heat exchange efficiency, increased pressure drop, and shortened equipment life. Ammonium sulfate is a white, crystalline (flaky) 5B-28 ------- compound which deposits on lower temperature surfaces. Corrosion and plugging problems can also occur with the sulfate. The potential for salt formation increases as temperature decreases. At very low temperatures (<400°F), only a few ppm of NH3 and SO3 are required for reaction. Therefore, at typical HRSG exit temperatures (300 to 350°F), ammonium salt deposits are expected to form in the HRSG when firing sulfur-bearing fuels. Ammonium salt formation temperature is shown as a function of NH3 and SO3 concentrations in Figure 10. For a gas turbine firing 0.2 percent sulfur distillate the exhaust gas SO3 concentration is approximately 2 ppm. As shown in Figure 10, if the HRSG exit gas temperature is 410°F, then to avoid salt formation the NH3 slip must be controlled to less than 5 ppm. However, if a CO catalyst is present in the system, the SO3 concentration in the exhaust can be as high as 20 ppm (i.e., 50 percent SO2 oxidation across the CO catalyst). For this case there is no NH3 slip level which will guarantee against salt deposition. Although many gas turbine SCR systems have been designed to fire a sulfur-bearing secondary fuel, few have operated with such a fuel. As a result, there is little gas turbine SCR operating experience in the U.S. with sulfur-bearing fuels. Two sites were identified with operating experience firing refinery gas as a secondary fuel. SCR PROCUREMENT PROCESS Several approaches to SCR procurement have and can be used and the degree of involvement for each party differs among them. The utility has the option to develop contracts with: (1) the architectural/ engineering (A/E) firm which, in turn, has a contract with the HRSG vendor to procure the SCR system; (2) the SCR vendor directly; (3) the A/E firm which, in turn, has a contract directly with the SCR vendor; or (4) the A/E firm acting as the owner's agent. The advantages and disadvantages associated with each method are discussed below. Utility - A/E - HRSG - SCR Vendor. The most common procurement method involves the A/E firm procuring the SCR as a part of the HRSG system. In this arrangement, the HRSG vendor includes a performance guarantee for the SCR system as part of the HRSG package. This performance guarantee is identical to the guarantee provided by the SCR vendor; however, the HRSG vendor is legally liable to the A/E and utility for SCR performance. 5B-29 ------- Inclusion of the SCR system within the scope of the HRSG package is preferred for the following reasons: Integration of the SCR system into the HRSG is enhanced; Design changes that may affect the interface of the two systems are more readily implemented; Optimization of the SCR reactor operating temperature and catalyst placement in the HRSG are easier to achieve; and A single vendor provides performance guarantees and is responsible for both the HRSG and SCR systems. Another variation of this procurement method is for the buyer or A/E firm to procure the HRSG and SCR from the gas turbine manufacturer. This has the added advantage of obtaining a single point responsibility for all emissions and velocity distributions, and it more closely integrates the HRSG and SCR systems with the gas turbine cycle performance. However the SCR procurement experience of some gas turbine manufacturers may be limited. Utility-SCR Vendor. Some buyers have the engineering staff and expertise required to design, procure, and, in some cases, construct a power generation facility in-house without the assistance of an independent A/E or engineering/construction (E/C) firm. In this scenario, the utility may work directly with the SCR vendor to secure a contractual agreement. Some of the advantages of this direct working relationship between the buyer and SCR vendor include: Procurement of the SCR separately from the HRSG allows the lowest cost (i.e., initial capital cost) system to be selected for each, rather than the low cost bid package including both systems. HRSG and A/E fees are not included in the SCR cost, but the SCR vendor and the HRSG vendor incur coordination labor costs. Closer contact between the SCR vendor and the end user helps ensure that the needs of the end-user are met satisfactorily. This close contact also ensures that the utility is aware of system features, such as unique design or technology, which may impact cost. It should be noted that the greatest potential disadvantage is missing direct coordination between the HRSG and SCR manufacturers. In any scenario, the HRSG vendor must be 5B-30 ------- involved in determining the location of the optimum temperature range in the HRSG. Another disadvantage is that most buyers have less experience in procuring an SCR system than A/Es, C/Es, or HRSG vendors. Utility - A/E and/or E/C. There are three potential working relationships between a buyer and an A/E and/or E/C firm with respect to procurement of an SCR system. The first involves the utility implementing all stages of SCR procurement with the exception of construction, which is contracted out to an E/C or construction management A/E firm. In this arrangement, the utility and not the E/C has a contract directly with the SCR vendor. The arrangement between the utility and A/E firm involves the A/E working as the owner's agent to develop a detailed specification for the gas turbine/HRSG/SCR system. The A/E firm acting as the owner's agent also reviews the bids to verify that the proposals meet the bid specification. The third arrangement between the utility and the E/C firm involves the E/C acting as the turnkey contractor responsible for detailed system design and construction. In this case, the E/C firm provides the SCR system specification along with the HRSG specification to the HRSG vendor. The E/C firm also provides the balance of the plant design and procurement, and manages overall plant construction. Utility - A/E - SCR. In some arrangements between the buyer and the A/E firm, the A/E procures the SCR system directly from the vendor. Some A/E firms prefer to procure the SCR system directly for the following reasons: Lower cost of the SCR system; Direct accountability of the SCR vendor to the A/E firm; and Direct communication between A/E and SCR vendor. The same potential disadvantage of missing coordination between the HRSG and SCR manufacturers also exists. References 1. EPRI Report GS7056, Project 2936-1, December 1990; Evaluation of Oil Fired Gas Turbine Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NOM Control. 2. Saleem, A., M. Galagano, and S. Inaba. "Hitachi-Zosen DeNox Process for Fossil Fuel-Fired Boilers." Proceedings: Second NOX Control Technology Seminar. Hosted by Electric Power Research Institute. Denver, Colorado. November 8-9, 1978. FP-1109-SR. p 22-12. 5B-31 ------- o _c £• I ------- 150 — 140 — 130 — 120 — 110 — §100 — I 9° 1 80 <§" 7° 1 60 "5 en _c 50 40 30 20 10 1 I 1 I I I I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Gas Turbine Size, MW Figure 3. Gas Turbine SCR Installed Capital Cost i 80 18% Water Treatment 20% SCR 17%HRSG 7% CO Catalyst 17% Water Injection 21% Gas Turbine Figure 4. Facility Wide Failure Distribution 5B-33 ------- 25% Catalyst System 25% Ammonia System 50% CEM System Figure 5. SCR System Failure Distribution 45% NOx Analyzer 15% CO Analyzer 5% Q, Analyzer 15% Programming/Software 20% Gas Conditioning * Total frequency over six month period of 30 events. Figure 6. Continuous Emissions Monitoring Failure Distribution" 5B-34 ------- 40% Ammonia Flow Control Valve 40% Ammonia Vaporizer 10% Ammonia Injection Nozzles 10% Ammonia Mixer to Injection * Total fequency over six month period of 10 events over 15 sites. Figure 7. Ammonia Injection System Failure Distribution* (A 5 o £ ^ ------- Train A Train B 38.0 26 38.9 26.2 30.2 25.8 23.1 27 27 23.9 27.3 27.4 26.5 25.1 25.9 25.1 27 25 31.8 29.2 39.9 26.8 29.2 27 - 25 20.9 33.9 23.1 31 29.7 29 27.6 26.1 30.8 23.3 28.7 26.1 31.5 32.1 35.5 29.7 38.1 28.1 21.0 25.6 38.1 24.8 37.2 26.9 28.6 30 25.7 28.4 33.9 27.7 32.8 25.3 33.8 24.8 27.5 26.9 33.0 29.5 23.8 27.9 42.0 26.9 15.8 24.8 30.8 25.3 36.5 26.9 Average 30.2 Average 26.5 Figure 9. SCR Inlet Velocity and NOx Concentration Maps 500 5 10 50 100 SO3 Concentration, ppm 500 Figure 10. Ammonia Salt Formation as a Function of Temperature and NH3 and S03 Concentration (2) 5B-36 ------- NOx REDUCTION AT THE ARGUS PLANT USING THE NOxOUT* PROCESS Joseph R. Comparato Nalco Fuel Tech Roland A. Buchs North American Chemical Corporation Dr . D . S . Arnold. L. Keith Bailey Kerr-McGee Corporation ------- NOx Reduction At The Argus Plant Using The NOxOUTR Process Joseph R. Comparato Nalco Fuel Tech Roland A. Buchs North American Chemical Corporation Dr. D. S. Arnold L. Keith Bailey Kerr-McGee Corporation ABSTRACT Urea injection using the NOxOUT Process was demonstrated at the Kerr-McGee Argus No. 26 unit. The earlier installation of burner modifications had reduced NOx emissions from 330 ppm to about 225 ppm. The NOxOUT Process further reduced NOx emissions to below a target level of 165 ppm. Testing of the hybrid NOx control system included furnace characterization, injection optimization, and a 48-hour demonstration test. Process performance was analyzed from extensive data logged with a computer data acquisition system. A computer model of the furnace flow dynamics provided information for selecting injector locations and performance settings. Optimization reduced the ammonia slip to 2 ppm. CO slip was limited to 6 ppm. Subsequent long-term evaluation examined the impact on plant operation. The air heater was inspected for possible accumulation of ammonium bisulfate and was found free of such deposit build-up. The storage, pumping, and injection equipment operated reliably. Chemical consumption has been consistently within expected projections. The successful NOxOUT demonstration is being upgraded to a permanent installation. 5B-39 ------- The NOxOUT Process for controlling oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions was installed on the Kerr-McGee Argus No. 26 coal-fired boiler in June 1989. Parametric testing was conducted in August 1989 to characterize and optimize the process application. The matrix testing concluded with a 48-hour continuous demonstration run. The achievement of 30% reduction in NOx emissions below the level of reduction previously accomplished with low NOx combustion system modifications was demonstrated. The combined result of NOxOUT and combustion system modifications was an overall NOx reduction of more than 50%. The process optimization during start-up of the NOxOUT system concentrated on achieving the required NOx reduction while controlling ammonia slip to below 5 ppm. The purpose of this objective was to prevent potential fouling of the regenerative air preheater surfaces. The limit was chosen to avoid any significant formation of ammonium bisulfate from the combination of ammonia with fuel sulfur products. The demonstration test showed that ammonia slip was held to 2 ppm. It was also important to prevent any significant increase in carbon monoxide emissions. A target of less than 10 ppm CO increase was achieved with a CO slip of 6 ppm. Following the formal testing, the program continued with Phase II, a four-month period, that was extended to seven months, to observe the long-term effects of operating the NOxOUT system. The process equipment performed reliably. Inspections of the unit conducted during and after the Phase II operation verified successful control of potential air preheater deposits. NOxOUT Process Technology In the NOxOUT process, the products of combustion are treated with an aqueous solution of chemicals. NOxOUT A, sometimes enhanced with other chemicals, combines with NOx in reduction reactions to yield molecular nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. The technology initially emerged from research on the use of urea1 to reduce nitrogen oxides conducted in 1976 by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). EPRI obtained the first patent on the fundamental urea process in 1980. The overall chemical reaction for reducing NOx with urea is: NH2CONH2 + 2NO +1/2O2 —> 2N2 + C02 + 2H2O Nalco Fuel Tech is the exclusive licensing agent for the EPRI technology. Nalco Fuel Tech has developed the technology with added know-how and patented advancements. NOxOUT is the tradename for this post-combustion technology for NOx reduction. The NOxOUT technology comprises methods and experience for effectively treating a wide range of applications. Combustion laboratory testing provides data for proprietary chemical formulations that extend effectiveness beyond the conditions limiting the performance of the basic urea process. The NOxOUT A 5B-40 ------- formulation insures consistent product quality control and includes additives which prevent problems such as injector fouling. Performance design tools increase confidence in applying NOxOUT to new applications. Process performance is analyzed using Nalco Fuel Tech's chemical kinetics computer model (CKM). Process conditions are evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques.4 The CFD modeling also enables the simulation of injector design configurations to evaluate chemical dispersion effectiveness. Used together, the CKM and CFD models provide a sound basis for predicting expected performance. Research in injector development, including laboratory analysis using laser equipment for measuring droplet size and velocity, provides a database for selecting injection equipment for a specific application. Process equipment designs incorporate experience from both demonstration and commercial projects. The NOxOUT technology was fully applied in treating the Kerr-McGee Argus No. 26 unit. Successful experience with a similar unit in Germany, a 75-MW brown coal fired power plant operated by Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizitatswerk A. G. (RWE), provided a basis for confidence.5 However, there are often significant differences between similar coal fired units. Thus, extensive modeling and data analysis were conducted in support of the testing. Argus No. 26 Boiler Description The Kerr-McGee Argus No. 26 unit (figure 1) is a tangentially fired, pulverized coal, VU 40 type, ABB Combustion Engineering boiler. Western bituminous coal is burned in the furnace with three coal elevations, each supplied by a bowl mill pulverizer. Table I is a typical fuel analysis. The unit has a normal operating steam output of 710,000 Ib/hr (322,580 kg/hr) at 950°F (510°C). TABLE I COAL ANALYSIS Type Utah Bituminous Ultimate Analysis As Rec'd Dry Basis %Carbon 70.52 73.27 %Hydrogen 4.91 5.10 %Nitrogen 1.37 1.42 %Chlorine <0.1 <0.1 %Sulfur 0.47 0.49 %Oxygen 10.32 10.72 %Ash 8.66 9.00 %Moisture 3.75 N/A HHV, Btu/lb 12,592 13,083 58-41 ------- Flue gas heat recovery is accomplished with an economizer followed by a horizontal shaft regenerative air preheater. After the air preheater, the combustion products pass through an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for dust control, and then through a sodium-based wet SO2 scrubber. The flue gas is exhausted without reheat at 120°F from the stack. In May 1989, the firing system was modified to reduce NOx emissions. As originally built, the unit had close coupled over-fire air (COFA) for NOx control. In this configuration, baseline NOx levels were about 360 ppm (dry, corrected to 3% O2) when firing 60% coal and 40% petroleum coke (330 ppm when firing 100% coal). The modifications included LNCFS (Low NOx Concentric Firing System) nozzles, flame attachment nozzles, and the addition of SOFA (Separated Overfire Air) ports.6 NOx emissions were reduced to a typical value of under 225 ppm under normal operating conditions. Operation with varied overfire air configurations had a strong effect on the baseline conditions for NOxOUT treatment. Figure 2 shows the NOx emissions with different SOFA damper positions. The numbers identifying the SOFA conditions correspond to the upper/middle/lower damper percent opening. As overfire air dampers were opened, the combustion air was redirected from the burner zone to higher elevations. While the total oxygen available for combustion in the furnace was relatively constant, less oxygen was available in the burner zone as overfire dampers were opened. Fuel burning was effectively staged. Fuel-rich conditions were created in the burner zone to promote reduction reactions that destroy some of the NOx formed from fuel nitrogen.7 Combustion was distributed over a longer portion of the furnace. Peak temperatures were lowered to avoid the thermal formation of NOx from nitrogen in the combustion air. Temperatures in the regions suitable for NOxOUT injection were affected by the degree of staging. A reduction in peak furnace temperatures to control NOx also reduced the radiant heat transfer to the furnace walls. Consequently, the flue gas temperature in the upper portion of the furnace increased as NOx is reduced with deeper degrees of staging. Some data indicated an increase in temperatures in the upper furnace (elevation 106') from about 1800°F (982°C) before modifications, to a maximum of 2200°F (1204°C) with the SOFA dampers fully open. The 40/100/100 SOFA configuration was considered the typical operating mode for the Argus #26 unit. As evident in figure 2, the benefits of additional NOx reduction began to diminish with deeper staging. Figure 3 is a plot of CO emissions as a function of NOx level. CO emissions tended to increase as NOx level decreased. This resulted in part from increasing difficulty in tuning the burner air flows as more air was redirected to the SOFA ports. 5B-42 ------- The 40/100/100 SOFA staging was chosen as the base condition for applying the NOxOUT process. In July 1989, the temperature profile in the upper furnace with this SOFA configuration was measured. An average temperature of 2020°F (1104°C) and a peak of 2110°F (1154°C) in the center of the plane were observed. The temperature was of concern since the critical level of NOx increases with increasing temperature. Chemical kinetics modeling and data from laboratory and field tests have shown that a "critical NOx" level exists as a function of temperature (figure 4).3 Critical NOx is also strongly affected by the oxygen concentration and the presence of reducing species such as carbon monoxide. CO concentrations were also sampled during the temperature traverse and found to be less than 200 ppm at the furnace outlet plane. A benefit of the high temperatures is that the reactions are rapid, requiring less residence time than at lower temperatures. The tendency for residual formation of ammonia and CO byproducts is also decreased. A CFD model (figure 5) of the Argus #26 unit was prepared to provide guidance for the testing. The upward spiraling flow typical of a T-fired furnace was predicted. The model provided simulations of the injection trajectories and chemical dispersion. In applying the results, care was taken to identify guidelines for preventing droplet impingement on tube surfaces. The NOxOUT Installation Injection ports were installed at two levels. The upper level, at elevation 106', provided a region where fine droplets could be promptly evaporated in the lowest available gas temperature conditions. The lower level, at elevation 90', allowed the injection of larger droplets to enable greater penetration into the gas stream, but into higher temperatures. The injectors were designed with interchangeable atomizing tips to facilitate testing different spray pattern options. Skid-mounted pumping equipment was installed on site. Chemical injection pumps metered the reagents into a mixing header. Dilution water also entered the mixing header. A rotary positive displacement pump mixed the reagents and water by recirculation through the header and pressurized the mixture for supply to the injectors. Air was used as the atomizing medium for the injectors. A pressure-settable air regulator controlled the atomizing medium conditions. Figure 6 is a simplified schematic of the process system. An analog controller provided output to the electronic stroke controlled chemical injection pumps. It also provided PID loop control of the pressure control valve to maintain a settable constant mixture discharge pressure. 5B-43 ------- Testing Results Test series were identified in terms of eighteen test days. The test objectives were: Test days Test Series Type # 1-4 Boiler SOFA Characterization # 5-9 Upper Level Injection #10-13 Lower Level Injection #14-16 48-Hour Demonstration Test #17-18 Miscellaneous Testing The demonstration utilized an on-line data logging system to provide continuous monitoring of the boiler and NOxOUT system operation. Display screens of the current operating conditions facilitated assessing test progress and decision making for proceeding with steps in the test program. Analog signals from the boiler control room and instrumentation from the chemical injection equipment were transmitted to an analog-to-digital converter. The digital values were read by an 80286 based micro-computer using THE FIX software by Intellution, Inc. The plant's continuous stack emissions monitor provided NOx and CO data, corrected to a dry basis at 3% O2- Signals from the control room provided data on the boiler operating conditions. Calculations were performed with THE FIX software to compute NOx on a mass flow basis. Values for NOxOUT chemical flow rates were taken from analog outputs from the pumping skid controller. The main parameter for determining the NOxOUT treatment rate is normalized stoichiometric ratio (NSR). As can be seen from the basic chemical reaction, one mole of urea combines with two moles of NOx under perfect conditions. NSR is the ratio of the actual molar flow of urea to the molar flow required for stoichiometry, or perfect reaction. NSR values were computed from the chemical flow rates and NOx massflows identified as baseline conditions for the various test runs. Ammonia analysis utilized a manual batch extractive method. The very low levels of ammonia measurements required a technique with high sensitivity. Filtered flue gas samples were drawn through heated probes from ports in the economizer outlet. During the 48-hour demonstration run, 12 point samples, on a 4 port by 3 point insertion grid, were collected. Ammonia was captured in an impinger train containing dilute sulfuric acid. The impinger samples were cooled to a controlled temperature, then made alkaline to release the ammonia for measurement with an ion specific electrochemical cell. Figure 7 is a plot of the NOx emissions as a function of NSR for various SOFA settings observed during the boiler characterization tests, series 1-4. External mix injectors producing 100 micron volume mean diameter droplets were used in the seven ports available at the 106' level. Over 50% NOx reduction was 5B-44 ------- achieved with an NSR of 2.2 in the 0/0/100 SOFA condition and a high NOx baseline. However, lower NOx emissions were obtained using less chemical with deeper staging. The data at 0/0/100 SOFA suggested, as was expected, that the chemical was not fully dispersed in the flue gas. It should be noted that the chemical flow for an NSR of 2.2 at a baseline of 288 ppm is 3.8 times the flow for a NSR of 1.0 at a baseline of 166 ppm. The curve for the 0/0/100 condition suggests that the performance was limited by the ability to treat all of the gas. The CFD model indicated that with injection at the 106' level, a large portion of the gas would pass below the injection plane. It was noticed that the stack opacity visibly increased during injection and persisted for more than an hour after injection was discontinued. A "plume" appeared that was attached to the stack outlet as opposed to the detached water vapor plume normal during the cooler times of day. Opacity readings at the ESP outlet did not increase. It was assumed that the plume was caused by ammonia slip combining with trace amounts of chloride and/or sulfate in the stack gas. Traces of chloride and sulfate were present in the stack gas from entrainment of brackish water from the wet scrubber. Many of the decisions in subsequent tests were aimed at minimizing ammonia emissions. The plume was minimized as ammonia slip was reduced in the later injection optimization series but at the expense of some NOx reduction. An SOj injection system was installed after the demonstration test series was completed. This was previously planned to reduce particulate emissions. After installation of the ESP injection system, the plume was eliminated. Series 5-9 and 10-13 tested injection at the upper (106') and lower (90') levels. It was found that roughly equal NOx reduction performance could be achieved at either level. Large droplet sprays (1000 micron) with high total liquid flows were effective at the lower, hotter level. The large droplets had longer lifetimes and evaporated in the cooler upper furnace. The NOx reduction results are shown in figure 8. Somewhat better performance was achieved with injection at the lower level. This is in part the result of improved dispersion of the chemical in the flue gases and a slight quenching effect from the increased liquid flow. High liquid flows were not desirable at the upper level since complete evaporation could not be assured prior to reaching tube surfaces. A trend of increased NOx reduction with increased liquid flow can be seen in figure 9. Injection was optimized by adjusting atomizing and liquid pressures and using angled internal mix tips with varied orientation. Figure 10 shows the progress of NOx reduction as different injection arrangements were tested. Ammonia slip control was the principal guide in selecting injector arrangements. 5B-45 ------- The results are seen in figure 11. In general, injectors were operated to avoid the release of chemical in regions too close to the inlet to the convective pass. Chemical released where gas temperatures are rapidly quenched would form ammonia. Thus, the optimization achieved a balance between excessively high and low temperature zones. Ammonia slip values of 2 ppm were measured in the two 12-point traverses conducted during the 48-hour demonstration run. CO slip was controlled to 6 ppm during the demonstration run. Figure 12 is a plot of CO emissions versus NOx emissions for all tests. CO emissions increased from the 11 ppm baseline shown in figure 3 to 17 ppm. As with the baseline data, CO emissions tended to increase as NOx emissions were decreased. The scatter in the NOx reduction data reflect the influence of a number of factors in operating a coal-fired furnace. Routine adjustments in the burner dampers would result in changes in baseline NOx. Furnace cleanliness influenced flue gas temperatures. Figure 13 shows a trend of slightly decreasing NOx reduction with time after cleaning with furnace wall blowers during the 48 hour demonstration run. Phase II operation showed that consistent performance can be achieved. The air preheater was inspected in January, 1990, and May, 1990, and found to be free of deposits that could be caused by the NOxOUT system. In June, 1990, changes were made to the boiler aimed at reducing carbon loss. However, the NOxOUT application was not adjusted for the new conditions. Ammonium bisulfate deposits accumulated apparently as the result of an undetected increase in ammonia slip resulting from changes in the furnace conditions. In October, 1990, the injector operating conditions were adjusted to reduce droplet size and in November, 1990, changes were made in the operation of the air heater sootblowers. Subsequent operations have been too short to determine whether the problem has been fully resolved. Demonstration Results NOx emissions during the 48-hour demonstration, using an NSR of 1.1, were reduced 31% below the test baseline. Ammonia and CO slip were controlled to 2 and 6 ppm, respectively. The equipment operated reliably with minimal need for operator attention. Phase II extended operation confirmed that the system is an effective means for reducing NOx emissions from the large coal-fired boiler. As an outcome of the demonstration, the NOxOUT system for Argus unit #26 is being upgraded to a permanent installation and integrated with the plant control system. The process will also be installed on the identical unit #25. 5B-46 ------- REFERENCES 1. Muzio, L. J., and Arand, J. K. "Homogeneous Gas Phase Decomposition of Oxides of Nitrogen", EPRI Report No. FP-253, 1976. 2. Arand, J. K., Muzio, L. J., Setter, J. G., U. S. Patent 4,208,386, June 17, 1980. 3. Sun, W. H., and Hofmann, J. E., "Post Combustion NOx Reduction with Urea: Theory and Practice", presented at the Seventh Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 10-14, 1990. 4. Michels, W. F., Gnaedig, G., and Comparato, J. R. , "The Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the NOxOUT Process for reducing NOx Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources", presented at the AFRC Committee Conference, San Francisco, CA, October 10-12, 1990. 5. Hofmann, J. E., von Bergmann, J., Bokenbrink, D., Hein, K., "NOx Control in a Brown Coal-Fired Utility Boiler", presented at the EPRI/EPA Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx Control, March, 1989. 6. Buchs, R. A., Bailey, L. K., Dallen, J. V., Hellewell, T. D., Smith, C. W., "Results from a Commercial Installation of Low NOx Concentric Firing System (LNCFS)", presented at the 1990 International Joint Power Generation Conference and Exhibition, October 21-25, 1990, Boston, MA. 7. Morgan, M. E., "Effect of Coal Quality on the Performance of Low-NOx Burners", presented at the British Flame Days Conference, London, September 1988. 5B-47 ------- CONVECTIVE SUPERHEATER PLATEN SUPERHEATER —I •EL 106' NOxOUT ™ INJECTOR PORT LEVELS ECONOMIZER EMISSIONS SAMPLING COAL PULVERIZER 400 300 Q_ Q. 8 200 100 COFA ARGUS #26 COAL FIRED BOILER NOx Baseline TO AIR PREHEATER FROM AIR PREHEATER FIGURE 1 0/0/100 0/50/100 0/100/100 40/100/100 100/100/100 Staging Condition (SOFA Damper positions) FIGURE 2 5B-48 ------- CO EMISSIONS AT BASELINE NOx LEVELS 60 50 Q. a. 40 CD A A A O c3 O 30 20 10 ...A A A A 160 180 200 220 NOx Emissions (ppm) 240 FIGURE 3 D_ D_ 500 400 300 200 100 Critical NOx Concentration 700 800 3% Excess Oxygen NOxOUT Kinetic Model NOxi=500 PPM ,' NOxi=200PPM 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 Temperature (degrees C) FIGURE 4 5B-49 ------- CFD MODEL OF NOxOUT INJECTION PLAN VIEW AT ELEVATION 100' cn CD cn o lonuentrat ion O.OOE+Lin 1 .34E-04 J1.69E-04 4. 03 E- 04 5.38E-IVI 9.41E-D4 1 .08E-03 1 .21E-03 1 .3AE-OJ 1 .A8E-OJ 1 .blE-OJ 1 .75E-03 Y FIGURE 5 ------- NOxOUT INJECTION SYSTEM NOXOUT-A METERING PUMP WATER NOXOUT-34 METERING PUMI' PRESSURE REGULATOR -N MOYNO PUMP MIXING/METERING SKID INJECTORS FIGURE 6 300 250 - Q. 6 200 150 - 100 NOx Emissions AT STAGING CONDITIONS 0.5 1 1.5 2 NORMALIZED STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO (NSR) 0/0/100 0/100/100 40/100/100 loo/loo/loo D A O * 2.5 FIGURE 7 5B-51 ------- 240 220 '- Q. 20° Q. 180 en "F 160 LJJ X O 14° 120 100 NOx Reduction vs NSR 0.5 1 1.5 Normalized Stoichiometric Ratio (NSR) level 106 level 90 demo D A O FIGURE 8 EFFECT OF TOTAL FLOW NSR RANGE 098 -1.19 ou — 40 - O 30 - |~" O Q UJ 20. X O 10 - 0 - 3£ D D o Q DQ Q n ~*~ "*" _n ^ E3 + + + D + + + a + I I I I I I I I I I I | | | I 1 0 420 460 500 540 580 620 660 700 D LOWER LEVEL INJ TOTAL FLOW (GPH) + UPPER LEVEL INJ FIGURE 9 5B-52 ------- NOx REDUCTION vs INJECTOR ARRANGEMENT NSR RANGE 098-1 19 au — 40 - £ z O 30 - b D Uj »- 1 10 - o - B 0 D B D D O D Q + + + n o o B Q + + + Q D + 1 6 8 10 12 14 16 TEST DAY D LOWER LEVEL INJ 4- UPPER LEVEL INJ FIGURE 10 AMMONIA EMISSIONS SAMPLED AT ECONOMIZED OUTLET JU f s 28 - ^^ ^ K D_ x ~ 5> uJ «- 3 -1 18 - 7 16 - 0 ^ 12 - ^ 10 - LU O B ~ c 6 ~ LU 4 _ ^ 2 - 0 - C + D + + D O ° D I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 TEST NUMBER + UPPER LEVEL INJ. Q LOWER LEVEL INJ. FIGURE 11 5B-53 ------- LLJ Q g o CO DC O 10 - CO EMISSIONS WITH NOx REDUCTION NSH RANGE 098-1.19 + D Q :~o~ LOWER LEVEL INJ NOx EMISSIONS (PPM) + UPPER LEVEL INJ 180 O 48 HR DEMO FIGURE 12 z Q O ^) Q LLJ DC X O EFFECT OF FURNACE CLEANING ON REDUCTION OPTIMIZED INJECTION DURING 48 HH DEMO n r HOURS SINCE LAST SOOTBLOW ~\ T FIGURE 13 5B-54 ------- REBURNING APPLIED TO COGENERATION NOx CONTROL C. Castaldini C. B. Moyer Acurex Corporation Mountain View, California R. A. Brown Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California J. A. Nicholson ABB Combustion Engineering Windsor, Connecticut ------- REBURNING APPLIED TO COGENERATION NO, CONTROL C. Castaldini C.B. Moyer Acurex Corporation Mountain View, California R. A. Brown Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California J. A. Nicholson ABB Combustion Engineering Windsor, Connecticut ABSTRACT New cogeneration systems are increasingly regulated to stringent NOX levels based on control technology precedents established in California. NOX compliance costs can be a disincentive to cogeneration markets. This project evaluated reburning to achieve low NOX levels at lower costs than postcombustion catalytic reduction. Subscale tests were run at the 100,000 Btu/hr scale to simulate combustion conditions with both rich-burn and lean-burn reciprocating-engine- based cogeneration and lean-burn turbine-based cogeneration. Results showed NOX reductions in the range of 50 to 70 percent for rich-burn conditions with a reburn-to-engine fuel ratio of 0.2 to 0.3. Reductions with lean-burn engine conditions were nominal unless the reburn zone was operated at a locally substoichiometric condition. For rich-burn conditions, introduction of a metal catalyst into the reburn zone increased the NO, reductions to greater than 90 percent by presumably accelerating the NO, reduction reactions under fuel-rich conditions. Full-scale rich-burn reburn tests were run with a 150-kW Caterpillar engine feeding flue gas to a new design reburn section. Over the range tested, the full-scale NOX reduction results corroborated the subscale results. Reburn burner stability problems prevented going to stoichiometric ratios below 0.98, however, so maximum NOX reductions were 50 percent without the catalyst and 75 percent with the catalyst. Pilot-scale lean-burn repower tests were run with the boiler fired at a high fuel fraction to produce a locally substoichiometric condition. Air staging in the boiler was also used to further improve NOX reductions. NOX reductions of 50 percent were achieved with no air staging at boiler-to-engine fuel ratios of 1.5 and above. With air staging in the boiler, NOX reductions of 70 percent were experienced. In all configurations, reburning was very effective in destroying 90 percent or more of the CO emitted by the prime mover. 5B-57 ------- INTRODUCTION The cogeneration of electricity and process steam has grown at a steady rate, stimulated by favorable economics of on-site generation and by the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA). New cogeneration is expected to increase annual gas consumption by 815 billion cubic feet per year over the next 10 years (1,2). Turbine-powered cogeneration or repower configurations will contribute about 585 BCF of this growth, or 70 percent. Rich-burn or lean- burn reciprocating engine-powered systems will contribute about 230 BCF, or 30 percent. The cost of NO, controls for new cogeneration systems is increasingly taking on a larger fraction of the total system cost. With increasingly stringent control technologies required during permitting, the incremental costs of NO, compliance may be decisive in making cogeneration noncompetitive. This trend is accelerating as a result of two recent regulatory developments: the top down BACT policy, and Title I of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The top down BACT procedure causes permit applicants to consider implementing the most stringent NO, control technology adopted elsewhere for similar equipment. This is causing considerable downward pressure nationwide on BACT levels set during permitting because of the California cogeneration precedent. In several districts in California, selective catalytic reduction is required as BACT for turbines and nonselective catalytic reduction is required for rich-burn reciprocating engines. Title I of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments promotes NO, controls for attainment of ozone air quality in areas designated as in extreme, severe, or serious nonaftainment. This is increasing both the number of sources under control as well as the severity of new or retrofit control levels. In many cases in California and elsewhere, consideration of catalytic postcombustion controls has diminished the return on investment for the cogeneration project to the point where other energy options are preferred. The present project was initiated by the Gas Research Institute to evaluate reburning as a means to achieve improved NO, reductions at lower costs than postcombustion controls. A market applications study at the outset of the project indicated that two types of engine/boiler configurations, shown in Figure 1, could gain a significant market share with reburning. The conventional cogeneration system, shown at the bottom normally feeds the prime mover exhaust directly to an unfired heat recovery steam generator. For reburn NO, control, the fuel staging is most easily done with installation of a reburner section in the engine exhaust gas ducting to the HRSG. This configuration, shown at the top is most readily packaged for new units. Repowering is a cogeneration alternative for existing boilers that can be retrofitted with a reciprocating engine or turbine. For both reburn configurations, developmental testing is needed to identify the preferred reburn stoichiometry, temperatures, engine-to-reburn fuel ratio, and primary/reburn mixing geometry. In the present program, testing was done in three stages to address these issues: • Subscale 100,000 Btu/hr parametric configurational tests for rich-burn, moderate O2, and lean-burn cogeneration conditions. • Full-scale 150-MW rich-burn reciprocating engine cogeneration configuration tests 5B-58 ------- • Pilot-scale one million Btu/hr repowered boiler burner configuration testing A detailed discussion of these tests, as well as associated market applications studies and economic comparisons, is contained in References 1 and 2. SUBSCALE TESTS The subscale facility used for parametric reburn configurational testing is shown in Figure 2. The test combustor was assembled in two main sections: a 100,000 Btu/hr down-fired engine exhaust simulator; and a reburner and burnout section. Doping with nitric oxide and CO was done between the two sections to achieve NO levels representative of engines or turbines. Independent regulation of natural gas and combustion air to the reburner and burnout air downstream of the reburner allowed parametric variation of the reburner stoichiometry, SR2, and the postreburn stoichiometry, SR3. Combustion air preheat capability was added to study temperature effects on the reduction reactions. Initially, a hardware screening series of tests was done to identify the sensitivity of NOX reduction to burner geometry, and to iterate to the preferred burner design. These tests showed that NO, reduction was sensitive to the method of reburn mixing with the engine exhaust. For cases where the mixing was enhanced to promote NO, reduction, the percent reduction was sensitive to the inlet level of NOX. Based on the initial screening tests, the reburner design shown in Figure 3 was selected. Early tests showed the benefit of the bluff body over the flame with a tight spacing to promote mixing. The forced mixing of the reburn flame with the primary flue gas stream promoted NO, reduction by exposing the carryover NO, from the engine simulator to the fuel-rich reactants. With this burner, optimum performance was experienced at a reburner stoichiometric ratio of SR2 of about 0.8. Figure 4 shows the improvement in NO, reduction with increasing fuel fraction as the quantity of flue gas generated in the burner becomes a larger fraction of the engine exhaust volume. The rich-burn tests showed a significant effect of inlet NO, concentration on NO, reduction efficiency. Figure 5 shows that for the rich-burn engine with a reburn stoichiometric ratio of 0.8 and a fuel fraction of 20 percent, the reburn efficiency decreases as carryover NO, increases. This may indicate an increasing depletion of radical species in the fuel-rich region. Increasing temperatures in the reheat zone is apparently effective in accelerating the reburn reactions within the available residence time. Figure 6 shows that addition of preheated air to the reburner improves the reduction efficiency significantly for fuel fractions of 20 and 37.5 percent. There is also a beneficial reburn effect in the downstream zone where burnout air is injected when the reburn region is operated at an overall substoichiometric condition. Figure 7 shows an improvement in NO, reduction of over 10 percent with a rich-burn exhaust when reburn air is added to complete combustion. As would be expected, the reburner acts as an afterburner for CO destruction. Figure 8 shows that with sufficient heat addition to the reburn section, the carryover CO can be effectively destroyed. 5B-59 ------- With lean-burn engine simulation, the NO, reductions were less effective because a substoichiometric condition was not achieved for the fuel fractions tested. The lean-burn tests showed that a much richer reburn stoichiometry was most effective compared to the SR2 = 0.8 optimum observed with rich-burn conditions. Figure 9 shows the improvement with richer reburn conditions. The best reductions achieved were around 35 percent. These moderate reductions would probably not justify use of the reburn hardware. The effect of fuel ratio was not significant over the range of 30 to 37.5 percent tested. For the lean-burn conditions of Figure 9, a fuel ratio of about 100 percent would be required to achieve an overall fuel-rich reburn zone. Exploratory tests made during the initial parametric study showed a dramatic increase in NOX reduction when metal oxide catalysts were introduced into the reburn chamber. The potential benefits of the concept of catalytic enhancement of NOX reduction was sufficiently strong that the burner was modified for catalyst inserts, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 11 shows the reduction resulting from use of a nickel oxide ceramic catalyst added at the end of the reburn mixing zone. For an overall reburn zone stoichiometry of 0.95 or lower, the reduction of the carryover NOX from the rich-burn engine was essentially complete. Figure 12 shows the effects of several catalyst configurations that give variations in effective surface area. Although there is considerable scatter, the data show that higher effective surface area strongly improves reduction. FULL-SCALE RICH-BURN TESTS Based on the favorable subscale test results, a full-scale rich-burn cogeneration configuration was tested at the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory of the Environmental Protection Agency in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Figure 13 shows the reburn reaction chamber fabricated for the testing and the overall laboratory configuration. The noncatalytic baseline and the catalytic testing agreed fairly well with the subscale tests. Figures 14 and 15 show the NOX reduction without and with the catalyst section. Due to flame stability problems experienced with the reburner under fuel-rich conditions, it was not possible to test below stoichiometric ratios of about 0.99. Since NOX reduction is very sensitive to stoichiometric ratio at these conditions, this was a constraining factor. The trends indicate that if the stability problem was resolved, considerably higher reductions would be experienced. Apart from the burner issue, the reburn reactor section performed well and showed promise for sustained commercial usage. LEAN-BURN REPOWER TESTS The cogeneration tests discussed above centered on reburn-to-primary-fuel ratios of around 0.2 to 0.375, which would be characteristic of a duct reburn section upstream of a HRSG. For repowering of existing boilers, the fuel ratios are much higher since the prime mover exhaust is used as combustion air for the boiler and sufficient fuel is added to nearly deplete oxygen. To simulate these repower conditions, the test facility shown in Figure 16 was tested. The prime mover simulator had a firing capacity of one million Btu/hr. The exhaust from tne simulator was directed to the primary boiler test burner. The firing rate of the prime mover simulator together with heat exchangers and NO or CO doping were adjusted to obtain a reasonable simulation of lean-burn turbine repowering temperatures and flue gas composition. The boiler had additional provision for stage air above the test burner. 5B-60 ------- Three different boiler repower burners were tested to study effects of mixing NO,-bearing combustion air with the primary boiler flame. Despite significant differences in mixing patterns, the three burners produced comparable NO, emissions reductions. Figure 17 shows NO, reduction results with and without stage air. The NO, reduction improved with boiler-to-engine fuel ratio, and reductions in excess of 70 percent were experienced at representative fuel ratios with boiler staging. Stability tests showed that turbine exhaust oxygen levels of 14 percent or greater were needed to maintain a stable boiler flame. Repowering is effective in destroying any carryover CO, as shown in Figure 18. The lower efficiency at low CO levels is due to residual boiler CO concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions were reached in this study: • Reburning, without catalyst assist, reduced NO, by 50 percent at a fuel fraction of about 30 percent. With this performance the process presents little economic attractiveness. • Catalyst, assist reburn was shown to achieve 70 to 99 percent NO, destruction. This performance is required for reburn to become a viable and competitive technology for gas-fired engine NO, control. • Continued research is needed to evaluate catalyst and improved mixing on NO, reduction potential and applications. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was sponsored by the Gas Research Institute. Dr. F. R. Kurzynske was the Gas Research Institute Project Manager. The Coen Company assisted in selecting model burner designs for testing. The Todd Burner Division of Fuel Tech, Inc., contributed the reburner reactor used in the full-scale testing. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency made available the host site for the full-scale testing. REFERENCES 1. Brown, R. A., Lips, N., and Kuby, W. C., "Application of Reburn Techniques for NO, Reduction to Cogeneration Prime Movers: Volume I, Rich-Burn Applications," GRI 88/0341, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, March 1989. 2. Brown, R. W., Moyer, C., Nicholson, J., and Torbov, S., "Application of Reburn Techniques for NOX Reduction and Cogeneration Prime Movers: Volume II, Lean-Burn Engine Applications," GRI 90/125, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, March 1991. 5B-61 ------- Air Natural gas H?0 In 1 T ¥ Reburner Rich A i 3 9 5 Waste heat recovery boiler < » Flue out Lean Steam out H,0 in A1r ^. Air ». Fuel ^ _ turbine > | I IfJ C t IAAAA/I onventlor >o 1 1 e r i [_ al Steam out Figure 1. Reburning Applied to Cogeneration or Repowering with Gas-Fired Prime Movers Figure 2. Reburn Subscale Facility Schematic 5B-62 ------- 6o 50 I « 40 30 I 10 SR, = 0.8 I _L _L 10 15 20 25 30 Fuel fraction (percent) Figure 3. Subscale Reburner 35 View port 2-1/2 in plunger Gas Figure 4. Effect of Fuel Fraction 5B-63 ------- - 2,000 DIM gu eoodttooni - 07 pvrtwnl T, • 1.000'F • 100.000 Blu/ht 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,100 Input NO (ppm) 2,800 3,200 Figure 5. Effect of Input NO Concentration 60 55 'I 40 o-35 I 30 U !2B - 20 QJ U I 15 10 5 & f « 0.375 with preheat A I - 0.375 no preheat © f - 0.20 with preheat • I - 0.20 no preheat Flue gas conditions NO. - 1.500 ppm 0, - 0.2 percent T, - 1,100'F - 100.000 Btu/hr 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 O.B 0.85 0.9 SR, rehurner stoichiometry 0.95 Figure 6. Effect of Reburner Air Preheat 1.0 5B-64 ------- 60 _ ~ 50 - •IT "5 _ 10 5 SR, - OB Flue gas conditions NO, = 1.500 ppm Oa = 0 2 percent T, « 1,000'F FR^, - 100,000 Btu/hr _L _L With burnout air Without burnout air 10 IB 20 25 30 Fuel fraction (percent) Figure 7. Effect of Burnout Air 35 ?-]/? 1n. G«p • I/I In. Hut gti centflttoni MO, • 1,500 • 0.? T3 • I.100T -l. - 100.000 Btu/ 15 20 25 30 Fuel fraction (percent) Figure 8. CO Level Versus Fuel Fraction 5B-65 ------- !»*» |M»lfl 1-1/7 In. • Dlw«ff ClD - J't 1". fit* pi ttf*d< t(MI wo, • too OP* tj • I.IWT n^,B . jf»,«» ltu/h' 03 04 0.5 06 07 09 10 Figure 9. Effect of Reburner Stoichiometric Ratio for Lean-Burn Conditions SHIELD AIR QAS Figure 10. Burner Configuration with Catalyst Insert 5B-66 ------- 2 g ^ <_> n D LJ c: X O vp c1; 100- 80- 60- 40- 20- Q e u %HF O 30X FUEL FRAC • 20X FUEL FRAC A 1 5X FUEL FRAC A 1 0X FUEL FRAC ' ' 1 0.80 0.85 0.90 SR3 fcl* •. ^k *. *°o •&. . w . A * A • A A * ^^ 4B . AA A A ^ A 1 1 0.95 1.00 Figure 11. NOX Reduction with Catalyst Enhancement for a Space Velocity of 7,500 per hour o o o Ui fy IL. X O K 90- 80- 70- 60- 50- 40- 30 *&& 6 W W o ° .0 0 o c£ 0 ^ *> o o 0 Of\ 0 o o 5.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45 SPACE VELOCITY (1/HR X 10~3) Figure 12. Effect of Space Velocity on NOX Reduction with Catalyst Enhancement 5B-67 ------- BYPASS ENGINE EXHAUST LAYOUT FOR REBURN SYSTEM Figure 13. Full-Scale System with 150-kW Caterpillar Engine BASELINE - NO CATALYST £ z => 0 1, | cc 0 2 "'O 60- 50- 40- 30- 20- 10- 0- V V V V • V * J^ ••» ^7 V^ V V A 1 25 kw LOAD • V • 1 00 to. LOAD • BO kw LOAD V PILOT SCALE TESTS 1 1 1 i i i _ _ _ i O.B9 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.C SR3 Figure 14. Baseline Reburn NO, Reductions for Full-Scale System 5B-68 ------- 100 75 50 25 • 90 kw LOAD A 100kwLOAD • 90 kw LOAD V PILOT SCALE TESTS V V vv v V I v v 0.85 0.90 0.95 SR3 1.00 1.05 Figure 15. Full-Scale NOX Reduction with Catalyst loll Figure 16. Laboratory Repower Test Facility 5B-69 ------- 90 - BO - 70 - 60 - 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 - 0 - 1 o EJ J ° * ° a ° ° °.-?.°€*? ;.:< : • + t** *4 i i i i i i i i i ' i i i i 14 te 22 26 3 14 38 FUEL FRACTION,! D STAGING + NONSTAGING Figure 17. Effect of Fuel Fraction on NOK Reduction for Staging and Non-Stagin CO REDUCTION ALL BURNERS 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - K 60- g ^ 50 - D " 40- o u 30 - 20 - 10 - n - COLD & HOT WALL B " V V V7 7 7 V y VV U ^ V J w 7 7 3 9 77 ^ 0.2 04 06 08 1 (Thousonds) INITIAL CO CONCENTRATION, ppm (0 7. 02) V WITH Si W/0 STAGING 1.2 1.4 Figure 18. Effect of Initial CO Concentration on CO Reduction 5B-70 ------- SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SNCR) PERFORMANCE ON THREE CALIFORNIA WASTE-TO-ENERGY FACILITIES Barry L. McDonald, P.E. Gary R. Fields Mark D. McDannel, P.E. CARNOT 15991 Red Hill Ave., Suite 110 Tustin, CA 92680-7388 ------- SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SNCR) PERFORMANCE ON THREE CALIFORNIA WASTE-TO-ENERGY FACILITIES ABSTRACT Concern over NOX emissions from municipal waste combustors (MWC) has increased to the point where recently the EPA determined DeNOx to be BACT on several MWC facilities. In addition, in February of this year, the EPA issued new source performance standards (NSPS) which establish NOX limits for facilities larger than 250 tons/day, at 180 ppm, corrected to 7% oxygen.* Three MWC located in California were the first incinerators to install post-combustion NOX control in the form of Exxon's Thermal DeNOx, a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology. Other examples of SNCR technologies which have been applied or proposed for NOX control on MWC units include: (1) urea injection (NOXOUT), (2) cyanuric acid (RAPENOJ, and (3) ammonium sulfate. This paper discusses the practical (rather than the theoretical) aspects of the DeNOx technology such as: 1) installa- tion, 2) control strategies, 3) regulatory limits, 4) system performance, 5) startup/shutdown considerations and 6) secondary effects (i.e., plumes and increased particulate emissions). All NOX data presented in this paper is given on a dry basis corrected to 7% oxygen. 5B-73 ------- SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SNCR) PERFORMANCE ON THREE CALIFORNIA WASTE-TO-ENERGY FACILITIES INTRODUCTION In nearly three decades, waste generation in this country has doubled, from 88 million tons in 1960 to nearly 180 million tons in 1988. This is the equivalent of each person in the U.S. generating four pounds of waste every day. The EPA now projects that by 2000, we will produce 216 million tons per year, or close to 4-1/2 pounds per person per day. Of the 180 million tons being produced annually in 1988 roughly 76 percent was landfilled; 11 percent was recycled; and 13 percent was incinerated. With more stringent regulations involving the siting and operation of landfills the cost of landfill ing has increased and the available capacity decreased. By 1992 the EPA projects that the fraction of the nation's waste that is incinerated will have increased to roughly 19 percent. Recognizing the growth of incineration, currently there are approximately 130 MWC facilities operating in the U.S., the EPA has moved to establish controls on the emissions from these facilities. On February 11 of this year the EPA promulgated final standards for new and existing MWC. Relative to air emissions, the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) established limits for new facilities for: particulate matter, dioxins/furans, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. The EPA also promulgated guidelines with the intended effect to initiate state action to develop state regulations controlling emissions from existing MWC. The guidelines covered the same air contaminants as those covered under NSPS, with the exception that there was no guideline given for nitrogen oxides. The NSPS set for nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions for new large MWC (those constructed or modified after December 20, 1989 with a greater throughput than 250 TPD) is 180 ppm, averaged over a 24-hour period. Currently, the Exxon Thermal DeNOx process had been operational from two to three and one-half years on three state-of-the-art facilities built in California. It is understandable that DeNOx was first demonstrated in California since the state and the 5B-74 ------- area regulated by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), in particular, are recognized as regions in which emission controls are especially strict, due to regional air quality. The first MWC in California to install Thermal DeNOx was the Commerce Refuse-to-Energy Facility which is operated by the Los Angeles County Sanitation District (LACSD). The Stanislaus County Resource Recovery Facility which is owned and operated by Ogden- Martin also employs DeNOx. Finally, the third MWC to have installed Thermal DeNOx was the Southeast Resource Recovery Facility (SERRF), which is owned by the City of Long Beach and operated by Montenay Pacific Power Corporation. THERMAL DeNOx INSTALLATION AND CONTROL Mass-burn waterwall MSW incinerators are ideally suited, with respect to Thermal DeNOx performance, as compared to utility boilers. Incinerators generally have an ideal temperature region (1600-1800 F) in which to inject the ammonia and obtain good NOX destruction. Furthermore, flue gas velocities are lower giving longer residence times and there is good mixing due to overfire air ports. These factors all enhance the performance of DeNOx on MWC furnaces. Figure 1 provides general information on the current Thermal DeNOx installations at the three incineration plants. The plants are remarkably similar relative to design steam flow (each unit is large by EPA NSPS standards, throughput >250 TPD), but it is easy to observe that the DeNOx designs differ markedly. Some of the unique designs and operational features are: Commerce Stanislaus Four injection zones are provided. The lower two injection zones were added to assist in meeting permit conditions at reduced load and during startup and shutdown. Although originally equipped with an air compressor to provide 30 psi carrier air, overfire air at 1 psig is presently utilized. This provides substantial power savings with no loss in perfor- mance. The system configuration (Figure 2) includes purge air for unused nozzles and remote zone selection. Ammonia feed rate is controlled automatically based on stack NOX as shown in Figure 3. The control logic minimizes ammonia flow and hence ammonia slip when the emissions are within permit limits. Reagent flow increases substantially during off nominal periods. Two injection zones are provided, however, only the upper level is utilized during normal operation. The lower level is utilized during startup and shutdown transients. 5B-75 ------- • Ammonia feed rate is controlled automatically by a proprietary control system. SERRF • Two injection zones are provided, however, only the upper level is utilized during normal operation. Ammonia flow is proportioned between the upper and lower zones using an algorithm which uses upper furnace temperature as the only input. • Ammonia feed rate is controlled automatically based on stack NOX concentration. Having worked closely on the SERRF plant it would be helpful to other facilities considering the Thermal DeNOx technology to report some of the early work conducted shortly after startup. Initially, NOX control was inadequate and several measurements were taken to assess why NOX could not be maintained continually below permit limits. Temperature profiling was performed using suction pyrometry. Sample locations are shown on Figure 4. Temperature profiling identified three problems which prevented the DeNOx process from adequately controlling NOX: (1) rapid flue gas temperature swings, (2) an increasing temperature gradient from the front towards the rear wall of the furnace, and (3) excess temperatures. Working with Dravo and Steinmuller the combustion logic and overfire air operation were significantly modified. While these modifications stabilized temperatures in the furnace the injection location was determined to be too low in the furnace. Ammonia was being injected into a region where the flue gas temperature was above the optimum for DeNOx performance and some of the ammonia was being oxidized. The optimum temperature was located near the next higher level of boiler nozzle penetrations. Since the upper front wall nozzle penetrations were already in place, it was relatively simple to connect an ammonia/air header and insert the proper nozzles. The combinations of these modifications allow the SERRF boilers to operate in compliance with their NOX limits. Recent operational data for Commerce has demonstrated that some flexibility in injection location is possible for operation under steady controlled firing conditions. Four months of operational data provided the NOX vs. load relationship presented in Figure 5, for four separate zone combinations. Of particular interest is the ability of one zone (or combination of zones) to provide low NOX over a wide operating range. Although DeNOx system performance is regarded to be highly dependent on the temperature at the point of injection, the actual window can be rather wide when a removal efficiency of 50% is acceptable. 5B-76 ------- REGULATORY EMISSION LIMITS Before reviewing the performance of the Thermal DeNOx systems at these three facilities it is important to understand the regulatory limits or targets that each facility was designed to achieve. It is interesting to note that although all three facilities are located in California (two are even located in the SCAQMD) the regulatory limits for each facility is uniquely different. The difference is not solely the magnitude of allowable NOX emissions but also of particular significance is the averaging time designated for each limit. Table 1 presents the NOX regulatory limits for Commerce, Stanislaus and SERRF. Each individual unit, (units are similarly sized from a steam throughput standpoint), at the three facilities have a broad range of NOX limits to comply with. Considering mass versus concentration limits and the five different averaging periods it is interesting to note that there is only one common emission limit for all three facilities. The allowable NOX emissions on a daily basis range from a low of 720 Ib/day at SERRF to a high of 1130 Ib/day at Stanislaus; Commerce has a daily, NOX 1imit of 825 pounds. It is obvious that lower NOX emission limits are more difficult to achieve. However, the averaging period and concentration versus mass limits have an important effect. For example, even though Commerce, in order to avoid an emission exceedence, cannot exceed 175 ppm for a fifteen minute period, the plant must operate below roughly 120 ppm so as not to exceed the 40 Ib/hour limit. (Note: The 175 ppm limit for Commerce and SERRF is not in either plant's authority to construct permit but is a prohibitory limit in SCAQMD Rule 476. Rule 476 limits the NOX concentration from liquid or solid fuel fired units in the Basin to 225 ppm corrected to 3% 02. This value is equivalent to 175 ppm corrected to 7% 02.) COMMERCE NOX LIMITS The daily NOX mass emission limit at Commerce (825 Ib/day) is equivalent to roughly 34 Ib/hr which translates to about 100 ppm. Consequently, the plant needs to operate consistently below 100 ppm in order to comply with the daily mass limit. A safety margin below 100 ppm would be required if frequent upsets resulting in large spikes of NOX were to occur. STANISLAUS NOX LIMITS Stanislaus is unique in that NOX emissions are regulated by both the Stanislaus County Air Pollution Control District (SCAPCD) and the EPA, due to EPA's PSD permit. The most stringent limit from a continuous basis is the SCAPCD daily mass limit of 1130 5B-77 ------- Ib/day which is roughly equivalent to 150 ppm. Stanislaus is also unique in that the plant has a stack ammonia limit of 50 ppm (raw). NO^ COMPLIANCE TEST RESULTS Emissions data taken from initial compliance tests and some more recent results are presented in Table 2. Uncontrolled NOX data is not as plentiful as an analyst might desire since all three plants are required to operate the DeNOx system when the plants are on-line and/or burning refuse. To obtain uncontrolled emissions data, therefore, a variance is required. Uncontrolled emissions are in-line with levels reported in an EPA study, which reviewed NOX data from twenty-six mass-burn/waterwall facilities. The study stated that the average uncontrolled NOX concentration was 242 ppm. This is in the range of the data from Commerce, SERRF and Stanislaus. It should be noted that the 68 ppm listed for SERRF in the EPA study was incorrect. The study stated that the low NOX value was due to flue gas recirculation, which as previously stated, is incorrect. A limited amount of work was initially performed to evaluate FGR injected in the first three undergrate zones on the SERRF units. Preliminary indications were that some NOX reduction was achievable at a recirculation rate of roughly ten percent. Since those early tests there have been numerous modifications to the SERRF units. In order to establish a more definitive answer as to the effectiveness of FGR a research plan was submitted to the SCAQMD. The goals of the research plan are: 1. to quantify the effect of FGRs contribution to NOX reduction during simultaneous FGR/Thermal DeNOx use. 2. to quantify FGR's contribution to reduced ammonia usage and slip during simultaneous FGR/Thermal DeNOx use, and 3. to assess the impact of FGR on primary combustion zone location and on boiler/grate operation. Work, under a SCAQMD research permit, is currently on-going. Along with the FGR study, an extensive DENOX optimization program is being conducted. Carnot conducted a DeNOx optimization program at Commerce. At Commerce the study evaluated injection level (there were only two injection levels at the time), carrier air injection pressure and ammonia injection rate. The study concluded that optimum performance was achieved by injection of an NH3-to-NOx mole ratio of about 1.5 through the upper elevation of nozzles. Carrier air pressure had no effect on DeNO performance. Further, it was observed that even when there was substantial ammonia slip levels at the economizer exit the level at the stack due to the spray dryer baghouse was held to less than 5 ppm. 5B-78 ------- The controlled NOX data given in Table 2 was taken at nominal full load. The lower levels achieved by SERRF are due to a higher rate of ammonia being injected as compared to Commerce and Stanislaus. The higher ammonia injection rate also explains the higher ammonia slip numbers experienced at SERRF. STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN TRANSIENTS With the advent of continuous emissions monitors (CEMS) plant operators are able to observe emission levels during all operational phases. CEMS have proven to be invaluable tools, however, some problems, which were not originally anticipated have developed with the data they provide. Before CEM data were available, emissions were measured using integrated sampling techniques. Normally emissions tests were conducted at full load. CEM data now permits plant operators to monitor emission levels during transient conditions such as startup and shutdown. Because these periods are transients, the emission rates are not characteristic of normal steady-state operation. Regulations in establishing permit limits have only had to deal with what emissions are expected to be at steady load. Once it was determined that steady state emission levels could be exceeded during startup/shutdown transients, regulators were forced to modify emission requirements. As an example, the SCAQMD adopted Rule 429 which recognizing this problem provided startup/shutdown NOX relief for refinery boilers, refinery process heaters, gas turbines, utility boilers, industrial boilers, industrial process heaters and nitric acid plants. Emission transients can occur for both NOX and CO during startup and shutdown. Since Thermal DeNOx is a temperature dependent process it is critical that special procedures be developed to control emissions during these transients. In addition, regulators need to develop acceptable permit language which provides plant operators sufficient margin to transition these periods safely. IMPACT OF AMMONIA SLIP ON PARTICULATE EMISSIONS As a result of the way particulates are defined by California regulators ammonia use for NOX control has resulted in higher particulate values being reported. This has caused concern among plant operators as well as particulate control suppliers who are being asked to guarantee particulate emission levels but have no way of collecting the gaseous components that make-up this excess particulate, which we refer to as pseudo- particulate. Pseudo-particulate is an artifact of the standard EPA Method 5 sampling procedure. In the back-half of the sampling train are two impingers containing water. Normally 5B-79 ------- gaseous species pass through the water and when the impinger solution is evaporated, there is little material found. On plants equipped with NOX control equipment which results in some ammonia slip, the ammonia is absorbed by the water creating an alkaline solution. The solution acts as an acid gas scrubber removing S02, HC1 and N02, forming the associated ammonium salts. When the impinger solution is evaporated these salts remain leaving the particulate residue referred to as pseudo-particulate. When test protocols were being developed for Commerce, the SCAQMD accepted a procedure which excluded the neutral salts caught in the back-half fraction. All of the particulate tests conducted at Commerce were adjusted to exclude these neutral salts. Similarly, the Stanislaus County APCD accepted the premise behind the particulate adjustment and the initial particulate compliance tests at Stanislaus were corrected for neutral salts. Recently, however, the SCAQMD in evaluating the test protocol for SERRF concluded that the neutral salt adjustment was unwarranted. Their logic was that since the gaseous species combined in the atmosphere forming particulate that it was incorrect to back them out from the particulate determination simply because the components were gaseous when they passed through the sampling train. Consequently, particulate tests at SERRF include this pseudo-particulate fraction. It is interesting to note that the SCAQMD draws a distinction between plants using ammonia for NOX control and those using ammonia for ESP performance improvement. When measuring particulates from facilities using ammonia as an ESP performance enhancement SCAQMD allows the neutral salts collected in the impinger solution to be backed-out of the particulate determination. The impact of including pseudo-particulate in the particulate emission determination is shown in Table 3. As might be expected, the higher the ammonia slip, the more prevalent this problem becomes. Individuals considering projects that employ ammonia or other SNCR technologies, as well as regulators need to understand the impact ammonia can have on particulates when setting particulate emissions levels. IMPACT OF AMMONIA SLIP ON PLUME FORMATION With the wide application of ammonia injection and other SNCR technologies for NO control, there have been frequent occurrences of plumes from sources which have chlorine in the fuel. Typically these plumes are detached but once formed continue for long distances. SERRF has a detached plume and frequently a plume can be observed at Commerce. Stanislaus was reported as having a plume in the past but due to the new NO control logic has stated that a plume no longer is visible. X 5B-80 ------- Analysis of the situation at SERRF in terms of chemical equilibrium calculations indicates that the plume problem is explainable in terms of ammonium chloride (NH4C1) condensation in the atmosphere above the stack. These calculations also show that ammonium sulfate or bisulfate should not be contributing factors. Principles of chemical thermodynamics show that NH4C1 condensation is governed by the product of NH3 and HC1 concentrations in the stack ([NH3] x [HC1], the "concentration product") and the stack and ambient temperatures. The thermodynamic relationship showing the critical value of [NH3] x [HC1] above which condensation will occur versus temperature is shown in Figure 6. For any combination of stack temperature, ambient temperature and concentration product in the stack, there is a dilution vector on Figure 6 along which the stack conditions will decay as ambient air mixes with the flue gas leaving the stack. Once NH4C1 forms, its visibility is dependent upon plume diameter. This is known to be a logarithmic dependence for simple opacity but becomes more complicated when back scattering is included, which must be the case for a white plume. The plume diameter is, of course, related to stack diameter and air infiltration. Based on a study conducted at SERRF, to avoid NH4C1 formation requires extremely low values of NH3 and/or HC1 concentrations, such that NH3 x HC1 does not exceed approxi- mately 10"4 ppm2. This criterion is impractical for SERRF to achieve and total avoidance of NH4C1 formation therefore does not appear to be an option. Further, the plume visibility is essentially proportional to the lesser concentration of NH3 and/or HC1. SUMMARY Thermal DeNOx is successfully providing adequate NOX control such that Commerce, SERRF and Stanislaus can meet their individual NOX emission permit limits. Furthermore, all three plants operate below the NSPS NOX limits recently promulgated by the EPA. Critical to the success of this technology is stable combustion and the ability to inject and properly mix the ammonia at the proper optimum flue gas temperature. When done correctly, continuous NOX compliance is possible. By reducing the time intervals by which compliance is monitored, plants are forced to operate at lower NOX levels to avoid emission upsets associated with variations in feed quality or equipment upsets. Furthermore, the use of ammonia injection is not without secondary problems, specifically potentially higher particulate emissions, depending on what regulatory agencies define particulate to be, and visible plume formation. 5B-81 ------- Four Side Wall (8) NH3 Injection Nozzle Locations COMMERCE REFUSE-TO-ENERGY FACILITY: :Unlts:X X X (1)330-400 TPD XX: Foster-Wheeler (115,000 Ib/hr) Detroit. ..'xx X. . .X /XXXXXX .4 Levels oh Both . .XX Side Walls X ':• XX. .X.. Boiler Cross-Section: iSis'fw) x 18'(d) Stoker: •;NHi Injection; Two Front Wall (10) NH3 Injection Nozzle Locations STANISLAUS COUNTY RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITY: Units: . Boiler; Stoker: NH3 Injection: Boiler Cross-Section: (2) 400 TPD XX Zurn {Not Available) .. .. Martin v.. ...Y 2 Levels on the Front Wall (Kot Available) : . Front Wall (15) and Side Wall (23) NH3 Injection Locations SOUTHEAST RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITY (SERRH: Units: Boiler. Stoker: NH3 Injection (3) 460 TPD . .. . ..: L&C Stelnmueller (117,170 Ib/hr) L&C Stelnmueller 2 Levels, Front Wall and B.oth Side Walls Boiler Cross-Section: 19'(w) x 18'(d) Figure 1. Various Ammonia Injection Configurations at Three California MSW Incinerators Equipped with Thermal DeNOx 5B-82 ------- CARRIER/PURGE AIR OVERFIRE AIR FAN - 30" H20 AMMONIA STORAGE F *GE J t^~A VAPORIZE "I INJECTION ZONE Figure 2. Commerce Ammonia Receiving, Storage and Delivery System 3 u. o 80 n 60- 40- 20- Limit Needed to Meet Daily NOx Limit 0 50 100 150 NOx - PPMc at 7% Oz Figure 3. Commerce Refuse-To-Energy Facility Ammonia Feed Rate vs. NOx 200 5B-83 ------- F1.F2 D G1.G2 D E1.E2 D A1.A2 Bl.BI C1.C2 ODD Furnace Penetrations for Ammonia Injection Nozzles Upp»f«mmofit«ifi)«ctlon penetration ptarw ffflONT WALLHAS 1S NOZZLES) Micfcte ammprita ipiection pkne (23 NOZZLES 1CCATED ON BO1>| SIDEWAU5J - (El, -S Lowera plan* (21 NOZZLES LOCATED ON BOTH SIDE WALLS; Figure 4. North side schematic of a typical SERRF Steinmuller-designed furnace. Observation ports through which temperature profiling was performed are shown. M o f«- 4-1 CO Q. I X O 200 i 150- 100- 50- • ZONE 3 • ZONE 3,4 ^ ZONE 2,3,4 n ZONE 2,3 20 40 1 60 1 80 100 %MCR Figure 5. Commerce Refuse-To-Energy Facility NO, vs. Load Utilizing Various Injection Zones. 5B-84 ------- 15 10 Q. Q. IT O T. X , n O T. Z X D) O (5) (s) + HCI (g) Explanation: At any given temperature, condensation will occur if the log of the product of mole-fractions XNH3-XHCI, expressed as ppm2, lies above the curve. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Temperature F Figure 6. NH4C1 Equilibrium Curve 5B-85 ------- TABLE 1 REGULATORY LIMITS FOR COMMERCE, STANISLAUS, AND SERRF Plant Air Quality District Commerce Stanislaus SERRF South Coast Stanislaus County South Coast AQMD APCD AQMD Pollutant NOX ppm G> 7% 02 NOX ppm G> 7% 02 NOX ppm (? 7% 02 NO" Ib NOX Ib NH3 ppm (raw) EPA-PSD More stringent of NOX ppm 0 7% 02 or NO -Ib and More stringent of NOX ppm @ 7% 02 or NOX Ib Averaging Period 15 min. 175 1 hour 8 hour 1 hour 40 24 hours 825 -- 3 hour 3 hour 24 hour 24 hour -- 200 -- 1130 50 175 160.5 165 1200 175 116 -- 34 720 -- -- -- -- ~ — NOTE: The EPA NSPS NOX limit for MWC which are larger than 250 TPD is 180 ppm NOX averaged over 24 hours. 5B-86 ------- TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF NOX EMISSIONS FROM THREE CALIFORNIA MSW INCINERATORS EQUIPPED WITH THERMAL DENOX Uncontrolled NOX ppm @ 7% 0, Ib/hr Controlled NOX ppm G> 7% 0, Ib/hr Ammonia Slip ppm (raw) Commerce 128-217 44-75 104 35.8 -2 Stanisl Unit 1 298 90.4 93 28.1 3.7 aus Unit 2 305 96.0 112 36.0 5.0 SERRF Unit 1 Unit 2 210 74.8 49 72 16.5 22.7 -- Unit 3 259 93.1 54 17.9 35 TABLE 3 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND THE IMPACT OF ADDING BACK THE PSEUDO-PARTICULATE FRACTION Permit Limit Test Results % of particulate Commerce 5.5 Ib/hr 2.5 88% Stani 0.0275 Unit 1 0.011 51% si aus gr/sdcf Unit 2 0.011 79% SERRF 5.0 Ib/hr Unit 3 1.7 70% caught in the back-half of the sample train Impact on particulate level if neutral salts were added back 60% + 34% +38% N/A 5B-87 ------- USE OF NATURAL GAS FOR NOX CONTROL IN MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTION H. Abbasi and R. Biljetina Institute of Gas Technology 3424 South State Street Chicago, Illinois 60616 F. Zone and R. Lisauskas Riley Stoker Corporation Riley Research Center 45 McKeon Road Worcester, Massachusetts 01610 R. Dunnette Olmsted Waste-to-Energy 2128 Campus Drive, S.E. Rochester, Minnesota 55904 K. Nakazato Itoh Takuma Resource Systems Inc. 335 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10017 P. Duggan and D. Linz Gas Research Institute 8600 West Bryn Mawr Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60631 ------- USE OF NATURAL GAS FOR NOX CONTROL IN MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTION ABSTRACT Natural gas injection (NGI) technology for reducing NOX emissions from municipal waste combustors (MWCs) is being developed in a joint program between the Gas Research Institute (GRI), the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), Riley Stoker Corporation (Riley), Olmsted Waste-to- Energy (Olmsted), and Takuma Company, Ltd. (Takuma). The approach developed by IGT and Riley (termed METHANE de-NOx) is based on extensive, full-scale, MWC in-furnace characterization followed by pilot-scale testing using simulated combustion products that would result from the firing of 1.7 X 106 Btu/h (0.5 MWth) municipal solid wastes (MSW). The approach involves the injection of natural gas, together with recirculated flue gases (for mixing), above the grate to provide reducing combustion conditions that promote the destruction of NOX precursors, as well as NOX. Extensive development testing was subsequently carried out in a 2.5 X 106 Btu/h (0.7 MWth) pilot-scale MWC firing actual MSW. Both tests, using simulated combustion products and actual MSW, showed that 50% to 70% NOX reduction could be achieved. These results were used to define the key operating parameters. A full-scale system has been designed and retrofitted to a 100-ton/day Riley/Takuma mass burn system at the Olmsted County Waste-to-Energy facility. The system was designed to provide variation in the key parameters to not only optimize the process for the Olmsted unit, but also to acquire design data for MWCs of other sizes and designs. Extensive testing was conducted in December 1990 and January 1991 to evaluate the effectiveness of NGI. This paper concentrates on the METHANE de-NOx system retrofit and testing. The results show simultaneous reductions of 60% in NOX, 50% in CO, and 40% in excess air requirement with natural gas injection. 5B-91 ------- USE OF NATURAL GAS FOR NO CONTROL IN MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTION UTILIZATION OF NATURAL GAS IN MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS (MWCs) In 1986, following GRI's successful pilot-scale testing of natural gas reburning for NOX reduction in coal-fired applications, GRI and IGT began an investigation of the potential for utilizing natural gas in MWCs for the control of NOX emissions. At that time the control of NOX was required in the State of California; however, it was not yet being seriously discussed elsewhere in the United States. By 1989, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had announced its intention to set limits for NOV emissions from all MWCs. The limits being X evaluated were based on the performance of the thermal de-NOx process, which uses ammonia injection to reduce NOX emissions. The thermal de- NOX process has been installed on three MWCs operating in California. Figure 1 illustrates the NOX reduction approach proposed for MWCs. This approach, termed METHANE de-NOx, involves the injection of natural gas, together with recirculated flue gases (for mixing), above the grate to provide reducing combustion conditions that promote the destruction of NOX precursors, as well as NOX. Secondary overfire air (OFA) is then injected at a higher elevation in the furnace, after sufficient residence time at these reducing conditions, to burn out the combustibles. Applying this approach to MWCs is challenging because of the low heat content of the waste being fired, the presence of significant amounts of NOX precursors (for example, NH3, HCN) above the grate, and the high excess air levels that are typically used in these types of combustors. These conditions result in relatively low temperatures and high oxygen and NOX precursor levels in the primary combustion zone compared with conditions in the same location in a coal-fired boiler. Further complexities include the distribution of air, which includes a relatively large amount through the burnout grate at the discharge end of the combustor, and a large amount of air infiltration due to the negative operating pressure of the combustor. Also, because of the variability of the waste being burned, conditions in the furnace are typically variable. The initial concern, therefore, was that if NGI could be made to work at all in MWCs, it 5B-92 ------- might require either large amounts of natural gas, or extended furnace zones to increase the residence time, or both. The objectives of the development program were to 1) characterize the in-furnace conditions of a commercial MWC to define the variability of operation, the gas compositions within the furnace, and the flow distribution patterns for oxygen, CO, NOX, and other flue gas species, 2) evaluate the gas-phase chemistry in laboratory furnace simulation experiments (0.5 MWth) and define regions of operation in which NGI could be effective using simulated MWC flue gases, 3) design and build a pilot combustor (0.7 MWth) firing actual MSW, in which the NGI process could be developed and tested, and 4) design and conduct a full-scale evaluation of the NGI process on a commercial MWC. The experimental program was conducted from 1987 to 1989. The installation of the full-scale field evaluation was completed in late 1990, and NGI testing was completed in January 1991. The remainder of this paper summarizes the research conducted over the last 3 years that led to the design of a full-scale system and the results of NGI testing on the full-scale commercially operating MWC. RESULTS OF COMMERCIAL COMBUSTOR CHARACTERIZATION The baseline data were acquired on one of the two units at the Olmsted County Waste-to-Energy Facility (Figure 2) located in Rochester, Minnesota. The design of the combustor is an integration of the Takuma MWC stoker and combustion control technology with the Riley waterwall furnace technology. Each unit was designed to burn MSW at the rate of 100 tons/day (90 metric tons/day), producing about 24,000 Ib/h (11,000 kg/h) of 615-psig (42-bar) superheated steam. The unit was tested while varying load, total stoichiometric ratio (TSR), allocation of undergrate air (UGA) flow, and OFA location. Two general types of tests were conducted: in-furnace measurements by IGT and overall system performance data acquisition by Riley. Test details have been presented earlier (1) and the results are briefly described below. 5B-93 ------- In normal operation, with 60% to 80% excess air to ensure complete combustion, this unit produced about 125 to 175 ppm* NOX- Without OFA and at lower excess air, NOX emissions were reduced significantly, but CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions increased greatly. The baseline data show that NO can be reduced by eliminating OFA and reducing excess air; however, incomplete combustion results — as indicated by the high CO levels. The goal of NGI is to reduce NOX emissions without the corresponding increase in CO emissions. The furnace characterization data that were acquired also show that it would be possible to create the substoichiometric NOX reducing conditions within the furnace with NGI. Furnace Simulator A pilot furnace at IGT was fired with No. 2 fuel oil using preheated air and adding appropriate amounts of oxygen, moisture, and ammonia (to simulate fuel-bound nitrogen). Thus, the pilot furnace closely simulated the baseline combustion products from the stoker firing 1.7 X 106 Btu/h (0.5 MWth) of MSW. Tests investigated the impacts of reducing zone residence time, stoichiometry, and gas temperature; amounts of natural gas and fuel bound nitrogen; overall excess air; and the amount of flue gas recirculation (FGR) for mixing the natural gas with the combustion products. These test details have also been presented earlier (2.3). In typical excess air operation (without NGI), the furnace simulator produced relatively steady NOX levels of 200 to 225 ppm — independent of residence time. As illustrated in Figure 3, however, residence time plays an important role when natural gas is injected, because sufficient time must be available for the natural gas to decompose NOV A. precursors. The first 3 seconds after NGI reduced NOX from 225 to 75 ppm. Longer times produce very little additional NOX reduction. The results showed that if NGI is to be effective, it must be injected into the MWC such that sufficient residence time at high temperatures is provided before OFA is injected for combustible burnout. An NGI level of 15% was found to be sufficient for 50% to 70% NOV reduction. * All of the NOX and CO emission values presented here are on a 12% O2 and dry basis. For a 3% 02 basis, multiply values by 2 and for a 7% 02 basis, multiply by 1.56. 5B-94 ------- Pilot MWC Combustor Because of the encouraging furnace simulator test results, it was decided to make follow-up tests in the pilot combustor at Riley's Research Center. A pulverized coal combustor at Riley was modified to simulate the commercial unit at Olmsted, and several different batches of MSW were tested to investigate the impacts of reducing zone residence time and stoichiometry, natural gas injection location and amount, and overfire air injection location. The results have been presented earlier (3,4) and show that without NGI, NOX emissions ranged from 110 to 165 ppm — a fairly good simulation of the baseline results obtained in the commercial combustors. With 10% to 15% (percent of total heat input) NGI, NOX emissions were reduced by as much as 70%, depending on the natural gas and OFA injection points and the residence time in the reducing zone. NO emissions decreased from 100 to 130 ppm at 0.6 seconds residence time and 40 to 80 ppm at 1.2 seconds residence time. These results verify the beneficial effects of residence time as observed in the furnace simulator tests. A reducing zone stoichiometric ratio of between 0.8 to 1.0 was found to be sufficient for effective NOX reduction. With NGI, it was also possible to operate the unit with significantly lower excess air. FIELD EVALUATION OF NATURAL GAS INJECTION In light of the favorable test results obtained from both the IGT and Riley pilot-scale investigations of NGI, a field evaluation was undertaken. The NGI technology was retrofitted to one of the Olmsted units. This facility was also used to acquire all the baseline data reported here. The pilot-scale work had demonstrated the potential of NGI for reducing the emissions of NOX, CO, and THC. A number of issues remained, however, before it could be commercialized as a viable emissions reduction technology. The major issues were as follows: • Can NGI be as effective on a commercial unit, considering the actual conditions of high excess oxygen and the variability of feed quality and operating temperature? • Can the already low CO and THC levels (<50 ppm) be further lowered and stabilized on the full-scale unit, as evidenced in the pilot unit? 5B-95 ------- • Can proper furnace aerodynamics be maintained or improved? In other words, can adequate distribution of natural gas in the reducing zone and OFA in the burnout zone be accomplished in full-scale systems? • What would be the impact on thermal efficiency, slagging, corrosion, steam superheat, and other boiler performance parameters? • What are the costs and advantages over thermal de-NOx and/or other alternative NOX control measures? The results of the field evaluation would help resolve many of these issues. As with the experimental program, this 15-month effort was conducted jointly by IGT and Riley in consultation with Olmsted and Takuma. The work effort was divided into three major activities. The first involved finalization of site selection and engineering and design of a flexible NGI retrofit system. The second was the procurement and installation of the retrofit system. The third was the field evaluation testing of NGI for emissions reduction, as well as other impacts, which began in early December 1990 and was completed in late January 1991. The primary goal was to reduce NOX to below 70 ppm from the current uncontrolled level of over 140 ppm without adversely affecting other emissions such as CO and THC. Additional goals were to maintain or improve the steam capacity while increasing the boiler thermal efficiency. The retrofit METHANE de-NOx system was designed by IGT and Riley based on the pilot-scale testing results. The primary variables (determined during the pilot testing) for design of the NGI system are - • 15% natural gas above grates to create substoichiometric conditions t 15% FGR above grates for mixing the natural gas with the furnace gases • Variability in reducing zone stoichiometry; reducing zone residence time; and natural gas, FGR and OFA flows, injection locations, and velocities. The retrofit included installation of an FGR system and modification of the furnace walls to accommodate several nozzles and sampling/observation ports at multiple levels. The design also 5B-96 ------- provides for acquisition of the necessary in-furnace and flue gas composition and temperature data, as well as other relevant data. Recirculated flue gas, taken from the economizer outlet, is used to introduce natural gas above the stoker. OFA injectors are installed in two locations in the upper half of the furnace for combustible burnout. The two elevations enabled testing of different residence times for the reducing zone. Residence time has a significant effect on NOX reduction and combustible burnout. Inserts were employed during the testing to evaluate higher injection velocities for the OFA, natural gas, and FGR. FIELD EVALUATION TESTS Extensive testing was carried out on the 100-ton/day commercially operating MWC during December 1990 and January 1991. These tests investigated the impacts of the following variables. • OFA location - to change the residence time in the reducing zone • OFA amount, injector size, and number of injectors — to optimize combustible burnout • Natural gas and FGR amounts, distribution, injector sizes, and injector locations — to modify reducing zone mixing • UGA amount and distribution — to modify MSW combustion profiles. As indicated earlier, the objective of the testing was twofold: 1. To prove the effectiveness of natural gas in reducing the NOX emissions on a without any adverse effects the NO emissions on a full-scale commercial unit 2. To acquire design data for the application of the NGI technology to MWCs of other sizes and designs. As a result, the system was instrumented to provide an extensive data base for the impacts of NGI on both the furnace side, as well as the steam side parameters. The following is a list of measurements made during the tests. 5B-97 ------- • Full spectrum of furnace and steam side operating data including temperatures, flows, pressures, etc. through a specially installed computer data acquisition system and manually • Gas composition (O2, CO, THC, CO2, NO ) and temperature profiles in the reducing zone below the OFA injectors and at the furnace exit above the OFA injectors • Flue gas composition (O2, CO, CO2, NOX) at the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) inlet • Flue gas composition (O2, CO, NOX) in the recirculated flue gases • Oxygen concentration in the reducing zone (continuously) • Ash samples • MSW samples. The in-furnace gas composition and temperature measurements were made using water-cooled gas sampling and suction pyrometer probes that were installed at various elevations to traverse the furnace. Two sets of continuous emission monitors were employed. One set of O2, CO, CO2, and NO analyzers was installed near the ESP to measure the gas ji. composition at the ESP inlet; and another set of O2, CO, THC, CO2, and NO analyzers was installed in the control room to measure the gas compositions inside the furnace and in the recirculated flue gases. The gas composition at the ESP inlet was measured continuously for the duration of each test, while the gas composition in the recirculated flue gases was measured periodically between the in-furnace traverses. The moisture contents of the flue gases and the flue gas flow rates were also measured during some of the tests. The extensive data that were acquired during the field evaluation tests have not been fully reduced and analyzed at this writing. The composition of the actual MSW burned during the tests is also not yet available. Consequently, the data presented here are limited. The results will focus on NOX and CO emissions measured at the ESP inlet and their preliminary relationships with some of the significant operating parameters. In general, these relationships were consistent with the pilot-scale results. The data presented here are further limited to the configurations that provided the optimum results with NGI. Data are presented for three types of tests. First, these data 5B-98 ------- are presented with the baseline configuration as the unit is normally operated; second, in the NGI configuration with FGR injected into the lower furnace and OFA moved up to a higher elevation; and third, also in the NGI configuration with both FGR and natural gas injected into the lower furnace and OFA injected at the higher elevation. Table 1 summarizes the average values of selected operating data, as well as CO and NOX emissions for these three test configurations. Data are also presented from the 1987 baseline testing and for one test with NGI that was carried out at a higher steam flow to maintain the MSW rate at the current normal baseline value of 7000 Ib/h. The MSW feed rate and the total flue gas flow rate shown have been estimated assuming typical MSW composition and heat content. The actual values might be somewhat different, but the trends are expected to be unaltered. It must be noted that the steam flow during the 1991 baseline test was about 28,250 Ib/h or 6% higher than the current normal baseline steam flow of 26,700 Ib/h, and 20% higher than the 1987 baseline level of 23,500 Ib/h. During most of the tests with NGI, the steam flow rate was maintained at 29,000 Ib/h or 9% higher than the current normal baseline level (as there was no need for the additional steam) which automatically decreased the MSW feed rate to the 1987 baseline value. However, as shown, one test was carried out with the MSW rate maintained very close to the current normal baseline level by increasing the steam flow by about 14%. This was to prove that NGI retrofit may not necessarily require a decrease in MSW feed rate. Table 1 shows that 12.5% to 14% (total heat input) NGI allowed a reduction in excess air from over 70% to about 40% which may increase the boiler thermal efficiency. The data presented in the table also show that, compared to the 1991 baseline test, NGI decreased the NOX emissions by 60% and CO emissions by 50%. The NOX emissions were decreased by 40% with FGR alone, however, the CO emissions were more than double compared with the average CO with NGI. The CO level with FGR was comparable to the 1991 baseline test value, but higher than the average value for the 1987 baseline tests. Figure 4 illustrates the relationship between NOV and A CO emissions for the Olmsted combustor that was found in 1987 for the baseline operation. The relationship represents baseline operation at different UGA and OFA flow distributions and excess air levels. The 5B-99 ------- current (1990-1991) data at baseline configuration, as well as with FGR, show scatter but appear to follow the 1987 trend. The average NOX/CO values with FGR fall close to the average baseline curve. This suggests that the effectiveness of FGR in reducing NOX may not be significantly better than some of the other simpler combustion modifications that were tested in 1987. The figure also illustrates the effectiveness of NGI in controlling both NOX and CO emissions simultaneously. Both NOX and CO emissions were significantly lower with NGI. The average baseline NOX at 32 ppm CO (expected regulatory limit) was about 137 ppm while the average NOX with natural gas was about 50 ppm at an average CO level of about 22 ppm. SUMMARY OF RESULTS As discussed, the data acquired during the field evaluation tests have not yet been fully reduced and analyzed. Based on the current analysis, however, the following can be stated: • In general, the relationships between the significant operating parameters and the emissions were consistent with those found on the pilot-scale units. • Proper injection of 12% to 15% (heat input basis) natural gas simultaneously decreased the NO emissions to below 50 ppm and the CO emissions to below 25 ppm, which represents a 60% reduction in NOX and a 50% reduction in CO compared to the 1991 baseline test values. • NGI also allowed a reduction in excess air to 40% (from the baseline levels of 70% to 80%), which may provide an increase in boiler thermal efficiency. • An FGR level of 6% to 8% was sufficient to inject and effectively mix the natural gas with the furnace gases. • Because of the reduced excess air requirement, it was possible (as demonstrated in one test) to maintain the MSW feed rate at the baseline level by increasing the steam output to accommodate the additional heat input with natural gas. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the METHANE de-NOv process for A controlling NOX and CO emissions from MWCs has now been demonstrated on a commercially operating MWC. Further analysis of the data should provide additional information for application of this process to MWCs of other sizes and designs, including refuse derived fuel (RDF). 5B-100 ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENT Many sponsors played important roles in the development of the METHANE de-NOx process. Considerable funding and guidance were provided by the Gas Research Institute, Brooklyn Union Gas Co., Minnegasco, Northern Illinois Gas Co., Northern Natural Gas Co., Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co., Southern California Gas Co., and IGT's Sustaining Membership Program member companies The Olmsted County Waste-to-Energy officials and plant personnel warrant special thanks for interrupting commercial operations to not only accommodate but also vigorously assist the researchers in the birth of a new process that can serve both the waste-to-energy and natural gas industries. REFERENCES CITED 1. Fleming, O.K., Khinkis, M.J., Abbasi, H.A., Linz, D.G. and Penterson, C.A. "Emissions Reduction From MSW Combustion Systems Using Natural Gas." Paper presented at the Conference on Energy From Biomass and Wastes, XII, New Orleans, Louisiana, February 15-19, 1988. 2. Abbasi, H. , Khinkis, M.J., Itse, D., Penterson, C. , Wakamura, Y. and Linz, D. "Development of Natural Gas Reburning Technology for NO.. Reduction From MSW Combustion Systems." Paper presented at the 1989 International Gas Research Conference, Tokyo, Japan, November 6-9, 1989. 3. Emissions Reduction From MSW Combustion Systems Using Natural Gas. Task 2. Pilot-Scale Assessment of Emissions Reduction Strategies. GRI-90/0145 Final Report, Institute of Gas Technology and Riley Stoker Corp., July 1990. 4. Penterson, C.A., Itse, D.C., Abbasi, H.A., Khinkis, M.J., Wakamura, Y. and Linz, D.G. "Natural Gas Reburning Technology for NOX Reduction From MSW Combustion Systems." Paper presented at the ASME 1990 National Waste Processing Conference, Long Beach, California, June 3-6, 1990. 5B-101 ------- Undergrate Air Overflre Air Natural Gas/ Reclrc. Flue Gases Figure 1. The METHANE de-NOx Process Figure 2. Olmsted Waste-to-Energy Facility 5B-102 ------- 250 200 Q_ Q. - 150 X O 100 n D 50 012345 Residence Time, seconds Figure 3. Residence time plays a significant role in the effectiveness of natural gas 180 160 140 p 120 Q_ D. -100 80 60 40 20 D Baseline 87 D Baseline 91 A FGR Only O FGR + Natural Gas O D 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 CO, ppm Figure 4. Natural gas injection simultaneously decreases NO and CO emissions 5B-103 ------- Table 1 AVERAGE OPERATING DATA - 1990/1991 FIELD EVALUATION TESTS en CD MSW,* Ib/h Natural Gas, % Total Heat Input,* 106 Btu/h FGR, % Excess Air, % Total Flue Gas,* Ib/h Steam Flow, Ib/h Economizer Exit Temperature, °F Precipitator Inlet 02, % CO, ppm at 12% °2 Baseline 1987 Test 6,450 0 33.5 0 73 44,800 23,500 417 9.3 30 135 1991 Test 7,760 0 40.3 0 76 54,100 28,250 425 10.5 46 117 FGR Only (Average Data) — 0 — 9.5 54 47,100 27,670 423 7.6 47 70 FGR + At Normal 1987 Baseline MSW Input (Average Data) 6,500 14.0 39.9 9.5 37 45,400 29,000 422 6.5 22 48 NGas At Normal 1991 Baseline MSW Input Test 7,000 12.4 41.9 10.0 41 48,500 30,500 422 5.9 21 48 *Estimated. ------- Session 6A POST COMBUSTION DEVELOPMENTS II Chair: D. Drehmel, EPA ------- PERFORMANCE OF UREA NOx REDUCTION SYSTEMS ON UTILITY BOILERS Andris R. Abele, Yul Kwan, and M.N. Mansour Applied Utility Systems, Inc. 1140 East Chesnut Avenue Santa Ana, California 92701 N.J. Kertamus and Les J. Radak Southern California Edison Company 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue Rosemead, California 91770 James H. Nylander San Diego Gas and Electric Company 4600 Calsbad Boulevard Carlsbad, California 92008 ------- PERFORMANCE OF UREA NOX REDUCTION SYSTEMS ON UTILITY BOILERS Andris R. Abele*, Yul Kwan, and M.N. Mansour Applied Utility Systems, Inc. 1140 East Chestnut Avenue Santa Ana, California 92701 N.J. Kertamus and Les J. Radak Southern California Edison Company 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue Rosemead, California 91770 James H. Nylander San Diego Gas and Electric Company 4600 Carlsbad Boulevard Carlsbad, California 92008 ABSTRACT Test results from the full-scale application of urea injection for NOX reduction on two utility boilers demonstrate the sensitivity of urea NOX reduction performance to boiler design, operating conditions, and urea process variables. The two utility boilers are both gas- and oil-fired boilers, but of different size and design. The demonstration sites include a Southern California Edison Company 320 MW tangentially-fired boiler and a San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E) 110 MW front wall-fired boiler. The performance of the urea NOX reduction process at the two sites was dominated by variables affecting the temperature at the injection location and the mixing of urea with the combustion products. Varying operating conditions, such as load and firing configuration, changed the temperature distribution in the boilers as well as initial NOX levels. Such changes affect the relative location of urea injectors within the urea reaction temperature window and, thus, the level of NOX reduction achieved. Available injection process variables, including injector design, solution flow and pressure, injector location and spray orientation, were used to optimize the distribution of urea within the reaction window at varying loads to achieve maximum NOX reduction. Minimum NOX emissions were achieved at both sites by coupling urea injection with modified combustion conditions. Urea NOX reduction performance at these modified operating conditions was about 30 percent at NSR = 2.0 over the boilers' load ranges. Resulting stack NOX emissions at both units were 20 to 45 ppm @ 3 % O2 depending on load, while ammonia slip was less than 20 ppm. * Currently with the South Coast Air Quality Management District. 6A-1 ------- PERFORMANCE OF UREA NOX REDUCTION SYSTEMS ON UTILITY BOILERS IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UREA NO, REDUCTION PROCESS The urea NOX reduction process is a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process which encompasses a sequence of steps. Aqueous urea solution is pumped to injection nozzles which spray the chemical into a boiler or furnace chamber. The droplets of injected solution evaporate and the urea thermally decomposes into reactive species. The urea droplets and released reactive species mix with the NOx-laden combustion products. Urea species then react with the combustion products at the proper temperatures to reduce nitric oxide (NO) to elemental nitrogen (N2). The NO-reducing reactions are temperature sensitive and occur within a narrow temperature range. If the urea is released at too high a temperature, the chemical species can actually be oxidized to NOX. If the urea is released at low temperatures, the NO-reducing reaction rates are limited and result in poor chemical utilization. An additional complication in SNCR systems is that these temperature sensitive reactions must occur not in a well controlled reactor, but in a load-following utility boiler. The design of these systems must address the issues of temperature variations and mixing limitations to the extent possible. Since a utility boiler presents a far from perfect reaction chamber environment, efficient utilization of injected urea is not possible for all boiler operating conditions. Since the process is imperfect, excess urea must be injected to maximize the availability of NOx-reducing species within the narrow reaction window provided within utility boilers. Unutilized ammonia (NH3) will be a result if the injection temperature is too low. At high injection temperatures, excess NH3 is oxidized to NOX, defeating the purpose of reducing NOX emissions. Thus, tradeoffs will exist between NOX reduction and overall process performance. To understand the effectiveness of the urea injection process, the term Normalized Stoichiometric Ratio (NSR) was defined as the ratio between the actual amount of urea injected and the theoretical amount required to react with all the NO present. For example, a urea flowrate of NSR =1.0 provides the exact amount of urea to react with 100 percent of the NO present. This Stoichiometric ratio of NSR = 1.0 is equivalent to a urea to NO mole ratio of 0.5, since one mole of urea (NH2CONH2) potentially has two moles of nitrogen species (e.g., NH;) available to react with NO. 6A-2 ------- COMPARISON OF BOILER DESIGNS The two boilers used for demonstrating the urea NOX reduction process are different in design and size. Both boilers are located in Southern California. The primary fuel for each unit is natural gas, but each unit is also equipped to burn low sulfur fuel oil. Cross-sections of the two boilers are shown in Figure 1, and their design characteristics are compared in Table 1. Encina Unit 2 is a 110 MW Babcock and Wilcox Company boiler. The unit is fired from the front wall with ten burners arranged in two elevations of five burners. The unit operates with balanced draft maintained by forced draft and induced draft fans. Flue gas recirculation (FOR) injected between water tubes on the back wall of the lower furnace is a primary means of steam temperature control. Final superheat steam temperature is controlled by spray attemperation. The final reheat steam temperature is controlled by distribution dampers in the backpass. A total of sixteen existing observation ports are available for urea injection in two elevations of the upper furnace. One elevation is located adjacent to the furnace exit and entrance to the convective pass, while the second elevation is about 12 feet below, near the arch of the furnace. Etiwanda Unit 3 is a 320 MW Combustion Engineering boiler. This is a tangentially-fired boiler with twin furnaces separated by a division wall. Etiwanda Unit 3 operates with a pressurized furnace. This unit is unique in its downward flow arrangement with the burner assemblies located at the top of the boiler. The burner assemblies consist of three tiers of gas and oil burners located in the corners of each furnace. Tilt of the burner assemblies is a primary means of reheat steam temperature control. FOR is injected into the windbox for NOX control and for steam temperature control at low loads. Spray attemperators maintain final steam temperatures. Twelve existing observation ports arranged in two elevations near the furnace exit were initially used for urea injection. Additional ports were installed based on initial test results and modeling efforts to improve NO, control performance over a wider load range. Etiwanda Unit 3 differs from Encina Unit 2 in a number of ways which can affect urea NOX reduction performance. These differences include: • Boiler dimensions and geometry Etiwanda Unit 3 is physically larger than Encina Unit 2 with a larger furnace cross-section. In addition, Etiwanda Unit 3 has a divided furnace which limits access to the furnace cross-section by urea injectors to two walls rather than three walls as at Encina Unit 2; • Firing configuration Etiwanda Unit 3 is tangentially down-fired while Encina Unit 2 is a conventional front wall-fired boiler. The firing configuration, and the furnace geometry affect the furnace flow field and thus can be expected to affect mixing of injected urea with the furnace gases; 6A-3 ------- Thermal environment At full load, gas temperatures in the region of the furnace exit are significantly higher at Etiwanda Unit 3 (2400°F) than at Encina Unit 2 (2250°F). Since the urea NOX reduction reactions are temperature sensitive, differences in injector configurations and resulting performance can be expected; Combustion conditions The combustion conditions at Etiwanda Unit 3 result in significantly lower initial NOX levels than found at Encina Unit 2. At full load on gas fuel, for example, NOX emissions at Etiwanda Unit 3 are as low as 90 ppm (@ 3% O2) compared to 225 ppm (@ 3% O2) at Encina Unit 2 with all-burners-in-service (ABIS). This is the result of NOX controls that have been in place since the 1970's, consisting of FOR and two-stage combustion achieved with burners-out-of-service (BOOS). SENSITIVITY OF UREA NOX REDUCTION PERFORMANCE Results from urea injection trials of both Encina Unit 2 and Etiwanda Unit 3 are indicative of the key factors affecting NOX reduction potential. While boiler operating conditions directly affected NOX reduction achieved with urea injection, the injection conditions and configurations could be adjusted to ultimately minimize stack NOX emissions over a range of conditions on each unit. Effect of Operating Conditions Previous urea injection testing at Encina Unit 2 was conducted with the boiler operating with ABIS(1). Initially, urea injection was evaluated as a cost-effective NOX control alternative to the combustion modification techniques typically used in the SDG&E system to meet current NOX regulations. The combustion modification techniques reduce overall boiler efficiency compared to the higher, NOx-producing ABIS operating mode. With urea injection, however, NOX emissions could meet existing NOX regulations while operating with the more efficient ABIS. Subsequent testing has been completed to evaluate urea injection in conjunction with alternate, or modified, combustion conditions. The firing configurations evaluated included ABIS, air biasing, BOOS, and fuel biasing. These alternatives were evaluated to determine the overall NOX reductions possible by coupling urea injection with modified combustion conditions. ABIS represents conventional operation with balanced fuel and air for all the burners, resulting in high baseline NOX emissions. Air biasing was achieved with ABIS by closing the registers to the lower burner elevation and thus diverting air to the upper level. This results in staged combustion, with the lower burners operating fuel-rich and the upper burners operating fuel-lean. The effect of staged combustion achieved with air biasing not only reduced baseline NOX emissions, but also affected the heat release distribution through the boiler by delaying the mixing of fuel and air. BOOS operation was achieved by shutting the fuel off to three of the ten 6A-4 ------- burners. This redistributes the fuel to the remaining burners and results in those burners operating fuel-rich. BOOS operation thus also results in staged combustion and reduced NOX emissions. Since the fuel distribution is changed with BOOS, the heat release distribution also changes. In gas fuel biasing, some of the fuel is diverted from the upper elevation of burners to the lower elevations. This increases the heat release into the lower furnace and achieves staged combustion. Compared to air biasing and BOOS operation, which delay fuel and air mixing by varying air distribution or by discrete changes in fuel distribution, fuel biasing provides more uniform changes in fuel distribution such that slightly fuel-rich and slightly fuel-lean zones are created. The result with fuel biasing is a more confined heat release zone due to more balanced fuel and air mixing and, more importantly, the diversion of fuel to the lower burner elevation. The urea NOX reduction performance varied for the different combustion modes at Encina Unit 2, as the data in Figure 2 illustrate. Corresponding NOX emissions are shown in Figure 3. The data presented in Figures 2 and 3 represent urea NOX reduction performance resulting from the injection configuration optimized for ABIS operation. No attempt was made in these trials to optimize performance for each operating condition. Thus, injection nozzle characteristics and injection configuration were constant. The highest percentage reductions were achieved with ABIS operation and the lowest with BOOS operation. Differences in measured performance can be attributed directly to changes in boiler conditions. The data set presented in the two figures indicates that differences in NOX reduction performance can be attributed both to the different initial NOX levels produced by the different combustion configurations and to the effect on the temperature distribution through the boiler. Analogous variations in urea NOX reduction performance with changing operating conditions were documented at Etiwanda Unit 3(2). Figure 4 illustrates the effect of various combustion conditions on NOX reduction while Figure 5 presents the corresponding NOX emissions levels. Included in the data presented from Etiwanda Unit 3 are urea injection test results with normal, as found fuel oil-fired conditions; normal, as found gas-fired conditions; and modified gas-fired combustion conditions. The modified combustion conditions at Etiwanda Unit 3 comprised adjustment of burner tilt to horizontal for all loads with increased FOR flowrate. As in the case for the Encina Unit 2 data set, the urea injection configuration was not optimized for each operating condition. The highest NOX reductions achieved at Etiwanda Unit 3 were with fuel oil. Fuel oil-firing improves NOX reductions due to producing more favorable temperatures in the boiler (due to differences in heat transfer characteristics between oil and gas fuels). Furnace exit gas temperatures are about 200°F lower for oil-firing than comparable gas-fired conditions. NOX reductions over 30 percent were achieved with gas-firing over the load range of 80 to 320 MW. Changes in combustion conditions, however, resulted in variations in NOX reduction performance. Even with the variations in urea system performance, the lowest 6A-5 ------- NOX emission levels, down to 21 to 45 ppm (@ 3% O2) depending on load, were achieved by coupling low NOX, modified combustion conditions with urea injection. Effect of Urea Injection Parameters Tests to optimize urea injection performance at each unit involved parametric evaluation of urea injection process variables. The variables considered included: atomizer design, solution flow and pressure, location and injector orientation at each injection location. Conclusions from these parametric tests for both units include the following0'2': • Atomizer design and the resulting spray characteristics (spray distribution and angle, droplet size distribution, and injection momentum) affect NOX reduction performance. The effect of these atomizer specific characteristics are related to the penetration of urea spray into the furnace flow, the resulting mixing of urea with the furnace gases, and the rate of evaporation and the ultimate location of release of urea into the furnace gases; • The location of injectors and their orientation can improve NOX reduction performance by taking advantage of furnace flow dynamics to enhance mixing of urea with the furnace gases and maximize residence time at optimum reaction temperatures. Because of the fundamental differences in the thermal and mixing environments presented by the two different units, the injector design and performance characteristics (i.e., droplet size distribution, spray angle, injection momentum, etc.) were significantly different. In relative terms, the requirements for Encina Unit 2 compared to Etiwanda Unit 3 were injectors which produced small urea solution droplets; lower injection momentum to cover the furnace gas flow across the entire cross-section of the boiler; and spray angle, shape, and location of ports to inject across the cross-flowing stream. These requirements are consistent with the characteristic differences between the two units, including: • Favorable furnace gas temperatures in the region of injection at Encina Unit 2 for urea NOX reduction reactions to occur, thus requiring the fast evaporation and release of urea from small solution droplets; • Small furnace cross-section dimensions in the region of injection requiring only relatively low injection momentum for adequate penetration and mixing of urea droplets with the furnace droplets; • More uniform furnace gas flow with less cross-mixing due to the front wall firing configuration compared to the swirling flow field resulting from tangential firing, requiring use of ports physically spaced across the boiler. 6A-6 ------- The requirements for Etiwanda Unit 3, on the other hand, were satisfied by urea solution injection characteristics which included large droplets that would delay the evaporation and release of urea from the high temperatures at the point of injection for reaction in lower temperature regions. In addition, the injectors and locations were developed to optimize the distribution and mixing of the urea solution by taking advantage of the furnace flow dynamics of the tangentially, down-fired configuration. In fact, in a brief series of trials to establish a direct comparison for urea injection between Encina Unit 2 and Etiwanda Unit 3, the injectors achieving optimum performance at Encina Unit 2 were found to achieve essentially no NOX reduction at Etiwanda Unit 3 at full load conditions. OPTIMIZATION FOR VARYING CONDITIONS The data from these two utility boilers demonstrate that unit design and operating conditions can affect urea NOX reduction performance. Since urea systems are designed by necessity for optimum performance at selected, typical operating conditions, NOX reduction performance will vary. However, the design of urea injection and control systems can incorporate adjustable parameters to accommodate intermediate or varying conditions. This potential to control over varying conditions has been demonstrated at both Encina Unit 2 and Etiwanda Unit 3. Multiple Level Injection At Encina Unit 2, for example, simultaneous injection from multiple levels improved NOX removal at both high and low loads<2). In a multiple injection configuration, a reduced dosage of urea (lower NSR) is injected at each elevation. This improves urea utilization and, in turn, the overall NOX removal. This improved utilization also reduces byproduct NH3 emissions. Figure 6 compares NOX reduction performance at Encina Unit 2 achieved with bi-level injection for natural gas and fuel oil-firing. The method of bi-level injection reduced the sensitivity of NOX removal to load. In addition, similar performance was achieved for the two different fuels even though the resulting furnace temperature profiles are distinctly different. Injection Location and Orientation Another technique used at both units to adjust for varying operating conditions was adjusting injection location by varying injector orientation. In practical applications of the urea injection process, boiler penetrations to accommodate urea injectors will be selected to provide access into favorable temperature regions for a limited number of conditions or loads. To maintain urea NOX reduction performance for intermediate loads or changes in operating conditions, the orientation of the injectors can be used to adjust the relative location of urea injection. Recent tests were conducted at Encina Unit 2 to evaluate the optimization of urea injection with the combustion modification technique of fuel biasing 6A-7 ------- to achieve minimum stack NOX emissions. The test results illustrate how varying orientation from available injection locations can improve performance and how orientation can be used to maintain NOX reduction performance as operating conditions vary. Urea NOX reduction performance was evaluated with and without fuel biasing by screening injection location and orientation. Tests were completed for loads of 80 MW and 50 MW. At 80 MW with ABIS operation, the highest NOX reduction achieved was 44.3 percent using the lower level injectors only pointed up and urea injected at a rate of NSR = 2.0. This reduction resulted in NOX emissions of 50 ppm (@ 3% O2) from a baseline of 91 ppm. With fuel biasing at the same load, however, the highest NOX reduction achieved was 29.1 percent using simultaneous bi-level injection with both the upper and lower elevations of nozzles pointed up and urea injected at NSR = 2.0. The optimum urea injection configurations thus shifted for the two different firing modes. The reasons for this shift appear to be a shift in furnace temperature. Furnace exit temperatures increased about 40°F with fuel biasing. As a result, NOX reduction was improved by injection at a higher, and therefore cooler, elevation for fuel biasing conditions than for normal ABIS operation. Although relative urea NOX reduction performance was decreased with fuel biasing compared to ABIS, stack NOX emissions were reduced from 50 ppm (@ 3% O2) for ABIS and urea down to 38 ppm (@ 3% O2) for fuel biasing and urea. At 50 MW the data indicate that, for ABIS operation, injecting urea through the lower elevation with nozzles pointed upward achieved the highest NOX reduction. For fuel bias operation, however, the best configuration was bi-level injection with the upper elevation injectors pointed down and the lower elevation injectors pointed up. As for the 80 MW case, the shift in optimum injection configuration for the two operating conditions suggest contributing affect of a change in furnace gas temperature. The data also indicate that significant reductions can be achieved for low initial NOX levels, resulting in stack emissions down to 23 ppm for an NSR = 1.7. Dilution Water Flow and Injection Momentum At Etiwanda Unit 3, three elevations of injection ports were determined to provide coverage over the unit's normal load range, 80 to 320 MW, as shown in Figure 7. However, Etiwanda Unit 3 is also routinely operated down to 20 MW. Test results demonstrated that dilution water flow could be used in conjunction with injector elevation and orientation to adjust the ultimate fate of urea droplets and achieve NOX reductions at loads less than 160 MW. By varying dilution water flow, the solution concentration, injection momentum, and resulting droplet size distribution is changed. The parameters directly affect the point at which the urea is released from solution to react with the furnace gases. The performance of the urea NOX reduction system at Etiwanda Unit 3 is illustrated in Figure 8. The optimized system is used together with combustion modifications to achieve NOX levels of 20 to 45 ppm over the entire load range of 20 to 320 MW. This represents 6A-8 ------- significant reductions in NOX compared to normal, as found conditions also shown for reference. In addition to the NOX reductions achieved, the available data indicate that byproduct NH3 emissions below 20 ppm could be maintained up to urea flowrates corresponding to NSR = 2.0. Figure 9 illustrates typical NH3 emissions measured at Etiwanda Unit 3. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of the urea NOX reduction process is sensitive to temperature and mixing phenomena as well as chemical stoichiometry (NSR). Since the urea NOX reduction process occurs within the boiler furnace, the ultimate performance of the urea process is thus dependent on boiler design and operating characteristics. Although the design of SNCR systems must attempt to address these factors, realistic limitations must be imposed on the range of expected boiler operating conditions (fuel type, load, burner firing pattern, excess air, FOR flowrate, etc.) over which the system performance can be optimized. To accommodate differences in boiler design and variations in operating conditions, urea injection process parameters can be adjusted and optimized. Improvements in urea NOX reduction performance and, ultimately stack NOX emissions, can be achieved by modifying combustion conditions, optimizing injection location and orientation, and adjusting injection nozzle droplet size and injection momentum. NOX reductions of about 30 percent at NSR = 2.0 could be achieved over the load range of 20 to 320 MW at Etiwanda Unit 3, resulting in stack NO, emissions in the range of 20 to 45 ppm (@ 3% O2) when combined with combustion modifications. At Encina Unit 2, similar reductions and stack NOX levels (23 to 38 ppm @ 3% O^ could be achieved when urea injection was coupled with the combustion modification technique of fuel biasing. In general, the data trends suggest that for these gas- and oil-fired boilers, more confined heat release zones provide a more favorable furnace environment than deeply staged, delayed mixing conditions. REFERENCES 1. J.H. Nylander, M.N. Mansour, and D.R. Brown, "Demonstration of an Automated Urea Injection System at Encina Unit 2," in proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NO, Control, EPRI Report GS-6423, July 1989. 2. A.R. Abele, D.R. Brown, Y. Kwan, M.N. Mansour, and J.H. Nylander, "Demonstration of Urea Injection for NOX Control on Utility Boilers," in proceedings: GEN-UPGRADE 90, EPRI Report GS-6986, September 1990. 6A-9 ------- en > Encina Unit 2 Etiwanda Unit 3 Figure 1. Demonstration Sites ------- 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 NOx Removal (%) o NSR • 2.0 ABIS Air Bias BOOS 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Load (MW) Figure 2. Effect of Combustion Conditions on Urea NOx Removal at Encina Unit 2, Gas Fuel. 6 A-11 ------- 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 NOx (ppm @ 3% O0) 0 NSR = 2.0 o ABIS 20 Air Bias BOOS 40 60 80 Load (MW) 100 120 Figure 3. Effect of Combustion Conditions on Stack NOx Emission Levels with Urea at Encina Unit 2, Gas Fuel. 6A-12 ------- 60 NOx Removal (%) 50 40 30 20 10 NSR = 2.0 Oil-As Found Gas-Comb. Mod. Gas-As Found 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Load (MW) Figure 4. Effect of Operating Conditions on Urea NOx Reduction Performance at Etiwanda Unit 3. 6 A-13 ------- 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 NOx (ppm @ 3% O? ) NSR = 2.0 Oil - As Found Gas - Comb. Mod. Gas - As Found 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Load (MW) Figure 5. Effect of Operating Conditions on Stack NOx Emission Levels with Urea at Etiwanda Unit 3. 6A-14 ------- en 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 NOx Removal, Percent 50 -©- Gas Firing ~V-Oil Firing 60 70 80 Load, MW 90 -o 100 NOx Removal, Percent 40 30 20 10 50 -©-Gas Firing -V- Oil Firing 60 70 80 Load, MW 90 100 Figure 6. Comparison of NOx Reduction with Bi-Level Injection for Natural Gas and Fuel Oil Firing at Encina Unit 2. ------- O) CO Urea Injection Ports O Unused Ports Loop 3 El. 84' El. 641 El. 61' El. 54' O O O 0*0 Loop 2 Division Wall O o o 0*0 Loop 2 Side View Front View Figure 7. Etiwanda Unit 3- Urea Injection Port Locations ------- > -vl NOx (ppm @ 3% O2) 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 As Found N Ox x Combustion Modification N Ox Urea * Combustion Modification NOx 50 100 150 200 Load (MW) 250 300 350 Figure 8. Overall NOx Reduction Performance at Etiwanda Unit 3, Gas Fuel. ------- en 00 75 60 45 30 15 NH3, ppm o 0 O 320 MW 80 MW O o NSR Figure 9. Typical NH 3 Emission from Optimized Urea System at Etiwanda Unit 3, Gas Fuel. ------- TABLE 1. BOILER DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS Design Parameter Capacity (MW) Firing Configuration Burners Dimensions Height (ft) Depth (ft) Width (ft) Steam Flow (Ib/hr) SH Temperature (°F) RH Temperature (°F) Steam Press, (psig) Encina Unit 2 110 Front Wall 2 Rows x 5 Burner Peabody 77.0 20.0 34.0 700,000 1000 1000 1450 Etiwanda Unit 3 320 Tangential Down-Fired; Divided Furnace 3 Elev/ Corner x 8 Corner CE 88.1 22.1 60.0 (30/30) 2,305,000 1050 1000 2450 6A-19 ------- WIDENING THE UREA TEMPERATURE WINDOW D. P. Teixeira Research & Development Department Pacific Gas and Electric Company San Ramon, CA 94583 L J. Muzio T. A. Montgomery G. C. Quartucy T. D. Martz Fossil Energy Research Corporation Laguna Hills, CA 92653 ------- WIDENING THE UREA TEMPERATURE WINDOW ABSTRACT The results of laboratory tests to widen the effective temperature range while, at the same time, minimizing byproduct emissions for the urea injection SNCR process are described. Data are presented showing the effect of a number of additives (methane, combination of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ethylene glycol, HMTA, and furfural) and initial NOX level (125 and 250 ppm) on NOX removal efficiency and byproduct emissions (NH3, CO, N2O) as a function of temperature. Several new phenomenon not previously observed are described. Of particular interest is the strong effect of CO on N2O emissions during urea injection. In addition, many additives were found to improve NO reduction but not NOX reduction. In these cases, the presence of additives converted the NO initially present to NO2 and/or N2O. 6A-23 ------- WIDENING THE UREA TEMPERATURE WINDOW INTRODUCTION A variety of technologies is available to control NOX emissions from fossil power plants. One attractive option is selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) with urea (1_). However, the SNCR process, which has many attractive features, does have several disadvantages. One drawback is the relatively narrow temperature "window" over which the process is effective. Another potential disadvantage is the emission, at least under some operating conditions, of undesirable byproducts such as NH3 or CO. These issues become even more important for units which are cycled frequently or use multiple fuels-which is the case for many fossil plants. Results of a series of laboratory tests to address the issues noted above through the use of additives to the basic urea injection process are described in the sections which follow. The effects of additive type, additive concentration and initial NOX level on NOX removal and byproduct emissions as a function of temperature are presented. PROCESS DESCRIPTION Conceptually, the SNCR process with urea is quite simple. An aqueous solution of urea is injected into, and mixed with, the flue gas at the correct temperature. After the mixing has been completed, the urea then reacts selectively to remove the NOX. In practical applications, however, the process (and the equipment required) can be much more complicated. Non-uniformities in velocity, temperature, and NOX concentration at the point of injection, along with the variation in the physical location of the effective process temperature range within the boiler, depend on various operating factors including load, type of fuel fired, and length of time on a particular fuel. These factors often lead to multiple levels of injection and/or use of additives to accommodate the shifts in temperature. 6A-24 ------- PILOT SCALE TEST FACILITY A schematic of the pilot-scale facility used for these tests is shown in Figure 1. The pilot scale combustor fires natural gas, doped with NH3 to control the initial NOX level. The combustor and test section are refractory lined with the test section being 15 cm in diameter and 240 cm long. At the firing rates used for these tests, the residence time in the test section is nominally 0.5 seconds, while the temperature drop along the test section is nominally 250°C/sec (450°F/sec). The SNCR solutions were injected into the combustion products at the combustor throat through a small air assist atomizer, above the test section. The atomizer was fabricated into a water cooled holder. The atomizer was located at the center of the throat with the spray directed downward (i.e., co-flowing with the combustion products). The solutions were pumped with variable speed peristaltic pumps and metered with rotameters. In order to maintain a constant thermal environment in the test section, the total amount of liquid injection was held constant at nominally 1 liter/hr. By diluting a concentrated urea (or other SNCR chemical) solution with distilled water, the amount of chemical reagent was varied while a total liquid flow rate of 1 liter/hr was maintained. Gas samples were taken at the exit of the combustor with a water-cooled probe and transported to a series of gas analyzers (NO/NOX, N2O, CO, CO2, and O2). The continuous measurement of N2O was made using an NDIR based technique (2). NH3 was measured using a selective ion electrode technique. The pilot-scale tests investigated the effect of temperature, additives, chemical injection rate, and initial NOX concentration on NOX removal efficiency and byproduct emissions (specifically NH3, CO, and N20). RESULTS During this study, experiments were carried out at initial NOX levels of 125 ppm and 250 ppm and ISI/NO, molar ratios of 1 and 2. For brevity, most of the results shown in this paper will be from the tests at an initial NOX level of 125 ppm. Results at 250 ppm will be shown for situations where the effect of the SNCR chemical, or additive, exhibits different behavior from that observed at the 125 ppm level. Baseline Performance of Urea - No Additive To establish a reference for comparison of results from the various additives, a series of baseline tests were performed using urea alone. The baseline NOX removal and byproduct emission results over 6A-25 ------- BURNER FLOW SYSTEM 7 It 34 lorn COMBUSTION ANDCOOL1NOSECIION EIOMT CONCENTRIC COOLINQ PROBE |_ PORTS ^ r~ 0X3 AND SOLID INJECTION PORT L_ ' .- h. \ r cm ADDITIVE IHJECTION SECTION "•-IT r i L I THERMOCOUPLE (_| PORT ^ !~ I LJ Dem TEST SECTION LJ LI LI r i LI n BURNER I 1 J I1- | Horn ------- the temperature range investigated for initial NOX levels of 125 and 250 ppm and a urea injection rate corresponding to molar ratios of nitrogen to NOX (N/NOX) of 1 and 2 are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 shows the results for an initial NOX level of 125 ppm. Figure 3 shows the same data but for an initial NOX level of 250 ppm. The narrow effective process temperature range for NOX removal can be clearly seen in both figures, as can the increasing levels of NH3 and CO byproducts as temperature is decreased. Also shown are byproduct levels of N2O produced by the process at the test conditions. Other investigators have also noted N2O byproducts associated with urea injection (3). Carbon Monoxide Additive A review of the general combustion chemistry literature showed that CO was a potential compound that could alter the temperature dependence of the urea injection process. This behavior was also suggested by the data of reference 4 showing the effect of CO at high concentrations (8000 ppm CO) on NOX removal. While the use of CO to modify the urea temperature window in power plant boilers presents several difficult practical application issues, it was felt important to address the effect of CO since all combustion devices emit some level of CO. For the data discussed below, the CO additive was introduced by injecting it with the atomizing air. NO. Removal Temperature Dependance. Figure 4 shows the effect of CO on NOX removal as a function of temperature at an initial NOX level of 125 ppm and N/NOX ratio of 2. This figure shows several interesting features: • CO, even in relatively low amounts, has a significant impact on the NOX removal efficiency at a given temperature. As CO levels are increased, the NOX removal versus temperature dependence shifts to a lower temperature regime. Figure 4 shows that, increasing the CO levels from O ppm to 1000 ppm shifts the peak NOX removal temperature about 200°F lower. • As CO levels increase, the effective process temperature range is broadened. For the conditions of Figure 4 when CO is in the 500-1000 ppm range, the window appears to be broadened by about 100°F. • Increasing CO also lowers the peak level of NOX removal possible. Figure 4 shows that peak NOX removal decreases from about 55% to 45-50% as CO increases from 0 ppm to 500 ppm; it further decreases to about 45% as CO is increased to 1000 ppm. Similar behavior is noted for the other conditions investigated. CO Byproduct Emissions. The final CO levels resulting from addition of CO to the urea process are shown in Figure 5. As can be seen, at the lowest temperature evaluated, 1470°F, CO emissions increase as the initial amount of CO addition is increased. However, for temperatures at or above 1600-1650°F, final CO levels are practically independent of the amount of CO added. 6A-27 ------- E*. Q- c LU O 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 NH3 ANOx (a) N/NOX = 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 Temperature, °F (b) N/NO, = 2 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 Temperature, °F Figure 2. NOX Reduction and Byproduct Emissions with Urea Injection (Initial NOX = 125 ppm) 6A-28 ------- E °: o. c o. g w "- 'E x UJO 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 - 0.5XNII3 ANOx (a) N/NO, = 1 0 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 Temperature, °F . Q- c CL g 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 Temperature, °F (b) N/NO. = 2 Figure 3. NO, Reduction and Byproduct Emissions with Urea Injection (Initial NOX = 250 ppm) 6A-29 ------- "O ------- NH, Byproduct Emissions. Since minimum unreacted NH3 from the SNCR process is desirable both from an environmental, as well as boiler impact standpoint, measurements of the byproduct NH3 were made. Figure 6 shows the results of these measurements for an initial NOX level of 125 ppm and N/NOX ratio of 2. As expected, NH3 emissions decrease as temperature increases. However, NH3 levels at any given temperature, were found to decrease significantly as CO levels increased. N;O Byproduct Emissions. The most interesting influence of CO on the urea injection process was on the N2O byproduct characteristics (Figure 7). The effect of CO on N2O is strongly temperature dependent. At higher temperatures (approximately 1900°F and above), N2O levels tend to merge to a similar low level for all combinations of CO, initial NOX and N/NOX. At these high temperatures, N2O tends to decrease rapidly to very low levels as temperature is increased. However, at the lower temperatures investigated (1500-1600°F), a very different behavior can be seen; N2O levels increase with increasing CO levels. For example, at an initial NOX of 125 ppm and N/NOX = 2, N2O increases from about 10 ppm to 35 ppm as CO is increased from 0 ppm to 1000 ppm. Although not shown, N2O emissions at these lower temperatures also increase as the amount of urea (i.e. N/NOJ and initial level of NOX increase. At the highest initial NOX (250 ppm),N/NOx (2), and CO (2000 ppm) levels investigated, N2O concentrations approach 100 ppm. At the intermediate temperatures (between 1500°F and 1900°F), there is a transition from the low temperature behavior to the high temperature behavior. At the lower CO levels, increasing temperatures first produce an increase in N2O then a decrease as temperature is increased, with an obvious maximum in the N2O as a function of temperature. At higher CO levels, N2O initially remains relatively constant as temperature increases, then drops off abruptly. Implications. There are several important practical implications regarding the influence of CO on the urea injection process, in particular the N20 characteristics. First, to minimize N2O production in the urea injection process it is important to maintain low CO levels. Second, when using urea injection, a "coupling" between the combustion process and the urea injection process can occur, i.e. CO produced in the burner region influences the SNCR performance. This may be especially true for low NOX burner systems where, as is well known, there are frequently trade-offs between the NOX reduction and CO levels. Lastly, the effect of CO on N2O formation may explain some of the differences in N2O levels reported by various researchers at a recent workshop on N2O (5). 6A-31 ------- E Q. Q. CO 250 200 150 100 50 0 CO Addition A 0 ppm A 65 ppm * 125 ppm 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 Temperature, °F e a 0 CJ Figure 6. Effect of CO Additive with Urea on Byproduct NH3 Emissions (Initial NOX = 125 ppm; N/NOX = 2) so 1—. r CO addition O 0 ppm • 500 ppm n 1 ooo ppm 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 Temperature, °F Figure 7. Effect of CO Additive with Urea on Byproduct N2O Emissions (Initial NOX = 125 ppm; N/NOX = 2) 6A-32 ------- Methane - Additive Methane (CH4) was also investigated as a potential additive to alter the urea/NOx removal temperature dependance. The results shown are for tests conducted at 1600°F, N/NOX = 2, initial NOX levels of 125 ppm and 250 ppm, and CH4/NOX molar ratios of 0, 0.5 and 1. Figures 8 and 9 show the results. For the initial NOX levels investigated, both NO and NOX (NO+NO2) levels decrease with the addition of urea alone. However, when methane is added, while the NO levels continue to decrease for both initial NOX levels, the effect on NOX differs. At an initial NOX level of 250 ppm, NOX levels continue to decrease with the addition of CH4. However, at the lower initial NOX level of 125 ppm, while NO levels decrease with CH4 addition, NOX levels remain constant. At this lower initial NOX level, the effect of the CH4 is to oxidize NO to NO2, rather than to enhance the SNCR process. The effect of methane additive with urea on N2O emissions is also included in Figures 8 and 9. At both initial NOX levels, methane promotes the formation of N2O as a byproduct; the N2O levels increase with increasing amounts of CH4. Efforts to explain the significantly different behavior between the two initial NOX cases have to date been unsuccessful. The possibility of hydrocarbon interference with the N2O measurements, which is known to occur for the instrument used, was considered but could not explain the results observed. Multiple Additives NOV Removal Efficiency. A Japanese patent (6) identifies multiple hydrocarbon additives used with urea to broaden the temperature window. A specific example was presented for the following conditions: urea at N/NOX = 4; initial NOX = 990 ppm; temperature = HOOT; and additives consisting of ethylene glycol, propane and carbon. Without the additives (i.e. urea only) the NOX reduction, as expected, was low, under 10%. With the additives, the NOX reduction was increased to almost 75%. A series of tests were performed to verify the performance of the multiple additives under the following conditions: initial NOX = 790 ppm; temperature of 1400°F; N/NOX = 4; ethylene glycol/urea concentration of 9.5%; propane to urea of 57%; and carbon/urea of 33%. All concentration ratios are on a molar basis. The tests were conducted sequentially to evaluate the individual, as well as combined, effect. The results are shown in Figure 10. As can be seen in Figure 10, the addition of glycol resulted in an increase of NOX removal from about 10% with urea only to about 20%. Addition of propane increased the NOX removal to almost 55%. 6A-33 ------- 150 Q- Q. O C\J CM O O Initial NO + NO2 + N20 NO + NO2 Urea Urea + 0.5 ChM/Uiea Urea + 1.0 CH4/Urea Figure 8. Effect of Methane Additive with Urea Injection on NO, NO2, and N2O (Temperature = 1600°F; Initial NOX = 125 ppm; N/NOX = 2) 300 Initial NO + NO2 + N2O NO + NO2 ND Urea Urea+ Urea + 0.5 CH4/Urea 1.0 CH4/Urea Figure 9. Effect of Methane Additive with Urea Injection on NO, NO2 and N2O (Temperature = 1600°F; Initial NOX = 250 ppm; N/NOX = 2) 6A-34 ------- I I DC o 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Urea + Glycol + Propane + Carbon Urea +Glycol + Propane Urea +Glycol +Propane + Carbon - D %ANO M %ANOx (Reference 6) Present Tests Figure 10. Effect of Multiple Additives on NOX Reduciton with Urea o TJ 03 cc. x O 25 20 15 10 Urea + Glycol + Propane Urea Urea + Glycol Urea f Glycol + Methane %ANOx Figure 11. Effect of Multiple Additives on NOX Reduction with Urea (Temperature = 1400°F; Initial NOX = 760 ppm; N/NOX = 1) 6A-35 ------- Further addition of the carbon actually resulted in a small deterioration in NOX removal. While the 55% removal did not quite match the 75% value cited in the patent, the results were sufficiently encouraging that additional tests were conducted. The next series of tests were done under nominally the same conditions as above (initial NOX of 755 ppm; temperature of 1400°F; ethylene glycol/urea of 9.9%; propane/urea of 60%), but at a lower N/NOX ratio of 1.0. Results of these tests are shown in Figure 11. No improvements in NOX removal were noted for the case of glycol-only addition. NOX removal increased to about 15% for the glycol plus propane case. No change was seen in NOX removal when methane was substituted for propane. It should also be noted that, in the urea plus glycol plus propane, or methane, cases, the NOX removal was significantly lower than the NO removal. The final series of tests considered the multiple additive concept at conditions of greatest practical interest: temperature of 1600°F; initial NOX levels of 125 ppm and 250 ppm; N/NOX of 2; CH4/NOX values of 0, 0.5, 1; ethylene glycol/urea of 10%. The results of these tests are shown in Figures 12 and 13. At 125 ppm initial NOX (Figure 12), little benefit of the multiple additives was observed. Some improvement in the NO removal was noted for glycol addition alone. Very little NOX removal improvement was noted. As discussed previously, no effect of methane on either NOX or NO removal was observed other than to increase N20 emissions. A case where methanol was substituted for glycol at a methanol/urea of 10% was investigated and yielded virtually identical results. Contrary to the general lack of improvement in NOX performance at 125 ppm, meaningful improvement in NOX (and NO) removal was observed when glycol was added, and/or when CH4 was added at a higher initial NOX level of 250 ppm (Figure 13). As will be seen in the next section, NO2 and N2O formation from the initial NO explains at least a portion of the difference between the NOX and NO removal levels. NO0/N0O Characteristics. Data summarizing the NO2 and N2O characteristics of the multiple additive concept are summarized in Table 1. 6A-36 ------- E o n_ 6 (M C\J O z: o" 150 125 - 100 - Additive: Elhylene Glycol NO + NO2 + N2O NO i NO2 Utea N/NO (molar) E. Glycol/Urea (molar) CH4/Urea (molar) Initial 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urea 2.0 0.0 0.0 Urea/Add. Urea/Add. Urea/Add. 2.0 0.1 0.0 2.0 0.1 0.5 2.0 0.1 1.0 Figure 12. Effect of Multiple Additives (Ethylene Glycol and Methane) on NO, Reduction with Urea (Temperature = 1600°F; Initial NOX = 125 ppm; N/NOX = 2) 300 NO + NO2 + N2O Additive: Elhylene Glycol | Urea N/NO (molar) E.Glycol/Urea (molar) CH4/Urea (molar) Initial 0.0 0.0 0.0 Uiea 2.0 0.0 0.0 Urea/Add. Urea/Add. Urea/Add. 2.0 0.1 0.0 2.0 0.1 0.5 2.0 0.1 1.0 Figure 13. Effect of Multiple Additives (Ethylene Glycol and Methane) on NOX Reduction with Urea (Temperature = 1600°F; Initial NOX = 250 ppm; N/NOX = 2) 6A-37 ------- Table 1 NO2 AND N2O MULTIPLE ADDITIVES T = 1600°F N/NO = 2 Ethylene Glycol/Urea = 10% Initial NO. ppm 125 125 125 250 250 250 CHAlrea molar 0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1 Final NO, egm 19 24 25 33 37 31 N^O ppm 13 21 28 26 42 63 N,O + NO, ppm 32 45 53 59 79 94 Although not shown, virtually identical data were collected for methanol under the same test conditions. As can be seen, a portion of the original NO appears in the products as NO2 and N2O. NO2 levels were roughly in proportion to the initial NOX levels and tended to increase as the CH4/urea increased. Likewise, N20 increased approximately in proportion to the initial NOX and as CH4/urea was increased. HMTA/Furfural Additives A review of the patent literature also indicated that the addition of hexamethylenetetramine, C6H12N4 (HMTA), and furfural (C5H4O2) to urea results in a broadening of the effective process temperature range for NOX reduction (7,8,9). A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of these compounds. The tests evaluated HMTA addition alone and in combination with furfural. A temperature of 1650°F was used for these tests. The quantity of additives used in the tests was estimated based on the data contained in References 7-9. Test conditions were as follows: initial NOX level of 250 ppm; HMTA/urea of 0.2; furfural/urea of 3.65 (all on a molar basis). Results of these tests are shown in Figure 14. Examination of Figure 14 shows that the addition of HMTA alone, or the HMTA/furfural mixture, led to a meaningful improvement in both NO and NOX removal. However, the improvement in NOX is considerably lower than the improvement for NO removal. Evaluation of the final NO2 levels (Table 6A-38 ------- cc X O 50 40 30 20 10 Urea Alone HMTA HMTA/Furfural Addition Addition Urea Alone D %ANO M %ANOX N/NO = 1.0 N/NO = 1.0 N/NO = 1.0 N/NO = 2.0 Urea Alone N/NO = 1.0 N/NO = 1.8 N/NO =1.8 N/NO = 2.0 Urea and Additive Figure 14. Effect of HMTA and Furfural on NO and NOX Reduction with Urea (Temperature = 1650°F; Initial NOX = 250 ppm) 6A-39 ------- 2) showed that a portion of the initial NO was being oxidized to NO2. Unfortunately, data for N2O was not collected during this test series, so a more complete assessment of the impact of HMTA/furfural on byproducts could not be done. Table 2 NO2 LEVELS WITH HMT A/FURFURAL ADDITIVE HMTA/Urea (Molar) 0.2 0.2 Temperature = Furfural/HMTA (Molar) 0 3.65 1650°F Urea/NOx = 1 Initial NO, (ppm) 15 15 Final NO, (ppm) 60 58 Since the nitrogen in the HMTA increases the effective N/NOX ratio from 1 to 1.8, Figure 14 also shows the NOX removal expected for the urea only case at N/NOX = 2. This allows an alternative comparison of the behavior of HMTA since one alternative to the use of HMTA additives would be to increase the N/NOX by increasing the amount of urea injected in place of adding the HMTA. As can be seen, increasing the amount of urea injected provided a comparable degree of NOX removal when compared to HMTA, or HMTA/furfural addition. Future Research Continuation of efforts to find additives or alternative reducing agents to improve the SNCR process will be pursued in the future. In addition, a series of tests to evaluate the effect of CO additive with NH3 as a reducing agent will be conducted and compared to the urea plus CO additive results. CONCLUSIONS A number of unexpected results were observed when testing various additives to the urea injection process: CO shifts and broadens the temperature window even at low CO levels; in addition, significant changes in the byproduct emissions, especially for N2O, occur. 6A-40 ------- CH4 exhibits markedly different NOX and NO removal behavior depending on the initial NOX level. Reasons for this behavior are not understood. CH4 addition also leads to the conversion of NO to NO2 (oxidation) and the formation of N2O. As with CH4, the use of multiple hydrocarbon additives leads to different NOX and NO removal behavior, depending on the initial NOX level. The use of multiple additives also leads to the conversion of a portion of the initial NO to NO2 and N2O. The HMTA and furfural additives lead to the conversion of NO to N02. As a result, NO removal improves to a greater extent than the NO,, removal. Further, it appears that the improvement in NOX reduction can be attributed to the increased N/NOX injection ratio that results from the addition of HMTA. In addition to the specific conclusions reached above for the individual additives, overall examination of the results indicates a more general conclusion: The chemistry involved in urea NOX removal is more complex than previously thought. As a result, when considering employment of the process to a specific application, careful consideration of the initial NOX level and the levels of trace combustion product species, including hydrocarbons and CO, is required. 6A-41 ------- REFERENCES 1. Arand, J. K., Muzio, L. J., Setter, J. G., U.S. Patent 4.208.386. June 17, 1980. 2. Montgomery, T. A., et al, "Continuous Infrared Analysis of N2O in Combustion Products", JAPCA Vol. 39, No. 5, May 1989. 3. Jodal, et al, "Pilot Scale Experiments with Ammonia and Urea as Reductants in Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide", 23rd International Symposium on Combustion, Orleans, France, July 1990. 4. Siebers, D. L. and Caton, J. A., "Removal of Nitric Oxide from Exhaust Gas with Cyanuric Acid", Paper No. WSS/CI88-66, 1988 Fall Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Dana Point, California, October 1988. 5. Second European Workshop on N2O Emissions, Lisbon, Portugal, June 1990. 6. Kuze, T., et al, Japanese Patent 53128023, November 8, 1978. 7. Bowers, E. B., U.S. Patent 4,751.065, June 14, 1988. 8. Epperly, R. E. and Sullivan, J. C., U.S. Patent 4,770.863. September 1988. 9. Epperly, W. R., O'Leary, J. H., Sullivan, J. C., U.S. Patent 4.780,289. October 25, 1988. 6A-42 ------- CATALYTIC FABRIC FILTRATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS NOx AND PARTICULATE CONTROL Greg F. Weber and Dennis L. Laudal Energy and Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota Box 8213, University Station Grand Forks, ND 58202 Patrick F. Aubourg and Marie Kalinowski Owens-Corning Fiberglass P.O. Box 415 Granville, OH 43023-0415 Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94303 ------- CATALYTIC FABRIC FILTRATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS NO. AND PARTICULATE CONTROL Greg F. Weber and Dennis L. Laudal Energy and Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota Box 8213, University Station Grand Forks, ND 58202 Patrick F. Aubourg and Marie Kalinowski Owens-Corning Fiberglas P.O. Box 415 Granville, OH 43023-0415 Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94303 ABSTRACT The Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC) at the University of North Dakota (UNO) has been working with Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation (OCF) for several years evaluating Catalytic Fabric Filtration for simultaneous NOX and particulate control. Early work sponsored by OCF was presented at the 1989 EPRI/EPA NOX Symposium. Since April 1988, the U.S. DOE Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) has funded development activities at the EERC, with OCF providing catalyst-coated fabric samples for testing. The work has involved evaluating samples (1 ft2) of catalyst-coated fabric prepared by OCF using actual flue gas from the combustion of pulverized coal. Dependent variables included air-to-cloth ratio, ammonia/NO,, molar ratio, and coal type (bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite). Flue gas temperature was maintained at 650°±25°F. Resulting NOX removal efficiency and ammonia slip varied significantly with air-to-cloth ratio. As the air-to-cloth-ratio increased from 2 to 6 ft/min, NOX reduction decreased from 85-95% to less than 70% with corresponding ammonia slip values ranging from 5 ppm to 360 ppm. For the short-term (8-hour) tests completed, the four coals tested did not appear to have a significant effect on catalyst-coated fabric performance. Bench-scale tests have demonstrated that 90% NOX reduction can be achieved with an ammonia slip of <5 ppm. 6A-45 ------- CATALYTIC FABRIC FILTRATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS NOX AND PARTICULATE CONTROL INTRODUCTION i BACKGROUND In 1990, the first major reauthorization of the Clean Air Act since 1970 was enacted by Congress and signed into law by the President of the United States. Although S02 emissions are still the primary focus of acid rain control, studies in Europe and the United States investigating the role of NOX in acid rain formation and ozone chemistry have resulted in NOX control being an important component of the new Clean Air Act (1,2). Specifically, the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require a two million-ton reduction in NOX emissions by January 1, 1995. Expectations are that NOX emissions will be regulated more strictly at the local level (state and local regulatory agencies) than as currently addressed under the reauthorized Clean Air Act. Therefore, technology capable of achieving higher levels of NOX control than those demonstrated by low NOX burners must be developed. For the past six years, the Energy and Environmental Research Center (EERC), using fabrics developed by Owens-Corning Fiberglas (OCF), has pursued the development of the catalytic fabric filtration concept as an advanced NOX control technology. The overall objective of the project is to evaluate the potential of a catalytic fabric filter for simultaneous NO, and particulate control. Specific goals include the following: • 90% NOX removal efficiency with <25 ppm ammonia slip. • A particulate removal efficiency of >99.5%. • A bag/catalyst life of >1 year. • A 20% cost savings over conventional baghouse and SCR control technology. • Compatibility with S02 removal systems. • A nonhazardous waste material. Even though promising results were obtained in the early bench-scale work funded by OCF, a continued effort was needed to further develop the product that would give the best combination of high NO, removal capability, low ammonia slip, high particulate removal efficiency, and long catalyst/bag life. Specific activities have progressed from bench-scale experiments using simulated flue gas (Task A) and flue gas from a pc-fired source (Task B) to pilot-scale experiments with catalyst-coated bags. Specific parametric and fabric-screening tests using simulated flue gas (Task A) were conducted in which the fabric weave, coating composition, and coating process were adjusted to develop acceptable fabrics for further testing. Task B, which is the focus of this paper, involved the testing of ten catalyst-coated fabric samples developed by OCF using a 6A-46 ------- slipstream of flue gas from EERC's Participate Test Combustor (PTC). Based on the results of these bench-scale experiments, tests with catalyst-coated filter bags are scheduled to begin in the summer of 1991. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The purpose of Task B was to further evaluate catalyst-coated fabric samples in the presence of flue gas generated during pulverized coal combustion. This was considered necessary to begin evaluating the potential effects of fly ash on catalytic performance: specifically, the effects of submicron particles, volatile species, and trace elements that could not be addressed using synthetic flue gas. Ten catalyst-coated fabric samples (Fabrics #2, #3, #4, #5, #7, #13, #14, #15, #17, and #18) developed by OCF were selected for testing. The criteria for selecting these fabric samples for further evaluation were high NOX removal efficiency and/or low ammonia slip, based on Task A results. Detailed descriptions of eight catalyst-coated fabric samples were presented in a previous report (3). Fabrics #17 and #18 were catalyst-coated fabric samples recently developed by OCF. Fabric #17 was similar to previously tested Fabric #2, except that a different vanadium source was used to prepare the coating, and modifications were made to increase the surface area. The catalyst coated on Fabric #18 was a new iron-based catalyst. Iron compounds have been shown to be effective catalysts for reducing NOX (4). In addition, it may broaden the temperature window for the NOX reduction reactions. Four coals were selected for Task B testing, a medium-sulfur washed Illinois #6 bituminous (the baseline coal), a high-sulfur Pyro Kentucky bituminous, a Jacobs Ranch subbituminous, and a South Hallsville, Texas, lignite. Each of the ten fabrics was tested with the washed Illinois #6 bituminous coal at air-to-cloth ratios of 2, 3, 4, and 6 ft/min. Ammonia slip and S03 measurements were made at each air-to-cloth ratio. The ammonia/NOx molar ratio was to be held constant at 0.9; however, due to an error in calculating an orifice coefficient, several tests were conducted at an ammonia/NOx molar ratio of 1.1. Cloth weight in all instances was 14 ounces per square yard. Based on the results of the first eight fabric-screening tests, two fabric samples, #2 and #13, were selected to be tested using the remaining three coals. For the first 6 hours of the test, the air-to-cloth ratio was held constant at 3 ft/min. However, near the end of each test, the air-to-cloth ratio was adjusted to 2 ft/min for 1 hour and then 4 ft/min for 1 hour. The ammonia/NOx molar ratio was held constant at 0.9. The slipstream sample system used to perform the tests is shown in Figure 1. The results of the Task B fabric-screening tests are presented in Table 1. These results are consistent with the values reported for Task A. As expected, there was a marked decrease in NOX removal efficiency with increased air-to-cloth ratio. An example of this is shown in Figure 2. Although there was some variability in the operation of the combustion system, NOX removal efficiency was relatively constant with time. Fabric #2 appeared to have demonstrated the best overall performance of the first eight fabric samples tested, with respect to high NOX removal and low ammonia slip. 6A-47 ------- The results for Fabric #17, with the new vanadium source, compared favorably to Fabric #2, which is similar in all other respects. The two fabrics are compared directly in Figure 3. As can be seen, with the exception of the ammonia slip at an air-to-cloth ratio of 2 ft/min, the results are very similar. Figure 4 shows the actual ammonia/NOx molar ratio as a function of time for Fabric #17. As is shown in the figure, the ammonia/NOx molar ratio averaged about 0.95 for the test at an air-to-cloth ratio of 2.2 ft/min. This may have been the reason for the higher ammonia slip at the lowest air-to-cloth ratio. Figure 4 data are typical of the variability in ammonia/NOx molar ratio for all the tests. For Fabric #18, the results did not seem to be very impressive (an NOX removal efficiency of 64% at an air-to-cloth ratio of 2 ft/min); however, this is promising, as the coating process for iron has not been optimized. As stated earlier, iron presents several potential advantages over vanadium; however, further development by OCF will be necessary to improve its performance. From the fabric-screening data, the maximum air-to-cloth ratio that can be used and still obtain >85% NOX removal efficiency is 3 ft/min, which is consistent with the bench-scale results using simulated flue gas (Task A). For all the catalyst- coated fabric samples, there was a marked decrease in catalytic performance at air-to-cloth ratios of 4 and 6 ft/min. Following completion of the first eight fabric-screening tests, fabric samples #2 and #13 were chosen to test the effects of coal type on fabric performance. Both fabrics were tested using the three remaining coals: South Hallsville, Texas, lignite; Jacobs Ranch subbituminous; and a Pyro Kentucky bituminous at an air-to- cloth ratio of 3 ft/min, ammonia/NOx molar ratio of 0.9, and temperature of 650°F. Table 2 summarizes the results from these tests as well as data from the previous screening tests using the washed Illinois #6 bituminous coal. The data are also represented graphically in Figures 5 and 6. From the data, it appears that NOX removal efficiency with Fabric #2 was similar (85% to 90%) for three of the four coals fired in the pilot-scale combustor. The exception was observed when firing the South Hallsville, Texas, lignite. Although an obvious explanation of this result (80% NOX removal efficiency and 121 ppm ammonia slip) is not apparent, EERC believes that the filtration characteristics of the South Hallsville fly ash may have contributed to the observed result. Specifically South Hallsville, Texas, lignite is known to produce an ash that is difficult to collect in a fabric filter (5). A large number of pinholes were present in the dust cake at the conclusion of the test. Pinholes may result in localized areas of very high air-to-cloth ratios which, depending on the number and size of the pinholes, can limit contact between the flue gas and the catalyst, resulting in decreased NOX removal efficiency and increased ammonia slip. For Fabric #13, the results using South Hallsville, Texas, lignite were more successful, as excessive pinholing did not occur. Although the NO^ removal efficiency was somewhat lower, about 83% compared to 86% and 90% for the Jacobs Ranch and Illinois #6 coals, respectively, the data is not conclusive. Therefore, the effect of coal type, if any, on catalyst-coated fabric performance has not yet been determined. The results using the Pyro Kentucky bituminous coal with Fabric #13 are suspect due to an upset in the pilot-scale combustion system. 6A-48 ------- Excessive slagging resulted in an unstable flame in the burner, causing an early shutdown of the test. Table 3 presents surface area and catalyst data for each of the catalyst-coated fabric samples tested. Both were measured prior to exposure to the flue gas and after completion of the reactivity tests. In all cases, there was a substantial decrease in surface area after exposure to flue gas. But, for most of the fabric samples tested, the catalyst concentration decreased only slightly or remained constant with exposure to flue gas. However, this indicates that the decrease in surface area is not due to sluffing of the catalyst from the fabric surface. The decrease in surface area may be due to a slight sintering effect, possible plugging of the surface pores by submicron aerosols or fly ash particles, or due to residual carbon burnout in the coatings. The initial BET surface area for both Fabrics #17 and #18 was higher than previous fabrics. However, the surface area for Fabric #17 after exposure to flue gas (which gave results very similar to Fabric #2) decreased to a level that was essentially the same as that observed for Fabric #2. For Fabric #18 (iron catalyst), there seems to have been almost a complete collapse of surface area. The reason for this is not known at this time; however, it was speculated by OCF that there may be some temperature effects. Figure 7 shows the NOX removal efficiency as a function of the surface area after exposure to flue gas. One surface area point does not fit the curve. This data point represents Fabric #7, and a final determination concerning its validity has not been made. Fabric #7 may be tested again during upcoming pilot-scale activities. Although other factors such as weave texturization may also be important, the figure shows that NOX removal efficiency is directly proportional to the surface area. Based on this data, the minimum BET surface area needed to achieve 85% NO, removal efficiency at an air-to-cloth ratio of 3 ft/min is about 4-5 m2/g. For Fabrics #17 and #18, N20 was measured at the inlet and outlet of the catalyst- coated fabric. The measurements are shown in Table 4. Within the limits of the instrument, the table shows that there is no apparent conversion of NOX to N20 across the catalyst-coated fabric. Downstream N20 values ranged from 4 to 6 ppm. This is consistent with results presented by other researchers (6,7) for a pulverized coal-fired boiler. Additional measurements will be made when pilot- scale bag tests begin. 6A-49 ------- CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of Task B testing, several conclusions can be made. 1. There was a substantial decrease in NOX removal efficiency with increased air-to-cloth ratio for all the catalyst-coated fabric samples tested. It appears that for the 14 ounce per square yard fabric samples tested, in the bench-scale system, the maximum air-to-cloth ratio at which 85%-90% NOX removal can be achieved is 3 ft/min. 2. Although there was some variability in the data, the NO, removal efficiency appeared to be constant with time over the short (eight hours) duration of these tests. 3. Of the fabric samples tested, Fabrics #2 and #17 appear to provide the best performance with respect to NOX removal efficiency and ammonia slip. 4. Although three of the coals, the two bituminous coals and the subbituminous coal, resulted in similar catalyst-coated fabric performance, there appeared to be a reduction in NOX removal efficiency for the South Hallsville, Texas, lignite. This may have been a result of pinhole formation. 5. When the catalyst-coated fabric is exposed to flue gas, there is a decrease in the total surface area. A minimum BET surface area after exposure to flue gas of 4 to 5 m2/g is necessary to provide good catalyst- coated fabric performance. Therefore, in order to improve performance, it would be beneficial to increase the surface area of the catalyst or the catalyst-coated fabric. 6. There does not seem to be any decrease in catalyst-coated fabric performance using the new vanadium source. Although the NOX removal efficiency using the iron catalyst is relatively low, it does show promise, as the coating process for the iron catalyst has not been optimized. 7. For these initial tests, there is no apparent conversion of NOX to N20 across the catalyst-coated fabric. REFERENCES 1. Hjalmarsson, A.K.; Vernon, J. "Policies for NO, Control in Europe," Presented at: 1989 EPRI/EPA Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, San Francisco, CA, March 1989. 2. Bruck, R.I. "Boreal Montane Ecosystem Decline in Central Europe and the Eastern United States: Potential Role of Anthropogenic Pollution with Emphasis on Nitrogen Compounds," Presented at 1985 EPRI/EPA Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, Boston, MA, May 1985. 6A-50 ------- 3. Weber, G.F.; Laudal, D.L. "Final Technical Project Report for April 1988 through June 1989 for Flue Gas Cleanup," Work performed under DOE Contract No. DE-FC21-86MC10637, Grand Forks, ND, November 1989. 4. Kato, A.; Matsuda, S.; Nakajima, M.I.; Watanabe, Y. "Reduction of Nitric Oxide on Iron Oxide-Titanium Oxide Catalyst," Journal of Physical Chemistry 1981, 85, (12), 1710-1713. 5. Miller, S.J.; Laudal, D.L. "Flue Gas Conditioning for Improved Fine Particle Capture in Fabric Filters: Comparative Technical and Economic Assessment," Vol II. Advanced Research and Technology Development, Low- Rank Coal Research Final Report, Work performed under DOE Contract No. DE-FC21-86MC10637, Grand Forks, ND, 1987, Vol. III. 6. Aho, M.J.; Rantanen, J.T.; Linna, V.L. "Formation and Destruction of Nitrous Oxide in Pulverized Fuel Combustion Environments between 750° and 970°C," Fuel 1990, 29, 957-1005. 7. Kokkinos, A. "Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Emissions," EPRI Journal 1990, April/May, 36-39. 6A-51 ------- Thermocouples To Baghouse To Gas Pump and Dry Gas Meter To Sample Conditioner for Flue Gas Analysis Figure 1. Slipstream Sample System 100 ^ 90- >^80- c CD 70- ]------- Fabric *2 •Fabric #17 A/C = 2 ft/min A/C = 3 tt/min A/C = 4 ft/min A/C = 6 ft/min NH3/NOx Molar Ratio = 0.9 Figure 3. Comparison of the NOX Removal Efficiency as a Function of Air-to-Cloth Ratio for Fabrics #2 and #17 CO DC _00 O o o .A/C..= .3.ft/m.in A/C.=_2.,2.ft/m|n 700 800 900 Time (min) Figure 4. Ammonia/N0x Molar Ratio as a Function of Time for Fabric #17 6A-53 ------- Fabric #2 Air-to-Cloth Ratio (ft/min) Illinois #6 Jacobs Ranch Pyro Kentucky South Hallsville NH3/NOx Molar Ratio = 0.9 Figure 5. Comparison of the Catalytic Performance Using Four Different Coals for Fabric #2 Fabric #13 Air-to-Cloth Ratio (ft/min) • 2 ^ 3 |gg 4 o c CD 'o it= LJJ "ro O E ------- 10 2 - 50 60 Air-to-Cloth Ratio = 3 ift/min NH3/NOx Molar Ratio = 0.9 70 80 90 100 NO Removal Efficiency (%) Figure 7. NOX Removal Efficiency as a Function of Catalyst-Coated Fabric Surface Area after Exposure to Flue Gas 6A-55 ------- Table 1 RESULTS FROM TASK B — BENCH-SCALE FABRIC-SCREENING TESTS "b Fabric No. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 A/C Ratio fft/min) 2 3 4 4.5 2 3 4 6 2 4 6 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 6 2.2 3 4 5.5 2 3 4 6 NH3/NO, Molar Ratio 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 NO, Inlet (pom) 765 716 740 735 540 550 590 630 760 710 720 715 695 675 645 730 700 760 730 700 675 650 660 673 686 688 671 703 729 772 838 847 789 761 656 306 292 268 287 372 401 413 381 NO, Outlet (ppm) 20 38 83 64 58 83 112 175 226 390 490 171 235 310 436 90 125 190 305 75 95 175 200 34 64 126 209 89 151 228 433 40 68 98 193 27 31 66 101 134 166 212 224 NO, Removal Efficiency (%) 97.4 94.7 88.8 91.3 89.3 84.9 81.0 72.2 70.3 45.1 31.9 76.1 66.2 54.1 32.4 87.7 82.1 75.0 58.2 89.3 85.9 73.1 69.7 94.9 90.7 81.7 68.9 87.3 79.3 70.5 48.3 95.3 91.4 87.1 70.6 91.2 89.4 75.4 64.8 64.0 58.6 48.7 41.2 Ammonia Slip (ppm) 187 63 129 121 5 7 22 76 ND NO 357 87 127 179 288 28 54 76 163 4 13 33 50 64 58 88 108 107 153 256 179 57 58 104 122 45 17 28 73 102 88 122 172 Particulate Removal Efficiency (%) 99.8 99.8 90.4 99.5 99.9 99.8 99.4 99.8 99.9 99.8 99.9 Each catalyst-coated fabric sample was evaluated using a slipstream of flue gas from a pc-fired pilot-scale combustor firing a washed Illinois #6 bituminous coal. "NO" denotes data that are not available due to problems encountered with the sampling system. 6A-56 ------- Table 2 RESULTS FROM TASK B — EFFECTS OF COAL TYPE Fabric No. 2 2 2 13 13 13 A/C Ratio (ft/min) 2 3 4 2 3 4 NH3/NOX Molar ratio 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 NO, Inlet (ppm) Washed 11 540 535 590 673 686 688 Jacobs Ranch 2 2 2 13 13 13 2 3 4 2 3 4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 785 760 800 645 680 675 South Hall 2 13 13 13 3 2 3 4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 900 820 810 825 NOX Outlet (ppm) 1 inois #6 58 81 112 34 64 126 , Wyoming, 59 75 90 80 105 195 NOX Removal Efficiency m Bituminous 89.3 84.9 81.0 94.9 90.7 81.7 Subbituminous 92.5 90.1 88.8 87.6 84.6 71.1 Ammonia Slip (ppm) 7 58 86 99 Particulate Removal Efficiency (%) 99.8 99.4 99.9 99.9 sville, Texas, Lignite 175 110 140 195 80.6 86.6 82.7 76.4 121 75 99.8 Pyro Kentucky Bituminous 2 2 2 2 3 4 0.9 0.9 0.9 970 930 925 93 130 178 90.4 86.0 80.8 10 99.7 13 0.9 810 170 79.0 30 99.6 6A-57 ------- Table 3 CATALYST CONCENTRATION AND BET SURFACE AREA FOR EACH OF THE CATALYST-COATED FABRICS TESTED" Catalyst Concentration" Surface Areac Unexposed fmq/q) 0.03 9.1 8.4 4.7 4.7 5.5 7.6 6.8 8.4 3.4 7.7 13.2 7.1 exposed (mq/q) 9.0 8.3 3.7 4.2 5.4 6.3 6.1 8.0 3.6 5.7 13.4 7.4 Change (%) 1.1 1.2 21.3 10.6 1.8 17.1 10.3 4.8 (5.9)d 26.0 (1.5)' (4.2)d Fabric No. Blank 2 2 3 4 5 7 13 13 14 15 17 18 Unexposed and exposed refer to exposure to flue gas. Catalyst concentration is mg catalyst per g of coated fabric. Fabric surface area is m2 per g of coated fabric (BET surface area). ( ) Indicates there was a measured increase in catalyst concentration. Unexposed (m2/q) 0.56 9.50 10.68 3.31 4.28 5.79 6.62 5.76 6.52 3.09 6.24 14.61 16.60 Exposed (mz/q) 6.19 5.11 1.54 2.02 3.74 2.74 4.04 4.00 1.90 3.79 5.05 2.19 Change 34.8 52.2 53.5 52.8 35.4 58.6 29.9 38.7 38.5 39.3 65.4 86.8 Table 4 N,0 CONCENTRATION IN THE FLUE GAS Air-to-cloth Ratio (ft/min) 2.2 3 4 5.5 2 3 4 6 Inlet N20 Concentration (ppm) Fabric #17 4.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 Fabric #18 5.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 Outlet N20 Concentration ppm) 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 6.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 6A-58 ------- Session 6B COMBUSTION NOX DEVELOPMENTS II Chair: R. Hall, EPA ------- HETEROGENEOUS DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE IN THE OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTORS T. Khan Y.Y. Lee L. Young Ahlstrom Pyropower Inc. 8970 Crestmar Point San Diego, California 92121 ------- HETEROGENEOUS DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE IN THE OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTORS T. Khan Y.Y. Lee L. Young Ahlstrom Pyropower Inc. 8970 Crestmar Point San Diego, California 92121 ABSTRACT There is growing concern over the increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration. This concern stems from the realization that nitrous oxide contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer and to the greenhouse effect. A research program has been developed at Ahlstrom Pyropower Inc. to study the emission of nitrous oxide from circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBCs). The program involves, in part, an investigation into the mechanism of nitrous oxide formation and destruction in the operating temperature range of CFBCs. This paper describes a study directed at understanding the decomposition of nitrous oxide on solid materials known to be present in the combustor. An electrically heated tubular quartz reactor (2.3 cm I.D.) was used to study the decomposition of nitrous oxide on six different solid materials; alumina, silica, ceramic beads, sulfated limestone, calcined amorphous limestone and calcined crystalline limestone. Approximately 10 cm3 of each solid material was placed in turn in the reactor and a mixture of nitrous oxide (200 ppm) in helium was passed through the reactor. The concentration of nitrous oxide at the reactor outlet was measured to determine the extent of N2O decomposition. As a basis for comparison, the homogeneous phase decomposition of nitrous oxide in the reactor was also studied. Results showed that a significant amount of N2O decomposed even in the absence of any solid material in the reactor. It was observed that the presence of solid materials in the reactor enhanced the decomposition of nitrous oxide and that the degree of enhancement was dependent on the solid material being tested; calcined limestone, for example, was seen to be highly effective in decomposing nitrous oxide while ceramic beads showed little or no effect. 6B-1 ------- INTRODUCTION There is growing concern over the increasing concentration of atmospheric nitrous oxide. This concern stems from the realization that nitrous oxide contributes to the greenhouse effect and to the depletion of the ozone layer. The mean concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is 330 ppbv and it is estimated that it is increasing at a rate of 0.2% per year JJJ. It has been suggested that fossil fuel combustion is a major contributor to the atmospheric nitrous oxide inventory. Measurements [21 show that nitrous oxide emissions from circulating fluidized bed combustors (CFBCs) range from 20 to 120 ppm. Based on these emission values, it is doubtful that nitrous oxide emissions from fluidized beds contribute more than a minor fraction to the global inventory. Nonetheless, in accordance with its dedication to developing an environmentally safe product, Ahlstrom Pyropower Inc. has instituted a project directed at the reduction of nitrous oxide emissions from AHLSTROM PYROFLOW* boilers. The project involves, in part, an investigation into the formation and destruction of nitrous oxide in circulating fluidized bed combustors. Knowledge of the principal reactions involved in the formation and destruction of nitrous oxide in fluidized bed environments is limited at best. In order to minimize nitrous oxide emissions it is necessary that: 1. reactions that play a dominant role in the formation and destruction of nitrous oxide be identified and that 2. the effect of process parameters on the kinetics of these reactions be studied in detail. Studies [3.41 indicate that hydrogen cyanide (HCN), released during the devolatilization of coal, is a major precursor of nitrous oxide. It is believed that HCN undergoes oxidation to NCO which in turn reacts with nitric oxide (NO) to form nitrous oxide (N2O). There is relatively little debate about the importance of this reaction path as a means of formation of nitrous oxide. Doubts about it being the only major nitrous oxide formation path have however been expressed. De Soete [51 and Arnand and Andersen [61 have reported the formation of nitrous oxide by the reduction of NO on char surfaces. De Soete [51 has also reported that nitrous oxide may be formed by the oxidation of char nitrogen (1-5%) during combustion. Nitrous oxide destruction in the fluidized bed environment may occur through both homogeneous and heterogeneous phase reactions. Kramlich et al. £4J and Emola et al. [31 have suggested that the principal nitrous oxide destruction reaction is its homogeneous phase reduction to nitrogen by hydrogen radicals. Relatively very little is known about the heterogeneous phase destruction of 6B-2 ------- nitrous oxide. It is believed [51 that nitrous oxide reduction on char is one of the major heterogeneous N2O destruction pathways. Little or no information currently exists on the interaction of nitrous oxide with solids, other than char, present in a fluidized bed environment. This paper describes a study directed at investigating the heterogeneous decomposition of nitrous oxide in the operating temperature range of a CFBC. An electrically heated tubular quartz reactor (2.3 cm I.D.) was used to study the decomposition of nitrous oxide on six different solid materials; alumina, silica, ceramic beads, sulfated limestone, calcined amorphous limestone and calcined crystalline limestone. Approximately 10 cc of each solid material was placed in rum in the reactor and a mixture of nitrous oxide (200 ppm) in helium was passed through the reactor. The concentration of nitrous oxide at the reactor outlet was measured to determine the extent of N2O decomposition. As a basis for comparison, the homogeneous phase decomposition of nitrous oxide in the reactor was also studied. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP The experimental set-up used in the course of this study (Fig. 1) consists of three major components: 1. An electrically heated quartz tube that serves as a reactor. 2. Mass flow controllers used to deliver a measured amount of a nitrous-oxide/helium mixture to the reactor. 3. A HORIBA Non-Dispersive Infrared nitrous oxide analyzer. Reactor The reactor, for the major part, is a 91.5 cm long, 2.3 cm I.D. quartz glass tube. Caps at the end of the tube house ports for the inlet and the outlet of reactant and product gas mixtures. The end caps also house inlet ports for thermocouples used in measuring and controlling the reactor temperature. A sintered quartz glass filter is provided 50.8 cm from one end of the tube and serves to support a bed of the solid material being tested. The reactor is heated by a three zone, 61 cm long electric furnace. The two outermost zones of the furnace are 15.25 cm long and the central zone is 30.5 cm in length. Each furnace zone is independent of the others in its temperature control. Thermocouples inside the reactor serve as sensors for controllers that control the temperature of each furnace zone. Mass Flow Controllers Two mass flow controller modules, one for a nitrous-oxide/helium mixture (0.4% N2O) and the 6B-3 ------- other for pure helium were used in the course of this study. Using these controllers it was possible to feed mixtures of nitrous oxide in helium at predetermined concentrations and flow rates to the reactor. It may be mentioned here that helium was chosen as a 'balance gas' due to its chemical inertness and its high thermal conductivity. The high thermal conductivity was necessary to minimize radial temperature gradients and the heat up zone within the reactor. Nitrous Oxide Analyzer A HORIBA Non Dispersive Infrared N20 analyzer was used to measure the concentration of nitrous oxide in the inlet and outlet gas streams of the reactor. The analyzer was equipped with a 7.8 ^m wavelength filter. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Homogeneous Phase Decomposition Study The reactor was heated to the desired temperature and a 200 ppm mixture of N2O in helium was fed to the reactor at three different flow rates (500, 1000 and 1500 cmVmin). At each condition, the concentration of nitrous oxide at the outlet of the reactor was measured to determine the extent of nitrous oxide decomposition. This procedure was repeated for six reactor temperatures; 650, 700, 750, 800, 850 and 900°C. The results obtained are presented in the following section. Heterogeneous Phase Decomposition Approximately 10 cm3 of the material being tested (250jim>mean particle diameter>125/tm) was placed in the reactor and the reactor was heated to 850°C. A 200 ppm mixture of N2O in helium was fed to the reactor at a flow rate of 500, 1000 and 1500 cmVrnin. At each condition, the concentration of nitrous oxide at the outlet of the reactor was measured to determine the extent of nitrous oxide decomposition. A comparison between the results obtained for each solid material tested is presented in the following section. RESULTS Results of the homogeneous phase nitrous oxide decomposition study are shown in Table 1. As may be seen from the data, nitrous oxide does not decompose to any significant extent below 700°C. It is also evident that the rate of nitrous oxide decomposition increases with reactor temperature and residence time. It is most likely that the products of the nitrous oxide decomposition were nitrogen and oxygen; no nitric oxide (NO) was detected in the outlet stream from the reactor. Reaction rate constants for the homogeneous phase decomposition of nitrous oxide were calculated 6B-4 ------- from the obtained data. It was assumed, in the calculation, that the decomposition of N2O occurs via a first order reaction. The reaction rate constant, k, is presented as a function of temperature in Table 2. Fig. 2 is a plot of -ln(k) versus 1/T. As may be seen, the plot is a straight line. This indicates that the assumption that nitrous oxide undergoes a first order decomposition reaction was correct. The rate of homogeneous phase nitrous oxide decomposition may thus be written as: d[N20]/dt = -k [N20] where, [N2O] is the nitrous oxide concentration at time t. The reaction rate constant, k, a function of temperature, may be expressed as: k = koexp[-E/RT] The value of the activation energy, E, derived from the slope of the plot (E/R) is 246.6 kJ/mol. The frequency factor, ko, may be derived from the y-intercept of the plot, -ln(ko), and is equal to 2.813 x 1010 sec". The results of the heterogeneous phase N2O decomposition studies are shown in Table 3. Also included in the table, for the purpose of comparison, are the results from the corresponding empty tube (homogeneous phase) experiments. The results show the fraction of nitrous oxide that decomposes on passage through the reactor. The residence times entered at the top of the table are the residence times of the gas mixture in the entire heated length of the reactor. The numbers (1) and (2) are used to distinguish between the two types of limestones used; respectively, the calcined crystalline limestone and the calcined amorphous limestone. The variation of nitrous oxide decomposition with total reactor residence time, is shown, for each solid material and the empty tube experiment, in Fig. 3. As may be seen from the results, the presence of ceramic beads or sulfated limestone in the reactor does not significantly affect the decomposition of nitrous oxide. The presence of silica sand or alumina enhances the decomposition of nitrous oxide to a small extent. The most dramatic results are those obtained in the presence of calcined limestone. It may be seen that nitrous oxide decomposes completely in the presence of the calcined crystalline limestone at 850°C. As may be seen from the graphical results, the conversion in the presence of calcined limestone is dependent on the kind of limestone used. There is an almost 50% difference in the conversions for the two types of limestones used at a reactor residence times of 3.2 sec. As in the case of the homogeneous 6B-5 ------- phase decomposition studies, no NO was detected in the outlet stream from the reactor. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Based on the observations and results described in this paper, the following conclusions may be drawn. 1. The homogeneous phase thermal decomposition of nitrous oxide is a very important pathway for nitrous oxide destruction in a fluidized bed combustor. A simple calculation shows that under typical operating conditions in a circulating fluidized bed, that is, a gas residence time of 6 seconds at an average furnace temperature of 870°C, over 60 percent of the nitrous oxide present at the bottom of the combustor would be destroyed before it reached the combustor exit. Furthermore, if the average operating temperature of the unit were to be increased by 10°C, the extent of N2O decomposition would be increased to 70%. It has been seen in measurements on commercial scale CFBCs [21 that the nitrous oxide emission level does in fact decrease significantly with increasing bed temperature. It must be realized, of course, that the rate of nitrous oxide formation is also temperature dependent. 2. Of the solid materials tested, calcined limestone was seen to decompose nitrous oxide most efficiently. Alumina and silica sand were seen to slightly enhance the decomposition of nitrous oxide and ceramic beads and sulfated Limestone were seen to have virtually no effect on the extent of nitrous oxide decomposition. One would expect, in the light of these observations, to see a dramatic decrease in nitrous oxide emissions with increasing feed Ca/S ratio in a CFBC. This, however, has not been the case. Studies on a 0.8 MW^, Ahlstrom Pyroflow pilot plant [21 show only a slight reduction in nitrous oxide emissions with increasing feed Ca/S ratio; no definite relationship between nitrous oxide emissions and feed Ca/S ratio could be detected for a similar study [21 carried out on commercial scale units. 3. The efficacy of calcined Limestone in decomposing nitrous oxide was dependent on the type of Limestone used. Calcined crystalline Limestone was seen to decompose nitrous oxide more effectively than was calcined amorphous Limestone. At a reactor residence time of 3.2 seconds, the calcined crystalline Limestone was seen to completely decompose the nitrous oxide, where, the calcined amorphous Limestone was seen to decompose only 50% of the inlet nitrous oxide. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge partial funding of the described study by the Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry through the LIEKKI program. 6B-6 ------- REFERENCES 1. R.F. Weiss, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 86, 1981, p. 7185. 2. M. Hiltunen, P. Kilpinen, M. Hupa and Y.Y. Lee, "N2O Emissions from CFB Boilers: Experimental Results and Chemical Interpretation." To be presented at the 11th Int. Conf. on Fluidized Bed Combustion. Montreal, 21-24 April, 1991. 3. P. Ernola & M. Hupa, "Kinetic Modelling of Homogeneous N2O Formation and Destruction in Fluidized Bed Conditions." Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the British and French Sections of the Combustion Institute. Rouen, 1989, p. 21. 4. J.C. Kramlich, J.A. Cole, J.M. McCarthy, W.S. Larder & J.A. McSorley, "Mechanisms of Nitrous Oxide Formation in Coal Flames." Combustion and Flame. 1989, vol. 77, p. 375. 5. G.G. De Soete, "Heterogeneous NO and N2O Formation from Bound Nitrogen during Char Combustion." Proceedings of the Joint Meeting of the British and French Sections of the Combustion Institute. The Combustion Institute, 18-21 April, Rouen, 1989, p. 9. 6. L.E. Amand & S. Andersen, "Emissions of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) from Fluidized Bed Boilers." Proceedings of the 1989 International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, vol. 1, pp. 49- 56. 6B-7 ------- MASS FLOW CONTROLLERS GAS SUPPLY CYLINDERS REACTANT GAS INLET _ ^n- r A N20/He eJ&i i 61 I i cm » s QUA I [—* QUARTZ GLASS TUBULAR REACTOR THREE ZONE ELECTRIC FURNACE QUARTZ GLASS FRIT PRODUCT GAS TO ANALYZERS THERMOCOUPLES -oki- REACTOR BYPASS LINE Figure 1. Experimental Setup for Quartz Tube Reactor Studies 1.0E-3 Figure 2. -in(k) Vs. 1/T 6B-8 ------- o eg 'in o CL E o o v Q o CM 0.9 - 0.8 — 0.7 - c o' CM o 0.6 — O CM 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 - 0.0 v v Empty Tube O o Alumina o — o Ceramic Beads • • Silica Sand A A Sulfated Limestone » » Calcined Limestone (1) • • Calcined Limestone (2) T 10 Reactor Residence Time (sec) Figure 3. Fractional N 0 Decomposition vs. Reactor Residence Time 6B-9 ------- Table 1 HOMOGENEOUS PHASE DECOMPOSITION OF NITROUS OXIDE Reactor Pressure : 3 psig Inlet N2O Concentration : 200 ppm Temperature <*C) 650 700 750 800 850 900 Residence Time (sec) 11.7 5.8 3.9 11.1 5.5 3.7 10.5 5.3 3.5 10.0 5.0 3.4 9.6 4.8 3.2 9.2 4.6 3.1 NHO Outlet Concentration (ppm) 200 200 200 197 200 200 185 200 200 150 174 182 78 125 148 12 52 81 Table 2 HOMOGENEOUS PHASE N2O DECOMPOSITION REACTION RATE CONSTANT VS. TEMPERATURE Temperature (*C) 700 750 800 850 900 k (sec'1) 0.001350 0.007399 0.028640 0.097444 0.301750 6B-10 ------- Table 3 FRACTIONAL N2O DECOMPOSITION VS. TOTAL REACTOR RESIDENCE TIME Reactor Temperature : 850 C Reactor Pressure : 3 psig Material Alumina Ceramic Beads Silica Sand Sulfated Limestone Calcined Limestone (1) Calcined Limestone (2) t=9.6s 0.65 0.61 0.63 0.61 1.00 0.92 t=4.8s 0.41 0.38 0.40 0.38 1.00 0.65 t=3.2s 0.29 0.26 0.28 0.26 0.98 0.50 Empty Tube 0.61 0.38 0.26 6B-11 ------- NOx CONTROL IN A SLAGGING COMBUSTOR FOR A DIRECT COAL-FIRED UTILITY GAS TURBINE P. J. Loftus and R. C. Diehl Energy Technology Office/Textron Defense Systems (Formerly AVCO Research Laboratory) 2385 Revere Beach Parkway Everett, MA 02149 and R. L. Bannister and P. W. Pillsbury Westinghouse Electric Corp. The Quadrangle, 4400 Alafaya Trail Orlando, FL 32826-2399 ------- NOX CONTROL IN A SLAGGING COMBUSTOR FOR A DIRECT COAL-FIRED UTILITY GAS TURBINE P. J. Loftus and R. C. Diehl Energy Technology Office/Textron Defense Systems (Formerly AVCO Research Laboratory) 2385 Revere Beach Parkway Everett, MA 02149 and R. L. Bannister and P. W. Pillsbury Westinghouse Electric Corp., The Quadrangle, 4400 Alafaya Trail Orlando, FL 32826-2399 Joint EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control Washington, D.C., March 25-28, 1991 ABSTRACT A modular combustion concept, which emphasizes controlled coal thermochemistry, has been developed for application in direct coal firing of utility gas turbines. The approach under investigation is based on a multi-stage, slagging combustor, which incorporates NOX, SOX and particulate emissions control. This approach allows raw utility grade coal to be burned, thereby maintaining a low fuel cost. The cost of electricity from combined cycle plants incorporating a direct coal-fired gas turbine is expected to be significantly lower than that from conventional pulverized coal steam plants. The first stage, the primary combustion zone, is operated fuel- rich to inhibit NOX formation from fuel-bound nitrogen and has a jet- driven, toroidal vortex flow field, which provides for efficient, stable and rapid combustion at high heat release rates. Impact separation of molten mineral matter is accomplished in the second stage, which is closely integrated with the primary zone. The second stage may also include a slagging cyclone separator for additional slag removal. This is a novel application for a cyclone separator. Final oxidation of the fuel-rich gases and dilution to achieve the desired turbine inlet conditions are accomplished in the third stage. 6B-15 ------- Rapid quenching and good mixing with the secondary air are employed to avoid thermal NOX formation by minimizing peak flame temperatures and residence times in the third stage. The combustor concept has been extensively tested at a thermal input of 3.5 MWt (12 MM Btu/hr) and a pressure of 6 atmospheres. Both pulverized coal and coal-water mixtures have been successfully fired. The combustor has demonstrated stable and intense combustion, with excellent carbon conversion, efficient slag capture, retention of most of the coal alkali in the slag and low pressure and heat losses. The staged combustion NOX control strategy has proved very effective: NOX emissions are approximately one fifth of the New Source Performance Standards requirements. BACKGROUND The authors' companies are working under Department of Energy sponsorship to develop the technology base for direct coal-firing of utility gas turbines. The approach under investigation is based on a multi-stage, slagging combustor, which incorporates NOX, SOX and particulate emissions control. This approach allows raw utility grade coal to be burned, thereby maintaining a low fuel cost. The cost of electricity from combined cycle plants incorporating a direct coal- fired gas turbine is expected to be significantly lower than that from conventional pulverized coal steam plants with flue gas desulfurization (Pillsbury et al., 1989). The program objective is to develop an efficient combustor capable of meeting the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for NOX, S02 and particulates upstream of the turbine. The program is divided into three key tasks. The first of these is the design, fabrication and testing of a subscale slagging combustor (6 atm, 3.5 MWC). This task is in progress: combustor testing commenced in late 1988 at the Textron Defense Systems/Energy Technology Office (ETO) Haverhill test facility. The second task involves testing the final subscale combustor configuration with a stationary cascade to study the effect of deposition, erosion and corrosion on air-cooled turbine vanes. Based upon the data generated, the final task is to design, fabricate and test a full size combustor (14 atm, 20 MWt) . This paper discusses the design and performance of the subscale slagging combustor from the point of view of NOX emissions control. COMBUSTOR CONCEPT The three stage combustor is illustrated schematically in Figure 1. The design of the first stage, the primary combustion zone, is based on Avco Research Laboratory's toroidal vortex combustor concept, and provides for efficient, stable and rapid combustion at high heat release rates (Mattsson and Stankevics, 1985, Stankevics et al., 1983). Coal and preheated air are fed coaxially into the primary zone through four separate injectors which are inclined upward at approximately 60° to the horizontal. The coaxial injection promotes intense coal/air mixing, leading to rapid coal particle heating and devolatilization, which minimizes carbon burn-out time. The four inlet coal/air jets converge at the combustor centerline and form a single vertically directed jet. This jet impacts the center uf the primary zone dome, where it is turned and a toroidal vortex is formed. This arrangement forces a high degree of controlled combustion product 6B-16 ------- re-circulation which leads to extremely intense and very stable combustion of a wide variety of fuels. The toroidal vortex design gives very high volumetric heat release rates for coal combustion (up to 40 MWt/m3) . These heat release rates are some three to four times that for cyclone-type combustors, leading to smaller combustor sizes and lower wall heat losses. Fuel-rich conditions in the primary zone inhibit NOX formation from fuel-bound nitrogen. Extensive use was made of 3-D combustion modelling techniques in the preliminary design of the combustor (Chatwani and Turan, 1988, Loftus et al., 1988). The toroidal vortex provides the mechanism for flame stabilization and also for inertial separation of larger ash/slag particles. Partial separation of mineral matter and char at the top of the toroidal vortex zone results in initiation of wall slagging there, with continued deposition and flow over all exposed wall surfaces. In order for successful slag deposition in the dome region, enough coal particle residence time and combustion product re- entrainment must be provided to ensure rapid coal particle burnout, resulting in molten, free mineral matter. Larger, partially devolatilized coal particles will continue to burn, either in suspension or in the wall slag layer. The primary zone was designed for approximately 90 percent suspension burning and 10 percent wall burning. The primary zone particle residence time is of order 100 msec for a 75 micron diameter particle. The primary zone slag layer provides thermal and erosion protection for the combustor walls, in addition to a mechanism for oxidation of deposited char. The slag layer formed from this portion of the mineral matter eventually reaches the impact separator, where it is collected in the slag bucket. The major fraction of mineral removal from the gas is obtained in the second stage impact separator which is at the exit from the primary zone. The separation of combustion and slag removal duties between the two stages has two substantial benefits. First, it results in maximum removal of carbon free slag: at the primary zone exit there is a very high carbon conversion fraction—essentially all the coal char has been oxidized, leaving free mineral matter behind. Second, due to the low density of the combustion products, a simple impactor allows high efficiency separation of fine mineral matter particles at low cost in pressure drop. Overall, the air pressure drop is optimally distributed, first for combustion stabilization and second for mineral matter removal. Pulverized limestone sorbent is used for control of sulfur emissions. The sulfur control technique used is based on related ETO work on super-equilibrium sulfur capture (Abichandani et al., 1989). The sorbent is injected into the primary zone combustion products, which generally contain a mixture of S02/ H2S and COS, at the exit of the primary zone, just upstream of the exit nozzle. Reacted sorbent is removed along with the coal ash in the second stage impact separator. Final oxidation of the fuel-rich gases and dilution to achieve the desired turbine inlet conditions are accomplished in the third stage. Rapid quenching and good mixing with the secondary air are employed to avoid thermal NOX formation by minimizing peak flame temperatures and residence times in the third stage. 6B-17 ------- NOX CONTROL APPROACH Emissions of nitrogen oxides in the products of combustion are controlled by adopting the following approach: • Sub-stoichiometric (fuel-rich) combustion conditions in the first combustor stage. • Effective control of the gas temperature and stoichiometry histories during final oxidation/dilution in the third combustor stage. The main source for formation of nitric compounds in the combustion of coal is fuel-bound nitrogen. Part of the fuel nitrogen is released with the volatiles in the early stages of combustion and the remainder is retained by the char residue and released during subsequent char oxidation. Nitric oxide can be produced by the oxidation of the nitrogen in the volatiles or in the char. NOX formation from fuel bound nitrogen is very sensitive to the combustion stoichiometry. It is known that HCN and NH3 are formed in the gas upon evolution of coal nitrogen. These can subsequently be oxidized to NO or can react with NO to form harmless molecular nitrogen, depending upon the availability of oxidants in the gas. Fuel-rich operation promotes the formation of molecular N2 as the end product of the fuel nitrogen, whereas fuel lean operation, with the availability of oxidants, results in NO formation. Volatile nitrogen is defined as that which is produced from the volatile coal fractions and reacts in the gas to form N2, NO, HCN or NH3. Char nitrogen is that which is associated with a solid, either as a pyrolysis product of tars or as the original coal char. The distribution of nitrogenous species between volatile nitrogen and char nitrogen is critically dependent on the coal particle heating rate, the peak temperature, the residence time at high temperature and the nitrogen distribution within the coal (Smart and Weber, 1989) . Fuel- bound nitrogen is the major source of NOX in conventional PC combustion, typically accounting for more than 80 percent of total NOX emissions (Pershing and Wendt, 1979). For staged combustion to be effective, it is important to avoid the carry over of either volatile or char nitrogen to the final oxidation zone, where these can be converted to NO. The intense and rapid mixing produced by the toroidal vortex design leads to rapid de- volatilization of .the coal, homogeneous combustion conditions and efficient oxidation of the char to a fuel-rich gas in the first stage. These conditions favor conversion of fuel bound nitrogen to molecular nitrogen and minimize the possible carry-over of volatile or char nitrogen to the third combustor stage. For the case of PC combustion, the calculated equilibrium concentrations of nitrogen oxides in the combustion gas are shown in Figure 2 for various primary zone fuel air equivalence ratios and temperatures. This plot includes NH3 and HCN, which have been converted to total NOX and included in the concentrations shown. (The contributions from these species are typically small.) NOX concentrations at the adiabatic flame temperature and at 100 K and 200 K below the adiabatic flame temperature are shown. The NOX concentrations in the gas corresponding to the NSPS limitsX for 6B-18 ------- bituminous coal (0.6 Ibs per MM Btu) and sub-bituminous coal (0.5 Ibs per MM Btu) are also shown as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio. The strong temperature dependence of NOX is clearly seen: a temperature drop of 200 K typically reduces the equilibrium NOX by a factor of three or more. The equilibrium NOX concentration in the gas becomes less than the NSPS standard at fuel-air equivalence ratios greater than about 1.2 and at the primary zone nominal operating point (equivalence ratio in the range 1.3 to 1.4) the equilibrium NOX in the primary zone is more than a factor of ten less than the NSPS requirement. The control of stoichiometry and temperature in the third combustion stage is key to minimizing the formation of thermal NOX. The formation of thermal NOX is governed by the highly temperature dependent reactions between nitrogen and oxygen, the Zeldovich chain reactions. The rate of formation is significant only at temperatures above approximately 1900 K (3000°F) and increases with increasing oxygen concentration. Thus temperatures in the final oxidation zone should be maintained below this value to avoid thermal NOX formation. The secondary air for final combustion in the last combustor stage is added in such a manner that the gas is rapidly quenched and maintained at a temperature below which thermal NOX can form, while final oxidation of the unburned species in the gas is completed. As soon as the final oxidation is complete, the dilution air is introduced, again with rapid and complete mixing, in order to quench all further NOX generation. Kinetic calculations were performed to determine the desired temperature and operating conditions during final oxidation and the appropriate split between quench/final oxidation air and dilution air. These calculations showed that an adiabatic flame temperature of about 1800 K is reached for a fuel air equivalence ratio of 0.6 in the intermediate zone and that the final oxidation of the gas is completed within a few milliseconds, see Figure 3. At these conditions thermal NOX formation is insignificant and the predicted final NOX concentration in the gas will be only a small fraction of the NSPS limit. It is important to obtain effective mixing of the secondary combustion air with the hot fuel-rich primary gases. Three-dimensional aero-thermal calculations and analysis of the mixing process in both the intermediate and dilution zones of the third combustor stage were conducted. The number, size and orientation of the intermediate and dilution zone jets were varied to arrive at the optimum mixing performance, expressed as a minimum exit temperature pattern factor. The final design analysis involved extending the three-dimensional aero-thermal flow modelling of the third stage to the full reacting flow field. However, no attempt was made to optimize the lean-burn combustor from the point of view of NOX control. The principal purpose of the experimental work was to tackle the major technical issues in this development effort, which are related to obtaining efficient primary zone and slag separator performance. TEST ARRANGEMENT AND COMBUSTOR OPERATION The combustor concept has been extensively tested at a thermal input of 12 MM Btu/hr (3.5 MWt) and a pressure of 6 atmospheres. Tests have been conducted with both pulverized coal (PC) and coal- 6B-19 ------- water mixture (CWM) fuels. A photograph of the subscale slagging combustor test arrangement as currently installed at ETO's Haverhill test site is shown in Figure 4. The nominal test conditions for the subscale combustor are as listed in Table 1. An oil fired air pre- heater is used to heat the combustion air in order to correctly simulate the gas turbine compressor discharge conditions. A downstream sonic orifice is used to control the combustor chamber pressure. After pressure let-down, the combustor exit gases are water quenched before being led to an exhaust stack. The subscale combustor is water cooled, the cooling water being re-circulated via a cooling tower. All fuel-rich zone components are lined with a high alumina refractory. This is both to reduce heat losses in this small scale experimental combustor and to promote slagging during the relatively short tests. Start-up and operation of the system proved to be simple and reliable. After establishing the correct air flow rates through the system and allowing the air pre-heater to come up to design temperature, a methane/oxygen torch in the primary zone is ignited. The torch is used to ignite a fuel oil flame and is then extinguished. Fuel oil is then burned for approximately 15 minutes, in order to pre- heat the refractory liner. The oil is injected via two spray nozzles in the primary zone. After the refractory liner has reached operating temperature, the coal (PC or CWM) flow is started, and the fuel oil flow is stopped. In PC testing, a pneumatic conveying system is used to feed coal to the primary zone. For CWM testing, a Moyno progressing cavity pump is used to supply CWM to the combustor. The CWM atomizers are Parker-Hannifin air-assist atomizing nozzles. Atomizing air for CWM tests is supplied from a high pressure tube trailer via a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger warms the expanded high pressure air back up to approximately ambient temperature. A detailed fuel specification for the proposed application was prepared by AMAX Extractive Research and Development. Choice of coal (and consequently of mineral matter composition), coal particle size and CWM composition affects certain primary design constraints for the slagging combustor. These include liquid slag formation, combustion efficiency, downstream corrosion, erosion and deposition and pollutant generation. The primary zone of the combustor was designed to operate at highly fuel-rich (i.e. low flame temperature) conditions. The flame temperature is obviously even lower for CWM fuels. Consequently a low ash fusion temperature coal was desirable. The ratio of ash to sulfur content is of interest: the higher the coal sulfur content, the higher the ratio of limestone sorbent to ash in the slag to be separated and the greater the effect of sorbent injection on slag properties. The preferred coal fuels were determined to be high volatile eastern bituminous coals. These coals have the advantages of a high heating value, leading to favorable combustion characteristics with high flame temperatures and rapid combustion. They also tend to have low to medium sulfur contents and soluble alkali contents below 0.05 percent. From this general specification, several specific seams were identified for use in the subscale combustor testing. These included a low and a high sulfur eastern bituminous coal and a low sulfur western sub-bituminous coal. Detailed coal specifications are given in Table 2. The CWM fuels tested were prepared from close to standard grind (95 percent through 200 mesh) coals. A full test program was conducted with PC feed before switching 6B-20 ------- TABLE 1 SUBSCALE SLAGGING COMBUSTOR NOMINAL TEST CONDITIONS Coal Thermal Input Coal Feed Atomizing Air/CWM Mass Flux Ratio Oxidizer Primary Zone Equivalence Ratio Total Mass Flow Rate Exit temperature Pressure Sorbent Sorbent Molar Ratio 3.5 MWt (12 MM Btu/hr) 95% < 200 mesh PC 95% < 200 mesh, 60% solids CWM 1.0 620 K (650°F) pre-heated air 1.3 to 1.4 3.2 kg/s (7 Ib/s) 1300 K (1850°F) 6 atm -325 mesh limestone Ca/S = 2 over to CWM feed. From the outset of combustor testing, a stable, flowing slag layer was formed on the primary zone dome and walls. Some dissolution of the refractory layer was observed in the early runs, but after a few hours of operation an equilibrium insulation layer of slag and refractory was formed. Equilibrium slag layer thicknesses in the primary zone, where heat fluxes are high, are on the order of 1 mm. The corresponding thickness in the slag separator is on the order of 3 mm. No obstruction or fouling of any of the primary zone coal/air injectors or of the relatively small diameter primary zone exit nozzle with slag was observed. The impact separator worked as planned, and a flowing slag layer was observed on the top and sides of the impactor centerbody and on the slag bucket walls. TEST RESULTS A full series of tests with PC fuels demonstrated that the combustor primary zone produces excellent carbon conversion performance, see Figure 5. At the nominal primary zone operating point (fuel/air equivalence ratio of 1.3 to 1.4) the carbon conversion for PC firing is better than 99 percent. For PC firing, better than 98 percent carbon burnout in the primary zone was obtained for fuel/air equivalence ratios as high as 1.6. In order to obtain good carbon conversion performance on CWM fuels, it was necessary to increase the primary zone aspect ratio (length/diameter). For PC firing the aspect ratio of the primary zone was 1.25 (L/D = 1.25) . The optimum configuration for CWM firing was a primary zone aspect ratio of 1.50. In this configuration, better than 98 percent carbon conversion was obtained for equivalence ratios up to approximately 1.4. The increase in aspect ratio increases the particle residence time, thus allowing more time for evaporation of the water in the CWM droplet. The performance on CWM is slightly worse than that obtained 6B-21 ------- TABLE 2 ANALYSES FOR COALS TESTED TO DATE Coal Analysis As Received % Moisture % Ash % Volatile Matter % Fixed Carbon % Sulfur % Chlorine % Carbon % Hydrogen % Nitrogen % Oxygen MJ/kg (Btu/lb) Dorchester, VA 1.00 6.24 33.30 59.46 0.96 0.04 80.43 4.79 1.72 4.82 32.95 (14,234) Pittsburgh #8 1.49 7.59 38.28 52.64 2.35 0.14 76.73 5.21 1.34 5.15 32.00 (13,822) Hanna Seam, WY 9.09 5.37 38.33 47.21 0.57 0.05 67.09 5.06 1.44 11.33 27.28 (11,784) for PC, but this is to be expected, given the lower heating value and flame temperatures of CWM fuels. Measured flame temperatures in the dome region of the primary zone for PC firing are shown in Figure 6. The primary zone temperatures at the nominal primary zone operating point are 2100 to 2000 K (3320 to 3140°F) for PC firing and some 150 to 200 K (270 to 360°F) lower than this for CWM firing. Figure 7 shows measured primary zone NOX concentrations for pulverized coal firing. These measurements were made at the exit from the primary zone, just upstream of the main exit nozzle. The measurements are compared both with calculated equilibrium NOX levels for PC firing and also the NSPS limits, as described above. The limit of resolution of the chemiluminescent analyzer used in making these measurements is of order 10 ppm. The measured NOX concentrations are well below the NSPS limits and are in general agreement with the calculated equilibrium concentrations at 100 to 200 K below the adiabatic flame temperature. The measured flame temperatures, shown in Figure 6, are typically 150 to 200 K below the adiabatic flame temperature. Corresponding primary zone results and equilibrium calculations for the case of 60 percent solids CWM firing are shown in Figure 8. The results for CWM firing are substantially different from those for PC firing. While the calculated equilibrium NOX concentrations for CWM firing are lower than those for PC firing, because of the lower flame temperatures, the measured NOX concentrations at the primary zone exit for CWM firing are considerably higher than those for PC firing. The CWM measurements are also considerably higher than the 6B-22 ------- calculated equilibrium concentrations for CWM firing. This increase in NOX concentrations for CWM firing is also reflected in the lean zone exit, or exhaust emissions, measurements. Measured NOX exhaust emissions, corrected to 15 percent oxygen, for three PC fuels and for 60 percent solids Dorchester CWM are plotted as a function of primary zone fuel-air equivalence ratio in Figure 9. These measurements were made at the combustor exit, downstream of the lean-burn zone. The overall combustor fuel-air equivalence ratio at the lean zone exit was fixed as the primary zone equivalence ratio was varied. The dramatic reduction of NOX levels with increased staging of the combustion is clearly illustrated. The NSPS limit (0.6 Ib/MM Btu for bituminous coals), scaled for the combustor exit conditions, is shown for reference. At the nominal design operating point, the combustor NOX emissions for both PC and CWM firing are well below the NSPS limit. Not enough information is available to partition the exhaust NOX emissions between contributions from (1) primary zone NO generation; (2) lean-burn zone oxidation of volatile or char nitrogen carried over from the fuel-rich zone; and (3) generation of thermal NOX in the lean-burn zone. It is obvious, however, that NOX is generated in the lean-burn zone. For example, NOX levels at the rich zone combustor exit at equivalence ratios in the range 1.3 to 1.4 (the nominal primary zone operating point) for PC firing have been measured at 20 to 40 ppm. The primary zone typically has one third of the total gas mass flow rate. If no NOX was generated in the lean-burn zone, the primary zone NOX would therefore be diluted by a factor of approximately three, giving emissions on the order of 10 to 15 ppm. The actual emissions at this condition are of order 30 to 50 ppm. Thus some 20 to 40 ppm NOX are generated in the lean-burn zone. These 20 to 40 ppm are either from thermal NOX in the lean-burn zone or from lean zone oxidation of char of volatile nitrogen carried over from the primary zone. The exhaust NOX emissions for CWM firing are slightly higher than those for PC firing. At the nominal primary zone operating point, the CWM emissions are in the range 60 to 80 ppm, compared with 30 to 50 ppm for PC firing. While the precise mechanisms leading to the higher levels of NOX with CWM firing are not clear at present, several contributing factors may be identified. As discussed above, the measured NOX levels at the primary zone exit for CWM firing are much higher than those measured at the same location for PC firing. In fact, for CWM firing the measured NOX is in excess of the thermodynamic equilibrium level. Thus NO destruction would be expected downstream of the primary zone exit. This indeed appears to be the case: if the assumption of no NOX generation in the lean-burn zone is again made, and the primary zone NOX concentration is diluted by a factor of three, the NOX concentration so obtained is of order 160 ppm, considerably in excess of the measured NOX emission for CWM firing of 60 to 80 ppm. This suggests that NO is destroyed between the primary zone exit and the lean zone inlet. The large differences in primary zone NOX between PC and CWM firing are indicative of significant differences in temperature, heating rate and stoichiometry histories in the fuel-rich primary zone for the two fuels. As discussed above, the partition of the fuel- bound nitrogen between volatile and char nitrogen and the subsequent conversion of NOX precursors to molecular nitrogen are strongly dependent on such parameters. Because of its high moisture content 6B-23 ------- and large size, a CWM droplet will experience both a lower heating rate and a lower final temperature than a pulverized coal particle. This may lead to both less complete evolution of fuel-bound nitrogen and also less efficient conversion of released fuel-bound nitrogen to molecular nitrogen and consequently to higher NOX emissions. The post-run appearance of the slag layer in the primary zone would also indicate that more wall burning occurs for CWM firing than for PC firing, possibly because of the production of relatively large coal particle agglomerates on evaporation of the moisture in the CWM droplet. These larger coal particles will be inertially separated from the toroidal vortex onto the slagged wall before burning out completely. Thus the gas phase stoichiometry for CWM burning is leaner than the global stoichiometry based on air and fuel inputs. NOX levels at the exit of the primary zone may therefore reflect the equilibrium levels at leaner conditions, and given enough residence time, would eventually be reduced to levels indicative of the global stoichiometry. Figure 10 shows the exhaust NOX emissions plotted as a function of the combustor outlet temperature. The nominal design outlet temperature is 1850°F, at which temperature the NOX emission is some 40 ppm. There is only a moderate increase in NOX emissions as the outlet temperature is increased to 2000°F. NOX generation and destruction in staged combustion are controlled by an extremely complex series of phenomena. Given the limited amount of experimental information available from a practical staged slagging combustion system such as the one currently being tested, it is difficult to completely identify the precise mechanisms responsible for the results obtained. However, the general concept of staged combustion for NOX reduction has worked extremely well in this application, leading to NOX emissions on the order of one fifth of the NSPS requirements. CONCLUSION A three-stage combustion concept has been developed for application to direct coal-firing of utility gas turbines. A key aspect of combustor performance is the effective control of NOX emissions. A subscale combustor (3.5 MWt, 6 atm) is currently being tested. Results for various coal fuels fired as either PC or CWM have shown extremely good coal particle burnout leading to effective slagging in the primary zone. The combustor employs staged combustion (fuel-rich conditions in the primary zone to inhibit NOX production from fuel-bound nitrogen; rapid quench/good mixing in lean-burn zone to reduce peak flame temperature and minimize thermal NOX production) for NOX emissions control. For primary zone fuel-air equivalence ratios greater than approximately 1.1 for PC firing and 1.15 for CWM firing, the subscale slagging combustor NOX emissions are well below the NSPS limit. Given the high levels of fuel-bound nitrogen in the coals burned (typically 1.3%), the staged combustion has worked extremely well to control NOX emissions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work described in this paper is sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy through the Morgantown Energy Technology Center 6B-24 ------- under Contract No. DE-AC21-86MC23167. Mr. Donald W. Gelling is the METC Program Manager. REFERENCES Abichandani, J. S., Loftus, P. J., Diehl, R. C., Woodroffe, J. A., and Holcombe, N. T. (1989) "Nonequilibrium Sulfur Removal from High Temperature Gases," Proceedings: Sixth Annual Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September, 1989. Chatwani, A. U., Turan, A., and Stickler, D. B. (1988) "Design and Sizing of the Primary Stage of a Toroidal Vortex Gas Turbine Combustor Using a 3-D Flow Field Modelling Code," Western States Section Meeting of the Combustion Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, March, 1988. Loftus, P. J., Chatwani, A. U., Turan, A., and Stickler, D. B. (1988) "The Use of 3-D Numerical Modelling in the Design of a Gas Turbine Coal Combustor," Heat Transfer in Gas Turbine Engines and Three- Dimensional Flows, ASME HTD-Vol. 103, pp. 95-105, edited by E. Elovic, J. E. O'Brien, and D. W. Pepper, New York. Also presented at ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, December, 1988. Mattsson, A. C. J., and Stankevics, J. 0. A. (1985) "Development of a Retrofit External Slagging Coal Combustor Concept," Proceedings: Second Annual Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pershing, D. W. and Wendt, J. 0. L. (1979) "Relative Contributions of Volatile Nitrogen and Char Nitrogen to NOX Emissions from Pulverized Coal Flames," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: Process Design and Development, 18 (1); 60-66, 1979. Pillsbury, P. W., Bannister, R. L., Diehl, R. C., and Loftus, P- J. (1989) "Direct Coal Firing for Large Combustion Turbines: What Do Economic Projections and Subscale Combustor Tests Show?" ASME Paper 89-JPGC/GT-4, Joint ASME/IEEE Power Generation Conference, Dallas, Texas, October, 1989. Smart, J. P- and Weber, R. (1989) "Reduction of NOX and Optimization of Burnout with an Aerodynamically Air-Staged Burner and an Air-Staged Precombustor Burner," Journal of the Institute of Energy, December 1989, pp 237-245. Stankevics, J. 0. A., Mattsson, A. C. J., and Stickler, D. B. (1983) "Toroidal Flow Pulverized Coal-Fired MHD Combustor," Third Coal Technology Europe Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 6B-25 ------- STAGE PRIMARY ZONE STAGE I I I LEAN BURN/ DILUTION ZONE CENTERBODY STAGE I I IMPACT SEPARATOR CYCLONE SEPARATOR ORIFICE PLATE —> TO STACK Figure 1 Schematic diagram of three stage slagging combustor concept including slagging cyclone separator 10000 NOx (ppm) NSPS Bituminous Limit NSPS Subbituminous Limit 1000 r 100 Equilibrium NOx at AFT AFT 100 K AFT 200 K 10 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio 1.5 1.6 Figure 2 Calculated thermochemical equilibrium NOX concentrations in the fuel-rich zone as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio for three gas temperatures: adiabatic flame temperature (AFT), 100 K below AFT, and 200 K below AFT 6B-26 ------- Species Mass Fraction NO Concentration (ppm) 0.5 1.5 Time (msec) Figure 3 Variation of species concentrations showing final CO burnout and NO generation in lean burn zone at a fuel- air equivalence ratio of 0.6 Figure 4 Photograph of subscale slagging combustor test arrangement 6B-27 ------- Carbon Conversion (%) PC L/D - 1.25 CWM L/D - 1.50 CWM L/D • 1.25 80 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Primary Zone Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio 1.7 1.8 Figure 5 Measured primary zone carbon conversion for PC and CWM firing as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio Measured Flame Temperature (K) zouu 2500 2400 .. ^Tn^ D Pittsburgh #8 ^ Wyoming Rosebud 0 Dorchester 1600 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Primary Zone Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio 1.6 1.7 Figure 6 Measured primary zone flame temperatures for PC firing as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio 6B-28 ------- NOx (ppm) 10000= NSPS Bituminous Limit NSPS Subbituminous Limit 100k 10 c Equilibrium NOx at AFT AFT 100 K AFT 200 K -X- Measured NOx (PC) 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio 1.5 1.6 Figure 7 Measurements of NOX concentrations at exit of primary zone for PC firing and calculated equilibrium NOX concentrations for PC combustion as a function of fuel- air equivalence ratio 10000 NOx (ppm) 1000 = 100 NSPS Bituminous Limit NSPS Subbituminous Limit Equilibrium NOx at AFT AFT 100 K AFT 200 K 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio 1.5 1.6 Figure 8 Measurements of NOX concentrations at exit of primary zone for CWM firing and calculated equilibrium NOX concentrations for CWM combustion as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio 6B-29 ------- 600 500 400 300 200^ NOx (ppmv, dry, corrected to 15% O2) 100 0 PC L/D - 1.25 *- CWM L/D • 1.50 NSPS Limit o — 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Primary Zone Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio 1.7 1.8 Figure 9 Measured lean-zone exit NOX concentrations (dry, corrected to 15 percent oxygen) for PC and CWM burning as a function of primary zone fuel-air equivalence ratio 100 80 60 40 NOx (ppmv, dry, corrected to 15% O2) A 20 0 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Combustor Outlet Temperature (deg F) 2100 Figure 10 Measured lean-zone exit NOX concentrations (dry, corrected to 15 percent oxygen) as a function of lean- zone outlet temperature 6B-30 ------- LOW NOX COAL BURNER DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION J. W. Allen NEI-International Combustion Ltd Sinfin Lane, Derby, England DE2 9GJ ------- LOW NOX COAL BURNER DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION ABSTRACT The paper describes the development and application of a front wall low NO coal A burner in the U.K. power industry. Target NO emission levels set by European Community Directives, for the U.K. X industry, were met both in full scale single burner thermal trials and in the multi burner boiler operation. The paper highlights the basic differences between test rig and boiler installations, not only in combustion performance but also in the boiler operational effects which influence the selection of materials of construction for the critical burner parts. In order to optimise the boiler performance, the characteristics of the low NO A burner must be recognised in the boiler operating procedures. 6B-33 ------- INTRODUCTION Current UK NO emission targets for large combustion plant (i.e. plant with heat X input greater than 50 MW thermal., are based on a European Economic Community (EEC) Directive (88/609/EEC) issued in December, 1988 (1). The Directive stipulates limits for new large plant and also NO reduction targets to be X achieved by the various EEC countries over the decade to 1998. NO limits for X the various fossil fuels are given in Table 1. Table 1 EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR NO FOR NEW PLANTS X Type of Fuel Limit Values (mg/NmJ) Sol id in General 650 Solid with less than 10% volatiles 1300 Liquid 450 Gaseous 350 Although these NO levels refer to new plant they have become target norms for X the retrofitting of power generation boilers in the UK for low NO operation. Furthermore the UK is required to reduce NO emission levels by 15% prior to X 1993 and 301 prior to 1998, based on NO emission levels in 1980. X European units for NO concentrations are frequently quoted in mg/Nm3, although X most concentration measurements are made in terms of parts per million (ppm). For comparison purposes the ppm concentration is referred to either a 3% or 6% dry waste gas oxygen concentration. Table 2 gives the interconversion factors for terms commonly used for the expression of NO concentrations. X 6B-34 ------- Table 2 INTERCONVERSION OF NOX CONCENTRATION TERMS To convert To Multiply by From > D6 mg/Nm3 - 0.487 8.14 x 10 mg/Nm3 ppm lbs/10D Btu -4 -3 ppm 2.05 - 1.67 x 10 lbs/106 Btu 1230 598 Table 2 is based on coal combustion with a dry flue gas 02 content of 6%. To correct used:- correct NO concentrations, at differing 0? levels, the following formula can be A N0y (ppm at 02 n J . 21 p_2 m NOY (ppm at 02 m ) A \ I f \ L- ) A \ L. I 21 02(1) Prior to the privatisation of the electricity industry in the UK the CEGB announced a E170M programme in order to achieve the reductions in NO emission X levels as required by the EEC Directive. The two major privatised power generators, National Power and PowerGen, are continuing with this programme. Progress in the conversion of corner fired units in the UK has proceeded quickly following the successful demonstration of the 'Low NO Corner Firing System A (LNCFS)1 installed in a single 500 MW boiler in the CEGB, North Western Region, in 1985(2),(3). The 500 MW+ corner firing capacity of both National Power and PowerGen is committed to this low NO system. X Conversion of the wall fired units has proceeded more slowly, at the time of writing around 25-30% of the UK wall fired coal capacity has been converted or committed to low NO burner retrofit. This slower progress has enabled the X power generating and manufacturing organisations to proceed via a well defined programme based on isothermal and mathematical modelling, single burner full scale rig testing and the testing of individual burners within an actual boiler environment, before commencing a full boiler commercial retrofit. All the low NO burner developments, including corner firing, have been based on combustion X staging techniques, which have been demonstrated as capable of achieving the NO X 6B-35 ------- reduction requirements of the EEC Directive. The burner development and operations described in this paper relate to a front wall low NO coal burner X incorporating both fuel and air staging into the basic design. Although these burners are capable of meeting the NO emission requirements up to 1998 it is X anticipated that a tightening of the regulations within the EEC will occur before that date. Improved internal staging, furnace staging and, perhaps, post combustion No reduction techniques will have to be introduced to meet these X more strict emission limits. If post combustion reduction techniques are eventually required, an accepted basic low NO burner system will enable any future emission regulations to be X met effectively both in terms of speed of implementation and minimum capital cost. PRINCIPLES OF BURNER DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT The current NEI-ICL low NO wall burner design is shown in Figure 1. Air X staging is achieved by splitting the combustion air into independently swirled secondary and tertiary streams. Fuel staging is achieved by means of fuel flow redistributors (FFR) located in the pulverised coal/primary air stream close to the burner exit. Situated in this location the FFR produce a fuel lean/fuel rich profile at the burner mouth. Ignition of the main pulverised coal fuel (PF) is achieved via a centrally located oil burner with its integral combustion air supply fan. PF is supplied, from the PF supply piping, via a tangential inlet and scroll distribution system to the annular burner fuel duct. The design concepts were developed using isothermal modelling techniques, to examine both the flow of fuel and the air distribution within the burner system. Fuel flow work addressed the problem of roping within the burner fuel annulus and produced an evenly distributed flow into the FFR system which then produced the required fuel staging effect at the burner exit. Various forms of FFR devices were tested using flow visualisation techniques. Air distribution and air swirl were studied in relation to the recirculation and general mixing patterns produced both in the near burner region and further downstream. Figure 2 illustrates a typical recirculation pattern from an early burner design. Following the isothermal model work a series of potential low NO burner design X configurations were selected for thermal testing, at full scale, in the 88 MW NEI-ICL burner test facility. The initial full scale tests related to a 37 MW., burner design which would be required for several 48 burner 500 MW front wall 6B-36 ------- coal fired units in the UK. During this work, operating parameters, such as those relating combustion air preheat and heat input to NO levels, were A established (Figures 3a and 3b). In this work the principle of good flame retention at the burner mouth, as a pre-requisite of low NO operation, was also A established. This and the effectiveness of the FFR, in controlling overall NO X emission levels, is illustrated in Figures 4a and 4b. In order to relate the test rig burner performance to site boiler performance, particularly with respect to NO emissions, the test rig was refractory lined in X a pattern determined by computer calculations, such that the rig centre line temperature was similar to the boiler centre line flame temperature, as shown in Figure 5 (4). To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach a standard burner from a 500 MW boiler was rig tested under these conditions and did reproduce site NO levels of around 700 ppm at 3% Qz . Thus a 1:1 rig factor in X respect of NO emission levels was established. X Further work was carried out on flame retention, which resulted in successful patent applications for the burner design(5) and also up-rating of the design from 37 MW., to 58 MW., without an increase in NO emissions. The 58 MW burner was also required to operate with a primary air to pulverised coal ratio of 1.2:1 compared to the more usual 1.5/2:1 range. Furthermore the primary air was vitiated by the use of recycled flue gas into the ball mills for coal drying purposes. This primary air vitiation and low pa:pf could aid low NO X performance of the burner but also adversely affect flame stability and burn out. Figure 6 demonstrates the NO performance of this larger burner showing not only X the usual trend of increasing NO with waste gas Oz content (with a NO level of X X 375 ppm at 3% 02), but also that the burner can operate at lower excess air rates than normally used for coal firing without the generation of high CO levels. Corresponding with CO levels below 100 ppm the carbon in dust levels measured on the rig tests were a maximum of 2%. During the thermal trials the opportunity was taken to collect in-flame gas samples and temperature measurements. Contour plots of gas and temperature variations are shown in Figures 7a-7d. These emphasise the importance of the near burner region aerodynamics in establishing a centrally located reducing atmosphere with the flame envelope which encourages the formation of Ha rather than NO from the X nitrogen contained in the fuel. High NO levels were produced in the outer X regions of the flame, close to the burner, corresponding with the mixing of 6B-37 ------- secondary air and the outer layers of the fuel stream. This NO mixed later in A the flame with the reductants produced in the flame core, thus producing a low overall NO emission from the flame. X Depending on the particular conditions rig NO levels were in the 300-400 ppm A range (related to 3% Oz, dry) which represents an approximate 50% reduction in NO . PERFORMANCE OF BURNERS IN SITE INSTALLATIONS Prior to the possible retrofitting of a full boiler set of low NO burners it A was considered prudent to replace just one or two standard burners, with the low NO designs, in an operating boiler. This preliminary installation would enable the compatibility of the low NO burners, within a hot multi-burner furnace X environment, to be assessed from an operational and durability standpoint. Two 37 MW. . low NO burners were installed, on a 48 burner 500 MW boiler, in the L n x wing and centre top row locations and a single 58 MW., burner installed in the centre top row position of a 32 burner 500 MW boiler. The centre top row location was considered to give the most hostile conditions regarding burner component temperatures, particularly in the non-firing mode. The wing position enabled a qualitative assessment of the burner, in operation, to be made. The centre top row burners were inspected, in-situ, using a water cooled periscope inserted into the burner via de-ashing ports, critical components of the burner were instrumented with thermocouples to provide burner metal temperature variations in both the firing and non-firing operational modes. Temperatures recorded from the single low NO burner, installed in the standard X burnered furnaces, gave some cause for concern, as in the non-firing mode, temperatures approaching recommended limits for the material used in the critical burner areas were recorded, with the normal 10-15% MCR cooling air equivalent passing through the burner. Computer calculations of heat flux based on test rig data, of low NO burner operation, showed that with a full boiler set of low NO burners the temperature X of the critical burner components would be satisfactory. The main reason for this was the lower peak flame temperature of the combustion staged low NO burner system which also occurred further down stream from the burner exit. There was also a change in the gas recircul ation pattern at the furnace front wall as a result of the low NO burner design. x 6B-38 ------- Periscope observations indicated the possibility of some ash deposition in the low NO burner installed in a conventional boiler burner system. From both test X rig experience and computer predictions it was postulated that the change in front wall flow patterns from a full boiler set of low NO burners would X eliminate this possibility. Although both rig operating experience and computer predictions indicated that neither high material temperature or ash deposition would be a problem with a full set of low NO burners, material specifications for the critical burner X components were selected and a minor modification made to the secondary air stream aerodynamics to provide further assurance. In practice, with the full boiler set of low NO burners, the computer and test rig predictions, regarding X critical burner metal temperatures and ash deposition, were verified. By carrying out these investigations a considerable data bank was compiled on potential materials for burner construction covering fabricated, cast materials, coated materials and ceramics. Data on erosion resistance of these materials exposed to flowing pulverised coal streams were also obtained. Table 3 compares the temperatures measured in the single low NO burner and the multiple low NO X X burners after the boiler modification. Table 3 BURNER METAL TEMPERATURES COMPARISONS BEFORE AND AFTER LOW NO BOILER MODIFICATIONS A Burner Component Temperature °C Before Modification After Modification mean peak mean peak Tertiary Air Duct 880 980 868 1011 Secondary Air Duct 870 950 838 915 Oil burner core tube 730 810 707 792 Temperatures in Table 3 relate to the non-firing mode with 10-15% of normal firing air supply passing through the burner. 6B-39 ------- Also, prior to the installation of a full boiler set of low NO burners, the NO X A and CO levels were measured on an unmodified boiler (6). The results are shown in Figure 8. In general the unmodified boiler NO emissions were in the range X 550-730 ppm (related to 3% Qz , dry), depending upon the excess air level, with a mean level of 633 ppm at 3% 02. Thus a 30% reduction in NO would require the X boiler to operate at a mean figure of 443 ppm well within the capacity of the burner, from the rig test data (see Figure 6). Carbon in dust from the unmodified boiler was in the range 0-6% 3.3% (mean 1.93%) depending upon mill groups in operation and excess air levels, under similar conditions CO levels were recorded in the 60-200 ppm range. Figure 9 shows the results from the initial commissioning trials of the full boiler set of low NO burners, covering the whole range of mill groups and X excess air levels, equivalent to the 2-5% waste gas 02 range and compares them wit te test rig burer performace. Summarising these early results from te boiler, the low NO burners, in combination, can operate under the conditions X outlined in Table 4. Table 4 INITIAL COMPLIANT OPERATING RANGE OF LOW NO BURNERS A Oz level 3% 4% NO ppm 330 430 CO ppm 25 10 C in Dust % 52 NO levels in Table 4 refer to ppm at 3% 02 dry. X The results confirm the 1:1 rig factor to boiler factor relating to NO X emissions, in the 3-4% waste gas 02 range. The CO emission results in Figure 9 indicate that the 100 ppm CO level would not be exceeded until excess air levels equivalent to 1.8% 02 were obtained, this compares to 2.6% 02 in the unmodified boiler. Over the 3-4% waste gas 02 range the CO levels in the boiler were similar to those in the rig tests, however there is a tendency for a more rapid increase in CO generation, below 3% Qz , in the boiler compared to the test rig. 6B-40 ------- The average of all the boiler NO level results gave 399 ppm NO which X X corresponds to a 37% reduction in NO compared to the mean level of NO from the X X unmodified boiler. This reduction should be even greater when burner optimisation is complete to enable the burners to operate at lower Oz levels without excessive CO generation in the boiler. Carbon in dust levels increased in the low NO burnered boiler to an average of around 5% (at 3% 02) compared to X 2% in the unmodified boiler (see Figures 8&9). The general practice with this boiler is to over-fire on the bottom rows of burners in the unmodified boilers, as a means of controlling superheater temperatures and this practice has been continued on the modified boiler. Some burners are therefore operating at lower overall air to fuel ratios, however, the increased swirl and hence shorter flame length of the unmodified burners produces sufficient in furnace time and turbulence to produce a low C in dust loss overall. As a result of staged combustion effects low NO burners have a low overall X swirl producing increased flame lengths and low furnace turbulence levels. We now know that higher carbon in dust levels are generated from the burners which are operating at lower overall air levels. The time, temperature and mixing history (Oz availability), which controls the combustion reactions within the boiler, including NO emissions is influenced by furnace geometry and air X quality. The 10 m depth (with an approximate 3:1 width:depth ratio) of the boiler coupled with the use of vitiated air for coal conveying have an adverse effect on the final burn-out characteristics. Optimisation of the boiler and burner performance, fully recognising the low swirl characteristics of the low NOx burners, should improve this situation. CONCLUSION Single full scale burner test facilities can be used to indicate multi-burnered boiler NO emission levels. Combustion staged low NO burner designs are X X capable of meeting current legislation relating to NO emission levels. X Front wall environments are less hostile to burner components in a low NO X system compared to a conventional front wall coal burner system. Low NO burner characteristics must be fully recognised in the optimisation of X low NO front wall burner boiler operations. X 6B-41 ------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to the Directors of NEI-ICL for permission to publish this paper and to many colleagues within NEI-ICL responsible for providing both test rig and boiler commissioning data. Thanks are also due to PowerGen Technical and Station personnel for the provision of boiler operating data and continued enthusiastic interest in the project. REFERENCES 1. Official Journal of the European Communities L336 "Council Directive 88/609/EEC of 24th November, 1988 on the Limitation of Emissions of Certain Pollutants into the Air from Large Combustion Plants" 7th December, 1988. 2. J. W. Allen, W. J. D. Brooks, N. A. Burdett, F. Clarke and G. Foley. "Reductions in NO Emissions from a 500 MW Corner Fired Boiler." Joint Symposium on Stationary NO Combustion Control. New Orleans, 1987. X 3. J. W. Allen "NO Reductions in Coal fired Boilers." Modern Power X Systems. June, 1987. 4. Private Communications. M. J. Sargeant, S. Cooper - CEGB, Marchwood Engineering Laboratories, 1984. 5. UK Patent 8805208 USA Patent 317743 European Patent 89302101.4 6. Private Communication. CEGB 6B-42 ------- Secondary air control damper Secondary air swirl vanes Tertiary air vanes Outer back plate Sight tube Conical liner Core air tube PA/PF inlet Secondary air tube Tertiary air tube Entry chamber Rodding tube Support tubes Secondary/tertiary air shut off damper Fuel flow redistributors Figure 1. Low NOx Front Wall Coal Burner. Axial distance (m) 1.5-1 Burner centre line 1.0- Flame boundary 0.5- Central recirculation zone Figure 2. Low NOx Coal Burner Model. Typical Recirculation Pattern. 6B-43 ------- NOx (ppm) 500 -i 400 - 300 200 - 100 0 0 100 200 Air preheat temp. (°C) 3a Effect of Air Preheat on NOx (Excess Air = 3% O2 ) 300 NOx (ppm) 500 -i 400 - 300 - 200 100 0 I 50% Burner load 100% 3b Effect of Burner Load on NOx (Excess Air = 3% 02 ) 100% Load = 58MW. Figure 3. Effect of Air Preheat and Burner Load on NOx. NOx (ppm) 700 -i 600 - 500 - 400 - 300 - 200 - 100 - 0 Fully lifted flame Well anchored flame 01 2345 % 02 in waste gas 4a Effect of Flame Retention on NOx NOx (ppm) 700 -i 600 - 500 - 400 - 300 - 200 - 100 - 0 Burner without FFR ^- Burner with FFR 0 Figure 4. 12345 % 02 in waste gas 4b Effect of Fuel Staging on NOx Effect of Burner Parameters on NOx 6B-44 ------- Centre cell gas temp. (°K) 2000 -i 1750- 1500 - 1250- 1000 750 - 500 Test rig Boiler I 10 I 12 l 14 16 18 I 20 Axial distance (m) Figure 5. Comparison of Refractory Lined Rig and 500MW Boiler Centre Line Temperatures. NOx (ppm) 500 -i 400 - 300 - 200 - 100 - CO (ppm) NOx CO -100 -80 -60 -40 20 0 % O2 in waste gas Figure 6. Test Rig Performance of 58MW (Thermal) Front Wall Coal Burner. 6B-45 ------- CD DO I -P- O) O-i 1 - 2- 3- 0 2 O-i Burner centre line 280 250 I 12 4 6 8 10 12 14 Distance along axis (m) 7a NOx Contours (ppm) Burner centre line I 16 0 2 4 6 8 1012 Distance along axis (m) 7c CO Contours (%) \ 14 16 1! O-i Burner centre line 1 10 2.5 O-i 1 - 4 6 8 10 12 14 Distance along axis (m) 7b 02 Contours (%) Burner centre line ! 6 1! 900 900 800 I 8 I 1 A. 4 6 8 1012 Distance along axis (m) 7d Temperature Contours (°C) 16 18 Figure 7. In —Flame Gas and Temperature Contours. ------- NOx (ppm) 700 -i 600 - 500 - NOx 400 I 2 CO (ppm) 100 -i 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 - 0 CO o % c 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 - I 3 % 02 at economiser Unburnt Carbon i 4 I 2 % 02 at economiser Figure 8. Unmodified Boiler Performance 6B-47 ------- NOx (ppm) 600 -i 500 - 400 - 300 - 200 - 100 - 0 KEY NOx o Boiler x Test rig 0 I 5 CO (oom) 80 -i 60 - 40 - 20 - CO o % c 10-, 6 - 4 - 2 - Unburnt Carbon ' ' 1 1 i 01 2345 % 02 at economiser Rgure 9. Modified Burner Performance on Boiler During Commissioning, Compared to Single Burner Test Rig Performance 6B-48 ------- Session 7A NEW DEVELOPMENTS I Chair: G. Veerkamp, Pacific Gas & Electric ------- Preliminary Test Results High Energy Urea Injection DeNOx on a 215 Mw Utility Boiler Dale G. Jones, Ph.D., P.E., Noell, Inc. Stefan Negrea, P.E., Noell, Inc. Ben Dutton, Noell, Inc. Larry W. Johnson, P.E., Southern Calif. Edison Co. J. Paul Sutherland, P.E., Southern Calif. Edison Co. Jeff Tormey, Southern Calif. Edison Co. Randall A. Smith, Fossil Energy Research Corporation ------- Preliminary Test Results High Energy Urea Injection DeNOx on a 215 MW UlUlly Boiler by Dale G. Jones, Ph.D., P.E., Noell, Inc. Stefan Negrea, P.E., Noell, Inc. Ben Dutton, Noell, Inc. Larry W. Johnson, P.E., Southern Calif. Edison Co. J. Paul Sutherland, P.E., Southern Calif. Edison Co. Jeff Tormey, Southern Calif. Edison Co. Randall A. Smith, Fossil Energy Research Corporation ABSTRACT Initial tests of a high energy urea injection SNCR DeNOx system have been completed at Southern California Edison's Huntington Beach Unit 2 gas- and oil-fired boiler. The SNCR DeNOx temperature window in this 215 MW utility boiler occurs in narrow cavities and between boiler convection sections. The Huntington Beach SNCR DeNOx project Is a demonstration of high energy urea injection in narrow cavities to evaluate various DeNOx alternatives and to bring such installations in compliance with South Coast Air Quality Management District regulations for the metropolitan area. Following contract award in June, 1990, Noell proceeded with injection system design, installation and start up. Initial tests of high energy injection into the 2nd cavity and other boiler zones were conducted between Jan. 15 and March 5, 1991. Pressurized urea-water mixtures were Injected into cross-flowing flue gas using high velocity air-driven nozzles. Initial 2nd cavity injection tests showed that 25% to 40% DeNOx Is achieved at full load despite adverse conditions of short cavity residence times (i.e. 40 milliseconds) and floor-to- roof adverse temperature gradients (l.e. about 200 F). Such adverse conditions in the 2nd cavity also caused unacceptably high levels of NH3 slip. Additional tests were therefore performed to investigate urea injection into the 1st cavity where the full load temperature is about 2050 F. Using only four (4) sldewall Injection nozzles, 20% to 25% full load DeNOx was obtained at urea feedrates from NSR = 2 to NSR = 4 (NSR is moles of NHi injected vs. moles of Initial NOx). Under these conditions, NHs slip measured upstream from the air preheater averaged less than 3 ppm, or less than about 1.5% of NHi feedrate, Noell Is proceeding with further development of advanced injection systems to be considered for installation and additional testing at Huntington Beach. 7A-1 ------- 1.0 Introduction and Background Initial tests of a high energy urea injection SNCR DeNOx system have been completed at Southern California Edison's Huntington Beach Unit 2 gas- and oil-fired boiler. The SNCR DeNOx temperature window in this 215 MW utility boiler occurs in narrow cavities and between boiler convection sections. The Huntington Beach SNCR DeNOx project is a demonstration of high energy urea injection in narrow cavities to evaluate various DeNOx alternatives to comply with South Coast Air Quality Management District regulations. Urea (NH2.CO.NH2) reacts at high temperatures with NOx in combustion flue gases, approximately as follows: 2 NO + NH2.CO.NH2 + 0.5 O2 = 2 N2 + 2 H2O + CO2 Amine radical (NH2) resulting from thermal decomposition of the urea reacts with NO. The chemical feedrate vs. quantity of NOx is called the normalized stoichlometric ratio (NSR), defined as the molar ratio of NHi being injected divided by initial NOx. At Isothermal conditions, the SNCR DeNOx process operates best over a narrow 'temperature window' between 1600 F and 1900 F. If the flue gas temperature Is too hot, some of the NH2 radicals form additional NOx and DeNOx performance decreases. If the flue gas temperature Is too cold, some of the NH2 radicals form byproduct NH3, called 'ammonia slip* and DeNOx performance goes down. Thus, a 'temperature window* exists. This narrow temperature window is the primary drawback of boiler Injection SNCR DeNOx technology. When boiler operations change, temperatures at an injection location also change. Therefore, multiple levels of Injection are usually required to provide good DeNOx performance over a range of boiler conditions. At low load, the temperature may be too cold, and Injection should occur at a location closer to the furnace. At high load, the temperature may be too hot, and Injection should be at a location further from the furnace. Noell's boiler injection DeNOx system uses high velocity Injection Jets to provide Intense flue gas mixing. These Jets can overcome distribution problems typically observed, such as non-uniformities In temperature, flowrate, and/or composition of the flue gas. As In any chemical process, intimate and complete mixing is Important. By proper design and operation of the injection system, close approximation to a well-mixed reactor can be achieved. Noell's boiler Injection Jets are used for flue gas mixing and operate Independently from chemical feeding, accomplished using feed pumps for higher or lower levels of DeNOx. Chemical distribution occurs first In the Injection Jet, and then as the injection jet(s) mix with cross-flowing flue gas. Noell's boiler injection concept is Illustrated in Figure 1, which provides results of Jan, 1988 Injection system flow model testing for the KVA/Basel MSW incineration plant. The left picture shows 'channelling1, where a smoke stream passes through the flow path without much mixing. The right picture is similar except that scaled-down injection Jets were installed Into the sidewall(s) of the flow model to determine effects on mixing. As can be seen, such high energy injection Jets have a major Impact on flue gas mixing. Similar full-size Injection Jets were subsequently installed in the 330 TPD Basel MSW Incinerator. At maximum boiler output at 330 TPD incinerator feed rate, NOx removal of 70% was obtained at urea NSR = 1.3, along with relatively low levels of NH3 slip. (Reference 1). 7A-2 ------- Figure 1: Photographs of Flow Model Test Results KVA Basel 330 TPD MSW Incineration Furnace January, 1988 "Channelling" Effect (left-hand picture) Injection Jet Effect (right-hand picture) 7A-3 ------- Noell has also installed its high energy boiler injection SNCR DeNOx process at the 325 MW coal-fired power plant of BKB/Offleben in Germany, which was started up for commercial operation in Sept. 1989. In this coal-fired boiler. Noell's steam-driven nozzles are used for urea injection to achieve 95 ppm NOx at full load. At full load, the urea NSR is about 0.64, corresponding to about 32% DeNOx with NH3 slip of less than 1.0 ppm. Due to the SO2 content of the flue gas, the Offleben requirement is less than 5.0 ppm NH3 slip to avoid forming ammonium bisulfate deposits in the air preheater. (Reference 2) In more recent developments, Noell has been awarded a contract by the Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCC) to design and procure boiler injection SNCR DeNOx equipment for a Clean Coal III project at PSCC's Arapahoe coal- fired station. This boiler injection SNCR DeNOx project is being co-sponsored by the U.S. DOE and by EPRI. Noell has also been awarded a contract by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to conduct perform field testing of flue gas temperatures, and conduct boiler flow model testing of injection system options for a project being considered by TVA to demonstrate boiler injection SNCR DeNOx at a large coal-fired power plant 2.0 Description of Huntlngton Beach Unit 2 Boiler This gas- and oil-fired 215 MW boiler incorporates a pressurized furnace with front wall-fired burners arranged 6 wide by 4 high. The drum-type natural circulation steam generator includes pendant secondary superheater and reheat superheater convection sections. It is In the area of these pendant sections that flue gas temperatures at full load on gas fuel reach levels of interest for SNCR DeNOx. Full load superheater outlet conditions are 1,560,000 Ib/hr at 2450 psig and 1050 F. Flue gas from the furnace passes horizontally through the secondary superheater, a water screen formed by the rear wall tubes of the furnace, the reheater, and the pendant loop portion of the primary superheater. Following the rear cavity, the flue gas then passes vertically downward through the balance of the convection sections, air preheater and stack. Flue gas recirculatlon fans are provided for accurate control of superheated steam temperatures. At full load on gas fuel, about 8% of the flue gas is recirculated to the furnace bottom hopper. A side sectional elevation of the boiler is shown in Figure 2. The furnace cross section In the vertical upflow direction is 24 ft wide oy 50 ft. deep. Detailed description of the boiler convection sections goes beyond the scope of this report. It is sufficient to say that the flue gas velocities at full load on gas fuel are such that the residence times in the 1st and 2nd cavities between convection sections are on the order of 40 milliseconds (msec), and that flue gas temperatures initially decrease at a rate of about 4 F/msec in the first pendant section, and then at a rate of about 2 F/msec In the second and third sections. These narrow cavities and very short residence times are typical for many gas- and oil-fired boilers, and offer perhaps the most difficult type of challenge for application of boiler injection SNCR DeNOx. An earlier publication by Mittelbach, et.al. indicates that at 1800 F or above, flue gas residence times of about 100 msec would be sufficient to complete most of the SNCR DeNOx reactions (Reference 3). In the case of the Huntlngton Beach Unit 2 boiler, this expectation was overly optimistic. 7A-4 ------- Figure 2: Side Sectional Elevation, Huntlngton Beach Unit 2 Boiler Southern California Edison Company StCONOARYl UREHEAT SUPERHEATER SUPERHEATER 7A-5 ------- 3.0 Flue Gas Temperatures Prior to design of the injection system, flue gas temperature data was obtained using HVT probes at the upper furnace front and side-wall observation doors, and oy acoustic pyrometer to obtain average flue gas temperature at the Inlet of the first pendant tube section. The various field measurements of flue gas temperatures were compared with boiler manufacturer design data as follows: Table 3.1 COMPARISON OF FLUE GAS TEMPERATURES Huntlngton Beach Unit 2 at Full Load (Gas Fuel) Source of Data SSH Inlet 1st Cavity 2nd Cavity HVT Probe @ Observation Doors 2230 F n/a n/a Acoustic Pyrometer @ Obs. Doors 2280 F n/a n/a HVT Probe @ Manway Doors n/a 1910 F (?) 1760 F Manufacturer Design Sheets 2340 F n/a 1775 F The field data seemed to be in reasonable agreement with boiler manufacturer data. Computer-generated prediction of 2nd cavity temperature contours (full load on gas fuel) were also provided by the boiler manufacturer, which indicated cooler zones averaging 1700-1800 F near the 2nd cavity floor, hotter zones of about 1850-1950 F in the middle, and then 1800 F or above nearly all the way to the 2nd cavity roof. Based on the foregoing, there was no reason to doubt that the 2nd cavity was the preferred Injection zone. The 2nd cavity measures approximately 16 ft. high by 50 ft. wide In cross-section. Following Installation of the 2nd cavity Injection nozzles, further data was obtained. Temperature profiles from HVT measurements In the 2nd cavity are provided In Figures 3 and 4, where the strong Influence of burner patterns under otherwise Identical operating conditions Is easily seen. Burner pattern adjustment caused average flue gas temperatures to Increase (or decrease) up to 100-150 F. The entire SNCR DeNOx temperature window Is only 300 F, and changes of 100-150 F are quite significant As seen In Figures 3 and 4, flue gas temperatures also decreased up to 200 F from the floor to the roof. This adverse temperature gradient substantially shortened the 2nd cavity Injection residence times within the 1600-1900 F SNCR DeNOx temperature window. 4.0 Description of 2nd Cavity Injection System The Initial full load NOx concentration was generally about 120 ppm (corr. 3% O2, dry). Except as noted, this Initial NOx was used for NSR calculations. Tube shields were designed and Installed by Noell on the first row of boiler tube at the downstream edge of the 2nd cavity. Discussion between Southern California Edison and Noell confirmed that tube shields would provide a way to evaluate effects of high velocity Injection Jets on metal thicknesses, without any metal loss on the boiler tubes themselves. In coal-fired applications of high energy boiler Injection for SNCR DeNOx, Noell generally recommends the use of tube shields so that the potential for Increased erosion In specific high velocity zones can be determined without risk to the boiler tubes themselves. 7A-6 ------- Figure 3: 2nd Cavity Flue Gas Temperatures Near Boiler Centerline Huntlngton Beach Unit 2 Boiler. Full Load, Gas Fuel Southern California Edison Company HVT Temperature (F) r" \ A- S** \ > \\ \ Ni \ \ ^ fv \ rma \ \. oo V BO V, r^~ -— — DS X AI ,-— / ^ J* S ^\ \ r~s \ A \\ \\ \ \ \ \\ i i 4 t a 10 12 14 16 Height Above Floor of 2nd Cavity, ft HVT Temperature (Fl *- tf N ^ — N >TE /0( Q - PII S-E ,,oJ n mo jt- U M BOOS-We i -v B0( . i S-Taat N Tali ^v 'e«t ^ 7 , en a X / / / / ,r ^ 'S , fro ~N \ •*v^ n Si k ^ \ \ ie« ^ \\ \ Jli 1 0 J 4 6 » 10 IS Height Above Floor of 2nd Cavity, ft Figure 4: 2nd Cavity Flue Gas Temperatures Near Boiler Walls Huntlngton Beach Unit 2 Boiler. Full Load, Gas Fuel Southern California Edison Company 7A-7 ------- 5.0 Results of 2nd Cavity Injection Tests System tests Involved selection of pump settings for controlling the urea-water mixture ratio. The liquid mixture was then pumped to the boiler level and injected Into the cross-flowing flue gas using air-driven nozzles operating at sonic Jet velocities. A number of higli velocity Injection nozzles were installed in the floor zone of the 2nd cavity. By means of aspirated ports, these nozzles could be extended or retracted up to 8 ft. into the pressurized flue gas zone, without influencing boiler operations. Two (2) air orifice sizes were tested, the larger orifice(s) requiring an injection air flowrate of about 2.1% of the full load flue gas flowrate, and the smaller orifice(s) requiring about 1.2%. Figure 5 shows the effect of boiler load and burner pattern on percentage DeNOx for 2nd cavity injection at NSR = 2 for the two (2) sizes of Injection nozzles. As can be seen, the effect of increasing boiler load with ABIS (all burners In service) was to increase the DeNOx performance. With normal BOOS (burners out of service), increasing boiler load at a constant urea feedrate for NSR = 2 at full load caused a decrease in DeNOx performance. With the smaller nozzles, reduced DeNOx performance especially at full load was partially caused by reduced flue gas mixing at higher flue gas velocities. Figure 5 Illustrates the effect of adjusting the burner pattern from normal BOOS to ABIS, which causes increased flue gas temperatures (Figure 3 & 4). The increased flue gas temperatures, in turn, caused a full load DeNOx performance Increase from 27% to 40%. Since the change In burner pattern caused 2nd cavity flue gas temperature changes of 100-150 F, and since the resulting DeNOx Increase (at otherwise identical conditions) was relatively large, it was concluded that SNCR DeNOx in the 2nd cavity at full load was operating at the colder edge of the 1600-1900 F temperature window. The injected urea behaved as if the isothermal temperature was about 1600 F, regardless that full load HVT temperatures in the 2nd cavity itself averaged 1720-1780 F. These Initial full load results up to 40% DeNOx were achieved despite adverse conditions of short cavity residence time (i.e. 40 milliseconds) and 2nd cavity floor-to-roof adverse temperature gradient (i.e. about 200 F). Despite moderate DeNOx levels which were achieved, such adverse conditions in the 2nd cavity caused unacceptably high levels of NHs slip. Further analysis of these initial test program results showed that the hotter 1st cavity or upper furnace zones offered better locations at full load for high energy SNCR DeNOx Injection than the 2nd cavity. 6.0 Tests of 2nd Cavity Injection Nozzle Supply Pressure Additional tests were conducted using the larger 2nd cavity nozzles. In these tests, the boiler was held at full load, and urea NSR feedrate was increased to determine DeNOx vs. NSR. The results are presented In Figure 6, where it is seen that with a lower nozzle pressure, the DeNOx cannot be Increased beyond about 20% regardless how much the chemical feedrate Is Increased. This type of response curve Is Indicative of relatively poor flue gas mixing, where the SNCR DeNOx process become mixing limited. At the higher nozzle pressure, there Is a continuing Increase in DeNOx performance up to about 37% as NSR is increased up to about 5. This second type of response curve is Indicative of relatively good flue gas mixing. 7A-8 ------- Figure 5: Effect of Boiler Operations on 2nd Cavity Injection DeNOx Huntington Beach Unit 2 Boiler, Gas Fuel Southern California Edison Company Percent NOx Removal lb- 10 • 15 JO J5 5 0 NC TE: .. — -, ; — -~ 1 — ~- • Nc Full Si ^ ~~ — rmaJ Load nail j — _ — ~-. sod NSR ^ozzl Fixed Urea Feedrates for Normal NSR = 2 at Full Load (215 Mtt >-"-" — — _ ~~ — )S = 2 es BOO r) BIS ( Largi ^ ~. ~~-—~ 5 Tes SNS ; Noz ^ — — ~~~~. ts R = : iles — — i^- Nc Full Li -i — •— . ^ rma ------- 7.0 Results of 1st Cavity Injection Tests Additional tests were performed to investigate 1st cavity injection at higher full load temperatures, which averaged about 2050 F in the 1st cavity. This was several hundred degrees Fahrenheit hotter than the average full load temperature in the 2nd cavity. The existing 1st cavity sootblowers were removed and air-driven nozzles were installed Into these existing membrane wall aspirated ports. Using four (4) sidewall nozzles with known limitations in flue gas cross-sectional coverage, 20% to 25% full load DeNOx was obtained with urea feedrates from NSR = 2 to NSR = 4 (Figure 7). For these same urea NSR feedrates and operating conditions. NH3 slip as measured upstream from the air preheater was well below 1.5% of the NHi injection rate, and averaged less than 3 ppm. Despite the very high 2050 F temperature, the SNCR DeNOx process operated beyond expectations, especially considering the relatively poor flue gas cross-sectional coverage and mixing afforded when using only four (4) sidewall nozzles. 8.0 Results of Upper Furnace Injection Tests Further tests were also performed to determine upper furnace injection DeNOx as a function of boiler load. Again, only four (4) sidewall nozzles were used where existing observation doors (aspirated) were available. The chemical feedrate during these tests was maintained at a constant value which provided NSR = 2 at full load conditions. As shown in Figure 8, the percentage DeNOx decreased from a maximum of about 40% at a reduced load of 120 Mw. At full load on gas fuel, the flue gas temperatures are about 2300 F at the inlet of the first boiler tube bank. This is too hot for SNCR DeNOx, and as shown in Figure 8, the DeNOx decreased down to about 5% at full load. NH3 slip characteristics are also shown in Figure 8, where it is seen that at about 145 MW or 150 MW boiler load, upper furnace flue gas temperatures are most favorable for optimum SNCR DeNOx performance. 9.0 Further Work In Progress Noell is proceeding with further development of advanced injection systems to be considered for installation and additional testing at Huntington Beach. 7 A-10 ------- Figure 6: Effect of Nozzle Pressure on 2nd Cavity Injection DeNOx Huntington Beach Unit 2 Boiler, Full Load. Gas Fuel Southern California Edison Company Percent DeNOx from InlUaJ NOx .110 ppm 215 MW, Gas Fuel 40 • 13 P«'g 33 AK)»i«i (Off*. 30 55 20 10 2 3 Normalized Stolchlometrlc Ratio (NSR) to Figure 7: 1st Cavity Sidewall Injection DeNOx vs. NSR Huntington Beach Unit 2 Boiler, Full Load, Gas Fuel Southern California Edison Company 7A-11 ------- ro CO FV£NAc£ Uflf* 4 435. ZxfcKS, 6/fS FUEL PI :r3 ^r? r n C o o 0 r* o p (T) f1 Cr P o K.O p o crp. p •-^ Tl DO rt o - "i Bog TJ P K EJ K « P >T1 _ D fD 2 O X ------- Results and Conclusions 1. Narrow cavities and very short residence times In many gas- and oil- fired boilers offer perhaps the most difficult challenges for application of boiler Injection SNCR DeNOx. 2. Flue gas temperature variations caused by normal boiler operations can and will have significant effects on boiler injection SNCR DeNOx, even when there are no changes in boiler steam production or load. Successful load-following SNCR DeNOx systems must have multiple injection zones and relatively sophisticated controls. 3. Detailed field temperature measurements and flow model optimization tests of injection Jets are considered prerequisites for the design of high performance (boiler-specific) SNCR DeNOx injection systems 4. Despite adverse time/temperature conditions in narrow cavities between adjacent convection sections in the Huntington Beach gas-fired boiler, full load DeNOx performance was obtained as follows: Injection Zone Nozzle Posltlon(s). DeNOx NH3 Slip 2nd Cavity Multiple Floor Nozzles 25%-40% high 1st Cavity Sldewall Nozzles (4) 20%-25% low < 3 ppm Upper Furnace Sldewall Nozzles (4) 0%-5% zero 5. This initial Huntington Beach test program has shown that SNCR DeNOx is a function of available DeNOx reaction time plus injection system cross-sectional coverage and mixing. In this application at full load with short residence times, injection into the 1st cavity at a flue gas temperature of about 2050 F appears to provide the best SNCR DeNOx results. 6. Noell is proceeding with further development of advanced injection systems to be considered for installation and additional testing at Huntington Beach. References 1. Jones, D.G., et. al., 'Two-Stage DeNOx Process Test Data from Switzerland's Largest Incineration Plant', EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx Control, San Francisco, California, March 6-9. 1989. 2. Negrea, S., et. al., 'Urea Injection NOx Removal on a 325 MW Brown Coal-Fired Electric Utility Boiler in West Germany', 52nd Annual Meeting, American Power Conference, Hyatt Regency Chicago, April 23-15, 1990. 3. Mlttelbach, G., et. al., 'Application of the SNCR Process to Cyclone Firing', Special Meeting on NOx Emissions Reduction of the VGB, German Power Industry Association, June 11-12, 1986. 7A-13 ------- EVALUATION OF THE ADA CONTINUOUS AMMONIA SLIP MONITOR Michael D. Durham, Richard J. Schlager, Mark R. Burkhardt, Francis J. Sagan and Gary L Anderson ADA Technologies, Inc. 304 Inverness Way South, Suite 110 Englewood, CO 80112 ------- EVALUATION OF THE ADA CONTINUOUS AMMONIA SLIP MONITOR Michael D. Durham, Richard J. Schlager, Mark R. Burkhardt, Francis J. Sagan and Gary L. Anderson ADA Technologies, Inc. 304 Inverness Way South, Suite 110 Englewood, CO 80112 ADA Technologies, Inc. has developed a continuous emissions monitor for use with advanced NOX control technologies that is capable of simultaneously monitoring ppm levels of NH3 and NO in flue gas. The instrument can also measure SO2 when it is present in the flue gas. The instrument is based on ultraviolet light absorption using a photodiode array spectrometer. It has unique advantages over other ammonia instruments as it directly measures ammonia as opposed to the indirect chemiluminescent techniques which must infer the NH3 concentration from the difference between two large numbers. The monitor has undergone extensive laboratory and field evaluation and data are presented which demonstrate sensitivity, accuracy and drift of the instrument. The analyzer has been field tested at a gas turbine with SCR, a coal-fired circulating fluidized bed with ammonia injection, a refinery boiler with SNR, and a utility boiler with urea injection. The accuracy of the instrument was determined by comparison with extractive wet chemical measurements. 7A-17 ------- I. INTRODUCTION ADA Technologies, Inc. has developed a continuous, real-time analyzer for measuring part- per-million levels of ammonia (NH3) and nitric oxide (NO) in flue gas associated with advanced NOX reduction systems. A two-year long development program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy resulted in an analyzer that is specific to ammonia, reliable, and accurate. Other common flue gas components do not interfere with the measurement of NH3. This instrument fills the need created by advanced NOX control technologies for an ammonia slip monitor which can be used as part of the process control system. Ammonia is a primary ingredient in virtually all of the advanced NOX control processes such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNR) technologies. However, because of severe problems related to the penetration of unreacted NH3 through the flue gas treatment system, it is extremely important to measure and control the downstream concentrations of NH3. The instrument is an effective diagnostic tool for optimizing De-NOx systems, and will be a valuable component of NOX control equipment in many applications including: coal-, oil- and gas-fired utility boilers, co-generation plants, refineries, municipal solid waste incinerators, and research programs. The monitor has been operated as both an in-situ and extractive instrument. The extractive mode of operation allows a testing team to evaluate the stratification of NH3 gas across the diameter of a duct. This capability is particularly important in evaluating whether ammonia is dispersed uniformly within the flue gas of a SCR or SNR De-NOx system. II. MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE A. MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE Ammonia and NO absorb light in the ultra violet (UV) range at specific wavelengths, and the shape of the absorption spectra are characteristic of the identity of the particular gas. Figure 1 shows absorption spectra for NH3 and NO in a selected UV wavelength region. In this spectral range, NO absorbs at two characteristic wavelengths, and NH3 absorbs at four characteristic wavelengths. The two large doublet peaks identify the absorption due to NO, and the four smaller peaks, which include two characteristic doublets, are due to NH3. The quantity of light absorbed by a gas is proportional to its concentration, as defined by principles of Beer's Law. Since the NO doublet located near diode 400 overlaps with one of the ammonia peaks, this region cannot be used for analysis. However, the NO peak at diode 850 and the ammonia peaks at either diode 200 or diode 600 do not interfere and therefore can be selected and analyzed to determine the concentrations of these two gases. The data available from the multichannel spectrometer allow measurement of these two gases directly and accurately. 7A-18 ------- 3.20 AMMONIA AND NITRIC 0X11113 SIM3CTHA 3.10 - 3.00 -\ 2.90 -1 CJ^ s- 2.80 - (si § 2.70 H H ,_ 2.60 - re o 2.50 - 2.40 : 2.30 - 2.20 - 10 ppm NH3 • •••• 10 ppm Mi-la and 200 ppm NO ' ' i—|—i—i—i | i i i | i—i—i—| i > i—|—J—T—i | i i i | i i—i—|—i—i—rn—i—i—i—i—r 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 BOO 900 1000 PHOTODIODE ELEMENT # Figure 1. Absorbance spectra for ammonia and ammonia/nitric oxide mixture. B. DETECTION SYSTEM Photodiode array detectors provide a technology to improve upon the design of conventional scanning monochromator-based spectrometers. The improvement involves the placement of a series of detectors across the focal plane of a polychromator, each with its associated readout electronics. The most advanced of these systems use a linear photodiode array (LPDA) detector. The LPDA is a large-scale integrated circuit fabricated on a single monolithic silicon crystal. It consists of an array of diodes, or pixels, each acting as a light-to-charge transducer and a storage device. These detectors are ideally suited for use in UV spectrometers because they have a large quantum efficiency (40-80%) throughout the range as well as geometric, radiometric, and electronic stability. The array itself can be mounted and operated so as to be tolerant of high temperature, humidity, vibration, and electrical and magnetic fields. An LPDA spectrometer system, shown schematically in Figure 2, operates by passing a continuous light source through the sample and into the polychromator. The polychromator disperses the light across the LPDA, which has replaced the exit slit of a conventional spectrometer. The array is located in the focal plane of the polychromator so that each diode corresponds to a particular wavelength resolution of the UV-VIS spectrum. The diode array provides an almost ideal sensor for the digital acquisition of spectra, as the array itself, by its presence in the focal plane of the spectrometer, digitizes the spectrum into discrete intervals. Unlike the scanning spectrometers, whose wavelength accuracy is mechanically limited, the LPDA spectrometer is limited only by geometric constraints of the detector itself, 7A-19 ------- Deuterlun Lanp Gas Cell Gas Outlet [~ | Gas Inlet ^Quartz Pr,sn^ p^ w> Entrance Silt Colllnatlng Mirror Peltier Cooler T ^L-^ I Xlrror ife^l Thernocouple ontrollor Figure 2. Schematic diagram of Linear Photodiode Array spectrometer system. by vibration and thermal expansion of the optical components, and by the stability of the source. Wavelength accuracy is equivalent to the diode spacing multiplied by the linear dispersion of the spectrograph. Its geometric registration and, therefore, its wavelength accuracy and precision, are greater than any mechanically scanned spectrometer With the PDA detector it is possible to develop algorithms which use the unique structure of the absorbance spectrum to quantify the concentration of the gas. This approach eliminates the need to maintain the initial intensity (IJ reference and simplifies and speeds the calculation. Since the analysis procedure searches for characteristic features of the absorption spectrum rather than a fixed wavelength, it is less sensitive to drift or lamp intensity fluctuations. The photodiode array detector has unique advantages over all the other ammonia instruments. It provides a direct measurement of ammonia and is, therefore, inherently more sensitive than the indirect chemiluminescent measurement techniques which must infer the NH3 concentration from the difference between two large numbers. In addition, the photodiode array spectrometer has the following unique features. • The instrument can be built with no moving parts which will reduce maintenance and increase reliability in an industrial environment. • The software is written to provide built-in checks for alignment of the optics. • Changes in light intensity to do create a drift problem. • Finally, the interferences are well known and can be accurately handled by the PDA detector. 7A-20 ------- III. LABORATORY EVALUATIONS A. TEST SET-UP Performance parameters of the analyzer were determined in a series of laboratory tests. Gases used in the evaluation were supplied in cylinders containing the individual gases in a background of nitrogen gas. The concentrations of the gases were certified by the manufacturer through analysis. Gases were mixed in various combinations and concentrations using mass flow controllers and manifold system. The gas flow was then metered into the analyzer for evaluating performance. Tests were conducted using a gas cell with a path length of 90-cm. The cell was heated to maintain an internal gas temperature of 300 °F. Results of the evaluation follow. B. LINEARITY OF NH3, NO, AND S02 The linearity of the response of the analyzer was evaluated by initially calibrating the analyzer using nitrogen and a span gas for each component of interest. Gas concentrations were then decreased in steps and resulting analyzer measurements noted. Results of the linearity evaluation for NH3, NO, and SO2 are shown in Figures 3 through 6. Ammonia results are shown for two ranges of measurement, 0 to 70 ppm and 0 to 10 ppm. Figure 3 shows that when calibrated at 70 ppm, measured concentrations are within 1 ppm of the input concentration. For the low range, Figure 4 shows that measured concentrations are within 0.5 ppm of the input concentration. Prior to measuring the linearity of the NO, the instrument was calibrated using two concentrations of NO because the absorbance of NO requires a second order equation to fit the calibration curve. Using this technique, the linearity of the instrument is within 2% of the actual concentration over a concentration range of 0 to 200 ppm as shown in Figure 5. If only a single gas is used for calibration, there is a maximum 10% deviation from linearity in the middle of the range. Figure 6 shows the linearity of the analyzer for S02 calibrated at 80 ppm. For all gas concentrations, the measured values are within 1 ppm of the input concentrations. The capability to accurately measure sulfur dioxide provides the basis for eliminating its absorbance as an interference to the measurement of NO and NH3. C. LONG-TERM NOISE AND DRIFT Analyzer noise and drift were estimated by observing instrument readings over a 36 hour period of time as a mixed gas stream of fixed composition was passed through the measurement cell. Analyzer measurements for NH3, NO, and SO2 are shown in Figures 7. The composition of the gas stream was 10 ppm NH3, 55 ppm NO, and 80 ppm SO2. 7A-21 ------- 100- p. 90- o. 80- 70- g 60H o g 50H u "40- OJ u 3 20- n m 10 —i— 40 —I— 50 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Input NH3 Concentration (ppm) —i— 90 100 Figures. Linearity of NH3 measurements when analyzer is calibrated using 70 ppm standard gas. d o d u 8- 4- 55 2H cd QJ a Input NHS Concentration (ppm) Figure 4. Linearity of NH3 measurement when analyzer is spanned using 10 ppm calibration gas. 7A-22 ------- 250 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Input NO Concentration (ppm) 180 200 Figure 5. Linearity of analyzer to NO input concentrations when calibrated using two span gas concentrations. 100 a 8CH o "d d 60 0) a d o U N 40- •a tu in id 0) a 20- —I— 40 —i— 60 20 40 60 80 Input SOZ Concentration (ppm) 100 Figure 6. Linearity of SO2 measurements when analyzer calibrated using 80 ppm span gas. 7A-23 ------- au-i '"IT a 0,70-4 >s fl6o4 .2 * — A * ft - -- —ft 6- ft ^ $- v ^ v w 00000 BO ppm S0t Input • _ e (5 a e — -• Q e a £40- a o <-> 30- tn cd O 20- 10-.' OOOOO 55 ppm NO Input 10 ppm NH3 Input —i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i— 4 8 12 16 20 24 Measurement Period (hr) T"1 28 32 36 Figure 7. Noise and drift characteristics of NH3, NO, and SO2 measurements over 36- hours. As can be seen from Figure 7, with unattended operation, the output is extremely stable for all three oases Analyzer noise is defined as the short-term peak to peak signal variation, and is equal to'jt 0.3 ppm for NH3, ±0.15 ppm for NO, and _± 0.1 ppm for SO2. Analyzer drift is defined as the long-term variation in analyzer signal around an average value. Analysis of the measurements shows that the drift is ± 0.3 ppm for NH3, and jf 0.3 ppm for NO drift, and is _± 0.4 ppm for SO2. These noise and drift measurements are well within the accuracy capabilities of the gas flow delivery system using the mass flow controllers. D. RESPONSE TIME The response time of the analyzer is a function of how quickly a sample of gas is delivered to the light path and the time it takes to process the spectral information into gas concentration units. Since the data processing time is very short, on the order of a few seconds, the rate of response becomes directly related to the volume of the gas cell and the flow rate of the gas through that cell. For example, 90% of full scale response is achieved to a known NO calibration gas input within five equivalent volume changes of the cell. This rate of gas flow through the sample system is typically done within 1-minute. The response to ammonia gas is slightly slower than observed for NO, due to the nature of ammonia gas which requires conditioning of tubing surfaces during its travel to the measuring cell. 7A-24 ------- E. MINIMUM DETECTION LEVELS The minimum detection level for a particular gas is defined as twice the noise value. Based on data shown in Figure 7, the minimum detectable level using a 0.9 meter log gas cell is 0.6 ppm for NH3 and 0.3 ppm for NO. The minimum detectable level and maximum concentration measurable using absorption spectroscopy are a function of the path length that the light travels through a gas sample. Higher gas concentrations can be measured using a shorter path length, but minimum detection levels increase in proportion. In actual practice, gas measuring cells lengths are specified based on the particular application and accuracy requirements. F. INTERFERENCES Several gases that are typically found in flue gas absorb light in the lower UV region and present a potential for interfering with the measurement of NH3 and NO. However, experiments were conducted which demonstrated that at typical flue gas concentrations, NO2, CO, CO2, O2> and H2O did not interfere with the measurement of NO and NH3. The most predominant interference is SO2 which, depending upon the concentration, can be accounted for using spectral subtraction which has been described previously (Durham et al., 1989). The maximum SO2 concentration that can be accurately subtracted from the absorbance spectrum depends upon the length of the gas cell. For example in a 0.9 meter cell, the maximum concentration of SO2 is 80 ppm. If the cell is reduced to 4 cm, then the maximum concentration increases to 1800 ppm SO2. However, with the smaller cell the minimal detection limit for NH3 is increased to 13 ppm. Therefore, a gas cell needs to be selected for the specific application. IV. FIELD EVALUATIONS A. GAS TURBINE WITH SCR The ADA Analyzer was used to evaluate the De-NOx system of a gas-fired co-generation facility. At this site, the Analyzer was evaluated as both an in-situ and an extractive instrument. The in-situ instrument avoids sample biasing and minimizes the operating and maintenance requirements. The extractive version is designed for traversing ducts downstream of the NOX control system to optimize the ammonia injection configuration. At this site, ammonia is injected upstream of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) bed to control the NOX emissions. The plant did not have an ammonia detector but did monitor the concentration of NOX at the inlet and outlet of the SCR and measured the quantity of that was injected. The target NOx emission from the facility was 18 ppm. 7A-25 ------- Verification of the Accuracy of the Instrument The measurement accuracy of the analyzer was determined by comparing instrument emission measurements against a standard wet chemical technique. This manual technique involves extracting a sample of the flue gas from the stack and bubbling it through an acidic solution which collects the ammonia. The solution is then analyzed in a laboratory using a selective ion electrode to determine the quantity of NH3 collected. Although this technique is very manpower intensive, accurate measurements can be obtained if the procedures are followed carefully. An experienced third party testing firm was contracted to perform the wet chemical measurements. Several wet chemical tests were conducted while the analyzer continuously measured NH3 concentrations. The analyzer was used in-situ, while wet chemical tests were conducted from a different, neighboring port on the duct. In spite of the fact that the measurements were made at different points in the stack, there is excellent agreement between the two methods. Figure 8 shows a comparison of the ammonia concentrations measured by the continuous analyzer and the manual method. The straight line represents a 1:1 correlation. The numbers inside the data points are the ports where the extractive measurements were made. The ADA instrument was operated at a port midway between the two orthogonal ports 1 and 4. The different ammonia levels in the stack were achieved when the facility operator manually adjusted the ammonia injection rate. This data demonstrates that the instrument is capable of accurately measuring the concentration of ammonia in a flue gas stream. 25- in I 20- 15- E a. a. 10- 5 5H o o o Numbers Represent Extractive Sampling Ports © Sample Port Configuration 3 / ^~\ 2 ADA 5 10 15 20 25 30 NH3 CONCENTRATION (ppm) BY WET CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Figure 8. Comparison of NH3 measurements using the ADA In-Situ monitor and extractive wet chemical analysis at a co-generation facility. 7A-26 ------- Continuous Operation The instrument was operated on a 24-hour per day basis during the test week. Algorithms were written to eliminate any detrimental effects due to fouling of the lenses or mirror. During the operation of the instrument some fouling of the mirror did occur due to the deterioration of the purge blower. This resulted in a reduced magnitude of light detected by the photodiode array. However, the algorithms operated as designed to account for loss of light level, and the fouling had no effects on the measurements of NHg and NO concentrations. Figure 9a shows a plot of the data obtained during a 24-hour period. The trends in the NH3 and NO measurements show a gradual decline in the NO concentration while the ammonia slip is increasing. Whenever a sharp change in NO level occurs, there is a corresponding change in the opposite direction for NH3. The ammonia injection rate is plotted in Figure 9b. As can be seen there is a strong correlation between the ammonia injection rate and the ammonia slip. This data indicates the variability that occurs in even a stable combustion system such as the gas turbine combustor. Evaluation of the SCR System The data obtained during the continuous in-situ measurements were reduced to determine the relationship between the NO level and the NH3 slip. These data, which are plotted in Figure 10, provide very valuable information relative to the performance of an SCR system. It can be seen that for higher concentrations of NO there is very little slip and the amount of slip increases as the NO is reduced. However, at some point any further decrease in NO can only be achieved with a significant increase in ammonia slip. This data is extremely important relative to the cost-effective operation of an SCR and the resulting emissions. If the facility is operating under a permit that specifies only a maximum NO concentration, without considering the ammonia slip, the minimum level of emissions will not be obtained. In this example, in order to obtain a 2 ppm reduction in NO from 19 to 17 ppm, the NH3 slip will increase by 20 ppm. It would be more desirable to operate at the knee of this curve to minimize the total release of pollutants. Operating at this point would also make economic sense. At an ammonia slip level of 25 ppm, half the injected ammonia is going up the stack unreacted. This means that the cost of the ammonia is double what it would be if the system were controlled with the slip as a parameter. This data also demonstrates the importance of a continuous ammonia slip monitor. Since the performance of the catalyst in the SCR is going to change over time, the continuous monitoring of the flue gas can be used to identify the optimum operating conditions at all times. Evaluation of the Extractive Analyzer The analyzer was also used in an extractive mode in order to measure gas concentration gradients in the system. A probe was used to draw samples of flue gas from discreet points across the diameter of the stack and into the analyzer. Since there was no access immediately downstream of the catalyst, a traverse was made at the stack. The traverse was 7A-27 ------- 25- -20- Concentrations of NHj and NO During Continuous Operation r NO Concentration -NHj Concentration -50 -40; T—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819 20 21 •60 a. a. QL O 6 1-20° O -10 OPERATING TIME (hrs) Figure 9a. Continuous NH3 and NO measurements from a co-generation facility. MH3 Injection Rote During Continuous Operation II I I i—I—I—i—1—1—I—|—|—I—r 01 23456789 101112131415161718192021 OPERATING TIME (hrs) Figure 9b. Ammonia injection rates during emissions measurements. 7A-28 ------- 25- E Q. CL v—, Q_ ,20- 15- 5 10- 5- 0 1 i r • i i i i—i—r—|—i r~r -T~;—i—i—rn—|—i—i—1-1 ] ~I~T~T i—| "T i1 i i | i i i -i—|- T -i i i | i i i 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 OUTLET NO CONCENTRATION (ppm) Figure 10. Nitric oxide emissions as a function of ammonia slip. made parallel to the ammonia injection grid. The results presented in Figure 11 show the presence of strong gradients in both NO and NH,, concentrations across the stack. The higher levels of NO correspond with lower levels of NH3. Both the gradients and the inverse relationship between NO and NH3 are due to an improper balancing of the ammonia injection valves. This shows the usefulness of the extractive instrument in providing a means to optimize the ammonia injection system. B. COAL-FIRED FLUIDIZED BED WITH SNR The ADA Continuous Ammonia Analyzer was field tested at a 49.5-MW coal-fired circulating fluidized bed co-generation facility. The plant injects ammonia into the primary cyclone for control of NO . The on-site CEM system incorporates a chemiluminescent instrument to beasure both NH3 and NOX levels using a thermal converter for ammonia. Flue gas samples are withdrawn from the center of the stack (approximately 100 feet above ground level) via a heated in-situ probe. The flue gas is pulled down approximately 100 feet of heated sample line to an instrument enclosure. Moisture is removed from the flue gas sample before it entered the NO^ analyzer. In the NH3 measurement mode, a solenoid valve is activated periodically, forcing the flue gas through a thermal converter which converts the NHL to NO. The signal generated from the flue gas that by-passes the thermal converter is subtracted from the signal generated when the flue gas passes through the thermal converter to obtain the NH3 concentration present in the sample. 7A-29 ------- N 14 4 136 1L4 31.5 36.5 37.3 385 s c R o © © © © © ® © From Turbine NH3 Injection Valves Figure 11. Measured concentration gradients for NH3 and NO. The field test program was performed to determine the accuracy of the ADA Continuous Ammonia Analyzer for measuring NH3, SO2 and NO in a flue gas environment containing low levels (5-40 ppm) of SO2. As was done in the previous field study, the NH3 concentrations measured by the ADA monitor were compared with those obtained using the standard ammonia wet chemical technique performed by a third party. In addition, a comparison between the ADA ammonia monitor and the chemiluminescent ammonia monitor determined how well the two techniques agreed with each other and with the standard wet chemical method. Simultaneous NH3 measurements were taken using the wet chemical method, the ADA ammonia monitor, and the chemiluminescent ammonia monitor. The chemiluminescent ammonia monitor took samples from the center of the stack through a heated sample probe. The ADA ammonia monitor measured NH3 directly in the stack through a port positioned at a 90° angle from the chemiluminescent monitor sample probe. The wet ammonia measurements were performed by positioning the wet ammonia sample probe adjacent to the ADA in-situ probe. This was done by placing the sample probe through the sample port 90° from the ADA monitor (180° from the chemiluminescent ammonia monitor) and then bending the sample line to physically contact the ADA in-situ probe. Figure 12 shows the comparison of the NH3 concentrations measured by the ADA ammonia monitor, the chemiluminescent ammonia monitor, and the wet chemical ammonia method. All data were corrected for 7.8% moisture and 5% oxygen. These conditions were measured in the stack at the time of sampling. The sample points are averages taken over the wet ammonia method sampling time. Measurements of different NH3 levels were attempted 7A-30 ------- when the facility operators manually adjusted the ammonia injection rate. However, the vaporizers were not functioning properly at the time of the test, and the ammonia control valves were opened fully. As shown in Figure 12, the wet chemical and the ADA methods agree well. This test also shows the effectiveness of the ADA processing package in eliminating the interfering effects of SO2 on the NH3 measurements. The chemiluminescent ammonia monitor response was approximately 3-5 times higher than the standard wet chemical method. This inaccurate measurement of the ammonia slip could result in the injection of an insufficient quantity of ammonia to react with NOX. a '5- d o S4- -U fl QJ O fl , o 3" O Chemiluminescent Indirect 2 3 Time (Hours) 4 Figure 12. Ammonia slip measurements on a coal-fired fluidized bed boiler using three methods. C. REFINERY BOILER WITH SNR The ADA analyzer was used to measure NH3 and NO emissions from a thermal De-NOx system used on a refinery boiler gas stream. Ammonia gas was injected into the hot exhaust gas from a furnace in order to effect the NOX reduction reaction. The gas stream contained several hundred parts per million SO,. Therefore, a gas measuring path length was chosen to most effectively accommodate the 1lue gas SO2 content, while still providing the necessary degree of accuracy for NH3 and NO measurements. 7A-31 ------- Accuracy Determination The analyzer was again used in both an in-situ and extractive mode to gather data. The facility performed several wet chemical NH3 evaluations while the analyzer operated in-situ. These results compared as follows: Wet Chemistry ADA Analyzer 51 ppm 60 ppm 171 ppm 225 ppm These results indicate good agreement between the methods, especially given the rapid short-term changes in NH3 emission levels observed in the flue gas stream using the real- time analyzer. De-NOx System Evaluation Ammonia slip and NO emissions data were collected as De-NOx system variables were adjusted. Figure 13 shows the relationship between NO emissions and NH3 slip measured over a range of operating conditions. Because of the proprietary nature of the information, the data are plotted in relative concentration terms. This figure has a very similar shape as the plot obtained from the SCR tests in that there is a point of diminishing returns relative to the amount of ammonia injected. This is represented by the point where only minimal reduction in the concentration of NO is obtained at the expense of significant increases in ammonia slip . Figure 14 shows the relationship between NH3 slip and NH3 injection rates. Data such as these, when collected in combination with otner process information, can produce a significant data base for use in characterizing a De-NOx system, and for troubleshooting purposes. The data presented on the De-NOx system evaluation were collected in only a few days of testing. These results demonstrate the ability of a real-time analyzer for effectively characterizing emissions from a full-size control system. D. UTILITY BOILER WITH UREA SNR The final field test program was conducted during a demonstration of urea injection into a utility boiler. This program was conducted during October to December, 1990 and is described in the paper by Abele (1991) which is presented at the 1991 NOX Control Symposium. During this program, the instrument was successfully operated during the test program. The calibration of the instrument was checked at the beginning and end of the program. After nearly two months of operation, the calibration constants had drifted less than 2%. 7A-32 ------- co 6 c u o O U O 1234567 Ammonia Slip, Relative 10 11 Figure 13. Nitric oxide emissions as a function of ammonia slip at a refinery boiler. 12 10 55 6 .2 o E ,. 2 4 6 8 10 Ammonia Injection Rate, Relative 12 Figure 14. Relationship between ammonia slip and ammonia injection rate for refinery SNR system. 7A-33 ------- V. STATUS ADA continues to provide testing services and analyzers for evaluations of De-NO^ systems. ADA has been working toward commercialization of the analyzer technology with instrument manufacturers. ADA will be participating in a round-robin performance evaluation of commercially available analyzers with regulatory agency involvement beginning in March. ADA highly endorses such programs and will report results at upcoming meetings. VI. REFERENCES Durham, M.D., T.G. Ebner, M.R. Burkhardt, and F.J. Sagan (1989). "Development of an Ammonia Slip Monitor for Process Control of NH~ Based NOX Control Technologies", presented at the AWMA International Specialty Conference on Continuous Emission Monitoring-Present and Future Applications, Chicago, IL November 12-15. Abele, A. (1991). "Performance of Urea NOx Reduction System on Utility Boilers", EPRI-EPA 1991 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, Washington D.C., March 25-28 7A-34 ------- ONTARIO HYDRO'S SONOX PROCESS FOR CONTROLLING ACID GAS EMISSIONS R. Mangal and M.S. Mozes Ontario Hydro Research Division 800 Kipling Avenue Toronto, Ontario M8Z 5S4 Canada and P.L. Feldman and K.S. Kumar R-C Environmental Services and Technologies US Highway 22 West Branchburg, New Jersey USA 08876 ------- ONTARIO HYDRO'S SONOX PROCESS FOR CONTROLLING ACID GAS EMISSIONS R. Manga! and M.S. Mozes Ontario Hydro Research Division 800 Kipling Avenue Toronto, Ontario M8Z 5S4 Canada and P.L. Feldman and K.S. Kumar R-C Environmental Services and Technologies US Highway 22 West Branchburg, New Jersey USA 08876 ABSTRACT An in-furnace slurry injection process for the simultaneous control of SO, and NO, from power plant flue gases has been developed at Ontario Hydro's 640 MJ/h (0.6 x 10* BTU/h) Combustion Research Facility. The process known as SONOX involves the injection of an aqueous slurry of a calcium-based sorbent such as limestone, dolomite, hydrated lime, etc and a nitrogen-based additive into the furnace at temperatures ranging between 900 to 1350°C. Coals varying in sulphur content from 0.54 to 2.8% with NO, emission levels of 450-620 ppm were studied. Operating parameters have been optimized for maximum SO, and NO, capture. Under optimized operating conditions the technique removes up to 85% of the SO2 and effective NO, removal is 63-80%. The specific removal levels obtained depend upon the type of sorbent and nitrogen-based additive, temperature, stoichiometry and coal. The effluent gas stream has been characterized for NH,, HCN and N2O. The solid waste produced is composed of fly ash, CaSO4 and CaO which can be collected by the ESP. Due to the high dust loading that results from the process, the ESP performance deteriorates somewhat. A levelized cost estimate indicates that a SONOX system is about half the cost of a wet FGD system to own and operate. Negotiations are in progress to demonstrate this process on full scale boilers. INTRODUCTION In December 1985, the Ontario government announced a more stringent acid gas emission policy limiting Ontario industries in atmospheric emission of SO, and NO.. Ontario Hydro's limits were reduced to 430,000 tonnes/year starting in 1986 and to 215,000 tonnes/year starting in 1994. This regulation is challenging in that Ontario Hydro must stay below the regulated tonnage limit regardless of changes in the demand for energy or in other forms of generation. Although the regulation limits the amount of SO2 emissions, the level of NO, emissions is not specifically regulated and Ontario Hydro is free to trade between SO2 and NO, as long as the aggregate emissions of the two (SO2 and NOJ does not exceed 215,000 tonnes/year and no more than 175,000 tonnes/year may be SO,(1,2). Specific NO, legislation is now being negotiated between the Federal and Provincial Ministers of the Environment Consequently, Ontario Hydro embarked on a program to curtail acid gas emissions from its coal burning plants. This program was initiated to meet the above mentioned regulations. Several options are being considered to reduce both SO, and NO.. In the case of SO,, some options include: sorbent injection processes, burning low sulphur coals with flue gas conditioning, wet flue gas desulphurization and the limestone dual alkali process. Ontario Hydro is committed to two scrubbers being in operation at the beginning of 1994. For NO, control, the options can be classified as non-retrofit and retrofit technologies. Non-retrofit options would be to reduce NO, emissions by installing fossil replacement generation that has lower NO, emission rates than are currently generated by existing stations and to reduce coal generation. Burning natural gas is an example. Retrofit options include: low NO, burners, selective catalytic reduction and selective non-catalytic NO, reduction processes-(additive injection). 7A-37 ------- Of the options considered to meet the above regulations in-fumace sorbent injection and selective non-catalytic NO, reduction processes were investigated extensively at Ontario Hydro's 640 MJ/h Combustion Research Facility. As a result Ontario Hydro's SONOX process which injects a calcium-based sorbent slurry and an additive to simultaneously abate S02 and NO, was developed and is the subject of this paper. The SONOX process is an in-fumace injection technique of an aqueous slurry of a calcium-based sorbent and a soluble additive injected at temperatures ranging between 900 and 1350°C. The calcium-based sorbent reacts with SO2 and the additive reacts with NO,. The furnace which serves as the chemical reactor provides sufficient residence time and favourable temperature for the reactions. The following reactions represent globally, the SOj/NO, (SONOX) removal paths: CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2 CaO + SO2 + 1/2 O2 - > CaSO4 NO + Reagent (Additive) - > N2 + H2O The technique provides excellent distribution and mixing with the flue gas for the above reactions to be efficiently completed(3). A schematic of the process is shown in Figure la. The process steps can be visualized as follows: • Atomizauon of Ca sorbent and additive; • Water droplet evaporation; Particle disintegration for the Ca sorbent and thermal cracking of the additive; Calcination of the Ca sorbent; Development of reactive sorbent and additive (CaO and SO2 and NO, capture. The above steps are Illustrated in Figure Ib for limestone. EXPERIMENTAL Combustion Research Facility The study was conducted at Ontario Hydro's Combustion Research Facility (CRF) designed for a maximum coal feed rate of about 20 kg/h (44 Ib/h) U.S. bituminous coal at a firing rate of 640 MJ/h (0.6 x 10* BTU/h) (Figure 2). The furnace is a refractory-lined cylindrical chamber, fully equipped for monitoring gas and wall temperatures. There are multiple ports for flame observation and for insertion of solid sampling probes. There are also probes to determine slagging and fouling rates. The pulverized coal is delivered down-draft to the burner with the combustion air which can be electrically preheated to temperatures up to 350°C (662°F). Gas burners on each side of the coal burner are used to heat the furnace to operating temperatures before beginning to feed the coal. The coal burner, designed and constructed by Research Division staff, is equipped with a vortex generator and four air vanes to assure good mixing and adequate residence time of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion zone. The combustion gases in the furnace are cooled by water and/or air circulating in the cylindrical Inconel jacket around the furnace. This cooling system is equipped with temperature sensors and flow meters to control furnace quenching rates. The combustion gases leaving the furnace are further cooled by a series of air-cooled heat exchangers prior to entering the resistivity probe housing and ESP. The ESP consists of a cubic stainless steel chamber, and is equipped with two sets of interchangeable cells. One set has an 11-plate electrode with 2.5 cm (1 in) spacing, the other a 5-plate electrode wiih 5 cm (2 in) spacing. The design specific collection areas (SCA, m2/m3/s) for the two sets of cells are 39 (0.2 ftVcfm) and 17 (0.09 ftVcfm) respectively for baseline firing conditions using a high volatile U.S. bituminous coal. 7A-38 ------- The CRF instrumentation permits systems temperatures, and flue gas composition (O,, COj, CO, SO, and NO.) to be monitored continuously. Gas temperatures in the furnace are measured with a suction pyrometer and flame temperatures with an optical pyrometer. Flow rates and pressures are measured by flow meters and manometers. All measuring and monitoring systems are linked to a computerized data acquisition system. Paniculate mass loading in the flue gas before and after the ESP is measured with an isokinetic sampling system. In-situ resistivity is measured with a point-plane resistivity probe situated in the resistivity probe housing and particle size distribution of the ash is measured with a Pilot Mark 3 Cascade Impactor. A more complete description of the facility is given elsewhere/4/. SONOX Hardware A general overview of the hardware used is shown in Figure 3. A positive displacement pump pumps the slurry/additive mixture from a continuously stirred mixing tank under a pressure of 650 to 720 kPa. Recirculation and a static mixer upstream of the furnace kept the panicles in suspension and prevented settling. A small metering pump delivered the slurry/additive mixture to the atomizer through which fine droplets were injected into the flue gas stream. Injection was in the middle of the furnace through a twin-fluid high pressure nozzle (5 or 3 mm) with an internal mixing chamber, shown in Figure 4. Operating pressures range between 40 to 60 psig. The stainless steel nozzle was purchased from Turbotak Inc. The MMD of the droplets was about 12 |im for the 5 mm nozzle and approximately 6 ^im for the 3 mm nozzle. The nozzle was equipped with a cooling jacket which was necessary to avoid evaporation of the water and hence drying of the slurry causing deposition of particles. Fuels and Sorbents Several coals ranging in sulphur content from 0.54% to 2.8% were used with the SONOX technology. These coals include a 0.54% beneficiated western Canadian coal, supplied by Unocal Canada, a 1.1% S coal resulting from a blend of western Canadian and eastern U.S., a 1.7% S eastern U.S. bituminous and a 2.8% S coal from Nova Scotia, Canada. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the coals are shown in Table 1. Sorbenis used include two local calciuc limestones from Ontario, namely Beachville and PL Anne. A Beachville hydrated lime was also studied. Also from Ontario, a dolomitic stone was used supplied by E.C. King. A Mosher limestone from Nova Scotia was used with the Nova Scotia coal. The chemical and physical properties of the raw sorbents are shown in Table 2. These analyses were performed by ORTECH International - a research foundation in the province of Ontario. Of the additives used to remove NO., the three best are described in this paper and are labelled A, B and C. Procedures After steady state was achieved with the baseline coal, injection of the sorbent slurry/additive into the middle of the furnace was initiated. Temperature-lime and radial profiles simulating Lakeview and Lambton TGS were studied. Changing the quenching rate allowed the effect of residence time to be studied. Data collected during each test include system temperatures, and pressures, slurry/additive-feed rates and stoichiometry, flue gas constituents concentrations (CO2, O2, CO, SO2 and NOJ, in-situ ash resistivities and particle size distribution. Coal, sorbents feed and fly ash samples were collected during the tests. Analysis of samples include chemical composition and panicle size distribution. In selected runs, NH3, N2O and HCN were monitored. Calcines and sulphated calcines were analyzed for CaO, CaCO3 and CaSO. content. Porosity, mass median diameter and BET surface area of some samples were also determined. The analytical methods used are described in reference(4). 7A-39 ------- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The most important parameters that were found to affect process performance (SO2 and NO capture) are classified under the following categories: Sorbent/Additive • Chemical and physical characteristics; Concentration; and Addition rate (stoichiometric ratio). Injection Parameters Mode of injection; • Droplet size, distribution and mixing with the flue gas; • Temperature; and • Residence time. Coal SO, and NO, concentration. These parameters were optimized for maximum SOj/NO, capture on the pilot furnace. It is important, however, to address some of the advantages of the SONOX process and to mention that negotiations are in progress to demonstrate SONOX on the full scale. Some of the advantages are: SONOX provides a low cost solution to the removal of acid gas from flue gases;. SONOX is suitable for retrofit application; SONOX is applicable to coals with various SO2 and NO, levels; and SONOX requires short lead time for installation. Sorbents Comparison For SOj control using alkaline-based sorbents, sorbent composition and physical properties are important factors in determining overall capture performance(5,6,7,8,9). Significant variability in the reactivity of the various sorbents has been observed and it was recognized that surface area and porosity play a vital role in sorbent reactivity. Figure 5 illustrates the effect of porosity on sulphur capture for various sorbents. Pt Anne limestone with an initial porosity of 55% gave significantly higher removal than Beachville limestone with an initial porosity of 17% (70% removal for Pt. Anne compared to 55% for Beachville) at a Ca/S ratio of 3.0. The Nova Scotia limestone slurry was used with the Nova Scotia coal. Thus a direct comparison of process performance between this sorbent and the local calcitic stones was not possible. Data indicate, however, that similar sulphur capture can be obtained with Nova Scotia limestone (porosity 57%) and the Pi. Anne limestone (porosity 55%) even if they are used for two different coals (2.8% and 1.7% sulphur content). Since the additives for NO.-removal are water soluble, only ihe effect of concentration and chemical composition were evaluated. Effect of Injection Parameters Injection parameters that influence SO^NO, capture include: atomizer type, injector location, atomizing air pressure, and particle size distribution or mass median diameter (MMD) of the atomized droplets. High atomization air pressure improves the quality of atomization and promotes an early release of the sorbent/additi ve to engage in the sulphation/NO, reduction reactions. It also increases the discharge momentum of the droplets leading to enhanced penetration and mixing with the flue gas stream. These experiments were conducted with the Turbotak nozzle. The effect of atomizing air pressure on droplet size is illustrated for limestone slurry in Figure 6. SO2 capture was found to be a function of droplet size distribution, and quality of atomization and mixing with the flue gas. The best mixing was observed while spraying a 40% aqueous Pt. Anne limestone slurry into the furnace cocurrently at an injection location which was close to the flame zone where increased turbulence exists. Increasing the atomizing pressure from 40 psig 10 70 psig reduced droplet MMD from 12 nm to 6 |im and improved SOj capture from about 62% to 70% at Ca/S ratio of 3.0. 7A-40 ------- Effect or Temperature and Injection Mode (a) Slurry Injection for SO, Control The effect of temperature on SO2 capture was evaluated for the different sorbents (Pt. Anne limestone, Beachville limestone, Beachville hydrated lime, Nova Scotia limestone and E.G. King dolomite) while burning the 1.7% S eastern U.S. coal, the 1.1% S eastern U.S./westem Canadian coal blend and the 2.8% S Nova Scotia coal. The results are shown in Figure 7a. Cocurrent injection gave higher SO2 capture than the countercurrent mode and the opumum injection temperature for the recurrent mode was found to be 1200°C. The comparative performance for the different coal/sorbent pairs was done with the Turbotak 3 mm nozzle as is illustrated in Figure 7a. The highest capture, 85% was observed with hydrated lime to be followed by 83% with the E.G. King dolomite, 65- 70% with the porous Pt. Anne limestone and 55% with the Beachville limestone at a Ca/S ratio of 3.0 while burning the 1.7% S U.S. coal. Under the same operating conditions, using the same limestone, SO2 capture from the western Canadian/U.S. coal blend was slightly less than from the U.S. coal as is shown in Figure 7a. Injecting the Pt. Anne limestone with the high sulphur Nova Scotia coal (2.8%) resulted in 76% SO2 removal at a Ca/S ratio of 3.0. Sulphur removal efficiency was 58 to 63% using a 2.8% S Nova Scotia coal with the porous Nova Scotia limestone, at a Ca/S ratio of 2.2. (Because of the presence of grits with this limestone and limited pump capacity, this was the highest rate at which this sorbent could be fed to the furnace.) However, this compares favourably well with the 60% capture obtained at a Ca to S ratio of 2.5, using the porous PL Anne limestone with the 1.7% S U.S. coal. Replacing 5% of the calcium from the PL Anne limestone by an equivalent amount of dolomite (dolomite doping) resulted in 80% SO2 capture, up by 10% from what was achieved with pure Pt. Anne limestone. (b) Additive Injection for NO. Control The effect of temperature on NO, removal is shown for the three additives. A, B and C, in Figure 7b while they were being injected cocurrently only. The data indicate that additives A and B show a common optimum at around 1100°C, while additive C shows a "flat" profile between 975 to 1100°C. At 1100°C, additives A and B removed 90 and 84% NO. respectively, while between 975 to 1100°C additive C removed 77 to 80% NO.. This can be quite a desirable feature for full scale boilers where load is constantly changing resulting in changing temperatures. The reason for additive C behaving differently from the others is not fully understood and further studies may be able to provide an explanation. Slip Gases The concentration of nitrogen containing species such as ammonia (NHj), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the slip gases during additive injection has been investigated. Results indicate that NH3 slippage for additive A ranged between 7 - 26 ppm and for additive C up to 49 ppm. HCN was found to be between 3 - 9 ppm. With no NO. removal additive present the N2O produced ranged from 10-25 ppm at an initial NO. concentration of - 550 ppm. Decomposition of additive A has a side reaction which could lead to the formation of N2O. The amount of N2O produced when additive A was injected ranged from 59 - 150 ppm at 1100°C and an additive/NO stoichiometric ratio of 2.0. These data demonstrate that 11 to 27% of the NO. is converted to N2O thus the effective NO, removal for additive A is 63 to 80% instead of 90%. It was found that NjO formation is affected by injection temperature, additive stoichiometry and NO. level in the flue gas. More studies are required to optimize operating conditions for minimum conversion of NO. to N2O. Additives B and C showed an increase in N2O levels of 5 - 15 ppm from the baseline. (c) SONOX Process for SO/NO. Control Simultaneous capture of S02 and NO, was undertaken by adding additive A to an aqueous slurry of PL Anne limestone and dolomite doped PL Anne limestone while burning the 1.7% S eastern U.S. bituminous coal with an initial SO2 concentration of 1350 - 1400 ppm and NO, concentration of 550 ppm. The results are illustrated in Figure 7c for the following optimized conditions: 7A-41 ------- 40% aqueous calcium-based slurry (Pt. Anne and dolomite doped) Ca/S ratio = 3.0 Additive A concentration of 13.5% (w/w) in slurry Addinve/NO mole ratio = 2.0 Injection mode: cocurrent Nozzle: Turbotak 3 mm, droplet size = 6 ^m MMD The graph of Figure 7c shows the effect of temperature on SOj/NO, capture for additive A combined with PL Anne and dolomite doped PL Anne slurries. SO2 capture for the PL Anne slurry and additive A at the optimun temperature of 1200°C is 70% and nominal NO, capture is 90%. With the 5% dolomite doped PL Anne slurry and additive A, SO2 capture is 80% and nominal NO, capture is still 90%. Effect of Stoichiometry (a) Ca/S Ratio for SO. Control The effect of Ca/S ratios on sulphur capture and sorbent utilization was studied while using the Pt. Anne (porous) limestone with the U.S. coal, ihe U.S.-western Canadian blend and the Nova Scotia coal. The Beachvillc (non- porous) limestone, dolomite and hydrated ume were studied only with the U.S. coal. Injecting the Pi. Anne limestone with the U.S. coal was done at 1200°C and 1300°C while all other coal-sorbent combinations were done at 1200°C. In all cases injection took place cocurrently using a 40% aqueous slurry. Ca/S ratios varied from 1.5 to 3.0 and the furnace quenching rate was held constant at 500°C/s. The results are shown in Figure 8a. Sulphur capture and sorbent utilization are plotted vs Ca/S ratios for the various sorbem-coal pairs. Sulphur capture decreases, but sorbent utilization increases with decreasing Ca/S ratios for all coal-sorbent pairs tested. At the optimum temperature of 1200°C, dolomite and hydrated lime showed the highest capture. Dolomite removed 78% of the SC^ at a Ca/S ratio of 1.5 for a calcium utilization of 52%, while hydrated lime removed 75% and 83% SOj at Ca/S ratios of 1.5 and 2.5 respectively. Sorbent utilization was 50 and 33%. At all Ca/S ratios, the more porous PL Anne limestone outperformed the less porous BeachviUe limestone both in terms of sulphur capture and sorbent utilization. At 1200°C using the U.S. coal with the PL Anne limestone at a Ca/S ratio of 3.0, sulphur capture and sorbent utilization were 65 to 70% and 22 to 23% respectively as compared to 55% and 18% with the Beachville limestone. Using the PL Anne limestone with the high sulphur Nova Scotia coal, sulphur capture at a ratio of 2.0 is 72% and at a ratio of 3.0 is 76%. Under the same operating conditions at a Ca/S ratio of 1.5 sulphur capture for the Pt. Anne and Beachville limestones dropped to 50 and 31 respectively, but utilization increased to 33 and 21%. With the Nova Scotia coal and Pt. Anne limestone at a Ca/S = 1.5, sulphur capture is 64% with a sorbent utilization of 43%. (b) Additive/NO Ratio for NO. Control The effect of additive jjormalized stoichiometric ratio, NSR (NSR = moles of additive injected to the theoretical moles required to remove 100% NOJ for the three additives. A, B and C, was studied while burning the eastern U.S. bituminous coal. In all cases injection of each additive took place cocurrently at 1100°C while NSR was varied from 1.2 to 3.0. The concentrations of the additive solutions were as follows: A -13.5% by weight, B - 5.6% by weight, and C - 16.1% by weighL The baseline NO, from the U.S. coal was 500-550 ppm. NO, capture is illustrated in Figure 8b. NO, capture by A and C increases with increasing NSR up to 1.7 to a maximum of 90% (nominal) and 80% respectively, and by B up to NSR = 2.0 to a maximum of 84%. Reagent utilization drops with increased Stoichiometry for all three additives. The best utilization with A was 55-56% at an NSR of 1.2 to 1.5, with B, 56% at a NSR of 1.0 and with C, 41 to 42% at a NSR of 1.5 to 1.7. 7A-42 ------- (c) Ca/S - Add/NO for SONOX The effect of Ca/S mole ratio and additive/NO normalized stoichiometric ratio was studied by injecting the 5% dolomite doped Pt. Anne limestone combined with additive A. The coal burned was the 1.7% S eastern U.S. bituminous and injection was carried out cocurrently at the optimum temperature of 1200°C. The results in Figure 8c show thai at a Ca/S ratio of 3.0, 80% SO2 capture is achieved and at an additive to NO stoichiometric ratio of 1.7 to 2.0, a nominal NO, capture of 90% is achieved. Low Sulphur Coal Application The development of the SONOX technology has been carried out mainly on a medium S (1.7%) eastern U.S. bituminous coal and a high S (2.8%) coal from Nova Scotia with SO: emissions of 1350-1400 and 1700-1725 ppm and NO, emissions of 550 and 450-520 ppm respectively. The effectiveness of the SONOX process was also demonstrated on a western Canadian Obed coal sample, prepared by UnocaJ Canada. The sulphur content of the coal is 0.54% with initial SO2 concentration of 349 ppm. NO, level initially measured 620 ppm. A 40% aqueous dolomite doped Pt. Anne limestone slurry (10% dolomite) with additive A was injected cocurrently in the pilot furnace and the effects of injection temperature and stoichiometry observed. The results are illustrated in Figure 9. In Figure 9a, SO^NO, capture as a function of injection temperature is plotted for constant stoichiometries, Ca/S = 3.0 and additive/NO normalized stoichiometric ratio of 3.0. The results indicate that the optimum temperature was around 1100°C for both pollutants with SO2 removal being 81% and nominal NO. removal being 89%. The effects of Ca/S ratio and additive/NO stoichiometric ratio is shown in Figure 9b. Removal of both acid gas components increases with increasing Ca/S and add/NO ratios. Optimum Ca/S ratio for SO2 is 2.0 to 2.5 and for NO,, optimum add/NO stoichiometry is 2.0. Utilization of both sorbents improves with decreasing addition ratios as is shown in Figure 9b. Under optimized operating conditions (injection temperature = 1100°C, Ca/S = 2.0-2.5 and add/NO = 2.0) 80% SO2 and 85% NO, was removed from the flue gas stream. Sorbents utilization and 32-40% and 43% respectively. These results indicate that the SONOX technology is applicable to coals with various levels of sulphur content and NO, levels. Impact on Ash Characteristics, Collectibility and Deposition The SONOX process produces increased amounts of waste composed mainly of CaSO<, unreacted CaO and fly ash. Any impact on ESP performance and deposition on the radiant section and convective passes will depend on the type and chemical composition, the particle size distribution and amount of Ca-based sorbent injected and waste produced. Waste Characteristics Particle size distribution of isolrinetically collected waste samples from the injection of various limestone sorbent slurries while burning a 1.7% S U.S. bituminous coal are compared to that of an ash sample from the same coal in Figure 10. The mass median diameter of the baseline ash is about 8 (am compared to 6 \im for the Pt. Anne and 9 \in\ for the Beachville limestone slurry. The slightly finer waste resulting from the injection of the very fine Pt. Anne limestone is not expected to affect panicle migration velocity and ESP collection efficiency. In Table 3 a typical waste from slurry injection is compared to the baseline ash and to a waste from dry sorbent injection. High levels of calcium compounds and the quantity produced must be considered for handling and disposal. CaO content of a typical slurry waste is 302 g/kg and CaSO4 content is about 220 g/kg. Dust Electrical Resistivity and ESP Performance The resistivity of the baseline fly ash measured in-situ with about 10 ppm SO, naturally occurring in the flue gas from the medium sulphur eastern U.S. bituminous coal is about 10* ohm.cm. During injection of all slurries, resistivities consistently increased by one to two orders of magnitude to 109 to 1010 ohm.cm yet the electrical operating conditions of 7A-43 ------- the ESP were not seriously affected and collection efficiencies were not seriously degraded (see Table 4) from a baseline level of 89% during slurry injection. Dry injection on the other hand results in a resistivity of 10" ohm.cm and an 8% drop in collection efficiency. It is possible that due to the increased moisture level in the flue gas (up to 23% relative humidity) a thin acidic film forms around the panicles and acts as a conditioning agent aiding the ESP in its performance. Inlet mass loading to the ESP has increased 2 fold from a baseline level of 1.4 g/m3 with a resulting increase in paniculate emissions by a factor of about 2 times during slurry injection. Thus the main problem with the SONOX process is the high dust loading to the ESP which depends on the Ca/S ratio. Slagging and Fouling Properties of the Waste Soft deposits, which form at low temperatures and are generally characteristic of deposits found on air heaters and economizers were observed on the furnace walls and heat exchanger surfaces. These deposits could be easily blown away by compressed air suggesting that, conventional soot blowing equipment may suffice for full scale application of the SONOX process. SONOX COMMERCIALIZATION ISSUES Electrostatic Precipitator Performance Following SONOX Application The application of the SONOX technology in the upper furnace region affects the nature of paniculate mauer entering the existing electrostatic precipitator. While the additives for NO, control do not add to the paniculate content entering the ESP, the calcium sorbents for SO2 control in the furnace result in higher paniculate loading depending on coal sulphur content and Ca/S ratios. The precipitator inlet loading can double for most applications. In addition to the increase in inlet paniculate loading, an increase in paniculate resistivity is to be expected because of the uptake of SO, from the flue gas by free lime in entrained solids. While dry sorbent injection technologies increase paniculate resistivity from about 109 ohm.cm to the 10" levels, paniculates from the slurry injection process show resistivity levels of about 10* 10'° ohm.cm due to the higher moisture content in the flue gas. Hence, the electrical operation of the ESP is expected to remain unaffected and only the solids loading will have to be dealt with. Precipitator upgrades will be needed in most cases following sorbent injection in order to handle both high loadings and increased resisuvity. Research-Cottrell has conducted a detailed study on behalf of the Electric Power Research Institute and proposed solutions for the precipitator degradation problems following furnace sorbent uijection(lO). The most economical solution is humidification and subsequent evaporative cooling of flue gas to restore resisuvity to pre-injection levels. At the lower temperature, due to increased gas density, the precipitator can be operated at increased power compared to the pre-injection level operation at 150°C. The precipitator can thus be operated at higher collection efficiency to overcome the increased loading effect. The humidification concept for restoring precipitator operation has been successfully carried out at two full-scale plants by EPRI and DOE(ll). The humidification concept has also been demonstrated earlier by Research-Cottrell at the pilot scale in a CONOCO supported program. The requirements for cooling to restore ESP performance are significantly reduced for the SONOX process because of reduced paniculate resistivity. We expect the stack paniculate emissions to be restored to pre-injection levels by operating at ESP inlet gas temperature between 110 to 120°C. Economics Economic analysis of the SONOX technology indicates that capital costs can vary between 30 to 60$/KWe, including moderate precipitator upgrade costs, for combined SO2 and NO, removal rates at SO to 70% each. This can be compared to the wet FGD capital costs of ISO to 400 S/KWe, the higher cost numbers being applicable to smaller plants in the 150 MW size range. The operating costs of SONOX will be higher because of higher sorbent consumption when compared to wet FGD. A levelized cost estimate, however, indicates that a SONOX system is about half the cost of a wet FGD system to own and operate. SONOX technology has been demonstrated at the pilot plant level. Application of the SONOX concept on a full-scale coal-fired boiler does impact the overall system and the following questions need to be addressed to assure a successful commercialization path: 7A-44 ------- • what is the optimum nozzle array configuration and slurry size distribution to assure proper gas-slurry contact? what is the optimum sulphation and NO, removal temperature window in the upper furnace region? •vhat is the effect of increased solids loading on boiler tube erosion? what is the effect of increased loading and resistivity on ESP performance, and what is the best precipitator upgrade approach? what is the best approach to increased solids handling of the calcium-rich ash? Many of the answers to the above questions can be obtained from the experience with full-scale dry furnace sorbeni injection systems already operating in Germany and other parts of Europe. Ontario Hydro/Research Cottrell are currently seeking to demonstrate the SONOX technology on a full-scale coal-fired utility boiler. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The SONOX process, an in-furnace injection of a calcium-based sorbent and a nitrogen-based additive is a very efficient way of removing SO2 and NO, from flue gases. This technique facilitates unproved distribution and mixing of the sorbent/additive with the gas flow, reduces deactivation of the sorbent/additive and allows sufficient residence time at favourable temperatures for the reaction between CaO and SO2, and NH2 and NO to be efficiently completed. The process was developed at Ontario Hydro's 640 MJ/h (0.6 x Iff BTU/h) Combustion Research Facility. Coals studied ranged in sulphur content from 0.54 to 2.8% and calcium sorbents used include two local calcitic limestones and a hydrated lime from Ontario, a local dolomitic stone and a limestone from Nova Scotia. NO, levels in the flue gas ranged between 450- 620 ppm and several nitrogen-based additives were investigated. The following is a summary of the findings: Sorbents chemical and physical properties are very important in determining the degree of SO^NO, removals. Dolomite with a high magnesium content was very effective in removing SO2 as was the case for hydrated lime. PL Anne limestone with an initial porosity of 55% was superior to Beachville limestone with an initial porosity of 17%. Five percent dolomite doped Pt. Anne limestone increased SO2 capture from 70% to 80%. The nitrogen-based additives did not vary substantially in their ability to remove NO,. • Injection parameters were found to be also very important in removing SO2 and NO,. High atomizing air pressure which improves the quality of atomization, promotes and early release of the sorbeni/additive mixture and increases the discharge momentum of the droplets, increased SOj/NO, capture significantly. In the case of SO2 removal, increasing the atomizing air pressure from 40 to 70 psig increased SO, capture from 62 to 70% for the PL Anne limestone. The optimum injection temperature for SO2 control was 1200°C while NO. was 1100°C. However, with the SONOX technology (simultaneous control of both SO2 and NOJ the optimum temperature was found to be 1200°C. Injecting 5% dolomite doped PL Anne limestone slurry and additive A at the optimum temperature of 1200°C resulted in 80% SO, capture and nominal NO. capture is 90%. However, the effective NO. removal is 63 to 80% because 11 to 27% of the NO, is converted to N2O. Hydrated lime removed up to 85% SO2 from the flue gas. Both SO2 and NO, improves with increasing Ca/S and Add/NO stoichiometric ratios. Optimum Ca/S and Add/NO stoichiometric ratios were found to be 2.5 to 3.0 and 1.5 to 1.7 respectively. Burning the 1.7% S eastern U.S. bituminous coal and injecting 5% dolomite doped PL Anne limestone at a Ca/S ratio of 3.0 and additive A at a normalized stoichiometric ratio of 1.7 removed 80% SO2 and nominally 90% NO, at the optimum temperature of 1200°C. 7A-45 ------- SONOX was also found lo be very effective for low sulphur coal application. Firing a low sulphur western Canadian Obed coal supplied by Unocal Canada with a sulphur content of 0.54% and injecting 10% dolomite doped Pt. Anne limestone slurry and additive A (Ca/S = 2.0-2.5 and add A/NO = '..7-2.0), removed 80% SO2 and nominally 85% NO, from the flue gas. Particle size distribution of the waste from the Pt. Anne slurry was slightly finer than the baseline ash. The waste contains fly ash and calcium compounds (CaO, CaSO4, etc) and the quantity produced must be considered for handling and disposal systems. Ash resistivities increased by one to two orders of magnitude from 10* ohm.cm to 10' to 10'° ohrn.cm but ESP collection efficiencies were not seriously affected. The increased level of the flue gas moisture is believed to act as a conditioning agent. Slagging does not appear to be a problem and the soft deposit formed on the furnace walls and heat exchanger surfaces was easily removable. A levelized cost estimate indicates that a SONOX system is about half the cost of a wet FGD system to own and operate and negotiations are in progress to demonstrate this process on the full scale. FUTURE WORK Studies are planned whereby other nozzles will be investigated. Other additives that have the potential for high NO, removal while at the same time ensuring cost effectiveness of the SONOX technology will be studied Fundamental studies to better understand the SOj/NO. removal paths will be undertaken. Activating and recycling waste from the process is being investigated and utilization studies arc being conducted at the University of Calgary. More importantly, negotiations are in progress to demonstrate this process on full scale boilers. The work described in this paper was not funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and therefore the contents do not necessarily reflect the views of the agency and no official endorsement should be inferred. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to express a special thanks to Ontario Hydro's New Business Ventures Division for their dedicated efforts in conducting negotiations to commercialize the SONOX technology. In particular, we recognize the efforts of Mr. F. Schneider and Mr. R. Kozopas. REFERENCES 1. Taborek, R., Dawson, C.W., and Stuart-Sheppard, IJL, "Acid Gas Emission Control - The Requirements, Technology and Hardware" Ontario Hydro, Design and Development Division, Special Report, March 1986, 3799H. 2. Bumham, C.. "Ontario Hydro's Acid Gas Control Programs". Paper presented to the Standing Committee on General Government, June 15, 1989. 3. Mangal, R., Mozes, M.S., Thampi, R., and MacDonald, D., "In-Fumace Sorbent Slurry Injection for SO2 Control" Presented at the Sixth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 25-29, 1989, Pittsburgh, Penn. 4. Mozes, M.S., Mangal, R., Thampi, R., and Michasiw, D.L., "Pilot Studies of Limestone Injection Process Phase I: Simulating Lakeview TGS Quenching Rate". Ontario Hydro Research Division Report No 86-62-K, May 30, 1986. 7A-46 ------- 5. Kirchgessner, D.A., Gullett, B.K., and Lorrain, J.M., "Physical Parameters Governing the Reactivity of Ca(OH), with SO2". Presented at the 1986 Joint Symposium on Dry SO2 and Simultaneous SOyNO, Control Technologies, June 2-6, 1986, Raleigh, North Carolina. 6. Dismuk;-.-;, E.G., Berttel, R., Gooch, JP., and Rakes, S.L., "Sorbent Development and Production Studies". Presented at the 1986 Joint Symposium on Dry SO2 and Simultaneous SOj/NO, Control Technologies, June 2-6,1986, Raleigh, North Carolina. 7. Szekely, J., Evans, J.W., and John, H.Y., "Gas Solid Reactions". New York, Academic Press, 1976. 8. Simmons, G.A., "Rate Controlling Mechanism of Sulphation". Proceedings 1986 Joint Symposium on Dry SO2 and Simultaneous SO^NO, Control Technologies, Vol 2, EPRI CS^966, December 1986. 9. Mozes, M.S., Mangal, R., and Thampi, R., "Sorbent Injection for SO2 Control: (A) Sulphur Capture by Various Sorbents and (B) Humidification. Ontario Hydro Research Report No 88-63-K, July 1988. 10. Helfritch. D.J., et al., "Electrostatic Precipitator Upgrades for Furnace Sorbent Injection", EPRI Final Report GS 6282, April 1989. 11. Altman, R.F., "Precipitation of Particles Produced by Furnace Sorbent Injection at Edgewater", 8th Symposium on the Transfer and Utilization of Paniculate Control Technology, March 1990, San Diego, California. 7A-47 ------- Stack Sorbent. Slurry + Additives Ln Esp Disposal a) Schematic of SONOX Process Heat *• Water Drop Evaporation Heat> 0 Calcination Limestone Slurry Atomization Dry Limestone Particles Particle Disintegration -Calcination -High Pore Structure Development -Sintering Process Avoided Sulphation b) Chemical and Physical Steps FIGURE 1 SONOX PROCESS 7A-48 ------- CD Furnace 2) Burner Assembty 3) Air Supply 7) Heat Exchangers ?) Fttter Unit & Coal Bin 6) Door To Control Room 7) Resisttvity Housing (a) Electrostatic Predpltator (9) To Exhaust (to) Propane Gas Control (ft) Sortwnt Injection System (fg) Isoklnedc Sampling System (g) Water Injection System (u) Furnace Quenching Pipe* (1%) HumidifcaBon Chamoer FIGURE 2 COMBUSTION RESEARCH FACILITY ------- Air In ft Cooling Water In | J Positive Displacement ^ | Recirculating Pump Stanc Mixer FIGURE 3 SONOX HARDWARE Slurry In Air In Water In Water Out Internal Mixing Chamber FIGURE 4 TURBOTAK "EXTENDED" NOZZLE 7A-50 ------- 70 Ca/S 3.0 • • • 2.2-2.5 o o A a Coal US US-W.Can. N.S. US Sorbent PA PA N.S. B. I Q. re O C/3 60 50 40 10 20 30 40 50 Porosity FIGURE 5 CAPTURE VS LIMESTONE POROSITY 60 7A-51 ------- en IV) 12 Turbotak 3 mm Nozzle, 40 % Apueou* Slurry ol Pt. Anne Limestone 10 E o> y 6 Q. O 30 40 50 60 Atomizing Air Pressure, psig a) Droplet Size vs Atomizing Air Pressure 70 Ca/S - 3.0 Slurry Rowrata 70 ml/min 70 O 65 60 2468 Slurry Droplet Size, \im b) SO2 Capture vs Droplet Size 10 12 FICURE 6 SO2CAPTURE VS SLURRY DROPLET SIZE (ATOMIZING MEDIA - AIR ) ------- Ul 80 70 « 60 o 8" 5? 40 30 — »— Coal U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S-WC Nova Scotia Nova S------- •-J > I 01 75 100 90 80 70 £ 60 O* 50 88 40 30 20 10 US Coal (1.7% S) Initial NO, Cone. - 500 - 550 ppm A, SR . 2.0 B, SR . 2.0 C, SR - 2.0 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperalure,°C 1400 o x 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 US Coal (1.7% S) Initial NOX Cone. . 500 - 550 ppm Ca/S Ratio - 3.0 AddvNO Stoichiometry . 1.7 Dolomite Doped P.A. Limestone P.A Limestone • SO 2 Removal ° NO x Removal " 100 90 80 0) 70 3 CL co 60 o ox 50 Z 5? 40 30 20 " Effective NOX Removal 63-80 % due to N2O formation 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Injection Temperature, °C Effective NOX Removal 63-80 % due to N2O formation FIGURE 7b NO- CAPTURE - EFFECT OF INJECTION TEMPERATURE FIGURE7c SONOX PROCESS SO>/NO. CAPTURE - EFFECT OF INJECTION TEMPERATURE ------- Ul en 40 % Aqueous Slurry Co Current Injection Droplet MMO - 6fim -o- 1200°C —•- 1300°Q 2 3 Ca/S Ratio BHL -Beachville Hydrated Lime B • Beachville Limestone PA • Pt. Anne Limestone US -U.S. CoaJ 65 60 55 c 50 g To 45 N ^ 40 en -3C O J0 5s 30 25 20 15 U.S. - WC - U.S. Western Canadian Coal Blend D * Dolomite NSC - Nova Scotia Coal .-US D-US PA-NSC PA-US 0 PA - US - WC OB-US 1 Ca/S Ratio FIGURE 8a SO2 CAPTURE - EFFECT OF Ca/S RATIO ------- Ul 05 U.S. Coal Initial NOX Cone. « 500 - 550 ppm Injection Temperature - 1100 °C 23 Additive Stoichiometry ------- en 100 80 (0 § DC ox ------- 100 40% Slurry _ 1.7% S Eastern US Coal Ca/S-3:1 2 a. a Ft. Anna Slurry I 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 Sieve Opening, (am FIGURE 10 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BASELINE FLYASH AND SLURRY WASTES 7A-58 ------- en CD TABLE I CHARACTERISTICS OF COALS Proximate Analysis, g/kg Ultimate Analysis, g/kg Moisture Ash Volatile Mattel Fixed Carbon Healing Value MJ/kg US Coal 14 80 357 548 32 Nova Sea 13 Coal 12 96 314 577 31 W Can US Coal Blend 32 99 321 548 29 UNOCAL Coal 33 135 367 465 28 Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur Ash Oxygen US Coal 756 57 16 17 80 74 NovaScoiia Coal 756 50 12 28 96 58 W Can US Coal Blend 751 47 14 11 71 101 UNOCAL Coal 673 50 15 5 135 122 TABLE 2 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SORBENTS LJ2O. g/kg NajO K2O MgO CaO F«2°3 AI203 Si02 Ca(OH)2 LOI BET area, nf/g MMD. |im p. g/cm POROSITY. % Beach villa Limestone <003 003 06 80 5240 01 220 <12.0 4340 1.3 86 26 170 Pi. Anne Limestone . 0.1 05 48 5354 2.1 43 21.0 29 39 2.3 550 Mosher Limestone (Nova Scotia) 0.1 l.t 538.0 64 65 25.0 1 86 110 25 570 E.G. King Dolomite . 04 <\0 212.1 300.9 2.3 10 7.9 4610 06 33.0 25 420 Beachville Hydrated LJme 0002 03 <005 7.6 1410 1.5 22 5.1 7880 126 82 2.1 264 TABLE 3 WASTE COMPOSITION 1.7% S US Coal with Limestone Sluuy Ca/S = 2.5 Temperature = 1200 °C CaO CaSO< CaCOj MgO LCH kg Waste/I 00 kg Coal Baseline 9*9 34 39 30 9 47 88 Sorbent Slurry Injection Waste g/kg 302 257 44 50 17 Dry Injection Waste g/kg 316 220 36 44 17 TABLE 4 WASTE RESISTIVITIES AND ESP PERFORMANCE Injection Temperature 1200 °C (Dry = 1100 °C) 40% Limestone Slurry Coal U.S. US. US. us Sorbent Beachville Limestone (Slurry) Pt. Anne Limestone (Slurry) BeachvHIo (Dry) SO2 Removal % 55 62 43 Flue Gas Relative Humidity % 8-10 23 -19 8-10 Ash Resistivity ohm-cm 83 x 107 47 x 109 l.lxtO10 1 1 x 10n ESP Performance Efficiency % 89 88 87 at ------- PILOT PLANT TEST FOR THE NOXSO FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM L.G. Neal Warren T. Ma NOXSO Corporation P.O. Box 469 Library, Pennsylvania 15129 Rita E. Bolli Ohio Edison 76 South Main Street Akron, Ohio 44308 ------- PILOT PLANT TEST FOR THE NOXSO FLUE GAS TREATMENT SYSTEM L.G. Neal Warren T. Ma NOXSO Corporation P.O. Box 469 Library, Pennsylvania 15129 Rita E. Bolli Ohio Edison 76 South Main Street Akron, Ohio 44308 ABSTRACT The NOXSO process is a FGT system that employs a reusable sorbent. A fluidized bed of sorbent simultaneously removes SO2 and NOX from flue gas. The spent sorbent is regenerated by treatment at high temperature with a reducing gas. Adsorbed NOX is evolved on heating the sorbent to regeneration temperature. The concentrated stream of NOX produced is returned to the boiler with the combustion air. NOXSO Corporation, MK-Ferguson, W.R. Grace & Co., and Ohio Edison will conduct a pilot test of the NOXSO system at Ohio Edison's Toronto station. The plant treats 12,000 SCFM of flue gas containing 2300 ppm SO2 and 350 ppm NOX, which is roughly 1/20 the size of a commercial module. The paper summarizes the system design. An additional test of the NOX recycle concept will be conducted at the Babcock & Wilcox Research Center in Alliance, Ohio. The test apparatus is a 6 million Btu/hr small boiler simulator. It is a scaled-down version of B&W's single cyclone front wall fired boiler design. The proposed test plan and the data from previously reported NOX reduction tests using a pc-fired system at the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center are included. 7A-63 ------- INTRODUCTION The NOXSO Process simultaneously removes SO2 and NOX from the flue gas of coal-fired boilers using a dry, regenerable sorbent. Three previous tests of the NOXSO Process have been conducted. The first was a bench-scale program conducted at TVA's Shawnee Steam Plant for the purposes of establishing process chemistry and kinetics, quantifying sorbent attrition rates, and establishing the corrosion properties of different metals for use in specific applications within the NOXSO Process. The kinetic tests were all performed in a fixed bed reactor (1.2). Funding was provided by NOXSO and by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC). The second and third test programs were funded and conducted by DOE at PETC with technical guidance provided by NOXSO Corporation. The second test program was designed to test laboratory data in a scaled-up process, 3/4 MW in size (3). The third test program was a life-cycle test to determine sorbent physical and chemical performance over repeated cycles of adsorption and regeneration (4). The current test program is a 5 MW pilot plant that will provide the data necessary to scale up to a full size (100 MW) module (5). The pilot plant is currently under construction at Ohio Edison's Toronto Station and is scheduled to begin operation in May 1991. NOXSO Corporation is responsible for operation of the pilot plant while funding comes from DOE, the Ohio Coal Development Office, NOXSO Corporation, W.R. Grace & Co., and MK-Ferguson Co. A brief comparison of these four test programs is given in Table 1. Detailed information on test facility design, test results, and data analysis can be obtained from the previously referenced reports. PROCESS DESCRIPTION The NOXSO Process is a post-combustion flue gas treatment technology that simultaneously removes both SO2 and NOX from the flue gas generated by coal-fired utility boilers. The process utilizes a high surface area 7-alumina substrate impregnated with sodium to achieve removal efficiencies of 90% for SO2 and 70%-90% for NOX. A process flow diagram is shown in Figure 1, and a description of the process is given below. Flue gas leaving the boiler passes through the combustion air preheater, the electrostatic precipitator, and into the NOXSO flue gas treatment system. The flue gas is first cooled to 120°C by vaporizing a water stream sprayed directly in the ductwork. The cooled flue gas is then passed through a fluidized bed of sorbent where the SO2 and NOX are simultaneously adsorbed. The clean flue gas 7A-64 ------- flows through a cyclone where attrited sorbent is separated and returned to the adsorber bed. Finally, the flue gas is returned to the power plant duct and exhausted through the stack. After the sorbent is loaded with SO2 and NOX, it is removed from the adsorbers and pneumatically conveyed to a sorbent heater. The sorbent heater is a three-stage fluidized bed where a hot air stream is used to heat the sorbent to 660°C. During the heating process, NOX and loosely bound SO2 are desorbed and transported away in the heating gas stream. The hot air stream exiting the sorbent heater is recycled back to the boiler replacing a portion of the combustion air while providing an energy credit to the NOXSO Process. At normal boiler operating conditions, the recycled NOX will either be reduced by hydrocarbon fuel or suppressed by the formation of additional NOX so that a steady-state equilibrium concentration of NOX is attained. Once the sorbent reaches a regeneration temperature of 660°C, it is transported from the sorbent heater to a moving bed regenerator. In the regenerator, sorbent is contacted with natural gas in a countercurrent fashion. The natural gas reduces sulfur compounds on the sorbent (mainly sodium sulfate) to primarily SO2 and H2S with some COS also formed (less than 2% of total inlet sulfur). Approximately 48% of the sodium sulfate is reduced to sodium sulfide which must subsequently be hydrolyzed in the steam treatment vessel. The moving bed steam treatment is obtained from the reaction of steam with Na2S. The regenerator off-gasses are sent to a Glaus plant where SO2 and H2S are reacted to form elemental sulfur. The sulfur is sold as a by-product of the NOXSO Process. From the steam treatment vessel, the sorbent is fed to a sorbent cooler. The cooler is a three-stage fluidized bed where the sorbent is cooled to 120°C using an ambient air stream. The warm air exiting the cooler is further heated in a natural gas fired heater before being used to heat the sorbent in the fluidized bed heater. The cooled sorbent is returned to the adsorber completing one full cycle. PROCESS CHEMISTRY The NOXSO sorbent is prepared by spraying Na2CO3 solution on the surface of 7-alumina sphere (1.6 nominal diameter). Both sodium and alumina contribute to the NOXSO sorbent's capacity to adsorb SO2 and NOX from flue gas. Our laboratory tests show that the presence of steam in the flue gas helps the SO2 sorption. The reaction of the sodium can be described as follows: 7A-65 ------- Na2C03 + A1203 2NaAl02 + CO2 2NaAlO2 + H2O <—> 2NaOH + Al2O3 (2) 2NaOH + S02 + -O2 — > Na2SOt + H2O (3) 2NaOH + 2NO + — O2 <—> 2NaNO3 + H2O (4) 2NaOH +• 2NO2 + — O2 — > 2NaNO3 + H2O (5) Zj Adsorbed nitrogen oxides are decomposed and evolved on heating the spent sorbent to regeneration temperature. The concentrated stream of NOX produced on heat-up is returned to the boiler with the combustion air. This results in no significant increase of NOX concentration in the boiler flue gas because of the reversibility of NOX formation in the boiler (1.2). The spent sorbent can be regenerated at high temperature with many kinds of reducing gases, such as H2S, CO, H2, natural gas, etc. The regeneration reaction, for example, using natural gas at 610°C is described below: O2 + CO2 + 2H2O (6) 4Na2SO3 + 3CHi — > 4Na2S + 3CO2 + 6H2O (7) A1203 + Na2S03 <—> 2NaAlO2 + SO2 (8) A12O3 + Na2S + H2O <—> 2NaAlO2 + H2S (9) Although sulfite has not been identified in our studies, it is a likely intermediate in sulfate reduction. A detailed discussion on the existence of sulfide during regeneration had been given by Gavalas it.al. (6) who used CO to study the regeneration of alkali-alumina. The SO2 and H2S produced from regeneration are then converted to elemental sulfur in a Claus-type reactor. 7A-66 ------- S02 + 2H2S <— > XS3/X + 2H20 (10) The sulfur produced is a marketable by-product of the process. PROOF-OF-CONCEPT PILOT TEST Background On May 10, 1989, a consortium assembled by NOXSO Corporation signed a cost-shared contract with the DOE/PETC to conduct a POC test of the NOXSO process. The consortium consists of NOXSO, MK-Ferguson, W.R. Grace & Co., Ohio Edison and the Ohio Coal Development Office. The POC project will take approximately three years to complete, and the test will be conducted at a coal-fired Ohio Edison plant in Toronto, Ohio. POC Test Site The POC unit will treat flue gas from either Boiler #10 or Boiler #11 at Ohio Edison's Toronto Station. Two sources of flue gas will be tapped so that the POC test can continue as long as one of the boilers is operating. A slipstream of flue gas will be taken downstream of the Toronto plant's electrostatic precipitators. The Toronto boilers are pc-fired and burn Ohio coal containing 3.7% sulfur. The flue gas typically contains 2300 ppm SO2 and 350 ppm NOX. POC Test Schedule Detailed design engineering has been completed and the major pieces of equipment have been ordered. Construction began in April 1990 and will be completed in May 1991. The test will run through February 1992. POC Process The process flow diagram for the POC has shown in Figure 1. The system differs from a commercial application of the NOXSO technology in two important areas. First, the POC facility does not include a Claus plant, which in the commercial design would be used to produce a sulfur by-product from the concentrated stream of SO2 and H2S produced in the regenerator. This is because Claus technology is commercially available and therefore does not require testing at pilot scale. Second, the POC does not include NOX recycle to the coal combustor. In the commercial design, NOX in the air leaving the sorbent heater is recycled to the combustor as part of the combustion air. Since NOX formation in the 7A-67 ------- coal combustor is a reversible reaction, addition of NOX to the combustion air suppresses the formation of NOX in the combustor. However, NOX recycle is impractical in the POC test since the POC treats less than 10% of the flue gas produced by Toronto Unit 10 or 11. POC Test Unit Design Data from three previous tests of the NOXSO process were used to design the POC test facility. A comparison of the three previous test programs was given in Table 1. The design specifications for the major equipment in the POC test facility are listed in Table 2. Materials of Construction During development of the NOXSO process, some corrosion problems were encountered, particularly in the regenerator. Different materials of construction were tested to withstand the high temperature environment of SO2, H2S, elemental sulfur, and sulfated sorbent. Corrosion results were documented in an earlier report (2), the practical results of the test program are discussed here. In tests performed at the Shawnee Steam Plant, sorbent was heated with electrical resistance heaters made of Inconel 600, Monel 400, type 316 and type 316L stainless steel (SS). All these materials exhibited severe corrosion in areas of sorbent contact attributed to hot sulfation of nickel. It should be noted that the temperature of the heating elements themselves were substantially higher than the bed temperature of 600°C. The reactor, made out of either type 316 or type 316L SS, showed scale on the inside surfaces after use. When the reactor was made of type 446 SS or alonized type 316L SS, there was no scale and only a slight discoloration of the metal surfaces observed. In the LCTU, the regenerator was made of alonized type 304 SS and showed no visible evidence of corrosion at the end of 330 regeneration cycles. Based on these results, it was felt that either 446 SS or alonized 304 or 316L SS would be satisfactory for the POC regenerator. The sorbent heater also encounters hot sulfated sorbent and will therefore be made of type 304 SS. The bottom bed of the sorbent heater where the temperature is 660°C will be alonized. All other vessels will be made of standard A-285 or A-283 grade C carbon steel, as no corrosion problems are anticipated. 7A-68 ------- The other area in the NOXSO process that requires special consideration for materials is between the flue gas cooler and the adsorber. In this area, sub-acid dewpoint corrosion can occur. All previous NOXSO tests have cooled the flue gas indirectly while at the POC the flue gas will be cooled by a direct water spray in the ductwork. The flue gas temperature in this portion of the system will be 112°F so that an acid-resistant epoxy coating will be used to line the ductwork from the cooler to and including the bottom of the adsorber. This epoxy has not been tested previously by NOXSO, but there exists ample literature that supports its use as an acid resistant material in other similar applications. NOX RECYCLE NOX recycle will be implemented at the full-scale commercial demonstration plant. The concept of NOX recycle has been tested previously using the 500 Ib/hr coal combustor used for the 3/4 MW tests and also using a tunnel furnace capable of being fired with a variety of fuels including gas, fuel oil, coal, and coal-water mixtures. Previous NOX Recycle Results NOX recycle was tested by spiking the combustion air with varying concentrations of bottled NOX and measuring the outlet NOX concentration from the combustor. The net NOX production rate was determined by a material balance on the combustor as shown schematically in Figure 2. The NOX flow rate at the exit of the combustor minus the NOX feedrate into the combustor equals the rate that NOX is produced in the combustor, which is defined as the net NOX production rate (R). For data reduction purposes, the NOX production rate (R) and the NOX feedrate (F) were normalized with respect to conditions at zero NOX feed according to R*=R/R0 and F*=F/R0 where R0 is the NOX production rate at F = O. Results from the 500 Ib/hr combustor are compiled in Table 3. The measured data are NOX concentration at the exit of the combustion system and the flow rate of NOX fed into the combustor with the combustion air. Data provided in the other columns were calculated. A plot of R* versus F* is shown in Figures 3 and 4 for both the 500 Ib/hr combustor and the tunnel furnace, respectively. In each case, the data fall in a straight line, but with different slopes. The two lines are described by the equation R* = 1 - aF*. The parameter "a" is the slope of the line and also represents the fraction of NOX fed to the combustor that is destroyed, The value of "a" is 0.65 for the 500 Ib/hr combustor and 0.75 for the tunnel furnace. The data for the tunnel furnace include both natural gas combustion and coal-water slurry combustion. 7A-69 ------- These results demonstrate that the nature of the fuel has no affect on the effectiveness of the combustion system to reduce NOX fed through the combustion air. Also, the NOX reduction capability of a combustion system is independent of the amount of NOX fed with the combustion air. Finally, the most important variables are those associated with the combustor design. NOX recycle will be extensively studied at the Babcock & Wilcox Research Center in Alliance, Ohio. Pilot-Scale NO. Recycle Test The power plant selected for the NOXSO full-scale demonstration (Ohio Edison's Niles Station, Niles, Ohio) uses cyclone burners. Since the destruction efficiency of NOX recycle has not previously been tested with cyclone type burners, a demonstration of NOX recycle with this type of coal combustor is necessary for the proper design of the NOXSO full-scale plant. Pilot-scale NOX recycle tests will be done using Babcock & Wilcox's 6 million Btu/hr Small Boiler Simulator (SBS) shown in Figure 5. The water-cooled furnace is a scaled-down version of B&W's single-cyclone, front-wall fired boiler design. The cyclone has been in operation since February 1985. The SBS cyclone furnace simulates a large cyclone unit very well. A comparison between the SBS cyclone furnace and commercial units is given in Table 4. The NOX recycle tests will begin with three loads and three excess air levels to establish the baseline of the NOX emission from the SBS furnace. NO will then be injected in multiples of the baseline NOX production levels. The NO concentration at the air inlet duct to the cyclone will be measured to document the inlet level. Stack NOX will be measured to determine NOX destruction occurring in the flame. The series of tests with different NO injection rates will also be performed at three furnace loads and three excess air levels. This test result will assist the determination of a second injection location for the next series of tests. In the second series of tests, NO and NO2 will be injected separately for two furnace loads and two excess air levels. Volumetric flowrate of the injected NO and NO2 will be based on the proportion of these gasses that are present in the NOXSO sorbent heater off-gas. The addition of methane to the air stream to assist the NOX destruction (7) will also be tested. The NOX recycle test will be finalized by burning the coal from the Niles plant in the SBS furnace. Since the coal-ash slagging characteristics are important to the power plant operation, the use of Niles plant coal will assess the change of the coal ash's "flowability" in the Niles plant when the NOX recycle stream is installed. 7A-70 ------- FUTURE WORK On December 21, 1989, NOXSO Corporation, in association with MK-Ferguson Company, W.R. Grace & Co., and Ohio Edison, received an award from DOE's Clean Coal Technology Program to conduct a $66 million, full-scale commercial demonstration of the NOXSO technology. The U.S. DOE will provide$33 million and the remaining funds will be provided by the Ohio Coal Development Office, the Electric Power Research Institute, the Gas Research Institute, the East Ohio Gas Company, and the aforementioned NOXSO development team. The 115 MW demonstration plant will be installed at Ohio Edison's Niles Power Plant in northeastern Ohio. Construction is scheduled to begin in early 1993 with plant startup scheduled in May 1994. This project is the final step in the program to commercialize the NOXSO technology. REFERENCES 1. J.L. Haslbeck, CJ. Wang, L.G. Neal, H.P. Tseng, and J.D. Tucker. Evaluation of the NOXSO Combined NOX/SO2 Flue Gas Treatment Process. NOXSO Corporation Contract Report submitted to U.S. DOE Report No. DOE/FE/60148-T5. November 1984. 2. J.L. Haslbeck, L.G. Neal, CJ. Wang, and C.P. Perng. Evaluation of the NOXSO Combined NOX/SO2 Flue Gas Treatment Process. NOXSO Corporation Contract Report submitted to U.S. DOE Report No. DOE/PC/73225-T2. April 1985. 3. J.L. Haslbeck, W.T. Ma, and L.G. Neal. A Pilot-Scale Test of the NOXSO Flue Gas Treatment Process. NOXSO Corporation Contract Report submitted to U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-FC22- 85PC81503. June 1988. 4. J.L. Haslbeck, J.T. Yeh, W.T. Ma, J.P. Solar, and H.W. Pennline. Life-Cycle Test of the NOXSO Process: Simultaneous Removal of NOX and SO2 from Flue Gas. Presented at the 1989 AWMA Annual Meeting, Anaheim, California. June 1989. 5. J.L. Haslbeck, M.C. Woods, R.E. Bolli, R.L. Gilbert, and C.P. Brundrett. Proof-of-Concept Test of the NOXSO Flue Gas Treatment System. Presented at the EPA/EPRI 1990 SO2 Control Symposium. New Orleans, Louisiana. May 8-11, 1990. 6. G.R. Gavalas, S. Edelstan, M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulous, and T.A. Weston. Alkali-Alumina Sorbents for High-Temperature Removal of SO2. AIChE Journal Vol. 33, No. 2, p. 258. 1987. 7. J.T. Yeh, J.M. Ekmann, H.W. Pennline, and CJ. Drummond. New Strategy to Decompose Nitrogen Oxides from Regenerable Flue Gas Cleanup Processes. Presented at the 194th ACS National Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana. Aug. 30 Sept. 4, 1987. 7A-71 ------- NOx RECYCLE TO CLAUS PLANT REGENERATOR AIR NOXSO PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FIGURE 1 7A-72 ------- -t-— I E, Adsorber R+F Combustor FIGURE 2. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF NITROGEN OXIDE RECYCLE. 7A-73 ------- CC bJ * CC o f- o o o cr QL o LJ cc o -2.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 NORMALIZED NOx FEED RATE, F* 4.0 FIGURE 3. NORMALIZED NOx REDUCTION DATA-PC COMBUSTOR. * OC UJ CC. o h- o o o oc. o. x O z o N QL O + 1 0 -I -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 0 5 10 15 NORMALIZED NOX FEED RATE, F* FIGURE 4. NORMALIZED NOx REDUCTION DATA- TUNNEL FURNACE. 7A-74 ------- STACK STEAM REHEATER DEPOSITION — PROBE SUPERHEATER FOULING TUBE DEPOSITION PROBE FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION FURNACE ARCH PRIMARY AIR AND COAL TERTIARY AIR SECONDARY AIR SLAG TAP MOLTEN SLAG SLAG COLLECTOR AND FURNACE WATER SEAL FIGURE 5. SMALL BOILER SIMULATOR (SBS) SCHEMATIC 7A-75 ------- Table 1. Comparison of NOXSO Test Programs Operating Parameter Coal Burned, Ibs/hr Flue Gas Volume, SCFM Adsorber Type SO2 Inlet Concentration, ppm NOX Inlet Concentration, ppm SO2 Removal Efficiency, % NOX Removal Efficiency, % Reducing Gas for Regeneration Operating Mode Test TVA NA 0.35 Fixed Bed 2300 600 90 90 H2S, H2, CO Batch Program 3/4 MW 500 1200 Fluid Bed 1465-5000 470-720 90-99* 80-92* H2, H2+CO, CH4 Batch Test Program Operating Parameter Coal Burned, Ibs/hr Flue Gas Volume, SCFM Adsorber Type SO2 Inlet Concentration, ppm NOX Inlet Concentration, ppm SO2 Removal Efficiency, % NOX Removal Efficiency, % Reducing Gas for Regeneration Operating Mode LCTU 40 120 Fluid Bed 1450-3000 240-800 60-90* 60-90* H2, CH4 Continuous POC NA 12000 Fluid Bed 2300 350 ** ** Natural Gas Continuous NA = Not applicable, i.e., small slipstream was drawn from the power plant ductwork. * = In the 3/4 MW and LCTU tests, removal efficiencies cover a wide range since operating conditions were intentionally varied to study their effect on process performance. ** = Pilot plant is under construction. 7A-76 ------- Table 2. POC Major Equipment Specifications* Fluidized Bed Adsorber Diameter 10.5 ft Temperature 120°C Settled Bed Height 2 ft Sorbent Residence Time 45 min Superficial Gas Velocity 3 ft/s Transport Disengaging Height 7.7 ft Material of Construction Carbon Steel Fluidized Bed Sorbent Heater Number of Stages 3 Diameter 7.7 ft Settled Bed Height 0.9 ft Sorbent Residence Time 30 min Superficial Gas Velocity 3 ft/s Transport Disengaging Height 2.8 ft Material of Construction Type 304 SS Fluidized Bed Sorbent Cooler Number of Stages 3 Diameter 5.7 ft Settled Bed Height 1.2ft Sorbent Residence Time 20 min Superficial Gas Velocity 3 ft/s Transport Disengaging Height 4.3 ft Material of Construction Carbon Steel Moving Bed Regenerator/Steam Treater Diameter 4 ft Bed Height 10.3 ft/6.8 ft Sorbent Residence Time 30 min/20 min Material of Construction Alonized Type 304H SS Air Heater Design Flow (Air) Temperature Rise Type Pneumatic Conveyor Sorbent Circulation Rate Lift Distance Adsorber Cyclone D-50 D-100 Gas Flowrate * At base case operating conditions. 14,300 Ibs/hr 330°C Natural gas fired in duct burners 9,994 Ibs/hr 80ft 20/xm 100 MHI 16,257 ACFM @ 120°C 7A-77 ------- Table 3. NOX Reduction Data; 500 Ib/hr Combustor (3) Test > No.# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tests 1 Tests 4 Tests 7 F JOxExit NOxExit NOX Fed R ppm Ih/hr Ib/hr Ib/hr R* F* 550 3.59 1370 8.94 875 5.71 650 4.24 850 5.55 930 6.07 700 4.56 1100 7.17 1200 7.82 820 5.34 0 +3.59 1.0 14.09 -5.15 -1.43 8.29 -2.58 -0.72 0 +4.24 1.0 4.66 +0.89 0.21 5.49 +0.58 0.14 0 +4.56 1.0 6.64 +0.53 0.12 7.98 -0.16 -0.04 1.60 +3.74 0.82 3. Coal feedrate = 223 Ibs/hr, Flue gas flowrate = moles/hr (dry), and Temperature = 2500°F. 6. Coal feedrate = 352 Ibs/hr, Flue gas flowrate = moles/hr (dry), and Temperature = 2500°F. 10. Coal feedrate = 431 Ibs/hr, Flue gas flowrate = moles/hr (dry), and Temperature = 2500°F. 0 3.92 2.31 0 1.10 1.29 0 1.46 1.75 0.35 122.1 160.0 180.4 Table 4. Comparison of Baseline Conditions Between the SBS Facility and Commercial Units Cyclone Temperature Residence Time at full load Furnace Exit Gas Temperature NOx Level Ash Retention Unburned Carbon Ash Particle Size (MMD; Bahco) SBS >3000°F 1.4 sec 2265 °F 900-1200 ppm 80% -85% < 1 % in Ash 6-8 microns Typical Cyclone-Fired Boilers >3000°F 0.7-2.0 sec 2200°-2350°F 600-1400 ppm 60% -80% 1%-20% 6-11 microns 7A-78 ------- THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF TUNABLE DIODE LASER INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO THE MONITORING OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OTHER COMBUSTION PROCESS STREAM GASES Frank E. Briden Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Enviornmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 David F. Natschke Richard B. Snoddy Acurex Corporation 4915 Prospectus Drive Durham, North Carolina 27713 ------- THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF TUNABLE DIODE LASER INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO THE MONITORING OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OTHER COMBUSTION PROCESS STREAM GASES Frank E. Briden Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 David F. Natschke Richard B. Snoddy Acurex Corporation 4915 Prospectus Drive Durham, North Carolina 27713 ABSTRACT There are a number of gases associated with combustion process streams which are difficult to monitor because of their physical properties and interferences from other gases. Tunable diode laser infrared (TDIR) spectroscopy offers a reliable, specific means for the continuous monitoring of many of these gases. Some of the gases that can be efficiently monitored by this technique are N2O, NO, NO2, H2O, H2O2, O3, NH3, HCN, SO2, SO3, OCS, CO2, CO, HCI, HBr, HF, CH3CI, CH4, CH3OH, and C2H5OH, to name a few. This technique requires the use of sophisticated electronic components, but provides an extremely rugged, simple to operate, stable, sensitive, and reliable instrument. This paper describes how the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory of the Environmental Protection Agency at Research Triangle Park, NC, designed, built, and tested, with a coal burning furnace, a TDIR monitor for N2O. The present diode mount is limited to the simultaneous use of only two 2 diodes and therefore only two analyte gases per optical cell. Newer mounts allow the simultaneous use of four diodes. The conversion of the system for other gases will be described. TDIR in-stack monitoring and long-range atmospheric monitoring will also be discussed. 7A-81 ------- INTRODUCTION The measurement of atmospheric N2O and its sources is of great interest since it is a potential contributor to global warming and its atmospheric concentration is increasing. The principal sampling method uses an evacuated container to collect a grab sample of the gas stream of interest, so the containers could be taken back to a laboratory and analyzed later. The original data indicated a linear relationship between the concentrations of N2O and NOx in the stack gases. The validity of this data began to be questioned in the mid-1980s when studies showed the detection of N2O when none was expected. Muzio et al. reported on the formation of N2O as a sampling artifact while studying natural gas flames injected with SO2 and NH3. (1) Another report showed that the artifact could be reduced by drying the gas before sampling, and the artifact could be effectively eliminated by removing the SO2. (2) It was evident that a gas-phase aqueous reaction between SO2, NOX, and H2O was generating N2O in the sample container. These reactions have been known since the 18th century and reported as early as 1924. ^ Discovery of this sampling artifact led to research on the development of sampling and analysis techniques which would provide accurate results. One project in this area, by the Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, used a heated sample line and then filtered and desiccated the gas before it was analyzed by an on- line GC/ECD (for N2O) and continuous emission monitors (for O2, CO2, CO, and NO). This research indicated that the N2O concentrations were less than 5 ppm and were not a function of the NOX concentration. ^ This project was undertaken to demonstrate the ability of a laser diode system to accurately and correctly measure the concentration of N20 in stack gas in real time, and to verify the lower N2O concentrations reported with modified sampling methods. 7A-82 ------- EXPERIMENT The detection of trace gases using second-derivative spectroscopy was first used in 1978 by Reid et al. at McMaster University. ^4^ Second-derivative or modulation spectroscopy consists of using a modulated source to scan the absorption line of interest. The detector output is amplified using a phase-sensitive amplifier referenced to twice the modulation rate. In addition to significantly reducing the background noise by rejecting all signals which are not in phase with the reference signal, operating the amplifier at twice the modulation rate produces a pseudo-second-derivative signal as the output. This signal is proportional to the absorption of the line being scanned but the signal must be calibrated for each line of interest. A beamsplitter, lock cell, and a second detector are used to provide a feedback signal to correct for any drift in the source. For the feedback circuit, a phase-sensitive amplifier referenced to the modulation frequency reduces the noise level and provides the stabilization signal. ^4' In this system, an infrared diode laser modulated at 2000 Hz was used as the source. The output frequency of a diode laser can be broadly tuned by adjusting its operating temperature and finely tuned by varying the applied current. This particular diode is tunable over the range 2200 to 2215 cm"1. Figure 1 diagrams the optical system. The cold head contains part of the cooling system for the diode and also provides an insulating vacuum for the diode since it is operated at 28 K. A monochrometer is used to isolate the laser line of interest. The beamsplitter deflects a portion of the laser light through a lock-cell containing a high concentration of N2O, and into a detector to generate the stabilization signal. The rest of the laser energy passes through the beamsplitter, into the analytical cell, and then into the analytical detector. The analytical cell is a two-pass, 0.5 m cell with an external retroreflector. Both detectors are single element mercury cadmium telluride photoconductive detectors with low noise preamplifiers. The first and second derivative signals are generated by setting the reference channel of the phase-sensitive amplifier to either the "f" (first derivative) or "2f" (second derivative) mode. In the "2f" mode, the reference channel of the phase-sensitive amplifier is driven internally at twice the input frequency, eliminating the need for an external, stabilized 4000 Hz reference signal. The output signal from the amplifier (for either mode) is a pure DC signal reflecting the magnitude 7A-83 ------- of the input signal which is in phase with the reference signal. Any AC component is the result of noise in the system and is reduced by the AC filter at the output. This AC filter has a variable time constant which can be adjusted from 1 ms to 100 sec. A higher setting of the time constant will reduce the noise level, but will also eliminate the corresponding time variations in the analytical detector signal. The output signal is then displayed on the chart recorder. The change in the magnitude of the signal, as measured from the baseline (determined using dry nitrogen gas), is directly proportional to the concentration of N2O in the analytical cell. Before beginning the tests, the N2O line with the least interference from the other gases commonly found in stack gas (H2O, CO2, CO) at various pressures, temperatures, and concentrations was determined. Theoretical spectra were calculated using the FASCODE algorithm which was developed by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. (5) Examples of these spectra are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4. During this work, the gas pressure in the analytical cell was maintained at 5000 Pa by continuously pumping on the outlet side of the cell with a vacuum pump and limiting the flow at the cell inlet port. This kept the pressure- broadening of the lines to a minimum and, during sampling of furnace gases, cooled the furnace gases to reduce thermal-line-broadening. The line at 2208.75 cm"1 was chosen for this work. Initial tests using mixed gases from cylinders verified the detection of N2O and no response to the CO2, CO, SO2, and H2O vapor. The equipment was moved from the laboratory and connected to the Innovative Furnace Reactor (IFR), a furnace designed to evaluate various methods of scrubbing stack gases. It is a down-fired, tunnel-fired furnace burning powdered coal. Figure 5 diagrams the system . During these tests, the IFR was being used to evaluate the efficiency of powdered lime to reduce SO2 emissions. The stack gases were sampled at two different positions (see Tables 1 and 2), one at the end of the furnace before the gas is filtered in the bag house, and the other near the roof just before the gases were vented to the atmosphere. These are indicated in Figure 5 as #1 and #2, respectively. The gases at the two sampling positions are significantly different. At position # 1, the gases reflect the actual combustion products of the furnace. After leaving the furnace, the gases are diluted and cooled to protect the bag house filter elements and the roof-mounted blower from damage due to excessive heat. Although the gases sampled at position # 2 reflect what is discharged to the atmosphere, the gases have been diluted, cooled, and filtered. 7A-84 ------- The operating parameters of the TDIR system are listed in Table 1. These operating parameters are typical for each sampling position, but the actual values were adjusted slightly to optimize the system each day. The system was calibrated each day using N2O in dry nitrogen at concentrations of 0.108, 0.514, 0.970, 1.99, and 4.82 ppm. A sample of the data collected from sample position #2 is in Figure 6. This section of the chart paper shows the time variations in the N2O concentration which is attributed to fluctuations in the coal feed rate. Also visible are the areas where dry nitrogen is used to verify the baseline. The addition of powdered lime to the stack had no effect on the measured N2O concentrations. The average concentration is 0.9 ppm with a maximum excursion of 1.0 ppm and a minimum of 0.8 ppm. Figure 7 shows data collected at sample position #1. There are several differences evident in this chart. First, the level of N2O is much lower, about 0.3 ppm. Second, as the system is switched from sampling dry nitrogen to stack gas, there is a spike in the N2O concentration which is not seen in the data from position # 2. Third, the two spikes at the end of the trace are observed each time the coal feed is stopped and only air is blown into the burner section of the furnace. INTERPRETATION The calibration data were fitted using a linear function to correlate a given deviation from the baseline to concentration. The results are summarized in Table 2. These concentrations are much lower than those in the original N2O database and are also lower than the more recent data indicated. The higher concentrations in the stack at position #2 are caused by the formation of N2O in the baghouse. The concentration is reduced, by dilution of the gas stream in the baghouse and after the baghouse, to cool the gas before it is vented. The data from position #1 is a more accurate measure of N2O produced by the furnace since it is sampled before there is any chance of dilution and the gas temperature (300 °C) is high enough to keep the water in vapor form. It is assumed that both the higher temperature and the reduced time between sampling and analysis work to reduce the amount of N2O generated as an artifact. The spikes in the data from position #1 are the result of N2O generation in the filter unit and the short section pipe connecting the heated sample line to the furnace. The filter and connector pipe were not heated and would cool off when the furnace gases were not flowing 7A-85 ------- through them. This permits water condensation and the formation of N2O in these unheated parts. When gas was subsequently drawn from the furnace, the small volume of gas in the pipe and filter would precede the hot furnace gases into the analytical cell and cause a spike in the output. The fact that this effect was not observed in the data from position #2 indicates that the gas components had already interacted, producing N2O, and could not generate more N2O in the filter set. It is assumed that this reaction most likely took place in the baghouse where the ash and lime reaction products were collected and the temperature fell below 100 °C causing the water vapor to condense and initiate the reaction. The fluctuations in the N2O concentration both during furnace operation and at the end, when the coal feed unit was turned off, were well correlated to similar fluctuations in the concentration of CO which was continuously measured as part of the SO2 scrubbing tests. This may indicate that the N2O is a result of a lower concentration of oxygen in the furnace which also generates more CO. CONCLUSIONS In this study, it was found that the N2O concentration, immediately after the combustor (position #1, Figure 5) varied above and below ambient which was measured at 280 ppb. However, conditions in the baghouse caused an increase of N2O up to about 3 times ambient (position #2, Figure 5). The major source of N2O in the stack gas appears to be its formation when the water vapor condenses and reacts with other components of the stack gases. This study also shows great promise for the use of laser diode modulation spectroscopy for other applications where continuous monitoring of one or more trace gases is required. The system is easily modified to monitor other gases by replacing the diode with one that will operate in the spectral region of interest. By operating both diodes simultaneously and adding more optical components, the current system can be configured to simultaneously monitor two gases in the sample stream. There are also cold head systems available which will allow the use of four diodes simultaneously and therefore the monitoring of four distinct trace gases. This method may also be used to directly measure species concentrations in the stack by using optical windows mounted in the stack access ports (e.g., the sulfun'c acid measurements of Pearson and Mantz. (6)). Measurements of atmospheric contaminants over 7A-86 ------- long path lengths are feasible and could provide significant information on the generation, distribution, and dissipation of pollutants which are not generated from single sources. It is proposed to use this technique to monitor methane emissions from landfills or pasture land. 7A-87 ------- REFERENCES (1) L.J. Muzio, et al. "Errors in Grab Sample Measurements of N2O from Combustion Sources." JAPCA, Vol. 39 No. 3, 1989, pages 287-293. (2) L.J. Muzio and J.C. Kramlich. "An Artifact in the Measurement of N2O from Combustion Sources." Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 15 No. 12, 1988, pages 1369-1372 (3) W.P. Linak, et al. "N2O Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion." In Proceedings: 1989 Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control, San Francisco, CA, March 6-9, 1989, Volume 1, EPA-600/9-89-062a (NTIS) PB89-220529), June 1989. (4) R.S. Eng, et al. "Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy: An Invited Review." Optical Engineering, Vol. 19 No. 6, pages 952-953 (5) FASCODE Fast Atmospheric Signature Code (Spectral Transmittance and Radiance), H.J.P. Smith et al., AFGL-TR-78-0081 Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, United States Air Force, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731. (6) E.F. Pearson, A.W. Mantz. "A Tunable Diode Laser Stack Monitor for Sulfuric -Acid Vapor." EPA-600/Z-80-174 (NTIS PB80-202 690), 1979. 7A-88 ------- Q. if O > Chart Recorder Lock-in Amplifier for Signal Analysis Lock-in Amplifier for Reference Analysis Laser Control Module Oscilloscope Figure 1. Laser diode setup 7A-89 ------- -vl CD O 2200 2201 N20 1 PPM, 50 MB, 25 C '9 8.0 7.0 6.0 I 5.0- Q ^ 4.0- £ O 3.0- 2.0- 1.0- 0.0- n 11 I .11 . I , 1 i • i • i • i < i • 2202 2203 2204 WAVENUMBER (CM'1) Figure 2. N2O Spectrum at 25 °C 2205 2206 ------- N20 PPM, 50MB, 100 C CO ? ™-j 6.0- 5.0- ~T~ & *o- Q S • E 3-°- 0 : 2.0- 1.0 -i 0.0- 22 A ^^^^ 111 . ll ll I L . ill Jv. i A Jv i DO 2201 2202 2203 2204 22 D5 WAVFNUMBER (CM'1) Figure 3. N2O Spectrum at 100 °C ------- CD o 10.0 N2Q. OQZ M20, CO AT 25 C, 50 MB 2208 2208.2 22084 2208.6 22088 WAVENUMBER (CM'1) Legend 10X002 10 « too 1000 PPM CO 2209 2209.2 Figure 4. Combined Spectrum ------- Coal Feeder CD CO Sorbent Feeder Sorbent/Slurry Injection Probe Sampling Ports Rool N2O Sampling Port #2 — SO? Sampling Port o Q. I Q. o OJ O CEM Sampling Port I Fan Stack 1 Baghouse Figure 5. Innovative Furnace Reactor ------- CD o At Baseline' Figure 6. Position #2 N2O Data ------- CD cn I I N2 Baseline Figure 7. Position #1 N2O Data ------- TABLE 1. OPERATING PARAMETERS Parameter Current, mA Temperature, K Frequency, Hz Scan Width", mA Sensitivity, mV Time Constant, sec Sample Position #1 217 28 2000 5 0.01 3 Sample Position #2 217 28 2000 5 0.025 3 * A current scan width of 5 mA equates to a frequency shift of 0.75 cm"1 TABLE 2. OBSERVED N2O CONCENTRATION Data Sample Position #1 Sample Position #2 ppm ppm Average 0.30 0.74 Maximum 0.46 1.27 Minimum 0.14 0.75 (± 0.053) (± 0.025) 7A-96 ------- Session 7B NEW DEVELOPMENTS Chair: C. Miller, EPA ------- IN-FURNACE LOW NOX SOLUTIONS FOR WALL FIRED BOILERS By R.C. LaFlesh, D. Hart, and P. Jennings ABB Combustion Engineering Michael Darroch City of Jamestown, New York ------- ABSTRACT Since the early 1940's, several thousand Type R pulverized coal burners have been installed and are operating in wall fired boilers ranging up to 160 MWe in size. In response to the low NOX Emission requirements, ABB Combustion Engineering Services, Inc. has undertaken development of the RO-II coal burner based on proven Type R wall firing technology with additional NOX control capability. Extensive laboratory tests were conducted at a large pilot scale (50 x 10 Btu/hr) in order to optimize the RO-II coal burner configuration. Specifically, a number of coal nozzle/air register configurations were evaluated in terms of their combined ability to meet specific emissions and operational performance criteria. The RO-II burner reduced NOX from a baseline uncontrolled level of 0.9 #/106 Btu to 0.5 #/106 Btu during the laboratory trials. This paper will review laboratory development activities and report on RO-II field demonstrations currently in progress. Background As a result of the recent Clean Air Act and specific local regulations, boiler operators are addressing the need to reduce stack gas emissions. Current attention is focused upon controlling acid rain precursors, oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO,,). Under Phase I of the Clean Air Act, a number of pre NSPS coal burning wall fired boilers will be required to reduce their NOX emissions by the mid 1990's. The proposed Federal upper limit for NOX emissions from wall fired units is 0.50 Ib/MBtu fired. ABB Combustion Engineering Services, Inc. (ABB-CE) has been actively developing and commercially demonstrating low NOX technologies for coal fired tangential and cyclone boiler arrangements. In order to meet the NOX reduction needs of coal wall fired boilers, ABB-CE has embarked on an extensive low NOX coal burner development and commercial demonstration program building on its substantial wall fired experience base with the ABB-CE Type R burner. The Type R horizontal burner was developed by Combustion Engineering Inc. in the early 1940's. This burner was designed to burn pulverized coal, oil, or 7B-1 ------- gas, is applicable to single wall or opposed wall firing in either single or multiple burner arrangements. In terms of experience, several thousand Type R burners have been installed and operated in a wide variety of boiler configurations ranging up to 160 MWe in capacity. Individual burner capacities have ranged from 20 MBtu/hr to 120 MBtu/hr. As a result of this extensive field experience, ABB-CE has established Type R design standards which delineate proven materials of construction and fabrication techniques, Type R operating procedures are also firmly established. The Type R coal burner, illustrated in Figure 1, has several key hardware features. The centrally located coal nozzle has spiral rifling along the inner walls to promote swirl of the pulverized coal/primary air stream which is initially established by a tangential inlet nozzle. A convergent nozzle tip is located at the end of the coal nozzle. Five (5) deflector vanes, located near the tangential inlet nozzle, can be adjusted in terms of incident angle to vary coal/primary air stream swirl which in turn, influences final luminous flame shape. On the combustion air side, the total combustion air flow passes through an adjustable angle flat blade swirler assembly. Combustion air angular momentum can be varied to optimize the burner's flame stabilizing aerodynamic recirculation zone, directly influencing both flame stability and flame shape. Laboratory Development Program In order to respond to low NOX requirements for wall fired-coal boiler retrofit market, ABB-CE embarked on a laboratory development program with the objective of developing a new low NOX wall fired burner product. The new burner, named the RO-II burner, would be capable of meeting the following performance targets: • NOX less than 0.5#/106 Btu Fired • Zero or nominal increase in carbon loss and/or CO emissions under low NOX conditions. • Acceptable flame envelope (length). t Zero or nominal increase in fuel system or combustion air windbox static pressure(s). At the onset of the development program, ABB-CE assessed the NOX reduction potential of the Type R burner design; upon review it was decided to 7B-2 ------- incorporate certain key design features of the Type R design into the new RO-II burner design. These features specifically included the tangential inlet, spirally rifled coal nozzle and an adjustable coal stream deflector vane assembly. The Type R combustion air register assembly was determined to not offer any advantages in terms of reducing total NOX so alternative air register assemblies were reviewed for incorporation into the new low NOX RO- II burner design. ABB-CE selected a patented, commercially available, air register for incorporation into the RO-II burner. Key features of the register are highlighted in Figure 2. These features include: 1. Two separate plenums which permit staged introduction of combustion air. pilot air which is introduced concentrically adjacent to the centrally located coal nozzle main air which surrounds the pilot air stream 2. Involute (spirally shaped) air inlets for each plenum which swirl total combustion air flow. 3. Separate flow control dampers for both the pilot and main air streams. 4. Integral instrumentation which permits burner operators to balance combustion air flow to multiple burner arrays located within a common windbox. 5. Unique helical flow vane assembly which enhances combustion air swirl and improves air distribution within the register. 6. A shadow vane assembly which enhances combustion air swirl but more importantly protects the flow vane assembly and fuel nozzle from damage due to flame radiation in multiple burner installations. Photo 1, an end-on view of the RO-II register assembly, highlights the involute (spirally shaped) air plenum, for both the pilot and main combustion air streams, and the shadow vane assembly. Photo 2 highlights the flow vane assembly utilized in the RO-II register. The helical vane arrangement is shown separate from the air register. Note that the pilot combustion air stream passes through six (6) vanes at the rear of the burner (i.e. the widest part of the vane assembly), the main combustion air stream passes through eight (8) vanes near the burner front (i.e. the narrowest part of the vane assembly). It should also be noted that the register design requires minimal maintenance since the only moving parts are the pilot and main air 7B-3 ------- dampers. These same dampers also provide the register with the ability to compensate for burner to burner combustion air flow imbalances in multiple burner/common windbox arrangements. The RO-II development program was largely comprised of extensive combustion trials of potential RO-II firing system hardware. These trials were conducted in one of ABB-CE's front wall fired large scale laboratory test furnaces. ABB-CE's development philosophy was to conduct tests with hardware designed to operate at a heat input rate of 50 x 106 BTU/HR. This rate is identical to the design heat input rate of the burners to be installed in two units in Jamestown, NY. By adopting this development philosophy, ABB-CE could confidently accelerate the process of transitioning laboratory hardware developments into commercial application. Prior to conducting the laboratory combustion trials, ABB-CE evaluated the air register's near-field aerodynamics. The objective of these tests was to define key aerodynamic characteristics of the register in order to support the design of compatible coal nozzle configurations. Recirculation zone size and strength as well as the air register's potential to control stoichiometry in the burner near field (through internal air staging) were assessed. These aerodynamic properties were consistent with the low NOX objectives of the RO- II development program. Laboratory combustion trials began following the register aerodynamic study. The focus of these trials was to evaluate the combustion performance of a variety of air register/coal nozzle configurations. The performance of each configuration was evaluated in comparison with the overall performance targets for the RO-II burner. It should be noted that the air register configuration remained fixed throughout the trials. Development activities concentrated on combining advanced low NOX Type R coal nozzle arrangements with the existing air register design. The combustion trials generated the data necessary to assess RO-II burner performance. Flue gas 02, NOX, and CO concentrations were measured at each test condition, along with coal/primary air static pressure at the coal nozzle inlet, windbox and furnace static pressures, and total combustion air and primary air mass flows. Qualitative assessments of flame shape, length, and stability were also made throughout the development program. In addition, flyash samples were taken for subsequent carbon in ash analysis. 7B-4 ------- Furnace horizontal exit gas temperatures were also quantified using suction pyrometry. The combustion test program parametrically evaluated a number of key RO-II design and operating variables. Some of the variables investigated included coal nozzle/tip configurations, firing rate (MCR and reduced load), excess air level, coal/primary air velocity at the coal nozzle tip exit, pilot and main air damper position (pilot/main air flow split) and coal stream swirl. All laboratory trials were conducted with a Pennsylvania bituminous coal having 10% ash, with a fixed carbon to volatile ratio of 1.65 and a fuel nitrogen content of 1.5% by weight. Coal preparation for the laboratory tests was consistent with typical utility practice; the pulverized coal grind averaged 70.3% through 200 mesh (75 microns), with 0.6% remaining on a 50 mesh (300 microns) screen. The laboratory test furnace utilizes a dilute phase (1.5 2.0 # primary air/# coal) indirect coal feed system. A schematic of the feed system is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 highlights the fact that a gravimetric feeder is employed to accurately quantify coal feed rate. The figure also illustrates the location of static pressure taps in the coal feed system. These pressures were documented throughout the test program for comparison to performance targets. Photo 3 shows the installed RO-II Burner register as viewed from outside the furnace. Note the use of the tangential entry fuel nozzle inlet, characteristic of both the Type R and RO-II burner designs. Photo 4 shows the installed RO-II from the furnace side and highlights the shadow vanes and divergent refractory quarl similar to typical field installations. Note also in Photo 4 that there is refractory material on the furnace walls. The laboratory test furnace has atmospheric pressure water cooled walls. The furnace gas temperatures and heat release profile are adjusted by altering the refractory configuration depending upon test objectives. The refractory configuration selected for these trials was chosen to create a furnace thermal environment where relatively high levels of thermal NOX would be generated. In addition to refractory modifications, the test furnace was intentionally operated at a volumetric cubic heat release rate of 39,800 Btu/hr/ft3. This volumetric heat release rate in effect far exceeded a 7B-5 ------- typical coal-designed boiler's volumetric heat release range of 9,000-16,000 Btu/hr/ft3. As a result of this (and combined with the refractory insulation thickness and pattern in the furnace), measured furnace gas outlet temperatures (horizontal furnace outlet plane) were in the 2500 2700°F range, far exceeding typical boiler horizontal furnace gas outlet temperatures of 1900 2000°F. The implication of high temperature furnace operation during the RO-II laboratory trials is that NOX generated thermally via the Zeldovich mechanism (1) was projected to be conservatively higher than would be expected in subsequent field RO-II installations. Eleven different coal nozzle configurations were evaluated during the combustion trials. Baseline tests were conducted with a conventional Type R nozzle; ten advanced Type R nozzle configurations were also evaluated. The baseline nozzle (Figure 4) was comprised of the tangential fuel inlet, coal stream deflector vanes, and a spirally rifled nozzle with a convergent tip. A furnace side view of the baseline Type R coal nozzle is shown in Photo 5. Combustion test data from the "Baseline" RO-II configuration is shown in Figure 5 which depicts NOX (ppm corrected to 3% 02) as a function of flue gas 02 concentration. As is characteristic of a diffusion flame burner, NOX increases with increasing excess air level. The primary point of the figure is that at a nominal excess air level of 20% (approx. 3.5% 02), measured NOX was approximately 650ppm (approx. 0.9 #/MBtu). Under all excess air conditions, NOX exceeded the target value of 0.5 #/MBtu. The most optimum coal nozzle arrangement of the ten tested is shown in Figure 6. As shown in the schematic, the optimum RO-II coal nozzle retains the tangential fuel/primary air inlet, deflector vane assembly, and spirally rifled nozzle of the Type R design. The optimum RO-II arrangement includes the addition of a venturi diffuser assembly, which is a channeled flow control device, and a convergent nozzle tip with axial rifling vs. spiral rifling as in the baseline case. Photo 6 is a "furnace side" view of the optimum nozzle arrangement. Figure 7 graphically depicts the NOX emission performance of a number of the tested RO-II coal nozzle concepts. Data in this figure highlights the fact that the coal nozzle design employed had a dominant influence on NOX levels observed. One can summarize the data contained in Figure 7 by directing 7B-6 ------- attention to the solid line plotted in the center of the graph. All data below the solid line represents the NOX performance of the venturi diffuser concept, all data above the line represents alternative tested concepts. Clearly, the venturi diffuser concept generated lower total NOX at any given operating excess air level, as compared with all other tested coal nozzle concepts. Most importantly, at a nominal flue gas 02 concentration of 3.5% (20% excess air), total measured NOX was 360 ppm (corrected to 3% 02), meeting the overall project goal of 0.5 #/MBtu NOX. The venturi diffuser coal nozzle assembly, as a result of its success in meeting the NOX reduction target established for the project, has been chosen as the coal nozzle design to be utilized in the RO-II burner. Beyond its NOX reduction capability, the RO-II burner met all other established performance targets. These targets were set to ensure that the firing system hardware developed in the laboratory would be retrofitable to most existing wall fired boiler arrangements. Most units, for example, have fan limitations in terms of achievable windbox to furnace delta static pressure. The RO-II coal burner is capable of operation at less than 3.0" W.C. static windbox to furnace delta pressure at MCR. Most existing boiler F.D. fan systems are capable of achieving at least that pressure differential at MCR. In a similar vein, primary (coal transport) air static pressure at the coal nozzle inlet is a critical factor from a retrofit standpoint. Any low NOX burner installation should operate within existing coal feed system pressure limitations. The RO-II burner operated at MCR with a primary air static pressure at the nozzle inlet of less than 4.5 inches W.C., an acceptable operating primary air static pressure for most existing wall fired installations. Many low NOX coal firing system laboratory tests and field demonstrations to date have reported that, under low NOX conditions, carbon in fly ash levels tend to increase (2, 3, 4). In some cases, CO emissions also increase under low NOX conditions. These results are, of course, very dependent on coal type, coal particle size distribution, and furnace configuration. In practical terms, most low NOX coal firing systems must strike an acceptable balance between NOX reductions and carbon in fly ash/CO increases. In the case of the RO-II coal burner, operated at 0.5 #/106 Btu, both carbon in fly ash and CO emissions did increase, however, the final emission levels documented were within acceptable operating ranges. For example, under baseline, high NOX conditions, carbon in fly ash and CO were 1-2% and 30- 7B-7 ------- BOppm, respectively. Under low (0.5 # MBtu) NOX conditions, carbon in fly ash and CO increased to 3% and 40-70 ppm, respectively. These laboratory results indicate that nominal increases in carbon in flyash may be expected in RO-II field applications, again dependent on coal type and furnace configuration. Several low NOX coal firing systems evaluated to date for wall fired boiler applications have experienced increased flame lengths as compared to pre- retrofit cases (5,6). As in the case of the relationship between NOX, carbon loss, and CO, one must in most situations strike a balance between NOX reductions and increasing flame length. Operating experience with the RO-II coal burner to date is good in this regard. Baseline (high NOX) conditions produced a luminous, stable flame about 12' long. Under low NOX (0.5 #/MBtu) conditions, flame length increased to approximately 16'-18' long. The increase in flame length was deemed acceptable because since the field units targeted for the first RO-II coal demonstrations can accommodate a similar increase in flame length without direct flame impingement on rear wall tube surfaces. Future boiler retrofits will be assessed on an individual basis not only to ensure compatibility between furnace depth and the luminous flame volume of the RO-II low NOX coal burner, but also to ascertain potential for changes in post-retrofit boiler thermal performance. Field Experience Following successful laboratory development trials, the RO-II coal burner has presently been retrofitted to three (3) field installations. Figure 8 is a schematic of the as-installed RO-II coal burner. The tangential inlet, spirally rifled coal nozzle with venturi diffuser assembly and convergent nozzle tip can be seen in the figure. The pilot and main air plenums, helical flow vanes, and shadow vanes are also depicted. The current RO-II field installations are listed in Figure 9 with other pertinent information. City of Jamestown Unit 10 and BPU Kansas City are currently undergoing start-up and demonstration testing. Conclusions ABB-CE's RO-II coal burner, specifically designed for retrofit wall fired 7B-8 ------- boiler applications, has undergone extensive laboratory testing and is now commercially available. In laboratory trials, the burner was shown to meet the NOX target of 0.5 #/MBtu firing Eastern U.S. bituminous coal while limiting increases in carbon loss, CO, and flame length to commercially acceptable levels. The burner also demonstrated the ability to operate within the capacity of most existing boiler combustion air fan and coal delivery systems in terms of static pressure requirements. The RO-II burner offers advantages in terms of its simplified construction and operation. In addition, the RO-II burner has the ability (via adjusting the main/pilot air damper system) to equalize burner to burner combustion air flow imbalances in multiple burner/common windbox plenum arrangements. References 1. Zeldovich, Y. et al. (1947), Oxidization of Nitrogen in Combustion, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow-Leningrad, Translated by M. Shelf, Scientific Research Staff, Ford Motor Co. 2. Beard, P. et al "Reduction of NOX Emissions form a 500 MW Front Wall Fired Boiler" 1989 Joint EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control. 3. Grusha, J. and McCartney M., "Development and Evolution of the ABB Combustion Engineering Low NOX Concentric Firing System 1991 Joint EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control. 4. Kinoshita, et al "New Approach to NOX Control Optimization and Unburnt Carbon Losses" 1989 Joint EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOX Control. 5. Clark, M.J. et al "Large Scale Testing and Development of the B&W Low NOX Cell Burner" 1987 EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion Nitrogen Oxide Control. 6. LaRue, A. et al "Development Status of B&W's Second Generation Low NOX Burners The XCL Burner" 1987 EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion Nitrogen Oxide Control. 7B-9 ------- Figure 1: Type R Coal Burner Photo 1: End-On View of the RO-II Register Assembly Figure 2: Exploded View of RO-II Burner Assembly Photo 2: Helical Flow Vane Assembly Figure 3: Coal Feed System Schematic 7B-10 ------- Photo 3: Installed RO-II Burner Register as Viewed from Outside the Furnace TANGENTWL FUELPFB MARY AIR INLET SPIRALLY-BIFLED TIP MI v DEFLECTOR VANES Figure 4: "Baseline" Type R Coal Nozzle Schematic 2D%EA 02, % Figure 5 "Baseline" Nozzle Assembly, NOx vs. O Photo 4: Installed RO-II Burner from the Furnace Side I Photo 5: Furnace Side View of the "Baseline" Type R Coal Nozzle INLET 'I ^- L- VEWTURI DtfFUSER ADJUSTMCWT BOOS STUFFWG BOX Fi AXIAL NOZ2LE ADJUSTMENT X \ SPTRlALLY-fOOZD NOZZLE DEFLECTOR VANES NOZZLE TP WITH AXIAL RJFL**S Figure 6: Venturi Diffuser Nozzle Assembly, Test Equipment Schematic 7B-11 ------- 02. % At and Below the Line - Venturl Dlfluser Concept! Above the Line - Other Tested Concepts Figure 7: RO-II "Advanced Coal Nozzle Concepts" NOx vs. O, Photo 6: "Furnace Side" View of the Optimum Nozzle Arrangement for the RO-II Burner Customer Unit Bd ol Public Utll 9 City of Jamestown Bd of Public UtIL 10 City of Jameetown Bd ot Public Utll. Oulndaro Kansas City Unit 2 Unit Type CE-VU40 CE-VU40 Rlley Steam Flow Ib/hr 165.000 165.000 1.126.000 No. ol Burners 4 4 9 Fuels E. Bit E. Bit Sub-Bit. Natural Gas Propane Figure 9: RO-II Experience List Figure 8: RO-II Burner 7B-12 ------- NOx REDUCTION ON NATURAL GAS-FIRED BOILERS USING FUEL INJECTION RECIRCULATION (FIR) - LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION Kevin C. Hopkins, David 0. Czerniak Carnot 15991 Red Hill Ave., Suite 110 Tustin, CA 92680-7388 Les Radak Southern California Edison Company 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue P.O. Box 800 Rosemead, CA 91770 Cherif Youssef Southern California Gas Company 3216 North Rosemead Blvd. El Monte, CA 91731 James Nylander San Diego Gas & Electric Company P.O. Box 1831 San Diego, CA 92112 ------- NOx REDUCTION ON NATURAL GAS-FIRED BOILERS USING FUEL INJECTION RECIRCULATION (FIR) - LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION ABSTRACT Increasingly stringent NOx regulations on industrial and utility boilers may require implementation of expensive post-combustion NOx control techniques. Fuel Injection Recirculation (FIR) is a relatively low cost NOx reduction strategy for natural-gas fired boilers in which the fuel is diluted prior to combustion with air, steam, or flue gas. This technique is different from conventional flue gas recirculation (FGR) because it is conceptually believed to impact prompt as well as thermal NO formation mechanisms and is therefore capable of greater NOx reductions. Furthermore, the two technologies when applied in conjunction are additive is terms of NOx reduction. As a preliminary step towards full scale implementation of FIR, a laboratory demonstration was performed to determine the feasibility of the technology. FIR was demonstrated on a 2.0 MMBtu/hr test facility designed to simulate burners used on full scale utility boilers. The test facility employed combustion air preheat, FGR, staged-air firing, and was modified to inject flue gas, air, or saturated steam into the fuel stream prior to combustion. The effectiveness of FIR was determined at varying injection rates, firing rates, air preheat levels, FGR rates, and excess 02 conditions. Results show that FIR is more effective that FGR in reducing NOx, and that a additional 50% NOx reduction was achieved when FIR is used in conjunction with FGR. The test program demonstrated that in a full-scale application, FIR may be capable of reducing NOx to low levels, at an attractive cost relative to post-combustion control retrofits. 7B-15 ------- INTRODUCTION Carnot was contracted by the Southern California Gas Company, the Southern California Edison Company (SCE), and the San Diego Gas and Electric Company (SDG&E) to perform a laboratory demonstration of a potential new NOX reduction technology for gas-fired boilers which has been designated Fuel Injection Recirculation (FIR). As a preliminary step towards full-scale implementation, this demonstration program was performed to determine the feasibility of the technology. Fuel Injection Recirculation involves recirculation of a portion of the boiler flue gas and mixing it with the gas fuel at some point upstream of the burner. Additionally, the FIR concept can be expanded to include the fuel injection of any inert diluent such as steam or air. This method conceptually is believed to be capable of greater NOX reductions than can be achieved by conventional Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR), which is mixed with the combustion air. Furthermore, it is anticipated that when implemented on a utility boiler, the two technologies would be to some extent, additive in terms of NOX reductions, ultimately resulting in very low NOX emissions. The principal motivation for pursuing this concept is the potential cost benefit in comparison post-combustion NOX control technologies such as SCR and urea injection, which are presently being considered to meet the stringent new NOX limits specified in the South Coast Air Quality Management District Rules 1135 and 1146. The FIR concept is also attractive because full-scale application of FIR would require relatively few modifications to existing equipment. The approach taken for this laboratory demonstration program was to apply the FIR technology on a test facility which incorporates many key design and operational attributes of burners in use on utility boilers, and which employs NOX control techniques commonly used in these large scale boilers. The primary emphasis of the this feasibility study was a practical evaluation of FIR over ranges of important operating conditions such as firing rate, air preheat, overfire air, and FGR. 7B-16 ------- TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES Throughout this study, FIR was evaluated primarily in terms of flue gas concentrations of NOX, 02, C02, and CO, and in terms of burner stability and flame characteristics. The specific technical objectives of the investigation were as follows: 1. Evaluate the NOX reduction effectiveness of FIR using a laboratory-scale burner similar in design and thermal environment to burners used on electric utility boilers. 2. Evaluate the NO reduction efficiency of FIR alone, and in combination with FGR. 3. Evaluate the effect of FIR on minimum operable 02 level, and on burner stability. 4. Evaluate the effect of reduced firing rate on the effectiveness of FIR. 5. Evaluate the effect of air staging on the effectiveness of FIR. 6. Compare the effect of air relative to flue gas as the FIR diluent. 7. Compare the effect of steam relative to flue gas as the FIR diluent. BACKGROUND Fuel Injection Recirculation (FIR) is a potential new NOX control strategy for natural gas-fired boilers which is defined as the injection of any inert diluent into the fuel gas at some point upstream of the burner. The concept originally involved the extraction of flue gas from the exit of the boiler, cooling it if necessary, and finally compressing it for injection at gas header pressures into the fuel line. Operating expenses and equipment costs may be reduced by injecting other diluents such as air or steam, or by lowering gas header pressures through burner modifications. FIR and Prompt NO Formation: NOX formation in natural gas-fired boilers is associated with two mechanisms known as thermal NO and prompt NO. Thermal NO refers to the high temperature reaction of nitrogen and oxygen from the combustion air. This mechanism, which is commonly termed the "Zeldovich" mechanism after its discoverer, is thought to occur in the post-flame or burned gas zone. Low excess air firing, flue gas recirculation, burners-out-of-service (BOOS), and air staging are commonly used on utility boilers to control thermal NO formation. The existence of another NO formation mechanism was first suggested by Fenimore whose measurements showed that reactions other than the Zeldovich mechanism were taking place, and that some NO was being formed in the flame region. Because of the early 7B-17 ------- formation of NO, Fenimore coined the name "prompt" NO. Fenimore proposed that C2 and CH radicals present in hydrocarbon flames contribute to the formation of prompt NO. The formation of prompt NO is greater in fuel-rich flames, and decreases with the increase in local 02 concentrations. Similar experiments have shown that prompt NO formation is a function of flame temperature as well as stoichiometry. Other measurements made in flat flame burners demonstrate that prompt NO can account for 10- 40 ppm of the total NO formed. In utility boiler systems, prompt NO is assumed to be less than 50 ppm while the thermal NO contribution can be as high as 125-200 ppm. Thermal NO control techniques such as FGR and BOOS can decrease NO to concentrations approaching prompt NO concentrations. The South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1135 for utility boilers will require NOX emission limits translating to about 25 ppm, and therefore the control of prompt NO formation is important if new emissions limits are to be met without installation of expensive post-combustion control techniques. FIR appears to be a effective and relatively inexpensive technique for the control of prompt NO formation. It is believed that FIR reduces prompt NO formation by diluting the fuel prior to combustion thereby reducing the concentration of hydrocarbon radicals which produce prompt NO. In addition, FIR also acts like FGR in reducing thermal NO production. It is anticipated that FIR in combination with FGR, could reduce NOX emissions to levels below 25 ppm by controlling both NO formation mechanisms. TEST DESCRIPTION Test Facility: The laboratory facility selected for this evaluation of FIR was an 80 hp Scotch fire-tube boiler. This boiler was modified to incorporate many significant components of a full-scale utility boiler furnace. The test facility comprised the fire-tube boiler, which is capable of firing up to 3.0 x 106 Btu/hr on natural gas, a forced draft fan, a separately fired air preheater (APH), a 5 1/2" diameter gas fuel ring, a ceramic quarl, and a windbox with a sixteen blade variable air register. Off- stoichiometric firing was achieved by diverting a portion of the pre-heated combustion air to the overfire air (OFA) ring placed downstream of the burner face. A separate fan was used to recirculate a portion of the flue gas to the combustion air (FGR). The FGR flowrate was determined by measuring the windbox 02 concentration along with the flue gas 02 concentration. The mass flowrate of the flue gas recirculated was subsequently determined from stoichiometric calculations. Natural gas was supplied to the boiler via a 10 psig supply, and metered using a rotameter. The maximum firing used in this study was 2.0 x 106 Btu/hr. The burner consisted of 3/8 inch ring with 11 equally spaced holes drilled radially, each of 7B-18 ------- 0.189 inches diameter. The ceramic burner quarl, six inches long with a nine-inch exit diameter, was geometrically similar to those used on small Peabody ring burners in utility boilers. The air register vanes were set initially to target a baseline NOX level characteristic of full-scale units. The air register vanes were set at 20° off radial and were not varied throughout the remainder of the tests. The FIR concept was tested using three fuel diluents: flue gas, air, and saturated steam. Most of the testing was performed using flue gas as the diluent. The flue gas injection system consisted of a 5 hp rotary lobe type compressor capable of a delivery pressure of up to 8 psig at a flow rate of 30 scfm of flue gas. Flue gas, extracted at the stack plenum, was compressed and injected into a 2 inch fuel line through a sparger. FIR tests with air injection were performed using the same configuration as above with the inlet to the blower disconnected from the stack plenum. Steam injection was accomplished using a separately fired 2-1/2 hp Parker Boiler providing saturated steam at approximately 180 psig. The flow rate was controlled using a gate-valve and was metered using an Annubar flow sensor. Steam was injected through the sparger into a heat-traced fuel line. Test Conditions: The principal objective of this laboratory demonstration program was to determine the effectiveness of FIR in reducing NOX at conditions characteristic of large industrial or utility boilers. Conditions and parameters which significantly impact NOX on full-scale units include combustion air temperatures, off-stoichiometric firing, excess air levels, load variations, flue gas recirculation to the combustion air, burner configuration, and air register orientation. It was not practical to systematically investigate the influence of each of these characteristics in the laboratory facility. Once baseline configurations were established, the burner hardware and the air register orientation were not changed throughout the testing. Excess Air Levels: Tests were performed at a "minimum" or "nominal" excess 02 condition. The minimum 02 condition was defined by the following criteria: 1. the excess air level producing 200 400 ppm CO, or 2. an excess 02 concentration of « 0.3 % The second criteria was necessary because at some test conditions, CO did not exceed 100 ppm even at extremely low 02 concentrations. The 0.3 % 02 concentration was necessary as a lower safety limit for those tests where CO remained below 100 ppm. The nominal 02 condition was defined as the amount of excess air necessary to increase the minimum 02 concentration by 0.5 %. Flame Characteristics: Since an important objective of this test program is to determine the limits of applicability of FIR with respect to flame characteristics, 7B-19 ------- the test series involving fuel dilution with flue gas, steam, or air, the diluent was added to the point of flame instability. Flame stability and general flame characteristics were determined primarily form observations. The flame was considered to be unstable if any of the following was observed: 1. Any tendency for the flame to lift-off from the burner face and re-attach downstream on the OFA ring. 2. Excessive fluctuations in furnace draft 3. Excessive fluctuations of NOX, CO, or 02 concentrations. 'X' RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the Fuel Injection Recirculation (FIR) test program are presented in this section. The NOX results presented below are expressed in ppm corrected to 3% 02 on a dry basis. The NOX reductions achievable, and the limitations in terms of flame stability are considered for FIR used in conjunction with varying firings rates, flue gas recirculation rates, air preheat levels, and both with, and without overfire air. For each test series, the injection rate of flue gas was increased until the limit off flame stability was reached. The flame stability limit is defined as the maximum injection rate at which the flame remains attached to the burner face. (Higher injection rates would cause the flame to detach from the burner face and re- attach to the overfire air ring). For the purposes of later comparison, the "baseline" condition is defined by the following parameters: firing rate: 2,000,000 Btu/hr ± 2 % Op condition: minimum (defined by CO ~ 200-400 ppm) OFA condition: nominal (defined by « 10% of total air) APH temperature: 480 495 °F Windbox FGR: 0 % The baseline NOX concentration for this test facility was 87.6 ppm @ 3% 02. Without OFA, the NOX concentration was 167.6 ppm @ 3% 02. The use of OFA reduced NOX by 48%. This is consistent with full-scale NOX reductions attainable using NOX ports and/or burners-out-of-service (BOOS). The effects of other parametric variations are presented below. Summary of Baseline Characteristics • The baseline NO concentration is 87.6 ppm 0 3% 02 with approximately 10% overfire air with a combustion air temperature of approximately 490 °F. • NOX is very sensitive both to excess air level and to combustion air temperatures, especially at lower FGR rates. 7B-20 ------- • The measured NOX vs FGR relationship is typical of full- scale units. • The NO vs firing rate relationship is characteristic only of smaller industrial boilers. Flue Gas as FIR Diluent The effect of Fuel Injection Recirculation using flue gas as the diluent is presented in this section. The amount of FIR injection is expressed in two ways. First as a percent fuel dilution defined as the percentage of the volume of flue gas injected to the total volume flow through the burners. Alternatively, for the purposes of comparison to conventional flue gas recirculation, it is expressed as the percent of the weight of the flue gas injected to the total weight of the air and fuel. FIR vs Windbox FGR: The effect of FIR without windbox flue gas recirculation (FGR), and at an optimum and maximum FGR rates are presented in this section. The firing rate is 2.0 x 106 Btu/hr with nominal OFA at the minimum 02 condition. The results are shown in Figure 1-A and 1-B. Figure 1-A shows NOX concentration vs FIR injection rate expressed as percent fuel dilution. NOX decreases uniformly with increasing FIR injection. With no windbox FGR, the rate of decrease is approximately 1.7 ppm per % fuel dilution. At higher windbox FGR rates, the rate of decrease is approximately 0.6 ppm per % fuel dilution. The decreasing effectiveness at higher windbox FGR rates indicates that FIR reductions are partially thermal NOX reductions and that the two techniques are to some extent redundant. However, since further decreases are measured even at the maximum windbox FGR rate, the two techniques also appear to be additive. This additive effect can be more clearly seen in Figure 1-B where the effect of FIR on NOX is plotted as a function of the total flue gas recirculated (to windbox and to fuel). For each of the three data sets shown on the graph, the windbox FGR is held constant while the FIR flowrate is increased. The dotted line on the graph defines the relationship between NOX and the windbox FGR alone. At both the 15% and 23% windbox FGR rates, FIR injection is capable of additional reductions of approximately 50%. Table 1 summarizes the maximum reductions achievable with FIR when used in conjunction with FGR. Furthermore, it is evident that FIR alone is more effective than FGR: 5% of the flue gas injected into the fuel results in lower NOX than 23% flue gas injected into the combustion air. This is shown graphically in Figure 2 where NOX reduction is plotted vs the total flue gas recirculated. The NOX reduction curve rises more steeply with FIR than without. It should be re-stated here that the flue gas recirculation to the fuel requires significantly higher compression that recirculation to the combustion air. 7B-21 ------- As postulated earlier, FIR is believed control prompt, as well as thermal NO, both by reducing peak flame temperatures and by lowering the concentration of certain hydrocarbon radicals which are thought to produce prompt NO. The concentration of prompt NO formed in utility combustion systems is thought to be 25 ppm or less. The tests performed in the present study are not intended to distinguish between prompt NO reductions and thermal NO reductions, or even to confirm the existence of prompt NO. It is not possible to conclude whether the additive NOX reductions are due to more efficient mixing of flue gas with the fuel and air, or whether FIR actually suppresses prompt NO formation. What can be concluded however is that FIR is more effective than windbox FGR, and that together there is a measurable additive benefit. The use of FIR does not significantly affect flame stability up to a fuel dilution ratio of approximately 35% Higher injection rates create a tendency to lift off the burner face creating a "boiler rumble" and large fluctuations in NOX and 02 and furnace draft. At lower injection rates, the appearance of the flame is not significantly different from the flame appearance with no FIR injection, other than decreased brightness which is indicative of lower peak flame temperatures. The Effect of Overfire Air on FIR: The effect FIR when used without overfire air is shown in Figure 3-A and Figure 3-B. FIR is equally effective with, or without overfire air. Without OFA, FIR reduces NOX concentrations by 60% at 0% FGR and 15% FGR. It was also expected that overfire air would affect flame stability by decreasing the burner throat velocities. The tests demonstrated that overfire air does not affect flame stability. Figure 3-A shows that the limit of flame stability is approximately at 35% fuel dilution regardless of the OFA rate. Figure 3-B shows that the effect of overfire air has a decreasing effect at higher FGR rates. For example, at 15% windbox FGR with the maximum FIR injection rate, 10% air staging results in less than a 5 ppm NOX reduction. The Effect of Firing Rate On FIR: The effect of FIR at three firing rates is presented in Figure 4. FIR injection using flue gas results in approximately the same NOX reductions at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 x 106 Btu/hr. The slopes of the curves on Figure 4 are not a function of the firing rate. With no windbox FGR, FIR reduces NOX at approximately 5 ppm/%fuel dilution up to 35% fuel dilution. At an optimum windbox FGR rate, the slope decreases to .6 ppm/%fuel dilution up to 35% fuel dilution. It is important to note that reduced firing does not significantly affect flame stability. The limit of flame stability occurs at approximately 35% fuel dilution at each firing rate tested. It is difficult to extrapolate this characteristic to the full-scale application primarily due to the non-characteristic NOX vs firing rate 7B-22 ------- relationship, i.e. the relative increase in NOX at the mid-firing rate. It is also important to remember that the minimum 02 condition at the lower firing rates results in significantly higher 02 concentrations. The air register vane setting is likely to affect flame stability and the minimum 02 condition, however the effect of air register adjustments was not examined during this test program. Air As FIR Diluent The original concept of Fuel Injection Recirculation involved injecting flue gas into the fuel. In principle any diluent could have the same affect on prompt NO formation. The advantage of using air as a fuel diluent is that compressing dry air up to fuel pressures is less expensive than compressing hot flue gas. In addition, problems with moisture condensation in the fuel delivery system are eliminated if air is used instead of flue gas. The effectiveness of air injection was explored in a limited test matrix intended to compare air to flue gas as FIR diluents. Air was injected as an FIR diluent at the following conditions: high combustion air temperatures, at a nominal overfire air rate, and at two FGR rates. The results are shown in Figure 5, where the results for flue gas injection are re-plotted for comparison. These results demonstrate that air injection is not as effective as flue gas injection in overall NOX reductions. For the 0% FGR case, NOX actually increases at low air injection rate. The characteristic is not measured at the 15% FGR condition. Table 2 shows that the overall NOX reductions achieved using air injection are less than half of the reduction measured using flue gas injection. Steam as FIR Diluent Steam is another fuel diluent which in principle should reduce NOX much the same way as flue gas. The use of steam as an FIR diluent for full-scale application may be attractive on a cost basis since it would require no additional compressors. Provided that steam could be extracted at relatively low pressures, the impact on boiler heat rate should not be prohibitive. The use of steam injection as a means of NOX control on large boilers is not a new technique. However, it is usually injected into the combustion air upstream of the burner rather than into the fuel. Particular experimental difficulties precluded a more expanded test matrix with steam injection. The primary difficulty was the high fluctuation in steam flow: the flowrate fluctuated by approximately 25 %. This made measurement of steam flow rate difficult and caused high fluctuations of NOX and especially CO. Figure 6 shows a example time trace taken from data logger records. Note that the NOX has been corrected to 3% 02. NOX, CO, and 02 fluctuated regularly at the same frequency of the steam generator fluctuation. The period of the fluctuation was approximately 4 minutes. As the steam flow cycled to a maximum, about 62 Ib/hr, the NOX reached a 7B-23 ------- minimum, and CO was in excess of 1000 ppm. At the minimum steam flow, about 48 Ib/hr, the NO reached a relative maximum, and CO reached a minimum. Since the fuel flow could not be adjusted for changes in back pressure, the fuel flow also cycled causing small fluctuations in 02. Despite the fact that the steam generator flow rate could not be held constant, the results generated are still valuable. The steam flow cycled in a very regular, repeatable manner, and accurate data were obtained by averaging the continuous emissions data over many cycles. The results of the steam injection test are presented in Table 4-11 and in Figure 7. The steam injection tests were performed without overfire air. When steam injection was used in conjunction with overfire air, excessively high CO emissions resulted as well as poor flame stability. Overall NOX reductions are 54% without FGR, and 36% with 15% FGR. Figure 7 presents a comparison of steam injection and flue gas injection. Also shown on this figure are the minimum and maximum NOX concentrations corresponding to the maximum and minimum steam flow rate. The results show that with no overfire air, steam injection is nearly as effective as flue gas injection. CONCLUSIONS Fuel Injection Recirculation (FIR) was demonstrated on a laboratory scale test facility designed to simulate the significant combustion characteristics of full-scale utility natural gas burners. FIR was evaluated in terms of NOX reductions and burner stability. While, the absolute values of N0x emissions results presented in this report should not extrapolated directly to full-scale boilers, relative NOX reductions and general trends measured on the sub-scale facility, should be representative of results expected on full-scale units. The major conclusions drawn from the laboratory evaluation are presented below: Baseline Characteristics • At test conditions typical of utility boilers, the baseline NOX concentrations on the sub-scale facility are representative of full scale units. • The measured N0x dependencies on FGR, air staging, air preheat temperatures, and excess air levels are representative of trends seen in full scale units. • The measured relationship between NOX and firing rate is typical of smaller package boilers. Flue Gas as FIR Diluent • FIR is an effective NOX reduction technique to be applied to natural gas-fired boilers, and NOX reductions achieved using this technique are additive to those achieved by windbox FGR and air staging. 7B-24 ------- • FIR is more effective than windbox FGR, per pound of flue gas recirculated, in reducing NOX emissions. • FIR in combination with air staging and windbox FGR results in additional NO reduction of approximately 50%. NO concentrations below 25 ppm were achieved at full load with nominal air staging, 15% FGR and 35% fuel dilution. • FIR has no adverse effects on maintaining minimum 02 levels. • FIR is equally effective at reduced firing rates and when used without overfire air. • FIR operates with good flame stability at high combustion air temperatures and nominal air staging at FIR levels up to 35% fuel dilution. However, the maximum level of FIR consistent with acceptable burner stability decreases with decreasing combustion air temperature. • With no air staging, FIR operates with good flame stability at low combustion air temperature up to a 35% fuel dilution. Air as FIR Diluent • Air as an FIR diluent is less effective than flue gas and leads to flame instabilities at lower injection rates. Steam as FIR Diluent Steam as an FIR diluent when applied in combination with air staging results in poor flame stability and high CO concentrations. Steam when applied with no air staging is nearly as effective as flue gas as an FIR diluent. CO concentrations are generally higher with steam than with air, or flue gas as the FIR diluent. 7B-25 ------- STEAM INJECTION, O OFA, O% FGR HI CO LL o © E Q. a x" O 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 TEST 186, 187 CO 6-1000 ppm 19 November 1990 < n \ !' i | : I i (I NOx@3%O2 0-250 ppm O2 0-10% 10:40 10:55 TIME Figure 6. Example Emissions Time Traces with Steam Injection 180 160 140 O 120 CO FIRING RATE: 2.0 x 1C6 Btu/hr APH: 490"F NOOVERFIREAIR —•— STEAM INJECTION FLUE GAS INJECTION - 100 80 60 40 20 0 15% FGR 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 PERCENT FUEL DILUTION Figure 7. Effect of Steam Injection 7B-26 ------- cf1 CO © Q. Q. x" O 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 INJECTION FIRING RATE: 2.0 x 106 Btu/hr APH: 490° F NOMINAL OFA MINIMUM O2 —A- AIR INJECTION FLUE GAS INJECTION 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 PERCENT FUEL DILUTION Figure 5. Effect of Air as FIR Diluent 50 7B-27 ------- O <£ CO Q. 0. x" O 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 NOMINAL OFA MINIMUM O2 APH - 490 °F —A— 2.0 x106 Btu/hr —•- 1.5 x106 Btu/hr - O 1.0 x106 Btu/hr 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 PERCENT FUEL DILUTION Rgure 4. Effect of FIR at Three Firing Rates; NOx vs. Dilution 7B-28 ------- 180 160 140 O 120 CO ® 100 0. 80 0. O w z 40 20 0 I | I r I 7 | T T I 1 [ I I I O O- — -, ^ 0% WB FGR \ \ \ \ FIRING RATE: 2.0 MMBtu/hr APH: 488 "F MINIMUM O2 -A—NOMINAL OFA -O- NO OFA NO N 0% WB FGR \ 15% WBFGR ~~O 15% WB FGR 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 PERCENT FUEL DILUTION Figure 3A. FIR With and Without Overfire Air CM O a? n © E Q. a. x~ O z IOU 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 n ! 0 FIRING RATE: 2.0 MMBtj/hr ~ APH: 488DF "\ MINIMUM Og \\ —A— NOMINAL OVERFIRE AIR \ '\ — O- NOOVERFIREAIR \O : ^^ \ \ \ . \ - \. <$"... \ ' •. \ 0% FIR >'""-... V ""-^ I o'vQ. \ ' ... | \ '. \A \O 15% WBFGR \ \ NO 0% WB FGR A V. \ ^^-""-i. VN '..!,..,! . . . I . , . , I . . , I . , , , I . , , , ' 10 15 20 25 30 PERCENT FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION (FGR + FIR) Rgure 3B. Effect of FIR with and Without Overfire Air 7B-29 ------- o D O UJ DC X O LU O DC UJ O. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 FIRING RATE: 2.0 x 106Btu/hr APH: 4S8°F NOMINAL OFA MINIMUM O2 10 15 20 25 PERCENT FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION Figure 2. Maximum NOx Reduction with FIR 30 7B-30 ------- cf vP 5-* « © a. a. x" O 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0% WB FGR 23% WB FGR FIRING RATE: 2.0 MMBtu/hr APH: 488±6°F NOMINAL OFA MINIMUM O2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 PERCENT FUEL DILUTION Rgure 1A. Effect of FIR at Three FGR Rates; NOx vs. Percent Fuel Dilution O 5? CO © a. a. x" O z 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0% WB FGR 0% FIR FIRING RATE: 2.0 MMBtu/hr APH: 488±6°F NOMINAL OFA MINIMUM 02 7 15%WBFGR 23% WB FGR 10 15 20 25 30 PERCENT FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION (FGR + FIR) Rgure 1B. Effect of FIR at Three FGR Rates; NOx vs. Total FGR 7B-31 ------- TABLE 1 MAXIMUM NO. REDUCTIONS WITH FIR Windbox FGR,% 0 15 23 NO 0% FIR 89.2 40.6 35.3 . & 3% O, Max FIR 37.8 21.9 17.0 % Reduction 57.6 46.1 51.8 TABLE 2 COMPARATIVE NOS REDUCTIONS; AIR INJECTION VS FLUE GAS INJECTION Air Injection 0 MAX 0 FIR FIR %Reduction FIR Flue Gas Injection MAX FIR %Reduction 0% FOR 94.1 73.£ 21.6 89.2 33.1 62.9 15% FOR 41.0 31.2 23.9 40.6 21.9 46.1 NOTES 1. Firing Rate = 2.0 x 10" Btu/hr 2. Nominal OFA 3. Minimum O2 4. APH = 490 °F 7B-32 ------- ADVANCED REBURNING FOR NOX CONTROL IN COAL FIRED BOILERS S. L. Chen W. R. Seeker R. Payne Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 18 Mason Irvine, California 92718 (714)859-8851 ------- ADVANCED REBURNING FOR NOX CONTROL IN COAL FIRED BOILERS ABSTRACT This paper summarizes an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the chemical constraints of the reburning process and identify advanced reburning configurations for optimal NOX reduction in coal-fired boilers. Tests were performed initially on a bench scale tunnel furnace to characterize and optimize the fuel-rich reburning zone and fuel-lean burnout zone independently. Based on the results, an advanced reburning process was designed which integrated reburning with selective reducing agent injection to enhance the burnout zone efficiency. The concept was subsequently tested in a pilot scale facility and yielded over 80 percent reduction in NOX emissions. 7B-35 ------- INTRODUCTION Reburning is an NOX control technology which uses fuel to reduce N0.1"A The main heat release zone can be operated normally to achieve optimum combustion conditions without regard for NOX control. With reburning, a fraction of the fuel is injected above the main heat release zone. Hydrocarbon radicals from combustion of reburning fuel react with nitric oxide to form molecular nitrogen. This process occurs best in the absence of oxygen. Thus sufficient reburning fuel, between 15 and 20 percent of the total heat input, must be added to produce an oxygen deficient reburning zone. Subsequently, air is provided to combust fuel fragments which remain at the exit of this zone. Since reduced nitrogen species NH3 and HCN are also present, air addition may allow a further NO,, reduction. X Previous studies showed that 60 percent reduction in NOX emissions could be achieved with natural gas reburning.5 Recently research has been conducted to examine and enhance the NOX reduction chemistry in the burnout zone.6 The burnout zone can be considered as an excess-air "flame" burning the remaining fuel fragments from the reburning zone. Oxidation of the fuel fragments, particularly CO, could generate a significant amount of radicals via chain branching: CO + OH = C02 + H H + 02 = OH + 0 0 + H20 = OH + OH These radicals play an important role in the conversion of XN species to N2 or NO during burnout. Figure 1 is an experimental examination of the burnout zone chemistry, in particular, the conversion efficiency of NH3 to N2. The rich zone was assumed to supply 600 ppm each of NO and NH3, or an N to NO ratio of 1.0. Under excess air conditions, ammonia gas was mixed with various amounts of CO and injected at temperatures between 1300 and 2200°F. The solid symbols represent the injection of NH3 alone, which is basically a 7B-36 ------- simulation of Thermal De-N0x. For the open symbols, 0.2 percent CO was included with NH3, thereby yielding a burnout like environment. The presence of CO lowered the optimum temperature for NOX reduction from 1800°F to 1500°F. It is readily apparent that a reduction in the burnout temperature from the 2200-2400°F normally employed in the reburning process would increase the conversion efficiency of NH3 + NO to N2 because of the presence of CO. This paper summarizes the results of a pilot scale study which was undertaken to investigate the possibility of positive synergism between the injection of selective reducing agents, such as ammonium sulfate, to provide the reducing specie NH3,and combustion modifications, such as reburning,to serve as the source of CO. EXPERIMENTAL The 3.0 MWt, down-fired tower furnace5 used in the pilot-scale investigations was refractory-lined and water jacketed with inside dimensions of 1.2 x 1.2 x 8.0 m. The four main diffusion burners each consisted of an inner pipe for axial primary fuel injection and an outer pipe, equipped with swirl vanes, for the main combustion air. This four burner array produced relatively uniform velocity and composition profiles at the primary zone exit. The furnace contained seven rows of ports for reburning fuel and burnout air injection. The temperature profile was manipulated by insertion of cooling panels, positioned against the furnace walls. The reburning fuel and burnout air injectors were designed to maintain jet mixing similarity between the pilot-scale furnace and a full scale boiler based on empirical correlations for entrainment rate and jet penetration. Exhaust gas samples were withdrawn through a stainless steel, water-jacketed probe and analyzed for NOX (chemiluminescence), 02 (paramagnetic), C0/C02 (NDIR), and S02 (NDUV). A water jacketed probe with an internal water quench spray near the front end was used for extracting in-flame samples. Gas phase HCN and NH3 species were collected in a gas washing unit and subsequently analyzed for CN" and dissolved ammonia using specific ion electrodes. Gas temperatures were characterized with a suction pyrometer. RESULTS Recent studies6 have suggested that the key parameters for the enhancements of burnout zone chemistry in staged combustion or reburning are: f Reaction temperature (850°C) 0 CO levels (0.5% or less), and • NH3 species. 7B-37 ------- Advanced Reburninq Apparently the conventional reburning process does not provide the required environment. An advanced reburning process, which combines reburning with selective NOX reduction (SNR) via ammonium sulfate injection, was designed. Figure 2 shows two hybrid schemes with 20 percent and 10 percent gas reburning, respectively. With 20 percent reburning (SR2 = 0.9), the burnout air was divided into two streams to yield an SR3 of 1.03 and an SRt of 1.15. With 10 percent reburning, the reburning zone stoichiometry (SR2) was 1.03 and the burnout air stoichiometry (SRt) was 1.15. In both cases, an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate was atomized with the final burnout air an injected at 850°C at an N to NO molar ratio of 1.5. Verification Tests Figure 3 shows the advanced reburning results obtained with natural gas as the primary fuel. The natural gas fired at 4.5 x 106 Btu/hr was doped with NH3 to yield primary NOX levels of 600 and 400 ppm (dry, 0 percent 02). Twenty and ten percent advanced gas reburning were applied, respectively. Similar final emissions, approximately 125 ppm NOX, were achieved with both concepts. Experiments were subsequently carried out with an Indiana coal as the primary fuel. The Indiana coal produced an uncontrolled NOX emission of 800 ppm (dry, 0 percent 02) at 15 percent excess air. The primary NOX at SR, = 1.13 was 680 ppm. Figure 4 presents the results and indicate that as seen in the bench scale studies6, both advanced concepts were equally effective in NOX reductions. It is apparent that there exists a tradeoff between natural gas premiums and the cost of ammonium sulfate. Ammonia Slip and$0x Emissions The injection of ammonium sulfate into the furnace has a potential of producing unwanted emissions such as NH3 and S02/S03. A series of exhaust measurements were made to evaluate the slip of ammonia using selective ion electrode and the emissions of S02 and S03 via controlled condensation during the Indiana coal tests. Exhaust NH3 concentrations were negligible in all cases including those obtained with Utah coal and natural gas as the primary fuel. Higher S02 emissions were obtained with 10 percent gas reburning. However, the uncontrolled S02 level was maintained with 20 percent gas reburning due to dilution. No increase in S03 emissions was observed for both cases, suggesting favorable conversion of the sulfate to S02. Thus, there exists a control strategy to prevent the increase in S02 emissions due to injections of ammonium sulfate. For the application of advanced reburning to high 7B-38 ------- sulfur coals, 10 percent gas reburning is recommended, whereas for low sulfur coal applications, the 20 percent gas reburning concept is preferred. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these results suggest that selective reducing agents can be combined with combustion modification techniques to provide NOX reductions that are larger than those that are possible by applying the technologies simultaneously but separately. By using the stoichiometry control associated with reburning to produce a slightly fuel rich region for selective reducing agent injection, reductions can be achieved at relatively low temperatures without the use of stainless steel or other catalysts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was primarily supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (Contract No. DE-AC22-86PC91025) with Dr. Richard Tischer as the Project Manager. We also would like to acknowledge the contributions of our colleague Mr. Loc Ho in conducting the experiments. DISCLAIMER Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and options of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. REFERENCES 1. Myerson, A. L., et al., Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1957, p. 154. 2. Reed, R. D., "Process for the Disposal of Nitrogen Oxide." John Zink Company, U.S. Patent 1274637, 1969. 3. Wendt, J. 0. L., et al., Fourteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, the Combustion Institute, 1973, p. 897. 4. Takahashi, Y., et al., "Development of Mitsubishi 'MACT' In-Furnace NOX Removal Process." Presented at the U.S.-Japan NOX Information Exchange, Tokyo, Japan, May 25-30, 1981. Published in Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Technical Review, Vol. 18, No. 2. 5. Chen, S. L., et al., 21st Intl. Symp., Combustion Institute, 1986, p. 1159. 6. Chen, S. L., et al, JAPCA. Vol. 39, No. 10 (1989). 7B-39 ------- Z UJ O 5 80 ox 60 X O 2 40 20 SR - 1.1 (NOx)p - 600 PPM (DRY, O% O2) - 1.0 O NH3 + 0.2% CO • NH3 ONLY 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 PEAK INJECTION TEMPERATURE <°F) Figure 1. NH3 conversion in the "burnout zone." FUEL + AIR FUEL + AIR 20% NAT. GAS AIR AIR AND 110 0.90 1.03 1.15 10% NAT. GAS AIR AND 1.13 1.03 1.15 \ Figure 2. Advanced reburning concepts. 7B-40 ------- Reburning V77\ Advanced Reburning i 600 ~ 500 CM 0 o 400 •o ^ 300 Q. Q. 0* 200 z 4 f\f\ 100 n , Primary NOX ^H ^ Ml _ ^/, .g Primary NOX = 4 1 I ^ t> O ^ 00 Q) cc ^ 2 %, 20% Gas 10% Gas Figure 3. Results obtained with natural gas as primary fuel 7B-41 ------- 800 7, 600 oc Q 400 Q. Q. 200 UNCONTROLLED NO INDIANA COAL CO O 0 CM CO O O UJ CC CO CO Figure 4. Pilot scale results with Indiana coal 7B-42 ------- LARGE SCALE TRIALS AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL STAGING IN A 160 MW COAL FIRED BOILER H. Spliethoff Universitat Stuttgart Institut fUr Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen Prof. Dr. techn. R. Dolezal Pfaffenwaldring 23 7000 Stuttgart 80, Germany ------- LARGE SCALE TRIALS AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL STAGING IN A 160 MW COAL FIRED BOILER H. Spliethoff Universitat Stuttgart Institut fur Verfahrenstechnik und Dampfkesselwesen Prof. Dr. techn. R. DoleZal Pfaffenwaldring 23 7000 Stuttgart 80, Germany ABSTRACT In a study under the contract of the Saarbergwerke AG it is planned to achieve NOX emissions near 200 mg N02/m3, i.e. 98 ppm NO without expensive DENOX technology. By application of retrofit primary methods (air staging, flue gas recirculation) the NOX emissions from the coal fired boiler Fenne 3 (slag tap furnace, 160 MW electric power) could be reduced from 900 to 520 ppm NO at 5% 02- In the year 1988 the boiler was equipped with an arrangement for fuel staging. Reburning fuel is coal gas with 50 % H2 and 25 % Cffy. Experiments from September 1988 to July 1990 showed that reburning can reduce NOX emissions from 520 ppm to 180 ppm NO (5% 02). The influence of different parameters (primary zone stoichiometry, reducing zone stoichiometry etc.) was investigated. The reduction zone stoichiometry and the reburn fuel mixing were pointed out to be the most important parameters for low NOX emissions by reburning /!/. In order to optimize reburning the following work has been done: t distribution of flue gas concentrations was measured (primary zone, reducing zone, burnout zone), • reburning fuel mixing was optimized by three-dimensional fluid flow computations, • fuel staging with synthetic gases was examined in a 0.5 MW test facility and • the influence of ammonia addition into the reduction zone was investigated. By optimizing the reburning gas injection and by addition of ammonia to the reduction zone the NOX emissions could be reduced to a minimum of 130 ppm NO (5% 02) up to now. Reburning has only a slight impact on the burnout of the coal. The carbon content in the fly ash is less than five percent. 7B-45 ------- INTRODUCTION In the last years there had been large efforts to lower NOX emissions from stationary combustion sources. For combustion systems with a thermal load of more than 300 MW NOX emissions of 200 mg/m3 NO calculated as N02 (98 ppm NO) at 5% 02 (molten ash furnace) or 6% 02 (try ash furnace) are demanded in Germany. Applied and commonly used techniques for NOX abatement can be devided in • combustion modifications, • selective non catalytic reduction (SNCR) by ammonia or urea and • selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by ammonia. Due to the short period for retrofitting existing power plants and equipping new power plants with NOX abatement techniques, most German hard coal fired power stations are or will be soon equipped with the SCR DENOX technology. Measures to influence the NOX emissions of coal furnaces by combustion modifications are: • optimized boiler operation (low oxygen operation), • flue gas recirculation, • air staging (single burner or in the furnace) and • fuel staging, reburning (single burner or in the furnace). In the past years air staging has proved to be an effective method for NOX reduction. For German lignite it seems possible to achieve the required NOX emissions without expensive DENOX-technology by improved air staging in the furnace /2/. A further technique of minimizing NOX emissions is a method called fuel staging, reburning or In-Furnace NOX Reduction. Results of fuel staging in test facilities are very promising. A published application of reburning to coal combustion furnaces is the MACT process. By fuel staging at a coal dust furnace NOX emissions of less than 150 ppm could be achieved /3/. Figure 1 shows the principle of fuel staging. In the first zone, which is the main heat release zone, the fuel can be burnt under fuel lean conditions to ensure complete burnout. The addition of reburning fuel creates a fuel rich, NOX reduction zone. The reduction of nitrogen oxides is initiated by hydrocarbon radicals. In the final zone the combustion is completed by addition of air. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT "BRENNSTOFFTRENNSTUFUNG (BTS)H To lower the NOx emissions in coal dust furnaces the project "Combined minimizing of NOX production and reduction of formed NOX - Brennstofftrennstufung (translated: Fuel Splitting and Staging)" has been initialized. Coal is divided by a devolatilization process in a reduction gas with volatile nitrogen and the remaining coal (char). Both fractions are burned in a fuel staged combustion with char as primary fuel and pyrolysis gas as reburning fuel. 7B-46 ------- The project consists of several steps: • Investigation of reburning at a 0.5 MW gas fired combustion facility with synthetic fuel, • Large scale tests of reburning with coal gas as reburning fuel in a slag tap furnace, • Investigation of the process "fuel splitting and staging* in a small scale test facility. The investigations of reburning in the 0.5 MW combustion facility with synthetic fuels and the trials at the 160 MWe] slag tap furnace are subjects of this report. Results of performance and emissions of the process "Fuel Splitting and Staging" in a small scale test facility are soon expected. MECHANISMS GOVERNING NOX PRODUCTION AND REDUCTION AT FUEL STAGING Figure 2 shows the NOX production and NOX reduction mechanism for the three zones of a fuel staged combustion with coal dust as primary fuel and gas as reburning fuel. In the main heat release zone the formation of NOX is mainly due to the fuel nitrogen. During devolatilization of coal a part of fuel nitrogen is released with the pyrolysis gases, the other part remains in the coal char. The amount of nitrogen released with the pyrolysis products depends on coal properties (volatile matter content) and temperature. The volatile nitrogen and char nitrogen are converted to NOX in a different way and in different amounts. The volatile nitrogen quickly forms the intermediate species HCN, which is then converted in a slow reaction to NH3- Depending on the fuel/air ratio and on temperature, NH3 is either reduced to molecular nitrogen or it forms NO. The degree of nitrogen oxide formation from the volatile fuel nitrogen can be affected by primary combustion modifications, such as air staging or flue gas recirculation. The production of NOX from Char-N is generally low with conversion rates between 10 and 20 percent. The heterogeneous production of nitrogen oxide is less sensitive to process parameters as the formation from volatile sources. Therefore it is assumed, that Char-N is responsible for minimum NOX emissions, which can not be lowered. In the reduction zone the nitrogen oxides formed in the main heat release zone are reduced by homogeneous reactions. If the reburning fuel contains hydrocarbons, the gas phase reduction of NO is initiated by CH-j in a fast reaction NO + CHi —> HCN + products. (1) This fast step is followed by the relatively slow conversion of HCN to NH-j. This reaction is significant for the overall reduction. NH-j then either forms NO by reaction with 0 or OH radicals NHi + 0 / OH —> NO + products (2) or is reduced by NO to N2 7B-47 ------- NHi + NO —> N2 + products (3). Because of the fuel rich atmosphere in the reduction zone reaction (3) is predominant. Investigations of Bose /4/ confirm, that the gas phase reactions are dominant in fuel rich combustion zones and that the heterogeneous reduction is of minor importance for coal dust combustion. The gas phase nitrogen reactions in the first and second stage are quite the same, as to be seen in figure 2. By addition of air the N-containing species NO, HCN and NH^ are converted to NOX in the burnout zone. NO and HCN are almost completely transformed to NOX, NH-j only in a very small amount /5/. If the burnout air is added to the flue gas at temperatures of about 900 °C, a further NOX reduction is possible. REBURNING WITH SYNTHETIC COAL GASES IN A TEST FACILITY In order to study the reduction efficiency with a pyrolysis gas as reburning fuel experimental investigations were carried out under the contract of the Saarbergwerke in a gas fired combustion facility at the University of Karlsruhe. The synthetic pyrolysis gas consists of 60% H2 and 30% CH4- The watercooled combustion chamber is described elsewhere /6/. The residence time in the reducing atmosphere is about one second, the flue gas temperature at the location of gas injection is about 1300 °C, at the location of air injection about 900 °C. The stoichiometric ratio of the first fuel lean zone is \\ = 1.1 with a measured NOX level after the first stage of 600 ppm. The overall stoichiometric ratio was kept constant at ^3 = 1.2. The keypoint of the tests was to evaluate the influence of ammonia addition to the reburning fuel, as pyrolysis gases contain nitrogen species such as NH3- Furthermore the pilot scale results are compared to the results of reburning in the slag tap furnace in order to demonstrate optimization potential for the large scale application. The experiments at a pilot scale test facility allow the variation of parameters which cannot be changed at a utility power plant. Earlier investigations showed, that the addition of a nitrogen species such as NH3 to a reburn fuel makes no difference at the optimum stoichiometry X2> but outside this optimum the N containing reburn fuel resulted in higher NOX emissions /7/. Figure 3 shows the final NOX emissions and the corresponding measured nitrogen species after the reduction zone for using a reburn fuel containing no NH3, 1.5% and 3 % NH3- For pure pyrolysis gas (0% NH3), NOX is reduced from 600 ppm (5% 02) after the primary zone to 115 ppm after the burnout zone at X2 = 0.85. The addition of 3 Vol% ammonia results in a shift of the optimum stoichiometry to A2)0pt = °-89 and a further reduction of the total NOX emissions to 60 ppm NOX (5% 02). The corresponding N-species of the reduction zone show an increased reduction of NOX, the concentration of NH3 rises drastically for X2 < A2)0pt, while the HCN emission 7B-48 ------- is not affected by the increased NH3 input. At the optimum stoichiometry without ammonia, N-species of 130 ppm NO and 20 ppm NH3 are converted to 115 ppm NOX in the burnout zone. For the maximum NH3 addition (3%) 60 ppm NO and 100 ppm NH3 form 60 ppm final NOX emissions. Further experiments at the University of Karlsruhe /8/ outside this project with natural gas as reburn fuel showed similar trends as in the case of ammonia addition. In contrast to other investigations the addition of ammonia to the reburning gas enhances the reduction efficiency of reburning significantly. The discrepancy of the presented results to those of other authors are believed to be caused by the high temperature of about 1300 °C in the reduction zone, optimized mixing injection and a residence time of one second. These conditions favour the formation of NH3 rather than HCN in the reduction zone for all three cases studied. While the NO of the reduction zone is completely converted to NOX in the burnout zone, the conversion of NH3 to NOX is small. The high conversion of HCN to NOX can be avoided. This is in agreement to Tagaki, who reports a low conversion rate of NH3 to NOX and a high rate of HCN to NOX /5/. INVESTIGATION OF REBURNING IN A 160 MW SLAG TAP FURNACE In order to show the effectiveness of NOX reduction with pyrolysis gas as reburning fuel and to find out the main parameters, the fuel staged combustion was applied to a 160 MWe] power plant. Furnace design and performance of the trials Figure 4 shows the furnace of the steam generator and the zones of the fuel staged combustion. The furnace consists of two molten ash chambers. The two burner rows, consisting of four air staged burners, are arranged in two stages at each chamber. To lower the NOX emissions of the molten ash chambers, the old unstaged burners had been retrofitted by air staged burners. As a second method to reduce NOX by primary measures, flue gas recirculation to the pulverizer mills had been installed. The achievable NOX emissions by primary NOX reduction had to be evaluated as the basic emission level before starting reburning. After the fuel lean combustion of coal dust in the molten ash chambers reduction gas can be injected to the flue gas by twelve nozzles for each chamber. The arrangement of reburning fuel injection is shown in figure 5. The flue gas at the end of the first zone has a temperature of about 1400 - 1500 °C. The injected fuel is coke oven gas, which mainly consists of H2 (50%) and CH4 (25%). The addition of reburning fuel causes the formation of fuel radicals, which start the NOX reduction process. The residence time of the flue gas under fuel rich conditions in the reduction zone is about one second at maximum thermal load. By addition of burnout air at the end of the separated flue gas channels behind the chambers the combustion is completed. 7B-49 ------- The entire experimental program from September 1988 till September 1990 included trials without reburning to determine the initial emissions, trials with coal gas as reburning fuel and experiments with ammonia addition into the reduction zone and to the burnout zone. During the experiments about 100 process variables were measured for On-Line monitoring and stored for later data analysis. Besides the operational flue gas analysis in the furnace and at the stack, flue gas concentrations and temperatures were measured in cross sections behind the chambers, in the reduction zone and in the burnout zone for a better understanding of NOX formation and destruction and to point out possibilities for optimization. As the results of NOX emissions by reburning are a function of the stoichiometry of the main heat release zone, the reburning zone and the burnout zone, the stoichiometries of the zones had to be calculated accurately. While the air flows and the reburning gas flows were measured, a measurement of the pulverized coal flow was not available. The air stream, necessary for the stoichiometric combustion of coal, is proportional to the ratio of thermal power and the efficiency of steam generation. Vair,stoich. = A * Pth / ^F The thermal power P^h can be calculated by the superheater and reheater Jetstream and the temperatures and pressures necessary for determining the corresponding enthalpies. The efficiency of steam generation r?p is dominated by the heat loss of the flue gas. The variable A gives the necessary air for combustion of coal with a thermal input of 1 MW. A is constant for a large range of coals and not varying with changing water or ash contents of the coal. The stoichiometries computed by this method were verified by comparison with the stoichiometries calculated from flue gas composition. Results Primary methods. The results of the primary NOX reduction (air staging at the burner, flue gas recirculation) are summarized in figure 6. The NO emissions are plotted as a function of the recirculated flue gas stream. Each point in figure 6 relates to a value, measured every ten seconds. The application of air staging is for this slag tap furnace the more effective method for reducing NOX emissions than the application of flue gas recirculation. By air staging at the burner without flue gas recirculation the NOX emissions could be lowered from 644 ppm to 500 ppm NO (5% 02). When 10% of the whole flue gas was recirculated to the mills, air staging caused a reduction from 560 to 490 ppm NO. By application of different methods for NOX reduction at the same time the effectiveness of the single measure decreases. 7B-50 ------- The initial emissions for the reburning trials were 500 - 550 ppm, which could be obtained by air staging at the burner and by flue gas recirculation. The initial emissions refer to an unstaged operation in the furnace, what means that the stoichiometry of the chambers and the overall stoichiometry were kept constant at 1.2. Reburning results. Figure 7 shows the result of reburning with varying gas streams. Each value corresponds to a trial of at least two hours. At a steam generation power near full load the NOX emissions without reduction gas are 520 ppm for a stoichiometry of 1.2. By air staging in the furnace and at a constant thermal load the NOX emissions could be lowered to 460 ppm (\\ = 1.1, ^3 = 1.2). The reduction of the thermal power caused in this test no significant change of NO emissions. Other tests showed a maximum influence of reduced thermal load of 20 ppm NO for the staged case. The reduction of the thermal power corresponds to the heat input of the maximum gas stream. By increasing the gas stream at a constant first zone stoichiometry, the NO emissions decrease sharply. By supplying twenty percent of the total heat input by the reburning fuel, NOX emissions of 180 ppm (5% 03) could be achieved. The unburnt carbon in the fly ash was 4%. The dominating parameter for reburning is the stoichiometry of the reduction zone. Figure 8 shows NO emissions for trials in 1989 and 1990 without measures for an improved reburning as described later. The trials were performed at different primary zone stoichiometries, burnout zone stoichiometries and different thermal loads. If sufficient air is provided for the coal combustion in the molten ash chambers, reburning caused no increase of unburnt carbon in the fly ash. The operation of the first zone with a stoichiometry greater than 1.09 for the existing, non optimized coal dust distribution to the burners secured a satisfactory burnout of the coal below the 5% threshold value. Figure 9 compares the measured NO concentrations in the reduction zone without reburning gas and with a reburning fuel of 20% of the total thermal input. Without reburning gas an uniform distribution of NO concentrations of 550 ppm (at 0% 02) was measured in the cross section before burnout injection. By addition of reburning fuel of 20 % the cross section measurements showed NO concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm NO. The concentrations of NO are corresponding to the measured concentrations of CO, H2 and CmHn (Figure 10). Near the furnace wall on the side of the gas injection (left side in figure 9 and 10) and in the middle of the furnace the concentrations of the combustible species are maximum. The non- uniform distribution is mainly caused by an incomplete mixing of the reburning gas with the flue gas from the molten ash chambers. Further cross section measurements of flue gas concentrations behind the chambers show that the coal dust distribution to the burners also contributes to an unbalanced distribution in the reduction zone. In the scope of the investigations the coal dust/air distribution was not optimized, but it is assumed that a control of coal dust supply to the individual burners can contribute to obtain lower NOX emissions. 7B-51 ------- Mixing calculations. Experimental investigations of Kolb /6/ with natural gas as reburning fuel pointed out the influence of mixing on the NOX emissions for a fuel staged combustion. By an optimized mixing of reburning gas he could achieve a 50% reduction compared to the case without optimization. The effect of mixing phenomena on the results at the test facility of the University of Karlsruhe was minimized by an optimized mixing. The reduction zone in the slag tap furnace "Fenne 3" at an optimum mean stoichiometry consists of areas with stoichiometries, which differ from the optimum stoichiometry, so resulting in higher NOX emissions. In order to improve the mixing of the reburning gas and to optimize NO reduction, mixing of the reburning fuel was calculated by three-dimensional fluid flow computations. The grid used for the computations is shown in figure 11. Because of the symmetry of the furnace the fluid flow was calculated for a half of one chamber. As the combustion of coal dust is mainly completed in the chambers, the computation disregards heat transfer processes by reaction and radiation. The choice of the computation domain considers the asymmetric distribution of the velocities (Figure 12) at the location of reduction gas injection. This is caused by the return of flue gas from the chambers to the upstreaming gas in the first furnace duct. In the cross section above gas addition an non-uniform distribution of velocities can be seen with maximum velocities near the side wall and the wall opposite to the gas nozzles. At the wall near the gas nozzles recirculation takes place. In the following cross sections the velocities are more balanced, but still showing basically the same tendencies. The calculated stoichiometries in figure 13a confirm the measured distribution at a cross section at the end of the reduction zone. As it was evaluated in the test facility with a reburning fuel containing ammonia, NOX reduction is optimum at \2 = 0.9 and satisfactory for a reduction 0.82 < \2 < 0.92. The computations indicate that the area with a stoichiometry for a satisfactory reduction covers only 15% of the cross section. In 35 % of the cross section the flue gas atmosphere is fuel lean. In order to improve gas injection the cooling air duct of the gas nozzles should be connected to the existing flue gas recirculation. Before installation the influence of an increased mixing momentum on the stoichiometry distribution was computated, as shown in figure 13b. With flue gas as additional mixing momentum the area with a satisfactory reduction covers 60 % of the cross section at the end of the reduction zone. These results of calculation were the reason to install a provisional connection of the flue gas recirculation to the gas nozzles. A comparison of measured and calculated stoichiometries showed a good agreement /9/. Trials of improved reburning. The impact of an increased mixing momentum on the final NO emissions is shown in figure 14. The decrease in NO emissions in this test was about 25 ppm. The effect of the more uniform distribution of reduction gas on 7B-52 ------- the NO concentrations measured at the end of the reduction zone is depicted in figure 15. With flue gas as additional mixing momentum the average NO concentrations are reduced by 40 ppm. An increased reduction of local NO concentrations seems to be equalized by an increased conversion of the N-species of the reduction to NO in the burnout zone. The recirculation of flue gas provided the possibility of ammonia addition into the reduction zone. In order to quench the flue gas, water or ammonia water can be injected into the flue gas. For these tests a 15% NH3 concentration was used. The results confirmed the positive effect of ammonia on NOX reduction. The experiment shown in figure 16 was carried out at a reduced thermal load in order to examine a wider range of reducing zone stoichiometries. In the case without ammonia addition (with flue gas) no NOX minimum could be determined, with ammonia injection the NOX emissions were minimum at \2 = 0.89. Only for very fuel rich conditions in the reduction zone \$< 0.85 (reduction gas fraction > 25%) ammonia addition leads to higher NO emissions. Figure 16 also demonstrates the effect of burnout stoichiometry ^3. A decrease of X3 from 1.2 to 1.1 causes a decrease in the NO emissions for the case with and without ammonia addition. The unburnt carbon in the fly ash was less than 4%. Laser measurements /10/ of NH3 concentrations in the flue gas at the end of the furnace detected in no case a measurable ammonia slip. The addition of ammonia to the burnout air had only a positive effect for higher NO emissions or stoichiometries \2 > 0-92 (Figure 17). The temperature of the flue gas after burnout air injection is between 1000 and 1150 °C, measured at full thermal load over the complete cross section of the furnace. The reported results refer to a two chamber operation. In one chamber operation lower emissions could be determined, as shown in figure 18. Each value in figure 18 corresponds to one test over several hours. The difference between one chamber and two chamber operation is the possible use of an air stream to the chamber out of operation as a further burnout air, so that in one chamber operation the burnout air can be added in two stages. In one chamber operation minimum emissions of 130 ppm at 5 % 02 could be obtained at stoichiometries of the burnout zone beetween >3 = 1.05 - 1.1 (without regarding the air from the chamber out of operation). In figure 19 the unburnt carbon in the fly ash is plotted as a function of the reduction zone stoichiometry for the one chamber tests. CONCLUSIONS By application of reburning to a slag tap furnace a NO reduction from 520 ppm to minimum emissions of 130 ppm were obtained. The investigations pointed out the strong influence of reduction zone stoichiometry on the NO emissions. Mixing of reburn fuel has to be optimized and burnout zone stoichiometry should be as low as possible to achieve low NOX emissions. 7B-53 ------- For the slag tap furnace "Ferine 3" there exists a further NOX reduction potential by • optimizing the reburn fuel mixing into the reduction zone, • optimizing of the coal dust distribution to the burners, • arranging the burnout air injection in at least two stages and by • addition of ammonia above the reburning gas injection. Measures to increase the fineness of the coal dust would allow to minimize the reburning fuel fraction. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was conducted under the contract of the Saarbergwerke AG with financial support of the federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), Germany. REFERENCES 1. H. Spliethoff. "NOx-Minderung durch Brennstoffstufung mit kohlesta'mmigen Reduktionsgasen." VDI-Bericht 765, 1989, pp. 217-230 2. K.R.G. Hein, D. Kallmeyer. "Stand der NOx-Minderung bei braunkohlebefeuerten GroBkesselanlagen." VGB Kraftwerkstechnik, June 1989, pp 591-596 3. M. Araoka, A. Iwanaga, M. Sakai. "Application of Mitsubishi "Advanced MACT " In-Furnace Removal Process." 1987 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx- Control, New Orleans 1987 4. A.C. Bose, J.O.L. Wendt. "Pulverized Coal Combustion: Fuel Nitrogen Mechanics in the rich Post-Flame." 22ndt Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1988, pp 1127-1134 5. T. Tagaki, T. Tatsumi, M. Ogasawara. "Nitric Oxide Formation from Fuel Nitrogen in Staged Combustion: Roles of HCN and NHi." Combustion and Flame 35, 1979, pp 17-25 6. T. Kolb, W. Leuckel. "Reduction of NOx Emission in Turbulent Combustion by Fuel Staging / Effects of Mixing and Stoichiometry in the Reduction Zone." 22nd Symp. (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1988, pp 1193-1203 7. S.L. Chen, J.M. McCarthy, W.D. Clark, M.P. Heap, W.R. Seeker, D.W. Pershing. "Bench and Pilot Scale Process Evaluation of Reburning for In-Furnace NOx- Reduction" 21st Symp.(Int) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1986, pp. 1159-1169 8. J. Ritz, T. Kolb, P. Jahnson, W. Leuckel. "Reduction of NOx Emission by Fuel Staging Effect of Ammonia Addition to the Reburn Fuel." Joint Meeting of the British and French Section of the Combustion Institute (1989), Rouen, France 9. H. Spliethoff, B. Epple, D. Renner. "Einmischung von Reduktionsbrennstoff oder Reduktionsmitteln in technische Feuerungen" 6. TECFLAM Seminar, Stuttgart 1990 10. H. Hemberger, H. Neckel, J. Wolfrum. "LasermeBtechnik und mathematische Simulation von SekundarmaBnahmen zur NOx-Minderung in Kraftwerken." 3. TECFLAM Seminar, Karlsruhe 1987 7B-54 ------- Main Fuel / Air Reduction Fuel Burnout Air Primary Zone X > 1 Reduction Zone X < 1 Burnout Zone X > 1 Figure 1. Principle of fuel staging (reburning) MAIN HEAT RELEASE ZONE REDUCTION ZONE BURNOUT ZONE COAL DUST AIR REDUCTION GAS BURNOUT AIR CharN I FuelN \ Volatile N j OH, ( Figure 2. NOX production and reduction for a fuel staged combustion with coal as primary fuel and gas as reburning fuel 7B-55 ------- CD cn CO 300 E OH 200 d _o 'to 100 X O 1.5 NH3 (VolX) o* NO/NO, 0.80 0,85 0,90 0,95 Stoichiometry Reduction Zone \2 O N "8 •- I ------- Burnout Air Coaldust burner \ Reduction Gas Figure 4. Furnace of the 160 MWe] steam generator Fenne 3 Molten Ash Chamber 1 A o o oo o o (M I f t f f I I M t I t I t t M I M t M 1 Molten Ash Chamber 2 Coal Gas Cooling Air / Flue Gas 9068 Figure 5. Reduction gas nozzles 7B-57 ------- 1 1 ex ex •— CM O 5? e _o °S '6 I .? Unstaged Burner Operation i v >'>_ _ **. m- ";;; 1 i Staged Burner Operation i t 4£v" *• m «j3S5* '-'^: !»• •'^^&' 1 ?f 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Flue Gas Recirculation (to the mills ) f m3/h 1 Figure 6. Results of air staging (burner) and flue gas recirculation (to the mills) r-, 0- OJ o .V in 0 z DCJU 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 n LOAD 92% ^ Unstaged 927 MJ?^ D S^S6*1 Operation 73% mFumaCe Reburn Fuel Fraction •81% ^& 10% ' 86% ^ 14% C* '91% o^ 19% Stoichiometry Primary Zone Figure 7. Reduction by reburning - influence of reburn fuel fraction btau 'E 550 D. Q. 1-1 500 450 400 350 300 ^250 O .v 200 in o 150 inn Two Chamber Operation Non optimized Reburning o <^ <3£> o°o o %^O ° &* 0 0<> ^^^^ &&% ^^r *• .8 .9 1 1.1 1.2 Stoichiometry Reduction Zone Figure 8. Trials in 1988 and 1989 7B-58 ------- Cmm without 1200 ppm NO (05$ 02)reburning '0 I 280 . . ppm With NO reburning 4200 [mm] Figure 9. Cross section measurement of NO in the reduction zone with and without reburning gas (half cross section behind one chamber, gas injection is located 12 meters below the depicted cross section on the left side) Figure 10. Cross section measurement of unburnt gas in the reduction zone (half cross section behind one chamber, gas injection is located 12 meters below the depicted cross section on the left side) 7B-59 ------- Figure 11. Grid for fluid flow computations Figure 12. Calculated distribution of velocities 0,93 < X < 1,0 0,87 < X < 0,93 0,82 < X < 0,87 ' 0,77 < X < 0,82 I X > 1,0 t MM ! 0,93 < X < 1,0 -N- ^ 0,87 < X < 0,93 HIM I a) Without Flue Gas Momentum b) With Flue Gas Momentum Figure 13. Calculated distribution of stoichiometries without and with flue gas as mixing momentum 7B-60 ------- 350 |—I E 325 a D. "-1 300 275 250 225 200 ~ 175 C\J O .V 150 in ^^ ~ 125 100 Boiler Load 92% Reburn Fuel Fraction 19% X Without Flue Gas Momentum V With Flue Gas Momentum .8 .85 .9 .95 1 Stoichiometry Reduction Zone Figure 14. Effect of flue gas momentum on final NOX emissions 280 ppm Without Flue NO Gas Momentum 0 middle of the furnace / 4300 /• 3800 /• Momentum 3300 / 2800 / 2300 / Figure 15. Effect of flue gas momentum on local NOX emissions in the reduction zone 7B-61 ------- JDU 'e 325 a. Q_ 1-1 300 275 250 225 200 ~ 175 OJ O .\- 150 in i 125 i on Boiler Load 78-86% V With Flue Gas Momentum A With NH3 Addition to Flue Gas V A \3 = 1,2 T A \3 = 1,1 / / // / / /* /^ ' ^^—£> '"vT^^ --*- 25% 20% 15% Reburn Fuel Fraction JDK) 1 — 1 E 325 Q. D. 1-1 300 275 250 225 200 ~ 175 OJ o .V 150 in o 125 i not Boiler Load 78 - 86% X Without Flue Gas Momentum O With NH3 Addition to Burnout Air 25% 20% 15% Reburn Fuel Fraction 100.6 .85 .9 .95 1 11JIJ.8 .85 .9 .95 1 Sto i ch i omet ry Reduction Zone St o i ch i ome t r y Reduction Zone Figure 16. Effect of ammonia Figure 17. Effect of ammonia addition to the flue gas addition to the burnout air 5001 in 'E 450 CL CL ^ 400 350 300 250 200 ~ 150 OJ o .v 100 in o 50 ~z. Pi One Chamber Operation NH3 Addition to the Flue Gas \3 = 1,05 - 1,2 A . A & A A & A A 4^A i V 9 n .v 8 ^ x 7 M H x B L_ 5 c J .^ c 4 0 ^ J3 (0 g 0 J ID 2 c -D 1 D n One Chamber Operation NH3 Addition to the Flue Gas A A X3 = 1,05 - 1,2 A A A A A A & A A A A " ^ A A AA i .b .9 i 1.1 ^7 .8 -;g i ,•;•, Stoichiometry Reduction Zone Figure 18. NOx emissions for one chamber operation with ammonia addition to the flue gas Stoichiometry Reduction Zone Figure 19. Unburnt carbon in the fly ash for one chamber operation (Corresponding to Figure 18) 7B-62 ------- COMPUTER MODELING OF N20 PRODUCTION BY COMBUSTION SYSTEMS Richard K. Lyon, Jerald A. Cole, John C. Kramlich, and Wm. Lanier Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 18 Mason Irvine, CA 92718-2798 ------- COMPUTER MODELING OF NaO PRODUCTION BY COMBUSTION SYSTEMS Richard K. Lyon, Jerald A. Cole, John C. Kramlich, and Wm. Stephen Lanier Energy and Environmental Research Corporation IB Mason Irvine CA, 92718-2798 ABSTRACT The observed rate of increase of NaO (0.181/. to 0.26'/. annually) is a matter of environmental concern. While it is generally agreed that this increase is a result of human activity, there is no consensus as to the relative importance of different sources. Several studies have suggested that pulverized coal fired combustion systems might be responsible, but the high levels of NeO found in these studies were later found to be an artifact, the results of chemical reactions which occur during sample aging. Measurements in which precautions are taken against this problem show very low NeO levels for flue gas from pulverized coal firing but do show substantial NeO concentrations for fluid bed combustion. In this paper computer modeling calculations are done for two mechanisms of NeO production, the selective reduction of NO by HCN and sample aging. The former plausibly accounts for the production of NS0 in fluid bed combustion and may also be responsible for the small but apparently real amounts of NS0 found in flue gas from pulverized coal firing. Calculations for sample aging, however, show that preventing this mechanism from producing small amounts of NE>O may be substantially more difficult than was initially believed. Thus sample aging may also account for the small amounts of NS0 presently found in flue gas from pulverized coal firing. There have been speculations in the literature that the flue gas from pulverized coal firing may be an important indirect source of N^O, i.e. it was speculated that chemical reactions which occur during sample aging may also occur in the flue gas after it is released to the atmosphere. Our calculations indicated that this does occur but only to a very minor extent. 7B-65 ------- INTRODUCTION The observed rate of increase of N^O (0.181/. to 0.267, annually) is a matter of concern both because NP0 is a greenhouse gas and because it has a major and unfavorable influence on the ozone layer (1,2,3). While it is generally agreed that this increase is a result of human activity, there is no consensus as to the relative importance of different sources. While McElroy's calculations ( 3 , *t ) suggest that denitrification of chemical fertilizers could account for the observed increase, others have criticized his calculations as an order of magnitude too high (5,6). Weiss and Craig (7), Pierotti and Rasmussen (8), Hae et al (9), and C. Castaldinin et al (10), have all reported measurements of N^O emissions by large stationary combustion systems, i.e. pulverized coal fired utility boilers and the like (11). For combustion systems fired with fuels containing chemically bound nitrogen (i.e. coal and heavy oil) NF0 levels of approximately 25'/. of the NO emissions were found and there was a strong suggestion that emissions at this level would be sufficient to explain the observed increase. Recent experimental and computer modeling studies (12,13), however, cast doubt on this conclusion. In all the studies mentioned above, grab samples of flue gas which contained both NO and SOs were analyzed by GC several hours or days after being taken. Table 1 shows literature values for the rate constants and/or equilibrium constants of a number of chemical reactions. These reactions are all well established processes. Figure 1 from reference 13 shows the results of modeling calculations done with this set of reactions. The prediction of these calculations is, that as the sample ages, the NO in the sample is converted to NO^, which undergoes solution phase reduction by sulfite ion, first to nitrite ion and then to the N0~ ion, with the N0~ ions then reacting with each other to form NeO. The amount of NE0 which this completely a prior model predicts is in reasonable agreement with the amount observed during the aging of a sample. Thus it is entirely possible that the NeO concentrations reported in references 7 -11 are largely or entirely artifacts. As discussed in references I'*, 15 and 16, recent measurements have been done in which precautions to prevent this artifact were taken. For conventional utility combustion systems N.-.?0 levels of only Ippm were typically found, but considerably higher levels have been found for fluid bed combustion systems. While NeO emissions of Ippm would not appear to be of environmental concern, the mechanism by which they are formed is still of scientific interest and the higher levels found for fluid bed combustors are potentially an environmental concern. One of the issues to be addressed in this paper is the mechanism by which this N,?0 formation occurs. The other issue to be addressed herewith relates to the environmental importance of the NO/NOs/sulfite reaction mechanism. As is pointed out in reference 16 the absence of NeO in the flue gases which combustion systems discharge to the atmosphere does not necessarily mean that these systems are not important sources of NaO. If the NO/NOe/sulfite mechanism is important in nature, the NO and 502 emissions of combustion systems may cause substantial NE0 production after the flue gases enter the environment. 7B-66 ------- COMPUTER MODELING METHODS Calculations were done with the reaction rate model shown in Table 1 using an Acuchem program (17). Additional calculations were also done with the model shown in Table 2 using the PC version of ChemKin developed by Albert Chang of Stanford University (18). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mechanism of Direct N20 Production during Pulverized Coal Firing As discussed above in recent measurements of N50 in flue gases of pulverized coal fired systems precautions were taken against NS0 formation during sample aging. Since these measurements show greatly reduced but still apparently real amounts of N^O one might conclude that some small production of NpO does in fact occur during pulverized coal firing. Since it is well proven that fluid bed combustion produces large amounts of NeO one might plausible concluded that whatever mechanism is involved there, is also operative to a small degree during pulverized coal firing. Alternatively one might conclude that the precautions taken against the production of NaO during sample aging were largely but not completely effective. The production of N^O by sample aging shown in Figure 1 is oversimplified in one important respect: in Figure 1 it was assumed that all the NOx in the sample is initially present as NO. Figure 2 shows calculations for the removal of NOx from the vapor phase by reaction with sulfite ion solution for two cases, a gas mixture containing 600ppm NO and one containing 5^*0 ppm NO plus 60ppm N0e. While the former shows a slow steady decay of the NOx, in the latter case there is an initial drop which consumes much of the N0;=. Figure 3 shows the corresponding calculations for the production of hlNDs. in the liguid phase. As one might expect, when N0a is not initially present, HNOa is formed slowly and only after an induction period, while when N0e is initially present, there is a burst of HNOe formation at the start of the reaction. As shown in Figure ^ when N0e is initially absent, NeO is produced only after a significant induction, but when it is present, the formation of Nfc.0 begins immediately. Indeed when NOK is initially present the sample need only age for 12 seconds to produce 2ppm NeO. Thus for samples which initially contain NOS it is considerably more difficult to avoid the production of NE0 by sample aging. Consequently, if one tests one's experimental procedures using synthetic gas mixtures which contain NO but no IMOH, these procedures may appear adequate to prevent NaO production during the sampling process, but still fail for real flue gases which do contain NeO. In this regard, it is interesting to note, that in reference 15, measured NsO/NOx ratios of 0.01 or less were found for 10 different coal fired installations, but for a gas turbine a value of 0.21 was found. If the NaO found in these measurements is a result of inadequate precautions against sample aging, one would expect the highest N;=0/N0x ratio to be found for the installation in which the NOx contained the largest fraction NO^.. It is well known that the NOx emitted by gas turbines can contain a much larger fraction of N0a than found in other combustion systems. 7B-67 ------- Indirect NgQ Production during Pulverized Coal Firing As mentioned above there is a question of whether or not the NOx and S02 in flue gas may not represent an indirect source of NaO. When flue gas exits the top of a stack, it both mixes with the atmosphere and cools to a temperature that allows some of the water vapor it contains to condense. Thus two competing processes occur, i.e. formation of an aqueous phase allows the processes which produced N^O in aging laboratory samples to occur in the flue gas, but mixing with the ambient atmosphere will rapidly quench those processes. Thus one can imagine two ways in which flue gas can act as an indirect source of NeO; some NS0 production can occur immediately after release to the atmosphere and a much slower N£,0 production might occur after the mixing with the atmosphere via NOx and S0e reacting in clouds. The former is a complex process and would be difficult to model accurately but from the calculations shown in Figure ^ it seems likely that it is a real but minor source of NeO. In order to do calculations for the production of NeO by reaction of NOx and S0e once they have been diluted to ambient atmospheric concentrations a set of typical conditions was assumed. Thus ambient concentrations of 6ppb and 10 ppb were assumed for NOS and S0e respectively. L, the ratio of liquid phase to gaseous phase, was taken at ^.8 x lO"7, a typical value for a cloud. It was also assumed that the reaction of NOp with SOE to form Nf?0 was in competition with other reactions and that the most important of these was the reaction of N0e with OH to form HNOa. The ambient concentration of OH free radicals in the cloud was assumed to be 1.7 x lO'6 molecules/cc and a rate constant of 1.1 x 10-»! was used for the reaction NOs. + OH = HN03. (IB) Figure 5 shows the results of these calculations for a case in which the aqueous phase was assumed to have an initial pH of 7. The NOE + OH = HN03 reaction is found to be faster than NE0 formation by a factor of more than 101*. Assuming an initial pH of less than 7 made NaO formation even less important. Thus production of N^O from NOx and SOe after they have mixed in the ambient atmosphere is trivial and combustion systems are indirect sources of N^O only to the minor extent that NaO forms prior to the mixing of the flue gas with the atmosphere. N50 Production during Fluid Bed Combustion While the very small concentrations of NeO currently being found in the flue gas of pulverized coal fired systems may or may not be real, the fact that fluid bed combustion can produce large concentrations of NaO seems to be well proven. Reference 19 reports an interesting set of experiments which may provide an explanation for this high NeO production. In reference 19 it is reported that substantial NO reductions can occur in the free board of a fluid bed combustion system and that these reductions can occur at temperatures as low as 1050C.K and reaction times as short as O.S sec. Since these NO reductions occurred in the presence of V/, Os, some form of selective noncatalytic reduction is clearly involved, but the observed NO reduction does not appear to be due to reaction with NH3. Thus the mechanism by which the NO was reduced is unclear. 7B-68 ------- Figure 6, quoted from reference 20 shows the result of flame modeling calculations done with a reaction mechanism very similar to that shown in Table 2. The model's prediction is that there exists a narrow range of temperatures in which HCN selectively reduces NO, the product of this reduction being N20. Reference 20 also reports experimental results which confirm this prediction. Based on these results reference 20 suggested that NeO in the flue gases from pulverized coal firing was produced by the following mechanism. Nitrogen containing char is produced in the primary combustion. Some of this char escapes the primary combustion zone and reacts to form HCN down stream at lower temperature where the reduction of NO by HCN to form NaO is favorable. This reaction only produces NsO in a narrow range of temperatures because at temperatures above this range N^O decomposes and at temperatures below the range the HCN/NO reaction does not occur. Looking at Figure 6 one might suppose that this mechanism for NeO production is not applicable to fluid bed combustion systems because they operate below the temperature window. Figure 7, however, shows that the temperature window for N^O production is a sensitive function of the reaction time. Selective reduction of NO to N^O by HCN can occur in the free board of a fluid bed combustion system and thus may be the explanation of the NO removal reported by reference 19. Practical Implications Fluid bed combustion is generally regarded as a developing technology and hence the fact that fluid bed combustors may emit N^O might seem to be a potential rather than an actual problem. There is, however, one application in which fluid bed combustion is a major industrial process, fluid bed catalytic cracking. Within the cat cracking process the catalyst used to "crack" higher molecular weight hydrocarbons to smaller molecules becomes coated with coke and catalytic activity is restored by fluid bed combustion of the spent catalyst. The temperature of this combustion is low to protect the catalyst and consequently any NE0 produced would survive. Further, the amount of nitrogen in the coke which is available for NaO is substantial, since chemically bound nitrogen in the hydrocarbon feed goes preferentially into the coke. Thus, since a major fraction of the world's total oil production goes through the fluid bed cat cracking process, it is quite possible that this process contributes significantly to anthroprogenic NeO emissions. 7B-69 ------- CONCLUSIONS Recent measurements of the N&0 levels in flue gas from pulverized coal firing typically show'concentrations of a few ppm. These NaO levels may be real and the result of the reduction of NO by traces of HCN, or they may be an artifact, a result of the fact that it is more difficult to prevent NE0 production by sample aging than was initially believed. While there has been speculation that the emissions of S0e and NOx by pulverized coal firing may indirectly be a substantial source of NS0, our modeling calculations indicate that indirect NeO production is a minor process. Fluid bed combustion, however, can produce substantial emissions of NaO and our modeling calculations suggest that these emissions can plausibly be explained in terms of the reduction of NO by HCN. It is regrettable that no data are presently available for the production of NeO by fluid bed catalytic cracker regenerators, since these installations may be a substantial source of N,=,Q. 7B-70 ------- REFERENCES 1 Weiss., R.F., J. Beophy. Res., 86,7185-7195 (1981). 2 Khalil, M.A. and Rasmussen, R.A., Tellus, 35B, 161-169 (1983). 3 Mat-land, G., and Rotty, R.M. J.A.P.C.A., 35, 1033-1038 (1985). 4 McElroy, M.B., as reported by J. E. Bishop, The Wall Street Journal, p.9, Nov. 13, 1975. 5 Crutzen, P.J., Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 169-172 (1976). 6 Liu, S.C., Cicerone, R. J., Donahue, T.M., and Chameides, W.L., Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 157-160 (1976). 7 Weiss, R.F. and Craig, H., Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 751-753, (1976). 8 Pierotti, D. and Rasmussen, R.A., Beophys. Res. Lett., 3, 265-267 (1976). 9 Hao, W.M., Wofsy, S.C., McElroy, N.B., Beer, J.M., Toqan, M.A., J. Geophy. Res., 92, 3098-3194 (1987). 10 Castaldini, C., Water land, L.R., and Lips, H.I., EPA-600-7-86~003a, 1986. 11 Ryan, J. V., and R. K. Srivastava, EPA/IFP workshop on the emission of nitrous oxide from fossil fuel combustion (Ruei1-Malmaison, France, June 1-2, 19B8), Rep. EPA-600/9-89-089, Environ. Prot. Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1989. (Available as NTIS PB90-126038 from Natl. Technol. Inf. Serv., Springfield, Va.) 12 Muzio, L. J., and Kramlich, J. C., Geophysical Research Letters, 15, 1369- 1372, (1988) 13 Lyon, R. K., and Cole, J. A., Combustion and Flame, 77, 139 (1989) 14 Muzio, L. J., Montgomery, T. A., Samuelsen, G. S., Kramlich, J. C., Lyon, R. K., and Kokkinos, A., 23rd Symposium (International) on Combustion, in press. 15 Kokkinos, A, ECS UPDATE, Spring-Summer 1989, No 15 pp 8-10 16 Linak, W. P., et. al., Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 7533-7541 (1990) 17 Braun, W., Herron, J. T. and Kahaner, D. K., Int. J. Chem. Kin. 20 51-62 (1988) 18 Baulch, D. L., Drysdale, D. D., Home, D. S. and Llyod, A. C., Evaluated Rate Constants, Butterworth, 1976 19 Walsh, P. M., Chaung, T. Z., Dutta, A., Beer, J. M., and Sarofin, A. F.. 19th Symposium (International) on Combustion, 1281-1289 (1982) 20 Kramlich,J. C., Cole, J. A., McCarthy, J. M., Lanier, W. S., and McSorley, J. A., Combustion and Flame, 77, 375-384, (1989) 7B-71 ------- 1000 DO 800 - 600 E Q. 0. 400 200 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 150 200 250 300 350 TIME, MINUTES Figure 1. Experimental and Kinetic Calculations of N?0 Formation in Sampling Containers ------- ppm DO I -vl CO [NO2]0 = 60ppm Figure 2. Modeling of NOX Removal from the Gas Phase by Reaction with Sulfite ion ------- -xl DO 40 30 20 10 ppm A A A J L 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 t, sec + [NO2]o = 0 A [NO2]o = 60ppm 1000ppm SO2, 600ppm NOx, 0 or 60ppm NO2, 40C, 6.52rnole% liquid water Concentration of HNO2 expressed as ppm based on gas phase Figure 3. Modeling of HN02 formation with N02 initially present and absent ------- -si 00 Al 01 40 30 20 10 ppm 0 0 Time to form 2ppm N2O • 12 seconds 100 200 300 t, sec 400 500 [NO2]o = 0 -*- [NO2]o = 60ppm 1000ppm SO2, GOOppm NOx, 0 or 60ppm NO2 40C, 6.52mole% liquid water 600 Figure 4. Modeling of N20 formation with N02 initially present and absent ------- -J CD -^J CO 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 TIME, seconds X1000 [NO2]/[NO2]i -3-[N2O]/[NO2}\ X -\0000 —&~ 80 90 100 [HNO3]/[N02]i 10ppb SO2, 6ppb NO2, Initial pH = 7 40C, L = 4.8E-7 ccL/ccG pH at 10E+5 sec - 3.33 Figure 5. Competition between N20 formation and HN03 formation after the flue gas mixes with the atmosphere ------- 800- ------- -vl en I ~sl CO 200 150 -• 100 - ppm 1.05 t = 0.02 sec 11 115. 1.2 1.25 1.3 T, K (Thousands) 1.35 1.4 t = 0.04 sec t = 0.10 sec t = 0.20 sec 200ppm HCN, 600ppm NO, 10% O2, 5% H2O, balance inert Figure 7. Calculation of the Effect of Reaction Time on N20 Formation ------- TABLE I Chemical mechanism, rate constants and equilibrium constants at 25°C (rate constants are in units of L/mol/s or L /mol /s) 12 Gas Phase Reaction 1 . NO + NO + 0 N02 + N02 Rate Constant 6.73 E + 3 Liquid Phase Reactions N02 + HS03- N02- + HS03 HS0 HS0 H0) H2S03 2N02 + H20 = HN02 HNO, HN02 + HS03- NOS03- H20 H NOS03- HNO + HNO +' H20) = HNO N2O NOS03- I- HS03- 9 . HNO (SO3) 2~ + H* 10. HNO(S03)2~ + H2 H20 f HNO(S03) (+ H20) = i = HONHSO, 2- 3.00 E+5 5.00 E+5 7.00 E+7 2.40 E+0 5.00 E+l 3.00 E+4 8.50 E+l 1.90 E-2 1.50 E-6 Equilibrium Processes 11.N02(gas) N02(aq) 12 . S02(gas) S02(aq) Henry's Law Constants H = 0.01 M/atm H = 1.30 M/atm 13. S02(aq) 14.HNO, H + HS03- , H f NO - 15. HS04- = H' S04 Equilibrium Constants K = 1.54 E-2 M K = 5.10 E-4 M K = 1.20 E-2 M 7B-79 ------- TABLE 2 ELEMENTARY REACTIONS USED IN MODELLING REACTION 1 NH3+M=NH2+H+M 2 NH3+H=NH2+H2 3 NH3+0=NH2+OH 4 NH3+OH=NH2+H20 5 NH2+H=NH+H2 6 NH2+0=NH+OH 7 NH2+OH=NH+H20 8 NH2+02=HNO+OH 9 NH2+NONNH+OH 10 NH2+NO=N2+H20 11 NH2+HNONH3 + NO 12 NH2+NNH=N2+NH3 13 NNH+M=N2+H+M 14 NNH+NO=N2+HNO 15 NNH+OH=N2+H20 16 HNO+M=H+NO+M 17 HNO-t-OH=NO+H20 18 NH+02=HNO+0 19 OH+H2=H2O+H 20 H+02=OH+0 21 0+H2=OH+H 22 20H=0+H20 23 H+02+M=H02+M H20/21./ 24 H+H02=20H 25 0+HO2=02+OH 26 OH+H02=H20+02 27 H02+NO=N02+OH 28 N02+H=NO+OH 29 N02 + ONO+02 30 N02+M=NO+0+M 31 0+0+M=02+M 32 N20+H=N2+OH 32 N20+M=N2+O+M 33 N20+0=N2+02 34 N20+0=NO+NO 35 CO+OH=C02+H 36 CO+H02=C02+OH 37 CO+02=C02+0 38 CO+0+M=C02+M 39 NCO+0=NO+CO 40 NCO+NO=N20+CO 41 NCO+H=NH+CO 42 NCO+NH2=NH+HNCO 43 0+H2=HNCO+H 44 NCO+OH=NO+CO+H 45 HNCO+OH=NCO+H20 4t> HNCO+H=NH2+CO 47 HCN+OH=HNCO+H ------- Session 8 OIL/GAS COMBUSTION APPLICATIONS Chair: A. Kokkinos, EPRI ------- LOW NOx LEVELS ACHIEVED BY IMPROVED COMBUSTION MODIFICATION ON TWO 480 MW GAS-FIRED BOILERS Mark D. McDannel, P.E. Sheila M. Haythornthwaite CARNOT 15991 Red Hill Avenue, Suite 110 Tustin California 92680 Michael D. Escarcega, P.E. Barry L. Gil man, P. E. Southern California Edison Company 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue Rosemead, California 91770 ------- LOW NOX LEVELS ACHIEVED BY IMPROVED COMBUSTION MODIFICATION ON TWO 480 MW GAS-FIRED BOILERS Mark 0. McDannel, P.E. Sheila M. Haythornthwaite CARNOT 15991 Red Hill Avenue, Suite 110 Tustin, California 92680 Michael D. Escarcega, P.E. Barry L. Gil man, P.E. Southern California Edison Company 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue Rosemead, California 91770 ABSTRACT While most applications to meet new and emerging NOX regulations have focused on retrofit technologies (low-NOx burners, urea, SCR), there are still opportunities for additional NOX reduction via improved combustion optimization. Southern California Edison, as part of their compliance efforts for a new NOX rule, which ultimately requires NOX limits of approximately 20 ppmc, retained Carnot to assist them in designing and conducting a combustion optimization program on two 480 MW gas-fired boilers. As a result of detailed combustion optimization test programs on the two boilers, NOX was reduced by 24 to 56% over the load range at an average cost-effectiveness of $.59/lb NOX. Through increased windbox FGR, improved BOOS patterns and overfire air, NOX levels at full load were reduced from 91 to 62 ppmc. These reductions will help SCE meet current and near-term NOX limits, and will substantially reduce construction and operating costs of any future SCR systems. 8-1 ------- INTRODUCTION While most applications to meet new and emerging NOX regulations have focused on retrofit technologies (low-NOx burners, urea, SCR), there are still opportunities for additional NOX reduction via improved combustion optimization. Southern California Edison, as part of their overall compliance plan for South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1135, retained Carnot to assist them in designing and conducting combustion optimization programs on two 480 MW gas-fired boilers (Alamitos 5 and Redondo 8). This paper presents the results of the two test programs, which provided immediately implementable NOX reductions of 24 to 56% over the unit load range at an average cost-effectiveness of$.59/lb NOX. Included in the paper is a description of the technical and regulatory background on NOX emissions from the two boilers, a description of the two boilers, a description of the approach taken in designing and executing the program, the results of the program, and a discussion of the results. BACKGROUND All of SCE's boilers in the South Coast Air Basin are subject to SCAQMD Rule 1135, which includes system-wide 24-hour average NOX limits that start at 1.10 Ib NOx/MW-hr (approximately 100 ppmc*) in 1990 and steps down to 0.25 Ib NOx/MW-hr (approximately 23 ppmc) in 1999. Additionally, Alamitos 5 and Redondo 8 are subject to rule 475, which was passed in 1970 and limits NOX on gas fuel to 125 ppmc (approximately 1.38 Ib/MW-hr) for a 15-minute averaging period. Figure 1 presents a summary of NO limits on these two boilers. When the 125 ppmc limit was imposed, SCE implemented off-stoichiometric combustion (overfire air ports and/or burners out of service) on 24 boilers in the South Coast Air Basin, and additionally implemented flue gas recirculation (FGR) to the windbox on four of these boilers, including Alamitos 5 and Redondo 8. Implementation of these ppmc = parts per million by volume, corrected to 3% 02, on a dry basis 8-2 ------- techniques reduced NOX levels from approximately 900 ppmc to 100 ppmc on both Alamitos 5 and Redondo 8. In SCE's overall Rule 1135 compliance plan, there are a number of NOX reduction efforts either planned or already evaluated on these two units. On Alamitos 5, urea injection and installation of one row of low-NOx burners have been tested, and the installation of a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system is planned. On Redondo 8, an SCR system consisting of blocks of (honeycomb) catalyst placed in the duct between the economizer and air preheater is scheduled for 1991. It is within this context that combustion optimization was evaluated and implemented. UNIT DESCRIPTION Alamitos 5 and Redondo 8 are two of four identical 480 MW Babcock & Wilcox opposed- fired units operated by SCE in the South Coast Air basin. The units are capable of firing either natural gas or fuel oil. This program addresses gas firing only, since Rule 1135 has limited application to oil firing and since oil is rarely burned. Relevant details on the boilers are listed below: • Manufacturer: Babcock & Wilcox • Rated Capacity: 480 MW (net) • Steam temperature: 1,000°F superheat and reheat • Steam pressure: 3500 psig (supercritical) • Burner arrangement (see Figure 2): -- Opposed fired -- 32 burners, 16 per wall -- 4 rows of 4 burners each on each wall -- furnace split by division wall • NOX control: -- third elevation of burners out of service -- FGR to windbox -- OFA ports • Newly installed Rosemount digital control system • 02 trim system in service • CO trim system installed but not yet in service PROGRAM DESCRIPTION The objective of the program was to determine what level of NOX reductions could be achieved by modifying and optimizing combustion and boiler operating conditions prior 8-3 ------- to the installation of SCR or other back-end NOX reduction technologies. Specific benefits expected were: 1. Help meet Rule 1135 limits immediately. 2. By reducing inlet NO levels, reduce the size and cost of future SCR installations. A comprehensive program involving five discrete phases was designed. The five phases are listed below, followed by a brief description of each phase: • Records search • Interview operating staff • Physical inspection and repair • Optimization test program • Load following tests Records Search The first step of the program was to review available test and operating data on the units to help plan the test program. Interview Operating Staff Interviews were held with station engineers, maintenance and instrumentation supervisors, shift supervisors, and boiler operators to familiarize test personnel with unit operation and to familiarize station personnel with the objectives of the program. Unit operation was observed with at least two different shifts of operators. Physical Inspection and Repair Prior to performance of the combustion optimization test programs, thorough boiler inspections were conducted during maintenance outages. The objectives of the inspections and outages were to: 1. Evaluate the condition of all fireside operating equipment including fans, dampers, and burners. 2. Identify any equipment requiring repairs or adjustments, and verify that repairs were made. 3. Allow the test crew to become familiar with boiler design and equipment. 4. Wash boiler to provide a known cleanliness lever. 8-4 ------- Performance of the inspections and repairs ensured that equipment problems would not adversely impact unit operation during the test program. Optimization Test Program The optimization test programs consisted of 105 tests on Alamitos 5 and 51 tests on Redondo 8. The test matrices were designed to evaluate the impact on NOX emissions from the following variables: • Unit load • Excess 02 • Flue gas recirculation (FGR) to the windbox • Overfire air ports • Alternate BOOS patterns t Air register throttling to selected burners • Superheat/reheat proportioning dampers (Alamitos 5 only) • Fan balancing Each test included collection of gaseous emission data at the economizer exit, a full set of unit operating data from the control room, and external unit data as needed (damper positions, air register settings, windbox 02, etc.). For most tests, North/South composite data was collected. This involved collecting average gaseous data from the North side, average gaseous data from the South side, and a composite sample. For selected tests, full 32-point gaseous traverses were performed. When test conditions were established and unit data were collected, the impact of test variables on unit heat rate was watched carefully. The need to isolate one test variable at a time to determine its impact on combustion did result in some test conditions where operation was not optimum; this was considered in evaluation of the results. Load Following Tests The test programs on both units were concluded with two sets of load following tests. These tests involved establishing recommended low-NOx operating conditions and monitoring NOX, 02, and CO while ramping boiler load between 160 MW and 480 MW. The purpose of these tests was to determine if the low-NOx operating modes could be maintained, and expected NOX values seen, over the entire load range with no operational problems. 8-5 ------- RESULTS The results are presented separately for the two units, as follows. For the sake of brevity, detailed impacts of individual test variables are presented only for Redondo 8; similar results were obtained for Alamitos 5. Redondo 8 The tests identified two modifications to baseline operation (as described under Unit Operation) that resulted in significant NOX reductions over the full load range, and two further modifications that resulted in small additional NOX reductions. The modifications which reduced NOX significantly are: t increasing flue gas recirculation to the windbox to the maximum achievable; and t minimizing excess 02 until CO formation is seen. Modifications which produced smaller NOX reductions are: • taking burner pair 6 out of service (while leaving the air registers open); and • opening of the OFA ports at 480 MW and during load following tests. The results of combining these techniques are summarized in Table 1, detailed in Table 2, and illustrated in Figure 3. Note that Figure 3 does not include the opening of the OFA ports, which were only evaluated during the load following tests. Increased Flue Gas Recirculation effects are shown in Figure 4. Test points on Figure 4 are scattered somewhat due to the inclusion of all test variables. However, the trend of NOX reduction with increased GR is clear. This is most notable at 480 MW. Higher GR was limited at this load because of a fan amp limit. If fan capacity could be increased to enable 25% GR, the projected NOX would be approximately 40 ppm @ 3% 02 (see dotted extension line on graph). Minimizing excess 02 was performed at 250, 360, and 480 MW. The 02 setpoint for minimum 02 was determined by gradually lowering excessive air until 100 to 200 ppm of CO was seen consistently at that condition. Table 2 shows the percent reduction attributable to minimizing 02 at the various loads. This reduction increases with lower load, and more reduction may be possible at 160 MW, where significant CO formation had not begun. 8-6 ------- Taking burner pair 6 out of service reduces the NOX fairly uniformly across the load range, as shown in Table 2. Figure 5 shows graphically the impact on NOX of taking 6 OOS. The reduction caused by this modification is small, but the improvement in boiler operation is significant. Figure 6 shows the CO level both with and without 6 OOS. At 480 MW extremely high CO was created with all burners in service; this was removed by taking 6 pair OOS. Another impact of this modification was to improve the excess 02 balance between the north and south sides of the boiler. A series of tests led to the conclusion that Burner 6 south is starved for air. This results in lower 02 and higher CO levels on the south side. Taking Burner 6 out of service improved both 02 and CO balance between the two sides. Opening the overfire air ports at 480 MW reduced NOX by 7 ppm, or 11%. This condition was established while at full load. Opening the OFA ports was not evaluated at other loads due to difficulty in determining the positions of the ports early in the test program. Once the open position was established by observing NOX reduction at 480 MW, the ports were kept open for one set of load following tests. Figure 7 shows the reduction achieved across the load range by opening the NOX ports. While this reduction is small, the modification does not impact boiler operation, and could easily be made a permanent operating condition. Load following tests showed that optimum low-NOx conditions could be maintained over the full unit load range, without any operating problems. The results of the load following tests are shown in Figure 7. NOX levels are shown with NOX ports both open and closed. A slight reduction with NOX ports open is seen over the entire load range. Other variables that were investigated during the program were air register throttling on inboard burners to provide increased air flow to starved outer burners, and alternate BOOS patterns. These tests provided insight into unit operation, but implementation caused undesirable effects such as increased NOX, difficult operation, or a large 02 or CO imbalance between the north and south sides of the boiler. Alamitos 5 The tests on Alamitos 5 identified three modifications to baseline operation (as described under Unit Operation) that resulted in significant reductions in NOX emissions over the full load range: increased flue gas recirculation to the windbox, opening of the OFA ports, and taking burner pair 6 out of service (while leaving the 8-7 ------- air registers open). The results of combining these three techniques are summarized in Table 3, and illustrated in Figure 8. The results show that substantial NOX reductions were achieved across the load range, with the percentage reductions decreasing as unit load increases (from 56% at minimum load to 27% at maximum load). Table 4 shows the incremental reductions achieved by each of the three techniques. The reductions achieved by each technique were cumulative across the full load range. The largest reductions (11 to 36%) were achieved by increasing FGR to the windbox. Reductions of 10 to 18% were achieved by taking Burner Pair 6 OOS, and reductions of 1 to 9% were achieved by opening the NOX ports. Load following tests showed that these conditions could be maintained over the full unit load range, without any operating problems. The results of the load following tests are shown in Figure 9. Other variables that were investigated during the program were excess 02 level, superheat/reheat proportioning damper position, air register throttling on lower burners to provide increased combustion staging, air register throttling on selected burners in an effort to overcome an air/fuel imbalance, FD and GR fan biasing and balancing, and alternate BOOS patterns. Those tests provided insight into unit operation, but did not provide substantial NOX reductions. Reductions in excess 02 did provide some NOX reductions, but the existing boiler 02 curve is so low (1% 02 over most of the load range) the 02 levels could only be reduced approximately 0.2% before the onset of CO. Placing the CO trim control system in service will allow maintenance of minimum 02 levels over the load range, and should result in additional NOX reductions of 2 to 5% (based on minimum 02 tests conducted during this program). The tests also identified a significant north/south 02 imbalance in the furnace. A series of tests led to the conclusion that the imbalance is mostly due to burner 6 North (an upper, rear, corner burner) being starved for air. The problem was partially alleviated by taking the burner pair out of service for NOX control. DISCUSSION This section presents discussions on the potential impact of the three recommended combustion modification techniques (increased windbox FGR, Burner 6 out of service, minimum excess 02) on unit operation, including heat rate. This discussion applied to both units. 8-8 ------- Heat Rate Any change in operation should be evaluated in terms of its impact on unit heat rate. Operating costs for a NOX technique can become significant if they have a significant impact on boiler efficiency. Emissions data, unit operating data, heat rate factors and fuel cost factors were combined to determine an operating cost in terms of $/lb NOX reduced for increased FGR, taking Burner 6 out of service, and opening the NOX ports. The cost benefit of reduced excess oxygen levels was also considered. Tables 5 and 6 summarize the heat rate penalties, and present the operating cost of the techniques combined in dollars per pound of NOX reduced. On Alamitos 5, heat rate penalties of$0.34 to $0.83/lb NOX were seen. On Redondo 8, the only load at which a cost is seen is 250 MW. Here NOX costs$0.31/lb reduction. At all other loads, the heat rate is improved by reducing excess 02. The results showed two areas in which unit heat rate penalties were incurred, and one in which heat rate was improved: increasing FGR to the windbox increased auxiliary power consumption, and taking Burner 6 out of service increased average excess 02 levels as measured by the test van. Minimizing 02 reduced the NOX level and improved heat rate by lowering the excess air used. It should be noted that these cost-effectiveness values are so low in part because these techniques involve an incremental extension of NOX reduction techniques already implemented on the boilers. Costs for boilers which do not already have windbox FGR or some form of off-stoichiometric firing would be higher. Other Impacts on Unit Operation None of the four low NOX techniques used in this study had any deleterious effects on unit operation that were detected during the test programs. When the techniques were implemented unit load was stable, flame appearance and stability were acceptable, and there were no significant changes in tube metal temperatures. There are some areas in which the techniques might impact unit operation in the long run. The most important may be a loss in load capacity safety margin while operating with Burner 6 out of service. In the baseline condition there are 24 firing burners, and with Burner 6 out of service there are 22 firing burners. If a burner pair trips at full load, there would be either two or four fewer firing burners in service (depending upon whether it is an upper or lower burner pair that trips). With Burner 6 out of service, it would be more likely that available unit load would be curtailed if a burner pair tripped. Prior to implementing Burner 6 DOS, the magnitude of the possible curtailments would need to be determined and an evaluation made of the relative value of reduced NOX emissions vs. the risk of increased load curtailments. 8-9 ------- Another area of concern with taking Burner 6 out of service is that the increased heat release rate per firing burner (an increase of 9% would occur) might cause overheating in the burner throat area. This would have to be evaluated prior to implementation. Implementation of increased flue gas recirculation to the windbox should be coordinated with appropriate safeguards, since the booster fans have a high enough capacity that they can blow out the flames at lower loads. New digital controllers have been installed on the booster fans, the hopper control dampers, the FGR fans, and superheat/reheat proportioning dampers. With the new booster fan controllers, curves of damper position vs. unit load can be programmed in. However, to protect against injecting too much FGR there should be a windbox 02 monitoring system. Such a system could be either used for operator information or tied into the control system to provide an alarm and/or feedback signal. Operating with the OFA ports open should not provide any operation problems. As noted before, it is currently difficult to access the OFA ports to open or close them. The ports should be welded open. The chains currently installed do not allow easy operation. An important aspect to consider in applying combustion optimization techniques is the boiler control system. These two boilers have newly installed digital control systems that allow effective and safe control of the fuel and air systems within close tolerances. On boilers with older control systems it may not be possible to achieve such tight control. CONCLUSIONS The major conclusions of the program are: 1. Improved combustion optimization can provide significant NOX reductions (23 to 56%) beyond those achieved to meet compliance with the first generation of SCAQMD NO, rules. X 2. The incremental operating cost of these NOX reductions is negligible (average of $.59/lb NOJ compared to retrofit technologies. In some cases operating savings are achieved due to excess 02 reductions. 3. These techniques can be implemented safely with no adverse impact on unit operation. 8-10 ------- IS © a. Q. 1SO 165 150 135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 NOTE: ASSUMES UNIT HEAT RATE -- 9,000 Btu/kW-hr 1.5 •5 1970 1980 1990 YEAR 2000 Figure 1. Gas Fuel NOx Limits on Alamltos Unit 5 and Redondo Unit 8 WEST FIRING WALL (VIEW FROM INSIDE) D 0 75 0 0 3S0 D © ©8S 0 04S D 0 5N0 0 1N0 D i © ^ 06N \ © •; _2N 0 ; « M< W ¥< M< -.W ..v PLAN VIEW FIRING WALL FIRING WALL FIRING WALL DIVISION WALL 33' FIRING WALL 48' Figure 2. Burner and NOx Port Locations on Alamitos Unit 6 (Redondo 8 Is a Mirror Image) 8-11 ------- I Q BASELINE O BEST. BUHNER B 003 100 200 300 400 UNIT LOAD, MW NET Figure 3. NOx versus Load for Baseline and Best Conditions for Redondo Unit 8 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3D 20 10 0 A 160 MW O 250 MW O 360 MW D 080 UW INCREASING FGR WINDBOX 02, % Figure 4. NOx vs. WindboxO for Redondo Unit 8 8-12 ------- o * n ® I 100 M SO 70 80 50 40 JO 20 10 O BA8ELME, BURNER S M SERVICE A BEST. BURNER B M SERVICE O BEST, BURNER 6 009 NOTE 3RD ELEVATION OF BURNERS DOS FOB ALL TE3T3 100 200 JOO 400 UNIT LOAD, MW NET Figure 5. Impact on NOx of Taking Burner 6 Out of Service for Redondo Unit 8 I o" u —D— BASELINE, BURNER i IN SERVICE - - A - BEST. BURNER • M SERVICE - O - BEST, E DOS NOTE: 3RD ELEVATION OF BUHNER3 OO3 FOR ALL TE3T3 100 150 200 250 300 ISO 400 450 500 UNIT LOAD, MW NET Figure 6. Impact on CO of Taking Burner 6 Out of Service for Redondo Unit 8 8-13 ------- -O— BEST WITH OFA PORTS CUOSiD -A- - BEST WITH OFA PORTS OPEN 100 200 300 400 UNIT LOAD, MW NET Figure 7. NOx versus Load for Load Following Tests at Best Conditions for Redondo Unit 8 I O BASELINE, CLEAN A BEST, CLEAN - - -O- - - BASELINE. DIHTY ---O - B€ST, DIRTY NOTE: CLEAN AND DIRTY REFER TO FURNACE CLEANLINESS 100 200 300 400 UNIT LOAD, MW NET Figure 8. NOx versus Load for Baseline and Best Conditions for Alamltos Unit 5 8-14 ------- C\J CO a a x" O 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 100 200 300 400 UNIT LOAD, MW NET 500 Figure 9. NOx versus Load for Load Following Tests at Best Conditions for Alamltos Unit 5 8-15 ------- TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF NOX REDUCTIONS ACHIEVED IN REDONDO 8 COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM Unit Load MW Net Basel ine, ppm NO 0 3% 02 Ib/MW-hr1 lb/MW-hr2 Best Case, ppm NO @ 3% 02 lb/MW-hr1 lb/MW-hr2 % Reduction (ppm 0 3% 02) 160 26 0.38 0.32 20 0.22 0.22 23% 250 39 0.55 0.47 24 0.28 0.29 38% 360 63 0.84 0.72 30 0.39 0.35 52% 480 88 1.19 1.02 55 0.73 0.64 38% 1 First lb/MW-hr number is calculated from plant CEM data divided by plant MW data 2 Second lb/MW-hr number is calculated from trailer N0x ppm and Rosemount heat rate by I/O method TABLE 2 PERCENT REDUCTION ACHIEVED BY THREE NOX REDUCTION TECHNIQUES AT REDONDO UNIT 8 Unit Load MW Net Increased GR to windbox Minimize 02 Take Burner 6 OOS Combining all 3 techniques 160 5% 21%* 5% 23% 250 26% 13% 7% 38% 360 43% 12% 5% 52% 480 37% 7% 6% 34% * At 160 MW, 02 could be reduced further before significant CO formation 8-16 ------- TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF NOX REDUCTIONS ACHIEVED IN ALAMITOS 5 COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM Unit Load MW Net Clean Furnace Baseline NOX: ppm @ 3% 02 Ib/MW-hr Best Case NOX: ppm @ 3% 02 Ib/MW-hr % Reduction Dirty Furnace Baseline NOX: ppm @ 3% 02 Ib/MW-hr Best Case NO : ppm @ 3% 02 Ib/MW-hr % Reduction 150 250 360 32 51 59 0.42 0.61 0.67 ---- * 29 35 0.35 0.40 4*3------- TABLE 4 PERCENT REDUCTIONS ACHIEVED BY THE THREE NOX REDUCTION TECHNIQUES ON ALAMITOS 5 Unit Load MW Net Increase GR to windbox Take Burner 6 DOS Open NOX ports Combined techniques 150 36% 18% 9% 56% 250 36% 10% 9% 43% 360 29% 13% 9% 41% 480 11% 13% 1% 27% 8-18 ------- TABLE 5 HEAT RATE PENALTIES ASSOCIATED WITH NO, REDUCTION TECHNIQUES REDONDO UNIT 8 Load Increase FGR (higher aux. power) Burner 6 DOS (higher 02) Minimum 02 Net heat rate penalty (gain) Avg. heat rate, Btu/kW-hr* Base hourly fuel cost,$/hr** Efficiency penalty (gain), $/hr Ib/hr NOX Reduced$/lb NOX Reduced 160 MW 0.06% 0.12% -0.48% (0.30%) 10,209 5,717 ($17) 12 (1.42) 250 MW 0.16% 0.04% -0.04% 0.16% 9,645 8,439$14 45 0.31 360 MW 0.33% -0.04% -0.32% (0.03%) 9,327 11,752 ($4) 135 (0.03) 480 MW 0.21% 0 . 08% -0.32% (0.03%) 9,415 15,817 ($5) 167 (0.03) * Average of data collected during test program ** Assumes $3.50/MMBtu fuel cost 8-19 ------- TABLE 6 HEAT RATE PENALTIES ASSOCIATED WITH NOX REDUCTION TECHNIQUES ON ALAMITOS 5 Load Increase FGR (higher aux. power) Burner 6 OOS (higher 02) NO Ports Open (higher 02) Net heat rate penalty Avg. heat rate, Btu/kW-hr* Base hourly fuel cost,$/hr* Efficiency penalty, $/hr Ib/hr N0x Reduced$/lb NOX Reduced 150 MW 0.33% 0 . 28% -0.10% 0.51% 10,880 5,710 $29 35 0.83 250 MW 0.20% 0.12% 0.14% 0 . 56% 9,820 8,590$48 66 0.73 360 MW 0.21% 0.04% 0.12% 0.37% 9,430 11,880 $44 99 0.44 480 MW 0.06% 0.12% 0.12% 0.30% 9,320 15,660$47 137 0.34 * Average of data collected during test program ** Assumes $3.50/MMBtu fuel cost 8-20 ------- NOx REDUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF TWO FULL-SCALE UTILITY GAS/OIL BURNER RETROFIT INSTALLATIONS N. Bayard de Volo L. Larsen Energy Technology Consultants, Inc. Irvine, California L. Radak R. Aichner Southern California Edison Co. Rosemead, California A. Kokkinos Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California ------- NOx REDUCTION AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF TWO FULL-SCALE UTILITY GAS/OIL BURNER RETROFIT INSTALLATIONS N. Bayard de Volo L. Larsen Energy Technology Consultants, Inc. Irvine, California L. Radak R. Aichner Southern California Edison Co. Rosemead, California A. Kokkinos Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California ABSTRACT In 1989-90 Southern California Edison Company replaced the original burners firing natural gas and residual oil fuels in two large, opposed-fired boilers of different capacities and design. The replacement burners were manufactured by Todd Combustion, Inc of Stamford, Connecticut. The principal objectives of the retrofit were: 1) to improve flame shape and stability, and 2) to achieve NOx emission levels with all burners in service at full load, in combination with Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR), equal to or less than the levels previously achieved by Off-Stoichiometric firing with FGR. Tests were conducted on both boilers, firing gas and oil fuels separately, to define the flame shape and stability and the NOx emissions over a wide range of load, excess air and FGR rate for both pre- and post-retrofit configurations. Further reduction in NOx emissions achievable with the new burners firing in an Off- Stoichiometric mode, with FGR, was also determined over the same range of operational variables. This paper is an interim status report presenting preliminary results of the pre- and post-retrofit testing program funded by SCE and EPRI. 8-23 ------- INTRODUCTION In 1987 Southern California Edison Company (SCE) initiated projects to replace existing gas/oil burners on two large boilers, Alamitos Generating Station, unit o, and Ormond Beach Generating Station, Unit 2. The principal motivation in eacn case was to improve flame quality (stability, attachment, etc.) over the load range, out especially at low firing rates. Additional motivations included improving boiler efficiency and reducing NOx emissions. In order to define the actual improvements achieved by each retrofit, SCE instituted a program to perform comprehensive testing of both boilers before and after the burner retrofits. EPRI provided additional funds to expand the parametric testing and to promote the dissemination of the NOx technology results to the electric utility industry. Energy Technology Consultants, Inc. (ETEC) was retained to provide consulting services to plan and conduct the testing program, to analyze the test results and to report on the program findings. This paper is written to present some preliminary results comparing pre- and post-retrofit NOx emissions for natural gas and oil fuels. The program is still in progress and a considerable portion of the post-retrofit testing remains to be completed for both gas and oil fuels. Nevertheless, because there is currently so little public information available on full-scale, Low-NOx gas/oil burner performance, it was thought to be useful to present these preliminary results at this time. Considerable success has been achieved by utilities having to comply with restrictive NOx regulations applying to existing gas/oil fired units by implementing Off-Stoichiometric (O.S.) firing. In this mode of operation, selected burners are taken out-of-service (BOOS) while fuel flow is compensatingly increased to the remaining burners to maintain boiler load requirements. As a result, the active burner combustion process is made fuel rich and consequently NOx formation is reduced. Although NOx emissions can be significantly reduced in this manner for both gas and oil fuels, operational performance can also be degraded somewhat as a consequence of having to raise excess air levels to maintain acceptable CO concentrations on gas fuel and plume opacity/particulates on oil fuel. In addition, a degradation in flame holding and stability can also result. SCE has employed O.S. firing on all of its units for many years achieving significant reductions in NOx emissions but has also experienced the deterioration of boiler performance and combustion on selected units. The basic concept of low NOx burners is to achieve fuel rich combustion, and hence reduced NOx formation, by controlling local mixing of fuel and air. This approach offers the promise of equaling or exceeding the NOx reduction capability of O.S. firing while avoiding the possible performance and operational deficiencies associated with the latter approach. The potential gains however must be balanced against the capital cost of the burner retrofit in comparison to O.S. firing which is implemented operationally without equipment expenditure. This paper should be of interest to utilities who anticipate having a future need to reduce NOx emissions from their gas/oil fired boilers. The subject program represents one of the few instances in which data are to be developed for a low NOx burner utility boiler installation and for which a comparison of the relative NOx reduction capabilities and overall performance of the two NOx control approaches can be established. It is for this reason that SCE and EPRI have jointly funded the program reported herein. 8-24 ------- PRE-RETROFIT OPERATION Unit 6 at the Alamitos Generating Station (AGS-6) is a B&W, opposed-fired, gas/oil fuel boiler/turbine/generator set rated to produce 480 MWe. The boiler was designed with 16 two-burner cells, arranged in two rows of four cells on the front and rear furnace walls. Ring type gas spud burners and constant-differential, pressure-atomized, swirl-tip oil burners were provided. Dampered overfire air ports, fed from the windbox, were provided above each top elevation burner cell. Two gas recirculation fans were originally provided to extract flue gases from the economizer exit and direct those gases to the furnace hopper area as an aid to controlling steam temperatures at low firing rates (FGR). The boiler began operation in 1966 and subsequently became subject to a Los Angeles County APCD regulation limiting NOx emissions to 225 ppm (dry, 3% 0?) for natural gas fuel and 325 ppm for fuel oil. The uncontrolled NOx emission with gas fuel at full load was approximately 700 ppm. NOx emissions were reduced to within the regulatory limit on both fuels by implementing O.S. firing. The optimum firing configuration was determined to be with the bottom burners of the upper cells (i.e. 3rd elevation) out of service for both gas and oil fuels and with the OFA ports closed. Subsequently, the APCD NOx emission limit for natural gas was reduced to 125 ppm and 225 ppm for oil. Two booster fans were installed to extract flue gas from the main gas recirculation fan outlets and to inject the flue gas into the combustion air through orifices in the flow-metering air-foils within the air ducts between the air preheaters and the windbox as depicted schematically in Figure 1. The combination of windbox FGR (WFGR) and O.S. operation achieved compliance with the reduced emissions limits for both fuels and the boiler has been operated in this mode ever since. Unit 2 at the Ormond Beach Generating Station (OBGS-2) is a Foster Wheeler, opposed-fired, gas/oil fuel boiler/turbine/generator set capable of producing 800 gross MWe. The boiler was constructed with two sets of 2-burner cells at each of four elevations on the front and rear furnace walls. Each two-burner cell is fed by one gas and one oil supply pipe/valve, however, each individual burner had its own air register control. Each burner had a constant-differential pressure-atomized, swirl-tip oil gun and a cane-type gas burner with (8) eight canes fed from an external ring manifold. The boiler was originally designed to produce NOx emissions below 500 ppm (dry, 3% OJ for both gas and oil fuels. This was to be accomplished by including overfire air (OFA) ports fed by the windbox. In 1969 it appeared that the Ventura County APCD intended to establish a NOx emission limit of 250 ppm (dry, 3%02) for both fuels. During construction of the OBGS units (1 & 2) WFGR was added to both units. For each unit one dual-inlet fan extracted flue gas from the economizer outlet ducts and injected the gas into the two combustion air ducts leading to the windbox. The general configuration is depicted schematically in Figure 2. The WFGR injection is accomplished through an array of perforated pipes located within each air supply duct a few feet upstream of the rear windbox. Upon commercial operation of OBGS-2 in 1973, compliance with the 250 ppm NOx limit was achieved with either fuel at full load by a combination of FGR, OFA and limited O.S. firing. In 1975 the Ventura County APCD reduced the allowable NOx emissions with gas fuel to 125 ppm (dry, 3% 0?). Because oil fuel was used exclusively for several years, compliance with the 125 ppm limit for gas fuel was not demonstrated until 1977. Compliance was achieved by operation with 8 BOOS, 8-25 ------- maximum FGR (around 18%)) and load restriction to about 720 gross MWe. The use of the OFA ports was discontinued. Both units at OBGS have experienced severe boiler vibration under a variety of "normal" operating conditions, possibly aggravated by the use of low-NOx firing procedures. The optimum operating modes were determined on the basis of compliance with NOx emission limits and acceptable vibration control, and consisted of maximum FGR at full load (throttled back at reduced load) and with 8 out of 32 burners out of service (3rd elevation-gas fuel, 2nd elevation-oil fuel). Several substantial efforts were made to alleviate the incidence of boiler vibrations, including installation of burner air register shrouds and readjustment of boiler back-pass dampers. These efforts were partially successful in reducing vibration. As with the ACS units, operation at OBGS increasingly emphasized reduced load operation at times of off-peak-demand. SCE determined that the flame conditions at lower loads (ca 250 MWe) were not as secure as they desired. In addition, the OBGS- 2 steam system was modified in 1985 to permit continuous generation as low as 50 MWe. This increased the concern with flame stability (lift-off, etc.) at the extremely low firing rates. LOW NOx BURNER RETROFIT In 1986, the Steam Generation Division at SCE, in conjunction with the System Planning and Research Department, contracted with Todd Combustion (formerly a Division of Fuel Tech, Inc.) to provide 32 gas/oil burners to replace the existing burners at AGS-6, principally to improve low-firing-rate flame conditions but also to provide reduced NOx emissions. Shortly thereafter, the Steam Generation Division solicited competitive bids to provide 32 gas/oil burners for installation on OBGS-2. The contract was also awarded to Todd Combustion. Again, the emphasis was on stable combustion at all firing rates, with low-NOx and increased efficiency as additional objectives. Prior to installation of the Todd burners at AGS-6, SCE obtained a Permit to Construct from the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), which stipulated that the NOx emissions post-retrofit must not exceed 113 ppm on gas fuel and 203 ppm on oil fuel. An additional requirement was that NOx emissions over the load range must be at least 10% below comparable emissions pre-retrofit, and that CO emissions could not increase. The Todd Dynaswirl® burner relies upon control of the combustion air in several component streams, as well as the controlled injection of fuel into the air streams at selected points, for maintaining stable, attached flames with low NOx generation. Figure 3 schematically illustrates the internal configuration of the burner. For gas firing, fuel is introduced through six pipes, or pokers, fed from an external manifold. The pokers have skewed, flat tips, perforated with numerous holes and directed inward toward the burner centerline. Gas is also injected through a central gas pipe with multiple orifices at the furnace end. A single oil gun is located along the burner centerline, inside the gas pipe. Primary and secondary air streams flow from the surrounding windbox plenum through a spun cone inlet to the burner. A shut off damper is provided at the burner inlet. The primary air stream flows into the burner and down the center of the venturi around the center fired gas gun where it mixes with the center gas 8-26 ------- forming a stable flame in front of the swirlers. The secondary air flows into the burner flows near the outer walls of the venturi where it mixes with fuel from the gas pokers and is ignited by the stable center flame. The testing air stream is controlled by a separate slide damper and flows between the venturi evase and the burner throat quarl. A piezometer ring is provided at the venturi vena contracta for comparison to pressure at the burner inlet; the pressure signal of about 2.5 times the windbox to furnace pressure loss provides an accurate measurement of combustion air flow rate. The oil gun is a conventional constant-differential, pressure-atomized burner. The original single orifice swirl tip was replaced with a multi-orifice proprietary design to reduce boiler vibration, however the turndown ratio is still of some concern, and efforts continue to improve the turndown while maintaining good flame quality and low NOx emissions. A swirl impeller is attached to the oil gun support pipe just at the end of the primary sleeve section. In performance of the retrofit contract, Todd Combustion performed flow model analyses of the windbox air flow distribution. Based upon those analyses, baffles and turning vanes were installed at selected points in the windbox to improve the uniformity of air flow to all burners. Following selection of the Todd Dynaswirl burner for retrofit to OBGS-2, SCE obtained a "Permit to Construct" from the Ventura County APCD. The permit conditions specified that the new burners would produce no increase in the emissions of NOx, CO, total particulate and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), over the operating load range, as compared to pre-retrofit emissions. Windbox modifications to improve air flow uniformity were also made on this unit. TEST METHODOLOGY Comprehensive measurements of gaseous emission species (NOx, CO, 02) were made for the pre- and post-retrofit testing phases of both boiler retrofits. The scope and conduct of both boiler test programs were essentially identical. Gaseous emissions were measured by an extractive sampling/conditioning/ measurement system contained within a mobile van. Gaseous analyses included chemiluminescent (NOx), non-dispersive infrared (CO, C02) and fuel cell (oxygen) types. All measurements were made after drying the sample gases. The sample flue gas was extracted through stainless steel probes located in a matrix across the economizer exit ducts. Measurements could be made of any single probe sample or a composite of any combination of probes. Composite samples ensured an equal portion from each probe by passing each individual sample through a valve/bubbler prior to mixing within a common manifold. At AGS-6, a similar matrix of probes was located in the air supply ducts between the air foils (FGR injection) and the windbox. At OBGS-2 the FGR/Air mixture was measured by sampling from pressure-tap tubing located adjacent to each burner air register. The FGR rate was calculated as the volumetric percentage of the flue gas extracted from the exit ducts and injected into the combustion air. The calculation was made based upon the dilution of gas species caused by the mixing process, i.e. the comparative concentrations of 02, C02 and NOx within the flue gas alone and the flue gas/air mixture supplied to the burners. 8-27 ------- Since the OBGS-2 permit required a demonstration that particulate and hydrocarbon emissions did not increase following the burner retrofit, tests were conducted to measure TSP (oil fuel only) and VOC (both fuels) pre- and post- retrofit. TSP was measured using a modification of EPA Method 5, in which the back end catch was analyzed in addition to the front end catch (filter plus probe washing). VOC was measured by capturing flue gas in Tedlar bags and analyzing for C2 to C8 by GC/MS. Triplicate measurements of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) were made for each of four load levels from 250 to 700 MWe. Analyses were made to determine the carbon content of the TSP filter catch and the organic hydrocarbon content of the back-end catch. Each test was conducted with operation as close to steady state as possible, with the load blocked on manual control. The boiler fuel, air and steam controls were generally on "automatic" except that excess air trim and FGR settings were manually controlled. In general, each test lasted from 30 minutes to 2 hours, depending upon the complexity of gas measurement desired. In addition to the emissions measurements, considerable data were recorded regarding operating conditions (e.g., fuel and air flows, pressures and temperatures, control/damper settings, steam conditions, motor amps, boiler excess 02 and stack opacity). TEST RESULTS This section of the paper presents a brief discussion of selected test results acquired to date. As pointed out previously, although pre-retrofit testing has been completed, only limited test data have been acquired for the post retrofit, low NOx burner configuration for the two units. Due to the limited extent of this latter data and some present uncertainty in calculated WFGR rates (discussed below), it is premature to draw definitive conclusions as to the demonstrated NOx control capabilities of the two Todd burner installations and comparison with the pre- retrofit NOx control configurations. This paper should be viewed therefore as an interim status report which will be superseded by a future publication documenting the completed program. The testing of both units was constrained by the necessity to continue to comply with the regulatory NOx limits of 125 PPM and 225 PPM respectively on gas and oil fuels. This constraint prevented testing to determine the NOx reduction capability of the Todd burner by itself in the absence of the utilization of WFGR at higher loads, since emissions compliance could not have been maintained. This same constraint applied to the pre-retrofit testing relative to demonstrating the individual control capabilities of WFGR and O.S firing on the two units. Some estimate of these individual influences for both NOx control configurations for Alamitos #6 have been made using historical data and FGR effectiveness trends as discussed later in the paper. ALAMITOS UNIT #6 Figure 4 shows representative test results acquired for the Todd burner installation on AGS-6 over the load range. The calculated WFGR rate and measured average exhaust gas 0, concentration associated with each test data point is indicated. In general, the data reflect the maximum NOx reduction capability of the installation. The indicated 0, levels at the higher loads ( >260 MW) are the minimum achievable within the SCE constraint of maintaining exhaust gas CO concentration below 300 PPM. The lower load minimum 02 levels are constrained by the necessity to maintain a minimum level of air flow as dictated by safe operating procedures. The indicated WFGR rate at the highest loads is near the maximum 8-28 ------- capability of the WFGR system for the test conditions. At the lower loads, the indicated maximum WFGR rate is constrained by flame stability concerns although no flame degradation in this regard was noted for the indicated levels. The upper data point shown in Figure 4 at 480 MW applies to the all- burner- in-service (ABIS) mode of operation which was the intended employment by SCE for the for Todd burner installation. The level of NOx emissions achieved represents a reduction of 87% for the combination of burner and 16% WFGR from the uncontrolled level of approximately 700 PPM (best estimate based on historical data, could possibly be higher). At 19% WFGR, the maximum capability of the FGR system, NOx emissions would have been in the range of 75 PPM (extrapolated from Figure 5 data) representing an 89% reduction from uncontrolled baseline. The curve in Figure 4 is for O.S. operation with 8 BOOS. Although the O.S. mode of operation was not intended by SCE at the time for normal employment, SCE wanted to demonstrate the maximum NOx reduction achievable since it now must comply with a significantly reduced emission limit. As Figure 4 indicates, the O.S. mode of operation combined with 19% WFGR resulted in a further full load NOx reduction of 35% (from 75 PPM to 49 PPM) which represents a 93% NOx reduction from the uncontrolled baseline level. This NOx control mode has been implemented by SCE for normal operation. A comparison of pre and post retrofit test results for a range of WFGR rates is shown in Figures 5-7. The measured average exhaust gas 0? concentration associated with each data point is indicated. The single data point shown in Figure 5 for the Todd burner operating in an ABIS mode indicates that less NOx reduction was achievable than for the pre-retrofit O.S. mode. With respect to the O.S. mode of operation, most of the post retrofit data acquired thus far have been for higher WFGR rates than for the pre-retrofit data and the minimal overlap for the two sets of data prevent a direct comparison over a range of WFGR rates. However, the data do seem to demonstrate consistent trends indicating that the Todd burner is capable of achieving lower NOx levels in an O.S. mode than was possible pre-retrofit. This result appears to be due primarily to the burner's capability to operate at lower 0, levels (discussed later) since both sets of data show a clear trend of decreasing NOx with decreasing excess 02. This may be only a partial explanation and the Todd burner may in fact produce lower NOx emissions than pre-retrofit operation at identical excess 02 and WFGR levels. A regression analysis will be performed on the expanded future data base to more fully assess this question. The WFGR rates were determined according to the procedure previously outlined. There is a degree of uncertainty associated with the indicated values, however, since a comparison between the calculated rates determined by the different methods (02 or NOx dilution) showed random differences in the range of 10-15%. Since FGR exerts a strong influence on NOx level, this degree of uncertainty could result in appreciable error in the data as plotted and misleading apparent trends. This potential deficiency will be more fully assessed in the continuing program and it is believed that the relative level of uncertainty in calculated WFGR rates can be reduced. Figure 8 shows a comparison between pre and post retrofit NOx control performance capability for the various control configurations. The NOx levels for uncontrolled baseline and BOOS configurations are estimated based on 20 year old test data. The indicated NOx levels for the other configurations are either current measurements or extrapolations from these measurements. The comparison is tentative since it is based on current limited data but is presented to provide the reader 8-29 ------- with a present estimate of the Todd burner NOx control capability for the Alamitos unit as well as a comparison with the pre-retrofit control capability. The comparison indicates that for like configurations, there is little difference in pre and post retrofit NOx control capability in absolute terms, the maximum being either 91% or 93%. However, in relative terms, the difference of 16 PPM is significant to SCE's NOx emission reduction objectives. The demonstrated percent reductions are measured from an uncontrolled NOx baseline level of 700 PPM. Experience with implementing O.S. firing has shown that the percent reduction achievable on a particular unit is dependent on the magnitude of the initial, uncontrolled NOx emission rate and decreases as this rate is reduced. Therefore, it is likely that lower NOx control capability could generally be expected for Todd burner installations on boilers exhibiting lower uncontrolled NOx emission rates. Figure 9 compares pre and post retrofit C0/02 trends. As shown, the Todd burner demonstrated significantly improved performance over that achievable for the pre-retrofit NOx control configuration. This gain in minimum achievable excess 02 level is partly responsible for the lower NOx emission rate obtainable with the Todd burner retrofit and also offers a benefit in terms of boiler thermal efficiency. The improved C0/02 performance of the Todd burner installation can be attributed in part to improved air/fuel flow uniformity to the burner arrays on the two firing walls. This was achieved by a combination of windbox modifications made in conjunction with the burner installation and balancing of the burner fuel and air flows during shakedown testing. Therefore, part of the NOx and heat rate gain can be credited against the windbox modifications independently of the burner installation and the remaining part to the burner itself. The relative contribution of these two factors has not yet been assessed but answering this question is useful in terms of comparing the NOx control capability of O.S. firing (whose implementation could be accomplished in conjunction with windbox modification) with the installation of a Todd LNB. Figure 10 is a plot of recorded CEM data (note scale is in LB/HR) acquired post retrofit during the month of August, 1990 for unit operation over the normal load range in both AGC and operator control modes. The significant data scatter can be attributed to the normal variability of key parameter settings such as excess 02 and FGR rate and instrumentation variability. A similar plot has been prepared for the pre-retrofit NOx configuration for the same period in 1987. Figure 11 shows the best curve fits for each of the mentioned data sets and also a replot of the lowest obtainable post retrofit NOx emission demonstrated as shown previously in Figure 4 (all in LB/HR). The plots illustrate that single point data acquired in controlled testing of the maximum NOx control capability configuration can significantly underestimate achievable operational emissions as monitored by a CEM for demonstration of regulatory compliance purposes. A comparison of the upper two curves also confirms that the Todd burner installation was successful in reducing NOx emissions during normal AGC operation. Figure 12 shows pre-retrofit NOx emissions at selected loads on oil firing for the ABIS and BOOS modes of operation. Post retrofit oil firing data have not yet been acquired and the data are shown for general interest. In terms of operational performance, the Todd burner installation has satisfied all of SCE's original objectives with the exception of turndown on oil firing which has not yet been demonstrated. Flames are stable over the load range 8-30 ------- including minimum load and do not exhibit any tendency to lift off under normal operating conditions. In addition, operating excess 02 level has been significantly reduced for gas firing thereby yielding a meaningful improvement in boiler thermal efficiency. ORMOND BEACH UNIT #2 Figure 13 shows representative pre and post retrofit test results over the load range for OBGS-2 firing gas fuel. The data points apply to minimum excess 0, levels and approximately to the same near maximum WFGR rate at each load level. The data indicate that the Todd burner installation reduced NOx emissions to below obtainable pre-retrofit levels for the ABIS mode of operation and a further increment in NOx reduction was achievable for O.S. operation (third row BOOS). Uncontrolled full load NOx emissions are believed to have been in the range of 1200-1500 PPM and therefore the controlled full load emissions for any of the configurations (LNB or original burner with O.S. and with WFGR) represent a reduction of at least 92%. This magnitude of percent NOx reduction is nearly identical to that achieved on AGS-6. Unlike that unit however, post retrofit ABIS NOx emissions at OBGS-2 are lower than the best obtainable pre-retrofit NOx emissions by approximately 10% at full load. The test results in the O.S. mode shows an incremental reduction of 20% from the pre-retrofit level at full load as indicated in Figure 13. The general range of pre and post retrofit CO concentrations measured verses excess 02 is shown in Figure 14 for gas fuel at loads of 550 MW and above. The C0/02 trends are approximately the same for the pre-retrofit O.S. and post retrofit ABIS modes of operation while post retrofit operation in an O.S. mode exhibited higher CO concentrations at comparable 0, levels. These results are at variance with those demonstrated for AGS-6 which showed an improvement in the C0/02 post retrofit trend for the O.S. operating mode in comparison to pre-retrofit results. CO concentrations for this latter unit operating in an ABIS mode have not yet been measured. The results are surprising since the windbox modifications made to improve air flow uniformity were expected to result in an improvement in the C0/02 trend as compared to pre-retrofit conditions. A comparison of pre- and post-retrofit NOx emissions for oil firing is shown in Figure 15. The data indicate that the Todd burner achieved lower NOx emissions at full load operating in an O.S. configuration than was obtainable for pre- retrofit. Since the data are limited and there is some uncertainty in the indicated WFGR rates, further analysis is required to confirm this result. For gas fuel there was no increase in measured VOC emissions for operating conditions consistent with lowest-NOx emissions, (O.S. operation, low excess 02 and high FGR rate). Similarly for oil fuel there was no measured increase in either solid carbon or condensible hydrocarbons, again under lowest-NOx operating conditions. The post-retrofit condition of the flames was substantially better than pre- retrofit under all operating conditions, even at 50 MWe with all air registers open, high FGR rates (up to 40%) and high excess air (25% of rated flow). Under all conditions the flames were closely attached to the burner tip/throat area and were steady and symmetrical. Prior to retrofit the flames were frequently detached from the burner throat by as much as three to four feet, pulsated irregularly and were occasionally irregular in shape. 8-31 ------- Prior to the burner retrofit, severe boiler vibration (rumbles and furnace wall pulsations) were experienced under certain "normal" conditions of load, excess air, FGR rate and burner firing pattern. Although the severe vibration could usually be avoided, or corrected by an experienced operator, the condition was of concern to the operating and engineering staff. Following the burner retrofit, the unit generally operates more smoothly and the most severe vibrations no longer occur. It should be noted that simultaneously with the burner retrofit, the FD fans were modified from constant-speed with inlet vane flow control to variable speed with no inlet vanes. Although it is uncertain whether the fan modifications contributed to the reduced vibration, the change has definitely reduced the operating noise level and has significantly improved the control and steadiness of the air flow. CONCLUSIONS It is premature in view of the limited post-retrofit test data acquired thus far to draw definitive conclusions relative to the pre and post retrofit NOx emission control performance comparison. It is possible, however, to make some observations on the basis of the data that have been acquired which are expected to be valid at the conclusion of the program. 1) Full load gas fired NOx emissions for both units with the Todd burner installation combined with approximately 20% WFGR have been reduced by 93% from the uncontrolled baseline NOx level. This reduction was achieved by operating in an O.S. mode with 25% BOOS. 2) The pre-retrofit NOx control configuration of O.S.operation (25% BOOS) combined with 20% WFGR demonstrated nearly the same NOx reduction as post- retrofit from the uncontrolled baseline level for full load gas fired operation. The difference in demonstrated relative NOx control capability amounting to a further reduction of about 20% from the pre- retrofit level could be meaningful for utilities facing very stringent NOx emission control regulations such as SCE. 3) Achievable NOx emissions employing either control configuration during normal AGC operation will be significantly higher than that demonstrated in the controlled testing conducted in this program. 4) The C0/0? performance demonstrated by the Todd burner installations owed conflicting trends in comparison to the pre-retrofit test results. VOC emissions on gas fuel and particulates on oil fuel did not increase with the installation. 5) The burner retrofit demonstrated significantly improved operational performance relative to pre-retrofit in terms of flame holding, stability and boiler vibration. 8-32 ------- 00 I CO CO FUEL OIL ATOUIZER AIR SLIDE ACTUATOR Figure 1: Todd Dynaswirr Low NOx Burner Todd Combustion GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DYNASWRL - LN BURNER C/W CENTEfl FIRED CAS GUN AND POKERS ------- CXI CO Front windbox 4 3 Burner level 2 1 Air from FD fans (2) Damper FGR fan (2) Figure 2: Alamitos - Unit 6 Air/FGR Configuration ------- 00 CO 01 Front Windbox FGR Injection Array (2) Flow Measurement Venturi (2) Figure 3: Ormond Beach Unit 2 Air/FGR Configuration ------- o CO Q. QL 8 100 80 - 60 40 20 ALAMITOS #6 GAS FUEL • ABIS A 3rd Row BOOS Uncontrolled NOx Emission 700 ppm 44 100 16%WFGR 0.8 % Excess O. 500 600 200 300 400 GROSS GENERATION (MW) Figure 4: Minimum Achievable Post Retrofit NOx Emission Over the Load Range O CO Q. Q. x" O z I^U 110 100 90 80 60 50 40 2.0 A A 2.2 — / A2.2 — - - ALAMITOS GAS FUEL, " Pre Retrofit ^2.3 A 2.8 / .\ / \ / \ ^k ' 2 1.8 A2.2 * A1.9 A2.0 Kl'7 Ai.e #6 A 480 MW 1-3 A145 - BOOS - • Post Retrofit - ABIS Aa9 - ^ Post Retrofit - BOOS M A i 1.0 i i i i 8 10 16 18 12 14 WFGR, % Figure 5: Comparison of Pre and Post Retrofit NOx Emission at 480 MW 20 8-36 ------- I£U ^ 100 0" ^ CO (8) 80 TJ, C Q. 60 o ""^ Z 40 20 ALAMITOS GAS FUEL A Pre Retrc A2.6 A2.7 ApostRett !— 1 i— i /\fc. 1 A2.5 A2.6 A1.8 A1.8 A2.3 ~ A2.6 2.1AA1.9 A1p8 ^i 4 A 2.5 % Excess 0 2 A. 95 - A1.4 1' A ^K ^& M A1.4 I I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 #6 ., 360 MW >fit - BOOS ofit - BOOS 1.3 AL6 J1.0 A1-3 I '85 30 3 WFGR, % Figure 6: Comparison of Pre and Post Retrofit NOx Emission at 360 MW au 80 ^ Cf 70 ^ *? 60 © S 50 £ a 40 x" Q 30 Z 20 in ALAMITOi A GAS FUEl 2'8 A Pre Retrc •^2.3 A Post Retr A.8 A2.3% Excess 02 A2.5 1.7 A A>.2 ^1.7 1.8 ^21 A3.0 ' 2'3AA?27A,.o A2.1 IQ A . Z_i2.6 * A 'a ^ A c 0.7 A 1.3 A A ^.6 0.9 *' I I I 5 #6 _, 260 MW >fit - BOOS ofit - BOOS *f i 10 40 20 30 WFGR, % Figure 7: Comparison of Pre and Post Retrofit NOx Emission at 260 MW 50 8-37 ------- 1,000 800 E 600 0. 0. x" O Z 400 200 0 - 700 ppm - - - <*• :';X v^' "t Pre Retrofit * * Post Retrofit 79% Reduction from ^^_ 150 ^Ml Baseline 174(^^1 Uncontrolled BOOS BOOS ABIS ABIS BOOS Baseline 19%FGR 19%FGR 19%FGR Figure 8: Comparison of Alamitos #6 Pre and Post Retrofit NOx Emission at Full Load on Gas Fuel 700 600 500 Q. 400 O 300 200 100 ALAMITOS #6 GAS FUEL 250-480 MW Post Retrofit (O.S.) 0.5 1.5 2 EXCESS 02, PERCENT 2.5 Figure 9: Comparison of Pre and Post Retrofit CO Emission 8-38 ------- 500 450 400 350 300 . 250 X O Z 200 150 100 50 0 ALAMITOS #6 GAS FUEL 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 LOAD, MW Figure 10: CEM Data for the Month of August, 1990 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 ALAMITOS #6 GAS FUEL Beat Fit of August, 1987. CEM Data, (Pre-Retroflt) Post Retrofit Minimum Achievable Best Fit of August, 1990. CEM Data, (Post-Retrofit) 50 100 400 450 500 550 150 200 250 300 350 LOAD, MW Figure 11: Comparison of Pre and Post Retrofit "Best Fit" Curve of CEM Data and Post Retrofit Minimum Achievable NOx Emission 8-39 ------- 170 160 150 CO © 140 130 Q. Q. 120 110 100 ALAMITOS #6 OIL FUEL o ABIS A BOOS O12.6%FGR 3.5 %Q, Ol7.9 3.5 2.8 % O2 Q24.2 3.5 20.7 3.2 \18.4 3.6 250 300 350 400 450 LOAD, MW Figure 12: Pre Retrofit Oil Fuel NOx Emission 500 ORMOND BEACH #2 GAS FUEL A Pre Retrofit, O/S Firing Post Retrofit, ABIS A Post Retrofit, O/S Firing Uncontrolled NOx Emission 1200-1500 ppm 200 800 400 500 600 GROSS GENERATION, MWe Figure 13: Comparison of Minimum Achievable Pre and Post Retrofit NOx Emission over the Load Range for Gas Fuel 8-40 ------- 1,200 1,000 .^ 800 I. 600 Q. O ° 400 200 Pre Retrofit (O.S.) Post Retrofit (ABIS) ORMOND BEACH #2 GAS FUEL 550 MW - 750 MW 0.5 1 1.5 BOILER EXCESS 02, % (dry) Figure 14: Comparison of Pre and Post Retrofit CO Emission 200 180 160 j 140 ORMOND BEACH #2 OIL FUEL O Pre-Retrofit (ABIS) A Pre-Retrofit (O/S Firing) • Post-Retrofit (ABIS) ± Post-Retrofit (O/S Firing) (§) 120 Q 100 I. 80 Q. X" 60 O Z 40 20 0 38, 2.05 O A 31,3.78 33, 2.55 26, .77' 27, 2.0 ' 24, .73 25,2.950 7, 2.53 438,2.13 41,1.0^ . 20, 2.22 200 400 600 GROSS GENERATION, MWe Figure 15: Comparison of Minimum Achievable Pre and Post Retrofit NOx Emission Over the Load Range for Oil Fuel 800 8-41 ------- COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF NOx REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR GAS- AND OIL-FIRED UTILITY BOILERS Gary L. Bisonett Steam Generation Department Pacific Gas and Electric Company San Francisco, California 94106 Mike McElroy Electric Power Technologies, Inc. Berkeley, California 94705 ------- COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF NOx REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR GAS- AND OIL-FIRED UTILITY BOILERS Gary L. Bisonett Steam Generation Department Pacific Gas and Electric Company San Francisco, California 94106 Mike McElroy Electric Power Technologies, Inc. Berkeley, California 94705 ABSTRACT Pacific Gas and Electric Company conducted a comparative assessment of commercially available NOx control technologies that might be applicable to our gas- and oil-fired boilers. One phase of the assessment, cofunded by EPRI, was a comparative cost and feasibility analysis of various commercially available technologies, including combustion modifications, low NOx burners, and selective catalytic reduction. The results of this study are being incorporated into efforts to identify a cost-effective system wide NOx control strategy for our system. The comparative assessment was conducted based on a typical boiler in our system to allow technology comparisons to be made on a consistent basis. Once the information for each technology was developed, the site specific factors that affected each technology were identified so that the results could be generalized and modified for other boilers in our system. One aspect of the project was to develop a computer program, also cofunded by EPRI, to help PG&E compare various NOx control strategies for possible application in our system. The computer program provides a first-cut analysis of NOx reduction costs given different projected NOx limits and compliance strategies. 8-45 ------- COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF NOx REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR GAS- AND OIL-FIRED UTILITY BOILERS INTRODUCTION Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) performed a multi-faceted engineering program to identify and evaluate options for reducing NOx emissions from its gas- and oil-fired electric generating units. The program, involving the 39 boilers in the PG&E system, had two primary goals: (1) Evaluate and compare the technical and economic merits of commercially available retrofit NOx control technologies and their applicability to PG&E's boilers; and (2) Develop a computer model to assist PG&E in developing an optimum system-wide NOx control strategy. The program was prompted by concerns for lower NOx emission requirements for California utility boilers. The program was performed with cofunding and technical participation from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The involvement of EPPJ was in recognition that the PG&E program would be a valuable case study for the utility industry, and the results could assist other utility companies planning or engaged in similar NOx control assessments. PG&E is one of the largest investor owned gas and electric utilities in the United States. PG&E's fossil fuel fired electric generating capacity is centered in seven stations located throughout the Company's service territory which encompasses much of northern and central California. PG&E's gas- and/or oil-fired boilers total over 7,600 megawatts of electrical capacity, and represent a wide cross-section of manufacturers, furnace designs, combustion systems, equipment sizes, and vintages. PG&E's 345 MW opposed-fired boilers (manufactured by Babcock and Wilcox) comprise one-third of the capacity, and were the focus of the program. NOx control measures have been previously implemented on these and several other PG&E boilers, including overfire air, flue gas recirculation, low excess air operation, and biased firing. The California Clean Air Act which was passed in 1988 requires local air pollution control districts to develop plans to attain ambient air quality standards in California. The California ozone ambient air quality standard is 25 percent more stringent than the Federal ozone standard. This requires a very aggressive program on the part of regulators to develop plans to attain the California ozone standard. PG&E's goal is to work closely with regulators to identify emission reduction plans that are both cost effective and responsive to the air quality needs of the communities we serve. Since the completion of this study, PG&E has continued to develop site-specific information to identify cost effective strategies for reducing NOx emissions. This program is ongoing and will continue as information from other installations, R&D, and the regulatory process becomes available. 8-46 ------- PG&E NOx CONTROL ASSESSMENT PROGRAM Program Scope The PG&E program consisted of the following work elements: 1. Verify existing boiler NOx emissions as a function of load for each boiler, using existing field test data, supplemented as necessary with NOx emission predictions based on furnace heat release rate correlations. 2. Compile detailed listings of boiler-specific operating and physical data that are related to NOx formation. 3. Evaluate the applicability and NOx reduction potential of operational modifications (e.g., bumers-out-of-service and biased firing) for the entire PG&E boiler population. This work was based upon previous experience with such controls within PG&E and elsewhere in the utility industry. 4. Assess the technical feasibility of retrofitting state-of-the-art low-NOx combustion systems for three selected boilers, and develop NOx reduction and cost factors for the technically feasible options. 5. Perform limited field tests on one unit (Contra Costa Unit 6) to validate predictions of NOx reduction achievable by combustion modifications. 6. Conduct comprehensive technical and economic assessments for low-NOx combustion and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for a selected boiler (Contra Costa Unit 6). 7. Rank each potential NOx control option evaluated during the study by cost, NOx reduction potential, and technical risk. Also, identify the site specific factors that influenced the rankings. 8. Construct a NOx emission forecast model which utilizes the above results to identify the NOx controls required to meet specified system-wide or regional emission limits at minimum cost. 9. Develop hypothetical NOx compliance strategies for different levels of system-wide NOx reduction utilizing the NOx emission forecast model. Contra Costa Unit 6 was selected for the retrofit feasibility study (Item 4 above), and for detailed engineering and cost evaluations (Item 6), because it is representative of a boiler design that constitutes one-third of the PG&E fossil system capacity. Less detailed feasibility studies where also performed on two other PG&E boiler designs which posed distinctly different retrofit situations (Moss Landing Units 6 & 7, and Pittsburg Units 5 & 6). Each of the three selected boilers were already operating in a reduced-NOx mode (with flue gas recirculation to the windbox and combustion staging) which was the baseline condition for the feasibility and engineering studies. 8-47 ------- For the three plant sites, operation with natural gas and residual oil was considered. Fuel oil with a 0.5 percent sulfur content, based on the maximum allowed by regulatory requirements, was assumed. Since fuel nitrogen content is not constant and variations would affect the NOx reduction attainable by a given combustion NOx control, values of 0.3 percent and 0.6 percent (by weight) nitrogen in the oil were considered for purposes of NOx predictions. Description of Study Boilers Contra Costa Unit 6 - The unit is a forced draft, opposed-fired, drum-type boiler manufactured by Babcock &. Wilcox with a rated generating capacity of 345 MW (gross). The unit was built in 1964. The unit fires oil and natural gas through 24 circular register burners arranged in two rows of six burners on each firing wall. The furnace contains two division walls separated from the furnace end walls and each other by two columns of burners. An elevation drawing of the boiler is provided in Figure 1. In 1973-1974, overfire air ports were installed to reduce NOx emissions in order to meet new NOx emission limits. Overfire air ports were installed in the windbox, one above each burner column, for a total of twelve ports. In addition, the existing hopper gas recirculation system was upgraded to mix up to 18 percent flue gas into the secondary air duct feeding the windbox. Moss Landing Units 6 and 7 These two identical units, rated at 750 MW (gross), began operation in 1967-68. These units, manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox, are forced-draft, supercritical boilers. The units are opposed wall fired and were originally equipped to fire oil or natural gas with 3-nozzle cell burners arranged in a two-high by four-wide array on each firing wall (a total of 24 burner throats on each wall). In the early 1970's, the existing hopper gas recirculation system was modified to permit operation with up to 18 percent flue gas recirculation with provisions to direct recirculated flue gas to the windbox for NOx control. Also, the top nozzles of the upper four cell burners on each wall were modified to pass air only, acting as localized overfire air ports to provide an additional NOx reduction. Pittsbure Units 5 and 6 - The two identical units, designed by Babcock and Wilcox, began operation in 1960-61. The units are forced draft, natural circulation boilers, with a rated generating capacity of 330 MW (gross when fired with either natural gas or oil fuel. The units were designed for future coal firing with a conversion to balanced draft. The boilers are opposed fired with 24 burners arranged in two-high by six-wide array on each wall. In the early 1970's, the units were modified to reduce NOx emissions by adding flue gas recirculation to the windbox and installation of overfire air ports above the top burner row. Program Participants A majority of the work was performed by outside contractors selected on a competitive basis. The major participants and their areas of prime responsibility are as follows: • EPRI - Cofunding and participation in project technical direction. • Babcock & Wilcox Company - Retrofit evaluation of low-NOx combustion equipment options and Selective Catalytic Reduction. • Fossil Energy Research Corporation - Development of NOx Emission Forecast Model • KVB. Inc. - Compilation of current (baseline) boiler NOx emission factors, and evaluation of NOx reduction via operational modification. 8-48 ------- • Electric Power Technologies. Inc. - Provide technical and administrative support to PG&E, including assistance in program planning, selection of subcontractors, and analysis of results. • PG&E - Overall project management and NOx reduction field tests at Contra Costa Unit 6. NOx CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATED The NOx control technologies that were considered in the NOx control evaluation include: 1. Operational Modifications to Existing Equipment 2. Combustion Equipment Modifications • Two Stage Combustion (TSC) • Reburning 3. Postcombustion NOx Control • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Operational Modifications. The operational modifications evaluated were: (1) low excess air; (2) bumers-out-of-service (BOOS), including selected gas spuds out of service for natural gas firing, (3) fuel biasing, (4) optimization of existing overfire air ports (where installed); and (5) optimization of existing windbox flue gas recirculation (where installed). Other modifications considered, but not found to be cost-effective, were reduced combustion air preheat and water injection. Combustion Equipment Modifications. The combustion equipment modifications were commercial combustion systems, offered by B&W. Each involved retrofit of low-NOx PG-DRB burners, installation of dual register overfire air ports, and installation of a compartmentalized windbox. Conceptually, the systems differed primarily in the arrangement and number of burners on the firing walls, location of overfire air ports, requirements for additional furnace height, and the control and distribution of air and fuel among the overfire air ports and burner elevations. Each system was evaluated for a range of flue gas recirculation rates, both within the existing FOR capacity and under conditions of increased FOR capacity. The scope of modifications and retrofit equipment associated with each combustion technology is summarized in Table 1. Four versions of rebuming were evaluated: (a) In-Fumace NOx Reduction (IFNR) (b) Pseudo-In-Fumace NOx Reduction (Pseudo-IFNR) (c) Derate In-Furnace NOx Reduction (Derate-IFNR) (d) Dual-Mode In-Furnace NOx Reduction (DM-IFNR) 8-49 ------- Versions (b), (c) and (d) were essentially compromise designs which attempt to minimize boiler modifications [e.g., minimize or eliminate need for additional furnace height] compared to a non-compromise, full rebuming system [version (a)]. Pseudo-IFNR utilized minimum furnace residence time criteria for rebuming reactions, Derate-IFNR involved a load reduction on the unit to satisfy rebuming residence time requirements, and DM-IFNR involved operation in an IFNR mode below a certain load and TSC operation at higher loads. A limited evaluation of B&W's XCL burners was also performed, as this technology became commercial during the course of the study. Selective Catalytic Reduction. The postcombustion SCR technology was a commercial system offered by B&W through a licensing agreement with Babcock-Hitachi in Japan. The scope of modifications and retrofit equipment are summarized in Table 1. RESULTS Operational Modifications Maximum NOx reductions achievable from implementation of operational modifications to existing combustion equipment were predicted to range from approximately 10 percent to as high as 60 percent from boiler to boiler (at full load). The range reflects the varying degrees of NOx control already in place, and the site-specific factors that influence the applicability and performance of these controls. The NOx reductions typically associated with each control technique are as follows: Operational Modification NOx Reduction Low Excess Air 5-10 percent Bumers-Out-Of-Service 15-60 percent Fuel Biasing 20-50 percent Overfire Air Optimization 10-15 percent FOR Optimization 5-20 percent In general, due to the low cost of implementing operational changes, these options should be considered as a first NOx control alternative. Combustion Equipment Modifications State-of-the-art low-NOx combustion controls, aimed at achieving minimum NOx emissions via modifications to combustion equipment — specifically, TSC and rebuming — were not universally applicable to all boilers in the PG&E system. Moreover, the predicted NOx reductions with these technologies, where technically feasible, varies considerably from unit to unit. Predicted NOx reductions range from 20 percent to as high as 70 percent from existing levels, reflecting the impact of site-specific factors, associated compromises in NOx control system design, and specific NOx control design and operating conditions. These NOx reductions were calculated from existing "baseline" boiler operating conditions in which the current use of flue gas recirculation and various degrees of conventional combustion staging already result in reduced NOx emissions. Larger percentage NOx reductions would be expected if the study boilers had not been previously equipped with these NOx control measures. 8-50 ------- The boiler-specific results concerning technical feasibility are summarized in the following paragraphs. The predicted NOx emissions are summarized in a separate subsection below. Contra Costa Unit 6: TSC could be applied, with burner rearrangement and significant ductwork and windbox modifications. The relatively tight furnace, originally designed with minimum residence times, would not accommodate any version of reburning without major extensions in furnace height. The change in furnace height required for implementation of IFNR is illustrated schematically in Figure 2. Moss Landing Units 6 & 7: Application of low-NOx combustion systems is difficult due to the 3-nozzle cell burner design, and the physical interferences from steam headers and mixing equipment located halfway up the furnace walls in the windbox. A TSC system could be installed but would require major modifications to the firing walls, including complete rearrangements of the burner array and windbox to accommodate new burners and overfire air ports. Pseudo-IFNR is the only rebuming option determined to be feasible, but would require a substantial increase in furnace height as well as firing wall modifications similar to TSC. For both control options, use of XCL burners instead of PG-DRB burners could reduce the retrofit complexity and cost. Pittsburp Units 5 & 6: The relatively high residence time in the furnace (originally designed for future coal conversion) greatly enhances retrofit feasibility. TSC can be retrofitted with only minor modifications to the overfire air ports (the PG-DRB burner would fit into existing burner openings). IFNR can also be applied without major furnace modifications~an additional row of burners and new overfire air ports would be required. Selective Catalytic Reduction It is feasible to retrofit Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to the Contra Costa Unit 6 to achieve postcombustion NOx removals of approximately 80 percent. The design conditions and operating parameters were concluded to be similar to SCR units operating in Japan. Two possible SCR arrangement were evaluated for Contra Costa Unit 6: (1) Base Case -single SCR reactor located in the existing air heater location, requiring relocation of air heaters and FD fans towards the stack; and (2) Alternate Case - two SCR reactors located above the existing air heater locations, with air heaters and fans undisturbed. Schematics of both configurations are shown in Figures 3 and 4. 8-51 ------- NOx Reduction Summary for Control Options The predicted NOx reductions for the combustion modification options are summarized in Table 2 for the three boilers evaluated. Figure 5 compares the NOx reductions predicted for combustion modifications and SCR applied to Contra Costa Unit 6. Plant Impacts For SCR, and the advanced combustion systems that were technically feasible, there appear to be no adverse impacts on power plant performance, operation, or reliability that would preclude their implementation. However, potential impacts were identified and incorporated into the overall evaluation of control options. The potential impacts considered include: Combustion Modifications Increased auxiliary power for higher FOR rates, where required. Potential increase in furnace tube wastage due to reducing conditions. - Boiler control system complexity. Changes in furnace excess air and resulting effects on plant heat rate. - Boiler startup and shutdown procedures. - Potential for flame impingement. - Burner turndown. - Restrictions on rate of load change. Potential localized connective pass tube overheating. Selective Catalytic Reduction - Potential air heater plugging when burning oil fuel. - Increased minimum load or economizer bypass to maintain minimum SCR temperature. - FD fan upgrading to overcome increased system pressure drop. Boiler startup and shutdown procedures. - Increased maintenance for SCR catalyst replacement and air heater cleaning. - Air heater wash water treatment. - Ammonia emissions. 8-52 ------- Cost of NOx Control The cost of retrofitting combustion modifications and SCR (1989 dollars) were evaluated according the standard EPRI Economic Premises. Capital costs ($/kW) included all materials, engineering, installation, contingencies, and home office fees for a turn-key retrofit project. Levelized costs (mills/kWh) included all operating and maintenance labor and materials, administrative costs, and carrying charges. Levelized costs reported herein are for a base case 30-year levelization period and 30 percent capacity factor (other assumptions were evaluated in the study to examine cost sensitivity to these parameters). Low-NOx combustion system costs estimated for Contra Cost Unit 6 ranged from approximately $40/kW to$50/Kw, with total levelized costs ranging from approximately 3 to 4 mills/kWh. These cost estimates are higher than generic cost estimates in the open literature. The capital cost of SCR ranged from approximately $72/kW to$82/kW, and total levelized costs range from approximately 3 to 8 mills/kWh, depending on specific design and operating assumptions. A comparison of the costs of technically feasible NOx control options (TSC and SCR) for Contra Costa Unit 6 are compared in Table 3. Approximately 30 percent of the Engineering & Material costs for TSC-are for low-NOx burners, burner accessories, and overfire air ports. For SCR, approximately 40 percent of the Materials & Engineering cost is for the SCR reactor vessel, including the casing, framework, and initial catalyst charge. General Observations. The results of the study reinforce the following considerations regarding the evaluation of utility boiler retrofit NOx controls: 1. The selection of an optimum NOx control approach for a specific boiler is rarely obvious, without first performing detailed engineering and cost analysis of the available technology options. 2. To provide a meaningful comparison of NOx control options, it is imperative that a systematic approach be used which analyzes each potential control technology under the same technical and economic premises. 3. Relying on generic technical and cost data is not advisable for evaluating retrofit feasibility, NOx control cost, and potential NOx reductions for a specific boiler or a utility generating system. Such an approach could easily lead to substantial errors relative to a systematic, detailed engineering and cost analysis of the same boilers. 4. Depending on site-specific constraints and NOx reduction requirements, it is likely that a combination of NOx reduction techniques will provide the overall least cost means of achieving those requirements. Applicability and Value to Industry The PG&E retrofit analyses involved a single boiler manufacturer's NOx control technology applied to a few specific boilers. Although the technologies are representative of generic classes of NOx controls that are offered by other vendors, it is likely that conclusions regarding technical feasibility and cost would differ if performed by another manufacture applying its versions of these technologies. 8-53 ------- There are other boiler design types within the U.S. utility industry that are not represented by the units selected for evaluation in this study. Such boilers, including tangentially-fired units and cyclone-fired boilers burning gas and oil fuels, can be anticipated to pose substantially different retrofit constraints. Thus, a comparable feasibility analysis performed on these units could have different results than those in this study. Although the technical and cost evaluations may be pertinent to some retrofit situations encountered elsewhere in the industry, for the reasons enumerated above, feasibility and engineering/cost analyses specific to each utility company are required. However, the methodology used in this study is generally applicable across the industry, and can be applied by other utility companies performing NOx assessments of their generating systems. The value of this methodology will be further demonstrated as PG&E proceeds towards final selection and application of NOx controls for their generating system. PG&E NOx EMISSION FORECAST MODEL The PG&E NOx Emission Forecast Model determines the NOx emission controls required to meet specified emission limits and their related cost to PG&E. The costs are calculated both in terms of capital costs and levelized costs. The model also determines changes in the system heat rate due to the application of NOx controls. The model will allow PG&E to evaluate various load and fuel use scenarios with different emission limits imposed. The model calculates annual NOx emissions using boiler-specific information on operating hours and the loading, combined with information on boiler specific NOx-versus-load and heat rate-versus-load curves. The model has the capability to take PG&E's "adjusted load data" (a slightly modified version of the Total Daily Production, or TDP, files) and produce seasonal, monthly, and annual load profiles and capacity factors for each boiler. Therefore, although the model calculations are designed around a system annual operating basis, year-to-year variations in load demand and fuel use may be accommodated. A generic version of the model will be made available to EPRI member utilities as part of a software system now being assembled by EPRI. CURRENT PG&E ACTIVITIES PG&E is continuing to develop information on NOx control technologies that might be applicable to our power plants. We are conducting studies to evaluate NOx control cost and feasibility for more of the boilers in our system. This information will be used as input to the NOx emission forecast model to help us develop a cost effective system-wide NOx reduction strategy. Our goal is to identify a range of NOx reduction strategies that are both cost effective and responsive to the needs of the communities we serve. We are also planning to conduct a "proof of concept" test using urea injection on a 345 MW boiler. Urea will be injected into one-third of the flue gas in the convective pass of the boiler. The test boiler has two division walls that divide the furnace and flue gas paths into three flow streams. The results of this test will be used to determine if urea injection has the potential to provide cost effective NOx reductions on our 345 MW boilers. 8-54 ------- FIGURE 1 ot/nrr PACIWC 0*5 t HKTtK COMPANY CONTtA COnA TOWII flANT — UNrtJ NO. « AND 7 AKDOCM, CALIFOINLA MiTPCf ft WHCO1 ftAAtAMT MHtAT MUtl CATACTT. u HUM rv MOU* riueeo KJHIHL»'I« cxjrxn nmuti MAIMUU AllOWAtU WO*UN« HUIML FV . . l.UO H«H nUtUII UMIAT tnAU TlktftUTUII. I LOCI 8-55 ------- uMACt tut 4- co en 05 HOI po«r«-j- •U«Nf t(_ . •U*M<*1 - . NOPPCII —r- PO«TS -•UINCIS NOI PORTS EXISTING ARRANGEMENT NEW TWO-STAGE COMBUSTION SYSTEM •URHttf •UONCMC •UDHttC cn m oo o m r> m 2—1 5 -n S^ i t/> IN-FUHNACE NOX REDUCTION ------- 00 I Cxi EXISTIM5JNEW (EXCEPT NOTED) CO O JO m 3 m 53 m » 5S o O CO EXISTING t LOCATION OF F.D. FANS ------- CD i cn CD PLATFORM EL. 83' -0- 1 PLATFORM EL. 63--0- R_ATFOW EL. 49*-3* ' L SAMPLING CONN.—. AMHO4IA DISTRIBUTION , \ \ WID \ \ 1 , k ^ 1 \ ! - "7^ Y ;; i j!| X f rr i i \/..MUJlLUJ ,1 1 1 1 J t=; -|. — 1 i EXISTING ^ s P — ~* ' - -SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REACTOR /-SAMPLING CONN. j I / I 1 l EL. «8'-IO NEW (EXCEPT — ~ AS NOTED) ? A 3 -3/V J -- t A.M. T — t 1 , ' 1 ^ 1 NEW LOCATION . OF EXISTING" AIR HEATER ! I ! s i- A EL. 9'-6- ?6'-0- 18' -0' 32' -6" t PROPOSED «M COLUMN LOCATION EXISTING » LOCATION OF F.D. FANS l/> yo 70 tn li; r> a ------- FIGURE 5 PREDICTED NOx EMISSIONS FOR CONTRA COSTA UNIT 6 - FULL LOAD 00 cln CO NOx, ppm @3% O2 (dry) 500 400 - Original Design Existing (FGR+OFA) TSC IFNR SCR Fuel Oil (0.3 N2) Natural Gas ------- Table 1 MAJOR MODIFICATIONS AND EQUIPMENT ITEMS FOR NOx CONTROL OPTIONS - CONTRA COSTA UNIT 6 Two Stage Combustion In-Fumace NOx Reduction SCR (Base Case) Fans and Ductwork: - Replace FGR fan rotor. - New FGR outlet ducts and dampers. - OFA ducts and dampen. - PC ductwork/piping and dampers. - Replace air heater outlet ducts. Generally, same items as for TSC. (Detailed design not performed) New FD fans, drives, and foundations. Increased stiffening on flues and ducts. Structural supports, platework, expansion joints, dampers, turning vanes, etc. for installation of SCR, relocated air heater, and new FD fans. Boiler Modifications: - Partial replacement of sec. superheater (SSH) tubes. - Replace SSH attemperator to increase capacity. - Compartmentalized windbox. Major extension of furnace height (furnace bottom extended downward) requires modifications/replacement of furnace wall panels, structural supports, and water circuitry. Compartmentalized windbox. Reposition air heater toward stack (install SCR reactor in existing air heater location). Modify furnace convection pass buckstay/support systems. Combustion Equipment: - 24 PG-DRB burners with accessories (installed in existing furnace openings). - 12 Dual Register OFA ports (installed in existing furnace openings). - Modified fuel supply valving. Generally similar equipment items as for TSC except for additional row of burners (i.e., 36 PG-DRB burners required). - None Other - Boiler control system modifications (minimal) Boiler control system modifications and instrumentation expected to be more extensive than for TSC. SCR reactor vessel, incl. catalyst. Ammonia storage, vaporization, and injection systems. SCR controls and instrumentation. Modified underground utilities (due to interferences). 8-60 ------- Table 2 LOW-NOx COMBUSTION FEASIBILITY STUDY RESULTS Test Case Description: PG-DRB Burners Burner Arrangement Overfire Air Ports FGR Rate Predicted NOx Reduction at Full Load: Fuel Oil (0.3%N) Natural Gas Increased Furnace Height Other Considerations Preliminary Feasibility Contra Costa Unit 6 TSC 24 2Hx6W Opposed 12 20% 31% 61% No Yes IFNR 36 3Hx6W Opposed 12 20% 52% 73% Yes No P-IFNR 36 3Hx6W Opposed 12 20% 45% 70% Yes No D-IFNR 36 3Hx6W Opposed 12 20% 58% 75% No (1) No DM-IFNR 36 3Hx6W Opposed 12 20% 30% 62% Yes No Moss Landing 6 & 7 TSC 36 3Hx6W Opposed 12 18% 21% 50% No (2) Yes P-IFNR 36 3Hx6W Opposed 12 18% 54% 69% Yes (2) No Pittsburgh 5 & 6 TSC 24 2Hx6W Opposed 12 18% 40% 58% No (3) Yes IFNR 36 3Hx6W Opposed 12 18% 47% 66% No (3) Yes CO I O) (1) Load restricted to 55-60% of MCR. (2) Existing 3-nozzle cell burners require extensive changes in burner arrangement and windbox to accommodate PG-DRB retrofit. Physical interferences from steam piping and mixing devices along furnace wall complicate retrofit. (3) Coal-design furnace provides sufficient residence time for combustion staging within existing furnace cavity. ------- Table 3 COSTS OF TSC AND SCR FOR APPLICATION TO CONTRA COSTA UNIT 6 Two Stage SCR SCR Combustion (Base Case) (Alternate) Capital Cost ($/kW) Material & Engineering 17.5 30.8 33.7 Installation 12.7 15.6 19.3 Other (1) TOTAL CAPITAL REQUIREMENT 45.7 72.3 82.5 Levelized Cost (mills/kWh) Fixed and Variable O&M 0.8 1.1 1.2 Consumables (2) 0.0 1.3 1.3 Carrying Charges (Capital) 23 4.5 5.2 TOTAL LEVELIZED COST 3.7 6.9 7.7 Notes: (1) Includes contingencies, general facilities, taxes, and pre-production costs. (2) Includes replacement catalyst and ammonia for SCR. 8-62 ------- ANALYSIS OF MINIMUM COST CONTROL APPROACH TO ACHIEVE VARYING LEVELS OF NOx EMISSION REDUCTION FROM THE CONSOLIDATED EDISON CO. OF NY POWER GENERATION SYSTEM D. Mormile J. Pirkey Consolidated Edison Co. of New York New York, NY N. Bayard de Volo L. Larsen B. Piper M. Hooper Energy Technology Consultants, Inc. Irvine, CA ------- Analysis of Minimum Cost Control Approach to Achieve Varying Levels of NOx Emission Reduction from the Consolidated Edison Co. of NY Power Generation System D. Mormile J. Pirkey Consolidated Edison Co. of New york New York, NY N. Bayard de Volo L. Larsen B. Piper M. Hooper Energy Technology Consultants, Inc. Irvine, CA ABSTRACT Con Edison of New York operates a system of gas and oil fired boilers for power generation and district heating which is located in New York City. Although current NOx emissions from these boilers are in the range of NSPS limits, a further reduction could be mandated as a consequence of a future NOx regulatory strategy to achieve compliance with ambient ozone standards. In recognition of this possibility, Con Edison initiated a program in 1989 to determine how NOx emissions might be best controlled and at what cost. Tests have been conducted on each unit type/fuel combination to determine current NOx emission levels and the reduction potential achievable by employing operationally implemented off-stoichiometric firing. A PC based model of the system has been formulated which can predict system NOx emissions integrated over any potential compliance period for the application of any unit specific combination of NOx control technologies. The model considers capital and operating costs on a unit specific, control concept design basis and calculates system cost levelized over a specified period for each case considered. This paper presents a review of the program status and a preliminary summary of results obtained to date. The program is not yet completed. 8-65 ------- INTRODUCTION In 1989, The Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Office of Environmental Affairs, initiated a program to define cost-effective strategies to contend with possible future NOx emission regulations. The purpose of the program was threefold: 1) To assess the cost and effectiveness of all viable NOx control technologies as applied to the Con Edison fossil fuel boilers and to define the optimum means of achieving any specified level of NOx emissions. 2) To provide information to assess the economic and emissions impacts of proposed regulation levels and forms so that Con Edison might formulate a corporate position relative to rulemaking activities of regulatory agencies. 3) To identify areas to which Con Edison might best direct internal R&D funding to nurture the development of NOx control technologies to serve its future needs. The program, still in progress, comprises four major tasks: 1) testing of representative boilers to characterize both the baseline NOx emissions throughout the Con Edison system and the emissions reductions possible with O.S. firing techniques; 2) compilation and assessment of information on the control effectiveness and application costs of all pertinent NOx control technologies; 3) formulation of a PC-based computer model of the Con Edison fossil fuel boiler system to permit assessment of baseline NOx emissions and the cost and NOx emissions resulting from application of selected control technologies; and 4) analysis of optimum NOx control strategies to achieve compliance with a variety of potential emission requirements, using the results from the previous three tasks. The testing portion of the program consists of the measurement of NOx emissions from a selected set of boilers representing the total Con Edison population of boilers. Each boiler was tested with normal firing procedures over its firing range (load) and for each fuel (natural gas or residual oil) commonly burned. The baseline NOx emissions were characterized vs excess 0? level at each load level tested. Measurement of 02, CO and NOx was made at multiple locations in the boiler exit ducts using a mobile flue gas analysis laboratory. On some boilers tests were also performed to define the potential NOx reduction achievable by firing in an off-stoichiometric (O.S.) mode, consisting of shutting off fuel to selected burners while leaving their air registers open, thus stratifying the air/fuel mix in the combustion zone. In all, 21 boilers have been tested, out of a total population of 31 electric generation and 33 steam sendout boilers. The compilation and assessment of NOx control technology effectiveness and costs was accomplished with a combination of public and proprietary NOx emissions test data for a wide range of control technologies. To the extent possible, the available data were adjusted to reflect the most likely control effectiveness and cost of implementation which would occur upon application to specific Con Edison boilers. A PC-based, spreadsheet model was composed to calculate the NOx emissions, electric and steam production, and fuel consumption of each Con Edison boiler for any specified time period, load schedule, fuel mix and NOx control technology implementation. A discussion of some features of the program is contained below. 8-66 ------- Some preliminary analyses of optimum NOx control strategies have been completed using the computer model. The initial results are discussed in the paper. The purpose of this paper is to present these preliminary results, which may be of some interest to other utility and regulatory investigators. The authors emphasize that the analysis is incomplete at present. Additional boiler testing is planned, refinements are being incorporated into the computer model and the assessment of NOx control technologies continues to be updated. CURRENT OPERATION Con Edison operates a system of 64 fossil-fuel-fired steam boilers located within the city of New York, ranging in size from 150,000 Ib/hr to over 8 million Ib/hr steam capacity. Eleven large boilers generate only electricity (173 to 972 MWe each) with condensing turbines. An additional twenty boilers produce electricity and also send out live, extraction or exhaust steam for commercial heating use. Thirty-three smaller boilers produce steam only for send-out. The 64 boilers are distributed among thirteen separate plants in the boroughs of Staten Island, Brooklyn, Queens and Manhattan. Table 1 presents a summary description of the boilers operated by Con Edison and included in the current analysis. Additional electric generating plants, partially owned by Con Edison but operated by others, are not included in this study. Similarly, combustion gas turbines are excluded at present. As shown in Table 1, some units burn either gas or oil fuel (or a combination of both) while the remainder burn exclusively natural gas (60th St) or residual oil (all of the rest). Boilers with dual-fuel capability are generally restricted to oil fuel in the months of December through February due to curtailment of gas supplies. When both fuels are available, current fuel prices generally favor gas firing. In recent years the relative system-wide fuel mix has been from around 50 to 75% oil on an annual basis (BTU value). The electric generating boilers represent a spectrum of tangential, face and opposed fired boilers manufactured by CE, B&W and FW. Most of these were originally designed for coal firing and therefore represent relatively large furnace volumes (and consequently, low NOx emissions) for the unit firing capacity. This characteristic is discussed further below. The total capacity of Con Edison-operated fossil-fuel electric generation is approximately 6,700 MWe of which about 5,100 is steam-electric located in New York City. The remainder comprises gas turbines and shares of steam-electric units located elsewhere. Figure 1 depicts representative monthly generation and fuel usage projected for the early 1990's. From the figure it is clear that two annual peak generation periods occur, one in December/January and the other in July/August. In 1990 the peak generation days were on January 8 and July 5. As can be seen in Figure 1 the total actual generation by fossil-fuel steam units is around 40% of the maximum possible over the year. From Figure 1 the seasonal shift in fuel mix is clearly seen, with oil predominating from October through April and gas fuel sharing the load throughout the summer. This seasonal fuel-mix characteristic has significant implications on NOx emissions and control strategies. As mentioned above, the Con Edison boilers were, for the most part, designed for coal firing and therefore exhibit low NOx emission characteristics. Table 2 shows a comparison between similar classes of boilers (size, design) at Con Edison and at other utilities with typical gas/oil-design boilers. All data shown are from test data acquired within the past several years. The Con Edison baseline emissions 8-67 ------- measurements have not been completed. It is clear that the Con Edison boilers have considerably lower baseline NOx emissions with gas fuel than comparable boilers elsewhere. With oil fuel the difference is not as clear, although the Con Edison emissions are among the lower emission levels. The principal implication of the low initial (baseline) NOx emission levels at Con Edison is that the percentage reduction in NOx emissions achievable with most NOx control technologies depends to some degree on the initial NOx level prior to application of the technology. The baseline NOx emissions shown in Table 2 and used for analysis of potential NOx reduction capability are derived from short-term, carefully controlled engineering tests performed with steady-state boiler operation. While these data are useful for defining the effects of various controllable operating parameters on NOx emissions, it should be understood that continuous, day-to-day operation of a unit does not necessarily produce, on average, the same NOx emissions as a short- term engineering test, even at nominally the same firing conditions. Thus, there is a degree of uncertainty as to the actual NOx emission to be expected over a longer time span. Under Automatic Generation Control (AGC) the load on a unit (firing rate) is controlled by a central dispatch computer and can cycle continuously over its normal load range. In this transient mode of operation it is not always possible to maintain the "optimum" specified firing conditions (excess 02, burner pattern, etc) vs. load. In order to avoid unsafe conditions as the unit is automatically controlled over the load range, operators will tend to set a safety margin of excess 02 above the ideal, steady state point at a given load level, and thus the NOx emission will be increased somewhat. Also, over a longer period of time, boiler furnace walls may become dirty between soot-blowing periods, burners may deteriorate slightly and other uncontrollable factors may tend to increase NOx emissions over the values defined in short-term testing. Figure 3 illustrates the considerable variability of baseline NOx emissions with AGC control in comparison to the baseline NOx emissions derived from short-term testing. Thus, in order to maintain NOx emissions consistently below a specified regulatory limit, the operator would have to either reduce the average NOx emission well below the limit (so that the peak NOx emission was still below the limit) or reduce the variability of the NOx emissions about the average value by maintaining tighter control of excess 02, boiler wall cleanliness, etc. NOx CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES The technologies selected for inclusion in the study are those which have been historically employed on an operational basis for NOx control on gas/oil fired utility boilers and certain other developing technologies close to commercialization. Descriptions of these technologies have been well documented in the published literature and the discussion presented here is confined to pertinent information relating to NOx control capabilities. Considerable uncertainty exists as to the control capabilities of most of the candidate control options. The NOx reduction algorithms employed in the preliminary analysis are current best estimates. An effort is being conducted as part of the program to refine these estimates for final analysis. OFF-STOICHIOMETRIC FIRING fO.S.) This control option has been effectively employed by a number of utilities to achieve significant NOx reductions on gas/oil fired boilers. Figure 2 (abstracted from Ref. 1) shows the results achieved by one utility (Southern California Edison Co.) employing O.S. firing on a range of boilers firing natural gas fuel. These results are representative of those demonstrated in other utility systems which 8-68 ------- generally indicate a NOx reduction dependency on initial, uncontrolled NOx level. The shaded area in the figure depicts the range of NOx reductions demonstrated in the current Con Edison test program and confirms the dependency of control capability on initial NOx level. Similar trends have been demonstrated for oil fuel firing. The Con Edison O.S. test data generally fall in the range of 30% NOx reduction, which is substantially less than the control capability normally associated with this technology but is explained by the low baseline NOx levels. The steady state, short term data acquired in the test program for O.S. firing have been used in the analysis for the performance of this control option. This data may substantially overstate the magnitude of NOx reduction that could actually be achieved during normal AGC operation. Figure 3 shows a comparison between steady state and AGC test data for one of Con Edison's units in uncontrolled and O.S. operating modes. The AGC data shows considerable scatter and does not reflect any NOx reduction benefit for O.S. firing in comparison in the steady state data. Similar data scatter has been observed for baseline operation. The data scatter is due primarily to variations in operating excess air and to boiler cleanliness effects resulting from switching back and forth between natural gas and fuel oil firing. It may be possible to narrow the data scatter band by improving operating procedures and air flow control, but differences between steady state and AGC NOx emissions cannot be eliminated. The implication of these results is that both baseline and O.S. operating mode NOx emissions should be predicted on the basis of AGC operation, which is the intent for the final analysis. LOW NOx BURNERS (LNB) There are very few installations of LNB's on gas/oil fired utility boilers and there is little published data reporting NOx control performance. Ref. 2 provides preliminary data for installation of one such burner design on two gas/oil fired utility boilers. The test results demonstrated an improvement over that which had been achieved for O.S. firing in the range of 10-20%. On the basis of these results, the analysis assumes an NOx control performance for the LNB control technology of 10% greater NOx reduction than that achieved in the O.S. testing of the Con Edison units. UREA INJECTION (UREA) UREA injection is a developing technology which is likely to have widespread future application in utility systems for NOx control Versions of this technology are currently being demonstrated on several boilers in the Southern California Edison system. NOx reduction data acquired in these programs have been employed for the present study to formulate a NOx control algorithm. The data have been extrapolated to lower initial NOx levels than tested by kinetic analysis. The model thus formulated was used in the analysis and is shown in Fig. 4. The EXXON Thermal DeNOx technology which is similar to UREA injection except that the reagent is ammonia, could be employed as an alternative to UREA injection. For the purposes of this initial study, the UREA technology has been assumed to be representative of this general category of NOx control approach. WINDBOX FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION (WFGR) WFGR has been employed on both new and existing gas/oil fired boilers for NOx control. The technology has been demonstrated to be a very effective NOx control option but little data exists in the published literature pertaining to it's control performance. Reference 2 reports some data for two retrofit installations in the Southern California Edison system. This data has been utilized to formulate a NOx 8-69 ------- control model for natural gas and fuel oil firing which is shown in Fig. 5. The nitrogen content of the fuel oil applying to the test data is 0.3% which is essentially the same as for the Con Edison fuel. REBURNING The Con Edison boilers are particularly suitable for the application of the Reburning technology because of their uncharacteristically large furnaces for gas/oil fired units. This technology was not considered in the analysis, however, due to the lack of sufficient data to estimate NOx control performance, particularly at low initial NOx levels. SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR) SCR was assumed to have a NOx reduction capability of 80% for all initial NOx levels. SYSTEM NOx MODEL A PC-based spreadsheet model was written to calculate the NOx emissions and cost of control for any combination of control technologies for the Con Edison system, and for each boiler unit individually. The model comprises three functional areas: data input, calculations and summary. In the data input area the user enters the conditions defining the specific case to be evaluated. After the first run, only those data which change from case to case need to be entered each run. The input data fall into three categories: general description of the case, NOx control selection, and unit loading schedules. The general description data include case number and narrative description of the case conditions. The NOx selection input consists of completing a matrix table of NOx control technologies for each unit in the system. The final data input consists of loading schedules for each unit for both short term (1 hour to many days) and annual periods. The short-term period is intended to provide the total and average NOx emissions from each unit over a specified duration (e.g. 8 hours, 1 day, 1 week, etc). The annual period is used to calculated the NOx emissions, generation, fuel consumption and variable control costs over a year's time. For each time period the user inputs the hours of operation of each unit, at each of five (5) load levels and for each fuel used. The specification of hours of operation at each load level is important since NOx emissions are variable (usually non-linear) with load, and therefore the load history must be known in order to calculate integrated NOx emi ssions. Also located in the data input area, but usually not changed by the user, are tables of NOx reduction effectiveness and generic costs (capital and O&M) for each control technology. Capital costs are specified in$/KW and variable O&M costs in terms of $per unit of generation or of tons of NOx removed. The calculation area of the model begins with tables of baseline NOx emissions, (Ib/mmBtu) vs load for each unit and each fuel fired. Similar tables of NOx emissions vs load are provided for O.S. firing conditions. Controlled NOx emissions (in Ib/mmBtu) are calculated sequentially for each technology specified in the data input area. Thus, each technology effectiveness (and resulting NOx output) is dependent upon the output NOx level of the preceding technology. For example, if both LNB's and FGR are selected for a unit, then the FGR effectiveness at each load level of the unit will depend upon the LNB output NOx level at the corresponding load. Of course, each technology not selected has no effect on the NOx level. 8-70 ------- Following the last application of NOx technology to each unit, the final outlet NOx level is determined at each load level for each fuel. Based upon the hours of operation at each load level for each fuel specified in the input tables, the total short-term and annual NOx emissions (Ib/NOx) are integrated for each unit, along with the total generation (kwh) and thermal input (Btu). The cost of NOx control is calculated for each unit by summing each cost element (capital, fixed O&M, variable O&M) for each technology used. The capital cost for each selected technology is the generic cost ($/kw) times the unit rating (kw) times a unit-specific multiplier which represents the degree of difficulty of applying each technology to that unit. Similarly, the variable O&M cost of each unit is calculated as the sum of each applied technology's variable O&M cost, which is the product of the generic cost ($/kw or$/ton NOx) times the annual usage (kwh or tons NOx) times a unit-specific cost multiplier. Fixed annual O&M costs are the specified generic fixed O&M costs (\$/yr) times a cost multiplier for each unit. Finally, capital costs are level ized by multiplying the total capital cost for each unit by a recovery factor representing a specified time period (e.g. 20 years) and a rate of return (e.g. 10%). Similarly, the total annual O&M costs are levelized according to standard procedures to account for rising O&M costs over the economic life of the project, essentially in accordance with the EPRI TAG procedures. The capital and O&M levelizing factors are entered by the user. The final function of the spreadsheet model is to compile the emission and cost results for each unit into a total for the system (including appropriate system averages, such as Ib/mmBTU NOx emission) and to present the results in a concise tabular format. By calculating the-unit specific emissions and costs (and therefore the system emissions and costs) for a successive series of varied NOx control applications, the user can determine the lowest-total-cost combination of controls which will result in total system emissions meeting any specified level for any specified time- averaging period. ANALYSIS RESULTS The Con Edison System NOx model has been constructed and is fully operational, but preparation of input information has only been partially completed. Selected analyses have been performed, however, by utilizing that information which has been developed and by otherwise employing prior information in ETEC's possession and best estimates. The results of these analyses are reported herein and although they are subject to some level of uncertainty in terms of magnitude, derived trends and observations based on these trends are believed to be generally valid. Figures 6 and 7 show calculated system NOx emissions for 24 hour periods coinciding with peak generating days in July and December for baseline operation and for various NOx control strategies. Each plotted data point corresponds to a specific control strategy consisting of the application of various combinations of NOx reduction technologies to each unit in the system. Solid symbols denote that the indicated control combination has been uniformly applied to all units in the system while open symbols indicate selective utilization. In this latter case, the letters "Fg" indicate WFGR applications on only gas/oil fired boilers (excluding oil only units) and a numeral denotes the limited number of unit applications of the technology identified by the end letter in the sequence (ie OU(5) denotes O.S. on all units and UREA on 5 units). 8-71 ------- The results apply to actual unit load duration curves for 1990 but the fuel mix has been altered to reflect maximum gas burning in July and maximum oil burning in January (ie. dual fuel units burn either all gas or all oil depending on the month). This allocation of fuels burned approximates that shown in Fig. 1 which is based on a PROMOD projection. The indicated NOx emissions for each strategy have been determined by summing the respective integrations over each unit's load duration curve of the emission rate applying to the fuel burned and the combination of control technologies installed on the unit. The baseline (uncontrolled) NOx emissions indicated in the figures have been determined on the basis of the steady state test data acquired to date and estimates for as yet untested units. The levels shown understate actual NOx emissions since they do not reflect the effects of AGC operation, dual fuel firing and boiler cleanliness in switching between fuels. Each of these factors would tend to increase unit baseline, and hence system, NOx emissions. The reduced emission levels shown to be achievable by the application of the various strategies are also overstated in this regard since they are based on the baseline emissions. Aside from this factor, the achievable reductions have been determined employing potentially overly optimistic estimates of the NOx control capabilities of the individual control options, as pointed out previously. As a consequence of the above factors, the results as shown are probably too low and the rate of decline in achievable emissions with increasing control cost is too steep. The analysis results shown in Figure 6 and 7 are primarily of interest to Con Edison. It is possible, however, to draw certain observations based on the indicated trends that may be of more general interest to other gas/oil utilities and these are discussed below. OPTIMUM NOx CONTROL STRATEGIES The purpose of the analysis was to determine the minimum control cost to achieve varying levels of NOx emission reduction. This cost would be represented by a curve defining the locus of minimum control cost strategies for achieving successively reduced levels of NOx emission. Defining such a curve by employing the model is an iterative procedure in which various strategies are analyzed and the calculated NOx emission levels and costs are compared. This procedure was followed in the present case and the optimum strategies determined are those shown in Figures 6 and 7 as being the lowest points at any cost level. The strategies that were analyzed only broadly define the optimum curve since intermediate steps have not yet been evaluated. For instance, the locus of strategies between O.S. on all units and O.S. plus UREA on all units would be defined by the intermediate steps of sequentially adding UREA combined with O.S. to successive units. Two such intermediate steps are shown in Figures 6 and 7 for OU(3) and OU(5). The analysis results indicate that the optimum strategy to achieve a specific level of NOx emissions would consist of maximizing the system wide utilization of the lowest cost technologies first before employing on any unit the next most costly technology. For instance, it would always be more cost effective to employ UREA on additional units compared to employing the next most costly technology, which in this case would be WFGR, on any additional unit. This analysis result is summarized below: 8-72 ------- Strategy for Increasing Order of Control Option Application Levels of NOx Control All units Successive units I O.S. II O.S. + UREA III O.S. + UREA + WFGR IV O.S.+ UREA + WFGR + SCR LNB could be employed as a substitute technology for O.S., providing an added 10% increment in NOx reduction. However, the combination of O.S. plus UREA would always be more cost effective than the utilization of LNB's. WFGR would be employed in an optimum strategy only on gas/oil fired boilers since it's control capability for reduced initial NOx levels is too low for cost effective utilization on oil-only boilers. The above ranking order for utilization of control technologies would apply only to situations in which an emission regulation were expressed as a LB/day emission limit averaged over a system. Alternative forms of emission limits would likely result in a different ordering of technologies for optimum employment. DIMINISHING RETURN Figures 6 and 7 graphically illustrate the diminishing return of increasing expenditure to reduce NOx emission from the Con Edison system. This observation is quantified in the table below which applies to the optimum locus of strategies in Figure 6. System NOx Emission Cost of control Reduction, % Mill/KWH 50 .4 70 1.4 75 1.8 80 4.5 The table values show for instance that an 80% emission reduction would require a factor of three greater expenditure than a 70% reduction. This trend is actually understated since the achievable emission reductions shown in the figures are optimistic as explained previously. SEASONAL INFLUENCE ON COST OF CONTROL Figure 8 replots the optimum strategies defined in Figures 6 and 7 in terms of daily emissions averaged on a LB/MMBTU basis. Peak day NOx emissions are shown to be higher in January than in July. The reason for this is attributable to higher baseline NOx emissions in January due to substantially increased oil firing, to differences in unit loading schedules and to generally reduced NOx control effectiveness for some of the technologies for oil firing. The difference in emission rates for the two seasons is particularly significant if a regulation were passed of a form limiting emissions on a LB/MMBTU basis. The inset table in the figure shows that the cost of compliance in this instance would be at least a factor of two greater for January in comparison to July. The purpose of such a regulation, however, would be to reduce ambient ozone concentrations, which tend to be most pronounced during the summer months because of 8-73 ------- meteorological conditions favoring their formation. Therefore, a regulation of this form would result in an additional expenditure that would serve no environmental purpose. In such a situation, the emission limit should be formulated to cost effectively achieve it's intended purpose. CONCLUSIONS 1) A system NOx emissions model of the type described can be a useful tool in assessing the implications of a potential regulation in advance of it's promulgation for preparing a utility for the regulatory process. 2) The Con Edison boilers have low uncontrolled baseline NOx emissions because of their design and low capacity factors. In such instances, it is more difficult to reduce NOx emissions because of the reduced effectiveness of NOx control technologies for low initial NOx levels. 3) The process of establishing NOx emission regulations should recognize that relatively small differences in control limits can have a dramatic effect on the required cost of control. 4) The form of an emission regulation can inadvertently result in the expenditure of unnecessary control costs if it does not specifically address it's intended purpose. REFERENCES 1) Bagwell, F.A., et.al., "Utility Boiler Operating Modes for Reduced Nitric Oxide Emissions", JAPCA, November, 1971 2) Bayard de Volo, N., et.al., "NOx Reduction and Operational Performance of Two Full-Scale Utility Gas/Oil Burner Retrofit Installations", 1991 Joint Symposium of Stationary Combustion NOx Control, Washington, D.C., March 25-28, 1991 8-74 ------- TABLE I CON EDISON GENERATING UNITS Plant Function POWER POWER PLUS STEAM SENDOUT STEAM SENDOUT Plant ARTHUR KILL ASTORIA RAVENSWOOD EAST RIVER (Pwr Only) 59TH St. WATERSIDE 74TH ST. HUDSON AVE. RAVENSWOOD E.RIVER SO. 59TH ST. 74TH ST. 60TH ST. Unit 20 30 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 50 60 70 110 111 112 113 114 115 41 42 51 52 61 62 80 90 120 121 122 71,72 81,82 100 4 units 10 units 3 units 6 units 6 units Capacity MW 345 440 187 173 365 375 375 95 395 900 148 148 180 72 43 43 43 79 79 71 71 71 71 97 97 160 160 64 64 64 187 MLB/HR 275 EA 150 EA 150 EA 150 EA 150 EA Mfg B&W CE B&W B&W B&W CE CE CE CE CE B&W B&W FW B&W B&W B&W B&W CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE B&W B&W FW FW FW FW Firing Config. Face Corner Face Face Face Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Opposing Opposing Face Face Face Face Face Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Corner Face Face Face Face Package Package Package Package No of Burn. 32 40 22 22 32 32 32 32 32 64 12 12 18 8 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 16 6 2 2 2 2 Fuel O-Oil G-Gas O O G.O G,0 G,O G,O G,O G,O G,0 0 G,0 G,O G,O 0 0 O O 0 0 G,0 G,0 G,O G,0 G,0 G,0 G,0 G,O 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 G 8-75 ------- TABLE II CON EDISON BOILER CURRENT NOx EMISSIONS AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER UTILITY BOILERS FIRING CONFIGURATION Single Face Fired Opposed Fired T Fired SIZE MW 175 175 180 187 215 230 345 365 148 225 230 350 480 750 320 395 440 900/2 FULL LOAD, UNCONTROLLED NOx EMISSIONS, PPM GAS OTHER UTILITY 405 750 520 337 550 360 890 700 1200 335 CON ED 300 175 — 225 275 150 — — OIL OTHER UTILITY — 450 250 370 ... 250 425 320 750 225 CON ED 250 300 250 325 250 175 200 275 8-76 ------- 2,500 00 LU CO 1,500 g 2,000 O O I LJJ Z LJJ O =! 1,000 CO CO O 500 0 OIL Maximum Fossil Fuel Generating Capability for one month 4880 GWH 50 million 40 30 20 10 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH FIG. 1 Projected Con Edison Fossil Fuel Generation and Fuel Consumption for the early 1990's CO E E z" O CO z O O _i LU =) ------- Normal Operation High Excess Air Furnace Operation Fuel-Rich Burner Operation 1.4 Burner Equivalence Ratio 71 Burner % Air Furnace % Excess 0 „ FIG. 2 Off-stoichiometric Combustion for Natural Gas Firing 8-78 ------- a> -^i C£> OJ O E Q. Q. V) z O V) uy LU x O 300 - 20° 100 0 0 AGC OPERATION /\ UNCONTROLLED O OS STEADY STATE TEST DATA UNCONTROLLED O.S. 50 100 MW 150 200 FIG. 3 NOx EMISSIONS BAND DURING AGC OPERATION ON GAS FUEL FOR ASTORIA UNIT # 10 ------- 40 80 240 280 120 160 200 Initial NOx, ppm Figure 4. NOx Control Effectiveness of UREA Injection versus Initial NOx Level 240 280 120 160 200 Initial NOx, ppm FIG. 5 NOx Control Effectiveness of 20% WFGR versus Initial NOx Level for Gas and Oil Fuels 8-80 ------- C\l\i CD _l A O 0 g 150 CO" 0 CO CO •5 gj 100 ?~ ^c Q oo *: < LJJ n c * x 4 TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO SELECTED UNFTS LFU TO ALL APPLICABLE UNFTS. SCR TO (5) UNITS B BASELINE, NO CONTROL O OFF-STOICHIOMETRIC FIRING L LOW-NOx BURNERS F FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION n GAS FIRED UNITS ONLY 9 U UREA INJECTION S SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION AOU . LF ^ Lu A OUS(2) ^ OFgU A LUS(2) ~ A A°™LFU A U=gU A LFUS(5) A . LFUS A II 1 1 i I I 01 23 45 6789 10 11 1- LEVELIZED COST OF CONTROL, Mill/kwh FIG. 6 Optimum System NOx Control Strategy to Achieve Varying Levels of Emission Reduction for Peak Generating Day in July ------- <£OU CO 0 200 O A O CO" § 150 CO ^ LJJ co Q 10° CO ^ LJJ Q_ o: I 50 C\J 0 c JANUARY k B A° ^ A OU(3) .0F A°U(5) ALF — ^ LU(5) A OUS(2) . ou A LEGEND A LHJ TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO ALL APPLICABLE UNITS A LFUS<5) TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO SELECTED UNITS LFU TO ALL APPLICABLE UNITS, SCR TO (5) UNITS B BASELINE, NO CONTROL O OFF-STOICHIOMETRIC FIRING L LOW-NOx BURNERS F FLUE GAS RECIRCULATION g GAS FIRED UNITS ONLY U UREA INJECTION S SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION . s A ALFU A LFgU m LFUS A ii ii 1 23 45 6 78 9 10 11 1! LEVELIZED COST OF CONTROL, Mill/kwh FIG. 7 Optimum System NOx Control Strategy to Achieve Varying Levels of Emission Reduction for Peak Generating Day in January ------- 0.35 00 do CO CD E .E m _j CO CO CO LU LU Q_ DC CM 0.30 0.25 POSSIBLE EMISSION LIMIT LB/MMBTU A 0.13 B 0.08 % ADDmONAL COST OF CONTROL FOR JANUARY COMPLIANCE IN COMPARISON TO JULY 100 120 JULY, 1990 JANUARY, 1990 10 2468 LEVELIZED COST OF CONTROL, Mill/kwh FIG. 8 Added Cost of NOx Control to Comply With LB/MMBTU Emission Limit in January in comparison to July 12 ------- REDUCED NOx, PARTICULATE, AND OPACITY ON THE KAHE UNIT 6 LOW-NOx BURNER SYSTEM Stephen E. Kerho Dan V. Giovanni ELECTRIC POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Menlo Park, California J. L. B. Yee HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC. Honolulu, Hawaii David Eskinazi ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE Palo Alto, California ------- REDUCED NOx, PARTICULATE, AND OPACITY ON THE KAHE UNIT 6 LOW-NOx BURNER SYSTEM Stephen E. Kerho Dan V. Giovanni ELECTRIC POWER TECHNOLOGIES, INC Menlo Park, California J. L. B. Yee HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC Honolulu, Hawaii David Eskinazi ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE Palo Alto, California ABSTRACT Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO) completed major combustion system modifications in mid-1988 on Kahe Unit 6, a Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) oil-fired unit rated at 146 MW. The modifications were undertaken to reduce emissions of NOx and particulate matter, and to restore operational flexibility that had been restricted with burner-out-of-service operation previously used for NOx control. Modifications included installation of the B&W PG-DRB burners, front and rear wall overfire air (OFA) ports, extensive ductwork for the OFA and flue gas retirculation (FGR) flows, and upgrading of the automatic burner control system. This installation represented the first application of this type of low-NOx firing system to a utility boiler in the United States. As reported in 1989, the NOx reduction goal of emissions below 0.23 Ib/MBtu was achieved and particulate emissions were controlled to below 0.1 Ib/MBtu. However opacity levels increased from pre-retrofit levels of approximately 6% to between 15- 20%. In an attempt to reduce opacity levels and still comply with NOx emission limits, HECO and the Electric Power Research Institute jointly sponsored a follow-on Phase 2 performance improvement program conducted by Electric Power Technologies, Inc to evaluate the potential of new atomizer designs to reduce NOx, particulate, and opacity. The program demonstrated significantly reduced opacity and particulate levels while maintaining NOx emissions below 0.23 Ib/MBtu even though the levels of OFA and FGR were reduced. 8-87 ------- INTRODUCTION In July 1987, the Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO) contracted with the Babcock & Wilcox Company (B&W) to retrofit a low NOx combustion system on their 146 MW (grossT oil-fired Kahe Unit 6. The unit is front wall-fired and burns oil with a maximum sulfur content of 0.5%. Up to this time, the unit had been operating with flue gas recirculation (FGR) to the combustion air and burners-out-of-service (BOOS) in an attempt to satisfy the operating permit requirement for maximum NOx emissions of 0.23 Ib/MBtu (180 ppm, dry, 3% O2). Typical emissions using these controls were 0.28 Ib/MBtu NOx (219 ppm) and 0.06 - 0.08 Ib/MBtu particulate matter (PM). Normal opacity levels were in the 4-6% range, which is below the visible threshold. The principal objective of the retrofit was to reduce NOx emissions to below the regulatory requirement while minimizing particulate matter (PM) emissions. Additionally it was intended that the retrofit technology would allow a return to all- burners-in-service operation, thereby improving the operating flexibility of the unit which had been impaired with BOOS operation. Specifically, a higher turndown was expected from improved flame stability at low loads (the lowest load for dispatch was 95 MW with BOOS), and a higher reliability in achieving full load was expected with the ability to accommodate burner maintenance outages without load reduction. The project was the first installation in the United States of the integrated application of low-NOx burners, FGR to both the combustion air and directly to the burners, and a state-of-the-art front and rear wall overfire air (OFA) design to a heavy oil-fired utility boiler. The combustion system, designated "PG-DRB", is licensed by B&W from Babcock-Hitachi (BHK) who commercialized the technology in Japan. The retrofit was successful in meeting the NOx requirement of the operating permit and in providing the desired improved operating flexibility. However, operating problems such as undesirable opacity levels led to a follow-on Phase 2 program of combustion optimization work and equipment modifidation. This paper presents the results of the follow-on program which was conducted in 1990. OVERVIEW OF 1987 NOx SYSTEM RETROFIT Kahe 6 is a radiant reheat type steam-electric unit manufactured by B&W. An elevation view is presented in Figure 1. For NOx control, the boiler was originally equipped with nine B&W dual register burners arranged in a 3 X 3 array on one wall, and flue gas recirculation to the windbox which permitted up to 20% of the flue gas to 8-88 ------- be mixed with combustion air prior to the burners. The retrofit PG-DRB system consisted of the following elements: 1. PG-DRB burners 2. Dual fluid (steam/oil) atomizers 3. Utilization of existing FGR to the windbox combustion air 4. Primary gas (PG) system which supplies FGR directly to the burners unmixed with the combustion air 5. Overfire air system 6. Upgraded control system The PG-DRB burner, shown in Figure 2, consists of an oil atomizer/impeller located axially in the primary (core) air zone of the burner. The core air is introduced into the center zone through slots located at the back of the burner. Core air flow is limited to a maximum of approximately 10% of the total air flow. The flow to this region can be controlled with a small sliding disk. The core zone is surrounded by the PG zone, which is enclosed by the inner and outer air zones. Pure gas recirculation is fed through a perforated plate located at the entrance to the PG zone annulus which helps to distribute the flow around the periphery of the zone. A butterfly-type valve provides controllability of the PG flow to individual burners. Air to the inner and outer air zones is controlled by a single sliding disk. An impact-suction pilot tube grid is installed prior to the inner and outer air zones to allow measurement of the airflow in these zones. The pilot grid consists of a manifold which encompasses Ihe burner with six finger-like extensions into Ihe total air flow zones. These measurements, togelher wilh air slide position, provide Ihe capability of controlling air flow to the individual burners. The inner air zone contains gear driven spin vanes, while the outer zone has fixed spin vanes followed by gear driven spin vanes. The manually operated gear driven vanes provide the ability lo vary swirl characteristics and Ihus Ihe resulting flame shape of the burner. The OFA system was designed to divert up to 30% of the tolal combustion air to six OFA ports located on the front and rear boiler walls (three ports per wall), approximately 10 feet above the top burner elevation. Each OFA port is equipped with damper assemblies and air spin vanes to allow independent control of air quantity, velocity, and furnace penetration. A schematic showing the port design is provided in Figure 3. Like the burners, the OFA ports were equipped with flow monitors, allowing on-line measurement of separate flows through the spin annulus and central core of each overfire air port. Flow modeling tests using a scale model of the windbox and furnace were used by B&W to obtain air flow distribution information for the windbox 8-89 ------- and OFA system. The model results were used to establish placement and sizing of the OFA ports for optimum mixing. The modeling results were the basis for the decision to use six ports (instead of three) and the recommendation for a nominal 70:30 rear-to- front wall distribution of overfire air. Summary of Retrofit Low NOx System Performance Evaluation The results of the program were presented in detail at the 1989 Symposium (Reference 1) and are summarized below. The retrofit realized its principal goal to reduce NOx emissions to below 0.23 Ib/MBtu with all burners in service. At 145 MWg, NOx and PM emissions levels of 0.21 and 0.07 Ib/MBtu respectively were achieved with a stack opacity of 15%. The fuel nitrogen content was approximately 0.3% (wt). The test was performed using 10% FGR (defined as the amount of recirculated flue gas divided by the sum of the total air and fuel flows) to the windbox and 27% of the total air to the OFA system (split 70% to the rear ports and 30% to the front ports). These acceptance test results typified the best overall emissions performance achieved and required an extensive test effort during the commissioning of the equipment to control PM emissions and opacity. Although the opacity levels noted above are within the regulatory requirement of <20% for a 6 minute average, they are considered undesirable because a visible plume results. These results represented an over 75% reduction in NOx from pre-retrofit levels with all burners in service (ABIS) and without FGR. During commissioning, a strong inverse relationship between NOx and PM/opacity was encountered. Initially, when the combustion equipment was tuned to achieve NOx levels below 0.23 Ib/MBtu, the corresponding PM emissions were typically 0.13- 0.15 Ib/MBtu and opacity exceeded 20%. The magnitude of this trade-off was unexpected from previous experience reported by BHK in Japan, where over 10,000 MW of PG-DRB is operational. It appears that this trade-off is a fundamental feature of the PG-DRB system when fired with heavy oils. Further assessment of the Japanese experience in the light of these results led to the conclusion that a similar trade-off exists at Japanese installations, however it is not an issue there because the boilers are equipped with electrostatic precipitators for participate and opacity control. Initial Oil Atomizer Selection In order to reduce PM emissions, a comprehensive program was implemented by B&W during commissioning to optimize oil atomization with the PG-DRB burner system. Improved atomization would result in smaller oil droplets which burn out 8-90 ------- more completely, resulting in reduced PM emissions. During the course of the program, a number of B&W dual fluid (steam/oil) atomizer designs and atomizer spray cone angles were evaluated. These included the Y-Jet, Racer, modified Racer (Racer with increased steam rates), T-Jet, and a developmental I-Jet design. These atomizer types are characterized by their geometry, steam-to-oil mass flow rates, and the size of the oil droplets produced. The Racer, Y-Jet, and T-Jet designs were flow characterized using water and air as the working fluids. Drop size distribution information was obtained using an Aerometrics Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer. The conversion of water/air data to oil/steam was done using viscosity, surface tension, and mass ratio corrections which were obtained from the literature. For oil properties and operating conditions at Kahe, the nominal Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of the oil droplet size distributions were 400, 320, and 235 microns for the Racer, Y-Jet, and T-Jet respectively. The T-Jet was judged to provide the best performance and was selected by B&W for continuous operation. The importance of reducing drop size was demonstrated by the reductions in PM and opacity achieved from the initial levels: PM emissions were reduced from 0.13 - 0.15 Ib/MBtu to 0.07 Ib/MBtu and opacity levels from over 20% to 15%. LONG-TERM OPERATING EXPERIENCE Operation at Kahe 6 after approximately two years was characterized by a number of combustion related problems. Although NOx level
| 2022-07-07T08:18:00 |
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https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/pbn-report-web/pages/publication/id/58b716aad5de5d762e5875a4
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Numerical simulations of enhanced gas recovery at the Załęcze gas field in Poland confirm high $CO_{2}$ storage capacity and mechanical integrity
PBN-AR
Instytucja
Wydział Wiertnictwa, Nafty i Gazu (Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie)
##### Informacje podstawowe
Główny język publikacji
EN
Czasopismo
Oil & Gas Science and Technology = Revue de L'Institut Francais du Petrole
ISSN
1294-4475
EISSN
1953-8189
Wydawca
Édition Technip
DOI
Rok publikacji
2015
Numer zeszytu
4
Strony od-do
655--680
Numer tomu
70
Identyfikator DOI
Liczba arkuszy
1.14
##### Autorzy
(liczba autorów: 5)
Pozostali autorzy
+ 3
##### Open access
Tryb otwartego dostępu
Otwarte czasopismo
Wersja tekstu w otwartym dostępie
Wersja opublikowana
Licencja otwartego dostępu
Creative Commons — Uznanie autorstwa
Czas opublikowania w otwartym dostępie
Razem z publikacją
Data udostępnienia w sposób otwarty
##### Streszczenia
Język
EN
Treść
Natural gas from the Zalecze gas field located in the Fore-Sudetic Monocline of the Southern Permian Basin has been produced since November 1973, and continuous gas production led to a decrease in the initial reservoir pressure from 151 bar to about 22 bar until 2010. We investigated a prospective enhanced gas recovery operation at the Zalecze gas field by coupled numerical hydro-mechanical simulations to account for the CO2 storage capacity, trapping efficiency and mechanical integrity of the reservoir, caprock and regional faults. Dynamic flow simulations carried out indicate a CO2 storage capacity of 106.6 Mt with a trapping efficiency of about 43% (45.8 Mt CO2) established after 500 years of simulation. Two independent strategies on the assessment of mechanical integrity were followed by two different modeling groups resulting in the implementation of field-to regional-scale hydro-mechanical simulation models. The simulation results based on application of different constitutive laws for the lithological units show deviations of 31% to 93% for the calculated maximum vertical displacements at the reservoir top. Nevertheless, results of both simulation strategies indicate that fault reactivation generating potential leakage pathways from the reservoir to shallower units is very unlikely due to the low fault slip tendency (close to zero) in the Zechstein caprocks. Consequently, our simulation results also emphasise that the supra-and subsaliniferous fault systems at the Zalecze gas field are independent and very likely not hydraulically connected. Based on our simulation results derived from two independent modeling strategies with similar simulation results on fault and caprock integrity, we conclude that the investigated enhanced gas recovery scheme is feasible, with a negligibly low risk of relevant fault reactivation or formation fluid leakage through the Zechstein caprocks.
original article
peer-reviewed
##### Inne
System-identifier
idp:092050
Crossref
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###### Referencje
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| 2020-02-20T14:48:36 |
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https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-lava-move-again
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# Volcano Watch — Lava is on the move again
Release Date:
The 55th episode of Kīlauea's east rift zone eruption has resumed with the vigor that characterized the eruption prior to January 30. We mark the episode's onset as 0700 hrs on February 24, the time when lava first reappeared in the crater of Puu Oo following a 23-day pause.
The 55th episode of Kīlauea's east rift zone eruption has resumed with the vigor that characterized the eruption prior to January 30. We mark the episode's onset as 0700 hrs on February 24, the time when lava first reappeared in the crater of Puu Oo following a 23-day pause. But only in the past two weeks has lava flowed from vents outside the crater's walls. The new flows are all within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, along its remote eastern boundary.
The flows are originating at the episode 51 vent on the west flank of Puu Oo, where lava has filled several collapse pits and has intermittently fountained to heights of 15 m (50 ft). Some of these pits have overflowed to the west and southwest to mantle the flank of the episode 51 shield, but most of the lava is entering an old tube system that drained when episode 53 ended on January 30. This tube, which once carried a stream of lava for 10 km (6 mi) to the coast, is now blocked within 2.4 km (1.5 mi) of the vent. As a consequence, the lava breaks out upslope from the blockage and advances downslope as new surface flows.
Currently two major flows are active, each competing for lava from the tube. The largest and most vigorous issues from a breakout at the 2,310-ft elevation and is expanding southeastward as a narrow flow of pahoehoe about 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long. Currently, its front is at the 2,040-ft elevation. So far this flow's path has been along the flow field built in the past five years, although it may soon reach some long strips of forest that were preserved as kipuka during previous episodes.
The more sluggish flow is fed from the 2,250-ft elevation and flows southwestward. This flow is paving new ground along the west side of the flow field and is burning the ohia-and-fern forest. The flow advances, stagnates, then inflates slowly and resumes advancing. Its front had progressed to about the 2,000-ft elevation across gently sloping terrain by April 11. The flow is about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) long, and if it continues on its present course, it will ooze over the pali and down to the coast within the National Park. Its progress has been slowed, however, by the larger flow's success in capturing the supply of lava from the tube.
The idea of competing flows implies winning and losing. In fact, the winner may dictate the pattern of future flow field growth by controlling the location of any new lava tubes that develop beyond the end of the existing tube. If a flow can capture most of the supply from the vent, then the new tube will develop along the path of that lava flow. For volcano watchers, that means more waiting to see where the lava flows will finally come down the pali to the coastal plain.
### Volcano Activity Update
There were no earthquakes reported felt during the past week.
| 2019-11-15T03:09:28 |
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https://googology.wikia.org/wiki/Fzgoogol
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11,054 Pages
"Triangol" redirects here. It is not to be confused with triangrol.
Fzgoogol is equal to googolgoogol = (10100)10100 = 10100*10100 = 1010102. The name is formed by applying the fz- prefix to a googol. Written as 1010102 it looks only slightly larger than a googolplex, though in reality you need to raise a googolplex to the 100th power to get a fzgoogol. It is 1 followed by exactly 100 times as many zeros as a googolplex has. It is equal to 1 followed by tretrigintillion (short scale) or septendecillion (long scale) zeroes. This number is slightly larger than a googolplex. It is 10102+1 digits long.
Writing down the full decimal expansion would take 1096 books of 400 pages each, with 2,500 digits on each page (except for the first, which would have 2,501).
A fzgoogol is also an upper-bound to the googolbang.
SuperJedi224 calls this number Triangol (short for "triangle googol"), and it's equal to 10100 in a triangle in Steinhaus-Moser Notation.[1]
## Names in -illion systems
In the short scale, it is also called:
ten trestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentillitrestrigintatrecentilliduotrigintatrecentillion
According to Landon Curt Noll's The English name of a number, fzgoogol is also known as:
ten trecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliamilliatrecentretriginmilliatrecenduotrigintillion
## Approximations
Notation Lower bound Upper bound
Arrow notation $$10\uparrow10\uparrow102$$
Down-arrow notation $$10\downarrow\downarrow103$$
Steinhaus-Moser Notation 10100[3]
Copy notation 9[9[102]] 1[1[103]]
Chained arrow notation $$10\rightarrow(10\rightarrow102)$$
H* function H(333H(32)) H(334H(32))
Taro's multivariable Ackermann function A(3,A(3,337)) A(3,A(3,338))
Pound-Star Notation #*((1))*(0,6,1,4,5)*7 #*((1))*(7,4,0,4,1)*8
PlantStar's Debut Notation [1,60] [1,61]
BEAF & Bird's array notation {10,{10,102}}
Hyper-E notation E102#2
Bashicu matrix system (0)(1)[18] (0)(1)[19]
Hyperfactorial array notation (69!)! (70!)!
Strong array notation s(10,s(10,102))
Fast-growing hierarchy $$f_2(f_2(332))$$ $$f_2(f_2(333))$$
Hardy hierarchy $$H_{\omega^22}(332)$$ $$H_{\omega^22}(333)$$
Slow-growing hierarchy $$g_{\omega^{\omega^{\omega^2+2}}}(10)$$
## Sources
Numbers By SuperJedi224
Fibonacci Numbers
Level One
Level Two
#*
#**
H#*
#*{}
#*<<>>
H#*<<>>
Triangol · Big Box · Great Big Box
Bingol series
Based on the Faxul
Other factorials
Googovipleccix family
Graham Sequence Numbers
-Illion numbers
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2021-06-17T01:24:54 |
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|
https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Separable_partial_differential_equation.html
|
# Separable partial differential equation
A separable partial differential equation (PDE) is one that can be broken into a set of separate equations of lower dimensionality (fewer independent variables) by a method of separation of variables. This generally relies upon the problem having some special form or symmetry. In this way, the PDE can be solved by solving a set of simpler PDEs, or even ordinary differential equations (ODEs) if the problem can be broken down into one-dimensional equations.
The most common form of separation of variables is simple separation of variables in which a solution is obtained by assuming a solution of the form given by a product of functions of each individual coordinate.There is a special form of separation of variables called $R$-separation of variables which is accomplished by writing the solution as a particular fixed function of the coordinates multiplied by a product of functions of each individual coordinate. Laplace's equation on ${\mathbb R}^n$ is an example of a partial differential equation which admits solutions through $R$-separation of variables; in the three-dimensional case this uses 6-sphere coordinates.
(This should not be confused with the case of a separable ODE, which refers to a somewhat different class of problems that can be broken into a pair of integrals; see separation of variables.)
## Example
For example, consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation
$[-\nabla^2 + V(\mathbf{x})]\psi(\mathbf{x}) = E\psi(\mathbf{x})$
for the function $\psi(\mathbf{x})$ (in dimensionless units, for simplicity). (Equivalently, consider the inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation.) If the function $V(\mathbf{x})$ in three dimensions is of the form
$V(x_1,x_2,x_3) = V_1(x_1) + V_2(x_2) + V_3(x_3),$
then it turns out that the problem can be separated into three one-dimensional ODEs for functions $\psi_1(x_1)$, $\psi_2(x_2)$, and $\psi_3(x_3)$, and the final solution can be written as $\psi(\mathbf{x}) = \psi_1(x_1) \cdot \psi_2(x_2) \cdot \psi_3(x_3)$. (More generally, the separable cases of the Schrödinger equation were enumerated by Eisenhart in 1948.[1])
## References
1. L. P. Eisenhart, "Enumeration of potentials for which one-particle Schrodinger equations are separable," Phys. Rev. 74, 87-89 (1948).
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 4/16/2014. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.
| 2022-01-25T01:44:55 |
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http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/VXJLYTBKRjNLMElRdkhzc0djODloZz09
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Di-Boson production at CMSDi-Boson production at CMS
Access Restriction
Open
Author Jorda, Clara Source CERN Document Server Content type Text File Format PDF Date Created 2011-11-03 Language English
Subject Domain (in DDC) Natural sciences & mathematics ♦ Physics ♦ Modern physics ♦ Technology ♦ Engineering & allied operations ♦ Applied physics Subject Keyword General ♦ Detectors and Experimental Techniques Abstract A measurement of the W$\gamma$, Z$\gamma$, and W$^{+}$W$^{-}$ di-boson production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV is presented. Results are based on data sample recorded by CMS experiment at LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $36$ $pb^{-1}$. The electron and muon decay channels of the W and Z are used. In the case of W$\gamma$ and Z$\gamma$ the total cross sections are measured for photon transverse energy $E_T^{\gamma} > 10$ GeV and spatial separation from charged lepton in the plane of pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle $\Delta R(l,\gamma) > 0.7$, with an additional dilepton invariant mass requirement of $M_{ll} > 50$ GeV for the Z$\gamma$ process. W$^{+}$W$^{-}$ candidates are selected as final states with two oppositely charged leptons and large missing transverse energy. The following cross sections times braching fraction values are found: $\sigma($W$\gamma + X)$ x $B/$W$\rightarrow l\nu)$ = 56.3 $\pm$ 5.0 (stat.) $\pm$ 5.0 (syst.) $\pm$ 2.3 (lumi.) pb and $\sigma($Z$\gamma + X)$ x $B($W$\rightarrow ll)$ = 9.4 $\pm$ 1.0 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.6 (syst.) $\pm$ 0.4 (lumi.) pb. The W$^{+}$W$^{-}$ cross section is measured to be 41.1 $\pm$ 15.3 (stat.) $\pm$ 5.8 (syst.) $\pm$ 4.5 (lumi.) pb. These measurements are in agreement with standard model predictions. The first limit on anomalous WW$\gamma$, ZZ$\gamma$ and Z$\gamma\gamma$ trilinear gauge couplings at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV are set. } Description Presented at: 23rd Rencontres de Blois on "Particle Physics and Cosmology", Blois, Loire Valley, France, 29 May - 3 Jun 2011Collaboration with: CMS Learning Resource Type Article Publisher Date 2011-01-01 Rights License Preprint: (License: CC-BY-4.0) Page Count 5
| 2020-09-29T04:16:54 |
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https://open.kattis.com/problems/deckrandomisation
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Hide
# Deck Randomisation
CC-BY-SA 4.0 By Alexey Musulev on wikimedia.org
Alice and Bob love playing Don’tminion, which typically involves a lot of shuffling of decks of different sizes. Because they play so often, they are not only very quick at shuffling, but also very consistent. Each time Alice shuffles her deck, her cards get permuted in the same way, just like Bob always permutes his cards the same way when he shuffles them. This isn’t good for playing games, but raises an interesting question.
They know that if they take turns shuffling, then at some point the deck will end up ordered in the same way as when they started. Alice shuffles once first, then Bob shuffles once, then Alice shuffles again, et cetera. They start with a sorted deck. What they do not know, however, is how many shuffles it will take before the deck is sorted again.
Can you help them compute how many shuffles it will take? As Alice and Bob can only do $10^{12}$ shuffles in the limited time they have, any number strictly larger than this should be returned as huge instead.
## Input
• The first line contains a single integer $1\leq n\leq 10^5$, the number of cards in the deck.
• The second line contains $n$ distinct integers $1\leq a_1, a_2, \dotsc , a_ n \leq n$, where $a_ i$ is the new position of the card previously at position $i$ when Alice shuffles the deck.
• The third line contains $n$ distinct integers $1\leq b_1,b_2,\dotsc , b_ n\leq n$, where $b_ i$ is the new position of the card previously at position $i$ when Bob shuffles the deck.
## Output
• Output a single positive integer $m > 0$, the minimal number of shuffles required to sort the deck, or huge when this number is strictly larger than $10^{12}$.
Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1
3
2 3 1
3 1 2
2
Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2
6
5 1 6 3 2 4
4 6 5 1 3 2
5
Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3
8
1 4 2 6 7 8 5 3
3 6 8 4 7 1 5 2
10
CPU Time limit 1 second
Memory limit 1024 MB
Difficulty 8.6hard
Statistics Show
| 2022-08-18T16:12:27 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aalmgren.frederick-j-jun
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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Almgren, Frederick Justin jun.
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: almgren.frederick-j-jun Published as: Almgren, F.; Almgren, F. J.; Almgren, F. J. jun.; Almgren, Fred; Almgren, Frederic J. jun.; Almgren, Frederick; Almgren, Frederick J.; Almgren, Frederick J. jun. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND · MacTutor
Documents Indexed: 65 Publications since 1962, including 6 Books Biographic References: 6 Publications
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
34 single-authored 12 Lieb, Elliott H. 5 Taylor, Jean Ellen 4 Allard, William K. 2 Browder, William 2 Simon, Leon Melvin 2 Wang, Lihe 1 Gurtin, Morton Edward 1 Montgomery, Hugh Lowell 1 Rivin, Igor 1 Schoen, Richard Melvin 1 Sullivan, John J. 1 Super, Boaz J. 1 Thurston, William Paul
all top 5
#### Serials
5 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 5 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 4 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 The Mathematical Intelligencer 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 1 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Differential Geometry 1 Journal of Functional Analysis 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1 Topology 1 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 1 Fractals 1 Forma 1 Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics 1 Student Mathematical Library 1 Science
all top 5
#### Fields
40 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 22 Differential geometry (53-XX) 16 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 10 Measure and integration (28-XX) 9 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 5 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 4 Functional analysis (46-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Real functions (26-XX) 3 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 3 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 3 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Geometry (51-XX) 2 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
50 Publications have been cited 1,059 times in 861 Documents Cited by Year
Existence and regularity almost everywhere of solutions to elliptic variational problems with constraints. Zbl 0327.49043
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1976
Curvature-driven flows: a variational approach. Zbl 0783.35002
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.; Wang, Lihe
1993
Symmetric decreasing rearrangement is sometimes continuous. Zbl 0688.46014
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1989
Some interior regularity theorems for minimal surfaces and an extension of Bernstein’s theorem. Zbl 0146.11905
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1966
Existence and regularity almost everywhere of solutions to elliptic variational problems among surfaces of varying topological type and singularity structure. Zbl 0162.24703
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1968
Almgren’s big regularity paper. $$Q$$-valued functions minimizing Dirichlet’s integral and the regularity of area-minimizing rectifiable currents up to codimension 2. Edited by V. Scheffer and Jean E. Taylor. Zbl 0985.49001
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
2000
The homotopy groups of the integral cycle groups. Zbl 0118.18503
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1962
Q valued functions minimizing Dirichlet’s integral and the regularity of area minimizing rectifiable currents up to codimension two. Zbl 0557.49021
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1983
Optimal isoperimetric inequalities. Zbl 0585.49030
Almgren, F.
1986
The structure of stationary one dimensional varifolds with positive density. Zbl 0339.49020
Allard, W. K.; Almgren, F. J. jun.
1976
Flat flow is motion by crystalline curvature for curves with crystalline energies. Zbl 0867.58020
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.
1995
Singularities of energy minimizing maps from the ball to the sphere: Examples, counterexamples, and bounds. Zbl 0673.58013
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliot H.
1988
Regularity and singularity estimates on hypersurfaces minimizing parametric elliptic variational integrals. Zbl 0386.49030
Schoen, Richard; Simon, Leon; Almgren, F. J.
1978
Plateau’s problem. An invitation to varifold geometry. Zbl 0165.13201
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1966
Co-area, liquid crystals, and minimal surfaces. Zbl 0645.58015
Almgren, F.; Browder, W.; Lieb, E. H.
1988
On the radial behavior of minimal surfaces and the uniqueness of their tangent cones. Zbl 0437.53045
Allard, William K.; Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
1981
Mathematical existence of crystal growth with Gibbs-Thomson curvature effects. Zbl 0981.74041
Almgren, Fred; Wang, Lihe
2000
Existence of embedded solutions of Plateau’s problem. Zbl 0417.49051
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Simon, Leon
1979
Dirichlet’s problem for multiple valued functions and the regularity of mass minimizing integral currents. Zbl 0439.49028
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
1979
Q valued functions minimizing Dirichlet’s integral and the regularity of area minimizing rectifiable currents up to codimension two. Zbl 0529.49021
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1983
Examples of unknotted curves which bound only surfaces of high genus within their convex hulls. Zbl 0353.53001
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Thurston, William P.
1977
Existence and regularity almost everywhere of solutions to elliptic variational problems with constraints. Zbl 0297.49041
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1975
The mean curvature integral is invariant under bending. Zbl 0914.53007
Almgren, Frederic J. jun.; Rivin, Igor
1998
Optimal geometry in equilibrium and growth. Zbl 0885.58015
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.
1995
Deformations and multiple-valued functions. Zbl 0595.49028
Almgren, F.
1986
Measure theoretic geometry and elliptic variational problems. Zbl 0185.35202
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1969
Three theorems on manifolds with bounded mean curvature. Zbl 0131.19604
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1965
Soap bubble clusters. Zbl 1017.49502
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.
1996
Symmetric decreasing rearrangement can be discontinuous. Zbl 0692.46028
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1989
Optimal isoperimetric inequalities. Zbl 0572.49022
Almgren, F.
1985
Singularities of energy-minimizing maps from the ball to the sphere. Zbl 0663.58009
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1987
Minimal surface forms. Zbl 0492.53003
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1982
An introduction to regularity theory for parametric elliptic variational problems. Zbl 0268.49052
Allard, W. K.; Almgren, F. J. jun.
1973
Mass continuous cochains are differential forms. Zbl 0149.19003
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1965
An isoperimetric inequality. Zbl 0187.31203
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1964
Questions and answers about geometric evolution processes and crystal growth. Zbl 0869.60093
Almgren, Fred
1996
Questions and answers about area-minimizing surfaces and geometric measure theory. Zbl 0812.49032
Almgren, Fred
1993
Spherical symmetrization. Zbl 0656.49018
Almgren, F.
1987
Multiple valued functions in the geometric calculus of variations. Zbl 0575.49025
Almgren, F. J.; Super, B.
1984
The structure of limit varifolds associated with minimizing sequences of mappings. Zbl 0315.49018
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1974
A maximum principle for elliptic variational problems. Zbl 0179.44102
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1969
Plateau’s problem. An invitation to varifold geometry. Revised ed. Zbl 0995.49001
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
2001
Selected works of Frederick J. Almgren, Jr. Edited by Jean E. Taylor. Zbl 0966.01031
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
1999
Visualization of soap bubble geometries. Zbl 0803.51021
Almgren, Fred; Sullivan, John
1992
Homotopy with holes and minimal surfaces. Zbl 0731.53058
Almgren, Frederick; Browder, William
1991
The (non) continuity of symmetric decreasing rearrangement. Zbl 0704.46017
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1989
Basic techniques of geometric theory. Zbl 0635.53045
Almgren, F.
1988
Geometric measure theory and the calculus of variations. (Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Geometric Measure Theory and the Calculus of Variations Held at the Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, July 16 - August 3, 1984). Zbl 0577.00014
Allard, William K. (ed.); Almgren, Frederick J. jun. (ed.)
1986
Minimal surfaces: Tangent cones, singularities, and topological types. Zbl 0433.49016
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1980
Existence and regularity of solutions to elliptic calculus of variations problems among surfaces of varying topological type and singularity structure. Zbl 0153.15903
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1967
Plateau’s problem. An invitation to varifold geometry. Revised ed. Zbl 0995.49001
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
2001
Almgren’s big regularity paper. $$Q$$-valued functions minimizing Dirichlet’s integral and the regularity of area-minimizing rectifiable currents up to codimension 2. Edited by V. Scheffer and Jean E. Taylor. Zbl 0985.49001
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
2000
Mathematical existence of crystal growth with Gibbs-Thomson curvature effects. Zbl 0981.74041
Almgren, Fred; Wang, Lihe
2000
Selected works of Frederick J. Almgren, Jr. Edited by Jean E. Taylor. Zbl 0966.01031
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
1999
The mean curvature integral is invariant under bending. Zbl 0914.53007
Almgren, Frederic J. jun.; Rivin, Igor
1998
Soap bubble clusters. Zbl 1017.49502
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.
1996
Questions and answers about geometric evolution processes and crystal growth. Zbl 0869.60093
Almgren, Fred
1996
Flat flow is motion by crystalline curvature for curves with crystalline energies. Zbl 0867.58020
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.
1995
Optimal geometry in equilibrium and growth. Zbl 0885.58015
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.
1995
Curvature-driven flows: a variational approach. Zbl 0783.35002
Almgren, Fred; Taylor, Jean E.; Wang, Lihe
1993
Questions and answers about area-minimizing surfaces and geometric measure theory. Zbl 0812.49032
Almgren, Fred
1993
Visualization of soap bubble geometries. Zbl 0803.51021
Almgren, Fred; Sullivan, John
1992
Homotopy with holes and minimal surfaces. Zbl 0731.53058
Almgren, Frederick; Browder, William
1991
Symmetric decreasing rearrangement is sometimes continuous. Zbl 0688.46014
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1989
Symmetric decreasing rearrangement can be discontinuous. Zbl 0692.46028
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1989
The (non) continuity of symmetric decreasing rearrangement. Zbl 0704.46017
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1989
Singularities of energy minimizing maps from the ball to the sphere: Examples, counterexamples, and bounds. Zbl 0673.58013
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliot H.
1988
Co-area, liquid crystals, and minimal surfaces. Zbl 0645.58015
Almgren, F.; Browder, W.; Lieb, E. H.
1988
Basic techniques of geometric theory. Zbl 0635.53045
Almgren, F.
1988
Singularities of energy-minimizing maps from the ball to the sphere. Zbl 0663.58009
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Lieb, Elliott H.
1987
Spherical symmetrization. Zbl 0656.49018
Almgren, F.
1987
Optimal isoperimetric inequalities. Zbl 0585.49030
Almgren, F.
1986
Deformations and multiple-valued functions. Zbl 0595.49028
Almgren, F.
1986
Geometric measure theory and the calculus of variations. (Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Geometric Measure Theory and the Calculus of Variations Held at the Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, July 16 - August 3, 1984). Zbl 0577.00014
Allard, William K. (ed.); Almgren, Frederick J. jun. (ed.)
1986
Optimal isoperimetric inequalities. Zbl 0572.49022
Almgren, F.
1985
Multiple valued functions in the geometric calculus of variations. Zbl 0575.49025
Almgren, F. J.; Super, B.
1984
Q valued functions minimizing Dirichlet’s integral and the regularity of area minimizing rectifiable currents up to codimension two. Zbl 0557.49021
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1983
Q valued functions minimizing Dirichlet’s integral and the regularity of area minimizing rectifiable currents up to codimension two. Zbl 0529.49021
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1983
Minimal surface forms. Zbl 0492.53003
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1982
On the radial behavior of minimal surfaces and the uniqueness of their tangent cones. Zbl 0437.53045
Allard, William K.; Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
1981
Minimal surfaces: Tangent cones, singularities, and topological types. Zbl 0433.49016
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1980
Existence of embedded solutions of Plateau’s problem. Zbl 0417.49051
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Simon, Leon
1979
Dirichlet’s problem for multiple valued functions and the regularity of mass minimizing integral currents. Zbl 0439.49028
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.
1979
Regularity and singularity estimates on hypersurfaces minimizing parametric elliptic variational integrals. Zbl 0386.49030
Schoen, Richard; Simon, Leon; Almgren, F. J.
1978
Examples of unknotted curves which bound only surfaces of high genus within their convex hulls. Zbl 0353.53001
Almgren, Frederick J. jun.; Thurston, William P.
1977
Existence and regularity almost everywhere of solutions to elliptic variational problems with constraints. Zbl 0327.49043
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1976
The structure of stationary one dimensional varifolds with positive density. Zbl 0339.49020
Allard, W. K.; Almgren, F. J. jun.
1976
Existence and regularity almost everywhere of solutions to elliptic variational problems with constraints. Zbl 0297.49041
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1975
The structure of limit varifolds associated with minimizing sequences of mappings. Zbl 0315.49018
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1974
An introduction to regularity theory for parametric elliptic variational problems. Zbl 0268.49052
Allard, W. K.; Almgren, F. J. jun.
1973
Measure theoretic geometry and elliptic variational problems. Zbl 0185.35202
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1969
A maximum principle for elliptic variational problems. Zbl 0179.44102
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1969
Existence and regularity almost everywhere of solutions to elliptic variational problems among surfaces of varying topological type and singularity structure. Zbl 0162.24703
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1968
Existence and regularity of solutions to elliptic calculus of variations problems among surfaces of varying topological type and singularity structure. Zbl 0153.15903
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1967
Some interior regularity theorems for minimal surfaces and an extension of Bernstein’s theorem. Zbl 0146.11905
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1966
Plateau’s problem. An invitation to varifold geometry. Zbl 0165.13201
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1966
Three theorems on manifolds with bounded mean curvature. Zbl 0131.19604
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1965
Mass continuous cochains are differential forms. Zbl 0149.19003
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1965
An isoperimetric inequality. Zbl 0187.31203
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1964
The homotopy groups of the integral cycle groups. Zbl 0118.18503
Almgren, F. J. jun.
1962
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#### Cited by 877 Authors
23 Morgan, Frank 18 Novaga, Matteo 15 Almgren, Frederick Justin jun. 14 De Lellis, Camillo 13 Chambolle, Antonin 12 Felli, Veronica 12 Lin, Fang Hua 11 Hardt, Robert M. 11 Maggi, Francesco 10 Fusco, Nicola 9 De Philippis, Guido 9 Duzaar, Frank 9 Morini, Massimiliano 8 Bellettini, Giovanni 8 Harrison, Jenny C. 8 Marques, Fernando Codá 8 Minicozzi, William Philip II 7 Arroja Neves, André 7 Braides, Andrea 7 Colding, Tobias Holck 7 Gromov, Mikhael Leonidovich 7 Simon, Leon Melvin 7 Spadaro, Emanuele Nunzio 7 White, Brian Cabell 6 Ambrosio, Luigi 6 Esedoglu, Selim 6 Garofalo, Nicola 6 Gazzola, Filippo 6 Giaquinta, Mariano 6 Lawson, Herbert Blaine jun. 6 Lieb, Elliott H. 6 Millot, Vincent 6 Rakotoson, Jean-Michel 6 Tonegawa, Yoshihiro 6 Wei, Juncheng 5 Brézis, Haïm 5 Caraballo, David G. 5 Caselles Costa, Vicent 5 Ferrero, Alberto 5 Figalli, Alessio 5 Giga, Yoshikazu 5 Goblet, Jordan 5 Hadzic, Mahir 5 Hsiang, Wu-Yi 5 Jost, Jürgen 5 Laux, Tim 5 Leonardi, Gian Paolo 5 Liang, Xiangyu 5 Mironescu, Petru 5 Ponsiglione, Marcello 5 Pugh, Harrison 5 Rivière, Tristan 5 Rosales, Leobardo 5 Taylor, Jean Ellen 5 Terracini, Susanna 5 Valtorta, Daniele 5 Wickramasekera, Neshan 4 Abatangelo, Laura 4 Allard, William K. 4 Brendle, Simon 4 Carlen, Eric Anders 4 Cianchi, Andrea 4 Cicalese, Marco 4 De Pauw, Thierry 4 De Rosa, Antonio 4 Fonseca, Irene 4 Ghiraldin, Francesco 4 Górka, Przemysław 4 Grüter, Michael 4 Hildebrandt, Stefan 4 Hirsch, Jonas 4 Menne, Ulrich 4 Modica, Giuseppe 4 Mucci, Domenico 4 Naber, Aaron C. 4 Ok, Jihoon 4 Parks, Harold R. 4 Petrosyan, Arshak 4 Pisante, Adriano 4 Röger, Matthias 4 Schoen, Richard Melvin 4 Smit Vega Garcia, Mariana 4 Soucek, Jiri 4 Spolaor, Luca 4 Torres Ledesma, César Enrique 4 Van Gennip, Yves 4 Wadade, Hidemitsu 4 Zhou, Xin 3 Bögelein, Verena 3 Bombieri, Enrico 3 Brakke, Kenneth A. 3 Brasco, Lorenzo 3 Caffarelli, Luis Ángel 3 Cinti, Eleonora 3 Dai, Limei 3 David, Guy 3 Del Pino, Manuel A. 3 Diaz Diaz, Jesus Ildefonso 3 Dierkes, Ulrich 3 Draghici, Cristina ...and 777 more Authors
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#### Cited in 188 Serials
71 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 45 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 44 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 28 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 25 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 23 Inventiones Mathematicae 23 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 20 Journal of Functional Analysis 19 Advances in Mathematics 17 Mathematische Annalen 16 Journal of Differential Equations 16 Manuscripta Mathematica 16 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 15 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 13 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 12 Duke Mathematical Journal 11 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 11 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 10 Communications in Mathematical Physics 10 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 10 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 10 Acta Mathematica 10 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV 10 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 10 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 9 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 9 Mathematische Zeitschrift 9 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 8 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 8 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 8 Advances in Calculus of Variations 7 Journal of Computational Physics 7 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 6 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 6 Geometriae Dedicata 6 Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 6 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 6 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 5 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 5 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 5 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 5 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 5 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 5 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 4 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 4 Journal of Geometry and Physics 4 Publications Mathématiques 4 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 4 Journal of Scientific Computing 4 Differential Geometry and its Applications 4 NoDEA. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 4 Milan Journal of Mathematics 4 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series S 3 Applicable Analysis 3 Archiv der Mathematik 3 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 3 Physica D 3 Applied Mathematics Letters 3 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 3 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 3 Electronic Research Announcements of the American Mathematical Society 3 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 3 Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series 3 Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 3 Networks and Heterogeneous Media 3 Analysis & PDE 3 Journal of Topology and Analysis 3 Advances in Nonlinear Analysis 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 2 Journal of Mathematical Physics 2 Journal of Statistical Physics 2 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 2 The Mathematical Intelligencer 2 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 2 Compositio Mathematica 2 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 2 Journal of Differential Geometry 2 Rendiconti del Seminario Matemàtico e Fisico di Milano 2 Topology and its Applications 2 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 2 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 2 Probability Theory and Related Fields 2 European Journal of Applied Mathematics 2 Applications of Mathematics 2 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 2 Expositiones Mathematicae 2 Journal of Nonlinear Science 2 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 2 Potential Analysis 2 St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 2 Mathematical Inequalities & Applications 2 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 2 Advanced Nonlinear Studies 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 Central European Journal of Mathematics 2 Science China. Mathematics 2 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences 2 Stochastic and Partial Differential Equations. Analysis and Computations 2 Analysis and Geometry in Metric Spaces ...and 88 more Serials
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#### Cited in 50 Fields
382 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 318 Differential geometry (53-XX) 299 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 141 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 63 Functional analysis (46-XX) 59 Measure and integration (28-XX) 53 Real functions (26-XX) 47 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 38 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 36 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 33 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 24 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 20 Operator theory (47-XX) 20 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 17 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 13 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 11 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 11 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 11 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 10 Geometry (51-XX) 10 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 8 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 8 Potential theory (31-XX) 8 Quantum theory (81-XX) 7 Computer science (68-XX) 6 General topology (54-XX) 6 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 6 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 5 History and biography (01-XX) 5 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 5 Integral equations (45-XX) 4 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 4 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 3 Combinatorics (05-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 3 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 3 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 2 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 2 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
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https://wiki.cosmos.esa.int/planckpla2015/index.php?title=Map-making_LFI&diff=next&oldid=5984&printable=yes
|
Difference between revisions of "Map-making LFI"
Map-making
The input of the map-making step consists of the calibrated timelines, along with the corresponding pointing information. The main output consists of temperature and polarization maps. An important part of the map-making step is the removal of correlated 1/$f$ noise.
LFI maps were constructed with the Madam map-making code, version 3.7.4. The code is based on generalized destriping technique, where the correlated noise component is modeled as a sequence of constant offset, "baselines". The baseline solution is constrained by a noise filter. As auxiliary information the code produces a hit count map and a white noise covariance matrix. No beam information is used, but the signal is assigned to the pixel where the center of the beam falls.
In the first release the chosen baseline length was one second. This gives a good noise removal, without being computationally heavy. The noise filter was built according to the noise parameters listed in Table 1.
Flagged samples were excluded from the analysis. The galaxy region was masked out in the destriping phase, to reduce error arising from strong signal gradients. Radiometers were combined according to the horn-uniform weighting scheme to minimize systematics. The polarization component was included in the analysis, although only the temperature maps are released. A detailed description of the map-making procedure is given in planck2013-p02 Planck-2013-II . See also section Frequency Maps.
The maps are in Healpix format, at resolution $N_{\rm side}$=1024, in nested pixeling scheme. Unobserved pixels are marked by a special value.
\label{def:Rot_matrix}
\left (\begin{matrix}
-0.054882486 & 0.494116468 & -0.867661702\\
-0.993821033 & -0.110993846 & -0.000346354\\
-0.096476249 & 0.86228144 & 0.497154957
\end{matrix} \right).
\end{align} The conversion was applied to the input pointing data, prior to the construction of the map.
Table 1: Noise parameters used in the construction of the noise filter, and the radiometer weights.
Radiometer White noise sigma [mK$_{\rm CMB}$] Slope Knee frequency [mHz] $f_{\rm min}$ [Hz] Horn-uniform weight
LFI18M 4.542 -1.07 15.3 1.15e-5 5.297E+04
LFI18S 4.139 -1.20 18.3 1.15e-5 5.297E+04
LFI19M 5.146 -1.22 11.9 1.15e-5 3.948E+04
LFI19S 4.918 -1.12 14.6 1.15e-5 3.948E+04
LFI20M 5.214 -1.31 8.4 1.15e-5 3.482E+04
LFI20S 5.500 -1.34 6.0 1.15e-5 3.482E+04
LFI21M 4.008 -1.26 39.3 1.15e-5 4.897E+04
LFI21S 4.978 -1.24 14.0 1.15e-5 4.897E+04
LFI22M 4.348 -1.53 10.1 1.15e-5 4.864E+04
LFI22S 4.713 -1.20 15.9 1.15e-5 4.864E+04
LFI23M 4.468 -1.07 30.2 1.15e-5 4.670E+04
LFI23S 4.782 -1.21 58.8 1.15e-5 4.670E+04
LFI24M 3.145 -0.94 26.9 1.15e-5 1.158E+05
LFI24S 2.717 -0.91 73.0 1.15e-5 1.158E+05
LFI25M 2.821 -0.85 20.1 1.15e-5 1.319E+05
LFI25S 2.684 -0.90 46.1 1.15e-5 1.319E+05
LFI26M 3.280 -0.92 64.4 1.15e-5 1.056E+05
LFI26S 2.859 -0.88 43.8 1.15e-5 1.056E+05
LFI27M 1.609 -0.93 175.1 1.15e-5 3.567E+05
LFI27S 1.737 -0.91 109.6 1.15e-5 3.567E+05
LFI28M 1.814 -0.93 127.9 1.15e-5 3.353E+05
LFI28S 1.635 -0.91 43.9 1.15e-5 3.353E+05
Low-resolution maps and Noise Covariance Matrices
To fully exploit the information contained in the large scale structure of the microwave sky, a pixel-pixel covariances are needed in the maximum likelihood estimation of the CMB power spectrum. However, full covariance matrices are impossible to employ at the native map resolution due to resource limitations. A low-resolution dataset is therefore required at the low-$l$ analysis. This dataset consists of low-resolution maps, and descriptions of residual noise present in those maps given by pixel-pixel noise covariance matrices (NCVMs).
The low-resolution dataset can currently be utilized efficiently only at resolution $N_{\rm side} = 16$, or lower. All the low-resolution data products are produced at this target resolution.
Low Resolution Maps
Number of different schemes to obtain the low resolution maps are discussed in #keskitalo2013. We chose to downgrade the maps using the inverse noise weighting. See planck2013-p02 Planck-2013-II for discussion.
Inputs
We took the high resolution maps described in Map-making and Frequency Maps, and the corresponding $3 \times 3$ matrices as an input for this analysis step.
Production
The high resolution maps were downgraded to $N_\mathrm{side} = 16$ using inverse noise weights (given by the $3 \times 3$ matrices), and subsequently the temperature part was smoothed with a symmetric Gaussian beam with $\mbox{FWHM} = 440\,\mbox{arcmin}$.
Noise Covariance Matrices
The statistical description of the residual noise in the maps is given in the form of a pixel-to-pixel noise covariance matrix (NCVM), as described in #keskitalo2009.
Inputs
The noise model was given in the form of the three noise parameters: white noise level $\sigma$, slope, and knee frequency $f_{\rm knee}$. We actually used three sets of noise parameters one for the entire mission (noise parameters are listed in Table 1), and one per each sky survey (SS1 and SS2).
We used the same pointing as in the noise Monte Carlo simulations. See the description in Noise Monte Carlo Simulation Inputs.
We used the gap files produced during the making of the flight maps to leave out samples that were flagged bad for various reasons.
Production
The output of the NCVM module of Madam map-maker are inverse NCVMs. Since the inverse matrices are additive, we divided the computations into a number of small chucks to save computational resources. Therefore we firstly calculated one inverse NCVM per radiometer per survey at resolution $N_\mathrm{side}=32$, and secondly combined the individual inverse matrices to form the actual inverse matrices. The map-making parameters were almost identical to the standard map-making runs. The differing parameter values are listed below:
• Baseline lengths were 0.25 s (8 samples), 0.50 s (24 samples), and 0.50 s (39 samples) for 30 GHz, 44 GHz, and 70GHz, respectively.
• The calculations were performed at resolution $N_\mathrm{side} = 32$.
• No destriping mask was applied.
• The horns were weighted optimally.
To get the noise covariance from its inverse, the matrices are inverted using the eigen decomposition of a matrix. The monopole of the temperature map cannot be resolved by the map-maker, and thus the matrix becomes singular. The ill-determined mode is left out of the analysis.
Having calculated the eigen decomposition in the previous step, we can apply the same linear operators to modify the eigenvectors as was applied to the high resolution maps while downgrading them. The eigenvectors are downgraded to $N_\mathrm{side} = 16$ using inverse noise weights, and subsequently the temperature part is smoothed with a symmetric Gaussian beam with $\mbox{FWHM} = 440\,\mbox{arcmin}$.
The final matrices are then recomposed from the original eigenvalues and modified eigenvectors.
The low resolution noise covariance matrices
• are in C binary format files.
• are organized in block form,
\label{def:Block_form}
\left (\begin{matrix}
II & IQ & IU \\
QI & QQ & QU \\
UI & UQ & UU
\end{matrix} \right).
\end{align}
• are in HEALPix nested pixelisation scheme. Resolution is $N_\mathrm{side} = 16$, and thus there are $N_\mathrm{pix} = 3072$ pixels.
• are in Galactic coordinates.
• have units $\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{CMB}}$.
Half-ring jackknife Noise Maps
Overview
In order to estimate the noise directly at the map level and in the angular power spectra, we divided the time-ordered data into two halves and produced half-ring jackknife maps as described in Planck First Results: II. The Low Frequency Instrument performance and data processing.
Briefly: Instead of using the full time ordered data as described above, we produced two sets of maps using either only the first half of each pointing period (map named $\mathbf{j_1}$ below) or only the second half of each pointing period (map named $\mathbf{j_2}$). At each pixel $p$, these half-ring jackknife maps $\mathbf{j_1}$ and $\mathbf{j_2}$ contain the same sky signal, since they result from the same scanning pattern on the sky. However, because of instrumental noise, the maps $\mathbf{j_1}$ and $\mathbf{j_2}$ are not identical.
We estimated the noise level in each map $\mathbf{m}$ made using the full(ring) data, by constructing a half-ring difference map
$\mathbf{n_{m}}(p) = [ \mathbf{j_1}(p) - \mathbf{j_2}(p)] \ / \ \mathbf{w_{\rm hit}}(p)\,,$
with weights
$\mathbf{w_{hit}}(p) = \sqrt{ \mathbf{hit_{full}}(p) \left[ \frac{1}{\mathbf{hit_1}(p)} + \frac{1}{\mathbf{hit_2}(p)} \right]}\,$.
Here $\mathbf{hit_{full}}(p) = \mathbf{hit_1}(p) + \mathbf{hit_2}(p)$ is the hit count at pixel $p$ in the full map $\mathbf{m}$, while $\mathbf{hit_1}$ and $\mathbf{hit_2}$ are the hit counts of $\mathbf{j_1}$ and $\mathbf{j_2}$, respectively. The weight factor $\mathbf{w_{hit}}(p)$ is equal to $2$ only in those pixels where $\mathbf{hit_1}(p) = \mathbf{hit_2}(p)$. In a typical pixel, $\mathbf{hit_1}(p)$ will differ slightly from $\mathbf{hit_2}(p)$ and hence the weight factor is $\mathbf{w_{hit}}(p) > 2$.
The half-ring difference maps $\mathbf{n_{m}}$ are the most direct measure of the noise in the actual maps. The other noise estimates (NCVM and noise Monte Carlo) rely on specific modelling of the noise and this modelling can be validated by comparing to the half-ring difference maps. However, the half-ring difference maps can only capture the noise that varies faster than half of the duration of the pointing period, i.e., the noise whose frequency is $f \gtrsim 1/20\,\mbox{min} = 0.85\,$mHz.
We calculated the noise maps $\mathbf{n_{m}}$, from half-ring jackknife maps for temperature (I) and polarization (Q and U) and as a first quality check of the maps (and as one of the tests of the whole data processing pipeline up to the maps) tested both numerically and visually that these noise maps divided pixel-by-pixel by square root of the white noise covariance maps were approximately Gaussian with variance near to unity. Temperature noise maps for the nominal survey and for the first and second sky surveys are shown in the next subsection. Further we calculated from the noise maps the temperature and polarization (E and B mode) auto-correlation and cross-correlation noise angular power spectra by anafast and compared to these the results from the white noise covariance matrices and from the noise Monte Carlo simulations. A similar comparison was made between downgraded half-ring noise maps, downgraded noise Monte Carlo maps and the low resolution noise covariance maps. Detailed results are presented in the Systematic Effects paper.
Examples of Half-ring Difference Maps and Noise Angular Power Spectra
Hit Count Weighted Half-ring Difference Maps
Here we show some hitcount weighted half-ring difference maps, i.e., noise maps for temperature. The columns are for different LFI frequencies: 30, 44, and 70 GHz. The rows are the nominal survey (a bit more than 1 year of observations), survey 1 (the first sky survey, approx first half a year of observations) and survey 2 (the second sky survey, approx the second half a year of observations). Some features are visible in particular in the galactic plane. These are due to "gradient leakage". (In regions where the gradient in the sky signal is very large even a tiny difference in the pointing of the first and second half of each pointing period causes the signal to "leak" to the half-ring difference map. In practice this is not a problem for noise estimation, since these regions - the galaxy, orion, crab nebula, etc - will be masked in the cosmology analysis.
Half-ring difference maps calculated at the native nside 1024 resolution. Columns: frequency (30, 44, 70 GHz), rows: sky survey (nominal, survey_1, survey_2).
Half-ring difference maps (the same as above, but) smoothed with 60 arcmin fwhm Gaussian. Columns: frequency (30, 44, 70 GHz), rows: sky survey (nominal, survey_1, survey_2).
Hit Count Weighted Half-ring Difference Maps Normalized by sqrt of white noise variance at each pixel
Now we show the same as above, but divided by the square root of the estimate of white noise variance in each pixel. These normalized noise maps should be approximately Gaussian with a unit variance (at the native resolution), apart from some stripes that are due to correlated (non-Gaussian) 1/f noise. The large-scale 1/f noise is more apparent in the smoothed version of the figure that follows after the native resolution version.
Normalized Half-ring difference maps calculated at the native nside 1024 resolution. Columns: frequency (30, 44, 70 GHz), rows: sky survey (nominal, survey_1, survey_2).
Normalized Half-ring difference maps (the same as above, but) smoothed with 60 arcmin fwhm Gaussian. Columns: frequency (30, 44, 70 GHz), rows: sky survey (nominal, survey_1, survey_2).
Noise Anglular Power Spectra from Half-ring Difference Maps
The noise angular power spectra calculated by anafast from half-ring difference temperature maps and normalized by the sky coverage to estimate the noise level if there was a full sky coverage in order to make a comparison of different surveys easier. Columns: frequency (30, 44, 70 GHz). Colors: black = nominal, red = survey_1, blue = survey_2.
Comparison of Noise Calculated from Half-ring Difference and from Other Noise Estimates
Here we compare noise angular power spectra estimated from half-ring difference maps (RED) to the estimate from white noise covariance maps (BLUE) and the full noise Monte Carlo simulations (BLACK, top curve 16% quantile, middle curve 50% quantile, i.e., median, and bottom curve 84% quantile) - see the next section for the details of noise Monte Carlo.
Nominal survey:
Survey_1:
Survey_2:
High-ell average (l=1150..1800) noise relative to the white noise estimate
The same as previous figures, but the noise comparison made from the high ell tails off the angular power spectra where the white noise dominates. We have taken the average of C_l from the multipoles between 1150 and 1800, and subtracted the white noise estimate. Half-ring difference noise estimate is RED, the full noise Monte Carlo estimate is BLACK, and the white noise estimate from noise Monte Carlo is GREEN. The white noise estimate from the white noise covariance map (WNC), BLUE, has been subtracted from all the results.
Nominal survey:
Survey_1:
Survey_2:
Noise Monte Carlo Simulation
Overview
Calculating and handling full pixel-to-pixel noise covariance matrices for Planck maps if feasible only at low resolution. To support the analysis of high-resolution maps, a Monte Carlo set of noise maps were produced. These maps were produced from noise timelines using the same map-making procedure as for the flight data. In the noise Monte Carlo it was possible to follow exactly the map-making procedure used for the flight maps, whereas for the calculation of noise covariance matrices some approximations had to be made. Such noise Monte Carlos were produced at two levels of the analysis: 1) LFI Monte Carlo (MC) as part of the LFI data processing, and 2) Full Focal Plane (FFP) Monte Carlo as part of the joint HFI/LFI data processing. This page describes the LFI noise MC. For the FFP MC, see HL-sims and Simulation data.
Inputs
The noise MC uses a three-parameter (white noise level ($\sigma$), slope, and knee frequency ($f_\mathrm{knee}$)) noise model, where the noise consists of white noise and correlated ($1/f$) noise and the latter has a power spectrum
$P(f) = \frac{2\sigma^2}{f_\mathrm{sample}}\left(\frac{f}{f_\mathrm{knee}}\right)^\mathrm{slope}$.
Here $f_\mathrm{sample}$ is the sampling frequency of the instrument. The noise parameters were determined separately for each radiometer as described in TOI-Noise LFI, assuming they stayed constant over the mission.
The detector pointing was reconstructed from satellite pointing, focal-plane geometry, pointing correction (tilt angle), and sample timing, using Level-S simulation software. The same pointing solution (two focal planes) was used as for the LFI flight maps. Due to numerical accuracy, the detector pointing in the noise MC was not exactly the same as for the flight maps, but some data samples (of the order of one in a thousand) whose pointing was near the pixel boundary ended up assigned to the neighboring pixel. During the map-making from the flight data, a gap file was produced to represent the samples that were omitted from map-making due to various flags. This gap file was used in the noise MC instead of the full set of flags. The flight map-making used a destriping mask to exclude regions of strong signal gradients from contributing to the noise baseline solution. These same destriping masks (one for each frequency channel) were used for the noise MC.
Production
The noise was generated internally in the Madam map-making code using a Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) method, to avoid time-consuming writing and reading noise timelines to/from disk. Noise for each pointing period was generated separately, using a double-precision random number seed constructed from the realization number, radiometer number, and the pointing period number; to allow regeneration of the same noise realization when needed. White noise and $1/f$ noise were generated separately.
The same map-making code (Madam) with the same parameter settings was used for the noise MC as for the flight maps. In addition to the destriped maps from the full noise (output maps), also binned maps from just the white noise (binned white noise maps) were produced; they represent the white noise part of the output maps. The difference between these two maps represent the residual correlated noise in the output map. The maps were made at Healpix resolution $N_\mathrm{side} = 1024$. For low-resolution analysis, these maps were downgraded (and the temperature part was smoothed) to $N_\mathrm{side} = 32$ and $N_\mathrm{side} = 16$.
In addition to frequency maps for the nominal survey, also single-survey and 70 GHz horn-pair maps were produced in the noise MC. For each case 102--1026 realizations were produced.
Usage
These noise Monte Carlo maps were used for a number of things in LFI data analysis. They were compared to the low-resolution noise covariance matrices, generated for the same noise model to see the impact of the approximations in the noise covariance matrix calculation. They were compared to the half-ring noise maps to see how well the noise model matches the noise in the flight maps (noting, however, that the half-ring noise maps misrepresent the lowest noise frequencies in the flight maps, and contain some effects from the sky signal). They were also used in power spectrum estimation and non-Gaussianity estimation.
Examples
As an example, we show below images of the first realization of the 70 GHz frequency map noise for the nominal survey. The images are in order: destriped full noise, binned white noise, residual correlated noise. Note that it is difficult to see any difference between the first too images, since the residual correlated noise is more than an order of magnitude below the white noise level. The units are CMB K.
The following two images show the statistics of the angular power spectra of 101 realizations of the 70 GHz frequency map noise for the nominal survey. The thick black line shows the median $C_\ell$, and the green line the mean $C_\ell$. Thin black lines show the minimum, 16% quantile, 84% quantile, and the maximum $C_\ell$. The red line is the 102nd realization. The first plot is for the full noise in the output map, the second plot is for the residual correlated noise.
The Bibliography
<biblio force=false>
1. References
</biblio>
(Planck) Low Frequency Instrument
Cosmic Microwave background
Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum
(Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelation of a sphere, <ref name="Template:Gorski2005">HEALPix: A Framework for High-Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere, K. M. Górski, E. Hivon, A. J. Banday, B. D. Wandelt, F. K. Hansen, M. Reinecke, M. Bartelmann, ApJ, 622, 759-771, (2005).
(Planck) High Frequency Instrument
| 2022-10-03T07:37:28 |
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|
https://ftp.mcs.anl.gov/pub/fathom/moab-docs/classMBMesquite_1_1MeshDomain.html
|
MOAB: Mesh Oriented datABase (version 5.2.1)
MBMesquite::MeshDomain Class Reference
#include <MeshInterface.hpp>
Inheritance diagram for MBMesquite::MeshDomain:
## Public Member Functions
virtual ~MeshDomain ()
virtual void snap_to (Mesh::VertexHandle entity_handle, Vector3D &coordinate) const =0
virtual void vertex_normal_at (Mesh::VertexHandle entity_handle, Vector3D &coordinate) const =0
virtual void element_normal_at (Mesh::ElementHandle entity_handle, Vector3D &coordinate) const =0
virtual void vertex_normal_at (const Mesh::VertexHandle *handles, Vector3D coordinates[], unsigned count, MsqError &err) const =0
evaluate surface normals
virtual void closest_point (Mesh::VertexHandle handle, const Vector3D &position, Vector3D &closest, Vector3D &normal, MsqError &err) const =0
evaluate closest point and normal
virtual void domain_DoF (const Mesh::EntityHandle *handle_array, unsigned short *dof_array, size_t num_handles, MsqError &err) const =0
Get degrees of freedom in vertex movement.
## Detailed Description
The MeshDomain class provides geometrical information concerning the Mesh. It is called during surface meshes optimization to figure out the surface normal, how to snap vertices back to the surface, etc... .
Definition at line 363 of file MeshInterface.hpp.
## Constructor & Destructor Documentation
virtual MBMesquite::MeshDomain::~MeshDomain ( ) [inline, virtual]
Definition at line 366 of file MeshInterface.hpp.
{}
## Member Function Documentation
virtual void MBMesquite::MeshDomain::closest_point ( Mesh::VertexHandle handle, const Vector3D & position, Vector3D & closest, Vector3D & normal, MsqError & err ) const [pure virtual]
evaluate closest point and normal
Given a position in space, return the closest position in the domain and the domain normal at that point.
Parameters:
entity_handle Evaluate the subset of the domain contianing this entity position Input position for which to evaluate closest Closest position in the domain. normal Domain normal at the location of 'closest'
Referenced by MBMesquite::PatchData::snap_vertex_to_domain().
virtual void MBMesquite::MeshDomain::domain_DoF ( const Mesh::EntityHandle * handle_array, unsigned short * dof_array, size_t num_handles, MsqError & err ) const [pure virtual]
Get degrees of freedom in vertex movement.
Given a vertex, return how the domain constrains the location of that vertex as the number of degrees of freedom in the motion of the vertex. If the domain is a geometric domain, the degrees of freedom for a vertex is the dimension of the geometric entity the vertex is constrained to lie on (e.g. point = 0, curve = 1, surface = 2, volume = 3.)
Implemented in ParaboloidDomain.
virtual void MBMesquite::MeshDomain::element_normal_at ( Mesh::ElementHandle entity_handle, Vector3D & coordinate ) const [pure virtual]
virtual void MBMesquite::MeshDomain::snap_to ( Mesh::VertexHandle entity_handle, Vector3D & coordinate ) const [pure virtual]
Modifies "coordinate" so that it lies on the domain to which "entity_handle" is constrained. The handle determines the domain. The coordinate is the proposed new position on that domain.
virtual void MBMesquite::MeshDomain::vertex_normal_at ( Mesh::VertexHandle entity_handle, Vector3D & coordinate ) const [pure virtual]
Returns the normal of the domain to which "entity_handle" is constrained. For non-planar surfaces, the normal is calculated at the point on the domain that is closest to the passed in value of "coordinate". If the domain does not have a normal, or the normal cannot be determined, "coordinate" is set to (0,0,0). Otherwise, "coordinate" is set to the domain's normal at the appropriate point. In summary, the handle determines the domain. The coordinate determines the point of interest on that domain.
virtual void MBMesquite::MeshDomain::vertex_normal_at ( const Mesh::VertexHandle * handles, Vector3D coordinates[], unsigned count, MsqError & err ) const [pure virtual]
evaluate surface normals
Returns normals for a domain.
Parameters:
handles The domain evaluated is the one in which this mesh entity is constrained. coordinates As input, a list of positions at which to evaluate the domain. As output, the resulting domain normals. count The length of the coordinates array.
List of all members.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
| 2021-02-27T10:36:32 |
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|
http://mistug.tubitak.gov.tr/bdyim/abs.php?dergi=mat&rak=E2202-02
|
Turkish Journal
of
Mathematics
[email protected]
# Turkish Journal of Mathematics
On Certain Varieties of Semigroups
Andreas TIEFENBACH
Middle East Technical University,
Department of Mathematics,
06531, Ankara-TURKEY
Abstract: In this paper we generalize the class of completely regular semigroups (unions of groups) to the class of local monoids, that is the class of all semigroups where the local subsemigroups $$aSa$$ are local submonoids. The sublattice of this variety $$(\mathbf{L}(\caL(\cam))$$ covers another lattice isomorphic to the lattice of all bands $$([x2 = x]).$$ Every bundvariety $$\cau$$ has as image the variety $$F - \cau,$$ which is the class of all semigroups, where $$F$$ is a $$\cau$$-congruence $$(a F b \Leftrightarrow aSa = bSb).$$ It is shown how one can find the laws for $$F - \cau$$ for a given bandvariety $$\cau$$. The laws for $$F - \cab$$ are given and it is shown that $$F - \car\cab - \caL(\cag) \caL(\cav) := \{S : aSa \in \cav \forall a \in S\}).$$
Turk. J. Math., 22, (1998), 145-152.
Full text: pdf
Other articles published in the same issue: Turk. J. Math.,vol.22,iss.2.
| 2013-05-23T00:40:23 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action;jsessionid=754EBEE72BBF2AA89C756136BEF7DC72?node=S030&init=0
|
WIMPs and Other Particles Searches for INSPIRE search
Review: WIMPs and Other Particles Searches
GALACTIC WIMP SEARCHES
Limits for Spin-Independent Cross Section of Dark Matter Particle (${{\mathit X}^{0}}$) on Nucleon
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 20 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 100 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 1 TeV
Limits for Spin-Dependent Cross Section of Dark Matter Particle (${{\mathit X}^{0}}$) on Proton
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 20 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 100 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 1 TeV
Limits for Spin-Dependent Cross Section of Dark Matter Particle (${{\mathit X}^{0}}$) on Neutron
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 20 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 100 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 1 TeV
Cross-Section Limits for Dark Matter Particles (${{\mathit X}^{0}}$) on Nuclei
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 20 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 100 GeV
For ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit X}^{0}}}$ = 1 TeV
Miscellaneous Results from Underground Dark Matter Searches
${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ Annihilation Cross Section
Dark Matter Particle (${{\mathit X}^{0}}$) Production in Hadron Collisions
CONCENTRATION OF STABLE PARTICLES IN MATTER
Concentration of Heavy (Charge $+1$) Stable Particles in Matter
Concentration of Heavy Stable Particles Bound to Nuclei
GENERAL NEW PHYSICS SEARCHES
LIMITS ON JET-JET RESONANCES
Heavy Particle Production Cross Section
LIMITS ON NEUTRAL PARTICLE PRODUCTION
Production Cross Section of Radiatively-Decaying Neutral Particle
Heavy Particle Production Cross Section
Production of New Penetrating Non-${{\mathit \nu}}$ Like States in Beam Dump
LIMITS ON CHARGED PARTICLES IN ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
Heavy Particle Production Cross Section in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
Branching Fraction of ${{\mathit Z}^{0}}$ to a Pair of Stable Charged Heavy Fermions
LIMITS ON CHARGED PARTICLES IN HADRONIC REACTIONS
MASS LIMITS for Long-Lived Charged Heavy Fermions
Heavy Particle Production Cross Section
Heavy Particle Production Differential Cross Section
Long-Lived Heavy Particle Invariant Cross Section
Long-Lived Heavy Particle Production (${\mathit \sigma (}$Heavy Particle${)}$ $/$ ${\mathit \sigma (}{{\mathit \pi}}{)}$)
Production and Capture of Long-Lived Massive Particles
Long-Lived Particle Search at Hadron Collisions
Long-Lived Heavy Particle Cross Section
LIMITS ON CHARGED PARTICLES IN COSMIC RAYS
Heavy Particle Flux in Cosmic Rays
Superheavy Particle (Quark Matter) Flux in Cosmic Rays
Highly Ionizing Particle Flux
SEARCHES FOR BLACK HOLE PRODUCTION
| 2018-05-23T22:26:16 |
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|
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Akrejci.pavel
|
zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Krejčí, Pavel
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: krejci.pavel Published as: Krejci, Pavel; Krejcí, P.; Krejcí, Pavel; Krejçí, Pavel; Krejĉí, Pavel; Krejči, Pavel; Krejčí, P.; Krejčí, Pavel Homepage: http://www.math.cas.cz/homepage/main_page.php?id_membre=41 External Links: Wikidata · dblp · GND · MacTutor
Documents Indexed: 144 Publications since 1983, including 2 Books Reviewing Activity: 61 Reviews Biographic References: 1 Publication
all top 5
Co-Authors
32 single-authored 30 Sprekels, Jürgen 12 Brokate, Martin 11 Eleuteri, Michela 11 Rocca, Elisabetta 8 Kopfová, Jana 6 Colli, Pierluigi 5 Gilardi, Gianni 5 Rachinskii, Dmitrii I. 5 Stefanelli, Ulisse 4 Kuhnen, Klaus 4 Monteiro, Giselle Antunes 4 Petrov, Adrien 3 Detmann, Bettina 3 Dressler, Klaus 3 Siváková, Lenka 3 Timoshin, Sergey A. 2 Bauer, Erich 2 Chleboun, Jan 2 Franců, Jan 2 Frigeri, Sergio 2 Gavioli, Chiara 2 Ipocoana, Erica 2 Kovtunenko, Viktor Anatolievich 2 Krenn, Nepomuk 2 Lamba, Harbir 2 Laurençot, Philippe 2 Lovicar, Vladimir 2 Recupero, Vincenzo 2 Straškraba, Ivan 2 Tolstonogov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 2 Vladimirov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 2 Zheng, Songmu 2 Zubkova, Anna V. 1 Albers, Bettina 1 Brim, Luboš 1 Dabaghi, Farshid 1 Davino, Daniele 1 Demko, Martin 1 Drábek, Pavel 1 Grasselli, Maurizio 1 Guenther, Ronald B. 1 Guidugli, Paolo Podio 1 Hajnal, Matej 1 Hömberg, Dietmar 1 Jarník, Jiří 1 Kholmetska, Ielizaveta 1 Klein, Olaf 1 Kloeden, Peter Eris 1 Krasnosel’skiĭ, Aleksandr Markovich 1 Kurzweil, Jaroslav 1 Liero, Matthias 1 Liu, Wei 1 Málek, Josef 1 Melnik, Sergey 1 Panizzi, Lucia 1 Pastva, Samuel 1 Pimenov, Alexander 1 Pousin, J. 1 Průša, Vít 1 Renard, Yves 1 Roche, Thomas 1 Šafránek, David 1 Sainte-Marie, Jacques 1 Schnabel, Hans 1 Segeth, Karel 1 Slavík, Antonín 1 Sorine, Michel 1 Takáč, Peter 1 Tvrdý, Milan 1 Urquiza, José Manuel 1 Vejvoda, Otto 1 Visone, Ciro 1 Vrkoč, Ivo 1 Ye, Guoju 1 Zeng, Songmu
all top 5
Serials
11 Applications of Mathematics 7 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 7 Mathematica Bohemica 7 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 6 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 5 Aplikace Matematiky 5 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 5 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series S 4 Journal of Convex Analysis 4 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Journal of Differential Equations 3 Mathematische Zeitschrift 3 Advances in Mathematical Sciences and Applications 3 Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 3 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 2 Časopis Pro Pěstování Matematiky 2 Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 2 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 2 European Journal of Applied Mathematics 2 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 2 European Journal of Control 2 Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 2 ZAMM. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 2 Interfaces and Free Boundaries 2 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 1 Acta Mechanica 1 International Journal of Control 1 International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 1 Applied Mathematics and Computation 1 Control and Cybernetics 1 Hiroshima Mathematical Journal 1 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 1 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 1 RAIRO. Modélisation Mathématique et Analyse Numérique 1 European Journal of Mechanics. A. Solids 1 Set-Valued Analysis 1 NoDEA. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 1 Bollettino della Unione Matematica Italiana. Serie VIII. Sezione B. Articoli di Ricerca Matematica 1 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 1 GAKUTO International Series. Mathematical Sciences and Applications 1 Chapman & Hall/CRC Research Notes in Mathematics 1 Evolution Equations and Control Theory 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications
all top 5
Fields
79 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 75 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 42 Operator theory (47-XX) 28 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 15 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 12 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 10 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 10 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 6 Real functions (26-XX) 6 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 4 History and biography (01-XX) 4 Integral equations (45-XX) 4 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 4 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 4 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
Citations contained in zbMATH
108 Publications have been cited 681 times in 323 Documents Cited by Year
Hysteresis, convexity and dissipation in hyperbolic equations. Zbl 1187.35003
Krejčí, Pavel
1996
Optimal control of ODE systems involving a rate independent variational inequality. Zbl 1260.49002
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Strong solutions for two-dimensional nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes systems. Zbl 1284.35312
Frigeri, Sergio; Grasselli, Maurizio; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Nonlinear evolution inclusions arising from phase change models. Zbl 1174.35021
Colli, Pierluigi; Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
Hysteresis and periodic solutions of semilinear and quasilinear wave equations. Zbl 0658.35065
Krejčí, P.
1986
Evolution variational inequalities and multidimensional hysteresis operators. Zbl 0949.47053
Krejčí, P.
1999
Lipschitz continuous data dependence of sweeping processes in BV spaces. Zbl 1214.49022
Krejčí, Pavel; Roche, Thomas
2011
Rate independent Kurzweil processes. Zbl 1212.49007
Krejčí, Pavel; Liero, Matthias
2009
On Maxwell equations with the Preisach hysteresis operator: The one- dimensional time-periodic case. Zbl 0701.35098
Krejčí, Pavel
1989
Generalized variational inequalities. Zbl 1001.49014
Krejčí, Pavel; Laurençot, Philippe
2002
A hysteresis approach to phase-field models. Zbl 0941.35123
Krejčí, P.; Sprekels, J.
2000
Vector hysteresis models. Zbl 0754.73015
Krejčí, Pavel
1991
Existence and non-existence for the full thermomechanical Souza-Auricchio model of shape memory wires. Zbl 1269.74169
Krejčí, Pavel; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2011
Compensation of complex hysteresis and creep effects in piezoelectrically actuated systems – a new Preisach modeling approach. Zbl 1367.74037
Kuhnen, Klaus; Krejci, Pavel
2009
On uniqueness in evolution quasivariational inequalities. Zbl 1061.49006
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel; Schnabel, Hans
2004
Comparing BV solutions of rate independent processes. Zbl 1305.47042
Krejčí, Pavel; Recupero, Vincenzo
2014
Non-local temperature-dependent phase-field models for non-isothermal phase transitions. Zbl 1128.80002
Krejcí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
Rainflow counting and energy dissipation for hysteresis models in elastoplasticity. Zbl 0863.73022
Brokate, Martin; Dressler, Klaus; Krejčí, Pavel
1996
Polyhedral sweeping processes with oblique reflection in the space of regulated functions. Zbl 1035.34010
2003
Wellposedness of kinematic hardening models in elastoplasticity. Zbl 0902.73031
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
1998
Hard implicit function theorem and small periodic solutions to partial differential equations. Zbl 0567.35007
Krejčí, Pavel
1984
Well-posedness of a thermo-mechanical model for shape memory alloys under tension. Zbl 1427.74039
Krejčí, Pavel; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2010
Elastic-ideally plastic beams and Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis operators. Zbl 1130.74028
Krejçí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
Phase-field models with hysteresis in one-dimensional thermoviscoplasticity. Zbl 1034.34053
Krejcí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2002
Homogenization of scalar wave equations with hysteresis. Zbl 0955.74052
Franců, Jan; Krejčí, Pavel
1999
On a system of nonlinear PDEs with temperature-dependent hysteresis in one-dimensional thermoplasticity. Zbl 0874.35022
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
1997
Hysteresis operators - a new approach to evolution differential inequalities. Zbl 0699.35270
Krejčí, Pavel
1989
Unsaturated porous media flow with thermomechanical interaction. Zbl 1338.76116
Albers, Bettina; Krejčí, Pavel
2016
A new phase field model for material fatigue in an oscillating elastoplastic beam. Zbl 1338.74095
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2015
Fatigue accumulation in a thermo-visco-elastoplastic plate. Zbl 1302.74148
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2014
Non-isothermal cyclic fatigue in an oscillating elastoplastic beam. Zbl 1264.74244
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Small strain oscillations of an elastoplastic Kirchhoff plate. Zbl 1132.74016
Guenther, Ronald B.; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2008
Duality in the space of regulated functions and the play operator. Zbl 1055.46023
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
2003
On solvability of equations of the 4th order with jumping nonlinearities. Zbl 0515.35013
Krejci, Pavel
1983
A continuous dependence result for a nonstandard system of phase field equations. Zbl 1304.35074
Colli, Pierluigi; Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2014
Regularity and uniqueness in quasilinear parabolic systems. Zbl 1240.35234
Krejčí, Pavel; Panizzi, Lucia
2011
One-dimensional thermo-viscoplastic processes with hysteresis and phase transitions. Zbl 1049.74036
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2003
Asymptotic behaviour for a phase-field system with hysteresis. Zbl 1021.35131
Krejči, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen; Zeng, Songmu
2001
Nonlinear differential equations. Proceedings of talks given at the seminar in differential equations, Chvalatice, Czech Republic, June 29–July 3, 1998. Zbl 0919.00053
Drábek, Pavel (ed.); Krejčí, Pavel (ed.); Takáč, Peter (ed.)
1999
Hysteresis operators in phase-field models of Penrose-fife type. Zbl 0940.35106
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
1998
Continuity of hysteresis operators in Sobolev spaces. Zbl 0705.47054
1990
Weak differentiability of scalar hysteresis operators. Zbl 1338.47118
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
2015
A vanishing diffusion limit in a nonstandard system of phase field equations. Zbl 1320.35172
Colli, Pierluigi; Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2014
Analysis of a time discretization scheme for a nonstandard viscous Cahn-Hilliard system. Zbl 1302.35019
Colli, Pierluigi; Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Podio-Guidugli, Paolo; Sprekels, Jürgen
2014
Existence and uniqueness results for a class of dynamic elasto-plastic contact problems. Zbl 1310.74034
2013
Fatigue accumulation in an oscillating plate. Zbl 1263.74047
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
A nonlocal phase-field model with nonconstant specific heat. Zbl 1129.74035
Krejči, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
Resonance in Preisach systems. Zbl 1010.34038
Krejčí, Pavel
2000
Phase-field models with hysteresis. Zbl 0983.74048
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2000
Temperature-dependent hysteresis in one-dimensional thermovisco-elastoplasticity. Zbl 0940.35052
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
1998
Some analytical properties of the multidimensional continuous Mróz model of plasticity. Zbl 0967.74016
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel; Rachinskii, Dmitrii
1998
Global solutions to a coupled parabolic-hyperbolic system with hysteresis in 1-D magnetoelasticity. Zbl 0934.35194
Krejčí, P.; Sprekels, J.
1998
Relaxation and optimisation of a phase-field control system with hysteresis. Zbl 1390.93399
Krejčí, Pavel; Timoshin, Sergey A.; Tolstonogov, Alexander A.
2018
BV solutions of rate independent differential inclusions. Zbl 1349.34243
Krejčí, Pavel; Recupero, Vincenzo
2014
Solutions to muscle fiber equations and their long time behaviour. Zbl 1105.35306
Krejčí, Pavel; Sainte-Marie, Jacques; Sorine, Michel; Urquiza, José M.
2006
Long-time behavior of solutions to hyperbolic equations with hysteresis. Zbl 1098.35030
Krejčí, Pavel
2005
Lipschitz continuity of polyhedral Skorokhod maps. Zbl 1016.47048
2001
A monotonicity method for solving hyperbolic problems with hysteresis. Zbl 0668.35065
Krejčí, Pavel
1988
Periodic solutions to a parabolic equation with hysteresis. Zbl 0624.35043
Krejči, Pavel
1987
Periodic waves in unsaturated porous media with hysteresis. Zbl 1402.35219
Detmann, Bettina; Krejcí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta
2018
The Kurzweil integral in financial market modeling. Zbl 1389.34140
Krejčí, Pavel; Lamba, Harbir; Monteiro, Giselle Antunes; Rachinskii, Dmitrii
2016
Kurzweil integral representation of interacting Prandtl-Ishlinskii operators. Zbl 1335.47043
Krejčí, Pavel; Lamba, Harbir; Melnik, Sergey; Rachinskii, Dmitrii
2015
A control problem in phase transition modeling. Zbl 1348.49014
Krejčí, Pavel; Tolstonogov, Alexander A.; Timoshin, Sergey A.
2015
Elasto-plastic contact problems with heat exchange. Zbl 1326.74042
2015
Well-posedness of an extended model for water-ice phase transitions. Zbl 1259.82031
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta
2013
The Preisach hysteresis model: error bounds for numerical identification and inversion. Zbl 1263.78016
Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Magnetohydrodynamic flow with hysteresis. Zbl 1423.76487
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2009
Nonlocal phase-field models for non-isothermal phase transitions and hysteresis. Zbl 1073.74042
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2004
Outwards pointing hysteresis operators and asymptotic behaviour of evolution equations. Zbl 1043.47047
Klein, Olaf; Krejčí, Pavel
2003
A nonexistence result for the Kurzweil integral. Zbl 1005.26005
Krejčí, Pavel; Kurzweil, Jaroslav
2002
A remark on the local Lipschitz continuity of vector hysteresis operators. Zbl 1067.34503
Krejčí, Pavel
2001
Global behaviour of solutions to the wave equation with hysteresis. Zbl 0808.35151
Krejčí, P.
1993
Solvability of an unsaturated porous media flow problem with thermomechanical interaction. Zbl 1364.76218
Detmann, Bettina; Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta
2016
A Preisach type model for temperature driven hysteresis memory erasure in shape memory materials. Zbl 1272.74524
Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2011
Quasistatic isothermal evolution of shape memory alloys. Zbl 1326.74108
Frigeri, Sergio; Krejčí, Pavel; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2011
A nonlocal quasilinear multi-phase system with nonconstant specific heat and heat conductivity. Zbl 1221.35190
Colli, Pierluigi; Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2011
A bottle in a freezer. Zbl 1202.80014
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2009
Clamped elastic-ideally plastic beams and Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis operators. Zbl 1156.35098
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2008
Asymptotic behavior of a Neumann parabolic problem with hysteresis. Zbl 1117.35308
Eleuteri, M.; Krejčí, P.
2007
Long time behaviour of a singular phase transition model. Zbl 1137.80311
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2006
Hysteresis in singularly perturbed problems. Zbl 1095.34033
Krejčí, P.
2005
The Kurzweil integral with exclusion of negligible sets. Zbl 1051.26006
Krejčí, Pavel
2003
Hysteresis filtering in the space of bounded measurable functions. Zbl 1177.35125
Krejčí, Pavel; Laurençot, Philippe
2002
Phase-field systems for multi-dimensional Prandtl-Ishlinskii operators with non-polyhedral characteristics. Zbl 1001.35118
Sprekels, Jürgen; Krejčí, Pavel
2002
Hysteresis in phase-field models with thermal memory. Zbl 0957.35064
Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2000
On the wellposedness of the Chaboche model. Zbl 0911.47066
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
1998
Maximum norm well-posedness of nonlinear kinmatic hardening models. Zbl 0903.73018
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
1997
A uniqueness criterion for the Riemann problem. Zbl 0883.35079
Krejčí, Pavel; Straškraba, Ivan
1997
On the Mróz model. Zbl 0857.73028
Brokate, Martin; Dressler, Klaus; Krejčí, Pavel
1996
Modelling of singularities in elastoplastic materials with fatigue. Zbl 0804.73043
Krejčí, Pavel
1994
On Ishlinskij’s model for non-perfectly elastic bodies. Zbl 0653.73013
Krejči, Pavel
1988
Boundedness of solutions to a degenerate diffusion equation. Zbl 1387.35379
Krejčí, Pavel
2017
Unsaturated deformable porous media flow with thermal phase transition. Zbl 1386.76163
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2017
Continuity properties of Prandtl-Ishlinskii operators in the space of regulated functions. Zbl 1375.34073
Liu, Wei; Krejčí, Pavel; Ye, Guoju
2017
Phase separation in a gravity field. Zbl 1217.80118
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2011
Elastoplastic reaction of a container to water freezing. Zbl 1224.80019
Krejčí, Pavel
2010
Applied mathematics during the 50 years history of the Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sciences. Zbl 1099.01023
Segeth, Karel; Krejčí, Pavel
2003
Error estimates for the discrete inversion of hysteresis and creep operators. Zbl 1183.74175
Krejčí, Pavel; Kuhnen, Klaus
2003
Parabolic regularization of differential inclusions and the stop operator. Zbl 1020.35109
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2002
Homogenization of scalar wave equation with hysteresis operator. Zbl 1003.74060
Franců, Jan; Krejčí, Pavel
2000
Relaxation and optimisation of a phase-field control system with hysteresis. Zbl 1390.93399
Krejčí, Pavel; Timoshin, Sergey A.; Tolstonogov, Alexander A.
2018
Periodic waves in unsaturated porous media with hysteresis. Zbl 1402.35219
Detmann, Bettina; Krejcí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta
2018
Boundedness of solutions to a degenerate diffusion equation. Zbl 1387.35379
Krejčí, Pavel
2017
Unsaturated deformable porous media flow with thermal phase transition. Zbl 1386.76163
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2017
Continuity properties of Prandtl-Ishlinskii operators in the space of regulated functions. Zbl 1375.34073
Liu, Wei; Krejčí, Pavel; Ye, Guoju
2017
Unsaturated porous media flow with thermomechanical interaction. Zbl 1338.76116
Albers, Bettina; Krejčí, Pavel
2016
The Kurzweil integral in financial market modeling. Zbl 1389.34140
Krejčí, Pavel; Lamba, Harbir; Monteiro, Giselle Antunes; Rachinskii, Dmitrii
2016
Solvability of an unsaturated porous media flow problem with thermomechanical interaction. Zbl 1364.76218
Detmann, Bettina; Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta
2016
A new phase field model for material fatigue in an oscillating elastoplastic beam. Zbl 1338.74095
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2015
Weak differentiability of scalar hysteresis operators. Zbl 1338.47118
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
2015
Kurzweil integral representation of interacting Prandtl-Ishlinskii operators. Zbl 1335.47043
Krejčí, Pavel; Lamba, Harbir; Melnik, Sergey; Rachinskii, Dmitrii
2015
A control problem in phase transition modeling. Zbl 1348.49014
Krejčí, Pavel; Tolstonogov, Alexander A.; Timoshin, Sergey A.
2015
Elasto-plastic contact problems with heat exchange. Zbl 1326.74042
2015
Comparing BV solutions of rate independent processes. Zbl 1305.47042
Krejčí, Pavel; Recupero, Vincenzo
2014
Fatigue accumulation in a thermo-visco-elastoplastic plate. Zbl 1302.74148
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2014
A continuous dependence result for a nonstandard system of phase field equations. Zbl 1304.35074
Colli, Pierluigi; Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2014
A vanishing diffusion limit in a nonstandard system of phase field equations. Zbl 1320.35172
Colli, Pierluigi; Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2014
Analysis of a time discretization scheme for a nonstandard viscous Cahn-Hilliard system. Zbl 1302.35019
Colli, Pierluigi; Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Podio-Guidugli, Paolo; Sprekels, Jürgen
2014
BV solutions of rate independent differential inclusions. Zbl 1349.34243
Krejčí, Pavel; Recupero, Vincenzo
2014
Optimal control of ODE systems involving a rate independent variational inequality. Zbl 1260.49002
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Strong solutions for two-dimensional nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes systems. Zbl 1284.35312
Frigeri, Sergio; Grasselli, Maurizio; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Non-isothermal cyclic fatigue in an oscillating elastoplastic beam. Zbl 1264.74244
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Existence and uniqueness results for a class of dynamic elasto-plastic contact problems. Zbl 1310.74034
2013
Fatigue accumulation in an oscillating plate. Zbl 1263.74047
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Well-posedness of an extended model for water-ice phase transitions. Zbl 1259.82031
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta
2013
The Preisach hysteresis model: error bounds for numerical identification and inversion. Zbl 1263.78016
Krejčí, Pavel
2013
Lipschitz continuous data dependence of sweeping processes in BV spaces. Zbl 1214.49022
Krejčí, Pavel; Roche, Thomas
2011
Existence and non-existence for the full thermomechanical Souza-Auricchio model of shape memory wires. Zbl 1269.74169
Krejčí, Pavel; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2011
Regularity and uniqueness in quasilinear parabolic systems. Zbl 1240.35234
Krejčí, Pavel; Panizzi, Lucia
2011
A Preisach type model for temperature driven hysteresis memory erasure in shape memory materials. Zbl 1272.74524
Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2011
Quasistatic isothermal evolution of shape memory alloys. Zbl 1326.74108
Frigeri, Sergio; Krejčí, Pavel; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2011
A nonlocal quasilinear multi-phase system with nonconstant specific heat and heat conductivity. Zbl 1221.35190
Colli, Pierluigi; Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2011
Phase separation in a gravity field. Zbl 1217.80118
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2011
Well-posedness of a thermo-mechanical model for shape memory alloys under tension. Zbl 1427.74039
Krejčí, Pavel; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2010
Elastoplastic reaction of a container to water freezing. Zbl 1224.80019
Krejčí, Pavel
2010
Rate independent Kurzweil processes. Zbl 1212.49007
Krejčí, Pavel; Liero, Matthias
2009
Compensation of complex hysteresis and creep effects in piezoelectrically actuated systems – a new Preisach modeling approach. Zbl 1367.74037
Kuhnen, Klaus; Krejci, Pavel
2009
Magnetohydrodynamic flow with hysteresis. Zbl 1423.76487
Eleuteri, Michela; Kopfová, Jana; Krejčí, Pavel
2009
A bottle in a freezer. Zbl 1202.80014
Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2009
Small strain oscillations of an elastoplastic Kirchhoff plate. Zbl 1132.74016
Guenther, Ronald B.; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2008
Clamped elastic-ideally plastic beams and Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis operators. Zbl 1156.35098
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2008
Nonlinear evolution inclusions arising from phase change models. Zbl 1174.35021
Colli, Pierluigi; Krejčí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
Non-local temperature-dependent phase-field models for non-isothermal phase transitions. Zbl 1128.80002
Krejcí, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
Elastic-ideally plastic beams and Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis operators. Zbl 1130.74028
Krejçí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
A nonlocal phase-field model with nonconstant specific heat. Zbl 1129.74035
Krejči, Pavel; Rocca, Elisabetta; Sprekels, Jürgen
2007
Asymptotic behavior of a Neumann parabolic problem with hysteresis. Zbl 1117.35308
Eleuteri, M.; Krejčí, P.
2007
Solutions to muscle fiber equations and their long time behaviour. Zbl 1105.35306
Krejčí, Pavel; Sainte-Marie, Jacques; Sorine, Michel; Urquiza, José M.
2006
Long time behaviour of a singular phase transition model. Zbl 1137.80311
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2006
Long-time behavior of solutions to hyperbolic equations with hysteresis. Zbl 1098.35030
Krejčí, Pavel
2005
Hysteresis in singularly perturbed problems. Zbl 1095.34033
Krejčí, P.
2005
On uniqueness in evolution quasivariational inequalities. Zbl 1061.49006
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel; Schnabel, Hans
2004
Nonlocal phase-field models for non-isothermal phase transitions and hysteresis. Zbl 1073.74042
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2004
Polyhedral sweeping processes with oblique reflection in the space of regulated functions. Zbl 1035.34010
2003
Duality in the space of regulated functions and the play operator. Zbl 1055.46023
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
2003
One-dimensional thermo-viscoplastic processes with hysteresis and phase transitions. Zbl 1049.74036
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2003
Outwards pointing hysteresis operators and asymptotic behaviour of evolution equations. Zbl 1043.47047
Klein, Olaf; Krejčí, Pavel
2003
The Kurzweil integral with exclusion of negligible sets. Zbl 1051.26006
Krejčí, Pavel
2003
Applied mathematics during the 50 years history of the Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sciences. Zbl 1099.01023
Segeth, Karel; Krejčí, Pavel
2003
Error estimates for the discrete inversion of hysteresis and creep operators. Zbl 1183.74175
Krejčí, Pavel; Kuhnen, Klaus
2003
Generalized variational inequalities. Zbl 1001.49014
Krejčí, Pavel; Laurençot, Philippe
2002
Phase-field models with hysteresis in one-dimensional thermoviscoplasticity. Zbl 1034.34053
Krejcí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen; Stefanelli, Ulisse
2002
A nonexistence result for the Kurzweil integral. Zbl 1005.26005
Krejčí, Pavel; Kurzweil, Jaroslav
2002
Hysteresis filtering in the space of bounded measurable functions. Zbl 1177.35125
Krejčí, Pavel; Laurençot, Philippe
2002
Phase-field systems for multi-dimensional Prandtl-Ishlinskii operators with non-polyhedral characteristics. Zbl 1001.35118
Sprekels, Jürgen; Krejčí, Pavel
2002
Parabolic regularization of differential inclusions and the stop operator. Zbl 1020.35109
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2002
Asymptotic behaviour for a phase-field system with hysteresis. Zbl 1021.35131
Krejči, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen; Zeng, Songmu
2001
Lipschitz continuity of polyhedral Skorokhod maps. Zbl 1016.47048
2001
A remark on the local Lipschitz continuity of vector hysteresis operators. Zbl 1067.34503
Krejčí, Pavel
2001
A hysteresis approach to phase-field models. Zbl 0941.35123
Krejčí, P.; Sprekels, J.
2000
Resonance in Preisach systems. Zbl 1010.34038
Krejčí, Pavel
2000
Phase-field models with hysteresis. Zbl 0983.74048
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2000
Hysteresis in phase-field models with thermal memory. Zbl 0957.35064
Gilardi, Gianni; Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2000
Homogenization of scalar wave equation with hysteresis operator. Zbl 1003.74060
Franců, Jan; Krejčí, Pavel
2000
Phase-field systems and vector hysteresis operators. Zbl 0965.35168
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
2000
Existence and asymptotic behaviour in phase-field models with hysteresis. Zbl 1049.74739
Krejčí, P.; Sprekels, J.; Zheng, S.
2000
Evolution variational inequalities and multidimensional hysteresis operators. Zbl 0949.47053
Krejčí, P.
1999
Homogenization of scalar wave equations with hysteresis. Zbl 0955.74052
Franců, Jan; Krejčí, Pavel
1999
Nonlinear differential equations. Proceedings of talks given at the seminar in differential equations, Chvalatice, Czech Republic, June 29–July 3, 1998. Zbl 0919.00053
Drábek, Pavel (ed.); Krejčí, Pavel (ed.); Takáč, Peter (ed.)
1999
Wellposedness of kinematic hardening models in elastoplasticity. Zbl 0902.73031
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
1998
Hysteresis operators in phase-field models of Penrose-fife type. Zbl 0940.35106
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
1998
Temperature-dependent hysteresis in one-dimensional thermovisco-elastoplasticity. Zbl 0940.35052
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
1998
Some analytical properties of the multidimensional continuous Mróz model of plasticity. Zbl 0967.74016
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel; Rachinskii, Dmitrii
1998
Global solutions to a coupled parabolic-hyperbolic system with hysteresis in 1-D magnetoelasticity. Zbl 0934.35194
Krejčí, P.; Sprekels, J.
1998
On the wellposedness of the Chaboche model. Zbl 0911.47066
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
1998
On a system of nonlinear PDEs with temperature-dependent hysteresis in one-dimensional thermoplasticity. Zbl 0874.35022
Krejčí, Pavel; Sprekels, Jürgen
1997
Maximum norm well-posedness of nonlinear kinmatic hardening models. Zbl 0903.73018
Brokate, Martin; Krejčí, Pavel
1997
A uniqueness criterion for the Riemann problem. Zbl 0883.35079
Krejčí, Pavel; Straškraba, Ivan
1997
Hysteresis, convexity and dissipation in hyperbolic equations. Zbl 1187.35003
Krejčí, Pavel
1996
Rainflow counting and energy dissipation for hysteresis models in elastoplasticity. Zbl 0863.73022
Brokate, Martin; Dressler, Klaus; Krejčí, Pavel
1996
On the Mróz model. Zbl 0857.73028
Brokate, Martin; Dressler, Klaus; Krejčí, Pavel
1996
The Mróz model: A hysteresis operator for rate-independent plasticity. Zbl 0858.47039
Brokate, Martin; Dressler, Klaus; Krejčí, Pavel
1996
Modelling of singularities in elastoplastic materials with fatigue. Zbl 0804.73043
Krejčí, Pavel
1994
Global behaviour of solutions to the wave equation with hysteresis. Zbl 0808.35151
Krejčí, P.
1993
Hysteresis in singular perturbation problems with nonuniqueness in limit equation. Zbl 0793.34040
Lovicar, V.; Straškraba, I.; Krejčí, P.
1993
Asymptotic stability of periodic solutions to the wave equation with hysteresis. Zbl 0823.35122
Krejčí, P.
1993
Vector hysteresis models. Zbl 0754.73015
Krejčí, Pavel
1991
Hysteresis memory preserving operators. Zbl 0756.47053
Krejčí, Pavel
1991
Continuity of hysteresis operators in Sobolev spaces. Zbl 0705.47054
1990
On Maxwell equations with the Preisach hysteresis operator: The one- dimensional time-periodic case. Zbl 0701.35098
Krejčí, Pavel
1989
Hysteresis operators - a new approach to evolution differential inequalities. Zbl 0699.35270
Krejčí, Pavel
1989
...and 8 more Documents
all top 5
Cited by 343 Authors
56 Krejčí, Pavel 20 Sprekels, Jürgen 16 Stefanelli, Ulisse 13 Eleuteri, Michela 13 Timoshin, Sergey A. 12 Rocca, Elisabetta 11 Grasselli, Maurizio 11 Kopfová, Jana 11 Rachinskii, Dmitrii I. 9 Mordukhovich, Boris S. 8 Colli, Pierluigi 8 Feireisl, Eduard 8 Visintin, Augusto 7 Brokate, Martin 7 Colombo, Giovanni 7 Frigeri, Sergio 7 Recupero, Vincenzo 7 Rossi, Riccarda 6 Aiki, Toyohiko 6 Gilardi, Gianni 5 Gal, Ciprian Gheorghe Sorin 5 Kamenskiĭ, Mikhaĭl Igor’evich 5 Mielke, Alexander 5 Petrov, Adrien 5 Roubíček, Tomáš 5 Tolstonogov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 5 Vilches, Emilio 4 Boldrini, José Luiz 4 Cui, Xia 4 Gurevich, Pavel L. 4 Klein, Olaf 4 Kuhnen, Klaus 4 Makarenkov, Oleg Yuryĭovych 4 Schimperna, Giulio 3 Afrouzi, Ghasem Alizadeh 3 Angeloni, Laura 3 Cao, Tan H. 3 Costarelli, Danilo 3 Deugoue, Gabriel 3 Dharmatti, Sheetal 3 Dressler, Klaus 3 Jourani, Abderrahim 3 Liero, Matthias 3 Monteiro, Giselle Antunes 3 Münch, Christian 3 Pokrovskiĭ, Alexeĭ Vadimovich 3 Showalter, Ralph E. 3 Tachim Medjo, Theodore 3 Thibault, Lionel 3 Thomas, Marita 3 Vinti, Gianluca 3 Yue, Jingyan 2 Adam, Lukáš 2 Albers, Bettina 2 Amosov, Andreĭ Avenirovich 2 Andreianov, Boris 2 Auricchio, Ferdinando 2 Bates, Peter W. 2 Bauer, Erich 2 Bessoud, Anne Laure 2 Biswas, Tania 2 Bosia, Stefano 2 Brogliato, Bernard 2 Calsavara, Bianca Morelli Rodolfo 2 Davino, Daniele 2 de Pinho, Maria do Rosário 2 Della Porta, Francesco 2 Desch, Wolfgang 2 Detmann, Bettina 2 Ferreira, M. Margarida A. 2 Gavioli, Chiara 2 Giorgini, Andrea 2 Goshev, I. A. 2 Grandi, Diego 2 Han, Jianlong 2 Henrion, René 2 Hoang, Nguyen Dinh 2 Hoang, Nguyen Duc 2 Holubová, Gabriela 2 Ipocoana, Erica 2 Kordulová, Petra 2 Kovtunenko, Viktor Anatolievich 2 Krenn, Nepomuk 2 Kružík, Martin 2 Lamba, Harbir 2 Lang, Holger 2 Martins, João A. C. 2 Minchev, Emil 2 Mohan, Manil Thankamani 2 Nečesal, Petr 2 Ngana, A. Ndongmo 2 Nguyen, Dao 2 Niwanthi Wadippuli, Lakmi 2 Petersen, Ian Richard 2 Pinnau, René 2 Planas, Gabriela 2 Pota, Hemanshu Roy 2 Quarteroni, Alfio M. 2 Rana, Md. Sohel 2 Rasouli, Sayyed Hashem ...and 243 more Authors
all top 5
Cited in 110 Serials
24 Journal of Differential Equations 19 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 14 Applications of Mathematics 12 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series S 11 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 10 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 9 Aplikace Matematiky 9 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 9 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 8 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 7 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 7 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 6 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 5 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 5 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 5 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 5 Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics 5 NoDEA. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 5 Set-Valued and Variational Analysis 4 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 4 International Journal of Control 4 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 4 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 4 European Journal of Control 4 Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics 4 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 3 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 3 Applied Mathematics and Computation 3 Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 3 Evolution Equations and Control Theory 2 Acta Mechanica 2 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 2 Nonlinearity 2 Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (ZAMM) 2 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 2 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 2 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 2 Mathematische Nachrichten 2 Meccanica 2 Systems & Control Letters 2 RAIRO. Modélisation Mathématique et Analyse Numérique 2 Optimization 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 2 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 2 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 2 Differential Equations 2 SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 2 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 1 Applicable Analysis 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of the Franklin Institute 1 Automatica 1 Fasciculi Mathematici 1 Indiana University Mathematics Journal 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Monatshefte für Mathematik 1 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 1 Rendiconti del Seminario Matemàtico e Fisico di Milano 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 1 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 1 Physica D 1 Applied Numerical Mathematics 1 Computational Mechanics 1 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 1 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 1 European Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali. Serie IX. Rendiconti Lincei. Matematica e Applicazioni 1 Mathematica Bohemica 1 Journal of Global Optimization 1 Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 1 Automation and Remote Control 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 1 SIAM Review 1 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 1 SIAM Journal on Optimization 1 International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering 1 Journal of Nonlinear Science 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 1 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 1 Journal of Convex Analysis 1 Opuscula Mathematica 1 Izvestiya: Mathematics 1 Arab Journal of Mathematical Sciences 1 Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Mathematica 1 Doklady Mathematics 1 Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 1 Nonlinear Dynamics 1 ZAMM. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 1 European Journal of Mechanics. A. Solids 1 Analysis (München) 1 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 1 Journal of Evolution Equations ...and 10 more Serials
all top 5
Cited in 33 Fields
165 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 110 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 74 Operator theory (47-XX) 73 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 64 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 39 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 32 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 21 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 17 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 16 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 15 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 12 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 11 Integral equations (45-XX) 10 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 10 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 8 Real functions (26-XX) 8 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 7 Functional analysis (46-XX) 6 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 5 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 4 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 2 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX)
Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-04-22T15:01:07 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10008929-proton-decay-excited-states-astrophysical-reaction-rate
|
Proton decay of excited states in $12$ N and $13$ O and the astrophysical $11$ C( $p$ , $γ)12$ N reaction rate
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10008929
Journal Name:
Physical Review C
Volume:
87
Issue:
5
ISSN:
0556-2813
Publisher:
American Physical Society
| 2022-10-07T05:59:07 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10249916-medium-modification-dijets-pbpb-collisions-sqrt-s_-mathrm-nn-tev
|
In-medium modification of dijets in PbPb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ = 5.02 TeV
A bstract Modifications to the distribution of charged particles with respect to high transverse momentum ( p T ) jets passing through a quark-gluon plasma are explored using the CMS detector. Back-to-back dijets are analyzed in lead-lead and proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV via correlations of charged particles in bins of relative pseudorapidity and angular distance from the leading and subleading jet axes. In comparing the lead-lead and proton-proton collision results, modifications to the charged-particle relative distance distribution and to the momentum distributions around the jet axis are found to depend on the dijet momentum balance x j , which is the ratio between the subleading and leading jet p T . For events with x j ≈ 1, these modifications are observed for both the leading and subleading jets. However, while subleading jets show significant modifications for events with a larger dijet momentum imbalance, much smaller modifications are found for the leading jets in these events.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10249916
Journal Name:
Journal of High Energy Physics
Volume:
2021
Issue:
5
ISSN:
1029-8479
2. A bstract Two-particle angular correlations are measured in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 13 TeV by the ALICE Collaboration. The yields of particle pairs at short-(∆ η ∼ 0) and long-range (1 . 6 < |∆ η | < 1 . 8) in pseudorapidity are extracted on the near-side (∆ φ ∼ 0). They are reported as a function of transverse momentum ( p T ) in the range 1 < p T < 4 GeV/ c . Furthermore, the event-scale dependence is studied for the first time by requiring the presence of high- p Tmore »
3. Abstract The measurement of the azimuthal-correlation function of prompt D mesons with charged particles in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} =5.02\ \hbox {TeV}$$ s = 5.02 TeV and p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02\ \hbox {TeV}$$ s NN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is reported. The $$\mathrm{D}^{0}$$ D 0 , $$\mathrm{D}^{+}$$ D + , and $$\mathrm{D}^{*+}$$ D ∗ + mesons, together with their charge conjugates, were reconstructed at midrapidity in the transverse momentum interval $$3< p_\mathrm{T} < 24\ \hbox {GeV}/c$$ 3 < p T < 24 GeV / c and correlated with charged particlesmore »
4. A bstract The momentum-weighted sum of the electric charges of particles inside a jet, known as jet charge, is sensitive to the electric charge of the particle initiating the parton shower. This paper presents jet charge distributions in $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC. These data correspond to integrated luminosities of 404 μ b − 1 and 27.4 pb − 1 for PbPb and pp collisions, respectively. Leveraging the sensitivity of the jet charge to fundamental differences in the electric charges ofmore »
5. Abstract Jet energy scale and resolution measurements with their associated uncertainties are reported for jets using 36–81 fb $$^{-1}$$ - 1 of proton–proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}=13$$ s = 13 $${\text {Te}}{\text {V}}$$ TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed using two different input types: topo-clusters formed from energy deposits in calorimeter cells, as well as an algorithmic combination of charged-particle tracks with those topo-clusters, referred to as the ATLAS particle-flow reconstruction method. The anti- $$k_t$$ k t jet algorithm with radius parameter $$R=0.4$$ R = 0.4 is the primary jetmore »
| 2022-07-05T10:12:55 |
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|
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/application_development/
|
# Application Development
These documentation pages are meant to be used by developers who are developing MOOSE-based applications.
Syntax - MOOSE syntax documentation
Source Code - MOOSE source documentation
Doxygen - MOOSE Doxygen
Build System - How the hierarchical make system functions in MOOSE
Test System - How to create/maintain tests for your application
Performance Benchmarking - How to perform benchmarking
MooseUtils - General utilities used throughout the Framework and applications
Utils - General utilities used throughout the Framework and applications
Jacobian Definition - How to compute derivatives of your residual statements
Hypre/BoomerAMG Preconditioning - In-depth discussion of using Hypre's algebraic multigrid preconditioner: BoomerAMG
Code Standards - How we expect code to be formatted
Debugging - Tips on how to debug MOOSE-based applications
RelationshipManagers - Telling MOOSE about extra geomatric or algebraic information needed in parallel
Moose-Wrapped Apps - Coupling external codes to MOOSE
| 2018-12-17T16:58:49 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10093022
|
skip to main content
Volunteer Moderators in Twitch Micro Communities: How They Get Involved, the Roles They Play, and the Emotional Labor They Experience
The ability to engage in real-time text conversations is an important feature on live streaming platforms. The moderation of this text content relies heavily on the work of unpaid volunteers. This study reports on interviews with 20 people who moderate for Twitch micro communities, defined as channels that are built around a single or group of streamers, rather than the broadcast of an event. The study identifies how people become moderators, their different styles of moderating, and the difficulties that come with the job. In addition to the hardships of dealing with negative content, moderators also have complex interpersonal relationships with the streamers and viewers, where the boundaries between emotional labor, physical labor, and fun are intertwined.
Authors:
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10093022
Journal Name:
Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
No. 160
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. Research suggests that marginalized social media users face disproportionate content moderation and removal. However, when content is removed or accounts suspended, the processes governing content moderation are largely invisible, making assessing content moderation bias difficult. To study this bias, we conducted a digital ethnography of marginalized users on Reddit’s /r/FTM subreddit and Twitch’s “Just Chatting” and “Pools, Hot Tubs, and Beaches” categories, observing content moderation visibility in real time. We found that on Reddit, a text-based platform, platform tools make content moderation practices invisible to users, but moderators make their practices visible through communication with users. Yet on Twitch, a live chat and streaming platform, content moderation practices are visible in channel live chats, “unban appeal” streams, and “back from my ban” streams. Our ethnography shows how content moderation visibility differs in important ways between social media platforms, harming those who must see offensive content, and at other times, allowing for increased platform accountability.
2. Content moderation is a critical service performed by a variety of people on social media, protecting users from offensive or harmful content by reviewing and removing either the content or the perpetrator. These moderators fall into one of two categories: employees or volunteers. Prior research has suggested that there are differences in the effectiveness of these two types of moderators, with the more transparent user-based moderation being useful for educating users. However, direct comparisons between commercially-moderated and user-moderated platforms are rare, and apart from the difference in transparency, we still know little about what other disparities in user experience these two moderator types may create. To explore this, we conducted cross-platform surveys of over 900 users of commercially-moderated (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube) and user-moderated (Reddit and Twitch) social media platforms. Our results indicated that although user-moderated platforms did seem to be more transparent than commercially-moderated ones, this did not lead to user-moderated platforms being perceived as less toxic. In addition, commercially-moderated platform users want companies to take more responsibility for content moderation than they currently do, while user-moderated platform users want designated moderators and those who post on the site to take more responsibility. Across platforms, users seem tomore »
3. Fringe groups and organizations have a long history of using euphemisms---ordinary-sounding words with a secret meaning---to conceal what they are discussing. Nowadays, one common use of euphemisms is to evade content moderation policies enforced by social media platforms. Existing tools for enforcing policy automatically rely on keyword searches for words on a ban list'', but these are notoriously imprecise: even when limited to swearwords, they can still cause embarrassing false positives. When a commonly used ordinary word acquires a euphemistic meaning, adding it to a keyword-based ban list is hopeless: consider pot'' (storage container or marijuana?) or heater'' (household appliance or firearm?). The current generation of social media companies instead hire staff to check posts manually, but this is expensive, inhumane, and not much more effective. It is usually apparent to a human moderator that a word is being used euphemistically, but they may not know what the secret meaning is, and therefore whether the message violates policy. Also, when a euphemism is banned, the group that used it need only invent another one, leaving moderators one step behind. This paper will demonstrate unsupervised algorithms that, by analyzing words in their sentence-level context, can both detect words being used euphemistically,more »
4. Abstract: Jury notetaking can be controversial despite evidence suggesting benefits for recall and understanding. Research on note taking has historically focused on the deliberation process. Yet, little research explores the notes themselves. We developed a 10-item coding guide to explore what jurors take notes on (e.g., simple vs. complex evidence) and how they take notes (e.g., gist vs. specific representation). In general, jurors made gist representations of simple and complex information in their notes. This finding is consistent with Fuzzy Trace Theory (Reyna & Brainerd, 1995) and suggests notes may serve as a general memory aid, rather than verbatim representation. Summary: The practice of jury notetaking in the courtroom is often contested. Some states allow it (e.g., Nebraska: State v. Kipf, 1990), while others forbid it (e.g., Louisiana: La. Code of Crim. Proc., Art. 793). Some argue notes may serve as a memory aid, increase juror confidence during deliberation, and help jurors engage in the trial (Hannaford & Munsterman, 2001; Heuer & Penrod, 1988, 1994). Others argue notetaking may distract jurors from listening to evidence, that juror notes may be given undue weight, and that those who took notes may dictate the deliberation process (Dann, Hans, & Kaye, 2005). Whilemore »
5. Abstract We investigate the link between individual differences in science reasoning skills and mock jurors’ deliberation behavior; specifically, how much they talk about the scientific evidence presented in a complicated, ecologically valid case during deliberation. Consistent with our preregistered hypothesis, mock jurors strong in scientific reasoning discussed the scientific evidence more during deliberation than those with weaker science reasoning skills. Summary With increasing frequency, legal disputes involve complex scientific information (Faigman et al., 2014; Federal Judicial Center, 2011; National Research Council, 2009). Yet people often have trouble consuming scientific information effectively (McAuliff et al., 2009; National Science Board, 2014; Resnick et al., 2016). Individual differences in reasoning styles and skills can affect how people comprehend complex evidence (e.g., Hans, Kaye, Dann, Farley, Alberston, 2011; McAuliff & Kovera, 2008). Recently, scholars have highlighted the importance of studying group deliberation contexts as well as individual decision contexts (Salerno & Diamond, 2010; Kovera, 2017). If individual differences influence how jurors understand scientific evidence, it invites questions about how these individual differences may affect the way jurors discuss science during group deliberations. The purpose of the current study was to examine how individual differences in the way people process scientific information affects the extentmore »
| 2022-12-03T15:24:05 |
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|
http://hitchhikersgui.de/Charles_Fefferman
|
# Charles Fefferman
Charles Fefferman
Born April 18, 1949 (age 68)
Residence United States
Nationality American
Alma mater University of Maryland, College Park
Princeton University
Awards Alan T. Waterman Award (1976)
Fields Medal (1978)
Bergman Prize (1992)
Bôcher Memorial Prize (2008)
Wolf Prize (2017)
Scientific career
Fields Mathematics
Institutions Princeton University,
University of Chicago
Doctoral advisor Elias Stein
Charles Louis Fefferman (born April 18, 1949) is an American mathematician at Princeton University. His primary field of research is mathematical analysis.
## Biography
A child prodigy, Fefferman entered the University of Maryland at age 14,[1][2][5] and had written his first scientific paper by the age of 15.[1] He graduated with degrees in math and physics at 17,[6] and earned his PhD in mathematics three years later from Princeton University, under Elias Stein. Fefferman achieved a full professorship at the University of Chicago at the age of 22, making him the youngest full professor ever appointed in the United States.[4] At 24, he returned to Princeton as a full professor—a position he still holds[needs update]. He won the Alan T. Waterman Award in 1976[2] (the first person to get the award) and the Fields Medal in 1978 for his work in mathematical analysis, specifically convergence and divergence.[1] He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1979.[7] He was appointed the Herbert Jones Professor at Princeton in 1984.
In addition to the above, his honors include the Salem Prize in 1971, the Bôcher Memorial Prize in 2008,[8] the Bergman Prize in 1992,[9] and the Wolf Prize in Mathematics for 2017,[10] as well as election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Fefferman contributed several innovations that revised the study of multidimensional complex analysis by finding fruitful generalisations of classical low-dimensional results. Fefferman's work on partial differential equations, Fourier analysis, in particular convergence, multipliers, divergence, singular integrals and Hardy spaces earned him a Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians at Helsinki in 1978.
His early work included a study of the asymptotics of the Bergman kernel off the boundaries of pseudoconvex domains in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}}$. He has studied mathematical physics, harmonic analysis, fluid dynamics, neural networks, geometry, mathematical finance and spectral analysis, amongst others.
## Family
Charles Fefferman and his wife Julie have two daughters, Nina and Lainie. Lainie Fefferman is a composer, taught math at Saint Ann's School (New York City) and holds a degree in music from Yale University as well as a Ph.D. in music composition from Princeton.[11] She has an interest in Middle Eastern music.[12] Nina is a computational biologist whose research is concerned with the application of mathematical models to complex biological systems.[13] Charles Fefferman's brother, Robert Fefferman, is also a mathematician and former Dean of the Physical Sciences Division at the University of Chicago.[14]
## Works
Fefferman's most cited papers, in the order of citations, include:
• Fefferman, C.; Stein, E. M. (1972). "Hp spaces of several variables". Acta Mathematica. 129: 137–193. doi:10.1007/bf02392215. ISSN 0001-5962.
• Silei, Wang. Weighted Norm Inequalities for Some Maximal Functions. pp. 267–283. doi:10.1016/s0304-0208(08)71344-6.
• Fefferman, C.; Stein, E. M. (1971). "Some Maximal Inequalities". American Journal of Mathematics. 93 (1): 107–115. doi:10.2307/2373450.
• Fefferman, Charles (1974-03-01). "The Bergman kernel and biholomorphic mappings of pseudoconvex domains". Inventiones mathematicae. 26 (1): 1–65. doi:10.1007/bf01406845. ISSN 0020-9910.
• Fefferman, Charles L. (1983). "The uncertainty principle". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 9 (2): 129–206. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1983-15154-6. ISSN 0273-0979.
• Fefferman, Charles (1970). "Inequalities for strongly singular convolution operators". Acta Mathematica. 124: 9–36. doi:10.1007/bf02394567. ISSN 0001-5962.
• Constantin, P.; Fefferman, C.; Majda, A. J. (1996). "Geometric constraints on potentially singular solutions for the 3-D Euler equations". Communications in Partial Differential Equations. 21 (3–4): 559–571.
• Fefferman, Charles (1971). "The Multiplier Problem for the Ball". Annals of Mathematics. 94 (2): 330–336. doi:10.2307/1970864.
## Notes
1. ^ a b c "Interview with Charles Fefferman - OpenMind". OpenMind. 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
2. ^ a b Haitch, Richard (1976-07-04). "Charlie Fefferman, Princeton mathematician, and an equation in his hand". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
3. ^ "Q and A with Prof. Charles Fefferman GS '69". The Princetonian. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
4. ^ a b Schumacher, Edward (February 27, 1979). "A prodigy keeps young by just thinking". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 21. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
5. ^ Some sources say age 12.[3][4]
6. ^ "Hall Of Fame". University of Maryland Alumni Association. 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
7. ^ "Charles Fefferman". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
8. ^ "2008 Bôcher Prize" (PDF). American Mathematical Society. 2008. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
9. ^ "American Mathematical Society". www.ams.org. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
10. ^ "Wolf Prize to be awarded to eight laureates from US, UK and Switzerland". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
11. ^ "At Hooding, advanced-degree recipients, advisers celebrate a long, successful journey". Princeton University. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
12. ^ "Lainie Fefferman". lainiefefferman.com. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
13. ^ "Fefferman Lab". www.rci.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
14. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-01-29. Robert Fefferman webpage at the University of Chicago Office of the President
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fefferman&oldid=806510644"
This content was retrieved from Wikipedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fefferman
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| 2017-11-21T19:33:03 |
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|
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cr/P-40.1,%20r.%203%20?code=se:86&pointInTime=20200924
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### P-40.1, r. 3 - Regulation respecting the application of the Consumer Protection Act
86. All advertising by a merchant regarding the terms and conditions of credit in a contract involving credit and including one of the following particulars:
(a) a reference amount for which a credit may be granted;
(b) the down payment required or the fact that no down payment is required;
(c) a component of the credit charges;
(d) the total credit charges;
(e) the number and duration of the payment periods;
(f) the amount of each deferred payment;
(g) the total obligation of the consumer;
(h) a reference table of credit charges to be paid;
must include all those particulars.
R.R.Q., 1981, c. P-40.1, r. 1, s. 86; O.C. 697-86, s. 3.
| 2020-10-31T10:43:41 |
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|
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=Q007TW8
|
# ${{\boldsymbol t}}{{\overline{\boldsymbol t}}}{{\boldsymbol W}}$ Production Cross Section in ${{\boldsymbol p}}{{\boldsymbol p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV INSPIRE search
VALUE (fb) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$170$ ${}^{+90}_{-80}$ $\pm70$ 1
2014 N
CMS ${{\mathit t}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit t}}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ same sign dilepton + $\not E_T$ + jets
1 Based on 19.5 fb${}^{-1}$ of data. The result is consistent with the SM prediction of ${\mathit \sigma (}$ ${{\mathit t}}{{\overline{\mathit t}}}{{\mathit W}}{)}$ = $206$ ${}^{+21}_{-23}$ fb.
References:
KHACHATRYAN 2014N
EPJ C74 3060 Measurement of top Quark-Antiquark Pair Production in Association with a ${{\mathit W}}$ or ${{\mathit Z}}$ Boson in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV
| 2021-02-28T19:30:51 |
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https://pavpanchekha.com/blog/forward-federated.html
|
## By Pavel Panchekha
### 04 October 2012
Share under CC-BY-SA.
# Forward with Federated
It's no longer deniable that "cloud services" are a part of the future of the software industry. And free software proponents rightly fear this development: in a cloud service, you don't have any control over what source code runs on your behalf, and what it does with your data; neither can you change it. By and large, the free software answer to cloud services has come in one of two forms. In one, a free software version of the cloud service still has a client-server design, but the server is designed to be run on the user's hardware. In the other, the free software version is completely peer-to-peer.
Both these approaches are flawed. Free software client-server programs are rarely adopted due to the hassle of running your own server. In general, despite being a smart and sometimes-capable developer, I don't trust myself to run a mail server – the security implications, the bug tracking burden, and the time commitment are all too much. Instead, I ask Google to do the same. In the same way, I'd rather let a bank secure my money, than do it myself. I want to offload my sys-admin responsibilities to others; and if using your software requires me to administer a server, it has a very limited audience.
On the other hand, peer-to-peer programs have their own flaws. Peer-to-peer programs tend to require each client to perform work helpful to all others. I don't want to help store other people's files, record other people's transactions, route other people's messages. In a client-server design, my computer, and my network pipe, is responsible only for its own actions, and those of others that are directly relevant to me. Peer-to-peer programs also have the flaw that they require a large network to work. How many successful purely peer-to-peer programs are there, other than BitTorrent and Bitcoin?
Perhaps the simplest way to summarize my issues with both of the above designs is that they assume a very degenerate graph of communication between agents. Client-server programs assume that the graph is a wheel shape, and peer-to-peer programs assume that the graph is completely connected. But neither of these is realistic. In the real world, there are a few servers I trust to represent me in terms of email: Google, MIT, and the MX record stored in Namecheap's DNS. I do not trust all mail servers, and do I want to burden them all with receiving and routing my mail; but neither do I want a single point of failure.
I think a better model for free-software web services and protocols best assume a multi-master design, where each client communicates to several servers (but not all), and where the servers are assumed to be run by competent sys-admins[1]. This means that each user can trust the administration of a service to a third party; but paranoid users might use two or three third parties for safety's sake. I'm going to call this the "federated" architecture, since software of this form is a composition of relatively few large servers.
A few things to note about writing software with this architecture in mind:
1. Since third parties are run competently, you can generally assume that server failures will be rare. However, third parties can and do go out of business, so at least some method of backing up data is a significant boon to users.
2. Since a user might use two different servers, there ought to be a way for two third parties to assert that they share a user. This could be done by, for example, simply having each propose such a merge to the other. Or, for superior, cryptographic security, we might have the two servers produce user-signed certificates that they claim to be the use on the other domain.
3. Two users might be located on different servers, but still want to interact; thus some method of cross-server interaction is necessary. One way is to name each user by the server they are from and delegate authentication (for example, I might be user pavpanchekha on the example.com server, but [email protected] on all others, and I could log into any other server as that user, which would forward authentication to example.com. This also has the benefit of also solving the uniqueness problem every user has a unique name based on their "home" server.
4. A user may want to move from one server to another. Anyone who's ever changed their email address knows how painful this can be. It'd be best to allow this as a first-class action; though perhaps if users can delete accounts, that, combined with sharing accounts, can be enough.
There are many pieces of software successfully using this model already. Email is the most obvious: every email user has an email provider, all of which work with all other email providers. This is nice for users, too. It means that we can have competition among mail providers (witness the disruption that Google Mail was), that most users can be safe knowing that their email is backed up and secured for them, and that the most paranoid users can run their own mail servers successfully. In email, it is generally assumed that mail servers will not fail, certainly not for too long, so email providers simply retry a few times and then give up. Authenticating two servers as sharing a user is done with forwarding rules, which while not a part of the standard are nowadays standard. And users interact simply by sending email, which works over a standard protocol every mail server understands.
MIT's Kerberos system, which in other forms became LDAP and similar technologies has a similar mechanism for authenticating to another "realm". So my MIT credentials can be reused to authenticate on CMU's network, or within MIT's CSAIL lab (which uses its own Kerberos realm for historical reasons).
Jabber, too, has a similar federation design. It even includes explicit means to tell the server that a contact has multiple names, and the server can decide which names to try.
Here's a few idioms that can be found for federated software. First, each user ought to have a personal identifier that includes the name of some sort of home server. People tend to be OK with multiple names pointing to the same person, so if two servers share a user, that user will simply have two user names. However, note that for some users, user names are an important social signal; so if there is any way for a third party to verify that two usernames are the same user, there should be a verification step between a username is assigned to a user.
Another idiom is how to manage cross-server interactions. This is usually done (see: email, Kerberos, Jabber) by forwarding requests from one server to another. In particular, all of this routing is done through the server, not the client, presumably to make the clients less complicated to write. If you can assume that faults are rare, I think this is a good model, though of course you have to very careful about synchronization and concurrency.
Most existing federated designs do not tackle security and privacy. This is a very difficult area, since both are global properties of a system, and in a federated architecture you don't have global control. But many of the easy problems with security are solvable with public-private cryptography, so reasonably-secure systems can probably be made with a federated architecture.
Finally, almost all existing federated architectures come with their own protocol. Something needs to be shared between the various servers, and a protocol seems a reasonable place to put this common ground. Nowadays, it may be most reasonable to layer this protocol over HTTP. Not because HTTP is "cool", but because TCP is a good base on which to build, and because HTTP is universally unblocked. Or you could do TLS-encrypted communication over port 443, but this seems as ugly as layering another protocol atop HTTP. And, for many applications, especially those with a streaming or request/response design, HTTP provides a lot of nice features: content negotiation, caching, and a rich vocabulary for error messages.
I'm hoping that more open source projects adopt a federated design. It is in many ways exceptionally user-friendly, and allows for a large amount of user control. Perhaps anyone who has attempted to implement one of these federated services can weigh in on specific challenges? I'm happy that some new projects, like Tent, are adopting this architecture. Let's see if it spreads.
[1] Note that even some purely peer-to-peer services, like BitTorrent, end up setting up out-of-band communication based on this mechanism. For example, BitTorrent has each client connect to some set of trackers, which follow this multi-master setup: each torrent may be held by multiple trackers, and a client can connect to several (but surely it does not connect to all).
| 2023-02-07T21:12:30 |
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|
http://scstatehouse.gov/sess120_2013-2014/SJ13/20130529.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
120th Session, 2013-2014
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, May 29, 2013
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 10:30 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
In Genesis this verse resounds:
"God saw everything that he had made, and indeed, it was very good." (Genesis 1:6a)
Let us pray:
Great and Glorious God, how marvelous is the account of Creation as we find it in the Book of Genesis. Your gift to us of this incredible world is mind-boggling. And we cringe as we think about how often have we stumbled in serving as the caregivers for all that You have given to us. Today we pray, dear Lord, that You will guide and bless each of these Senators. Strengthen them and their aides as they continue to wrangle with the resources and gifts that You have bestowed upon us here in South Carolina. Ours is a wonderful and beautiful State, filled with an energetic and caring people who themselves are confronted with many challenges and needs. What we seek and require today is, very simply, a realistic and meaningful demonstration of leadership from all of our Senators, working together for the betterment of all. May it be so, O God. May it be so, all to Your glory. In Your wondrous name we pray, O Lord.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Nikki Randhawa Haley:
Statewide Appointment
Initial Appointment, South Carolina Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, with the term to commence March 15, 2011, and to expire March 15, 2017
6th Congressional District:
Referred to the Committee on Corrections and Penology.
Local Appointments
Initial Appointment, Beaufort County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014
Erin Gentry Vaux, 71 Gascoigne Bluff Rd., Bluffton, SC 29910 VICE Stephen P. Wilson
Initial Appointment, Newberry County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2015
Barry Koon, 14149 C. R. Koon Highway, Newberry, SC 29108
Initial Appointment, Union County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2015
Toney L. Farr, Sr., 710 Howell Rd., Jonesville, SC 29353 VICE Leslie Anderson
Doctor of the Day
Senator LEATHERMAN introduced Dr. Thomas Rowland of Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator TURNER, at 10:32 A.M., Senators HEMBREE, YOUNG and MASSEY was granted a leave of absence until 11:00 A.M.
Leave of Absence
At 4:48 P.M., Senator FAIR requested a leave of absence beginning at 6:00 P.M.
S. 160 (Word version) Sens. Setzler, Hayes
RECALLED
H. 3225 (Word version) -- Reps. J.E. Smith and Jefferson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 132 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF "SC RIVERKEEPERS" SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES.
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Transportation.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
OBJECTION
H. 3101 (Word version) -- Reps. Chumley, Taylor, G.R. Smith, Huggins, Wells, Henderson, Crosby, Atwater, Long, Wood, Toole, Willis, Clemmons, Hardwick, Hardee, Goldfinch, Bedingfield, D.C. Moss, Loftis, Nanney, Pitts, Putnam, V.S. Moss, Owens, Barfield, H.A. Crawford, Stringer, Hamilton, Burns, Tallon, Kennedy, Allison, Murphy, Delleney, Horne, Daning and Brannon: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA FREEDOM OF HEALTH CARE PROTECTION ACT" BY ADDING ARTICLE 21 TO CHAPTER 71, TITLE 38 SO AS TO RENDER NULL AND VOID CERTAIN UNCONSTITUTIONAL LAWS ENACTED BY THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKING CONTROL OVER THE HEALTH INSURANCE INDUSTRY AND MANDATING THAT INDIVIDUALS PURCHASE HEALTH INSURANCE UNDER THREAT OF PENALTY; TO PROHIBIT CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS FROM ENFORCING OR ATTEMPTING TO ENFORCE SUCH UNCONSTITUTIONAL LAWS; AND TO ESTABLISH CRIMINAL PENALTIES AND CIVIL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATING THIS ARTICLE.
Senator BRIGHT asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Finance.
Senator LEATHERMAN objected.
RECALLED AND COMMITTED
H. 3941 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer, Harrell, Bannister, Daning, Erickson, Forrester and Gambrell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-130, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION'S AUTHORITY TO SET A MINIMUM WAGE, SO AS TO ALSO PROHIBIT THE MANDATE OF AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT.
Senator ALEXANDER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary.
On motion of Senator ALEXANDER, with unanimous consent, the Bill was committed to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry.
RECALLED
S. 671 (Word version) -- Senator Massey: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-240, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN EDGEFIELD COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN PRECINCTS AND TO DESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
Senator LARRY MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 3962 (Word version) -- Reps. Pitts, Parks and Riley: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-290, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN GREENWOOD COUNTY, SO AS TO ADD CERTAIN PRECINCTS AND TO DESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
Senator LARRY MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 4192 (Word version) -- Reps. Merrill, Crosby, Daning, Jefferson, Rivers and Southard: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, SO AS TO ADD FOUR PRECINCTS AND TO REDESIGNATE THE MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
Senator LARRY MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 4204 (Word version) -- Rep. Delleney: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-170, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PRECINCTS IN CHESTER COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE CERTAIN PRECINCTS, TO DESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, AND TO CORRECT ARCHAIC LANGUAGE.
Senator LARRY MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 3482 (Word version) -- Reps. G.A. Brown, Clemmons, G.M. Smith and Weeks: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERSECTION LOCATED AT THE JUNCTURE OF FOXWORTH MILL ROAD AND UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 15 IN SUMTER COUNTY "MOZINGO CROSSROADS" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERSECTION THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "MOZINGO CROSSROADS".
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Transportation.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
RECALLED
H. 3956 (Word version) -- Reps. Horne and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "FURNISHING LODGING" TO PROVIDE FOR AT LEAST EIGHTEEN INSTEAD OF TWENTY ROOMS THAT A BUSINESS MUST OFFER FOR ACCOMMODATIONS ON A REGULAR BASIS.
Senator CAMPBELL asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
OBJECTION
S. 115 (Word version) -- Senators Bright, Bryant, Verdin, Davis, Grooms and S. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CONSTITUTIONAL CARRY ACT OF 2013", TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-20, RELATING TO OFFENSES INVOLVING WEAPONS, TO CHANGE THE OFFENSE OF UNLAWFULLY CARRYING A HANDGUN TO CARRYING A HANDGUN WITH INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO REPEAL SECTION 16-23-460, RELATING TO THE OFFENSE OF CARRYING A CONCEALED WEAPON; TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-220, RELATING TO SIGNS AND THE RIGHT TO ALLOW OR PERMIT CONCEALED WEAPONS UPON PREMISES, TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO CONCEALED WEAPONS PERMITS AND TO ALLOW A PRIVATE EMPLOYER OR OWNER TO ALLOW OR PROHIBIT ANYONE FROM CARRYING A WEAPON UPON HIS PREMISES BY PROVIDING NOTICE WITH A SIGN; TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-225, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS INTO RESIDENCES OR DWELLINGS, TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO CONCEALED WEAPONS PERMITS AND TO PROHIBIT ANY PERSON FROM ENTERING A RESIDENCE OR DWELLING OF ANOTHER WITH A WEAPON WITHOUT PERMISSION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-240, RELATING TO PERSONS WHO ARE ALLOWED TO CARRY A WEAPON ANYWHERE IN THE STATE WHILE ON DUTY, TO INCLUDE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS.
Senator BRIGHT asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary.
Senator SCOTT objected
RECALLED
H. 4006 (Word version) -- Rep. Williams: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 95 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 165 AND 167 "SCHP LANCE CORPORAL JACOB HAM, JR. MEMORIAL HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "SCHP LANCE CORPORAL JACOB HAM, JR. MEMORIAL HIGHWAY".
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Transportation.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator BENNETT rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Remarks by Senator BENNETT
Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT. Lady and gentlemen of the Senate. I know I'm a little late but I just want to take a moment of your time. I wanted to make these comments yesterday on the heels of Memorial Day but it got late and it probably wasn't the best time to do that. So I thought I would take advantage of a moment today to share a few comments.
A week ago I had the pleasure of celebrating with my grandfather his 90th birthday. It was an amazing day, not just because I was with him, but a number of the family was able to get together. In that, I was reminded of the events of few years ago that I wanted to share. But first if I can tell you a little about my granddad.
John Moniz is a first generation American. He didn't speak English until well into elementary school. His family immigrated from Portugal, and settled in Rhode Island, where he grew up. He was one of the first people in his family to graduate from high school. When he graduated from high school, his father, who only had a second grade education himself, told him, John, you need to go to college. It happened to be in early 1940s. He said, "No, I'm joining the Navy." He did, and shortly thereafter off to World War II and the Pacific he went. During the attack on Okinawa, his ship, the USS Isherwood, was dispatched to protect the USS Laffey - you might know, the Laffey is currently located at Patriot's Point Naval Museum - when it sustained heavy damage.
The Isherwood, after taking the Laffey's place, was hit on April 22, 1945, by two kamikaze pilots. The attack killed or injured about 80 men on that ship in about a two-hour period from the destruction of the attack and subsequent explosions on board. In one day, my grandfather went from being a third class electrician to being the chief electrician because all the others were killed in that attack. He was able to help nurse that ship back to port, get it fixed and re-enter the war.
I say that just to give you an idea of who he is. Granddad is 90 years old. 66 years a husband -- 65 years a father -- 45 years a grandfather -- 17 years a great grandfather. If it wasn't for one day in Charleston, where he decided, along with some of his friends, to go to the Guy Lombardo concert, where he met a beautiful girl from Smoaks, South Carolina, I might not be here today. I don't know if that is good news or bad, but that is what it is -- so 90 years old. And although he was never an educator, he was always a teacher, always a teacher.
I mention that to share with you this. My grandfather still gets together with his shipmates every year for a survivors reunion. About seven years ago, he had a reunion in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Now my granddad doesn't ask me to do a lot but he called and asked me to come to the reunion and to bring my family. Again, he doesn't ask me for many things, so when he asked I said, "Sure".
I have to say that as I hung up, I was like, man, I do not want to go to this reunion. Standing around with a bunch of old guys, eating what is sure to be poor buffet food, but because he asked me to do it, I'm going.
Let's fast forward. The day of the reunion, I drove up to Myrtle Beach with my family and it took me all of 30 seconds to realize I was in a room full of heroes. True American heroes that gave up everything they had in the 1940s to protect you, to protect me, who wasn't even here yet, and to protect my kids. I wanted to share that. I felt bad for initially not wanting to attend, but I was proud. I was honored to be in that room.
So on Memorial Day, or a few days after Memorial Day, I hope that before we get to jockeying around here, we will remember that -- the things that went on in days past.
With that, I will leave you with these comments from Ronald Reagan that I read a couple years ago. They fit my experiences. Ronald Reagan said,
"It is, in a way, an odd thing to honor those who died in defense of our country, in defense of us, in wars far away. The imagination plays a trick. We see these soldiers in our mind as old and wise. We see them as something like the Founding Fathers, grave and gray haired. But most of them were boys when they died, and they gave up two lives -- the one they were living and the one they would have lived. When they died, they gave up their chance to be husbands and fathers and grandfathers. They gave up their chance to be revered old men. They gave up everything for our country, for us. And all we can do is remember."
Thank you.
On motion of Senator LOURIE, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator BENNETT were ordered printed in the Journal.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 735 (Word version) -- Senator Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE MR. LEROY GREGG OF MARION, SOUTH CAROLINA, UPON HIS NINETIETH BIRTHDAY AND TO WISH HIM A JOYOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION AND MUCH HAPPINESS IN THE DAYS AHEAD.
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S. 736 (Word version) -- Senators Johnson, McElveen, Alexander, Allen, Bennett, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Corbin, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hembree, Hutto, Jackson, Leatherman, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Scott, Setzler, Shealy, Sheheen, Thurmond, Turner, Verdin, Williams and Young: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE REVEREND DR. JAMES B. BLASSINGAME, PASTOR OF MOUNT ZION MISSIONARY BAPTIST CHURCH, ON BEING ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE BAPTIST EDUCATIONAL AND MISSIONARY CONVENTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
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S. 737 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews and Pinckney: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR CHARLES LUCAS, MAYOR PRO TEM OF THE CITY OF WALTERBORO, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT AS A PUBLIC OFFICIAL AFTER EIGHT YEARS OF OUTSTANDING SERVICE ON THE WALTERBORO CITY COUNCIL, AND WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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S. 738 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler, Alexander and Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 2-20-32 SO AS TO PROVIDE THE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE LEGAL RESIDENCE OF A CANDIDATE FOR A NONJUDICIAL OFFICE FILLED BY A VOTE OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 739 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 23-1-240 SO AS TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN STATEMENTS MADE DURING QUESTIONING, INTERROGATION, OR CUSTODIAL INTERROGATION OF CERTAIN CRIMINAL OFFENSES MUST BE RECORDED, TO PROVIDE THAT A COURT MUST INSTRUCT A JURY THAT IT MAY DRAW AN ADVERSE INFERENCE FOR A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER WHO FAILS TO RECORD A STATEMENT AS REQUIRED, TO PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A PERSON'S STATEMENT MAY BE USED FOR IMPEACHMENT PURPOSES, TO PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHEN A STATEMENT OBTAINED IN ANOTHER STATE OR BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS ADMISSIBLE IN THIS STATE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT AN INAUDIBLE PORTION OF AN ELECTRONIC RECORDING DOES NOT RENDER IT INADMISSIBLE.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 740 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen and Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION REQUESTING THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TO HONOR AND REMEMBER THE SUPREME SACRIFICE MADE BY DEPUTY SHERIFF ERNEST CHRISTIAN "CHRIS" POTTER III OF THE KERSHAW COUNTY SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT BY ERECTING APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG I-20 IN KERSHAW COUNTY AT MILE MARKER 87.9 EAST AND THE CORRESPONDING MILE MARKER ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "IN MEMORY OF DEPUTY SHERIFF ERNEST CHRISTIAN 'CHRIS' POTTER III".
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The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 740--Recalled
Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Transportation.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
S. 741 (Word version) -- Senator Turner: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGE LOCATED AT EXIT 51 ALONG INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 26 IN LAURENS COUNTY "LT. GOVERNOR NICK AND EMILIE THEODORE INTERCHANGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERCHANGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "LT. GOVERNOR NICK AND EMILIE THEODORE INTERCHANGE".
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The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 742 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND PASTOR JOSEPH C. SAUNDERS FOR HIS FAITHFUL SERVICE TO LITTLE RIVER BAPTIST CHURCH IN SALEM, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO CONGRATULATE HIM FOR FIFTY YEARS OF MINISTRY.
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S. 743 (Word version) -- Senator Coleman: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 72 IN CHESTER COUNTY FROM ITS NORTHEASTERN INTERSECTION WITH THE J. A. COCHRAN BYPASS TO THE CHESTER-YORK COUNTY LINE THE "PAUL G. CAMPBELL, SR. HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "PAUL G. CAMPBELL, SR. HIGHWAY".
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The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 744 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT PURSUANT TO SECTION 9, ARTICLE III OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE, 1895, WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN ON THURSDAY, JUNE 6, 2013, NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M., OR ANYTIME EARLIER, EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET IN STATEWIDE SESSION AT 12:00 NOON ON TUESDAY, JUNE 18, 2013, AND CONTINUE IN STATEWIDE SESSION, IF NECESSARY, UNTIL NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON THURSDAY, JUNE 20, 2013, FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN SPECIFIED MATTERS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN NOT LATER THAN 12:00 NOON, TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 2014, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL STAND ADJOURNED SINE DIE.
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The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 745 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler, Alexander, McGill and Hayes: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO FIX WEDNESDAY, JUNE 5, 2013, AT 12:00 NOON, AS THE DATE AND TIME FOR THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE SENATE TO MEET IN JOINT SESSION IN THE HALL OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR THE PURPOSE OF ELECTING A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR COASTAL CAROLINA UNIVERSITY, FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, SEAT 5 FOR A TERM TO EXPIRE IN 2017, AND A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, LAY SEAT FOR A TERM TO EXPIRE IN 2016; AND TO ESTABLISH A PROCEDURE REGARDING NOMINATIONS AND SECONDING SPEECHES FOR THE CANDIDATES FOR THESE OFFICES DURING THE JOINT SESSION.
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On motion of Senator BRYANT, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was adopted and ordered sent to the House.
S. 746 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE MR. AND MRS. WELDON F. FALLAW OF LEXINGTON COUNTY ON THE OCCASION OF THEIR GOLDEN WEDDING ANNIVERSARY AND TO EXTEND BEST WISHES FOR MANY MORE YEARS OF BLESSING AND FULFILLMENT.
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S. 747 (Word version) -- Senator Rankin: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE PATRICIA F. "PATTI" HUDSON OF CONWAY UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT, TO COMMEND HER FOR HER THIRTY-THREE YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AS AN EDUCATOR, AND TO WISH HER MUCH HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 748 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 3 TO CHAPTER 30, TITLE 44 SO AS TO BE ENTITLED "IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY FOR PROVIDING FREE HEALTH CARE SERVICES", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE SERVICES OF A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER TREATING A PATIENT FREE OF CHARGE ARE DEEMED TO BE WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN STATUTE; TO REENTITLE CHAPTER 30, TITLE 44 AS "HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS"; AND TO DESIGNATE SECTIONS 44-30-10 THROUGH 44-30-90 AS ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 30, TITLE 44, ENTITLED "HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL COMPLIANCE ACT".
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
S. 749 (Word version) -- Senators Courson and Alexander: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO AWARD THE SOUTH CAROLINA MEDAL OF VALOR TO THOSE SOUTH CAROLINIANS WHO LOST THEIR LIVES WHILE SERVING IN THE ARMED FORCES DURING THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM.
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On motion of Senator ALEXANDER, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was introduced and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
H. 4166 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons and Goldfinch: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION MEMORIALIZING THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES TO ENACT LEGISLATION REVISING OR REQUIRING REVISIONS TO THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES FEDERAL OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS' BOUNDARIES ESTABLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR TO PROTECT SOUTH CAROLINA'S INTERESTS WITH RESPECT TO COMMERCIAL ENERGY LEASES IN THESE DISTRICTS.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources.
H. 4202 (Word version) -- Medical, Military, Public and Municipal Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE BOARD OF NURSING, RELATING TO NURSE LICENSURE COMPACT, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4342, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
H. 4205 (Word version) -- Reps. Munnerlyn and Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 256 OF 1981, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF MARLBORO COUNTY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD MAY DETERMINE SALARIES AND ALLOWANCES OF BOARD MEMBERS AND APPROVE LOCAL TAX FUNDS NEEDED FOR THESE SALARIES AND ALLOWANCES, AND TO DELETE PROVISIONS REQUIRING THE BOARD MEMBERS TO RECEIVE A PER DIEM AND THE CHAIRMAN TO RECEIVE ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION.
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
H. 4230 (Word version) -- Reps. Rutherford, Bales, Ballentine, Bernstein, Douglas, Finlay, Hart, Howard, McEachern, Neal, J. E. Smith, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Atwater, Bannister, Barfield, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Branham, Brannon, G. A. Brown, R. L. Brown, Burns, Chumley, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, H. A. Crawford, K. R. Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Edge, Erickson, Felder, Forrester, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gambrell, George, Gilliard, Goldfinch, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hardwick, Harrell, Hayes, Henderson, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hixon, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Huggins, Jefferson, Kennedy, King, Knight, Limehouse, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McCoy, M. S. McLeod, W. J. McLeod, Merrill, Mitchell, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Munnerlyn, Murphy, Nanney, Newton, Norman, Ott, Owens, Parks, Patrick, Pitts, Pope, Powers Norrell, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, Riley, Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Ryhal, Sabb, Sandifer, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. R. Smith, Sottile, Southard, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Toole, Vick, Weeks, Wells, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Wood: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE WAVERLY HISTORIC DISTRICT OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND CONGRATULATE ITS ASSOCIATION, RESIDENTS, AND EXTENDED COMMUNITY UPON THE OCCASION OF ITS CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY IN 2013 AND TO COMMEND THEM FOR THEIR DEDICATION TO THE PRESERVATION OF WAVERLY'S BUILDINGS AND HISTORY.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
H. 4237 (Word version) -- Rep. Barfield: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE KIMBERLY MYERS, AYNOR HIGH SCHOOL CAREER AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT CHAIR, ON BEING NAMED 2013 TEACHER OF THE YEAR BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS OF FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCES.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 266 (Word version) -- Senators Gregory, Hayes, Davis, Sheheen, Lourie, Hembree and Fair: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT UNTIL JUNE 30, 2016, THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE PRESIDENTS OF PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES SHALL SUPPORT THE EFFORTS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO ESTABLISH ACCOUNTABILITY-BASED FUNDING FOR PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary polled out S. 744 favorable:
S. 744 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT PURSUANT TO SECTION 9, ARTICLE III, OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE, 1895, WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN ON THURSDAY, JUNE 6, 2013, NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M., OR ANYTIME EARLIER, EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET IN STATEWIDE SESSION AT 12:00 NOON ON TUESDAY, JUNE 18, 2013, AND CONTINUE IN STATEWIDE SESSION, IF NECESSARY, UNTIL NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON THURSDAY, JUNE 20, 2013, FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN SPECIFIED MATTERS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN NOT LATER THAN 12:00 NOON, TUESDAY, JANUARY 14, 2014, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL STAND ADJOURNED SINE DIE.
Poll of the Judiciary Committee
Polled 23; Ayes 17; Nays 1; Not Voting 5
AYES
Martin, Larry Hutto Malloy
Sheheen Massey Martin, Shane
Nicholson Scott Gregory
Allen Bennett Hembree
McElveen Shealy Thurmond
Turner Young
Total--17
NAYS
Bright
Total--1
NOT VOTING
Rankin Campsen Coleman
Corbin Johnson
Total--5
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3014 (Word version) -- Reps. J.E. Smith, Bernstein, M.S. McLeod, McEachern, Weeks, Hart and Gilliard: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 29 TO TITLE 14 SO AS TO ENACT THE "VETERANS TREATMENT COURT PROGRAM ACT", TO REQUIRE THE CREATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF A VETERANS TREATMENT COURT PROGRAM IN EACH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT BY THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, TO PROVIDE FOR THE APPOINTMENT, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF A VETERANS TREATMENT COURT JUDGE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR REQUIREMENTS FOR AN OFFENDER TO QUALIFY FOR ADMISSION TO A VETERANS TREATMENT COURT PROGRAM.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator GROOMS from the Committee on Transportation submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3033 (Word version) -- Rep. G.M. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 132 TO CHAPTER 3 OF TITLE 56 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES MAY ISSUE SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES TO RECIPIENTS OF THE DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3099 (Word version) -- Reps. Nanney and Long: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-17-2310, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ENTITIES REQUIRED TO PROVIDE INFORMATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES FOR THE PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING, MODIFYING, AND ENFORCING CHILD SUPPORT OBLIGATIONS, SO AS TO ALSO REQUIRE THESE ENTITIES TO PROVIDE THIS INFORMATION TO CLERKS OF COURT FOR THE SAME PURPOSE IN CASES NOT BEING ADMINISTERED PURSUANT TO TITLE IV-D OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES; AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3184 (Word version) -- Reps. Pope, R.L. Brown, M.S. McLeod, Weeks, Bales, Gilliard, Whipper, W.J. McLeod and Mitchell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-910, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXPUNGEMENT OF CRIMINAL RECORDS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON MAY BE ELIGIBLE FOR EXPUNGEMENT OF A FIRST OFFENSE CRIME WHICH CARRIES A FINE OF ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS RATHER THAN FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3342 (Word version) -- Reps. Hart and King: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-175 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A JUDGE MAY NOT ISSUE A BENCH WARRANT FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR UNLESS THE SOLICITOR OR CLERK OF COURT HAS PROVIDED NOTICE TO THE ATTORNEY OF RECORD BEFORE ISSUING THE BENCH WARRANT.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3378 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer, Whitmire and Gambrell: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 6-1-90 SO AS TO ENACT THE "VOLUNTEER SERVICE PERSONNEL APPRECIATION ACT" AND TO ALLOW THE GOVERNING BODY OF A LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO AUTHORIZE THE DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN REWARDS TO THREE ENUMERATED CATEGORIES OF VOLUNTEER SERVICE PERSONNEL SO LONG AS ALL PERSONNEL IN A RESPECTIVE CATEGORY ARE TREATED EQUALLY.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3464 (Word version) -- Reps. Allison, Brannon, Erickson, Bedingfield, Taylor, Kennedy, Clyburn, Anderson, G.A. Brown, Clemmons, H.A. Crawford, Douglas, Forrester, Goldfinch, Hamilton, Hardwick, Hixon, Horne, Hosey, Nanney, Pope, Powers Norrell, G.R. Smith, J.R. Smith, Stringer, Wood, Felder, Cobb-Hunter and Gilliard: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-730, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXPEDITED RELATIVE PLACEMENTS OF CHILDREN AT THE PROBABLE CAUSE HEARING, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE PLACEMENT OF THE CHILD WITH A GRANDPARENT OR OTHER RELATIVE OF THE FIRST OR SECOND DEGREE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO SET FORTH CRITERIA FOR THE COURT TO CONSIDER WHEN DECIDING WHETHER TO PLACE A CHILD WITH A GRANDPARENT OR OTHER RELATIVE OF THE FIRST OR SECOND DEGREE AT THE PROBABLE CAUSE HEARING; AND TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE COURT PLACES A CHILD WITH A GRANDPARENT OR OTHER RELATIVE OF THE FIRST OR SECOND DEGREE AT THE PROBABLE CAUSE HEARING, THE INDIVIDUAL MUST BE ADDED AS A PARTY TO THE ACTION FOR THE DURATION OF THE CASE OR UNTIL FURTHER ORDER OF THE COURT.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator RANKIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3491 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer, Clemmons, Atwater, Ott, D.C. Moss, Erickson, Herbkersman, Ballentine, Forrester, Sottile, Lowe, Toole, Bales, Weeks, Edge and Loftis: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 27-32-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING VACATION TIME SHARING PLANS, SO AS TO DEFINE AND REDEFINE CERTAIN TERMS; TO AMEND SECTION 27-32-55, RELATING TO FEES FOR THE RESALE OF AN INTEREST IN A VACATION TIMESHARE, SO AS TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS OF A RESALE VACATION TIMESHARE SERVICE PROVIDER; TO AMEND SECTION 27-32-80, RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF AN INTEREST IN A VACATION TIME SHARING PLAN FROM A SELLER TO A THIRD PARTY, SO AS TO MAKE THE PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO A RESALE OF THE INTEREST; AND TO AMEND SECTION 27-32-130, RELATING TO ENFORCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS, SO AS TO MAKE THE PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO A VACATION TIME SHARING ASSOCIATION.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3502 (Word version) -- Reps. Murphy, Vick, Goldfinch, K.R. Crawford, Harrell, Horne, M.S. McLeod and Owens: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-121-55, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF FUNDS OR PROPERTY BY THE CITADEL BOARD OF VISITORS TO A NONPROFIT ELEEMOSYNARY CORPORATION ESTABLISHED BY THE BOARD, SO AS TO REMOVE A LIMIT ON THE AMOUNT OF FUNDS OR PROPERTY THAT THE BOARD MAY TRANSFER TO THE CORPORATION.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3602 (Word version) -- Reps. Weeks, Cobb-Hunter, Clemmons, Pope, Kennedy, M.S. McLeod, Tallon, Murphy, Crosby, McCoy, Dillard, Long, Bowen, Munnerlyn, Sellers, Limehouse, Brannon, Gilliard, Bales, Barfield, Bowers, Branham, G.A. Brown, R.L. Brown, Daning, Delleney, Edge, Funderburk, Henderson, Horne, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Loftis, Lowe, W.J. McLeod, Merrill, D.C. Moss, Norman, Powers Norrell, Quinn, Sandifer, Simrill, G.M. Smith, Spires, Taylor, Wells, Whipper, Wood, Newton, Riley, Anderson and Erickson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 16-13-131 SO AS TO CREATE AN OFFENSE RELATING TO STEALING GOODS OR MERCHANDISE FROM A MERCHANT BY AFFIXING A PRODUCT CODE AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY; BY ADDING SECTION 16-13-135 SO AS TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, CREATE AN OFFENSE RELATING TO RETAIL THEFT, AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY; TO AMEND SECTION 16-13-440, RELATING TO THE USE OF A FALSE OR FICTITIOUS NAME OR ADDRESS TO OBTAIN A REFUND FROM A BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENT FOR MERCHANDISE, SO AS TO INCLUDE USING A FALSE OR ALTERED IDENTIFICATION CARD TO COMMIT CERTAIN RETAIL THEFT OFFENSES; TO AMEND SECTION 16-13-180, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS, SO AS TO INCLUDE RECEIVING OR POSSESSING STOLEN GOODS WHEN THE PERSON IS ON NOTICE BY LAW ENFORCEMENT THAT THE GOODS ARE STOLEN; TO AMEND SECTION 17-25-323, RELATING TO DEFAULT ON COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS INCLUDING RESTITUTION BY PERSONS ON PROBATION OR PAROLE AND CIVIL JUDGMENTS AND LIENS, SO AS TO INCLUDE DEFENDANTS WHO DEFAULT ON THE VARIOUS MAGISTRATES COURT OR MUNICIPAL COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS INCLUDING RESTITUTION IN THE PURVIEW OF THE STATUTE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A FILING FEE OR OTHER FEE MAY NOT BE REQUIRED WHEN SEEKING A CIVIL JUDGMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 14-25-65, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES THE MAGISTRATES COURT MAY IMPOSE, RESTITUTION, AND CONTEMPT, SO AS TO ALLOW A MAGISTRATE TO CONVERT CERTAIN UNPAID COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS TO A CIVIL JUDGMENT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-550, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE MAGISTRATES COURT OVER MINOR OFFENSES, RESTITUTION, AND CONTEMPT, SO AS TO ALLOW A MAGISTRATE TO CONVERT CERTAIN UNPAID COURT-ORDERED PAYMENTS TO A CIVIL JUDGMENT AND TO INCLUDE VIOLATIONS OF SECTIONS 16-13-180 AND 16-13-440 IN THOSE OFFENSES FOR WHICH A MAGISTRATE HAS THE POWER TO SENTENCE A PERSON TO CONSECUTIVE TERMS OF IMPRISONMENT TOTALING MORE THAN NINETY DAYS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3632 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, White, Sandifer, J.R. Smith, Bannister and Lucas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 42-5-190, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE MAINTENANCE TAX IMPOSED BY THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION ON SELF INSURERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION SHALL RETAIN A PORTION OF THE ANNUAL MAINTENANCE TAX REVENUE TO PAY THE SALARIES AND EXPENSES OF THE COMMISSION AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMISSION SHALL RETAIN ONE-HALF OF THE INTEREST CHARGED ON DELINQUENT MAINTENANCE TAX FOR THE SAME PURPOSE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPSEN from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry polled out H. 3735 favorable:
H. 3735 (Word version) -- Reps. Goldfinch, Hardwick, H.A. Crawford, Huggins, Hardee, Clemmons, Vick, Finlay, Chumley, Hamilton, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hixon, V.S. Moss, Owens, Pitts, Sottile, Wells, Wood, Powers Norrell, Knight and McCoy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-5-2730, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE STATE'S ADOPTION OF CERTAIN FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS THAT REGULATE THE TAKING OF FISH IN STATE WATERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT LAWS AND REGULATIONS DO NOT APPLY TO BLACK SEA BASS (CENTROPRIATES STRIATA), TO PROVIDE A LAWFUL CATCH LIMIT AND SIZE FOR THIS SPECIES OF FISH, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THERE IS NO CLOSED SEASON ON THE CATCHING OF BLACK SEA BASS (CENTROPRIATES STRIATA).
Poll of the Fish, Game and Forestry Committee
Polled 17; Ayes 17; Nays 0; Not Voting 0
AYES
Campsen McGill Hutto
Cromer Williams Sheheen
Coleman Gregory Bennett
Corbin Hembree Johnson
McElveen Shealy Thurmond
Young
Total--17
NAYS
Total--0
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3752 (Word version) -- Rep. Patrick: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "EXPANDED VIRTUAL LEARNING ACT"; TO AMEND SECTION 59-16-15, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA VIRTUAL SCHOOL PROGRAM, SO AS TO RESTYLE THE PROGRAM AS A VIRTUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM AND TO REMOVE LIMITS ON THE NUMBER OF ONLINE CREDITS A STUDENT MAY BE AWARDED UNDER THE PROGRAM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 59-40-65, RELATING TO ENROLLMENT OF CHARTER SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA VIRTUAL SCHOOL PROGRAM, SO AS TO MAKE A CONFORMING CHANGE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator COURSON from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary polled out H. 3870 favorable:
H. 3870 (Word version) -- Reps. Gambrell, Bowen, D.C. Moss, Gagnon, Putnam, Sandifer and White: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 23-49-65 SO AS TO PROVIDE IN THE "FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION ACT OF 2000" THAT THE SOUTH CAROLINA LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION (SLED) HAS SPECIFIC AND EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION ON BEHALF OF THE STATE IN MATTERS PERTAINING TO THE RESPONSE TO AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF ACTS OF TERRORISM AND EMERGENCY EVENT MANAGEMENT OF EXPLOSIVE DEVICES; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-20, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE, SO AS TO ADD THE CHIEF OF SLED TO THE COMMITTEE AND TO CORRECT OBSOLETE REFERENCES; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-50, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION PLAN, SO AS TO RENAME THE COMMITTEE AS THE SOUTH CAROLINA FIREFIGHTER MOBILIZATION AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE TASK FORCE PLAN, TO ADD THE TASK FORCE TO THOSE RESOURCES THAT THE PLAN IS INTENDED TO OFFER, AND TO PROVIDE THE PLAN IS OPERATIONAL WHEN THE CHIEF OF SLED DIRECTS A RESPONSE TO A TERRORIST OR EXPLOSIVE DEVICE EVENT; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-60, RELATING TO THE DUTIES OF THE COMMITTEE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE COMMITTEE SHALL DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR USING RESOURCES ALLOCATED TO THE TASK FORCE AT THE STATE AND REGIONAL LEVEL; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-70, RELATING TO STATE AND REGIONAL COORDINATORS APPOINTED BY THE COMMITTEE TO EXECUTE THE PLAN, SO AS TO MAKE A CONFORMING CHANGE TO THE NAME OF THE PLAN, TO REQUIRE THE OFFICE OF STATE FIRE MARSHAL TO PROVIDE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT AS REQUIRED BY THE COMMITTEE TO PERFORM ITS PRESCRIBED FUNCTIONS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE COORDINATOR APPOINTED BY THE COMMITTEE SHALL REPORT TO THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL AND PROVIDE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT TO THE COMMITTEE; TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-80, RELATING TO INFORMATION REQUIRED OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FIREMEN'S ASSOCIATION, SO AS TO CORRECT OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-49-110, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS, SO AS TO DEFINE ADDITIONAL TERMS.
Poll of the Judiciary Committee
Polled 23; Ayes 21; Nays 0; Not Voting 1;Abstain 1
AYES
Martin, Larry Rankin Hutto
Malloy Sheheen Bright
Coleman Martin, Shane Nicholson
Scott Gregory Allen
Bennett Corbin Hembree
Johnson McElveen Shealy
Thurmond Turner Young
Total--21
NAYS
Total--0
NOT VOTING
Campsen
Total--1
ABSTAIN
Massey
Total--1
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator O'DELL from the General Committee polled out H. 3878 favorable:
H. 3878 (Word version) -- Reps. Murphy, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Bedingfield, Bernstein, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Branham, Brannon, G.A. Brown, R.L. Brown, Burns, Chumley, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, H.A. Crawford, K.R. Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Edge, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrester, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gambrell, George, Gilliard, Goldfinch, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hardwick, Harrell, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hixon, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Kennedy, King, Knight, Limehouse, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McCoy, McEachern, M.S. McLeod, W.J. McLeod, Merrill, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Munnerlyn, Nanney, Neal, Newton, Norman, Ott, Owens, Parks, Patrick, Pitts, Pope, Powers Norrell, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, Riley, Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sabb, Sandifer, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, Sottile, Southard, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Toole, Vick, Weeks, Wells, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Wood: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE THE FULL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE TO OPPOSE THE DECISION OF ITS EXECUTIVE BOARD AND REINSTATE WRESTLING AS A CORE SPORT OF THE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES.
Poll of the General Committee
Polled 17; Ayes 14; Nays 3; Not Voting 0
AYES
O'Dell Ford Sheheen
Reese Lourie Jackson
Cromer Cleary McGill
Verdin Campbell Allen
Shealy Young
Total--14
NAYS
Bryant Bright Martin, Shane
Total--3
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator COURSON from the Committee on Education submitted a favorable report on:
H. 4020 (Word version) -- Rep. Allison: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT ACT 99 OF 1999, THE SOUTH CAROLINA FIRST STEPS TO SCHOOL READINESS ACT, IS REAUTHORIZED UNTIL JULY 1, 2014.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Appointments Reported
Senator FAIR from the Committee on Corrections and Penology submitted a favorable report on:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, with the term to commence March 15, 2011, and to expire March 15, 2017
6th Congressional District:
Senator LARRY MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
Reappointment, Board of Directors of the South Carolina Public Service Authority, with the term to commence May 19, 2013, and to expire May 19, 2020
1st Congressional District:
William A. Finn, 59 Krier Lane, Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464
Initial Appointment, Board of Directors of the South Carolina Public Service Authority, with the term to commence May 19, 2011, and to expire May 19, 2018
Chairman:
W. Leighton Lord III, 3628 Devereaux Rd., Columbia, SC 29205 VICE Oscar L. Thompson III
Reappointment, South Carolina Workers' Compensation Commission, with the term to commence June 30, 2012, and to expire June 30, 2018
At-Large:
Andrea C. Roche, 2928 Forest Drive, Columbia, SC 29204
Senator GROOMS from the Committee on Transportation submitted a favorable report on:
Reappointment, South Carolina State Ports Authority, with the term to commence June 4, 2013, and to expire June 4, 2018
At-Large:
Henry D. McMaster, 1731 Senate Street, Columbia, SC 29201
HOUSE CONCURRENCES
The following Resolutions were returned from the House with concurrence and received as information:
S. 639 (Word version) -- Senators McElveen, Campsen and Gregory: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS TO ENACT LEGISLATION AND THE UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE TO PROMULGATE REGULATIONS AUTHORIZING THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA TO MANAGE DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS IN THE STATE.
S. 710 (Word version) -- Senators Scott, Campsen, Grooms, Hayes, Reese, Courson, Nicholson and Alexander: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES BESTOW SPECIAL RECOGNITION UPON CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS COLONEL CHARLES MURRAY, JR., CORPORAL FREDDIE STOWERS, MAJOR GENERAL JAMES E. LIVINGSTON, SERGEANT FIRST CLASS WEBSTER ANDERSON, MASTER SERGEANT JOHN BAKER, JR., AND SEAMAN ROBERT BLAKE, AND THE WIVES OF COLONEL CHARLES MURRAY, JR., MAJOR GENERAL JAMES E. LIVINGSTON AND MASTER SERGEANT JOHN BAKER, JR., BY NAMING DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES' BUILDINGS IN THEIR HONOR.
S. 711 (Word version) -- Senators L. Martin and Alexander: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RENAME THE L.E.C. ROAD OF S-39-90 THAT BEGINS ON SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 8 AND ENDS ON MCDANIEL AVENUE IN PICKENS, SOUTH CAROLINA, AS THE "C. DAVID STONE ROAD" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS ROAD THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "C. DAVID STONE ROAD".
S. 733 (Word version) -- Senators Cromer, Courson, Shealy, Setzler and Massey: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE STUDENTS, ADMINISTRATORS, FACULTY, STAFF, AND PARENTS OF LAKE MURRAY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF LEXINGTON COUNTY FOR THEIR OUTSTANDING WORK AND TO CONGRATULATE THEM FOR BEING SELECTED AS A LIGHTHOUSE SCHOOL.
S. 734 (Word version) -- Senators Cromer, Courson, Shealy, Setzler and Massey: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE STUDENTS, ADMINISTRATORS, FACULTY, STAFF, AND PARENTS OF SAXE GOTHA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF LEXINGTON COUNTY FOR THEIR OUTSTANDING WORK AND TO CONGRATULATE THEM FOR BEING SELECTED AS A LIGHTHOUSE SCHOOL.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 29, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments:
S. 341 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, Reese, Fair, Lourie, Cromer, L. Martin, Campbell, Shealy and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "EMERSON ROSE ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 44-37-70 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH BIRTHING FACILITY LICENSED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO PERFORM A PULSE OXIMETRY SCREENING ON EVERY NEWBORN IN ITS CARE, WHEN THE BABY IS TWENTY-FOUR TO FORTY-EIGHT HOURS OF AGE, OR AS LATE AS POSSIBLE IF THE BABY IS DISCHARGED FROM THE HOSPITAL BEFORE REACHING TWENTY-FOUR HOURS OF AGE.
Respectfully submitted,
Speaker of the House
The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 29, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3751 (Word version) -- Rep. Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO CONFORM WITH FEDERAL MANDATES ENACTED BY THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS IN THE TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE EXTENSION ACT OF 2011; BY ADDING SECTION 41-41-45 SO AS TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND WORKFORCE SHALL IMPOSE A PENALTY ON FRAUDULENT OVERPAYMENTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS; BY ADDING SECTION 41-33-910 SO AS TO CREATE THE DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND WORKFORCE INTEGRITY FUND AND PROVIDE FOR ITS SOURCE AND USE; BY ADDING SECTION 41-35-135 SO AS TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT SHALL CHARGE THE ACCOUNT OF AN EMPLOYER WHEN THE EMPLOYER FAILS TO RESPOND TIMELY OR ADEQUATELY TO A REQUEST BY THE DEPARTMENT FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING A CLAIM FOR UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS WHEN THE EMPLOYER HAS DEMONSTRATED A PATTERN OF FAILING TO TIMELY OR ADEQUATELY RESPOND TO THESE REQUESTS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 43-5-598, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYABLES PROGRAM ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "NEW HIRE" TO APPLY WHERE THE SEPARATION OF AN EMPLOYEE FROM EMPLOYMENT IS FOR AT LEAST SIXTY CONSECUTIVE DAYS.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 29, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3061 (Word version) -- Reps. McCoy, M.S. McLeod, Stavrinakis and Sellers: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-63-95 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION TO DEVELOP AND DISTRIBUTE MODEL POLICIES CONCERNING THE NATURE AND RISK OF CONCUSSIONS SUSTAINED BY STUDENT ATHLETES, TO REQUIRE EACH LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT TO DEVELOP ITS OWN POLICY, TO REQUIRE THE REVIEW OF THE POLICY BY STUDENT ATHLETES AND THEIR PARENTS OR GUARDIANS, TO REQUIRE THE REMOVAL FROM PLAY AND MEDICAL EVALUATION OF A STUDENT ATHLETE BELIEVED TO HAVE SUSTAINED A CONCUSSION DURING PLAY, TO ALLOW FOR THE EVALUATION TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY A VOLUNTEER HEALTH CARE PROVIDER, AND TO PROVIDE THAT LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS ARE NOT REQUIRED TO ENFORCE THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 29, 2013
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3762 (Word version) -- Reps. Ott, Skelton, Hardwick, Hodges, Knight, Bales, Jefferson, Parks, Sellers, Finlay, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gambrell, George, Hayes, Hiott, Hixon, Horne, Lowe, D.C. Moss, Norman, Pitts, Putnam, Riley, White, Williams and Vick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 50-11-740, AS AMENDED, AND 50-11-745, RELATING TO THE CONFISCATION, FORFEITURE, SALE, AND RELEASE OF PROPERTY USED FOR THE UNLAWFUL HUNTING OF WILDLIFE, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL TYPES OF PROPERTY THAT ARE COVERED BY BOTH PROVISIONS, AND TO REVISE THE PENALTIES THAT MAY BE IMPOSED FOR THE UNLAWFUL HUNTING OF WILDLIFE.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION
The following Bills were read the third time and, having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the titles be changed to that of Acts and enrolled for Ratification:
H. 4038 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer and Harrell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-22-280, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE APPLICATION OF THE CHAPTER CONCERNING ENGINEERS AND SURVEYORS, SO AS TO ADD AN EXEMPTION FOR CERTAIN ENGINEERS.
H. 3907 (Word version) -- Reps. Willis, Owens, Stringer, Daning, Brannon, Rivers, Kennedy, King, Mitchell, Putnam, Wells and Wood: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 6 TO CHAPTER 1, TITLE 56 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES TO ACCEPT UNCERTIFIED CHECKS FOR PAYMENT FOR PRODUCTS OR SERVICES ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY REFUSE TO PROVIDE A PERSON ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE, EXCEPT AN IDENTIFICATION CARD, UNTIL THE PERSON HAS PAID ALL FEES OWED THE DEPARTMENT AS A RESULT OF A RETURNED CHECK, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY CHARGE A FEE SPECIFIED IN SECTION 34-11-70 TO COVER THE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COLLECTION OF FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY CHARGE A PROCESSING FEE FOR THE USE OF CREDIT CARDS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT ALL PROCESSING FEES COLLECTED PURSUANT TO THIS ARTICLE MUST BE PLACED IN A SPECIAL RESTRICTED ACCOUNT TO BE USED BY THE DEPARTMENT TO DEFRAY ITS COSTS.
HOUSE BILL RETURNED
The following House Bill was read the third time and ordered returned to the House with amendments:
H. 3409 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-59-25 SO AS TO PROHIBIT CERTAIN ACTS BY RESIDENTIAL BUILDERS OR CONTRACTORS RELATING TO ROOFING SYSTEMS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-59-110, RELATING TO REVOCATION, SUSPENSION, OR RESTRICTION OF THE LICENSE BY THE RESIDENTIAL HOME BUILDERS COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE A CONFORMING CHANGE.
READ THE THIRD TIME, RETURNED TO THE HOUSE
H. 3971 (Word version) -- Reps. Stringer and Willis: A BILL TO PROVIDE THAT THE GREENVILLE HOSPITAL SYSTEM BOARD OF TRUSTEES, AS DESIGNATED IN ACT 1285 OF 1966, IS CHANGED TO THE GREENVILLE HEALTH SYSTEM BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
Senator FAIR spoke on the Bill.
Senator ALLEN spoke on the Bill.
Senator ALLEN asked unanimous consent to have his amendments withdrawn.
There was no objection and the amendments were withdrawn.
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time and ordered returned to the House of Representatives, with amendments.
H. 3971--Recorded Vote
Senator CORBIN desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator FAIR, the following was ordered printed in the Journal:
PRESIDENT: You're asking to take up H. 3971, on page 1, under the Local Uncontested Third Reading Calendar. Is that correct, sir? Senator from Greenville, for what purpose do you rise, sir?
SENATOR ALLEN: Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT. Will the Senator from Greenville yield?
PRESIDENT: Does the Senator yield?
SENATOR FAIR: Yes.
PRESIDENT: The Senator yields.
SENATOR ALLEN: Senator FAIR, the Bill that we are taking up now is a Bill that deals with the Greenville Health System. Is that correct?
SENATOR FAIR: Correct.
SENATOR ALLEN: Right, and the language that is within that Bill that talks about maintaining diversity, a diverse board, would you understand that to take into consideration minority members that are on the board?
SENATOR FAIR: Senator from Greenville, Senator ALLEN, yes. And, I say that speaking as chairman of the delegation and our commitment to see that that happens. And, as you know, Senator, having been part of the Greenville Delegation for some time now, we have been somewhat successful in that regard with that current language in place and I don't expect any backwards motion on that.
SENATOR ALLEN: All right, and as you're aware, I discussed the matter with other Senators and had a very interesting conversation -- did you know, with the Senator from Lexington, Senator SHEALY, and the Senator from Orangeburg, Senator MATTHEWS, regarding minority participation. You know that you have to have a seat at the table in order to partake in the meal from the table. You agree with that, do you not?
SENATOR FAIR: Well, if I understand what you're saying, and I think I do, no, I wouldn't say that's an absolute. Because, theoretically, minority members have not had a seat at the table and, yet, we have been able to secure a seat at the table for them and I don't expect that to change. For the Body who is having to listen to this, this Bill is going to expand the possibility for Greenville Health Systems to add members, if they choose, and Senator ALLEN, myself and the others, are interested, without going to an absolute quota system -- which is an offense to everybody -- we're effectively keeping minority representation where it needs to be. Historically, we've done that and we intend to move forward and not back up on that regard.
SENATOR ALLEN: All right Senator, with that being said, you knew that I had two amendments up. One that would require no retrogression in the number of minority members on the board and a second one that would make the board consider race and ethnicity and keep it at the same level that it is today. You were aware of that, correct?
SENATOR FAIR: Yes.
SENATOR ALLEN: Mr. PRESIDENT, I would ask for unanimous consent, from our delegation per the rules, to withdraw the two amendments that I have on the Desk in view of the language that has been added to the Bill itself.
PRESIDENT: There is a unanimous consent request by the Senator from Greenville, Senator ALLEN, to withdraw his amendments. Is there objection? There being none, it so ordered.
* * *
The following Joint Resolution was read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 705 (Word version) -- Senator Leatherman: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE FOR THE CONTINUING AUTHORITY TO PAY THE EXPENSES OF STATE GOVERNMENT IF THE 2013-2014 FISCAL YEAR BEGINS WITHOUT A GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR THAT YEAR IN EFFECT, AND TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS.
Senator LEATHERMAN explained the Joint Resolution.
S. 657 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-2-190, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MAGISTRATE JURY AREAS IN EACH COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE AND UPDATE THE TERRITORIAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE JURY AREAS AND PROVIDE REFERENCES TO PUBLIC MAPS SHOWING THE JURY AREAS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senator MALLOY proposed the following amendment (JUD0657.001), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 14, by striking lines 7 through 18, in Section 22-2-190, as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following:
/ (13) Chesterfield County
No. 1--Middenhorf, McBee
No. 2--Cat Pond, Harris Creek, Ousleydale
No. 3--Bay Springs, Cash, Patrick
No. 4--Cheraw No. 1, Cheraw No. 2, Cheraw No. 3, Grants Mill
No. 5--Angelus-Catarrh, Black Creek, Jefferson
No. 6--Center Grove, Dudley, Mangum, Pageland
No. 7--Cross Roads, Mt. Croghan, Ruby, Wexford, Winzo
No. 8--Center Point, Court House, Shiloh, Snow Hill, Vaughn, White Oak
No. 9--Brocks Mill
One jury area countywide. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 15, by striking lines 14 through 38, in Section 22-2-190, as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following:
/ (16) Darlington County
(a)(1) Society Hill--Described generally as that area of Darlington County north of Buckholtz Creek and State Road 23 to Sand Hill State Forest.
(2) Darlington--That area of the county generally described as: On the north by Buckholtz Creek and the Marlboro County line; on the east by the Florence County line; on the south by Interstate 20 and State Road 13; on the west by State Road 28, State Road 699, State Road 112, State Road 25, State Road 13, Black Creek, State Road 36 and U.S. 15.
(3) Lamar--That area of the county generally described as: On the north by State Road 19, Jefferies Creek, State Road 13 and Interstate 20; on the east by the Florence County line; on the south and west by the Lee County line.
(4) Lydia--That area of the county generally described as: On the north by State Road 772 and State Road 493, on the east by State Road 352, on the south by State Road 19, on the west by the Lee County line.
(b) The lines defining the magistrates jury areas provided in item (a) are as shown on the official map on file with the Division of Research and Statistics of the South Carolina Budget and Control Board designated as document M-31-13, and on copies filed with the Darlington County magistrates offices, and available on the Darlington County website. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, pages 22 through 24, by striking lines 23 through 43 on page 22, striking lines 1 through 43 on page 23, and striking lines 1 through 5 on page 24, in Section 22-2-190, as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following:
/ (31) Lee County
(a)(1) No. 1--Lucknow
West bounded by Lynches River, from Lynches River down to Highway 26, down Highway 26 to Highway 229, south by Highway 229 down to Highway 41 to Highway 34, then west to Scape Ore Swamp, from Scape Ore Swamp north westerly to Kershaw County line just south of Marshall's Church.
(2) No. 2--Stokes Bridge
Bounded on north by Darlington County and on the east by Darlington County, from Darlington County line eastwardly following Highway 15 by Lynches River. This being southern boundary, eastern boundary being Lynches River, following Lynches River back to the Darlington County line.
(3) No. 3--Cypress
West bounded by Darlington County, south by Darlington County line to Lynches River, following Lynches River northward to Highway 15, from Highway 15 then in an easterly direction on Highway 15 to the Lee and Darlington County line.
(4) No. 4--Bishopville
On the eastern side is Lynches River starting at Highway 401, running north to junction of Merchant's Mill stream to junction of Highway 76, north to dirt road running westerly to junction of Highway 341, down 341 south to Merchant's Mill stream then in a westerly direction up Merchant's Mill stream to junction of Highway 283, to junction of Highway 21, to junction of Highway 229, south to Highway 41, north on Highway 41 to junction of Johnson's Pond thence westerly down Johnson's Pond stream to Scape Ore Swamp, down Scape Ore Swamp to junction of Highway 196 and Highway 38, thence south on Black River to Highway 401, thence following 401 in an easterly direction to Lynches River.
(5) No. 5--Ionia
The eastern side is bounded by Kershaw County line, following Highway 25 in a westerly direction to Highway 242, in northerly direction on Highway 242 into junction with Highway 230, following 230 and intersection Highway 205, then follows and intersects Highway 29, then in northerly direction following Scape Ore Swamp to a point on Johnson's Mill Pond up to the junction of Highway 34.
(6) No. 6--Spring Hill
Western boundary is part of Kershaw and Sumter Counties, southern boundary being Sumter County line, Highway 25 enters Kershaw County in an easterly direction and then ends at Highway 243. Highway 243 then goes down south to Highway 7, from there to junction of Highway 73, following Highway 73 in a southeasterly direction on 73 to a junction of 441 down 441 to the Rembert Church Swamp to the Sumter County line.
(7) No. 7--Ashwood
Starting at the southern portion of Ashwood is Sumter County line at Scape Ore Swamp, by Scape Ore Swamp northerly to intersection of Highway 29 and by Highway 29 following intersection of Highway 205 and 173 down to Highway 231, in westerly direction on Highway 231 to intersection 242, then in southerly direction down 242 to intersection of Highway 7, following Highway 7 in a westerly direction to Highway junction 73, in southerly direction to Highway 441 and then down by Rembert Church Swamp to Highway 285, and to junction 15 on to the Lee and Sumter County line.
(8) No. 8--St. Charles
Scape Ore Swamp in a northerly direction from Sumter County line to junction of Highway 196 and Highway 38, thence easterly on Highway 38 to a junction on Black River, thence following Black River in a southerly direction to the Sumter County line on Highway 76.
(9) No. 9--Lynchburg
Starting at Highway 76 at the Sumter County line in a northerly direction to junction of Highway 401 easterly on Highway 401 to Lynches River, then on the eastern side is Lynches River, on the southern part is Sumter County.
(b) The lines defining the magistrates jury areas provided in item (a) are as shown on the official map on file with the Division of Research and Statistics of the South Carolina Budget and Control Board designated as document M-61-13, and on copies filed with the Lee County magistrates offices, and available on the Lee County website. /
Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 26, by striking lines 17 through 23, in Section 22-2-190, as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following:
/ (34) Marlboro County
(a)(1) Bennettsville--Wallace, Quicks Cross Roads, Brightsville, East Bennettsville, West Bennettsville, South Bennettsville, Red Hill
(2) McColl--Adamsville, East McColl, McColl, Tatum
(3) Clio--Clio
(4) Brownsville--Blenheim, Brownsville
(b) The lines defining the magistrates jury areas provided in item (a) are as shown on the official map on file with the Division of Research and Statistics of the South Carolina Budget and Control Board designated as document M-69-13, and on copies filed with the Marlboro County magistrates offices, and available on the Marlboro County website. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the committee amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Cleary Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
H. 3451 (Word version) -- Reps. Tallon, Cole, Forrester, Kennedy, Murphy, Pope, Rutherford and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-7-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE OFFENSES THAT A PERSON MAY BE CHARGED ON A UNIFORM TRAFFIC TICKET, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE OFFENSES OF SHOPLIFTING AND CRIMINAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MUST BE CHARGED ON A UNIFORM TRAFFIC TICKET.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
Senators THURMOND and McELVEEN proposed the following amendment (JUD3451.002), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking line 38, and inserting:
/ Criminal Domestic Violence, First Offense and Second Offense Section 16-25-20(B)(1) and (2) /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator THURMOND explained the amendment.
The question then was second reading of the Bill, as amended.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bright Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Johnson Lourie
Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane
Massey Matthews McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
H. 3538 (Word version) -- Reps. Bannister, Tallon, Sandifer, Hamilton, Erickson, Gambrell, Brannon, Allison, Felder and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-500, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SALE OR PURCHASE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS FOR MINORS, SO AS TO INCLUDE ALTERNATIVE NICOTINE PRODUCTS IN THE PURVIEW OF THE STATUTE; TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-501, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF RELEVANT TOBACCO PRODUCT FOR MINORS OFFENSES, SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERMS "ALTERNATIVE NICOTINE PRODUCT" AND "ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE"; AND TO AMEND SECTIONS 16-17-502, 16-17-503, AND 16-17-504, RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION OF TOBACCO PRODUCT SAMPLES, ENFORCEMENT AND REPORTING, AND IMPLEMENTATION, RESPECTIVELY, ALL SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES TO INCLUDE ALTERNATIVE NICOTINE PRODUCTS.
Senator SHEHEEN asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration.
There was no objection.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 2
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Ford Gregory Grooms
Hayes Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson Leatherman
Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry
Martin, Shane Massey McElveen
McGill Nicholson O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Scott Setzler Shealy
Sheheen Thurmond Turner
Verdin Williams Young
Total--42
NAYS
Bright Bryant
Total--2
The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
S. 732 (Word version) -- Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS OF LICENSURE IN THE FIELD OF COSMETOLOGY (EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS), DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4336, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Resolution.
Senator MASSEY explained the Resolution.
The question then was second reading of the Resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 40; Nays 2
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson Peeler Rankin
Reese Scott Setzler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--40
NAYS
Bright Bryant
Total--2
The Resolution was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar.
OBJECTION
S. 234 (Word version) -- Senators Coleman, Johnson and McElveen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 67 TO TITLE 12 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA ABANDONED BUILDINGS REVITALIZATION ACT" WHICH PROVIDES THAT A TAXPAYER MAKING INVESTMENTS OF A CERTAIN SIZE IN REHABILITATING AN ABANDONED BUILDING MAY AT HIS OPTION RECEIVE SPECIFIED INCOME TAX CREDITS OR CREDITS AGAINST THE PROPERTY TAX LIABILITY.
Senator SHEHEEN explained the Bill.
Senator SHANE MARTIN objected to the Bill.
CARRIED OVER
H. 3540 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, J.E. Smith, Bales, Hosey, Cobb-Hunter, Bannister, J.R. Smith, Patrick, Brannon, Erickson, Taylor, Huggins, Kennedy, Ballentine, Bernstein, Sellers, Williams, Jefferson, M.S. McLeod, Atwater, Bowers, R.L. Brown, Cole, Douglas, George, Hixon, Long, McCoy, Mitchell, Pitts, Pope, G.R. Smith, Tallon, Wood, Weeks, Knight and Hart: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 1-3-240, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REMOVAL OF OFFICERS BY THE GOVERNOR, SO AS TO ADD THE ADJUTANT GENERAL TO THE LIST OF OFFICERS OR ENTITIES THE GOVERNING BOARD OF WHICH MAY BE REMOVED BY THE GOVERNOR ONLY FOR CERTAIN REASONS CONSTITUTING CAUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 25-1-320, RELATING TO THE STATE ADJUTANT GENERAL, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEGINNING UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE 2014 GENERAL ELECTION, THE ADJUTANT GENERAL MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A FOUR-YEAR TERM COMMENCING ON THE FIRST WEDNESDAY FOLLOWING THE SECOND TUESDAY IN JANUARY THAT FOLLOWS THE GENERAL ELECTION THAT MARKS THE MIDTERM OF THE GOVERNOR, EXCEPT THAT THE INITIAL TERM OF THE FIRST ADJUTANT GENERAL APPOINTED PURSUANT TO THIS ACT MUST BE FOR TWO YEARS SO AS TO ALLOW SUBSEQUENT TERMS TO BE STAGGERED WITH THAT OF THE GOVERNOR, AND TO ESTABLISH CERTAIN QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF ADJUTANT GENERAL; TO AMEND SECTION 25-1-340, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO VACANCIES IN THE OFFICE OF ADJUTANT GENERAL, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE ABOVE PROVISIONS ARE EFFECTIVE UPON THE RATIFICATION OF AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI, AND SECTION 4, ARTICLE XIII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE DELETING THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE STATE ADJUTANT GENERAL BE ELECTED BY THE QUALIFIED ELECTORS OF THIS STATE.
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Bill was carried over.
H. 3360 (Word version) -- Reps. Owens, Daning, Hiott, Skelton, Simrill, Anthony, Bedingfield, Clemmons, Delleney, Hardwick, Henderson, Hixon, Limehouse, Nanney, Ott, Pope, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, Sottile, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 57-5-10, 57-5-70, AND 57-5-80, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE COMPOSITION OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM, ADDITIONS TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, AND THE DELETION AND REMOVAL OF ROADS FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL HIGHWAYS WITHIN THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM SHALL BE CONSTRUCTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION STANDARDS, TO PROVIDE THE FUNDING SOURCES THAT THE DEPARTMENT USES TO CONSTRUCT AND MAINTAIN THESE HIGHWAYS, TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE AND WHEREBY ENTITIES TO WHICH THE DEPARTMENT MAY TRANSFER ROADS WITHIN THE STATE HIGHWAY SECONDARY SYSTEM; AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE WHEREBY THE DEPARTMENT MAY ADD A ROAD FROM THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL ROAD TO THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 57-5-90 RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BELT LINES AND SPURS.
On motion of Senator MATTHEWS, the Bill was carried over.
H. 3960 (Word version) -- Rep. Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 38-41-35 SO AS TO REQUIRE EMPLOYERS PARTICIPATING IN A MULTIPLE EMPLOYER SELF-INSURED HEALTH PLAN TO EXECUTE HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENTS IN WHICH THE EMPLOYER AGREES TO PAY ALL UNPAID PORTIONS OF INSURED CLAIMS, AND TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO PROVIDE FORMS THAT MUST BE USED FOR THESE AGREEMENTS, AMONG OTHER THINGS.
Senator CROMER explained the Bill.
On motion of Senator CLEARY, the Bill was carried over.
H. 3774 (Word version) -- Reps. Loftis, Hardwick, Clemmons, Hamilton, Huggins, J.R. Smith, Goldfinch, Hixon, Ryhal, Sottile and Spires: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO SUSPEND THE RUNNING OF CERTAIN GOVERNMENT APPROVALS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF REAL PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE FOR THE PERIOD BEGINNING JANUARY 1, 2013 AND ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2017; AND TO PROVIDE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES ISSUING SUCH APPROVALS SHALL PUBLISH NOTICE IN THE STATE REGISTER LISTING THE TYPES OF THESE APPROVALS IT ISSUES AND NOTING THE SUSPENSION OF THE RUNNING OF THE PERIOD OF THE APPROVAL AND TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR UNITS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Joint Resolution was carried over.
H. 3746 (Word version) -- Reps. D.C. Moss and V.S. Moss: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE NOVEMBER AS NATIONAL NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY MONTH AND TO DECLARE NOVEMBER 18, 2013, AS NATIVE AMERICAN AWARENESS DAY IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution.
Senator O'DELL proposed the following amendment (3746R001.WHO), which was adopted:
Amend the concurrent resolution, as and if amended, page 2, by striking lines 6-13.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator O'DELL explained the amendment.
Senator RANKIN proposed the following amendment (JUD3746.001), which was adopted:
Amend the concurrent resolution, as and if amended, page 2, by striking lines 26 through 34 and inserting therein the following:
/ American Awareness Day in South Carolina; and
Whereas, in order to properly serve the Native American and other minority interests in this State, the Commission for Minority Affairs needs and deserves the ability to meet, carry out its statutory duties, and conduct business on behalf of Native Americans and other minorities in this State, whether or not a quorum of the total membership of the Commission's board has been appointed or continues to serve in office;
Whereas, in order to clarify that it is the intent of the General Assembly that the Commission for Minority Affairs meet, carry out its statutory duties, and conduct business as provided in Chapter 31 of Title 1, notwithstanding any contrary opinion of law and whether or not a quorum of the total membership of the Commission's board has been appointed or continues to serve in office. Now, therefore,
Be it resolved by the House of Representatives, the Senate concurring:
That the members of the South Carolina General Assembly, by this resolution, recognize November as National Native American History Month and declare November 18, 2013, as Native American Awareness Day in South Carolina.
That the Commission for Minority Affairs meet, carry out its statutory duties, and conduct business on behalf of Native Americans and other minorities as provided in Chapter 31, Title 1, notwithstanding any contrary opinion of law and whether or not a quorum of the total membership of the Commission's board has been appointed or continues to serve in office. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator RANKIN explained the amendment.
There being no further amendments, the Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House, as amended.
H. 4059 (Word version) -- Reps. Pitts, Clemmons, Loftis, Huggins, Erickson, J.R. Smith, Burns, Riley, Gambrell, Putnam, Merrill, Crosby, Kennedy, H.A. Crawford, Brannon, Hardee, Bedingfield, Quinn, Bingham, Finlay, Vick, G.R. Smith, Allison, Ballentine, Chumley, Daning, Delleney, Edge, Forrester, Gagnon, Goldfinch, Hamilton, Hardwick, Henderson, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Lowe, D.C. Moss, Murphy, Nanney, Newton, Norman, Ott, Patrick, Pope, Ridgeway, Simrill, G.M. Smith, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, White, Willis and Wood: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION EXPRESSING AN INVITATION FROM THE MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO OUT-OF-STATE BUSINESSES INVOLVED IN THE MANUFACTURING OF FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION AND ACCESSORIES FOR FIREARMS TO CONSIDER LOCATING OR EXPANDING EXISTING OPERATIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO GUARANTEE THAT SOUTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINIANS WILL OFFER THEM A WARM WELCOME.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
MOTION FOR SPECIAL ORDER FAILED
H. 3945 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Harrell, Lucas, Bannister, Toole, Stringer, Hamilton, Sottile, Barfield, Bingham, Spires, Hardwick, Owens, Hiott, Long, Erickson, Murphy, Horne, Willis, Gagnon, Simrill, Funderburk and Henderson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 4 TO CHAPTER 13, TITLE 8 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSION ON ETHICS ENFORCEMENT AND DISCLOSURE, TO PROVIDE FOR ITS POWERS, DUTIES, PROCEDURES, AND JURISDICTION, AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR CERTAIN VIOLATIONS; TO REPEAL ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 13, TITLE 8 RELATING TO THE STATE ETHICS COMMISSION; TO REPEAL ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 13, TITLE 8 RELATING TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATE ETHICS COMMITTEES; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-100, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO ETHICS, GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY, AND CAMPAIGN REFORM, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-700, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO USE OF AN OFFICIAL POSITION OR OFFICE FOR FINANCIAL GAIN, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY DETERMINES THAT HE HAS A CONFLICT OF INTEREST, HE MUST COMPLY WITH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS BEFORE ABSTAINING FROM ALL VOTES ON THE MATTER, AND TO PROVIDE FOR WHEN A PUBLIC OFFICIAL WHO IS REQUIRED TO RECUSE HIMSELF FROM A MATTER MUST DO SO; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-740, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REPRESENTATION OF ANOTHER PERSON BY A PUBLIC OFFICIAL BEFORE A GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY, SO AS TO FURTHER DELINEATE WHAT IS CONSIDERED A CONTESTED CASE WHEN REPRESENTATION BY A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IS PERMITTED; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-745, RELATING TO PAID REPRESENTATION OF CLIENTS AND CONTRACTING BY A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OR AN ASSOCIATE IN PARTICULAR SITUATIONS, SO AS TO DELETE A PROHIBITION AGAINST CERTAIN CONTRACTS WITH AN ENTITY FUNDED WITH GENERAL FUNDS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CONTENTS OF STATEMENTS OF ECONOMIC INTEREST, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THESE CONTENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1300, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO CAMPAIGN PRACTICES, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1318, RELATING TO ACCEPTANCE OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO RETIRE CAMPAIGN DEBTS, SO AS TO REQUIRE ANY SUCH CONTRIBUTIONS TO BE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE ONLY; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1338, RELATING TO PERSONS WHO MAY NOT SOLICIT CONTRIBUTIONS, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE HEAD OF ANY STATE AGENCY WHO IS SELECTED BY THE GOVERNOR, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, OR AN APPOINTED OR ELECTED BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 8-13-1340, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RESTRICTIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ONE CANDIDATE TO ANOTHER OR THROUGH COMMITTEES CONTROLLED BY A CANDIDATE, SO AS TO DELETE AN EXCEPTION FOR A COMMITTEE CONTROLLED BY A CANDIDATE IF IT IS THE ONLY SUCH COMMITTEE, AND TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 8-13-1510 AND 8-13-1520, BOTH AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR ETHICAL AND OTHER VIOLATIONS, AND BY ADDING SECTION 8-13-1530 SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS AND FOR WHERE CERTAIN WILFUL VIOLATIONS MUST BE TRIED; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 8-13-710 AND 8-13-715 RELATING TO REPORTING OF PARTICULAR GIFTS AND AUTHORIZED REIMBURSEMENTS FOR SPEAKING ENGAGEMENTS.
Senator PEELER moved to make the Bill a Special Order.
Parliamentary Inquiry
Senator BRYANT made a Parliamentary Inquiry as to whether the motion was subject to debate.
The PRESIDENT stated that the motion was subject to brief remarks.
Senator BRYANT argued against the motion to make the Bill a Special Order.
Objection
Senator LOURIE asked unanimous consent to make a motion to suspend the rule to permit the Senator from Anderson to complete his remarks.
Senator LARRY MARTIN objected.
Objection
Senator SETZLER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to extend by five minutes the time for proponents and opponents to speak on the motion.
Senator LARRY MARTIN objected.
Senator LARRY MARTIN spoke in favor of the motion.
The question was the motion to set the Bill for Special Order.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 24; Nays 20
AYES
Alexander Bennett Campbell
Campsen Cleary Coleman
Courson Cromer Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Lourie Martin, Larry Massey
McElveen Peeler Rankin
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Young
Total--24
NAYS
Allen Bright Bryant
Corbin Davis Ford
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Malloy Martin, Shane
Matthews McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Reese Scott
Setzler Williams
Total--20
Having failed to receive the necessary vote, the motion to make the Bill a Special Order failed.
Senator CROMER, Chairman of the Committee on Rules, moved under the provisions Rule 32B to take up H. 3945 in the ordinary course of business after Special Orders.
Point of Order
Senator SHANE MARTIN raised a Point of Order that the Bill had not been on the Calendar for six statewide legislative days.
The PRESIDENT overruled the Point of Order.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 31; Nays 14
AYES
Alexander Bennett Bright
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Leatherman Lourie
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
McElveen O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Shealy Sheheen
Thurmond Turner Verdin
Young
Total--31
NAYS
Allen Coleman Ford
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Malloy Matthews McGill
Nicholson Reese Scott
Setzler Williams
Total--14
The motion under Rule 32B was adopted.
RECALLED
H. 3101 (Word version) -- Reps. Chumley, Taylor, G.R. Smith, Huggins, Wells, Henderson, Crosby, Atwater, Long, Wood, Toole, Willis, Clemmons, Hardwick, Hardee, Goldfinch, Bedingfield, D.C. Moss, Loftis, Nanney, Pitts, Putnam, V.S. Moss, Owens, Barfield, H.A. Crawford, Stringer, Hamilton, Burns, Tallon, Kennedy, Allison, Murphy, Delleney, Horne, Daning and Brannon: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA FREEDOM OF HEALTH CARE PROTECTION ACT" BY ADDING ARTICLE 21 TO CHAPTER 71, TITLE 38 SO AS TO RENDER NULL AND VOID CERTAIN UNCONSTITUTIONAL LAWS ENACTED BY THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKING CONTROL OVER THE HEALTH INSURANCE INDUSTRY AND MANDATING THAT INDIVIDUALS PURCHASE HEALTH INSURANCE UNDER THREAT OF PENALTY; TO PROHIBIT CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS FROM ENFORCING OR ATTEMPTING TO ENFORCE SUCH UNCONSTITUTIONAL LAWS; AND TO ESTABLISH CRIMINAL PENALTIES AND CIVIL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATING THIS ARTICLE.
Senator BRYANT moved to recall the Bill from the Committee on Finance.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 26; Nays 19
AYES
Alexander Bennett Bright
Bryant Campbell Coleman
Corbin Courson Cromer
Davis Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Hembree
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane O'Dell
Peeler Rankin Reese
Shealy Thurmond Turner
Verdin Young
Total--26
NAYS
Allen Campsen Cleary
Ford Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Williams
Total--19
The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Finance and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
The PRESIDENT stated that the time allocated for the Motion Period had expired.
RECESS
At 12:35 P.M., on motion of Senator COURSON, the Senate receded from business until 2:00 P.M.
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 2:15 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
Senator SHANE MARTIN moved to extend the Motion Period.
Point of Order
Senator LARRY MARTIN raised a Point of Order that the motion was out of order inasmuch as the PRESIDENT had indicated that the Motion Period had expired.
Senators SHANE MARTIN, LEATHERMAN and PEELER spoke on the Point of Order.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order and indicated that intervening business would preclude making a motion to extend the Motion Period.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator LOURIE rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
MOTION UNDER RULE 32A FAILED
Senator SHANE MARTIN moved under Rule 32A to revert back to the Motion Period.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 11; Nays 32
AYES
Bright Bryant Corbin
Davis Fair Ford
Grooms Malloy Martin, Shane
Sheheen Verdin
Total--11
NAYS
Alexander Allen Bennett
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Gregory Hayes
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson Leatherman Lourie
Martin, Larry Massey Matthews
McElveen McGill Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Thurmond Turner
Williams Young
Total--32
Having failed to receive the necessary vote, the motion under Rule 32A failed.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED, CARRIED OVER
S. 460 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-45-90, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DUTY OF DUE CARE THAT A SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE BROKER MUST EXERCISE WHEN PLACING BUSINESS WITH NONADMITTED INSURERS, SO AS TO EXEMPT THOSE BROKERS FROM THIS REQUIREMENT WHEN SEEKING TO PROCURE OR PLACE NONADMITTED INSURANCE FOR AN EXEMPT COMMERCIAL PURCHASER IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
The House returned the Bill with amendments.
Amendment No. RFH-1
Senator HUTTO proposed the following amendment (460MW1):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, by striking line 36 and inserting the following:
/ state, that it is solvent meets at least the minimum capital and surplus /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO spoke on the amendment.
Senator COURSON moved under Rule 14 to carry over the Bill, with Senator HUTTO retaining the floor.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 24; Nays 21
AYES
Alexander Bennett Campbell
Campsen Cleary Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Grooms Hayes
Hembree Leatherman Martin, Larry
Massey O'Dell Peeler
Shealy Sheheen Thurmond
Turner Verdin Young
Total--24
NAYS
Allen Bright Bryant
Coleman Corbin Ford
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Lourie Malloy Martin, Shane
Matthews McElveen McGill
Nicholson Pinckney Reese
Scott Setzler Williams
Total--21
The Bill was carried over, with Senator HUTTO retaining the floor.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, with unanimous consent, Senators FORD, CAMPSEN and GROOMS were granted leave to attend a meeting, be counted in any quorum calls and be granted leave to vote from the balcony.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED, DEBATE INTERRUPTED
H. 3711 (Word version) -- Ways and Means Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROPRIATE MONIES FROM THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND FOR FISCAL YEAR 2012-2013, AND TO ALLOW UNEXPENDED FUNDS APPROPRIATED TO BE CARRIED FORWARD TO SUCCEEDING FISCAL YEARS AND EXPENDED FOR THE SAME PURPOSES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Finance.
Amendment No. P-2
Senator HUTTO proposed the following amendment (CBH.CAPITALRESERVE.LOAN):
Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [3711-1] by striking line 34 in its entirety and inserting:
/School Bus Lease and Purchase \$30,670,000/
Further amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [3711-3], by striking lines 10-13.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HUTTO explained the amendment.
Objection
Senator CROMER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to carry over all amendments to third reading, all members reserving their rights, and give the Bill a second reading.
Senator MATTHEWS objected.
Senator HUTTO explained the amendment.
Motion Under Rule 15A Failed
At 6:01 P.M., Senator LARRY MARTIN moved under the provisions of Rule 15A to vote on the entire matter of H. 3711.
At 6:01 P.M., the "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 17; Nays 26
AYES
Alexander Campbell Campsen
Cleary Corbin Courson
Cromer Davis Fair
Gregory Hayes Hembree
Martin, Larry Peeler Shealy
Turner Young
Total--17
NAYS
Allen Bennett Bright
Bryant Coleman Ford
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Martin, Shane Matthews McElveen
McGill O'Dell Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Sheheen Thurmond
Verdin Williams
Total--26
Having failed to receive the necessary vote, the motion under Rule 15A failed.
Senator HUTTO resumed speaking on the amendment.
Senator COURSON moved that when the Senate adjourns today, it stand adjourned to meet at 10:00 A.M. tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO moved that the Senate stand adjourned.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 28; Nays 15
AYES
Alexander Allen Bennett
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Coleman Courson
Fair Ford Hayes
Hutto Jackson Johnson
Leatherman Lourie Malloy
Matthews McElveen McGill
O'Dell Pinckney Reese
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Williams
Total--28
NAYS
Bright Corbin Cromer
Davis Gregory Hembree
Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey
Peeler Shealy Thurmond
Turner Verdin Young
Total--15
On motion of Senator HUTTO, debate was interrupted by adjournment.
LOCAL APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointments were confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, Newberry County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2015
Barry Koon, 14149 C. R. Koon Highway, Newberry, SC 29108
Initial Appointment, Union County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2011, and to expire April 30, 2015
Toney L. Farr, Sr., 710 Howell Rd., Jonesville, SC 29353 VICE Leslie Anderson
Initial Appointment, Beaufort County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014
Erin Gentry Vaux, 71 Gascoigne Bluff Rd., Bluffton, SC 29910 VICE Stephen P. Wilson
On motion of Senator McELVEEN, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mrs. Cheryl D. Laney of Dalzell, S.C., who passed away after a long battle with ovarian cancer. She was the beloved wife of Thomas Laney, and devoted mother to her son, "Ed" and his wife, Rangeley.
and
| 2015-08-30T03:34:58 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/364/165/
|
Volume 364 - European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2019) - Detector R&D and Data Handling
CMS Run 2 High Level Trigger Performance
H. Sert* on behalf of the CMS collaboration
*corresponding author
Full text: Not available
Abstract
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment selects events with a two-level trigger system, the Level-1 (L1) trigger and the High Level trigger (HLT). The HLT is a farm of approximately 30K CPU cores that reduces the rate from 100 kHz to about 1 kHz. The HLT has access to the full detector readout and runs a streamlined version of the offline event reconstruction. In LHC Run 2 the peak instantaneous luminosity reached values above $2\times 10^{34}$ cm$^{−2}$s$^{−1}$, posing a challenge to the online event selection. An overview of the object reconstruction and trigger selections used in the 2016-2018 data-taking period will be presented. The performance of the main trigger paths and the lessons learned will be summarised, also in view of the coming LHC Run 3.
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2020-09-27T20:31:29 |
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|
https://scstatehouse.gov/sess124_2021-2022/sj21/20210325.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
124th Session, 2021-2022
Journal of the Senate
NO. 44
JOURNAL
OF THE
SENATE
OF THE
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
REGULAR SESSION BEGINNING TUESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2021
_________
THURSDAY, MARCH 25, 2021
Thursday, March 25, 2021
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
Joel 2:12
We read in the Book of Joel,
"Yet even now, says the Lord, return to me with all your heart, with fasting, with weeping, and with mourning."
Let us pray, friends: Many of us, O Lord, here during this season of Lent, find ourselves thinking about how we live. And we pray, dear God, that You will forgive us for those many, many times when we know that we have ultimately disappointed You. And we recall those moments when we've disappointed ourselves as well. Instead, Lord, lead us to change our ways. Let every single one of us embrace Your care anew, to have hearts that reflect Your love, and help all of us in this Senate to show genuine concern for one another. And even when there might be some measure of disagreement that presents itself, let graciousness and true thoughtfulness prevail in this place, allowing each of these leaders always to bring blessings to the people of this State. In Your loving name we pray, dear Lord. Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
Point of Quorum
At 11:04 A.M., Senator ALEXANDER made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present.
Call of the Senate
Senator ALEXANDER moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Adams Alexander Allen
Bennett Campsen Cash
Climer Corbin Cromer
Davis Gambrell Garrett
Goldfinch Harpootlian Hembree
Hutto Johnson, Kevin Johnson, Michael
Kimbrell Leatherman Malloy
Martin Massey Peeler
Rankin Rice Sabb
Senn Setzler Shealy
Stephens Turner Williams
Young
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
Leave of Absence
At 11:27 A.M., Senator SABB requested a leave of absence for Senator KIMPSON for the day.
Leave of Absence
At 11:27 A.M., Senator BENNETT requested a leave of absence for Senator GROOMS for the day.
Leave of Absence
At 11:27 A.M., Senator McELVEEN requested a leave of absence for Senator MATTHEWS for the day.
Leave of Absence
At 12:43 P.M., Senator DAVIS requested a leave of absence for Senator VERDIN for the day.
Leave of Absence
At 12:43 P.M., Senator YOUNG requested a leave of absence for Senator SHEALY for the balance of the day.
Leave of Absence
At 12:43 P.M., Senator GOLDFINCH requested a leave of absence for Senator CLIMER for the balance of the day.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator MALLOY rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
S. 145 (Word version) Sen. Gambrell
S. 461 (Word version) Sen. Cromer
S. 500 (Word version) Sen. Stephens
S. 528 (Word version) Sen. Gambrell
S. 533 (Word version) Sen. Allen
S. 537 (Word version) Sen. Shealy
S. 675 (Word version) Sen. Alexander
S. 677 (Word version) Sens. Stephens and M. Johnson
S. 698 (Word version) Sen. Stephens
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 702 (Word version) -- Senator Stephens: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS PROFOUND SORROW UPON THE PASSING OF NINA LEE JEFFERSON AND TO EXTEND THE DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HER FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
l:\s-res\vs\003nina.kmm.vs.docx
S. 703 (Word version) -- Senators M. Johnson, Kimbrell, Garrett, Young and Climer: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX ASSESSMENT RATIOS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE ASSESSOR MAY NOT REQUIRE COPIES OF AN OWNER-OCCUPANT'S FEDERAL OR STATE INCOME TAX RETURN TO CLAIM THE FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO.
l:\council\bills\nbd\11214dg21.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 704 (Word version) -- Senators Hembree, Massey and Malloy: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE FOR A RETURN TO FIVE-DAY, IN-PERSON CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION FOR THE 2020-2021 AND 2021-2022 SCHOOL YEAR, AND TO SUSPEND THE EARNINGS LIMITATION UNDER CERTAIN TERMS AND FOR CERTAIN MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA RETIREMENT SYSTEM.
l:\s-res\gh\015five.sp.gh.docx
Read the first time and, on motion of Senator MASSEY, with unanimous consent, S. 704 was ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
S. 705 (Word version) -- Banking and Insurance Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE, RELATING TO TERM AND UNIVERSAL LIFE INSURANCE RESERVE FINANCING, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 5028, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
l:\council\bills\dbs\31587cz21.docx
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
S. 706 (Word version) -- Banking and Insurance Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE, RELATING TO CREDIT FOR REINSURANCE, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 5029, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
l:\council\bills\dbs\31588cz21.docx
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
S. 707 (Word version) -- Senator Gustafson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE AND COMMEND CLAY CATOE OF LANCASTER COUNTY UPON BEING NAMED 2020 SOUTH CAROLINA EMS DIRECTOR OF THE YEAR AND TO THANK HIM FOR HIS OUTSTANDING SERVICE TO LANCASTER COUNTY AND THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
l:\council\bills\rm\1117sa21.docx
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 708 (Word version) -- Senators Gustafson and M. Johnson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE AND COMMEND JOSH FAULKENBERRY OF LANCASTER COUNTY UPON BEING NAMED 2020 SOUTH CAROLINA PARAMEDIC OF THE YEAR AND TO THANK HIM FOR HIS OUTSTANDING SERVICE TO LANCASTER COUNTY AND THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
l:\council\bills\rm\1118wab21.docx
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator ALEXANDER from the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry submitted a favorable report on:
S. 232 (Word version) -- Senator Turner: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 11, CHAPTER 31, TITLE 33 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO MERGERS UNDER THE SOUTH CAROLINA NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT, BY ADDING SUBARTICLE B, TO PROVIDE FOR THE CONVERSION OF A NONPROFIT CORPORATION TO A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, REQUIREMENTS FOR A PLAN OF CONVERSION, AND THE EFFECT OF CONVERSION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 33-31-1101 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE APPROVAL OF A PLAN OF MERGER UNDER THE SOUTH CAROLINA NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT, SECTION 33-31-1102 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO LIMITATIONS ON MERGERS BY PUBLIC BENEFIT OR RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS, AND SECTION 33-11-101 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO MERGERS FOR CORPORATIONS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND ASSOCIATIONS, TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator MARTIN from the Committee on Corrections and Penology polled out S. 351 favorable with amendment:
S. 351 (Word version) -- Senator McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-180 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PROVIDING TRANSPORTATION AND CLOTHES TO A DISCHARGED INMATE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE INMATE MUST BE PROVIDED WITH WRITTEN NOTICE THAT THE INMATE IS ELIGIBLE TO REGISTER TO VOTE AND INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING HOW TO REGISTER TO VOTE; TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 13, TITLE 24 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PRISONERS GENERALLY, BY ADDING SECTION 24-13-190, TO PROVIDE THAT AN INMATE MUST BE PROVIDED WITH WRITTEN NOTICE THAT HE MAY REGISTER TO VOTE AND INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT HOW TO REGISTER TO VOTE AT THE COMPLETION OF HIS SENTENCE; TO AMEND ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 24 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PROBATION, BY ADDING SECTION 24-21-495, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON'S PROBATION AGENT MUST PROVIDE HIM WITH WRITTEN NOTICE THAT HE MAY REGISTER TO VOTE AND INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT HOW TO REGISTER TO VOTE AT THE COMPLETION OF HIS SENTENCE; TO AMEND ARTICLE 7, CHAPTER 21, TITLE 24 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PAROLE, BY ADDING SECTION 24-21-720, TO PROVIDE THAT A PAROLEE MUST BE PROVIDED WITH WRITTEN NOTICE THAT HE MAY REGISTER TO VOTE AND INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT HOW TO REGISTER TO VOTE AT THE COMPLETION OF HIS SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-930 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE RESTORATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS UPON RECEIVING A PARDON, TO REQUIRE THAT A PARDON ORDER SHALL EXPLICITLY STATE THAT THE RESTORATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS INCLUDES THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND THAT THE PARDONED PERSON IS PROVIDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT HOW TO REGISTER TO VOTE.
Poll of the Corrections and Penology Committee
Polled 17; Ayes 16; Nays 0; Not Voting 1
AYES
Martin Allen Shealy
Turner Kimpson Matthews
McLeod Rice Harpootlian
Gustafson Michael Johnson Kimbrell
Stephens
Total--16
NAYS
Total--0
NOT VOTING
Senn
Total--0
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CROMER from the Committee on Banking and Insurance submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 623 (Word version) -- Senator Gambrell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-73-910, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PREMIUM RATE INCREASE REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE POLICIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A RATE INCREASE MAY NOT BE IMPLEMENTED UNTIL THE ONSET OF A NEW POLICY PERIOD, TO REQUIRE APPROVAL BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE FOR CERTAIN RATE INCREASES, AND TO REMOVE LANGUAGE REQUIRING THE SUBMISSION OF A REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Appointments Reported
Senator ALEXANDER from the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry submitted a favorable report on:
Statewide Appointments
Initial Appointment, South Carolina Residential Builders Commission, with the term to commence June 30, 2021, and to expire June 30, 2025
2nd Congressional District:
Earl McLeod, 317 Country Lake Court, Lexington, SC 29072 VICE Walter D. Spruill
Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Board of Cosmetology, with the term to commence March 20, 2021, and to expire March 20, 2025
Cosmetologist:
Ashley Tucker-Johnson, 208 Alice Farr Drive, Greenville, SC 29617-1506
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
CARRIED OVER
S. 527 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY AND THE APPLICABLE ASSESSMENT RATIOS FOR THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF IMPOSITION OF THE PROPERTY TAX, SO AS TO DEFINE "LEGALLY SEPARATED" FOR PURPOSES OF THE CERTIFICATE CONTAINED IN THE APPLICATION FOR THE SPECIAL FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO FOR OWNER-OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY AND TO REQUIRE ANNUAL REAPPLICATION AND RECERTIFICATION TO MAINTAIN THE SPECIAL FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO FOR CERTAIN SEPARATED SPOUSES.
On motion of Senator ALEXANDER, the Bill was carried over.
H. 3770 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Stavrinakis, Wetmore, Weeks, Hewitt, Wheeler, Erickson, Bradley, W. Newton and Dillard: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE USE OF FEDERAL FUNDS FROM THE EMERGENCY RENTAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM, AND TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE FUNDS MUST BE DISTRIBUTED.
Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator MALLOY moved to reconsider the vote whereby the Resolution received third reading.
The question then was the motion reconsider third reading. Third reading was reconsidered.
SENT TO THE HOUSE
The following Joint Resolution was read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 689 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Massey, Malloy, Alexander, Peeler, Setzler, Williams, Scott and Fanning: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO EXTEND THE INCOME TAX FILING DUE DATE FOR INDIVIDUALS UNTIL THE SAME DATE AS FEDERAL RETURNS AND PAYMENTS FOR INDIVIDUALS ARE DUE.
RECOMMITTED
S. 649 (Word version) -- Fish, Game and Forestry Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION-BOARD OF REGISTRATION FOR FORESTERS, RELATING TO BOARD OF REGISTRATION FOR FORESTERS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 5012, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Senator CAMPSEN asked unanimous consent to recommit the Resolution to the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry.
There was no objection.
The Resolution was recommitted to the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
Senator HUTTO explained the Bill.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
Motion Under Rule 26B
Senator HUTTO asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection.
S. 243 (Word version) -- Senator Young: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-940(A) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO AUTHORIZED USES OF UNFOUNDED CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT REPORTS, TO AUTHORIZE THE RELEASE OF INFORMATION ABOUT CHILD FATALITIES OR NEAR FATALITIES; TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1990(H) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CONFIDENTIALITY AND RELEASE OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT RECORDS, TO AUTHORIZE THE RELEASE OF INFORMATION ABOUT CHILD FATALITIES OR NEAR FATALITIES; AND TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
Senator TALLEY explained the Bill.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Adams Alexander Allen
Bennett Campsen Cash
Climer Corbin Cromer
Davis Fanning Gambrell
Garrett Goldfinch Gustafson
Harpootlian Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson, Kevin Johnson, Michael
Kimbrell Leatherman Loftis
Malloy Martin Massey
McElveen McLeod Peeler
Rankin Rice Sabb
Scott Senn Setzler
Shealy Stephens Talley
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
AMENDMENT PROPOSED
S. 202 (Word version) -- Senator Hembree: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 1-6-10(1) AND (5) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF THE STATE INSPECTOR GENERAL, TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
Senator HEMBREE proposed the following amendment (202R001.SP.GH):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/SECTION 1. Chapter 6, Title 1 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 1-6-35. Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary, the State Inspector General may initiate, supervise, and coordinate any investigation provided for under this chapter of a public school, public school district, public charter school, or public charter school sponsor:
(1) upon the request of the Governor;
(2) upon the request of the State Superintendent of Education. The State Superintendent of Education may consider a request for an investigation from the school district's superintendent as the basis for an investigation request under this section;
(3) by a two-thirds vote of the legislative delegation for the area where the subject of the investigation is located; or
(4) by a two-thirds vote of the local school district board membership for the area where a public school or public school district is located or by a two-thirds vote of the sponsor board membership for a public charter school authorized by a public charter school sponsor."
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HEMBREE explained the amendment.
Senator CAMPSEN spoke on the Bill.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
Motion Under Rule 26B
Senator HEMBREE asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection.
RECOMMITTED
S. 661 (Word version) -- Education Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, RELATING TO LIFE SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM AND LIFE SCHOLARSHIP ENHANCEMENT, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 5004, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Senator HEMBREE asked unanimous consent to recommit the Resolution to the Committee on Education.
There was no objection.
The Resolution was recommitted to the Committee on Education.
RECOMMITTED
S. 662 (Word version) -- Education Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, RELATING TO PALMETTO FELLOWS SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 5005, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Senator HEMBREE asked unanimous consent to recommit the Resolution to the Committee on Education.
There was no objection.
The Resolution was recommitted to the Committee on Education.
RECOMMITTED
S. 663 (Word version) -- Education Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, RELATING TO SOUTH CAROLINA HOPE SCHOLARSHIP, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 5006, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Senator HEMBREE asked unanimous consent to recommit the Resolution to the Committee on Education.
There was no objection.
The Resolution was recommitted to the Committee on Education.
CARRIED OVER
S. 154 (Word version) -- Senator Martin: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 54, TITLE 12 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE UNIFORM METHOD OF COLLECTION AND ENFORCEMENT OF TAXES LEVIED AND ASSESSED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, BY ADDING SECTION 12-54-20, TO PROVIDE THAT A TAXPAYER THAT PREVAILS IN AN ACTION OR PROCEEDING TO RECOVER A TAX OR PENALTY IS ENTITLED TO REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH DEFENDING THE ACTION OR PROCEEDING.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
The Committee on Finance proposed the following amendment (DG\154C001.NBD.DG21), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Chapter 54, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-54-20. (A) An individual that is a party in any action or proceeding with, or on behalf of, the department regarding any tax imposed by this title and administered by the department, is entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees and costs associated with the action or proceeding if:
(1) the individual prevails in the action or proceeding; or
(2) the department does not meet the timeliness requirements set forth in law. For purposes of this item, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs means the fees and costs incurred by the individual due to the department's delay.
(B) For purposes of this section, an individual also includes sole proprietorships, partnerships, and 'S' corporations, including limited liability companies taxed as sole proprietorships, partnerships, or 'S' corporations." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator DAVIS explained the amendment.
Senator K. JOHNSON proposed the following amendment (154R001.SP.KJ), which was withdrawn:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/SECTION 1. Chapter 54, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 12-54-20. (A) For the purposes of this section:
(1) 'Reasonable attorneys' fees and costs' means any fees and costs incurred by an individual due to the department's delay.
(2) 'Individual' includes sole proprietorships, partnerships, and 'S' corporations, including limited liability companies taxed as sole proprietorships, partnerships, or 'S' corporations.
(B) An individual who is a party to an action or proceeding with, or on behalf of, the department regarding any tax imposed by this title and administered by the department is entitled to reasonable attorneys' fees and costs associated with the action or proceeding if the department acted in bad faith and:
(1) the individual prevails in the action or proceeding; or
(2) the department does not meet the timeliness requirements set forth in law." /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator K. JOHNSON explained the amendment.
Senator DAVIS spoke on the Bill.
On motion of Senator K. JOHNSON, with unanimous consent, the amendment was withdrawn.
On motion of Senator DAVIS, the Bill was carried over.
S. 461 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander and Cromer: A BILL TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA PAY FOR SUCCESS PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY ACT"; TO AMEND TITLE 11 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PUBLIC FINANCE, BY ADDING CHAPTER 60, TO ESTABLISH THE TRUST FUND FOR PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY TO FUND PAY-FOR-SUCCESS CONTRACTS, WHEREBY THE STATE CONTRACTS WITH A PRIVATE-SECTOR ORGANIZATION TO ACHIEVE SPECIFICALLY DEFINED MEASUREABLE OUTCOMES IN WHICH THE STATE PAYS ONLY TO THE EXTENT THAT THE DESIRED OUTCOMES ARE ACHIEVED.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
Senator ALEXANDER explained the Bill.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 38; Nays 1
AYES
Adams Alexander Allen
Bennett Campsen Cash
Corbin Cromer Davis
Fanning Gambrell Garrett
Goldfinch Gustafson Harpootlian
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson, Kevin Johnson, Michael Kimbrell
Leatherman Loftis Martin
Massey McElveen McLeod
Peeler Rankin Rice
Sabb Scott Senn
Stephens Talley Turner
Williams Young
Total--38
NAYS
Malloy
Total--1
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 556 (Word version) -- Senators Goldfinch and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 50-11-107 SO AS TO PROVIDE A PENALTY FOR A VIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 11, TITLE 50; TO AMEND SECTION 50-9-450, RELATING TO COMMERCIAL FUR LICENSES, SO AS TO REMOVE THE LICENSE REQUIREMENT FOR PERSONS WHO TRAP FUR-BEARING ANIMALS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2200, RELATING TO UNLAWFUL CONDUCT ON WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS, SO AS TO REMOVE THE PROHIBITION ON TRAPPING; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2400, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS, SO AS TO LIMIT THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "COMMERCIAL PURPOSES" TO FUR-BEARING ANIMALS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2430, RELATING TO THE PROOF OF OWNERSHIP OR PERMISSION TO SET TRAPS ON LAND, SO AS TO LIMIT THE USE OF TRAPS ON PRIVATE LAND TO THE OWNER OR HIS AGENT; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2445, RELATING TO THE REMOVAL OF TRAPPED WILDLIFE, SO AS TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO A DESIGNEE AND INSERT THE TERM "AGENT"; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2450, RELATING TO REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FUR LICENSEES, SO AS TO REMOVE A REFERENCE TO A REPEALED CODE SECTION; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2460, RELATING TO TRAPS ALLOWED FOR TRAPPING, SO AS TO REQUIRE ONLY CERTAIN INFORMATION TO BE ON TRAPS ON PUBLIC LAND; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2515, RELATING TO PROHIBITED ACTS, SO AS TO ESTABLISH A PENALTY FOR CERTAIN ACTS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2540, RELATING TO TRAPPING SEASON, SO AS TO ESTABLISH TRAPPING SEASONS ON PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAND AND TO REMOVE CERTAIN PROHIBITIONS ON TRAPPING COYOTES; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2565, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 12, SO AS TO REMOVE A REFERENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2570, RELATING TO SPECIAL PERMITS TO CAPTURE DESTRUCTIVE WILDLIFE, SO AS TO ALLOW A PROPERTY OWNER OR HIS AGENT TO TAKE FUR-BEARING ANIMALS OR SQUIRRELS FOR AGRICULTURAL OR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PURPOSES WITHOUT A LICENSE OR PERMIT AND TO REMOVE THE PROHIBITION ON THE COMMERCIAL DISPOSAL OF A FUR-BEARING ANIMAL TAKEN IN ACCORDANCE WITH A DEPREDATION PERMIT; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 50-11-2560 RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 12.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Adams Alexander Allen
Bennett Campsen Cash
Corbin Cromer Davis
Fanning Gambrell Garrett
Goldfinch Gustafson Harpootlian
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson, Kevin Johnson, Michael Kimbrell
Leatherman Loftis Malloy
Martin Massey McElveen
McLeod Peeler Rankin
Rice Sabb Scott
Senn Stephens Talley
Turner Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 354 (Word version) -- Senator Rice: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-2-105, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF GOLF CART PERMIT DECALS AND REGISTRATIONS AND THE OPERATION OF GOLF CARTS WITHIN THE STATE, SO AS TO PROVIDE A MUNICIPALITY MAY ALLOW PERMITTED GOLF CARTS TO BE OPERATED WITHIN ITS JURISDICTION UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
The Committee on Transportation proposed the following amendment (354R001.KMM.LKG):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/SECTION 1. Section 56-2-105 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"(H) A municipality may, by ordinance, allow the operation of a permitted golf cart within its jurisdiction on primary highways upon which the posted speed limit is thirty miles per hour or less, secondary highways upon which the posted speed limit is thirty-five miles per hour or less, streets, or roads."
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BENNETT explained the amendment.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
Motion Under Rule 26B
Senator BENNETT asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B.
There was no objection.
S. 503 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-33-34, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MEDICAL ACTS THAT ADVANCED PRACTICE REGISTERED NURSES MAY PERFORM, SO AS TO INCLUDE ISSUING ORDERS FOR CERTAIN HOME HEALTH SERVICES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-935, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MEDICAL ACTS THAT PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS MAY PERFORM, SO AS TO INCLUDE ISSUING ORDERS FOR CERTAIN HOME HEALTH SERVICES.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Adams Alexander Allen
Bennett Campsen Cash
Corbin Cromer Davis
Fanning Gambrell Garrett
Goldfinch Gustafson Harpootlian
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson, Kevin Johnson, Michael Kimbrell
Leatherman Loftis Malloy
Martin Massey McElveen
McLeod Peeler Rankin
Rice Sabb Scott
Senn Stephens Talley
Turner Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
The Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
CARRIED OVER
S. 595 (Word version) -- Senator Senn: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 54-3-10(B) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE CREATION AND MEMBERSHIP OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE PORTS AUTHORITY, TO DELETE THE PROVISION PROHIBITING EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS FROM ATTENDING EXECUTIVE SESSION.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
The Committee on Transportation proposed the following amendment (595R001.KMM.LKG):
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/SECTION 1. Section 54-3-10 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 54-3-10. (A) There is created the South Carolina State Ports Authority. The governing body of the authority is a board of directors consisting of eleven members,: nine voting members appointed by the Governor as provided in Section 54-3-20, the Secretary of Transportation, or his designee, and the Secretary of Commerce, or his designee. The voting members shall be responsible for setting policies and direction for the authority so that the authority may achieve its mission. The powers and duties of the authority shall be exercised by the board. The board may delegate to one or more officers, agents, or employees such powers and duties as it determines are necessary and proper for the effective, efficient operation of the port.
(B) The Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of Commerce:
(1) shall serve on the board, ex officio, as nonvoting members; and
(2) are ineligible for election as chairman, vice chairman, secretary, treasurer, or any other office elected by the board; and
(3) may only attend meetings or portions of meetings open to the public. They are not permitted to attend executive session meetings.
SECTION 2. Section 54-3-60(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 54-3-60. (A) Each member of the board, except for the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of Commerce, or their designees, must possess a four-year baccalaureate or more advanced degree from:
(1) a recognized institution of higher learning requiring face-to-face contact between its students and instructors prior to completion of the academic program;
(2) an institution of higher learning that has been accredited by a regional or national accrediting body; or
(3) an institution of higher learning in this State chartered prior to 1962."
SECTION 3. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BENNETT explained the amendment.
On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Bill was carried over.
H. 3011 (Word version) -- Reps. West, G.M. Smith, Simrill, B. Newton, Wooten, McGarry, Bryant, Haddon, Long, Pope, Gilliam, Hosey, Oremus, Caskey, Hardee, Yow, Atkinson and Martin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-1810, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO REQUIRING A MOTOR VEHICLE TO BE DRIVEN UPON THE RIGHT HALF OF A ROADWAY, SO AS TO PROVIDE RESTRICTIONS ON DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE ON A ROADWAY HAVING AT LEAST TWO LANES ALLOWING MOVEMENT IN THE SAME DIRECTION, PROVIDE A PENALTY, AND DIRECT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TO PLACE SIGNS ALONG THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS DIRECTING SLOWER TRAFFIC TO MOVE RIGHT.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill.
The Committee on Transportation proposed the following amendment (3011R001.KMM.LKG), which was adopted:
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/SECTION 1. Article 13, Chapter 5, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 56-5-1885. (A) A vehicle may not be driven in the farthest left lane of a controlled access highway of three or more lanes except when overtaking and passing another vehicle.
(B) Subsection (A) of this section does not apply:
(1) when no other vehicle is directly behind the vehicle in the left lane;
(2) when traffic conditions and congestion make it impractical to drive in the right lane;
(3) when snow and other inclement weather conditions make it safer to drive in the left lane;
(4) when obstructions or hazards exist in the right lane;
(5) when, because of highway design, a vehicle must be driven in the left lane when preparing to exit;
(6) to law enforcement vehicles, ambulances, or other emergency vehicles engaged in official duties and vehicles engaged in highway maintenance and construction operations;
(7) when a driver of a tractor-trailer commercial motor vehicle combination is unable to move into the right lane safely due to another vehicle overtaking or passing his vehicle to the right; or
(8) when a driver of a vehicle requiring a commercial motor vehicle license to operate is unable to move into the right lane safely due to a highway grade or another vehicle overtaking or passing his vehicle on the right.
(C) Nothing in this section shall limit the Department of Transportation's ability to establish and delineate lane restrictions for certain types of vehicles.
(D) The Department of Transportation must place signs along interstate highways directing slower traffic to move to the right. The signs must be placed at intervals of no more than thirty-five miles.
(E)(1) A person who is adjudicated to be in violation of the provisions of this section must be fined not more than twenty-five dollars, no part of which may be suspended. No court costs, assessments, or surcharges may be assessed against a person who violates a provision of this section. A custodial arrest for a violation of this section must not be made, except upon a warrant issued for a failure to appear in court when summoned or for a failure to pay an imposed fine. A violation of this section does not constitute a criminal offense. Notwithstanding Section 56-1-640, a violation of this section must not be:
(a) included in the offender's motor vehicle records maintained by the Department of Motor Vehicles;
(b) included in the criminal records maintained by SLED; or
(c) reported to the offender's motor vehicle insurer.
(2) A violation of this section is not negligence per se, or contributory negligence, and is not admissible as evidence in a civil action.
(3) A law enforcement officer must not search, and may not request consent to search, a vehicle, or the driver or occupant of the vehicle, solely because of a violation of this section.
(4) A person charged with a violation of this section may admit or deny the violation, enter a plea of nolo contendere, or be tried before either a judge or a jury. If the trier of fact is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the person violated the provisions of this section, then the penalty is a civil fine pursuant to item (1) of this subsection. If the trier of fact determines that the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the person violated the provisions of this section, then no penalty shall be assessed.
(5) A person found to be in violation of this section may bring an appeal to the court of common pleas."
SECTION 2. This act takes effect ninety days after approval by the Governor. For a period of ninety days after the effective date of this act, only warning tickets may be issued for a violation of the provisions of this act. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BENNETT explained the amendment.
The question being the second reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 39; Nays 0
AYES
Adams Alexander Allen
Bennett Campsen Cash
Corbin Cromer Davis
Fanning Gambrell Garrett
Goldfinch Gustafson Harpootlian
Hembree Hutto Jackson
Johnson, Kevin Johnson, Michael Kimbrell
Leatherman Loftis Malloy
Martin Massey McElveen
McLeod Peeler Rankin
Rice Sabb Scott
Senn Stephens Talley
Turner Williams Young
Total--39
NAYS
Total--0
There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third
OBJECTION
S. 101 (Word version) -- Senators Cromer and Hembree: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 1-1-671 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE DESIGN, COLOR, AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FLAG AND TO DESIGNATE THE FLAG OF THIS DESIGN, COLOR, AND ELEMENTS AS THE OFFICIAL SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FLAG.
Senator HUTTO objected to consideration of the Bill.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 236 (Word version) -- Senator Young: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-1000, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO POOLING PRECINCTS IN MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ANY PRECINCT CONTAINING THREE THOUSAND OR MORE VOTERS, AN INCREASE FROM FIVE HUNDRED OR MORE VOTERS, HAVE ITS OWN POLLING PLACE; THAT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF REGISTERED VOTERS IN THE MUNICIPAL POOLED PRECINCTS CANNOT EXCEED THREE THOUSAND, AN INCREASE FROM ONE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED; AND THAT POOLED MUNICIPAL POLLING PLACES CANNOT BE MORE THAN FIVE MILES, AN INCREASE FROM THREE MILES, FROM THE NEAREST PART OF ANY POOLED PRECINCT.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 245 (Word version) -- Senators Young, Rankin and Climer: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-3435 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO MAINTAINING A SAFE OPERATING DISTANCE BETWEEN A MOTOR VEHICLE AND A BICYCLE, TO DEFINE "SAFE OPERATING DISTANCE".
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 304 (Word version) -- Senators Climer and Fanning: A BILL TO AMEND THE 1976 SOUTH CAROLINA CODE OF LAWS BY ADDING SECTION 58-27-1060, SO AS TO PROVIDE WHEN A PERSON OR CORPORATION USING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION IS NOT AN ELECTRIC UTILITY, AND TO FURTHER PROVIDE THAT ANY INCREASE IN CUSTOMER DEMAND OR ENERGY CONSUMPTION ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION SHALL NOT CONSTITUTE REVENUES FOR AN ELECTRICAL UTILITY.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 432 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 59, TITLE 38 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CLAIMS PRACTICES, BY ADDING SECTION 38-59-60, TO ALLOW FOR CONTRIBUTIONS FOR DEFENSE COSTS FOR THE SAME CLAIM, SUIT, OR ACTION AMONG MORE THAN ONE LIABILITY INSURER.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 435 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 38-43-25 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO ISSUE A LIMITED LINES TRAVEL INSURANCE PRODUCER LICENSE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-1-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO TITLE 38, SO AS TO DELETE THE DEFINITION OF "TRAVEL INSURANCE" AND TO ADD TRAVEL INSURANCE TO THE DEFINITION OF "MARINE INSURANCE"; AND TO AMEND ARTICLE 6 OF CHAPTER 43, TITLE 38, RELATING TO LIMITED LINES TRAVEL INSURANCE, SO AS TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, TO PROVIDE THAT TRAVEL INSURANCE MUST BE CLASSIFIED AND FILED AS MARINE INSURANCE SUBJECT TO CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, TO AUTHORIZE THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO ESTABLISH A TRAVEL INSURANCE PRODUCER LICENSE AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR AN APPLICANT, TO ASSESS A PREMIUM TAX ON TRAVEL INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, TO ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAVEL PROTECTION PLANS, TO PROVIDE CERTAIN SALES PRACTICES FOR TRAVEL INSURERS, TO ESTABLISH CERTAIN LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAVEL ADMINISTRATORS FOR TRAVEL INSURANCE, AND TO AUTHORIZE THE DIRECTOR TO PROMULGATE REGULATIONS.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 455 (Word version) -- Senator Davis: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-33-36 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE TEMPORARY LICENSURE OF NURSES, TO CREATE AN ADDITIONAL CATEGORY OF TEMPORARY LICENSURE FOR GRADUATE NURSES, TO PRESCRIBE CRITERIA FOR OBTAINING TEMPORARY LICENSURE AS A GRADUATE NURSE, TO PROVIDE FOR SITUATIONS IN WHICH TEMPORARY LICENSURE AS A GRADUATE NURSE SHALL BE IMMEDIATELY REVOKED, AND TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 499 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Rice, Talley, Loftis and Climer: A BILL TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA ELECTION COMMISSION RESTRUCTURING ACT"; TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 7 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO ELECTIONS, BY ADDING SECTION 7-1-110, TO PROVIDE THAT THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE AND SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HAVE THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE AND HAVE STANDING ON BEHALF OF THEIR RESPECTIVE BODIES IN ACTIONS THAT CHALLENGE THE VALIDITY OF AN ELECTION LAW, AN ELECTION POLICY, OR THE MANNER IN WHICH AN ELECTION IS CONDUCTED; TO AMEND SECTION 7-3-10(a) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMISSION CONSISTS OF FIVE MEMBERS APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 7-3-20(A) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION, TO REVISE HIS PROCEDURE OF APPOINTMENT.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
OBJECTION
S. 614 (Word version) -- Senators Corbin, Loftis, Kimbrell, Garrett, Rice, Adams and Gustafson: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 1, TITLE 25 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE MILITARY CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 25-1-80, TO PROVIDE FOR THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA UNORGANIZED MILITIA.
Senator HARPOOTLIAN objected to consideration of the Bill.
POINT OF ORDER
S. 667 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Verdin and Climer: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 57-25-190, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO RELOCATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF SIGNS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE OPTIONS AND PARAMETERS TO ADJUST OR RELOCATE OUTDOOR ADVERTISING SIGNS TO RESTORE VISIBILITY, AND PROVIDE FOR THE COSTS OF ADJUSTMENT OR RELOCATION.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
S. 698 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler, Climer, Hutto, Williams, Talley, Leatherman, K. Johnson, Sabb, McElveen, Setzler, Alexander, Goldfinch, Gambrell, Grooms, Cromer, Shealy, Davis, Young, Rice and Stephens: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE USE OF CERTAIN FUNDS FROM THE WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS GUARANTY FUND TO PAY CERTAIN COTTON PRODUCER CLAIMS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE COTTON PRODUCER SHALL SUBROGATE HIS INTEREST IN A CAUSE OF ACTION, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE RETURN OF CERTAIN FUNDS TO THE WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS GUARANTY FUND.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Resolution.
Senator CLIMER explained the Resolution.
The question being the second reading of the Resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 43; Nays 0
AYES
Adams Alexander Allen
Bennett Campsen Cash
Climer Corbin Cromer
Davis Fanning Gambrell
Garrett Goldfinch Gustafson
Harpootlian Hembree Hutto
Jackson Johnson, Kevin Johnson, Michael
Kimbrell Leatherman Loftis
Malloy Martin Massey
McElveen McLeod Peeler
Rankin Rice Sabb
Scott Senn Setzler
Shealy Stephens Talley
Turner Verdin Williams
Young
Total--43
NAYS
Total--0
The Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading.
S. 698--Ordered to a Third Reading
On motion of Senator WILLIAMS, with unanimous consent, S. 698 was ordered to receive a third reading on Friday, March 26, 2021.
OBJECTION
H. 3262 (Word version) -- Reps. Fry, Huggins, Davis, B. Newton, G.R. Smith, Morgan, Burns, Erickson, Bennett, Thayer, Taylor, Bryant, Elliott, Willis, Felder, McGarry, V.S. Moss, Haddon, Long, Pope, Forrest, Caskey, Hixon, Hewitt, Bailey, M.M. Smith, J.E. Johnson, Bradley, Brittain and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-11-15, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO QUALIFICATIONS TO RUN AS A CANDIDATE IN GENERAL ELECTIONS, SO AS TO REQUIRE ALL CANDIDATES FROM EACH POLITICAL PARTY IN THIS STATE TO PAY A FILING FEE, INCLUDING CANDIDATES FROM PARTIES THAT ARE NOT REQUIRED TO CONDUCT A PRIMARY ELECTION, AND TO AUTHORIZE POLITICAL PARTIES TO CHARGE A CERTIFICATION FEE TO ALL CANDIDATES SEEKING NOMINATION BY POLITICAL PARTY PRIMARY OR POLITICAL PARTY CONVENTION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 7-11-210, RELATING TO THE NOTICE OF CANDIDACY AND PLEDGE, SO AS TO REQUIRE CANDIDATES TO AFFIRM THEIR PARTICIPATION IN AT LEAST THREE OF THE LAST FOUR STATEWIDE PARTY PRIMARIES, OR, IN THE ALTERNATIVE, IF PRECLUDED FROM PARTICIPATION DUE TO AGE, PERSONAL HEALTH, RESIDENCY, OR ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE, CANDIDATES MAY PLEDGE THAT THEY ARE BONA FIDE MEMBERS OF THE POLITICAL PARTY WHOSE NOMINATION THEY ARE SEEKING, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE PARTY CHAIRMAN, IF PERMITTED BY PARTY RULE, MAY REQUIRE ADDITIONAL VERIFICATION WHEN A CANDIDATE'S AFFIRMATION OF BONA FIDE PARTY MEMBERSHIP IS DISPUTED, AND THAT THE STATE CHAIRMAN IS THE FINAL AUTHORITY TO RESOLVE QUESTIONS REGARDING BONA FIDE PARTY MEMBERSHIP.
Senator RICE objected to consideration of the Bill.
POINT OF ORDER
H. 3264 (Word version) -- Reps. Fry, Huggins, Davis, B. Newton, G.R. Smith, Morgan, Burns, Erickson, Bennett, Thayer, Taylor, Bryant, Elliott, Willis, Felder, Long, McGarry, Haddon, Hewitt, Bailey, M.M. Smith, J.E. Johnson, Bradley, Crawford and King: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-9-70, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIRED NOTICES OF COUNTY CONVENTIONS, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE REQUIREMENT THAT A COUNTY COMMITTEE PUBLISH CERTAIN NOTICES REGARDING COUNTY CONVENTIONS IN A NEWSPAPER HAVING GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE COUNTY.
Point of Order
Senator MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading.
The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order.
S. 701 (Word version) -- Senator Sabb: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME A PORTION OF HIGHWAY 45 FROM BETAW ROAD EXTENDING 1.5 MILES TO ARROWHEAD TURN "HARVEY MIDDLETON ROAD" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS LOCATION CONTAINING THE DESIGNATION.
The Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
At 1:38 P.M., on motion of Senator MASSEY, the Senate agreed to dispense with the balance of the Motion Period.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SPECIAL ORDERS.
SENT TO THE HOUSE
The following Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives with amendments:
S. 615 (Word version) -- Senators Young and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-100 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO NONPUBLIC SCHOOL STUDENT PARTICIPATION IN THE INTERSCHOLASTIC ACTIVITIES OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, TO PROVIDE LIMITED SITUATIONS IN WHICH HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WHO ATTEND PRIVATE SCHOOLS MAY PARTICIPATE IN HIGH SCHOOL LEAGUE SPORTS OFFERED AT PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS; AND TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS.
Recorded Vote
Senator CROMER desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Bill.
RETURNED TO THE HOUSE
The following Joint Resolution was read the third time, passed and ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments:
H. 3925 (Word version) -- Reps. Allison, Trantham, Felder, Simrill, Ligon, Collins, Calhoon, Huggins, McCabe and Pope: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO WAIVE CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF SECTION 59-63-100 OF THE 1976 CODE RELATING TO LIMITATIONS ON HOMESCHOOL STUDENT ELIGIBILITY TO PARTICIPATE IN PUBLIC SCHOOL INTERSCHOLASTIC ACTIVITIES FOR THE 2021-2022 AND 2022-2023 SCHOOL YEARS.
| 2021-11-29T15:11:24 |
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|
http://dergipark.gov.tr/fujma
|
##### Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications
ISSN 2645-8845 | Periyot Yılda 2 Sayı | Başlangıç: 2018 | Yayıncı Murat Kirişci |
The main aim and scope of Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications (FUJMA) is publishing of refereed, high quality original research papers in all areas where mathematics plays an significant role. Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications publishes also refereed, high quality survey papers. The journal particularly emphasizes on research articles of common interest to a wide range of readers.
Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications has an Open Access policy: all content is freely available without charge to the users. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. No submission or processing fees are required.
The Journal is published two times a year.
Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications aims at presenting high-impact and relevant research on topics across the full span of mathematics. Coverage includes:
Algebra Algebraic Geometry Category Theory Complex Analysis Control Theory and Optimization Differential Equations Differential Geometry Discrete Mathematics Dynamical Systems and Ergodic Theory Functional Analysis Geometry Mathematical Logic and Foundations Mathematical Physics Mathematical Finance Number Theory Numerical Analysis Operator Theory Probability Theory and Statistics Real Analysis Topology
## Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications
ISSN 2645-8845 | Periyot Yılda 2 Sayı | Başlangıç: 2018 | Yayıncı Murat Kirişci |
508
656
The main aim and scope of Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications (FUJMA) is publishing of refereed, high quality original research papers in all areas where mathematics plays an significant role. Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications publishes also refereed, high quality survey papers. The journal particularly emphasizes on research articles of common interest to a wide range of readers.
Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications has an Open Access policy: all content is freely available without charge to the users. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. No submission or processing fees are required.
The Journal is published two times a year.
Fundamental Journal of Mathematics and Applications aims at presenting high-impact and relevant research on topics across the full span of mathematics. Coverage includes:
Algebra Algebraic Geometry Category Theory Complex Analysis Control Theory and Optimization Differential Equations Differential Geometry Discrete Mathematics Dynamical Systems and Ergodic Theory Functional Analysis Geometry Mathematical Logic and Foundations Mathematical Physics Mathematical Finance Number Theory Numerical Analysis Operator Theory Probability Theory and Statistics Real Analysis Topology
Sayılar
2018
Yazılar
Volume: 1 Issue: 1 Son Sayı
Cilt 1 - Sayı 1 - Haz 2018
1. Quantum contextuality in classical information retrieval
Sayfalar 1 - 5
Roman Zapatrin
2. Stability conditions for non-autonomous linear differential equations in a Hilbert space via commutators
Sayfalar 6 - 11
Michael Gil'
3. The new UP-isomorphism theorems for UP-algebras in the meaning of the congruence determined by a UP-homomorphism
Sayfalar 12 - 17
Phakawat Mosrijai, Akarachai Satirad, Aiyared Iampan
4. A horizontal endomorphism of the canonical superspray
Sayfalar 18 - 24
5. Chebyshev Wavelet collocation method for solving a class of linear and nonlinear nonlocal boundary value problems
Sayfalar 25 - 35
İbrahim Çelik
6. Establishing the existence of Hilfer fractional pantograph equations with impulses
Sayfalar 36 - 42
Sugumaran Harikrishnan, Rabha Ibrahim, Kuppusamy Kanagarajan
7. Best proximity points for weak $\mathcal{MT}$-cyclic Kannan contractions
Sayfalar 43 - 48
Hossein Lakzian, Ing-Jer Lin
8. Characterizations of slant and spherical helices due to pseudo-Sabban frame
Sayfalar 49 - 56
Bülent Altunkaya, Levent Kula
9. Quantum metrics on noncommutative spaces
Sayfalar 57 - 60
10. Some new Pascal sequence spaces
Sayfalar 61 - 68
Harun Polat
11. A comparison study for solving systems of high-order ordinary differential equations with constants coefficients by exponential Legendre collocation method
Sayfalar 69 - 76
Mohamed Elarbi Benattia, Kacem Belghaba, Bouteraa Noureddine
12. Transverse vibration of nonuniform Euler-Bernoulli beams on bounded Time scales
Sayfalar 77 - 81
Hüseyin Tuna, Hatice Bulut
13. Differential bubordinations and argument inequalities for certain multivalent functions defined by convolution structure
Sayfalar 82 - 87
Mohamed Kamal Aouf, Rabha El-Ashwah, Ekram Elsayed Ali
14. Initial value problems spreadsheet solver using VBA for engineering education
Sayfalar 88 - 101
Çiğdem Dinçkal
15. Elzaki transform combined with variational iteration method for partial differential equations of fractional order
Sayfalar 102 - 108
Djelloul Ziane, Tarig M Elzaki, Mountassir Hamdi Cherif
Makale Gönder
Dizinler ve Platformlar
| 2018-09-22T03:07:48 |
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|
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aglaisher.j-w-l
|
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: glaisher.j-w-l Published as: Glaisher, J. W. L.; Glaisher, J. W.; Glaisher, James Whitbread Lee; Glaisher, J . W. L.; Glaisher, James.; Glaisher, James more...less Homepage: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitbread_Lee_Glaisher External Links: MacTutor · Wikidata · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 433 Publications since 1869, including 2 Books 2 Contributions as Editor · 2 Further Contributions Biographic References: 1 Publication Co-Authors: 7 Co-Authors with 4 Joint Publications 349 Co-Co-Authors
all top 5
Co-Authors
431 single-authored 1 Adams, John Couch 1 Adams, William Grylls 1 Bickley, William G. 1 Gwyther, C. E. 1 Miller, Jeffrey Charles Percy 1 Smith, Henry John Stephen 1 Ternouth, E. J. 1 Thomson, F. D. 1 Walker, John James 1 Wolstenholme, Joseph
all top 5
Serials
98 The Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 30 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 17 Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 14 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8 The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, V. Series 8 The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, IV. Series 7 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 4 Nature, London 3 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 3 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society 1 Nouvelle Correspondance Mathématique
all top 5
Fields
115 Number theory (11-XX) 70 Special functions (33-XX) 55 Real functions (26-XX) 27 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 13 Geometry (51-XX) 9 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 9 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 8 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 7 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 7 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 6 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 6 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 5 Combinatorics (05-XX) 4 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Statistics (62-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
Citations contained in zbMATH Open
74 Publications have been cited 262 times in 216 Documents Cited by Year
On the residues of the sums of products of the first $$p 1$$ numbers, and their powers, to modulus $$p^2$$ or $$p^3$$. (On the residues of the sums of products of the first $$p-1$$ numbers, and their powers, to modulus $$p^2$$ or $$p^3$$.) JFM 31.0185.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
Congruences relating to the sums of products of the first $$n$$ numbers and to other sums of products. (Congruences relating to the sums of products of the first $$n$$ numbers and to other sums of products.) JFM 30.0180.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
On the residue of a binomial-theorem coefficient with respect to a prime modulus. JFM 29.0152.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1899
On the numbers of representations of a number as a sum of $$2r$$ squares, where $$2r$$ does not exceed eighteen. JFM 38.0225.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1907
Expressions for Laplace’s coefficients, Bernoullian and Eulerian numbers etc. as determinants. JFM 08.0306.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1875
On certain sums of products of quantities depending upon the divisors of a number. JFM 17.0128.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1885
Formulae for partitions into given elements derived from Sylvester’s theorem. JFM 40.0235.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1908
On the representation of a number as the sum of two, four, six, eight, ten, and twelve squares. JFM 37.0214.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1906
On the series for $$\frac 1\pi$$ and $$\frac 1{\pi^2}$$. JFM 36.0340.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1905
On the square of the series in which the coefficients are the sums of the divisors of the exponents. JFM 17.0234.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1885
On the number of partitions of a number into a given number of parts. JFM 39.0242.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1908
On the residues of the sums of the inverse powers of numbers in arithmetical progression. (On the residues of the sums of the inverse powers of numbers in arithmetical progression.) JFM 31.0186.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
Preliminary account of an enumeration of the primes in Burckhardt’s tables (1 to 3000000.). JFM 09.0116.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
On the Bernoullian function. JFM 28.0375.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1898
On the square of the series in which the coefficients are the sums of the divisors of the exponents. JFM 17.0434.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1884
On the representations of a number as the sum of fourteen and sixteen squares. JFM 38.0226.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1906
On the sums of the inverse powers of the prime numbers. JFM 23.0275.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1891
The collected mathematical papers. Edited by J. W. L. Glaisher. With a mathematical introduction by the editor, biographical sketches and a portrait. In two volumes. JFM 25.0029.02
Smith, Henry John Stephen
1894
On the problem of the eight queens. JFM 08.0120.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1874
On the transformation of continued products into continued fractions. JFM 06.0135.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1873
Tables of $$1\pm 2^{-n}+3^{-n}\pm 4^{-n}\;\and$$ c. and $$1+3^{- n}+5^{-n}+7^{-n}+\and$$ c. to 32 places of decimals. JFM 45.0420.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1914
On the expressions for the number of classes of a negative determinant, and on the numbers of positives in the octants of $$P$$. JFM 34.0243.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1902
On the residue with respect to $$p^{n+1}$$ of a binomial-theorem coefficient divisible by $$p^n$$. JFM 29.0152.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1899
The mathematical Tripos. JFM 19.0057.04
Glaisher, J. W.
1887
On factor tables with an account of the mode of formation of the factor table for the fourth million. JFM 10.0128.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1878
On formulae of verification in the partition of numbers. JFM 08.0084.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1875
Simple proof of a known property of Bernoulli’s numbers. JFM 05.0144.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On functions with recurring derivatives. JFM 04.0111.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On the summation by definite integrals of the geometrical series of the second and higher orders. JFM 03.0134.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
On a theorem in definite integration. JFM 02.0151.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1870
Notes on the early history of the society. JFM 52.0035.05
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1926
Summations of certain numerical series. JFM 43.0341.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1912
On Dr. Vacca’s series for $$\gamma$$. JFM 41.0498.05
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1910
On the residues of $$r^{p 1}$$ to modulus $$p^2$$, $$p^3$$ etc. (On the residues of $$r^{p-1}$$ to modulus $$p^2$$, $$p^3$$ etc.) JFM 31.0186.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
On a special form of determinants and on certain functions of $$n$$ variables analogoues to the sine and cosine. JFM 10.0113.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
Miscellaneous theorems. JFM 08.0138.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1875
Remarks on certain portions of Laplace’s proof of the method of least squares. JFM 04.0091.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On the law of facility of errors of observations and on the method of least squares. JFM 04.0092.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On the constants which occur in certain summations by Bernoulli’s series. JFM 04.0109.03
Glaisher, J. W.
1872
On the function that stands in the same relation to Bernoulli’s numbers that the Gamma-function does to fractionals. JFM 04.0142.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On the calculation of Euler’s constant. JFM 03.0131.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
On a class of definite integrals. JFM 03.0132.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
Tables of the numerical values of the sine-integral, cosine-integral, and exponential-integral. JFM 02.0863.06
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1870
On $$1^n(x-1)^m + 2^n(x-2)^m + \cdots + (x-1)^n \cdot 1^m$$ and other similar series. JFM 43.0340.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1912
On a class of relations connecting any $$n$$ consecutive Bernoullian functions. JFM 41.0495.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1911
On elliptic-function expansions in which the coefficients are powers of the complex numbers having $$n$$ as norm. JFM 39.0518.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1907
A general congruence theorem relating to the Bernoullian function. JFM 32.0199.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1901
Residues of binomial theorem coefficients with respect to $$p^3$$. (Residues of binomial-theorem coefficients with respect to $$p^3$$.) JFM 30.0180.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
On a set of coefficients analogous to the Eulerian numbers. (On a set of coefficients analogous to the Eulerian numbers.) JFM 30.0181.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1899
On $$1^n(x-1)^n+2^n(x-2)^n+\cdots+(x-1)^n1^n$$ and other similar series. JFM 30.0254.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
Table of the values of $$\frac12\cdot\frac23\cdot\frac45\cdots\frac{x-1}x$$, the denominators being the series of prime numbers. JFM 29.0166.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1898
On the constant which occurs in the formula for $$1^1.2^2.3^3\dots n^n$$. JFM 25.0440.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1894
Henry John Stephen Smith. JFM 16.0028.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1884
On the quantities $$K,E,J,G,K',E',J',G'$$ in elliptic functions. JFM 17.0430.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1885
James Challis. JFM 15.0017.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1883
A theorem in partitions. JFM 15.0134.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1882
Note on certain symbolic operators and their application to the solution of certain partial differential equations. JFM 13.0300.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1881
James Booth. JFM 11.0028.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
Factor table for the fourth million. $$4^\circ$$. JFM 11.0123.02
Glaisher, James
1879
On circulating decimals with special reference to Henry Goodwyn’s “Table of circles” and “Tabular series of decimal quotients”. (London 1818-1823). JFM 11.0127.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On a property of vulgar fractions. JFM 11.0153.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On the method of least squares. (On the method of least squares.) JFM 12.0162.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1880
On a space-locus connected with the ellipsoid. JFM 11.0580.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On Cauchy’s theorem relating to the factors of $$(x+y)^n-x^n-y^n$$. JFM 10.0299.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On the law of force to any point in the plane of motion in order that the orbit may be always a conic. JFM 10.0619.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1878
On long successions of composite numbers. (On long successions of composite numbers.) JFM 09.0115.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
On the product $$1^1.2^2.3^3\ldots n^n$$. JFM 09.0190.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
On certain identical differential equations. JFM 09.0201.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
Note on continued fractions for tan $$nx$$. JFM 06.0136.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1874
A new formula in definite integrals. JFM 06.0184.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1874
On the rejection of discordant observations. JFM 05.0121.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1873
Remarks on certain series occurring in a paper “On the deduction of series from infinite products”. JFM 05.0143.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
Number-divisor tables. Zbl 0060.08412
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1940
Number-divisor tables. Reprint. Zbl 0141.03804
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1966
Number-divisor tables. Reprint. Zbl 0141.03804
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1966
Number-divisor tables. Zbl 0060.08412
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1940
Notes on the early history of the society. JFM 52.0035.05
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1926
Tables of $$1\pm 2^{-n}+3^{-n}\pm 4^{-n}\;\and$$ c. and $$1+3^{- n}+5^{-n}+7^{-n}+\and$$ c. to 32 places of decimals. JFM 45.0420.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1914
Summations of certain numerical series. JFM 43.0341.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1912
On $$1^n(x-1)^m + 2^n(x-2)^m + \cdots + (x-1)^n \cdot 1^m$$ and other similar series. JFM 43.0340.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1912
On a class of relations connecting any $$n$$ consecutive Bernoullian functions. JFM 41.0495.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1911
On Dr. Vacca’s series for $$\gamma$$. JFM 41.0498.05
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1910
Formulae for partitions into given elements derived from Sylvester’s theorem. JFM 40.0235.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1908
On the number of partitions of a number into a given number of parts. JFM 39.0242.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1908
On the numbers of representations of a number as a sum of $$2r$$ squares, where $$2r$$ does not exceed eighteen. JFM 38.0225.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1907
On elliptic-function expansions in which the coefficients are powers of the complex numbers having $$n$$ as norm. JFM 39.0518.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1907
On the representation of a number as the sum of two, four, six, eight, ten, and twelve squares. JFM 37.0214.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1906
On the representations of a number as the sum of fourteen and sixteen squares. JFM 38.0226.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1906
On the series for $$\frac 1\pi$$ and $$\frac 1{\pi^2}$$. JFM 36.0340.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1905
On the expressions for the number of classes of a negative determinant, and on the numbers of positives in the octants of $$P$$. JFM 34.0243.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1902
A general congruence theorem relating to the Bernoullian function. JFM 32.0199.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1901
On the residues of the sums of products of the first $$p 1$$ numbers, and their powers, to modulus $$p^2$$ or $$p^3$$. (On the residues of the sums of products of the first $$p-1$$ numbers, and their powers, to modulus $$p^2$$ or $$p^3$$.) JFM 31.0185.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
Congruences relating to the sums of products of the first $$n$$ numbers and to other sums of products. (Congruences relating to the sums of products of the first $$n$$ numbers and to other sums of products.) JFM 30.0180.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
On the residues of the sums of the inverse powers of numbers in arithmetical progression. (On the residues of the sums of the inverse powers of numbers in arithmetical progression.) JFM 31.0186.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
On the residues of $$r^{p 1}$$ to modulus $$p^2$$, $$p^3$$ etc. (On the residues of $$r^{p-1}$$ to modulus $$p^2$$, $$p^3$$ etc.) JFM 31.0186.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
Residues of binomial theorem coefficients with respect to $$p^3$$. (Residues of binomial-theorem coefficients with respect to $$p^3$$.) JFM 30.0180.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
On $$1^n(x-1)^n+2^n(x-2)^n+\cdots+(x-1)^n1^n$$ and other similar series. JFM 30.0254.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1900
On the residue of a binomial-theorem coefficient with respect to a prime modulus. JFM 29.0152.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1899
On the residue with respect to $$p^{n+1}$$ of a binomial-theorem coefficient divisible by $$p^n$$. JFM 29.0152.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1899
On a set of coefficients analogous to the Eulerian numbers. (On a set of coefficients analogous to the Eulerian numbers.) JFM 30.0181.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1899
On the Bernoullian function. JFM 28.0375.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1898
Table of the values of $$\frac12\cdot\frac23\cdot\frac45\cdots\frac{x-1}x$$, the denominators being the series of prime numbers. JFM 29.0166.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1898
The collected mathematical papers. Edited by J. W. L. Glaisher. With a mathematical introduction by the editor, biographical sketches and a portrait. In two volumes. JFM 25.0029.02
Smith, Henry John Stephen
1894
On the constant which occurs in the formula for $$1^1.2^2.3^3\dots n^n$$. JFM 25.0440.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1894
On the sums of the inverse powers of the prime numbers. JFM 23.0275.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1891
The mathematical Tripos. JFM 19.0057.04
Glaisher, J. W.
1887
On certain sums of products of quantities depending upon the divisors of a number. JFM 17.0128.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1885
On the square of the series in which the coefficients are the sums of the divisors of the exponents. JFM 17.0234.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1885
On the quantities $$K,E,J,G,K',E',J',G'$$ in elliptic functions. JFM 17.0430.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1885
On the square of the series in which the coefficients are the sums of the divisors of the exponents. JFM 17.0434.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1884
Henry John Stephen Smith. JFM 16.0028.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1884
James Challis. JFM 15.0017.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1883
A theorem in partitions. JFM 15.0134.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1882
Note on certain symbolic operators and their application to the solution of certain partial differential equations. JFM 13.0300.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1881
On the method of least squares. (On the method of least squares.) JFM 12.0162.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1880
On a special form of determinants and on certain functions of $$n$$ variables analogoues to the sine and cosine. JFM 10.0113.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
James Booth. JFM 11.0028.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
Factor table for the fourth million. $$4^\circ$$. JFM 11.0123.02
Glaisher, James
1879
On circulating decimals with special reference to Henry Goodwyn’s “Table of circles” and “Tabular series of decimal quotients”. (London 1818-1823). JFM 11.0127.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On a property of vulgar fractions. JFM 11.0153.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On a space-locus connected with the ellipsoid. JFM 11.0580.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On Cauchy’s theorem relating to the factors of $$(x+y)^n-x^n-y^n$$. JFM 10.0299.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1879
On factor tables with an account of the mode of formation of the factor table for the fourth million. JFM 10.0128.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1878
On the law of force to any point in the plane of motion in order that the orbit may be always a conic. JFM 10.0619.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1878
Preliminary account of an enumeration of the primes in Burckhardt’s tables (1 to 3000000.). JFM 09.0116.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
On long successions of composite numbers. (On long successions of composite numbers.) JFM 09.0115.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
On the product $$1^1.2^2.3^3\ldots n^n$$. JFM 09.0190.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
On certain identical differential equations. JFM 09.0201.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1877
Expressions for Laplace’s coefficients, Bernoullian and Eulerian numbers etc. as determinants. JFM 08.0306.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1875
On formulae of verification in the partition of numbers. JFM 08.0084.04
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1875
Miscellaneous theorems. JFM 08.0138.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1875
On the problem of the eight queens. JFM 08.0120.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1874
Note on continued fractions for tan $$nx$$. JFM 06.0136.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1874
A new formula in definite integrals. JFM 06.0184.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1874
On the transformation of continued products into continued fractions. JFM 06.0135.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1873
On the rejection of discordant observations. JFM 05.0121.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1873
Simple proof of a known property of Bernoulli’s numbers. JFM 05.0144.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On functions with recurring derivatives. JFM 04.0111.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
Remarks on certain portions of Laplace’s proof of the method of least squares. JFM 04.0091.03
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On the law of facility of errors of observations and on the method of least squares. JFM 04.0092.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On the constants which occur in certain summations by Bernoulli’s series. JFM 04.0109.03
Glaisher, J. W.
1872
On the function that stands in the same relation to Bernoulli’s numbers that the Gamma-function does to fractionals. JFM 04.0142.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1872
On the summation by definite integrals of the geometrical series of the second and higher orders. JFM 03.0134.02
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
On the calculation of Euler’s constant. JFM 03.0131.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
On a class of definite integrals. JFM 03.0132.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
Remarks on certain series occurring in a paper “On the deduction of series from infinite products”. JFM 05.0143.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1871
On a theorem in definite integration. JFM 02.0151.01
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1870
Tables of the numerical values of the sine-integral, cosine-integral, and exponential-integral. JFM 02.0863.06
Glaisher, J. W. L.
1870
all top 5
Cited by 247 Authors
12 Komatsu, Takao 9 Choi, Junesang 8 Srivastava, Hari Mohan 7 Kim, Daeyeoul 5 Meštrović, Romeo 5 Park, Yoon Kyung 5 Sun, Zhi-Wei 4 Alaca, Şaban 4 Dilcher, Karl 3 Andrews, George Eyre 3 Bell, Eric Temple 3 Blagouchine, Iaroslav V. 3 Chu, Wenchang 3 Hecke, Erich 3 Hwang, Jihyun 3 Rice, Adrian Clifford 3 Spiegelhofer, Lukas 3 Srdanov, Aleksa 3 Tauraso, Roberto 3 Ye, Dongxi 2 Adamchik, Victor S. 2 Bullynck, Maarten 2 Cai, Tianxin 2 Capparelli, Stefano 2 Cooper, Shaun 2 Despeaux, Sloan Evans 2 Hahn, Heekyoung 2 Hessami Pilehrood, Khodabakhsh 2 Hessami Pilehrood, Tatiana 2 İkikardes, Nazli Yildiz 2 Kesicioğlu, Yavuz 2 Köklüce, Bülent 2 Kronholm, Brandt 2 Li, Yan 2 Ling, Chih-Bing 2 Moshe, Yossi 2 O’Sullivan, Cormac 2 Patkowski, Alexander Eric 2 Pogány, Tibor K. 2 Shallit, Jeffrey O. 2 Shanks, Daniel C. 2 So, Jisuk 2 Sun, Zhihong 2 Vignat, Christophe 2 Wang, Chen 2 Wilson, Robin James 2 Zhang, Wenpeng 1 Adler, Roy Lee 1 Aebi, Christian 1 Agoh, Takashi 1 Albouy, Alain 1 Allawala, Altan 1 Allouche, Jean-Paul Simon 1 Almkvist, Gert 1 Amdeberhan, Tewodros 1 Aoki, Miho 1 Arcavi, Abraham 1 Armatte, Michel 1 Ballantine, Cristina M. 1 Ballot, Christian 1 Barman, Rupam 1 Beck, George 1 Bell, Jordan 1 Berndt, Bruce Carl 1 Bhoria, Subhash Chand 1 Booker, Andrew R. 1 Boyd, David William 1 Brent, Richard Peirce 1 Breuer, Felix 1 Brink, David 1 Bruckheimer, Maxim 1 Burns, David John 1 Burson, Hannah E. 1 Butzer, Paul Leo 1 Campbell, John Maxwell 1 Campbell, Paul J. 1 Cao, Huiqin 1 Carlier, Jacques G. 1 Carlitz, Leonard 1 Carmelo Interlando, J. 1 Castillo, Angelica 1 Chakraborty, Kalyan 1 Chavez, Gordon V. 1 Chen, Louis Hsiao-Yun 1 Chen, Mingpo 1 Cho, Bumkyu 1 Cho, Young Joon 1 Ciolan, Alexandru 1 Condon, John D. 1 Corry, Leo 1 Craik, Alex D. D. 1 Crilly, Tony 1 Cui, Su-Ping 1 da Nóbrega Neto, Trajano Pires 1 Davenport, Harold 1 De Barros, Laécio Carvalho 1 De Kerf, Joseph L. F. 1 Deléglise, Marc 1 Doyle, Greg 1 Drmota, Michael ...and 147 more Authors
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Cited in 97 Serials
24 Journal of Number Theory 11 The Ramanujan Journal 9 Historia Mathematica 9 International Journal of Number Theory 8 Mathematics of Computation 7 Applied Mathematics and Computation 6 Discrete Mathematics 6 Mathematische Annalen 5 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 5 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 5 Integers 4 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 4 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 4 Advances in Applied Mathematics 3 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 3 Journal of Applied Mathematics & Informatics 3 Open Mathematics 3 AIMS Mathematics 2 Archive for History of Exact Sciences 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 2 The Mathematical Intelligencer 2 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 2 Quaestiones Mathematicae 2 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 2 Expositiones Mathematicae 2 Journal of Applied Analysis 2 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2 Annals of Combinatorics 2 Electronic Research Archive 1 Acta Mechanica 1 American Mathematical Monthly 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 1 Discrete Applied Mathematics 1 International Journal of Control 1 Information Processing Letters 1 Israel Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 1 Acta Arithmetica 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 Annales Polonici Mathematici 1 Colloquium Mathematicum 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Differential Geometry 1 Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 Monatshefte für Mathematik 1 Networks 1 Numerische Mathematik 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 1 Results in Mathematics 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 1 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 1 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1 Numerical Algorithms 1 Aequationes Mathematicae 1 Elemente der Mathematik 1 European Journal of Operational Research 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 1 Experimental Mathematics 1 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 1 Filomat 1 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 1 Discussiones Mathematicae. Graph Theory 1 Boletín de la Sociedad Matemática Mexicana. Third Series 1 Journal of Integer Sequences 1 Regular and Chaotic Dynamics 1 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 1 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 1 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 1 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 1 BSHM Bulletin 1 Advances in Mathematics of Communications 1 European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Ars Mathematica Contemporanea 1 Probability Surveys 1 Science China. Mathematics 1 Research in Number Theory 1 Journal de la Société Française de Statistique
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Cited in 37 Fields
153 Number theory (11-XX) 48 Combinatorics (05-XX) 46 Special functions (33-XX) 19 History and biography (01-XX) 12 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 10 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 9 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 7 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 5 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 4 Measure and integration (28-XX) 4 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 4 Statistics (62-XX) 3 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 3 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 3 Real functions (26-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 3 Computer science (68-XX) 2 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 2 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 2 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 2 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 2 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 2 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX)
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# ${{\overline{\boldsymbol m}}}$ = (${\boldsymbol m}_{{{\boldsymbol u}}}+{\boldsymbol m}_{{{\boldsymbol d}}})/$2 INSPIRE search
See the comments for the ${{\mathit u}}$ quark above.
We have normalized the $\overline{\rm{}MS}$ masses at a renormalization scale of $\mu$ = 2 GeV. Results quoted in the literature at $\mu$ = 1 GeV have been rescaled by dividing by $1.35$. The values of Our Evaluation'' were determined in part via Figures$~$1 and 2.
VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN
$\bf{ 3.5 {}^{+0.5}_{-0.2}}$ OUR EVALUATION
$4.7$ ${}^{+0.8}_{-0.7}$ 1
2017
THEO
$3.70$ $\pm0.17$ 2
2014
LATT
$3.45$ $\pm0.12$ 3
2013
LATT
$3.59$ $\pm0.21$ 4
2011 A
LATT
$3.469$ $\pm0.047$ $\pm0.048$ 5
2011
LATT
$3.6$ $\pm0.2$ 6
2010
LATT
$3.39$ $\pm0.06$ 7
2010
LATT
$4.1$ $\pm0.2$ 8
2009
THEO
$3.72$ $\pm0.41$ 9
2008
LATT
$3.55$ ${}^{+0.65}_{-0.28}$ 10
2008
LATT
$4.25$ $\pm0.35$ 11
2007
LATT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$3.40$ $\pm0.07$ 7
2010
LATT
$3.85$ $\pm0.12$ $\pm0.4$ 12
2008
LATT
$>=4.85 \pm0.20$ 13
2008 B
THEO
$4.026$ $\pm0.048$ 14
2008
LATT
$4.08$ $\pm0.25$ $\pm0.42$ 15
2006
LATT
$4.7$ $\pm0.2$ $\pm0.3$ 16
2006 A
LATT
$3.2$ $\pm0.3$ 17
2006
LATT
$3.95$ $\pm0.3$ 18
2006
THEO
$2.8$ $\pm0.3$ 19
2004
LATT
$4.29$ $\pm0.14$ $\pm0.65$ 20
2003
LATT
$3.223$ $\pm0.3$ 21
2003 B
LATT
$4.4$ $\pm0.1$ $\pm0.4$ 22
2003
LATT
$4.1$ $\pm0.3$ $\pm1.0$ 23
2003
LATT
1 YUAN 2017 determine ${{\overline{\mathit m}}}$ using QCD sum rules in the isospin ${{\mathit I}}$=0 scalar channel. At the end of the "Numerical Results" section of YUAN 2017 the authors discuss the significance of their larger value of the light quark mass compared to previous determinations.
2 CARRASCO 2014 is a lattice QCD computation of light quark masses using 2 + 1 + 1 dynamical quarks, with ${{\mathit m}_{{u}}}$ = ${{\mathit m}_{{d}}}{}\not=$ ${{\mathit m}_{{s}}}{}\not=$ ${{\mathit m}_{{c}}}$. The ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ and ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ quark masses are obtained separately by using the ${{\mathit K}}$ meson mass splittings and lattice results for the electromagnetic contributions.
3 ARTHUR 2013 is a lattice computation using 2+1 dynamical domain wall fermions. Masses at ${{\mathit \mu}}$ = 3 GeV have been converted to ${{\mathit \mu}}$ = 2 GeV using conversion factors given in their paper.
4 AOKI 2011A determine quark masses from a lattice computation of the hadron spectrum using ${{\mathit N}_{{f}}}$ = 2 + 1 dynamical flavors of domain wall fermions.
5 DURR 2011 determine quark mass from a lattice computation of the meson spectrum using ${{\mathit N}_{{f}}}$ = 2 + 1 dynamical flavors. The lattice simulations were done at the physical quark mass, so that extrapolation in the quark mass was not needed.
6 BLOSSIER 2010 determines quark masses from a computation of the hadron spectrum using ${{\mathit N}_{{f}}}$=2 dynamical twisted-mass Wilson fermions.
7 DAVIES 2010 and MCNEILE 2010 determine ${{\overline{\mathit m}}_{{c}}}({{\mathit \mu}})/{{\overline{\mathit m}}_{{s}}}({{\mathit \mu}}$) = $11.85$ $\pm0.16$ using a lattice computation with ${{\mathit N}_{{f}}}$ = 2 + 1 dynamical fermions of the pseudoscalar meson masses. Mass ${{\overline{\mathit m}}}$ is obtained from this using the value of ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit c}}}$ from ALLISON 2008 or MCNEILE 2010 and the BAZAVOV 2010 values for the light quark mass ratio, ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit s}}}/{{\overline{\mathit m}}}$.
8 DOMINGUEZ 2009 use QCD finite energy sum rules for the two-point function of the divergence of the axial vector current computed to order $\alpha {}^{4}_{s}$.
9 ALLTON 2008 use a lattice computation of the ${{\mathit \pi}}$, ${{\mathit K}}$, and ${{\mathit \Omega}}$ masses with 2+1 dynamical flavors of domain wall quarks, and non-perturbative renormalization.
10 ISHIKAWA 2008 use a lattice computation of the light meson spectrum with 2+1 dynamical flavors of $\cal O(\mathit a$) improved Wilson quarks, and one-loop perturbative renormalization.
11 BLUM 2007 determine quark masses from the pseudoscalar meson masses using a QED plus QCD lattice computation with two dynamical quark flavors.
12 BLOSSIER 2008 use a lattice computation of pseudoscalar meson masses and decay constants with 2 dynamical flavors and non-perturbative renormalization.
13 DOMINGUEZ-CLARIMON 2008B obtain an inequality from sum rules for the scalar two-point correlator.
14 NAKAMURA 2008 do a lattice computation using quenched domain wall fermions and non-perturbative renormalization.
15 GOCKELER 2006 use an unquenched lattice computation of the axial Ward Identity with ${{\mathit N}_{{f}}}$ = 2 dynamical light quark flavors, and non-perturbative renormalization, to obtain ${{\overline{\mathit m}}}$(2 GeV) = $4.08$ $\pm0.25$ $\pm0.19$ $\pm0.23$ MeV, where the first error is statistical, the second and third are systematic due to the fit range and force scale uncertainties, respectively. We have combined the systematic errors linearly.
16 GOCKELER 2006A use an unquenched lattice computation of the pseudoscalar meson masses with ${{\mathit N}_{{f}}}$ = 2 dynamical light quark flavors, and non-perturbative renormalization.
17 MASON 2006 extract light quark masses from a lattice simulation using staggered fermions with an improved action, and three dynamical light quark flavors with degenerate ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ and ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ quarks. Perturbative corrections were included at NNLO order.
18 NARISON 2006 uses sum rules for ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ hadrons to order ${{\mathit \alpha}_{{s}}^{3}}$ to determine ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit s}}}$ combined with other determinations of the quark mass ratios.
19 AUBIN 2004 perform three flavor dynamical lattice calculation of pseudoscalar meson masses, with one-loop perturbative renormalization constant.
20 AOKI 2003 uses quenched lattice simulation of the meson and baryon masses with degenerate light quarks. The extrapolations are done using quenched chiral perturbation theory.
21 The errors given in AOKI 2003B were ${}^{+0.046}_{-0.069}$. We changed them to $\pm0.3$ for calculating the overall best values. AOKI 2003B uses lattice simulation of the meson and baryon masses with two dynamical light quarks. Simulations are performed using the $\cal O(\mathit a$) improved Wilson action.
22 BECIREVIC 2003 perform quenched lattice computation using the vector and axial Ward identities. Uses $\cal O(\mathit a$) improved Wilson action and nonperturbative renormalization.
23 CHIU 2003 determines quark masses from the pion and kaon masses using a lattice simulation with a chiral fermion action in quenched approximation.
${{\overline{\mathit m}}}$ = (${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit u}}}+{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit d}}})/$2 (MeV)
References:
YUAN 2017
PR D96 014034 Constraint on the Light Quark Mass ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit q}}}$ from QCD Sum Rules in the $\mathit I = 0$ Scalar Channel
CARRASCO 2014
NP B887 19 Up, Down, Strange and Charm Quark Masses with $\mathit N_{f}$ = 2+1+1 Twisted Mass Lattice QCD
ARTHUR 2013
PR D87 094514 Domain Wall QCD with Near-Physical Pions
AOKI 2011A
PR D83 074508 Continuum Limit Physics from 2+1 Flavor Domain Wall QCD
DURR 2011
PL B701 265 Lattice QCD at the Physical Point: Light Quark Masses
BLOSSIER 2010
PR D82 114513 Average up/down, strange, and charm Quark Masses with $\mathit N_{f}$=2 Twisted-Mass Lattice QCD
DAVIES 2010
PRL 104 132003 Precise Charm to Strange Mass Ratio and Light Quark Masses from Full Lattice QCD
MCNEILE 2010
PR D82 034512 High-Precision ${\mathit {\mathit c}}$ and ${\mathit {\mathit b}}$ Masses, and QCD Coupling from Current-Current Correlators in Lattice and Continuum QCD
DOMINGUEZ 2009
PR D79 014009 Up- and Down-Quark Masses from Finite-Energy QCD Sum Rules to Five Loops
ALLTON 2008
PR D78 114509 Physical Results from 2+1 Flavor Domain Wall QCD and SU(2) Chiral Perturbation Theory
BLOSSIER 2008
JHEP 0804 020 Light Quark Masses and Pseudoscalar Decay Constants from $\mathit N_{f}$ = 2 Lattice QCD with Twisted Mass Fermions
DOMINGUEZ-CLARIMON 2008B
PL B660 49 Bounds on the Light Quark Masses: The Scalar Channel Revisited
ISHIKAWA 2008
PR D78 011502 Light Quark Masses from Unquenched Lattice QCD
NAKAMURA 2008
PR D78 034502 Precise Determination of $\mathit B_{K}$ and Light Quark Masses in Quenched Domain-wall QCD
BLUM 2007
PR D76 114508 Determination of Light Quark Masses from the Electromagnetic Splitting of Pseudoscalar Meson Masses Computed with Two Flavors of Domain Wall Fermions
GOCKELER 2006
PR D73 054508 Estimating the Unquenched Strange Quark Mass from the Lattice Axial Ward Identity
GOCKELER 2006A
PL B639 307 Determination of Light and Strange Quark Masses from Two-Flavour Dynamical Lattice QCD
MASON 2006
PR D73 114501 High-Precision Determination of the Light-Quark Masses from Realistic Lattice QCD
NARISON 2006
PR D74 034013 Strange Quark Mass from ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Revisited and Present Status of Light Quark Masses
AUBIN 2004
PR D70 031504 First Determination of the Strange and Light Quark Masses from Full Lattice QCD
AOKI 2003
PR D67 034503 Light Hadron Spectrum and Quark Masses from Quenched Lattice QCD
AOKI 2003B
PR D68 054502 Light Hadron Spectroscopy with Two Flavors of $\mathit O(a)$-improved Dynamical Quarks
BECIREVIC 2003
PL B558 69 Continuum Determination of Light Quark Masses from Quenched Lattice QCD
CHIU 2003
NP B673 217 Light Quark Masses, Chiral Condensate and Quark Gluon Condensate in Quenched Lattice QCD with Exact Chiral Symmetry
ALLISON 2008
PR D78 054513 High-Precision Charm-Quark Mass and QCD Coupling from Current-Current Correlators in Lattice and Continuum QCD
BAZAVOV 2010
RMP 82 1349 Full Nonperturbative QCD Simulations with 2+1 Flavors of Improved Staggered Quarks
| 2018-09-21T20:16:24 |
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|
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/compute_smd_tlsph_strain_rate.html
|
compute smd/tlsph/strain/rate command
Syntax
compute ID group-ID smd/tlsph/strain/rate
• ID, group-ID are documented in compute command
• smd/tlsph/strain/rate = style name of this compute command
Examples
compute 1 all smd/tlsph/strain/rate
Description
Define a computation that calculates the rate of the strain tensor for particles interacting via the Total-Lagrangian SPH pair style.
See this PDF guide to using Smooth Mach Dynamics in LAMMPS.
Output info:
This compute calculates a per-particle vector of vectors (tensors), which can be accessed by any command that uses per-particle values from a compute as input. See the Howto output doc page for an overview of LAMMPS output options.
The values will be given in units of one over time.
The per-particle vector has 6 entries, corresponding to the xx, yy, zz, xy, xz, yz components of the symmetric strain rate tensor.
Restrictions
This compute is part of the USER-SMD package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info.
This quantity will be computed only for particles which interact with Total-Lagrangian SPH pair style.
| 2019-04-25T11:57:38 |
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|
http://www.epsb.ky.gov/mod/page/view.php?id=341
|
## Candidates Trained In Kentucky
Candidates trained in Kentucky must:
• Complete an Educator Preparation Program approved by the EPSB;
• Complete an application;
• Have the Superintendent or Personnel Director verify full-time classroom teaching experience at the appropriate grade level(s) (Section 2 of application);
• Pass the appropriate assessments for EACH area of certification being sought and the Principles of Learning and Teaching test score for appropriate grade range.
• Submit verification of completion of teacher preparation program from the preparing college or university (Section 5 of application); and
• Make the appropriate payment through ePay online payment service for certification fees. Please note that any other forms of payment are not accepted and will be returned to the applicant.
Statement of Eligibility (SOE) (Teacher)
• The SOE allows candidates five (5) years to apply and receive employment as a teacher in a Kentucky school. During the first year of employment, the Kentucky Teacher Internship Program (KTIP) must be successfully completed.
• If the internship is not completed within the five (5) year period, the applicant may renew the SOE by repeating and passing the assessment program in effect for new teachers at that time or by completing a minimum of six (6) graduate hours toward completion of a graduate program required by administrative regulations promulgated by the Education Professional Standards Board.
• The option for renewal through completion of graduate hours shall be available only for the first renewal.
Application Process due to the suspension of the Kentucky Teacher Internship Program
Teachers who currently hold a valid SOE
The applicant is to complete the following portions of the PAPER COPY of the CA-1 Application:
• CA-1 Page 1, section 1, sub section A – Personal Information
• CA-1 Page 1, section 1, sub section B – Type of certificate requested (Check Other and write Professional on the line provided)
• CA-1 Page 3, section 3, sub section C – Disclosure of background information (Be sure to sign and date BOTH lines at the bottom of the page)
• Sections 2 and 5 of the CA-1 are not required to be completed
Effective May 2019: All completed applications must be submitted via the Online Document Submission Portal located in your EPSB account.
There is an $85 certification fee for the issuance of the 5 year Professional certificate. The fee must be paid online through Epay. Teachers who currently hold an EXPIRED SOE (and never completed KTIP) To renew the expired Statement of Eligibility, either submit new Praxis II test passing scores required for the certification area, or complete an additional 6 semester hours of approved graduate credit. Renewal of an SOE using 6 graduate hours is a one-time only option The applicant is to complete the following portions of the of the CA-1 Application: • CA-1 Page 1, section 1, sub section A – Personal Information • CA-1 Page 1, section 1, sub section B – Type of certificate requested (Check Statement of Eligibility and write Renewal on the line provided AND Check Other and write Professional) • CA-1 Page 3, section 3, sub section C – Disclosure of background information (Be sure to sign and date BOTH lines at the bottom of the page) • Sections 2 and 5 of the CA-1 are not required to be completed Effective May 2019: All completed applications must be submitted via the Online Document Submission Portal located in your EPSB account. Please use these instructions (CLICK HERE) to assist with submitting online. There is an$85 certification fee for the renewal of the SOE and issuance of the 5 year Professional certificate. The fee must be paid online through Epay.
| 2021-04-12T03:41:47 |
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|
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2013.2013.771
|
Article Contents
Article Contents
# On the uniqueness of blow-up solutions of fully nonlinear elliptic equations
• This paper contains new uniqueness results of the boundary blow-up viscosity solutions of second order elliptic equations, generalizing a well known result of Marcus-Veron for the Laplace operator.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35J25, 35B50; Secondary: 35D40.
Citation:
• [1] X. Cabré and L. A. Caffarelli, Interior $C^{2,\alpha}$ regularity theory for a class of nonconvex fully nonlinear elliptic equations, J. Math. Pures Appl., 82 (2003), 573-612. [2] L. A. Caffarelli and X. Cabré, "Fully Nonlinear Elliptic Equations'', Colloquium Publications 43, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1995. [3] L. A. Caffarelli, M. G. Crandall, M. Kocan and A. Swiech, On viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear equations with measurable ingredients, Commun. Pure Appl. Math., 49 (1996), 365-398. [4] I. Capuzzo Dolcetta and A. Vitolo, Glaeser's type gradient estimates for non-negative solutions of fully nonlinear elliptic equations, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 28 (2010), 539-557. [5] M. G. Crandall, H.Ishii and P. L. Lions, User's guide to viscosity solutions of second-order partial differential equations, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 27 (1992), 1-67. [6] M. G. Crandall, M. Kocan, P. L. Lions and A. Swiech, Existence results for boundary problems for uniformly elliptic and parabolic fully nonlinear equations, Electron. J. Differ. Equ., 24 (1999), 1-20. [7] M. G. Crandall and A. Swiech, A note on generalized maximum principles for elliptic and parabolic PDE, Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math., 235 (2003), 121-127. [8] F. Da Lio and B. Sirakov, Symmetry results for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear uniformly elliptic equations, J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS), 9 (2007), 317-330. [9] H. Dong, S. Kim and M. Safonov, On uniqueness boundary blow-up solutions of a class of nonlinear elliptic equations, Commun. Partial Differ. Equations, 33 (2008), 177-188. [10] L. Escauriaza, $W^{2,n}$ a priori estimates for solutions to fully nonlinear equations, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 42 (1993), 413-423. [11] M. J. Esteban, P. L. Felmer and A. Quaas, Superlinear elliptic equations for fully nonlinear operators without growth restrictions for the data, Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc., 53 (2010), 125-141. [12] G. Galise and A. Vitolo, Viscosity Solutions of Uniformly Elliptic Equations without Boundary and Growth Conditions at Infinity, Int. J. Differ. Equ., 2011, Article ID 453727, 18 pp. [13] H. Ishii and P. L. Lions, Viscosity Solutions of Fully Nonlinear Second-Order Elliptic Equations, J. Differential Equations, 83 (1990), 26-78. [14] S. Koike, "A Beginners Guide to the Theory of Viscosity Solutions'', MSJ Memoirs 13, Math. Soc. Japan, Tokyo, 2004. [15] M. Marcus and L. Véron, Uniqueness of solutions with blowup at the boundary for a class of nonlinear elliptic equations, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 317 (1993), 559-563. [16] M. Marcus and L. Véron, Uniqueness and asymptotic behavior of solutions with boundary blow-up for a class of nonlinear elliptic equations, Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré,Analyse non linéaire, 14 (1997), 237-274. [17] M. H. Protter and H. F. Weinberger, "Maximum principles in Differential Equations'', Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984. [18] P. Pucci and J. Serrin, "The maximum principles'', Progress in Nonlinear Differential Equations and Their Applications 73, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2007. [19] B. Sirakov, Solvability of uniformly elliptic fully nonlinear PDE, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 195 (2010), 579-607. [20] A. Swiech, $W^{1,p}$-interior estimates for solutions of fully nonlinear, uniformly elliptic equations, Adv. Differential Equations, 2 (1997), 1005-1027.
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license
• on this site
/
| 2023-02-03T02:49:24 |
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|
https://www.pnnl.gov/explainer-articles/fentanyl-analogs
|
# Fentanyl Analogs
## What are fentanyl analogs?
Simply put, fentanyl analogs are illicit—and often deadly—alterations of the medically prescribed drug fentanyl. The analogs have similar—but not the same—chemical structure, and they mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug.
Fentanyl is a very strong synthetic narcotic primarily used to ease the suffering of patients with chronic pain or terminal illnesses. Since the 1990s, the drug has been available in a patch or lozenge for easy and effective delivery of the time-released medicines. Fentanyl is so potent that residual chemicals in used patches have been suspected of contaminating water supplies when flushed down the toilet. Used patches have also been known to stick to children or animals, causing unintentional overdoses.
But accidental overdoses from legal prescriptions pale in comparison to deaths attributed to illegally imported versions of the drug and its analogs starting in the late 1990s. The effectiveness of the drug, combined with user-friendly delivery methods, drew the attention of bad actors seeking to profit from its potency.
Take heroin, for example. In the height of the opioid epidemic, a kilogram of heroin could be purchased for approximately $6,000 and sold for appropriately$80,000. For the same purchase price, a kilogram of illegally imported fentanyl could be sold for approximately \$1.6 million, then cut into heroin and other drugs to expand their volume.
Some black-market drug makers create new fentanyl analogs to avoid classification as illegal, get around policy restrictions on manufacturing, and evade detection in standard drug tests. It can be difficult to determine if pills were legally produced for pharmaceutical distribution or illegally produced for illegal drug sales. Counterfeit prescription medications, such as a fentanyl-laced Xany-bar or counterfeit Xanax, were reportedly made at a “pill mill” or illegal pill press.
The availability of black-market fentanyl and fentanyl analogs led to a U.S. opioid epidemic that continues to cause thousands of overdose deaths each year and destroy families and communities in the process. Harm from fentanyl analogs also extends to first responders. A lethal dose of carfentanyl, a fentanyl analog, is about the size of the head of a pin, requiring the full protection of hazmat suits.
## The history of fentanyl analogs
Fentanyl was created in 1959 by Dr. Paul Janssen as an intravenous surgical analgesic. The drug is 50–100 times more potent than morphine. Because of its strength, the drug was rarely used except in hospital operating rooms or on large animals.
In the 1990s, a new transdermal skin patch for fentanyl was developed to treat chronic pain. The non-surgical delivery mechanism offered some unique advantages over other drugs, including quick onset of action, relatively few cardiovascular risks, and low histamine release. These attributes made it a good prescription choice for some patients, because it reduced some of the risks of medical complications that other pain relievers have.
Lozenge, lollipop, tablet, and nasal spray versions soon followed, under such names as Actiq®, Duragesic®, and Sublimaze®. The ease and effectiveness of these user-friendly delivery methods led to abuse, and the fentanyl analog market was born. Criminal manufacturers began creating designer drugs—analogs with modified chemical structures—to avoid identification as a controlled substance.
From 1999 to 2011, the death rate in the United States due to opioid analgesics nearly quadrupled, then began to skyrocket around 2013–2014. This timing coincided with the first detection of illicit pills containing fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids such as U-47700.
Warning signs of the fentanyl-fueled opioid crisis first emerged in the Northeast. William R Brownfield, Assistant Secretary for the Office of National Drug Control Policy, warned that Massachusetts was “a preview of coming attractions.” Across the United States, drug abuse, addiction, and overdoses were responsible for 50,000 deaths in 2015, the majority of which involved an opioid.
In 2017, the President issued Executive Order 13784, establishing a Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis. Many of the 45,000 drug-related deaths that year were determined to have resulted from abuse, addiction, and overdoses due to fentanyl.
## Unflooding the fentanyl analog market
A major contributor to the opioid drug crisis was availability. Modern internet e-commerce enabled individual players, small-scale drug trafficking organizations (DTOs), and large-scale DTOs with their own production facilities to flood the illicit drug market with fentanyl. The drugs could be purchased and delivered through standard mail to the United States from places as far away as China. In many cases, drug users and mid-level dealers have no idea where or how their drugs are manufactured or what they might be cut with.
Carfentanyl, a fentanyl analog, is an odorless white powder. It is one of the most potent opioids known and used commercially. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, carfentanyl is approximately 10,000 times more potent than morphine, 100 times more than fentanyl, and 50 times more than heroin. Marketed under the trade name Wildnil®, it is used as a general anesthetic for very large animals.
In July 2016, carfentanyl was found cut into heroin and fentanyl sold on the streets of Ohio. In a span of three days, 35 overdoses and 6 deaths occurred there. In the same year, in Anoka County, Minnesota, six overdoses and two deaths occurred in a 12-hour period in October 2016. These instances and similar cases throughout the nation pointed to single batches of fentanyl-laced heroin as the culprit for dramatic spikes in overdose cases.
Most opioid users do not intentionally seek out fentanyl analogs. To unsuspecting customers, the drugs can look like legal opioids or benzodiazepines for pain relief. And once a person is exposed to a higher-toxicity drug, the brain chemistry alters further, and the user will seek out the most potent form of the drug. At the height of addiction, some users are unable to discern risk and are willing to go to any length to obtain the drug, including boiling fentanyl patches to extract the drug for injection or ingestion. And if a user is new to taking opioids, the risk of overdose is even higher because their bodies have no tolerance to the drug.
Fentanyl analogs, including fentanyl-laced heroin, come in many flavors, with street names such as white heroin, Perc-O-Pops, Chiclets, Apache, China Girl, White China, Dance Fever, Jackpot, Murder 8, TNT, Tango and Cash, Friend, Goodfella, and Redrum (murder spelled backward). The sheer variety of the drug, including emerging combinations, make toxicology testing and accurate death reporting extremely challenging.
Investigations into drug overdoses have shown the difficulty in identifying whether drugs were commercially or illegally produced. For example, carfentanyl and other analogs do not show up on traditional opioid toxicology testing. And specific testing for these substances is not routinely performed. An investigation may show all the scene indications and autopsy findings of an opioid overdose death, but simple toxicology tests can still be negative for opioids. in many states, medical examiners are often too overwhelmed by the numbers to do the testing to determine which analog was involved.
The toll of drug abuse and overdoses extends far wider than deaths, which in 2019 reached nearly 50,000. The costs to families, communities, and emergency response in terms of dollars, psychological, and health effects are incalculable. Nipping the problem in the bud—keeping illicit drugs from reaching the market—is critical for stemming the tide of illegal drug activity and protecting the nation from the scourge of fentanyl analogs.
As part of the federal response to EO 13784, the Department of Homeland Security’s Science and Technology Directorate established a collaboration among U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the United States Coast Guard, other federal agencies, and first responders. Their goal is twofold: (1) to identify and develop improved fentanyl detection capabilities, including standards and advanced rapid detection technologies and analytics, and (2) to increase capacity to disrupt the supply of drugs being smuggled into the United States.
## The challenges of fentanyl analogs
Synthetic opioids present immense challenges to detection, particularly in the vast infrastructure that enables speedy and high-volume legitimate trade. From shipping docks and airports to border crossings and mailrooms, smugglers go to great lengths to hide their drugs in the flow of legal commerce.
Dogs with their keen sense of smell have been trained for a variety of U.S. security and emergency response settings for more than 50 years. The first drug-sniffing dogs were put into service in the mid-1960s and are now regularly seen in cargo terminals, airports, mail delivery and sorting centers, and even schools.
But training and maintenance associated with sniffer dog teams is expensive. And dogs and their handlers can only take so much. They can get burned out, or worse, suffer health effects from the chemicals and fumes associated with illicit drugs such as fentanyl analogs. Even a minute amount of drug-to-skin contact can be deadly.
In the last decade, technologies for chemical detection have been developed to try and replicate the sensitivity of a dog’s nose. In a dog, the part of the brain used to detect and analyze smells is also about 40 times more efficient than humans.
Specialized laboratory equipment and analytical techniques such as GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) and LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) can identify regulated fentanyl compounds. As emerging new compounds appear on the market, nontargeted testing can be aided with LC-HRMS (liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry).
But it is one thing to test samples in a laboratory, using known spectra libraries and large instruments. The testing process also takes time—too much time for a field setting.
Two early models of handheld chemical analyzers, or spectrometers, came out in quick succession. TruNarc debuted in 2012, followed by TacticID in 2014. The compact, lightweight, and robust devices have simple push button controls and work by scanning. For illicit or dangerous substances such as fentanyl, heroin, cocaine, or methamphetamine, the screen turns red. Drug precursors or chemicals that can mask some narcotics’ Raman signals return a yellow or orange screen. Green means all clear.
In 2019, SwabTekTM introduced new field kits with dry test strips capable of detecting fentanyl and other dangerous narcotics. The single-use recyclable spot test uses a paper strip with dry reagent test zones applied to the strip surface. A cotton swab is used to transfer the suspect residue to the paper strip test zone. The SwabTek test kits provide a safe, 100% recyclable, non-hazardous alternative to the industry standard “wet chemistry” field kit.
Field technologies such as the ones described above require close contact to the sample source. One example of a new standoff detection technology is Pacific Northwest National Laboratory’s (PNNL’s) ultrasensitive vapor detection system, VaporID. Rather than searching for particle residue using surface swipes or pulses of air to dislodge particles for analysis, the system 'sniffs' for vapors, much the way canines do.
VaporID joins an atmospheric flow tube with a mass spectrometer. The system can accurately detect organophosphorus compounds and narcotics at ultra-low levels previously impossible to detect in the presence of other chemical vapors. The technology could complement or replace contact and canine-assist detection methods for drug screening used in mailrooms, airports, and shipping centers.
## Improving detection of fentanyl analogs
Unscrupulous scientists persist in exercising their craft, working in underground labs to manipulate fentanyl, isolate analogs, and create deadly combinations. The collection of hard-to-trace substances entering the market continues to kill users and sicken law enforcement as they battle the epidemic.
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has a significant role in countering the trafficking of opioids and other narcotics into the United States, including detection and interdiction of illicit narcotics, as well as investigative efforts to disrupt and dismantle smuggling operations. The DHS Science and Technology Directorate Opioid Detection Program supports the mission requirements of CBP, Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE HSI), and state/local law enforcement in four primary areas:
• High-throughput, nonintrusive screening technologies to rapidly and automatically identify anomalous and suspected concealed narcotics
• Automated alarm resolution technologies to provide confirmation of opioids and other narcotics, without having to physically open or handle the shipment
• Improved effectiveness of handheld detection systems employed by frontline operators to detect small amounts of drug materials, even when diluted
• Advanced analytical tools for analysis of evidence, data fusion, and information sharing to enable automated detection.
In January 2021, DHS announced a new multiphase study to improve the detection of synthetic opioids. In collaboration with PNNL, the study will assess the performance of field-portable drug detection equipment from industry against fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds, other drugs, and cutting agents.
For the study, the industry partners will obtain the latest reference spectra for approximately 50 DEA-controlled substances, including novel synthetic opioids, as well as independent test results, which will enhance their capability and marketability. End users of the equipment—the first responder and interdiction communities, as well as interested federal, state, and local agencies—will also benefit by receiving system updates with the expanded libraries at no cost. They will gain a broader understanding of the capabilities and limitations of current field detection equipment to feel more secure with detection performance.
The effort specifically targets instruments used by federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement and first responders that use spectral libraries to identify unknown samples suspected of containing illicit drugs. These include, but are not limited to, field-portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometers, high-pressure mass spectrometers, ion mobility spectrometers, Raman spectrometers, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers.
In the coming years, DHS will continue partnering with industry to complete narcotics data collection for government-owned spectral libraries and will initiate a new Opioid Investigation and Intelligence Project to support ICE HSI.
## Fentanyl analogs research at PNNL
At PNNL, teams of biologists, chemists, and engineers work every day to solve challenges related to chemical and biological detection and forensics. This multidisciplinary approach supports important national security missions, including the development, integration, and evaluation of methods to detect biomolecules such as illicit drugs.
Rich Ozanich is a PNNL project manager of opioids standards and equipment testing. In June 2021, he kicked off the DHS S&T Directorate’s Whole-of-Government Virtual R&D Showcase as part of an expert panel discussion, “Opioids Detection and Partnerships: Responding to a Public Health Crisis.” The panel highlighted PNNL’s partnership with DHS S&T, industry, and communities to improve detection of synthetic opioids toward stronger and more resilient communities.
As part of that partnership, PNNL’s fentanyl handling and detection experts are helping assess the performance of detection equipment used by emergency responders. The work informs standards and tools for quickly detecting fentanyl and its analogs. Advances in both these areas aim to reduce the exposure of dangerous drugs to emergency responders.
Kristin Omberg, leader of PNNL’s Chemical and Biological Signatures group, worked with fellow subject-matter experts on the Biodefense Policy Landscape Analysis Tool. Unlike any other product of its type available, the tool captures relevant biodefense policy directives and sections of the U.S. Code in a format conducive to visualization. Launched in 2018, it was designed to help the government understand the current state of the U.S. biodefense enterprise.
Building on that work, Omberg and her team also developed the National Response Framework Policy Landscape Analysis Tool for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The visualization tool, debuted in March 2021, lays out the United States’ strategy for responding to any type of emergency. It parses the framework’s requirements and elements in the form of icicle and sunburst charts.
Robert Ewing is a chemist at PNNL and the lead inventor of the VaporID technology, which was named Geekwire’s Innovation of the Year in 2019. Before a public version hits the streets—or the airport, or the mailroom, or any number of places where public safety is imperative—portability and integration into existing screening methods are key hurdles that need to be overcome.
These are just a few examples of collaborations between PNNL experts and DHS, industry, and communities to improve detection equipment and methods used by emergency responders to sniff out fentanyl analogs and other dangerous opioids.
| 2023-02-07T14:17:27 |
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|
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2020.10.006
|
• •
### 全球价值链嵌入与技术创新——基于生产分解模型的分析
• 出版日期:2020-10-25 发布日期:2020-10-21
### Global Value Chain Embedding and Technological Innovation:Based on the Production Decomposition Model
Yang Huixin Zhang Hongxia
• Online:2020-10-25 Published:2020-10-21
Abstract: Based on the production decomposition model of value added and final goods, this paper measures the forward and backward linkage based embedding of global value chain ( GVC) for China’ s manufacturing industry, and empirically studies the impact of GVC embedding on technological innovation, and the moderating effect of absorptive capacity and technological distance. At the same time, DID, IV method and GMM dynamic panel model are used for robustness test to control potential endogenous problems. The results show that: firstly, China’ s manufacturing industry promotes the improvement of technological innovation capacity by embedding into GVC and taking advantage of international knowledge spillovers. Secondly,absorption capacity can strengthen the positive relationship above. Thirdly, technological distance presents an inverted U-shaped moderating effect in the impact of backward linkage based GVC embedding on technological innovation, while technological distance presents a positive moderating effect in the impact of forward linkage based GVC embedding on technological innovation. This paper promotes the propagation of network embedding theory and knowledge spillover theory from organizational network to GVC, and enriches the research results in the field of GVC embedding. This research provides a theoretical reference for China’ s manufacturing enterprises to enhance their technological innovation capacity by embedding GVC in the process of participating in international division of labor.
| 2022-09-27T05:11:28 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/352/219/
|
Volume 352 - XXVII International Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects (DIS2019) - Working Group 7: Future of DIS
A compact electron injector for the EIC based on plasma wakefields driven by the RHIC-EIC proton beam
J. Chappell,* A.C. Caldwell, M. Wing
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: June 28, 2019
Published on: October 04, 2019
Abstract
Initial simulations investigating using the RHIC-EIC proton beam as the drive beam in a plasma wakefield acceleration experiment are presented. The proton beam enters the plasma and undergoes self-modulation, forming a series of microbunches. These microbunches resonantly drive electron density perturbations within the plasma, exciting a longitudinal electric field with accelerating gradients in excess of $\mathrm{GVm^{-1}}$. Injecting electrons into the resulting wakefield offers an efficient method for accelerating electron bunches for use in the proposed EIC collider.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.352.0219
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2020-07-14T08:04:52 |
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|
https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&id=34639&congresos=yes&detalles=yes&congr_id=8395540
|
LAURET Emilio Agustin
congresos y reuniones científicas
Título:
Spectral uniqueness of bi-invariant metrics on compact Lie groups
Autor/es:
LAURET, EMILIO A.
Lugar:
Rio de Janeiro
Reunión:
Conferencia; International Conference of Mathematicians; 2018
Two compact Riemannian manifolds are called isospectral if their associated Laplace-Beltrami operators have the same spectra. There exist in the literature a considerable amount of pairs and families of non-isometric isospectral Riemannian manifolds. However, it is expected that Riemannian manifolds with very nice geometric attributes are spectrally distinguishable, that is, isospectrality implies isometry for them. This talk concerns the case of Riemannian symmetric spaces. The above problem is very complicated in full generality, so it is usual to restrict the space of metrics. We will consider the question of whether a symmetric space given by a semisimple compact Lie group $G$ endowed with a bi-invariant metric is spectrally distinguishable within the space of left-invariant metrics on $G$. A full answer was known only for $3$-dimensional compact Lie groups. We will show that the question is affirmative for every symplectic group $\mathrm{Sp}(n)$.
| 2023-02-02T12:18:34 |
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|
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/Y2011/V28/I8/28
|
• 论文 •
### 原油价格、流动性与我国的通货膨胀
• 出版日期:2011-08-15 发布日期:2011-08-08
### Crude Oil Price, Liquidity and China’s Inflation
Zhao Yi & Li Yi
• Online:2011-08-15 Published:2011-08-08
Abstract: The fluctuation of international crude oil price has some impacts on the inflation in China, and meanwhile the liquidity glut is a very important problem that cannot be neglected. This paper analyzes the influencing factors of China’s inflation by a CVAR model with variables, M2, output, international crude oil price and inflation rate. The results show that there exists a stable Monetary Demands Function and a Philips Curve in China. Crude oil price’s change has long term influence on China’s inflation, but the more important influence factors of inflation in China are liquidity glut and economic overheating.
Key words: Crude Oil Price, Liquidity, Inflation, CVAR
| 2023-02-02T20:22:35 |
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|
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Akwon.young-sam
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Kwon, Young-Sam
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: kwon.young-sam Published as: Kwon, Y.; Kwon, Y. S.; Kwon, Y.-S.; Kwon, Young-Sam External Links: MGP · Wikidata
Documents Indexed: 42 Publications since 1997
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
16 single-authored 4 Li, Fucai 3 Novotný, Antonín 3 Trivisa, Konstantina 3 Vasseur, Alexis F. 2 Lee, Geonho 2 Lin, Ying-Chieh 2 Su, Cheng-Fang 1 Cheng, Ching-Hsiao Arthur 1 Choi, Kyudong 1 Choi, Yeontaek 1 Coclite, Giuseppe Maria 1 Jo, Sanggyu 1 Kang, Moon-Jin 1 Karlsen, Kenneth Hvistendahl 1 Kim, Philsu 1 Kim, Sangdong 1 Maltese, David 1 Nazarenko, Sergeĭ Vital’evich 1 Woo, Gyungsoo
all top 5
#### Serials
3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Journal of Differential Equations 3 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 2 Nonlinearity 2 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 2 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 2 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics 2 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 2 Advances in Mathematical Physics 1 Applicable Analysis 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1 Journal of Functional Analysis 1 Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Applications of Mathematics 1 Journal of Nonlinear Science 1 Electronic Journal of Differential Equations (EJDE) 1 Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 1 Journal of Nonlinear Science and Applications
all top 5
#### Fields
33 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 23 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 2 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
21 Publications have been cited 98 times in 83 Documents Cited by Year
On the incompressible limits for the full magnetohydrodynamics flows. Zbl 1242.35051
Kwon, Young-Sam; Trivisa, Konstantina
2011
Strong traces for solutions to scalar conservation laws with general flux. Zbl 1121.35078
Kwon, Young-Sam; Vasseur, Alexis
2007
Initial-boundary value problems for conservation laws with source terms and the Degasperis-Procesi equation. Zbl 1180.35348
Coclite, G. M.; Karlsen, K. H.; Kwon, Y.-S.
2009
The quiescent core of turbulent channel flow. Zbl 1416.76063
Kwon, Y. S.; Philip, J.; de Silva, C. M.; Hutchins, N.; Monty, J. P.
2014
Well-posedness for entropy solutions to multidimensional scalar conservation laws with a strong boundary condition. Zbl 1132.35417
Kwon, Young-Sam
2008
Strong traces for degenerate parabolic-hyperbolic equations. Zbl 1180.35309
Kwon, Young-Sam
2009
Asymptotic limit to a shock for BGK models using relative entropy method. Zbl 1316.35196
Kwon, Young-Sam; Vasseur, Alexis F.
2015
Stability and large time behaviour for multicomponent reactive flows. Zbl 1194.35062
Kwon, Young-Sam; Trivisa, Konstantina
2009
Incompressible limit of the degenerate quantum compressible Navier-Stokes equations with general initial data. Zbl 1378.76148
Kwon, Young-Sam; Li, Fucai
2018
Incompressible limit for the compressible flows of nematic liquid crystals in the whole space. Zbl 1341.35118
Kwon, Young-Sam
2015
Incompressible limit for the full magnetohydrodynamics flows under strong stratification. Zbl 1229.35210
Lee, Geonho; Kim, Philsu; Kwon, Young-Sam
2012
Counting vertices and cubes in median graphs of circular split systems. Zbl 1135.05069
Choe, Y. B.; Huber, K. T.; Koolen, J. H.; Kwon, Y. S.; Moulton, V.
2008
Contraction for large perturbations of traveling waves in a hyperbolic-parabolic system arising from a chemotaxis model. Zbl 1443.92058
Choi, Kyudong; Kang, Moon-Jin; Kwon, Young-Sam; Vasseur, Alexis F.
2020
Incompressible inviscid limit of the viscous two-fluid model with general initial data. Zbl 1415.76645
Kwon, Young-Sam; Li, Fucai
2019
From the degenerate quantum compressible Navier-Stokes-Poisson system to incompressible Euler equations. Zbl 1404.76301
Kwon, Young-Sam
2018
Multiscale analysis in the compressible rotating and heat conducting fluids. Zbl 1444.76126
Kwon, Young-Sam; Maltese, David; Novotný, Antonín
2018
Asymptotic limit to shocks for scalar balance laws using relative entropy. Zbl 07022885
Kwon, Young-Sam
2014
On the incompressible limit problems for multicomponent reactive flows. Zbl 1263.35020
Kwon, Young-Sam; Trivisa, Konstantina
2013
Diffusion-dispersion limits for multidimensional scalar conservation laws with source terms. Zbl 1194.35260
Kwon, Young-Sam
2009
Application of AHP to fire safety based decision making of a passenger ship. Zbl 1172.90433
Kim, S. W.; Wall, A.; Wang, J.; Kwon, Y. S.
2008
Estimation of soil water distribution: Identifiability and observation design. Zbl 0907.35137
Cho, C.-K.; Kwon, Y.; Kang, Sungkwon
1997
Contraction for large perturbations of traveling waves in a hyperbolic-parabolic system arising from a chemotaxis model. Zbl 1443.92058
Choi, Kyudong; Kang, Moon-Jin; Kwon, Young-Sam; Vasseur, Alexis F.
2020
Incompressible inviscid limit of the viscous two-fluid model with general initial data. Zbl 1415.76645
Kwon, Young-Sam; Li, Fucai
2019
Incompressible limit of the degenerate quantum compressible Navier-Stokes equations with general initial data. Zbl 1378.76148
Kwon, Young-Sam; Li, Fucai
2018
From the degenerate quantum compressible Navier-Stokes-Poisson system to incompressible Euler equations. Zbl 1404.76301
Kwon, Young-Sam
2018
Multiscale analysis in the compressible rotating and heat conducting fluids. Zbl 1444.76126
Kwon, Young-Sam; Maltese, David; Novotný, Antonín
2018
Asymptotic limit to a shock for BGK models using relative entropy method. Zbl 1316.35196
Kwon, Young-Sam; Vasseur, Alexis F.
2015
Incompressible limit for the compressible flows of nematic liquid crystals in the whole space. Zbl 1341.35118
Kwon, Young-Sam
2015
The quiescent core of turbulent channel flow. Zbl 1416.76063
Kwon, Y. S.; Philip, J.; de Silva, C. M.; Hutchins, N.; Monty, J. P.
2014
Asymptotic limit to shocks for scalar balance laws using relative entropy. Zbl 07022885
Kwon, Young-Sam
2014
On the incompressible limit problems for multicomponent reactive flows. Zbl 1263.35020
Kwon, Young-Sam; Trivisa, Konstantina
2013
Incompressible limit for the full magnetohydrodynamics flows under strong stratification. Zbl 1229.35210
Lee, Geonho; Kim, Philsu; Kwon, Young-Sam
2012
On the incompressible limits for the full magnetohydrodynamics flows. Zbl 1242.35051
Kwon, Young-Sam; Trivisa, Konstantina
2011
Initial-boundary value problems for conservation laws with source terms and the Degasperis-Procesi equation. Zbl 1180.35348
Coclite, G. M.; Karlsen, K. H.; Kwon, Y.-S.
2009
Strong traces for degenerate parabolic-hyperbolic equations. Zbl 1180.35309
Kwon, Young-Sam
2009
Stability and large time behaviour for multicomponent reactive flows. Zbl 1194.35062
Kwon, Young-Sam; Trivisa, Konstantina
2009
Diffusion-dispersion limits for multidimensional scalar conservation laws with source terms. Zbl 1194.35260
Kwon, Young-Sam
2009
Well-posedness for entropy solutions to multidimensional scalar conservation laws with a strong boundary condition. Zbl 1132.35417
Kwon, Young-Sam
2008
Counting vertices and cubes in median graphs of circular split systems. Zbl 1135.05069
Choe, Y. B.; Huber, K. T.; Koolen, J. H.; Kwon, Y. S.; Moulton, V.
2008
Application of AHP to fire safety based decision making of a passenger ship. Zbl 1172.90433
Kim, S. W.; Wall, A.; Wang, J.; Kwon, Y. S.
2008
Strong traces for solutions to scalar conservation laws with general flux. Zbl 1121.35078
Kwon, Young-Sam; Vasseur, Alexis
2007
Estimation of soil water distribution: Identifiability and observation design. Zbl 0907.35137
Cho, C.-K.; Kwon, Y.; Kang, Sungkwon
1997
all top 5
#### Cited by 132 Authors
13 Kwon, Young-Sam 7 Coclite, Giuseppe Maria 7 Vasseur, Alexis F. 4 Di Ruvo, Lorenzo 4 Jiang, Song 4 Li, Fucai 3 Andreianov, Boris 3 Ju, Qiangchang 3 Kang, Moon-Jin 3 Karlsen, Kenneth Hvistendahl 3 Kuznetsov, Ivan V. 3 Marusic, Ivan 3 Philip, Jimmy 2 De Silva, Charitha M. 2 Fan, Jishan 2 Giovangigli, Vincent 2 Guo, Boling 2 Hutchins, Nicholas 2 Imrich, Wilfried 2 Klavžar, Sandi 2 Li, Yachun 2 Novotný, Antonín 2 Panov, Evgeniy Yu. 2 Risebro, Nils Henrik 2 Tan, Zhong 2 Zhao, Caidi 1 Aleksic, Jelena 1 Antonelli, Paolo 1 Bahadoran, Christophe 1 Balamurugan, G. 1 Ballew, Joshua 1 Bie, Qunyi 1 Brenier, Yann 1 Cao, Lu 1 Chatterjee, Niladri 1 Chen, Xue 1 Cheng, Peng 1 Cho, Chung-Ki 1 Choi, Kyudong 1 Chung, Yongmann M. 1 Coquel, Frédéric 1 Cui, Haibo 1 Daultani, Yash 1 De Kat, Roeland 1 Donatelli, Donatella 1 Dou, Changsheng 1 Duan, Xianglong 1 Ducomet, Bernard 1 Elsinga, Gerrit E. 1 Feireisl, Eduard 1 Frid, Hermano 1 Ganapathisubramani, Bharathram 1 Gao, Hongjun 1 Gazibo, Mohamed Karimou 1 Godlewski, Edwige 1 Gul, Misbah 1 Haddaoui, Khalil 1 He, Lianhua 1 Hearst, R. Jason 1 Hientzsch, Lars Eric 1 Hu, Yuxi 1 Irshad, Saadia 1 Jiang, Zaihong 1 Kang, Sungkwon 1 Kim, Philsu 1 Kourta, Azeddine 1 Krug, Dominik 1 Kuznetsov, Ivan A. 1 Kwon, YongHoon 1 Laskari, Angeliki 1 Lee, Geonho 1 Lee, Jin 1 LeFloch, Philippe Gerard 1 Leger, Nicholas 1 Lin, Ying-Chieh 1 Liu, Qiao 1 Mandal, A. C. 1 Marcati, Pierangelo 1 Marmignon, Claude 1 Matuszewski, Lionel 1 Mazellier, Nicolas 1 Meena, Shambhu D. 1 Meena, Siya Ram 1 Mirza, Itrat Abbas 1 Mishra, Siddhartha 1 Mitrovic, Darko 1 Mucha, Piotr Bogusław 1 Nečasová, Šárka 1 Neves, Wladimir 1 Patidar, Rakesh 1 Pfaff, Sebastian 1 Pokorný, Milan 1 Pratap, Saurabh 1 Renac, Florent 1 Ridder, Jeffrey P. 1 Rodda, A. 1 Rodrigues, José Francisco 1 Rubbab, Qammar 1 Ruf, Adrian M. 1 Santos, Lisa ...and 32 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 47 Serials
9 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 6 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 5 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 4 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 3 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 3 Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 2 Journal of Mathematical Physics 2 Journal of Differential Equations 2 Journal of Functional Analysis 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Sibirskie Èlektronnye Matematicheskie Izvestiya 2 Advances in Mathematical Physics 2 Science China. Mathematics 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Communications in Mathematical Physics 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 Mathematics of Computation 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 BIT 1 Opsearch 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 1 Graphs and Combinatorics 1 Asymptotic Analysis 1 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 1 Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Real World Applications 1 Journal of Evolution Equations 1 Vestnik Novosibirskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya: Matematika, Mekhanika, Informatika 1 Communications on Pure and Applied Analysis 1 Milan Journal of Mathematics 1 Central European Journal of Mathematics 1 Analysis and Applications (Singapore) 1 Acta Numerica 1 Networks and Heterogeneous Media 1 Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series S 1 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques 1 Bollettino dell’Unione Matematica Italiana
all top 5
#### Cited in 20 Fields
66 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 47 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 5 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 3 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 2 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-01-20T10:18:01 |
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|
http://trilinos.sandia.gov/packages/docs/dev/packages/ifpack/doc/html/classIfpack__AdditiveSchwarz.html
|
IFPACK Development
Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T > Class Template Reference
#include <Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz.h>
Inheritance diagram for Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >:
[legend]
Collaboration diagram for Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >:
[legend]
List of all members.
## Public Member Functions
virtual bool IsInitialized () const
Returns true if the preconditioner has been successfully initialized.
virtual bool IsComputed () const
Returns true if the preconditioner has been successfully computed.
virtual int SetParameters (Teuchos::ParameterList &List)
Sets the parameters.
Destructor.
virtual int SetUseTranspose (bool UseTranspose_in)
If set true, transpose of this operator will be applied (not implemented).
virtual int Apply (const Epetra_MultiVector &X, Epetra_MultiVector &Y) const
Applies the matrix to X, returns the result in Y.
virtual int ApplyInverse (const Epetra_MultiVector &X, Epetra_MultiVector &Y) const
Applies the preconditioner to X, returns the result in Y.
virtual double NormInf () const
Returns the infinity norm of the global matrix (not implemented)
virtual const char * Label () const
Returns a character string describing the operator.
virtual bool UseTranspose () const
Returns the current UseTranspose setting.
virtual bool HasNormInf () const
Returns true if the this object can provide an approximate Inf-norm, false otherwise.
virtual const Epetra_CommComm () const
Returns a pointer to the Epetra_Comm communicator associated with this operator.
virtual const Epetra_MapOperatorDomainMap () const
Returns the Epetra_Map object associated with the domain of this operator.
virtual const Epetra_MapOperatorRangeMap () const
Returns the Epetra_Map object associated with the range of this operator.
virtual int Initialize ()
Initialized the preconditioner.
virtual int Compute ()
Computes the preconditioner.
virtual double Condest (const Ifpack_CondestType CT=Ifpack_Cheap, const int MaxIters=1550, const double Tol=1e-9, Epetra_RowMatrix *Matrix_in=0)
Computes the estimated condition number and returns its value.
virtual double Condest () const
Returns the estimated condition number, or -1.0 if not computed.
virtual const Epetra_RowMatrixMatrix () const
Returns a refernence to the internally stored matrix.
virtual bool IsOverlapping () const
Returns true is an overlapping matrix is present.
virtual std::ostream & Print (std::ostream &) const
virtual const T * Inverse () const
virtual int NumInitialize () const
Returns the number of calls to Initialize().
virtual int NumCompute () const
Returns the number of calls to Compute().
virtual int NumApplyInverse () const
Returns the number of calls to ApplyInverse().
virtual double InitializeTime () const
Returns the time spent in Initialize().
virtual double ComputeTime () const
Returns the time spent in Compute().
virtual double ApplyInverseTime () const
Returns the time spent in ApplyInverse().
virtual double InitializeFlops () const
Returns the number of flops in the initialization phase.
virtual double ComputeFlops () const
Returns the number of flops in the computation phase.
virtual double ApplyInverseFlops () const
Returns the number of flops in the application of the preconditioner.
virtual int OverlapLevel () const
Returns the level of overlap.
virtual const
Teuchos::ParameterList &
List () const
Returns a reference to the internally stored list.
## Protected Member Functions
Copy constructor (should never be used)
int Setup ()
Sets up the localized matrix and the singleton filter.
## Protected Attributes
Teuchos::RefCountPtr< const
Epetra_RowMatrix
Matrix_
Pointers to the matrix to be preconditioned.
Teuchos::RefCountPtr
< Ifpack_OverlappingRowMatrix
OverlappingMatrix_
Pointers to the overlapping matrix.
Teuchos::RefCountPtr
< Ifpack_LocalFilter
LocalizedMatrix_
Localized version of Matrix_ or OverlappingMatrix_.
string Label_
Contains the label of this object.
bool IsInitialized_
If true, the preconditioner has been successfully initialized.
bool IsComputed_
If true, the preconditioner has been successfully computed.
bool UseTranspose_
If true, solve with the transpose (not supported by all solvers).
bool IsOverlapping_
If true, overlapping is used.
int OverlapLevel_
Level of overlap among the processors.
Teuchos::ParameterList List_
Stores a copy of the list given in SetParameters()
Epetra_CombineMode CombineMode_
Combine mode for off-process elements (only if overlap is used)
double Condest_
Contains the estimated condition number.
bool ComputeCondest_
If true, compute the condition number estimate each time Compute() is called.
bool UseReordering_
If true, reorder the local matrix.
string ReorderingType_
Type of reordering of the local matrix.
Teuchos::RefCountPtr
< Ifpack_Reordering
Reordering_
Pointer to a reordering object.
Teuchos::RefCountPtr
< Ifpack_ReorderFilter
ReorderedLocalizedMatrix_
Pointer to the reorderd matrix.
bool FilterSingletons_
Filter for singletons.
Teuchos::RefCountPtr
< Ifpack_SingletonFilter
SingletonFilter_
filtering object.
int NumInitialize_
Contains the number of successful calls to Initialize().
int NumCompute_
Contains the number of successful call to Compute().
int NumApplyInverse_
Contains the number of successful call to ApplyInverse().
double InitializeTime_
Contains the time for all successful calls to Initialize().
double ComputeTime_
Contains the time for all successful calls to Compute().
double ApplyInverseTime_
Contains the time for all successful calls to ApplyInverse().
double InitializeFlops_
Contains the number of flops for Initialize().
double ComputeFlops_
Contains the number of flops for Compute().
double ApplyInverseFlops_
Contain sthe number of flops for ApplyInverse().
Teuchos::RefCountPtr< Epetra_TimeTime_
Object used for timing purposes.
Teuchos::RefCountPtr< T > Inverse_
Pointer to the local solver.
## Detailed Description
### template<typename T> class Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >
Class Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz enables the construction of Additive Schwarz (one-level overlapping domain decomposition) preconditioners, for a given Epetra_RowMatrix. Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz is derived from Ifpack_Preconditioner, itself derived from Epetra_Operator. An application of the Additive Schwarz preconditioner can be obtained by calling method ApplyInverse().
One-level overlapping domain decomposition preconditioners use local solvers, of Dirichlet type. This means that the inverse of the local matrix (with minimal or wider overlap) is applied to the residual to be preconditioned.
The preconditioner can be written as:
$P_{AS}^{-1} = \sum_{i=1}^M P_i A_i^{-1} R_i ,$
where $$M$$ is the number of subdomains (that is, the number of processors in the computation), $$R_i$$ is an operator that restricts the global vector to the vector lying on subdomain $$i$$, $$P_i$$ is the prolongator operator, and
$A_i = R_i A P_i.$
The construction of Schwarz preconditioners is mainly composed by two steps:
• definition of the restriction and prolongation operator $$R_i$$ and $$R_i^T$$. If minimal overlap is chosen, their implementation is trivial, $$R_i$$ will return all the local components. For wider overlaps, instead, Epetra_Import and Epetra_Export will be used to import/export data. The user must provide both the matrix to be preconditioned (which is suppose to have minimal-overlap) and the matrix with wider overlap.
• definition of a technique to apply the inverse of $$A_i$$. To solve on each subdomain, the user can adopt any class, derived from Ifpack_Preconditioner. This can be easily accomplished, as Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz is templated with the solver for each subdomain.
The local matrix $$A_i$$ can be filtered, to eliminate singletons, and reordered. At the present time, RCM and METIS can be used to reorder the local matrix.
The complete list of supported parameters is reported in page List of Supported Parameters.
Date:
Definition at line 142 of file Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz.h.
## Constructor & Destructor Documentation
template<typename T >
Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >::Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz ( Epetra_RowMatrix * Matrix_in, int OverlapLevel_in = 0 )
Creates an Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz preconditioner with overlap. To use minimal-overlap, OverlappingMatrix is omitted (as defaulted to 0).
Parameters:
Matrix - (In) Pointer to matrix to be preconditioned OverlappingMatrix - (In) Pointer to the matrix extended with the desired level of overlap.
Definition at line 509 of file Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz.h.
## Member Function Documentation
template<typename T >
int Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >::Apply ( const Epetra_MultiVector & X, Epetra_MultiVector & Y ) const [virtual]
Applies the matrix to X, returns the result in Y.
Parameters:
X - (In) A Epetra_MultiVector of dimension NumVectors to multiply with matrix. Y -(Out) A Epetra_MultiVector of dimension NumVectors containing the result.
Returns:
Integer error code, set to 0 if successful.
Implements Epetra_Operator.
Definition at line 944 of file Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz.h.
template<typename T >
int Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >::ApplyInverse ( const Epetra_MultiVector & X, Epetra_MultiVector & Y ) const [virtual]
Applies the preconditioner to X, returns the result in Y.
Parameters:
X - (In) A Epetra_MultiVector of dimension NumVectors to be preconditioned. Y -(Out) A Epetra_MultiVector of dimension NumVectors containing result.
Returns:
Integer error code, set to 0 if successful.
Warning:
In order to work with AztecOO, any implementation of this method must support the case where X and Y are the same object.
Implements Ifpack_Preconditioner.
Definition at line 1002 of file Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz.h.
References Insert, and Epetra_MultiVector::NumVectors().
template<typename T >
int Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >::SetParameters ( Teuchos::ParameterList & List ) [virtual]
Sets the parameters.
Sets the parameter for the additive Schwarz preconditioner, as well as for all the preconditioners that may need to be defined on each subblock. Parameters accepted by List are:
• "schwarz: combine mode" : It must be an Epetra_CombineMode. Default: Zero. It Can be assume of the following values:
• Zero: Off-processor components will be ignored;
• Insert: Off-processor components will be inserted into locations on receiving processor replacing existing values.
• Average: Off-processor components will be averaged with existing;
• AbsMax: Magnitudes of Off-processor components will be maxed with magnitudes of existing components on the receiving processor.
• "schwarz: compute condest" : if true, Compute() will estimate the condition number of the preconditioner. Default: true.
Implements Ifpack_Preconditioner.
Definition at line 717 of file Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz.h.
template<typename T >
int Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz< T >::SetUseTranspose ( bool UseTranspose_in ) [virtual]
If set true, transpose of this operator will be applied (not implemented).
This flag allows the transpose of the given operator to be used implicitly.
Parameters:
UseTranspose_in - (In) If true, multiply by the transpose of operator, otherwise just use operator.
Returns:
Integer error code, set to 0 if successful. Set to -1 if this implementation does not support transpose.
Implements Epetra_Operator.
Definition at line 929 of file Ifpack_AdditiveSchwarz.h.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
| 2014-08-02T04:56:09 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10281180-global-analysis-sivers-functions-nlo+nnll-qcd
|
Global analysis of the Sivers functions at NLO+NNLL in QCD
A bstract We perform global fit to the quark Sivers function within the transverse momentum dependent (TMD) factorization formalism in QCD. We simultaneously fit Sivers asymmetry data from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) at COMPASS, HERMES, and JLab, from Drell-Yan lepton pair production at COMPASS, and from W/Z boson at RHIC. This extraction is performed at next-to-leading order (NLO) and next-to-next-to leading logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy. We find excellent agreement between our extracted asymmetry and the experimental data for SIDIS and Drell-Yan lepton pair production, while tension arises when trying to describe the spin asymmetries of W/Z bosons at RHIC. We carefully assess the situation, and we study in details the impact of the RHIC data and their implications through different ways of performing the fit. In addition, we find that the quality of the description of W/Z vector boson asymmetry data could be strongly sensitive to the DGLAP evolution of Qiu-Sterman function, besides the usual TMD evolution. We present discussion on this and the implications for measurements of the transverse-spin asymmetries at the future Electron Ion Collider.
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10281180
Journal Name:
Journal of High Energy Physics
Volume:
2021
Issue:
1
ISSN:
1029-8479
4. Abstract We propose a new observable for the measurement of the forward–backward asymmetry $$(A_{FB})$$ ( A FB ) in Drell–Yan lepton production. At hadron colliders, the $$A_{FB}$$ A FB distribution is sensitive to both the electroweak (EW) fundamental parameter $$\sin ^{2} \theta _{W}$$ sin 2 θ W , the weak mixing angle, and the parton distribution functions (PDFs). Hence, the determination of $$\sin ^{2} \theta _{W}$$ sin 2 θ W and the updating of PDFs by directly using the same $$A_{FB}$$ A FB spectrum are strongly correlated. This correlation would introduce large bias or uncertainty into both precise measurements ofmore »
| 2022-09-25T02:41:24 |
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|
https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/1177/4738
|
Content-based Image Retrieval by Information Theoretic Measure
Content-based image retrieval focuses on intuitive and efficient methods for retrieving images from databases based on the content of the images. A new entropy function that serves as a measure of information content in an image termed as ‘an information theoretic measure’ is devised in this paper. Among the various query paradigms, query by example (QBE) is adopted to set a query image for retrieval from a large image database. In this paper, colour and texture features are extracted using the new entropy function and the dominant colour is considered as a visual feature for a particular set of images. Thus colour and texture features constitute the two-dimensional feature vector for indexing the images. The low dimensionality of the feature vector speeds up the atomic query. Indices in a large database system help retrieve the images relevant to the query image without looking at every image in the database. The entropy values of colour and texture and the dominant colour are considered for measuring the similarity. The utility of the proposed image retrieval system based on the information theoretic measures is demonstrated on a benchmark dataset.
The use of entropy in an image retrieval system is not as popular as compared to other methods which utilize wavelets or colour, texture, and shape descriptors. But the potentiality of entropy as a descriptor cannot be ignored and in the recent past, many researchers have started exploring the possibility of using entropy in different domains. Entropy has been found effectively useful in image indexing4,16,11,18 and in similarity measures12,16,20.
The term entropy as a scientific concept was first used in thermodynamics by Clausius17. Its probabilistic interpretation in the context of statistical mechanics is attributed to Boltzmann19. Shannon1 has used this concept to describe the properties of long sequences of symbols, and applied the results to a number of basic problems in coding theory and data transmission. Later the definition of entropy was extended to the field of information theory. The entropy of a system as defined by Shannon1 gives a measure of uncertainty about the actual structure of the image. Shannon’s definition based on the information gain from an event is inversely proportional to its probability of occurrence.
The entropy of an image is used for different applications in image processing. The interpretation of entropy in an image depends on how an event is defined and also the definition of its posterior probability. In general, gray level is considered as an event and colour histogram as its probability density function. In addition to this, it is assumed that gray levels are statistically independent. Pun5 and Kapur6, et al. have used the Shannon’s concept to define the entropy of an image assuming that an image is entirely represented by its gray level histogram only. Leung7, et al. have attempted to isolate an object from the background by using the Gray-scale Image Entropy. The entropy (Shannon’s) of the histogram may be taken as a measure of information content in an image; such entropy is also called global information measure of the image. A low value of entropy indicates the skewness of the distribution of gray values, while a high value may be taken as an indicator of nearly uniform distribution of gray values. Definitely the histogram and the global entropy are not dependent on the spatial distribution of gray values in the image. The co-occurrence matrix2 captures the spatial details of an image to some extent. The entropy of the co-occurrence matrix gives another measure of image information known as local entropy or second order entropy. Likewise the conditional entropy of a partitioned image can also be defined.
In texture analysis, an important approach to region description is to quantify its texture content. The randomness is the basic property of texture. By exploiting this fact, entropy as a statistical descriptor of texture could measure the variability in the image.
Pal and Pal8 define a new entropy function based on the exponential behavior of information gain and applied co-occurrence based entropy methods for image thresholding. Zachary16 attempts to use entropy as a visual feature of an image and showed how effectively entropy can be employed for indexing and also as a similarity measure of images in an image retrieval system. In IKONA11, a region-based image retrieval system, human faces are identified and preprocessed using the entropy map which assigns a saliency for each pixel in the face. This saliency is expressed as the entropy of a local gray level distribution in a region around each pixel.
A new entropy function is presented in this paper. This entropy function is so designed that it can be efficiently used for image analysis. The properties and proofs of the proposed entropy function are presented. This new function is compared with the well known entropy functions. Two entropy based features with one feature representing the colour information and the other representing the texture information are derived from an image. Apart from this, another visual descriptor of the image called the dominant colour is described. These entropy based features are further used in the multi dimensional indexing technique. An interim result set is created using the indices of images for improving the performance of the retrieval system. The results of image retrieval will be compared with those of the classical model proposed by Swain and Ballard15.
Most of the entropy functions are not suitable for representing the information in a fuzzy set. These include Shannon1, Renyi9 and Pal10 et al. entropy functions. These entropy functions are generalised by introducing a polynomial in the exponential gain function. The proposed entropy function is shown to satisfy the basic properties of entropy and then Pal and Pal’s entropy function is proved to be the special case of this function.
The function involved in the entropy need not be a membership function; it could be any feature. It may be noted that when we use a membership function, the unknown parameters of this membership function will parameterize the entropy function indirectly. However, the choice of a suitable membership function is not easy. Hence, the main motivation behind development of the entropy function is our concern to represent the information/uncertainty contained in a fuzzy set.
Here, authors are mainly concerned with a single fuzzy set. However in a fuzzy rule usually many fuzzy sets are encountered, but this case will be addressed in the future work. The definition of Pal and Pal10 entropy functionis now extended considering the exponential behavior of the gain function. This will pave the way to devise a new entropy function for representing the information in a fuzzy set.
2.1 Definition and Properties
The information gain corresponding to the occurrence of the ith event is defined as
$I\left({p}_{i}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}$ (1)
for all probabilities pi∊[0,1], ${H}_{Sn}^{1}\left({P}_{n}\right)=-\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}\mathrm{log}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{p}_{i}$ and a, b, c and d are the real-valued parameters.
The entropy is expressed by
$H=E\left(I\left({p}_{i}\right)\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}I\left({p}_{i}\right)$ (2)
Note that the above entropy function is an expectation of the information gain function. Some of the important properties associated with this function are stated now.
Property 1: $I\left({p}_{i}\right)={e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}$ is a continuous function for all pi∊[0,1] Property 2: I(pi) is bounded Property 3: With the increase in pi, I(pi) decreases. Property 4: $H\left(P\right)=\sum {p}_{i}*I\left({p}_{i}\right)$ is a continuous function for all pi∊[0,1] real valued a, b, c and d parameters. Property 5: If p1 = p2 = ... = pn = 1/n then H(P) is an increasing function of n. Property 6: $H\left(P\right)={\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}*{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}$ where, 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1 and $\sum {p}_{i}=1$ is a concave function. Property 7: Consider a partition A = [A1, A2, … An] with the probabilities, pi = Pr[Ai] and assume that p10 and δ ≤ (p2 – p1)/2), then the entropy increases. Property 8: Entropy is maximum when all pi’s are equal. In other words, H(P) ≤ H(1/n, 1/n, n,...,1/n) Property 9: Entropy is minimum if and only if all pi’s except one are zeros and that single pi is equal to 1. Property 10: Consider the partition of the event space as A = [A1, A2, … An] and the probability pi = Pr(Ai). If a new partition B is formed by subdividing one of the sets of A, then H(B) ≥ H(A).
The proofs of some of the above properties are consigned to Appendix ‘A’.
2.1.1. Normalised Entropy
The normalised entropy HN can be defined as
${H}_{N}=\left(H-{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}\right)/\text{λ}$ (3)
where, The constant $\text{λ}={e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}-{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}$ ; a, b, c and d are real valued parameters; and n is the number of events in the probabilistic experiment (or the number of states in the system).
The normalised entropy satisfies all the properties of an entropy function.
2.1.2. Conditional Entropy
Consider two partitions A = [A1, A2, … An] and B = [B1, B2, … Bm] and let us define that the product of two partitions, A = [Ai] and B = [Bj] is a partition whose elements are all intersections AiBj and the product of partitions is denoted by A.B = [AiBj]. Let pij be the probability of the event AiBj, i.e., pij = Pr [AiBj] and the marginal probabilities pi = Pr[Ai] is defined as,
${p}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{p}_{ij}$
Similarly the marginal probability, qj = Pr[Bj] can be enumerated as,
${q}_{j}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{ij}$
The conditional entropy of Ai given that Bj has occurred is denoted by
$\mathrm{Pr}\left[{A}_{i}|{B}_{j}\right]=\mathrm{Pr}\left[{A}_{i}{B}_{j}\right]/\mathrm{Pr}\left[{B}_{j}\right]={p}_{ij}/{q}_{j}={p}_{i|j}$ (4)
Similarly,
$\mathrm{Pr}\left[{B}_{j}|{A}_{i}\right]=\mathrm{Pr}\left[{A}_{i}{B}_{j}\right]/\mathrm{Pr}\left[{A}_{i}\right]={p}_{ij}/{p}_{i}={q}_{j|i}$ (5)
Therefore the entropy of a partition A, given that Bj has occurred is given by H[A|Bj] as:
$H\left[A|{B}_{j}\right]\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i|j}{e}^{-\left[a{p}_{i|j}{}^{3}+b{p}_{i|j}{}^{2}+c{p}_{i|j}+d\right]}$
Thus the conditional entropy of A assuming B is therefore:
$H\left[A|B\right]=\sum _{j=1}^{m}{q}_{j}H\left[A|{B}_{j}\right]=\sum _{j=1}^{m}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{q}_{j}{p}_{i|j}{e}^{-\left[a{p}_{i|j}{}^{3}+b{p}_{i|j}{}^{2}+c{p}_{i|j}+d\right]}$ (6)
Similarly,
$H\left[B|A\right]=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{m}{p}_{i}{q}_{j|i}{e}^{-\left[a{q}_{j|i}{}^{3}+b{q}_{j|i}{}^{2}+c{q}_{j|i}+d\right]}$ (7)
Now the entropy of the product of the partitions, A.B is easily found to be
$H\left[A.B\right]=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{m}{p}_{ij}{e}^{-\left[a{p}_{ij}{}^{3}+b{p}_{ij}{}^{2}+c{p}_{ij}+d\right]}$ (8)
2.2 Comparison with other Entropy Functions
In the last few decades treatment of uncertainty is one of the concerns in the research circles. Shannon’s entropy1 is the pioneering work on the information measure. This entropy function is defined in the domain of probability with n-states and in that the information gain is inversely related to its probability of occurrence.
${H}_{Sn}^{1}\left({P}_{n}\right)=-\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{log}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{p}_{i}$ (9)
Renyi9 has extended the definition of Shannon’s entropy to an incomplete probability distribution. The Renyi’s entropy of order α is of the form
${H}_{Rn}^{1}\left({P}_{n},\alpha \right)=\frac{1}{1-\alpha }\mathrm{log}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\left[\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}{}^{\alpha }}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}}\right]}_{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}},}{}_{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\alpha >0,\alpha \ne 1}$ (10)
It is noted that as α tends to 1, Renyi’s entropy matches with Shannon’s entropy. In contrast to Shannon’s entropy, Pal and Pal’s entropy function considers the information gain as an exponential function: e(1–pi)
${H}_{PPn}^{1}\left({P}_{n}\right)=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}{e}^{\left(1-{p}_{i}\right)}$ (11)
The normalised Pal and Pal’s Entropy is given by
${H}_{Nor}^{1}\left({P}_{n}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{{H}_{PPn}^{1}\left({P}_{n}\right)-1}{\left({e}^{1-\frac{1}{n}}-1\right)}$ (12)
Following the above entropy function, an exponential entropy function is devised with an eye on incorporating information into it. A significant feature of this entropy function is that it captures the inherent uncertainty in the fuzzy sets.
The uncertainty in a fuzzy set is non-statistical in nature and it plays an important role in fuzzy image processing. Moreover, the use of a polynomial in the exponential function yields the gain function bestowed with four tunable parameters. The parameters of the new entropy function provide controls on the information gain and proper tuning of these parameters by way of optimisation leads to the correct measure of uncertainty.
Recall the new entropy function defined above as
$H=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}$ (13)
and its corresponding normalised entropy is as follows
${H}_{N}=\left(H-{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}\right)/\left({e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}-{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}\right)$ (14)
This entropy function behaves like Pal and Pal’s entropy function for a = 0, b = 0, c = 1 and d = -1. The curves in Figs 1 and 2 show Shannon’s entropy, Normalised Pal and Pal’s entropy and Normalised new entropy for a two-state system for the two sets of parameter values. It may be observed that though the new entropy function behaves like the Shannon’s and Pal and Pal’s entropy functions yet it expands and contracts for varying values of the parameters.
2.3 Possible Applications
• Biometrics: In finger print identification, we can model the minutiae points by finding their distances with respect to a reference point which may be selected as the one with the highest curvature. In the palm print, we can model the points on the primary lines (there are mainly three such lines) and use this information for authentication.
• Medical Image processing: Breast cancer and brain tumor detection can be easily attempted by the entropy based modeling. In both these problems, issues in the affected organs undergo textural changes on the infringement of malignancy. The tumour regions can be extracted by applying the entropy function in a shifting window. The tissues in the affected portions naturally show entropy values different from those of the benign tissues for a chosen set of coefficients of the entropy function.
• Cryptography: The power of the proposed entropy can be best utilized in the encryption of secrete keys for secure transmission. In the above we have cited a few problems but one can harvest many fields should the ingenuity and imagination permit. However, in this paper its application to image retrieval will be discussed by way of indexing.
Many visual features have been explored in the literature on content-based image retrieval (CBIR) for the purpose of depicting colour, texture, shape and other properties of an image. Combining the various features usually achieves better performance in retrieval. Although a large number of features could represent the image very accurately, the inherent problem with this approach is the shortage of storage capacity for large image database. Hence an efficient multidimensional indexing technique is required for dimension reduction.
The objective of this section is to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space and to improve the performance of the retrieval process. For this, the entropy-based features are extracted from the images. The entropy of an image, by definition, is the measure of information content in the image8. As will be seen, the entropy function maps an n-dimensional vector to a single real number (i.e. one dimensional space) and so it can be regarded as a dimension reduction operator.
The extracted features from an image are stored to serve as an index of that image. Since the expensive management of storage and comparison time is less significant than the retrieval accuracy, only three concise and precise features are used to describe the contents of the image. These are colour entropy, texture entropy and dominant colour of the image.
3.1 Entropy-based Image Features
The entropy of a system as defined by Shannon1 gives a measure of uncertainty about its actual structure. Shannon’s definition based on the information gain from an event is inversely proportional to its probability of occurrence. Pun5 and Kapur6, et al. have used Shannon’s concept to define entropy of an image assuming that the image is entirely represented by its gray level histogram only. Unlike the logarithmic behavior of Shannon’s entropy, the gain function in our entropy definition is of exponential nature as discussed in Section II. Two entropy based image features – colour entropy and texture entropy are now presented.
3.1.1 Colour Entropy
The RGB colour space is chosen to represent the image. Let F = {f(x, y)}M × N be an image of size M × N where f(x, y) is the colour vector (r, g, b) in the RGB space at (x, y) point and N(r, g, b) is the frequency of the colour vector (r, g, b).
Then, $\sum _{r}\sum _{g}\sum _{b}{N}_{\left(r,g,b\right)}=M×N$
In a natural image, it has been observed that out of 2563 different colour levels, a small fraction of different colour levels are actually used. So instead of considering all colour levels, the colour levels of an image are quantized adaptively. To achieve this, the available colour levels are clustered into colour bins.
The number of bins is not preset; it depends on the distribution of colour in that particular image. The above algorithm adaptively clusters all the colour levels into bins. Pun5 and Kapur6, et al. use the gray-level histogram to represent the image; here the histogram is extended to the colour bins. It is generally assumed that the distribution of colours across an image follows the uniform distribution, i.e. each colour has a 1/(M × N) probability where the image size is M × N. The algorithm for forming bins is given Algorithm 1.
Let,Z = {z1, z2, … zn} be the set of events that corresponds to the colour bins. Let us consider the probability of the colour bin zi as p(zi) = (Number of pixels in the colour bin Zi)/ M × N. In this context, the colour entropy is taken in the normalised form, HN, Colour given by
$\begin{array}{l}{H}_{N,Color}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left({H}_{Color}-{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}\right)/\text{λ}\\ {H}_{Color}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}p\left({z}_{i}\right){e}^{\left[-\left\{{a}^{*}{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+{b}^{*}{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+{c}^{*}p\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}\right]}\end{array}$ (15)
with
where, $\text{λ}=\left[{e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}-{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}\right]$ and n is the number of colour bins.
3.1.2 Entropy Optimisation
The entropy optimisation is resorted to estimate the four tunable parameters: a,b,c and d. The derivatives of HN with respect to a,b,c and d are obtained from:
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial a}={\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{1}+\frac{\left[-\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}^{4}\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}\right]+{H}_{1}\right]}{{H}_{2}-{H}_{1}}\\ \frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial b}={\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{2}+\frac{\left[-\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}+{H}_{1}\right]}{{H}_{2}-{H}_{1}}\\ \frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial c}={\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{3}+\frac{\left[-\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}+{H}_{1}\right]}{{H}_{2}-{H}_{1}}\\ \frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial d}={\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{4}+\frac{\left[-\sum _{i=1}^{n}p\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}+{H}_{1}\right]}{{H}_{2}-{H}_{1}}\end{array}$ (16)
where,
$\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{1}=\frac{\left[\sum _{i=1}^{n}p\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}-{H}_{1}\right]}{{\left({H}_{2}-{H}_{1}\right)}^{2}}\left[\frac{{H}_{2}}{{n}^{3}}-{H}_{1}\right]\\ {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{2}=\frac{\left[\sum _{i=1}^{n}p\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}-{H}_{1}\right]}{{\left({H}_{2}-{H}_{1}\right)}^{2}}\left(\frac{{H}_{2}}{{n}^{2}}-{H}_{1}\right)\\ {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{3}=\frac{\left[\sum _{i=1}^{n}p\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}-{H}_{1}\right]}{{\left({H}_{2}-{H}_{1}\right)}^{2}}\left(\frac{{H}_{2}}{n}-{H}_{1}\right)\\ {\mathrm{\Lambda }}_{4}=\frac{\left[\sum _{i=1}^{n}p\left({z}_{i}\right)*{e}^{-\left\{a{p}^{3}\left({z}_{i}\right)+b{p}^{2}\left({z}_{i}\right)+cp\left({z}_{i}\right)+d\right\}}-{H}_{1}\right]}{{\left({H}_{2}-{H}_{1}\right)}^{2}}\left(\frac{{H}_{2}}{1}-{H}_{1}\right)\end{array}$
and ${H}_{1}={e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)},{H}_{2}={e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}$
Then the parameters are updated using gradient descent learning as
$\begin{array}{l}{a}^{New}={a}^{Old}-{\text{ε}}_{4}\left(i\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial a}\\ {b}^{New}={b}^{Old}-{\text{ε}}_{4}\left(i\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial b}\\ {c}^{New}={c}^{Old}-{\text{ε}}_{4}\left(i\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial c}\\ {d}^{New}={d}^{Old}-{\text{ε}}_{4}\left(i\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\partial {H}_{N}}{\partial d}\end{array}$ (17)
where the learning rates ε(i). As this learning has convergence problems we propose reinforcement learning.
3.1.3 Reinforcement Learning
The reinforcement learning requires some re-use policy of how to use the past information.
Exploitation: In this we exploit the Reuse policy which requires integrating knowledge of the past policy into the current learning process. Here we need to bias the exploratory process of the new policy with the past one. We have used here the sigmoid function for ε in which cumulative of the past errors is biased by the term k2 and the slope or gain of the function is changed by the term k1.
Exploration: In the earlier work k1 and k2 were incremented by constant, but they are updated here by random numbers thus boosting exploration. The proposed11 reinforcement learning gets stuck up in the local minima. This has been modified to incorporate evolutionary feature27. In this each parameter is updated by a number of updating laws called a population each having a pair of random numbers for k1 and k2. The law yielding the minimum is considered as the global solution. Because of this it overcomes the drawback of local minima by taking into account both exploitation and exploration strategies.
If n is the population size, then we make use of the Reinforced learning law given by Hanmandlu and Murthy27
${\text{ε}}_{l}\left(i\right)={e}^{-\left({k}_{1l}\left(i\right)}\sum err\left(j,i\right)+{k}_{2l}\left(i\right)\right)$ (18)
where $err\left(j,i\right)={H}_{N}\left(j,i\right)-{H}_{N}{}^{new}\left(j-1,i\right)=\Delta {H}_{N}\left(j,i\right)$ ; l=1,1,..,4, i =1 to n and j is the current iteration.
The initial values of k1l (i) and k2l (i) are taken both as random numbers. We use the following policy to adjust the values of k1l (i) and k2l (i). This consists of the following steps:
If $\sum err\left(j,i\right)$ is increasing, then ε(i) must decrease. So k1l(i) should increase.
1. If $\sum err\left(j,i\right)$ is decreasing, then ε(i) need not change. So k2l (i) should increase.
2. If $\sum err\left(j,i\right)$ is constant, then ε(i) should not change. So k1l (i) and k2l (i) are not changed.
If HN(j,i) is not differentiable then parameter of interest, say a, is updated as follows:
$\begin{array}{l}a\left(i+1\right)=a\left(i\right)-\text{ε}\left(i\right)\frac{{H}_{N}\left({a}_{old}\left(i\right)+p\right)-{H}_{N}\left({a}_{old}\left(i\right)\right)}{p}\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=x\left(i\right)+\text{ε}\left(i\right)\frac{\Delta f}{p}\end{array}$ (19)
where, p = 0.0001.
The evolution is bestowed by the following procedure: We create a population of solution processes (particles) for each parameter. Let this population be denoted as n (taken to be 10). The function values of all particles HN(j,i) are arranged in the ascending order. After that half of the populations with high values of function are eliminated as they are unfit to propagate to new generation. Thereafter reproduction is carried out by the rest half of the population. This procedure continued until we reach the global minimum of the function.
3.1.4 Colour Entropy Results
In this sub-section, colour entropy values are computed for different natural images. The parameters a, b, c, d are initialized to one and then the entropy optimisation technique is applied to find the normalised entropy value termed as colour entropy. Table 1 shows the colour entropy values and the corresponding optimised parameter values.
3.2 Texture Entropy
The ambiguities in texture arising due to the fuzzy nature of image function allow us to devise fuzzy texture features. So rather than using the colour histogram to represent an image, the fuzzy features that capture the fuzziness in the texture property are extracted about the neighborhood of each pixel. Since texture is region based, arrangement of image functions (i.e., intensities) of pixels in a local region, say, a window is made use of in order to characterize the texture using the Gaussian type membership function. The cumulative response about the central pixel from this window replaces the pixel intensity giving rise to the texture image when taken over the entire image.
3.2.1 Extraction of Fuzzy Features
To convert the spatial domain image into the fuzzy domain, the spatial arrangement of gray levels of pixels over a window is utilised. The fuzzy property can be expressed in terms of a membership function. A membership function to this effect is represented by the Gaussian type function.
${\text{μ}}_{\left(k,l\right)}\left(i,j\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left[-{\left\{\left(x\left(i,j\right)-x\left(k,l\right)\right)/\tau \right\}}^{2}\right]$ (20)
where, x (i, j) is the gray level of the pixel at the (i,j)th position and τ is the fuzzifier which is specified to be the window size (τ is taken as 5)
We note that
${}^{{\text{μ}}_{\left(i,j\right)}\left(k,l\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}1}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{if}{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}}^{x\left(i,j\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(k,l\right)}$ (21)
To consider the response from the neighboring pixels, the cumulative response of (i, j)th pixel is obtained as
$y\left(i,j\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\sum _{k,l}{\text{μ}}_{\left(k,l\right)}\left(i,j\right)*x\left(k,l\right)/\sum _{k,l}{\text{μ}}_{\left(k,l\right)}\left(i,j\right)$ (22)
This is the defuzzified response of the (i,j)th pixel over the window of size 5. This process is repeated for all pixels in the image resulting in a texture feature image consisting of all the defuzzified values. For convenience of notation, the matrix formed by y(i,j) is designated as the response matrix, Y which in turn would represent the texture feature image.
Let Z = {z1, z2, … zn} be the set of distinct responses of Y. Let us consider the probability of the texture response zi as p(zi) = (Number of pixels having the texture response zi)/ M × N. On the heels of the normalised colour entropy, here comes the normalised texture entropy HN,Texture as
(23)
where, $\text{λ}=\left[{e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}-{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}\right]$ and n is the number of distinct responses.
In the entropy function (22, 23), a, b, c and d are four tunable parameters with 0≤HN,Texture ≤1. Here the texture entropy is optimised to estimate these parameters using the optimisation technique described earlier.
In order to compute the texture entropy values for different natural images, the values of the parameters - a, b, c, d are initially set at 1 and then the normalised entropy value is calculated using the entropy optimisation technique. The texture entropy values and the corresponding optimised parameter values are shown in Table 2.
3.2.2 Visual Image Feature
It may be noted that the images might have the similar statistical features yet they are visually different. The choice of an appropriate visual feature plays an important role in classifying the visually similar images. There are several visual features – colour, texture, shape, contrast, coarseness, normalised area of an object etc. proposed by earlier researchers13, 14. In the present work, we make use of another visual feature – dominant colour of an image.
Dominant colour of an image is the particular colour level that has the highest frequency in the image. It is a perceptual property of an image. As the CIE Lab colour space is perceptually uniform, the dominant colour is transformed to the lab colour space consisting of luminance component L and chrominance components C = {a, b}. Table 3 shows the RGB values and the CIE Lab values of the dominant colour and the percentage area covered by this colour.
The images of sea and sunset category, shown in Table 3, have distinct dominant colour, which is necessarily an important visual feature. The images of the same category will have nearly the same dominant colour, therefore in the retrieval system, CIE Lab values of the dominant colour could be used to classify similar images.
It is possible that the images of different categories have the same dominant colour, so the dominant colour is appropriate to be one of the visual features for classification.
3.2.3 Indexing through Feature Vector
As the image collection is getting larger and larger, the retrieval speed is becoming a bottleneck. Hence effective high dimensional indexing techniques need to be explored. The high dimensionality of feature vectors is normally of the order of 102. Applying the dimension reduction on the feature vectors, an embedded dimension much lower than the initial dimension though still higher for linear ordering is obtained. Therefore a multi-dimensional indexing scheme is required to index the reduced embedded dimensional feature vectors. From this discussion it follows that the multi-dimensional indexing owes its allegiance to the high dimensionality of the feature space.
As there are only three features, viz., colour entropy, texture entropy and dominant colour used in this work, the dimension of feature space is too small to apply any dimension reduction algorithm. An entropy-based two dimensional indexing is employed here using both colour and texture entropy values. In our method, the dimension of the feature vectors is not dynamic; i.e., it remains fixed as there is no need for any sophisticated tree-data structure for multidimensional indexing.
A feature vector of an image indexed by a pair of entropy values of colour and texture becomes a point in the two-dimensional feature plane whose axes are colour entropy and texture entropy.
The concept of interim result is invoked here. The interim result set is a subset of image search space containing images semantically similar to the query image. The above indexing scheme would improve the retrieval performance by creating an interim result set. For a particular query image, the colour entropy and texture entropy, say (qColourEnt, qTextureEnt) can be easily calculated. Now here is the algorithm for creating an interim result set (Algorithm 2).
In the above procedure, the choice of ε is very crucial, because the size of the interim result set is directly proportional to the value of ε. It is important to note that the value of ε should depend on the size of the feature space and also on the entropy values of colour and texture of the query image.
Let ${\text{ξ}}_{color}^{2}$ and ${\text{ξ}}_{Texture}^{2}$ represent the second order moments of entropy values of colour entropy and texture of the query image respectively. The expressions for the statistical descriptors are as follows:
${\text{ξ}}_{Color}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left(cEn{t}_{i}-qColorEnt\right)}^{2}}$ (24)
${\text{ξ}}_{Color}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left(tEn{t}_{i}-qTextureEnt\right)}^{2}}$ (25)
where, n is the size of feature space, cEnti and tEnti denote the colour entropy and texture entropy of ith image respectively.
An expression for ε is coined by
$\text{ε}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\text{k*Max(}}^{\text{ξ}}Color{,}^{\text{ξ}}Texture\right)$ (26)
where, k is any positive real number.
The interim result set contains all the feature points having a distance of less than or equal to ε from the query image. One of the purposes of creating the interim result set is to reduce the search space without sacrificing the correctness of results of the retrieval process.
3.2.4 Experimental Results
A set of 9907 images from low resolution web-crawled miscellaneous database26 used in WBIIS25 is our benchmark dataset for generating the query results. Next the interim result set for different query images is created. The recall for the interim result set denotes the percentage of correct retrieved images out of all correct images in the image database. The ratio of the size of the interim result set to the original size of the image database gives the reduction factor. Therefore a large recall value with high reduction factor indicates the efficiency of the algorithm.
It may be observed from Table 4 that the reduction factor increases by decreasing the value of ε. For lower value of ε naturally recall also decreases. The higher recall value indicates the correctness of the system; hence the reduction factor is increased so as to keep the recall value higher. Here are the results for other query images on the same image database.
Any search engine, text-based or otherwise, is plagued by the problem of un-related matches. Often in the case of text based search engines, this hitch arises from the use of ambiguous keywords, such as bank, interest. Content-based image retrieval system allows a user to set query by an example image21, which ideally removes the ambiguity in setting up of queries. But the success of the image retrieval depends on the extraction of image features and measurement of similarity of query image with the images in a large data collection. In continuation of the feature extraction and the effective indexing methodology in Section 3, the distance measures between any two images in the interim result set are the necessary ingredients for comparison. Furthermore, the performance of the retrieval process will be compared with the traditional colour histogram matching15.
4.1 Image Distance Measure
To represent an image the required are the entropy based feature descriptors: colour entropy and texture entropy and a visual colour feature – dominant colour. These feature descriptors allow us to define a distance metric that closely matches the human perception. The idea is that the similarity between the two images should be measured in terms of not only the closeness of colour and texture distributions but also the closeness of the dominant colour of the image.
Consider two images, a query image IQ and a target image IT to measure the distance. The dominant colours of both the images are denoted by CQ(Lq, aq, bq) and CT(Lt, at, bt) and the other two entropy based features – colour entropy and texture entropy, for query image and target image by ColourEntQ, ColourEntT and TexEntQ, TexEntT respectively. Then the distance between the images is computed as a linear combination of two L2 distances. The first L2 distance is measured between the two dominant colours; the lower value of this distance indicates the visual closeness in terms of colour ignoring the information in the image, which is given by the entropy. So, the distance between the dominant colours is:
${D}_{1}=\sqrt{{\left({L}_{q}-{L}_{t}\right)}^{2}+{\left({a}_{q}-{a}_{t}\right)}^{2}+{\left({b}_{q}-{b}_{t}\right)}^{2}}$ (27)
The second L2 distance is measured between the entropy based feature vectors (colour entropy, texture entropy). The entropy is a real number which indicates the amount of information contained in an image in terms of colour distribution and textural pattern. The lower value of second distance indicates the similarity of images in terms of content.
${D}_{2}=\sqrt{{\left(ColorEn{t}_{T}-ColorEn{t}_{Q}\right)}^{2}+{\left(TexEn{t}_{T}-TexEn{t}_{Q}\right)}^{2}}$ (28)
The distance between two images IQ and IT is defined as
$Dist\left({I}_{Q},{I}_{T}\right)=\alpha *{D}_{1}+\left(1-\alpha \right)*100*{D}_{2}$ (29)
where, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1
The value of D2 lies between 0 to 1 and it is also very low in comparison to D1. To scale both the distances at the same level, a weight of 100 is assigned to D2. The value of α in the distance measure formula can be interpreted as the relative importance between the dominant colour and the information content. The range of α varies from 0 to 1. The higher value of α assigns more importance to the dominant colour than the information content in the retrieval of similar images. In sunset image, dominant colour has more importance, so the user could set the value of α more than 0.5 (which stands for equal importance) in forming the query for the image retrieval. It is important to note that the background colour or dominant colour might be irrelevant in many images but this would mislead the retrieval process. The value of α should be set to 0 for the queries where the dominant colour does not have any importance.
Table 8 shows that the distances between the similar images are comparatively less than the distances between the different categorical images. In this table, the distances between the query image and sample images are measured for α = 0.5.
4.2 Image Retrieval by Querying
A search engine whether text-based or otherwise is prone to unwanted matches. There are several reasons to get incorrect matches; one of them is due to the use of ambiguous keywords like interest, bank, etc., and another due to the use of inappropriate words to describe the desired images. In the proposed content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system, the user can set the query by an example from the query image set. In our system, the natural and real image databases are categorized into different classes of images, namely, animal, aircraft, architecture, landscape, sea shores, vehicles, flowers, human activities, etc. A small set of query images is presented in Table 9.
4.3 Colour Histogram Matching
The axes used for the histograms are the three opponent colour axes, assigned as follows:
${r}_{g}=r-g$ (30)
${b}_{y}=2×b-r-g$ (31)
${w}_{b}=r+g+b$ (32)
Here r, g, and b represent red, green, and blue signals, respectively. The rg, by, and wb axes are analogous to the opponent colour axes used by the human visual system22. They are used here simply to allow the intensity (wb) axis to be more coarsely sampled than the other two, because the intensity axis is more sensitive to the variation in lighting from shadows and distance from the light source. The wb axis is divided into 8 sections while the rg and by axes are each divided into 16 sections, for a total of 2048 bins. As the total intensity limits the colour differences possible, only a fraction of them can actually receive counts. To clarify this point, suppose that the camera outputs a maximum number of intensity levels, M on each channel. Letting wb = 0(r = g = b = 0) or wb = 3M (r = g = b =M), both axes by and wb turn out to be 0. Thus the maximum intensity level restricts the available axes.
Several measures have been proposed for the dissimilarity between two histograms, H = {hi} and K = {ki}. The bin-by-bin dissimilarity is determined by comparing the contents of the corresponding histogram bins, i.e. hi and ki for all i but not hiand kjfor ij. The dissimilarity between the two histograms is determined as a sum of all pair-wise comparisons and it implies a binary ground distance with a threshold depending on the bin size.
Minkowski-Form Distance: This distance is commonly defined as:
${d}_{Lr}\left(H,K\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\left(\sum _{i}|{h}_{i}-{k}_{i}{|}^{r}\right)}^{1/r}$ (33)
The L1 distance is often used for computing dissimilarity between colour images15.
Kullback-Leibler Divergence and Jeffrey Divergence: The Kullback-Leibler divergence appears as:
${d}_{KL}\left(H,K\right)=\sum _{i}{h}_{i}\mathrm{log}\frac{{h}_{i}}{{k}_{i}}$ (34)
From the information theory point of view, the K-L divergence measures how inefficient it could be to code one histogram using the other as the code-book23. However, the K-L divergence is non-symmetric and is sensitive to histogram binning. The empirically derived Jeffrey divergence is a modification of the K-L divergence that is numerically stable and robust with respect to noise and the size of histogram bins24. The Jeffrey divergence is determined from:
${d}_{J}\left(H,K\right)=\sum _{i}\left({h}_{i}\mathrm{log}\frac{{h}_{i}}{{m}_{i}}+{k}_{i}\mathrm{log}\frac{{k}_{i}}{{m}_{i}}\right)$ (35)
χ2 statistics:
${d}_{{\text{χ}}^{2}}\left(H,K\right)=\sum _{i}\frac{{\left({h}_{i}-{k}_{i}\right)}^{2}}{{m}_{i}}$ (36)
where, ${m}_{i}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{{h}_{i}+{k}_{i}}{2}$
Given a query image with histogram H, each database image with histogram K receives a measure of dissimilarity for the query image. It is then easy to rank the database images based on their dissimilarity measures and return the best matches.
The experimental configuration for a process as subjective as computing similarity between the images must be carefully set up to gauge the results with other methods and we need to remove any perceptual biases of an experimenter. To minimize the human subjectivity, the random samples of different sizes are used and also a large sample space is taken as the image database. The large image database rules out the possibility of having dominancy of any particular category of images.
Our retrieval system is tested using 9907 images from the low resolution database26 as mentioned above. This image collection contains different category of images like cars, roses, mountains, patterns, animal, landscape, seaside, flowers, human activities, etc. To provide numerical results, 8 sample images are taken randomly selected from four categories prior to the manual determination of the correctness of retried images. Each category contains at least 100 relevant images. A retrieved image is considered a match if it belongs to the same category of the query image.
The query results obtained by our entropy-based matching are compared with those obtained from colour histogram matching using different dissimilarity measures – χ2 statistics, Jeffrey divergence and L1 norm. Our content based image retrieval system is developed in Visual C++ 6.0 as an offline system on Intel Celeron machine with 1.40GHz processor and 256 MB RAM. The average retrieval time is 1 second per 1000 images. The process of image retrieval involves the following steps:
1. Create the interim result set using the proposed indexing scheme.
2. Extract feature values (colour entropy, texture entropy and dominant colour) for the query image.
3. Calculate the image distance of the query image with all images in the interim result set.
4. Rank the images according to the distance measured from the query image.
5. Set the highest rank of the retrieved image which has the minimum distance with respect to the query image.
The results of retrieval by our entropy-based system are compared with those from colour histogram matching15. Testing is carried out on a set of query images from the benchmark image26 database of size 9907.
It may be observed from Fig. 4 that the performance of the proposed system on the car query (car Id: 1639) outperforms Jeffrey divergence, χ2 statistics and L1 norm, but the results from Fig. 5 show that entropy based matching is comparable with others. The entropy-based method retrieves the correct images using only 3 features – colour entropy, texture entropy and dominant colour thus enhancing the processing speed of the system with a reduced number of feature values.
The performance of other query images of the categories: Rose, seaside and pattern are now discussed.
Figures 10 and 11 both show the performance of the image retrieval for query images from the pattern category. The value of α is set to 0 to rule out the dominant colour information. The entropy based method retrieves the images purely based on entropy values and it is found to perform reasonably better than other histogram matching methods for the pattern category thus demonstrating its ability to retrieve semantically similar images.
It may be noted from the results of experiments that the proposed system performs better than the histogram matching for the query images, which possess distinct features in terms of texture or colour. In the rose, seaside category images, dominant colour and colour distribution are the prominent features and in these cases the proposed system performs reasonably well, but our proposed CBIR system has stooped to the subdued performance in the face of histogram matching for some cases. If the pattern images have the distinct texture features, then our system comes out with significantly better performance as shown in Figs 10 and 11.
A new entropy function that is aimed at representing the information in a fuzzy set is presented along with some important properties. The proposed entropy function has four tunable parameters that can be estimated by optimising the entropy function itself. For obtaining the global solution reinforcement learning along with population based approaches is used.
Two types of entropy based image features – colour entropy and texture entropy are utilized in this work. The colour entropy is described in terms of randomness in the distribution of colours in an image. For this, the newly devised entropy function comes handy and resorting to the optimisation of this entropy function yields the optimised colour entropy value. The resulting entropy values uniquely classify the non textured image. But for the textured image first the fuzzy texture features of the image are extracted and then the new entropy function is applied to the features for optimising the entropy values of texture.
Both the entropy based image features are derived in such a manner that they rely only on the colour and texture distributions of an image. In the course of research, the need for visual colour information is realized, consequently the dominant colour value is considered as the third image feature. Despite the efficiency of the RGB colour space, the pixels are transformed from the RGB colour space to the CIELAB colour space because the latter one has the property of perceptual uniformity. Falling in line, the CIELAB value of the dominant colour is also used as the visual feature.
Indices permit the computer in finding the images relevant to a query without looking at every image in the database. The indexing of the colour feature vectors is investigated to speed up the atomic queries. Dimensionality is one of the major concerns in the indexing scheme. The index speed degrades as the dimensionality of the data indexed increases. In the experiments carried out, images are indexed by the entropy values of colour and texture. The uniqueness of the entropy values of an image and their lower dimensionality rule out the possibility of using any sophisticated and computationally taxing multidimensional indexing data structures. The normalised entropy values of colour and texture are found to be more suitable as a pair to index an image. This indexing scheme is found to be effective in creating an interim result set for a query image. The algorithm for the interim result set and the results obtained ensure that the size of the database is reduced considerably without affecting the correctness of the results. The objective of an image retrieval system is to identify images from the database, which are similar to the query image. Similarity or distance measurement between the two images is derived from the empirical estimates of the image features. The three image features – colour entropy, texture entropy and dominant colour in Lab colour space are selected to formulate the similarity measure. Two distances: L2 distance between the dominant colours of two images and L2 distance of between the two colour entropy values and also between the texture entropy values are explored. These two L2 distances are combined in linear form to give the measure of entropy. Table 8 demonstrates that the distance between semantically similar images are significantly low in comparison to the distance between the two dissimilar images. This measure is used to rank the retrieved images by their distances from the query image.
In the proposed retrieval system, the query paradigm is employed for setting up the query as ‘Query by Example’ (QBE). In that WBIIS test image dataset of 9907 colour miscellaneous images is organized into several categories with at least 100 images per category. The features of the images are extracted off-line and the similarity measures along with their ranking are computed at the time of executing the query. The query results so obtained are compared with those from the colour histogram matching using χ2 Statistics, Jeffrey Divergence and L1 norm. The results of our system are very promising in the retrieval of the similar images from the database. Exploring the entropy function for fuzzy modeling of the image retrieval system is the next phase of this work.
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26. Download databases for research comparison (low resolution web-crawled misc database used in WBIIS). http://wang.ist.psu.edu/docs/related.shtml (Accessed on: September 2010)
27. Hanmandlu, M. & Murthy, O.V.R. Reinforcement learning in the entropy based recognition of handwritten hindi numerals. In the 10th World Multi-conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 16-19 July 2006, Orlando, Florida, USA.
Dr Madasu Hanmandlu received his MTech (Power systems) from REC Warangal, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), India, in 1976, and PhD (Control Systems) from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, India, in 1981. Presently working as Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT, Delhi. His current research interests mainly include: Fuzzy modeling for dynamic systems and applications of fuzzy logic to image processing, document processing, medical imaging, multimodal biometrics, surveillance and intelligent control. He has authored a book on Computer Graphics and published more than 220 publications in both conferences and journals. He has guided 15 PhDs and 100 MTech students. Dr Anirban Das received MCA from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi in 1999, MTech (Computer Sci. Engg) from IIT Delhi in 2002 and PhD (Computer Sci.) from Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi in 2008. He is currently working with R Systems International Ltd. as Technical Architect for biometric system development. His research interests include: Image processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, biometric authentication, and artificial intelligence.
# APPENDIX ‘A’
Proofs of some important properties of the new entropy function
We will now provide the proofs of some important properties presented in Section II-A.
Proof of Property 2
$I\left({p}_{i}\right)\to {e}^{-d}\text{as}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{p}_{i}\to 0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{and}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}I\left({p}_{i}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\to \text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}as\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{p}_{i}\to 1.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$
We consider k1= ed and k2 = ed(a+b+c+d). Since a, b, c and d are real so k1 and k2 are finite. Hence I (pi) is bounded.
Proof of Property 3
We have k1= ed and k2 = e–(a+b+c+d) as defined in the Property 2. The ratio,
${k}_{1}/{k}_{2}={e}^{-d}/{e}^{-\left(a+b+c+d\right)}={e}^{\left(a+b+c\right)}>\text{\hspace{0.17em}}1\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{for}\left(\text{a+b+c}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}>0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ (37)
To prove that I(p) is a decreasing function, we need to show that the derivative of I(p) with respect to p is always negative or zero.
(38)
Definitely for any p, 0≤p≤1, ${e}^{-\left(a{p}^{3}+b{p}^{2}+cp+d\right)}>0$ . Hence,
$\frac{d}{dp}I\left(p\right)=\frac{d}{dp}{e}^{-\left(a{p}^{3}+b{p}^{2}+cp+d\right)}=-{e}^{-\left(a{p}^{3}+b{p}^{2}+cp+d\right)}\left(3a{p}^{2}+2bp+c\right)$ (39)
So we can conclude that for a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 and c ≥ 0, I(p) always decreases for 0≤p≤1.
Proof of Property 5
Consider the case where p1 = p2 = …=pn = 1/n and n≥1. Then
$H\left(P\right)=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(1/n\right){e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{b}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}=\sum \left(1/n\right)h\left(n\right)$ (40)
where, $h\left(n\right)={e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}$
To prove that H(P) is an increasing function, it is sufficient to prove that h(n) is an increasing function.
$\frac{d}{dn}h\left(n\right)=\frac{d}{dn}{e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}\left[\frac{3a}{{n}^{4}}+\frac{2b}{{n}^{3}}=\frac{c}{{n}^{2}}\right]\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(1/{n}^{4}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(3a+2bn+c{n}^{2}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}$ (41)
For n≥1 and $\text{a}\ge 0,\text{b}\ge 0,\text{c}\ge 0\frac{d}{dn}h\left(n\right)\ge 0$ .
Therefore H(P) is an increasing function for a,b,c≥0.
Proof of Property 7
For the sake of simplicity, consider p1<p2. Let us now construct a new partition B = [B1, B2, A3,.. An] with Pr [B1] = p1 + δ, Pr[B2] = p2 – δ and δ>0 and δ<=(p2p1)/2.
$\begin{array}{l}\text{Now,}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}H\left(B\right)-H\left(A\right)=H\left({p}_{1}+\delta ,{p}_{2}\text{-}\delta ,{p}^{3},\dots \text{pn)}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{-}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\text{H(p}}_{1},{\text{p}}_{2},{\text{p}}_{3},\dots \text{pn)}\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\left({p}_{1}+\delta \right){e}^{-\left[a{\left({p}_{1}+\delta \right)}^{3}+b{\left({p}_{1}+\delta \right)}^{2}+c\left({p}_{1}+\delta \right)+d\right]-}{p}_{1}{e}^{-\left[a{p}_{1}^{3}+b{p}_{1}^{2}+c{p}_{1}+d\right]}\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}+\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left({p}_{2}-\delta \right){e}^{-\left[a{\left({p}_{2}-\delta \right)}^{3}+b{\left({p}_{2}-\delta \right)}^{2}+c\left({p}_{2}-\delta \right)+d\right]}-{p}_{2}{e}^{-\left[a{p}_{2}^{3}+b{p}_{2}^{2}+c{p}_{2}+d\right]}\end{array}$ (42)
Since $\varphi \left(p\right)=p{e}^{-\left[a{p}^{3}+b{p}^{2}+cp+d\right]}$ is convex, the condition $\varphi \left({p}_{1}\right)+\varphi \left({p}_{2}\right)<\varphi \left({p}_{1}+\text{δ}\right)-\varphi \left({p}_{2}-\text{δ}\right)$ is easily satisfied if p1<p1+ δ<p2-δ<p2. Hence, H(B) – H(A) > 0, i.e. H(B) > H(A), thus completing the proof.
Proof of Property 8
The proposed entropy function for the probability distribution P=[p1, p2,…pn] is defined as follows:
$H\left(P\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}.$
Now
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial H}{\partial {p}_{i}}={e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}}-{p}_{i}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}\left(3a{p}_{i}^{2}+2b{p}_{i}+c\right)\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}={e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}}\left[1-3a{p}_{i}^{3}-2b{p}_{i}^{2}-c{p}_{i}\right)\end{array}$ (43)
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{{\partial }^{2}H}{\partial {p}_{i}^{2}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}\left(-9a{p}_{i}^{2}-4b{p}_{i}-c\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}-{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}\left(1-3a{p}_{i}^{3}-2b{p}_{i}^{2}-c{p}_{i}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(3a{p}_{i}^{2}+2b{p}_{i}+c\right)\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}\left\{-9{a}^{2}{p}_{i}^{5}-12ab{p}_{i}^{4}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}-\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(4{b}^{2}+6ac\right){p}_{i}^{3}+\left(12a-4bc\right){p}_{i}^{2}+\left(6b-{c}^{2}\right){p}_{i}+2c\right\}\end{array}$ (44)
$\begin{array}{l}{\frac{{\partial }^{2}H}{\partial {p}_{i}^{2}}|}_{{p}_{i}=1/n}=-\left(1/{n}^{5}\right){e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}\left\{2c{n}^{5}+\left(6b-{c}^{2}\right){n}^{4}+\left(12a-4bc\right){n}^{3}-\left(4{b}^{2}+6ac\right){n}^{2}-12abn-9{a}^{2}\right\}\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{-β}\end{array}$ (45)
where,
$\text{β}=\left(1/{n}^{5}\right){e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}\left\{2c{n}^{5}+\left(6b\text{-}{c}^{2}\right){n}^{4}+\left(12a-4bc\right){n}^{3}-\left(4{b}^{2}+6ac\right){n}^{2}-12abn-9{a}^{2}\right\}$
and
$\frac{{\partial }^{2}H}{\partial {p}_{i}\partial {p}_{j}}=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}}_{\text{for}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}i\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\ne \text{\hspace{0.17em}}j\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{and}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}i,j\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}1,2,..\text{n}}$
The Hessian matrix is of the form
$H\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}-\text{β}& 0& 0& \cdots & 0\\ 0& -\text{β}& 0& \cdots & 0\\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ 0& 0& 0& \cdots & -\text{β}\end{array}\right)$ (46)
For the point P0 = (1/n, 1/n, … 1/n) to attain the maximum, $H\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}}^{|{}_{{P}_{o}}}$ should be negative definite. Moreover, H is negative definite if the determinant value of kth principal minor of H has the sign of (-1)k, k = 1, 2,… n.
Therefore, determinant of kth principal minor of H is
$\begin{array}{l}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}-\text{β}& 0& 0& \cdots & 0\\ 0& -\text{β}& 0& \cdots & 0\\ \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots & \cdots \\ 0& 0& 0& \cdots & -\text{β}\end{array}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}=\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(-1\right)k\text{β}k\\ \text{β}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{if}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{is}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{even}\\ -\text{β}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{if}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}k\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{is}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{even}\end{array}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\\ \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\end{array}$ (47)
Here, a need arises to show that β>0, which implies that
$\left(1/{n}^{5}\right){e}^{-\left(\frac{a}{{n}^{3}}+\frac{b}{{n}^{2}}+\frac{c}{n}+d\right)}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left\{2c{n}^{2}+\left(6b-{c}^{2}\right){n}^{4}+\left(12a-4bc\right){n}^{3}-\left(4{b}^{2}+6ac\right){n}^{2}-12abn-9{a}^{2}\right\}>0$
This yields
${n}^{3}>\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\left(4{b}^{2}+6ac\right){n}^{2}+12abn+9{a}^{2}}{2c{n}^{2}+\left(6b-{c}^{2}\right)n+\left(12a-4bc\right)}$
The above is always true if a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0, c ≥ 0 and a, b, c must satisfy (14).
So, H(P) ≤ H(1/n,1/n,...1/n).
Proof of Property 9
Suppose that pi=0 for all i except pk where pk =1. Next, we prove that the entropy H is the minimum by contradiction. Consider that there are at least two non-zero probabilities say pi and pj for the minimum value of H. Now using the Property 7, we can write that
$H\left({p}_{1},{p}_{2},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}...{p}_{i}+\delta ,...,{p}_{j}-\delta ,\dots {p}_{{}_{n}}\right)>H\left({p}_{1},{p}_{2},{p}_{3},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}...{p}_{n}\right)$
where, δ >0 and δ ≤| pipj | /2
In our case, H(0, 0, …,δ, …, 1-δ, … 0) > H(0, 0,…,1,, 0). This contradicts the fact that H is the minimum. Hence H is minimum only when all pi’s except one are zeros.
Proof of Property 10
The partition A = [A1, A2, ….. An] is changed to B = [Ba Bb A2, ….. An] where A1 is subdivided into Ba and Bb and pa = Pr(Ba), pb = Pr(Bb) and p1 = pa + pb
Now $H\left(A\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{p}_{i}{e}^{-\left(a{p}_{i}^{3}+b{p}_{i}^{2}+c{p}_{i}+d\right)}$ and let us consider $\varphi \left(p\right)=p{e}^{-\left(a{p}^{3}+b{p}^{2}+cp+d\right)}$ .
We can write
This completes the proof.
| 2020-02-28T22:29:40 |
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|
https://mfix.netl.doe.gov/doc/tracker/19.1.0/userguide/track.html
|
# Track Objects¶
Now that the frame is processed and objects identified, the objects can be tracked by selecting a tracking method from the Method drop-down list.
## Poly Projection¶
The poly projection algorithm is a projection based approach to finding the same object across successive frames. By fitting the past particle locations with a polynomial, the polynomial can be evaluated to predict where the particle location should be. For details of the algorithm see Poly Projection.
This first step in optimizing the tracking routine is to select appropriate parameters affect the search radius. First, un-select the Filter tracks check-box to see all the objects that are being tracked. Next, play with the following three parameters, while moving forward and backward through the first couple frames:
1. Initial search radius - The initial search radius is used to find the closest object at $$n+1$$. This radius should be just large enough to capture the fastest moving object.
2. Uncertainty - The uncertainty is a multiplier on the velocity used to grow or shrink the the subsequent search radius. This lets the search radius change with changing velocities.
3. Minimum search radius - The minimum search radius is used to prevent the subsequent search radius from getting to small. This is need to make sure that objects that stop moving are still tracked because using a search radius of $$r_{search}(n) = uncertainty*v(n-1)$$ could end up being zero if the velocity is zero.
Note
To see the search radius, go the visualization tab and select the Show search check-box.
After the search radius have been optimized, move on to the polynomial settings. Generally leaving the settings is fine. If the objects have little acceleration and are moving linearly, turning off the polynomial by un-selecting the Use polynomial check-box can increase the speed because the algorithm avoids using a least-squares regression to fit the polynomials.
Finally, turn on the track filtering by selecting the Filter tracks check-box. Setting a realistic maximum velocity and increasing the number of consecutive points in the track can help reduce tracks connecting the wrong particles.
## Template Matching¶
The template matching algorithm tries to find similar objects across frames, within a user specified search area, by using a matching algorithm. The object that has the least difference is selected as the next point. This algorithm only works well with unique objects. For details of the algorithm, see Template Matching.
Similar to the poly projection routine, there are several parameters that need to be adjusted to improve the tracking results. First, un-select the Filter tracks check-box to see all the objects that are being tracked. Next, play with the following parameters, while moving forward and backward through the first couple frames:
1. Search radius - All objects in the search radius will be compared to object. This radius should be large enough to capture the fastest moving object.
2. Template size - The template size is the length of pixels of a square centered on the object to use in the matching routines. This length should be slightly larger than the largest object.
3. Hash size - For the hashing techniques (dhash, ahash, and phash), the length of the hash can be specified. The longer the hash, the more information that is contained and compared to.
4. Maximum difference - This is the maximum difference or error that is allowed for a successful match. If no objects have an error less than this, then there are no matches and the track is finished.
Note
To see the search radius, go the visualization tab and select the Show search check-box.
Finally, turn on the track filtering by selecting the Filter tracks check-box. Setting a realistic maximum velocity and increasing the number of consecutive points in the track can help reduce tracks connecting the wrong particles.
| 2019-08-19T03:48:13 |
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|
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=L%2A+de+Branges
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## de Branges de Bourcia, Louis
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: de-branges.louis Published as: de Branges, L.; de Branges, Louis Homepage: https://www.math.purdue.edu/~branges External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND · MacTutor
Documents Indexed: 79 Publications since 1958, including 4 Books Biographic References: 12 Publications
#### Co-Authors
68 single-authored 4 Rovnyak, James 4 Trutt, David 2 Bolstein, Richard 1 Gohberg, Israel 1 Shulman, Lawrence
all top 5
#### Serials
30 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 6 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 6 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 5 Journal of Functional Analysis 5 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 3 Duke Mathematical Journal 3 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 2 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques. Deuxième Série 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 1 Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde. Vierde Serie 1 Operator Theory: Advances and Applications
all top 5
#### Fields
28 Functional analysis (46-XX) 14 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 13 Operator theory (47-XX) 5 Number theory (11-XX) 3 Special functions (33-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
68 Publications have been cited 1,269 times in 815 Documents Cited by Year
Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0157.43301
de Branges, Louis
1968
A proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. Zbl 0573.30014
de Branges, Louis
1985
Square summable power series. Zbl 0153.39602
de Branges, Louis; Rovnyak, James
1966
Canonical models in quantum scattering theory. Zbl 0203.45101
de Branges, Louis; Rovnyak, J.
1966
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. II. Zbl 0100.06901
de Branges, Louis
1961
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0094.04705
de Branges, Louis
1960
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. IV. Zbl 0109.04703
de Branges, Louis
1962
Some Hilbert spaces of analytic functions. I. Zbl 0115.33501
de Branges, Louis
1963
Perturbations of self-adjoint transformations. Zbl 0134.11801
de Branges, Louis
1962
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. III. Zbl 0112.30101
de Branges, Louis
1961
The Stone-Weierstraß theorem. Zbl 0092.11801
de Branges, Louis
1959
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0092.07001
de Branges, Louis
1959
The Bernstein problem. Zbl 0092.06905
de Branges, Louis
1959
Some Hilbert spaces of analytic functions. II, III. Zbl 0134.12002
de Branges, Louis
1965
Complementation in Krein spaces. Zbl 0647.46027
de Branges, Louis
1988
Self-reciprocal functions. Zbl 0134.10504
de Branges, Louis
1964
Perturbations of unitary transformations. Zbl 0175.13704
de Branges, Louis; Shulman, L.
1968
Some mean squares of entire functions. Zbl 0092.06906
de Branges, Louis
1959
Tensor product spaces. Zbl 0201.44401
de Branges, Louis
1972
Factorization and invariant subspaces. Zbl 0167.13303
de Branges, Louis
1970
The expansion theorem for Hilbert spaces for entire functions. Zbl 0177.16701
de Branges, Louis
1968
The existence of invariant subspaces. Zbl 0171.34902
de Branges, Louis; Rovnyak, J.
1964
Local operators on Fourier transforms. Zbl 0079.32004
de Branges, Louis
1958
Krein spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0666.46024
de Branges, Louis
1988
The Riemann hypothesis for Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0602.10028
de Branges, Louis
1986
Some applications of space of entire functions. Zbl 0134.29301
de Branges, Louis
1963
Homogeneous and periodic spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0107.28302
de Branges, Louis
1962
The $$a$$-local operator problem. Zbl 0092.11102
de Branges, Louis
1959
A conjecture which implies the Riemann hypothesis. Zbl 0802.46039
de Branges, Louis
1994
The convergence of Euler products. Zbl 0768.46009
de Branges, Louis
1992
The comparison theorem for Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0531.46020
de Branges, Louis
1983
Perturbation theory. Zbl 0405.34047
de Branges, Louis
1977
Symmetry in spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0104.29501
de Branges, Louis
1962
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0102.06003
de Branges, Louis
1961
Coefficients of modular forms. Zbl 0283.10011
de Branges, Louis
1974
Gauss spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0196.13902
de Branges, Louis
1972
A construction of Krein spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0745.46035
de Branges, Louis
1991
Unitary linear systems whose transfer functions are Riemann mapping functions. Zbl 1056.47503
de Branges, Louis
1986
Löwner expansions. Zbl 0552.30011
de Branges, Louis
1984
Orthogonal Newton polynomials. Zbl 0466.33009
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1980
Quantum Cesaro operators. Zbl 0457.47022
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1978
The Riemann hypothesis for modular forms. Zbl 0188.34605
de Branges, Louis
1971
Factorization and invariant subspaces. Zbl 0182.17301
de Branges, Louis
1970
Jacobi spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0169.15503
Bolstein, Richard; de Branges, Louis
1970
Underlying concepts in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. Proceedings from the international congress of mathematicians, Berkeley, CA, USA, August 1986. Videotape (NTSC; 60 min. VHS). Zbl 0919.30014
de Branges, Louis
1986
Coefficient estimates. Zbl 0494.30017
de Branges, Louis
1981
The Cantor construction. Zbl 0476.04002
de Branges, Louis
1980
The Riemann mapping theorem. Zbl 0412.30031
de Branges, Louis
1978
Examples of modular forms. Zbl 0294.10017
de Branges, Louis
1974
Modular spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0318.46040
de Branges, Louis
1973
Modular expansions. Zbl 0253.46053
de Branges, Louis
1972
A proof of the Ramanujan hypothesis. Zbl 0172.10601
de Branges, Louis
1970
Meixner and Pollaczek spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0161.33502
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1968
New and old problems for entire functions. Zbl 0128.30001
de Branges, Louis
1964
A comparison theorem for spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0116.28402
de Branges, Louis
1963
Invariant subspaces of nonselfadjoint transformations. Zbl 0115.33601
de Branges, Louis
1963
Factorization in Krein spaces. Zbl 0922.46020
de Branges, Louis
1994
A construction of invariant subspaces. Zbl 0830.47004
de Branges, Louis
1993
Underlying concepts in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. Zbl 0666.30009
de Branges, Louis
1987
The expansion theorem for Hilbert spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0596.46018
de Branges, Louis
1984
The invariant subspace problem. Zbl 0548.47004
de Branges, Louis
1983
The Caratheodory-Fejer extension theorem. Zbl 0506.47006
de Branges, Louis
1982
Grunsky spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0496.30009
de Branges, Louis
1981
Vectorial topology. Zbl 0423.46003
de Branges, Louis
1979
Schrödinger-Dirac spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0352.46016
de Branges, Louis
1977
Hankel spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0213.38701
de Branges, Louis
1973
Charlier spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0174.43901
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1969
Entire functions and integral transforms. Zbl 0104.29406
de Branges, Louis
1962
A conjecture which implies the Riemann hypothesis. Zbl 0802.46039
de Branges, Louis
1994
Factorization in Krein spaces. Zbl 0922.46020
de Branges, Louis
1994
A construction of invariant subspaces. Zbl 0830.47004
de Branges, Louis
1993
The convergence of Euler products. Zbl 0768.46009
de Branges, Louis
1992
A construction of Krein spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0745.46035
de Branges, Louis
1991
Complementation in Krein spaces. Zbl 0647.46027
de Branges, Louis
1988
Krein spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0666.46024
de Branges, Louis
1988
Underlying concepts in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. Zbl 0666.30009
de Branges, Louis
1987
The Riemann hypothesis for Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0602.10028
de Branges, Louis
1986
Unitary linear systems whose transfer functions are Riemann mapping functions. Zbl 1056.47503
de Branges, Louis
1986
Underlying concepts in the proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. Proceedings from the international congress of mathematicians, Berkeley, CA, USA, August 1986. Videotape (NTSC; 60 min. VHS). Zbl 0919.30014
de Branges, Louis
1986
A proof of the Bieberbach conjecture. Zbl 0573.30014
de Branges, Louis
1985
Löwner expansions. Zbl 0552.30011
de Branges, Louis
1984
The expansion theorem for Hilbert spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0596.46018
de Branges, Louis
1984
The comparison theorem for Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0531.46020
de Branges, Louis
1983
The invariant subspace problem. Zbl 0548.47004
de Branges, Louis
1983
The Caratheodory-Fejer extension theorem. Zbl 0506.47006
de Branges, Louis
1982
Coefficient estimates. Zbl 0494.30017
de Branges, Louis
1981
Grunsky spaces of analytic functions. Zbl 0496.30009
de Branges, Louis
1981
Orthogonal Newton polynomials. Zbl 0466.33009
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1980
The Cantor construction. Zbl 0476.04002
de Branges, Louis
1980
Vectorial topology. Zbl 0423.46003
de Branges, Louis
1979
Quantum Cesaro operators. Zbl 0457.47022
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1978
The Riemann mapping theorem. Zbl 0412.30031
de Branges, Louis
1978
Perturbation theory. Zbl 0405.34047
de Branges, Louis
1977
Schrödinger-Dirac spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0352.46016
de Branges, Louis
1977
Coefficients of modular forms. Zbl 0283.10011
de Branges, Louis
1974
Examples of modular forms. Zbl 0294.10017
de Branges, Louis
1974
Modular spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0318.46040
de Branges, Louis
1973
Hankel spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0213.38701
de Branges, Louis
1973
Tensor product spaces. Zbl 0201.44401
de Branges, Louis
1972
Gauss spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0196.13902
de Branges, Louis
1972
Modular expansions. Zbl 0253.46053
de Branges, Louis
1972
The Riemann hypothesis for modular forms. Zbl 0188.34605
de Branges, Louis
1971
Factorization and invariant subspaces. Zbl 0167.13303
de Branges, Louis
1970
Factorization and invariant subspaces. Zbl 0182.17301
de Branges, Louis
1970
Jacobi spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0169.15503
Bolstein, Richard; de Branges, Louis
1970
A proof of the Ramanujan hypothesis. Zbl 0172.10601
de Branges, Louis
1970
Charlier spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0174.43901
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1969
Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0157.43301
de Branges, Louis
1968
Perturbations of unitary transformations. Zbl 0175.13704
de Branges, Louis; Shulman, L.
1968
The expansion theorem for Hilbert spaces for entire functions. Zbl 0177.16701
de Branges, Louis
1968
Meixner and Pollaczek spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0161.33502
de Branges, Louis; Trutt, David
1968
Square summable power series. Zbl 0153.39602
de Branges, Louis; Rovnyak, James
1966
Canonical models in quantum scattering theory. Zbl 0203.45101
de Branges, Louis; Rovnyak, J.
1966
Some Hilbert spaces of analytic functions. II, III. Zbl 0134.12002
de Branges, Louis
1965
Self-reciprocal functions. Zbl 0134.10504
de Branges, Louis
1964
The existence of invariant subspaces. Zbl 0171.34902
de Branges, Louis; Rovnyak, J.
1964
New and old problems for entire functions. Zbl 0128.30001
de Branges, Louis
1964
Some Hilbert spaces of analytic functions. I. Zbl 0115.33501
de Branges, Louis
1963
Some applications of space of entire functions. Zbl 0134.29301
de Branges, Louis
1963
A comparison theorem for spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0116.28402
de Branges, Louis
1963
Invariant subspaces of nonselfadjoint transformations. Zbl 0115.33601
de Branges, Louis
1963
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. IV. Zbl 0109.04703
de Branges, Louis
1962
Perturbations of self-adjoint transformations. Zbl 0134.11801
de Branges, Louis
1962
Homogeneous and periodic spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0107.28302
de Branges, Louis
1962
Symmetry in spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0104.29501
de Branges, Louis
1962
Entire functions and integral transforms. Zbl 0104.29406
de Branges, Louis
1962
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. II. Zbl 0100.06901
de Branges, Louis
1961
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. III. Zbl 0112.30101
de Branges, Louis
1961
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0102.06003
de Branges, Louis
1961
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0094.04705
de Branges, Louis
1960
The Stone-Weierstraß theorem. Zbl 0092.11801
de Branges, Louis
1959
Some Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Zbl 0092.07001
de Branges, Louis
1959
The Bernstein problem. Zbl 0092.06905
de Branges, Louis
1959
Some mean squares of entire functions. Zbl 0092.06906
de Branges, Louis
1959
The $$a$$-local operator problem. Zbl 0092.11102
de Branges, Louis
1959
Local operators on Fourier transforms. Zbl 0079.32004
de Branges, Louis
1958
all top 5
all top 5
#### Cited in 168 Serials
77 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 63 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 51 Journal of Functional Analysis 37 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 26 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 26 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 24 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 20 Linear Algebra and its Applications 15 Advances in Mathematics 15 Computational Methods and Function Theory 14 St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 13 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 12 Journal of Approximation Theory 12 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 11 Functional Analysis and its Applications 10 Constructive Approximation 10 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 9 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 8 Mathematical Notes 8 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 8 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 8 Mathematische Nachrichten 7 Inventiones Mathematicae 7 Monatshefte für Mathematik 7 Siberian Mathematical Journal 7 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 7 Analysis and Mathematical Physics 6 Journal of Differential Equations 6 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 6 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 6 Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 5 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 5 Journal of Mathematical Physics 5 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 5 Applied Mathematics and Computation 5 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 5 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 4 Communications in Mathematical Physics 4 Israel Journal of Mathematics 4 Arkiv för Matematik 4 Acta Mathematica 4 Archiv der Mathematik 4 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 4 Results in Mathematics 4 Science China. Mathematics 4 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 3 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 3 Collectanea Mathematica 3 Duke Mathematical Journal 3 Journal of Number Theory 3 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 3 Advances in Applied Mathematics 3 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 3 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 3 Russian Mathematics 3 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 3 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 3 Abstract and Applied Analysis 3 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 2 Studia Mathematica 2 Mathematics of Computation 2 The Mathematical Intelligencer 2 Automatica 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Mathematische Zeitschrift 2 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 2 Theoretical Computer Science 2 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 2 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 2 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 2 Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Historia Mathematica 2 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 2 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 2 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 2 Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 2 Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Mathematica 2 The Ramanujan Journal 2 Annales Henri Poincaré 2 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 2 Vladikavkazskiĭ Matematicheskiĭ Zhurnal 2 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 2 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 2 Problemy Analiza. Issues of Analysis 2 Mathematics 2 Concrete Operators 2 Open Mathematics 1 Analysis Mathematica 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1 Journal of Statistical Physics 1 Letters in Mathematical Physics 1 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 1 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 1 Reports on Mathematical Physics ...and 68 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 49 Fields
374 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 285 Operator theory (47-XX) 237 Functional analysis (46-XX) 86 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 58 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 48 Special functions (33-XX) 37 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 34 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 26 Quantum theory (81-XX) 25 Number theory (11-XX) 25 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 23 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 23 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 22 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 21 Potential theory (31-XX) 17 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 14 Real functions (26-XX) 13 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 11 History and biography (01-XX) 11 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 9 Combinatorics (05-XX) 9 Measure and integration (28-XX) 8 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 8 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 8 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 7 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 6 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 6 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 5 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 4 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 4 Differential geometry (53-XX) 4 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Integral equations (45-XX) 3 General topology (54-XX) 3 Statistics (62-XX) 3 Computer science (68-XX) 3 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 2 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 2 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-05-11T01:36:57 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10362954-tess-keck-survey-ix-masses-three-sub-neptunes-orbiting-hd-discovery-warm-jovian-plus-distant-substellar-companion
|
TESS-Keck Survey. IX. Masses of Three Sub-Neptunes Orbiting HD 191939 and the Discovery of a Warm Jovian plus a Distant Substellar Companion
Abstract
Exoplanet systems with multiple transiting planets are natural laboratories for testing planetary astrophysics. One such system is HD 191939 (TOI 1339), a bright (V= 9) and Sun-like (G9V) star, which TESS found to host three transiting planets (b, c, and d). The planets have periods of 9, 29, and 38 days each with similar sizes from 3 to 3.4R. To further characterize the system, we measured the radial velocity (RV) of HD 191939 over 415 days with Keck/HIRES and APF/Levy. We find thatMb= 10.4 ± 0.9MandMc= 7.2 ± 1.4M, which are low compared to most known planets of comparable radii. The RVs yield only an upper limit onMd(<5.8Mat 2σ). The RVs further reveal a fourth planet (e) with a minimum mass of 0.34 ± 0.01MJupand an orbital period of 101.4 ± 0.4 days. Despite its nontransiting geometry, secular interactions between planet e and the inner transiting planets indicate that planet e is coplanar with the transiting planets (Δi< 10°). We identify a second high-mass planet (f) with 95% confidence intervals on mass between 2 and 11MJupand period between 1700 and 7200 days, based on a joint analysis of RVs and astrometry from Gaia and Hipparcos. As a bright star more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10362954
Journal Name:
The Astronomical Journal
Volume:
163
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
Article No. 101
ISSN:
0004-6256
Publisher:
DOI PREFIX: 10.3847
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. ABSTRACT
We present a precise characterization of the TOI-561 planetary system obtained by combining previously published data with TESS and CHEOPS photometry, and a new set of 62 HARPS-N radial velocities (RVs). Our joint analysis confirms the presence of four transiting planets, namely TOI-561 b (P = 0.45 d, R = 1.42 R⊕, M = 2.0 M⊕), c (P = 10.78 d, R = 2.91 R⊕, M = 5.4 M⊕), d (P = 25.7 d, R = 2.82 R⊕, M = 13.2 M⊕), and e (P = 77 d, R = 2.55 R⊕, M = 12.6 R⊕). Moreover, we identify an additional, long-period signal (>450 d) in the RVs, which could be due to either an external planetary companion or to stellar magnetic activity. The precise masses and radii obtained for the four planets allowed us to conduct interior structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-561 b is confirmed to be the lowest density (ρb = 3.8 ± 0.5 g cm−3) ultra-short period (USP) planet known to date, and the low metallicity of the host star makes it consistent with the general bulk density-stellar metallicity trend. According to our interior structure modelling, planet b has basically no gas envelope, and it could host a certain amount of water. In contrast, TOI-561 c, d, and e likely retainedmore »
2. ABSTRACT
We report the discovery and characterization of a pair of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright K-dwarf TOI-1064 (TIC 79748331), initially detected in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry. To characterize the system, we performed and retrieved the CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite (CHEOPS), TESS, and ground-based photometry, the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) high-resolution spectroscopy, and Gemini speckle imaging. We characterize the host star and determine $T_{\rm eff, \star }=4734\pm 67\,\mathrm{ K}$, $R_{\star }=0.726\pm 0.007\, \mathrm{ R}_{\odot }$, and $M_{\star }=0.748\pm 0.032\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$. We present a novel detrending method based on point spread function shape-change modelling and demonstrate its suitability to correct flux variations in CHEOPS data. We confirm the planetary nature of both bodies and find that TOI-1064 b has an orbital period of Pb = 6.44387 ± 0.00003 d, a radius of Rb = 2.59 ± 0.04 R⊕, and a mass of $M_{\rm b} = 13.5_{-1.8}^{+1.7}$ M⊕, whilst TOI-1064 c has an orbital period of $P_{\rm c} = 12.22657^{+0.00005}_{-0.00004}$ d, a radius of Rc = 2.65 ± 0.04 R⊕, and a 3σ upper mass limit of 8.5 M⊕. From the high-precision photometry we obtain radius uncertainties of ∼1.6 per cent, allowing us to conduct internal structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-1064 b is one of the densest, well-characterized sub-Neptunes, withmore »
3. Abstract
HR 8799 is a young A5/F0 star hosting four directly imaged giant planets at wide separations (∼16–78 au), which are undergoing orbital motion and have been continuously monitored with adaptive optics imaging since their discovery over a decade ago. We present a dynamical mass of HR 8799 using 130 epochs of relative astrometry of its planets, which include both published measurements and new medium-band 3.1μm observations that we acquired with NIRC2 at Keck Observatory. For the purpose of measuring the host-star mass, each orbiting planet is treated as a massless particle and is fit with a Keplerian orbit using Markov chain Monte Carlo. We then use a Bayesian framework to combine each independent total mass measurement into a cumulative dynamical mass using all four planets. The dynamical mass of HR 8799 is$1.47−0.17+0.12$Massuming a uniform stellar mass prior, or$1.46−0.15+0.11$Mwith a weakly informative prior based on spectroscopy. There is a strong covariance between the planets’ eccentricities and the total system mass; when the constraint is limited to low-eccentricity solutions ofe< 0.1, which are motivated by dynamical stability, our mass measurement improves to$1.43−0.07+0.06$M. Our dynamical mass and other fundamental measured parameters of HRmore »
4. Context . The Gl 486 system consists of a very nearby, relatively bright, weakly active M3.5 V star at just 8 pc with a warm transiting rocky planet of about 1.3 R ⊕ and 3.0 M ⊕ . It is ideal for both transmission and emission spectroscopy and for testing interior models of telluric planets. Aims . To prepare for future studies, we aim to thoroughly characterise the planetary system with new accurate and precise data collected with state-of-the-art photometers from space and spectrometers and interferometers from the ground. Methods . We collected light curves of seven new transits observed with the CHEOPS space mission and new radial velocities obtained with MAROON-X at the 8.1 m Gemini North telescope and CARMENES at the 3.5 m Calar Alto telescope, together with previously published spectroscopic and photometric data from the two spectrographs and TESS. We also performed near-infrared interferometric observations with the CHARA Array and new photometric monitoring with a suite of smaller telescopes (AstroLAB, LCOGT, OSN, TJO). This extraordinary and rich data set was the input for our comprehensive analysis. Results . From interferometry, we measure a limb-darkened disc angular size of the star Gl 486 at θ LDD = 0.390more »
5. Abstract
Populating the exoplanet mass–radius diagram in order to identify the underlying relationship that governs planet composition is driving an interdisciplinary effort within the exoplanet community. The discovery of hot super-Earths—a high-temperature, short-period subset of the super-Earth planet population—has presented many unresolved questions concerning the formation, evolution, and composition of rocky planets. We report the discovery of a transiting, ultra-short-period hot super-Earth orbitingTOI-1075(TIC351601843), a nearby (d= 61.4 pc) late-K/early-M-dwarf star, using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. The newly discovered planet has a radius of 1.791$−0.081+0.116$Rand an orbital period of 0.605 day (14.5 hr). We precisely measure the planet mass to be 9.95$−1.30+1.36$Musing radial velocity measurements obtained with the Planet Finder Spectrograph mounted on the Magellan II telescope. Our radial velocity data also show a long-term trend, suggesting an additional planet in the system. While TOI-1075 b is expected to have a substantial H/He atmosphere given its size relative to the radius gap, its high density ($9.32−1.85+2.05$g cm−3) is likely inconsistent with this possibility. We explore TOI-1075 b’s location relative to the M-dwarf radius valley, evaluate the planet’s prospects for atmospheric characterization, andmore »
| 2023-01-27T11:55:02 |
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http://me598.wikidot.com/homework-3-problem-8
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Homework 3 Problem 8
### Problem:
A mass $m$ moves in the plane, joined to the origin by a linear spring with spring constant $k$ and zero rest length. Assume the position of the mass to be described by its polar coordinates $(r, \theta)$ on the plane excluding the origin. Show that the Lagrangian for this system is hyperregular. Compute the canonical one form $\Theta$, the canonical symplectic form $\Omega$, and the Liouville volume form $\Lambda$ on $T^*Q$. Compute the Lagrangian one form $\Theta_L$ and the Lagrangian two form $\Omega_L$ on $TQ$. Compute the action $A$, the energy $E$, and the Hamiltonian $H$ associated with the Lagrangian $L$. Compute the Lagrangian vector field $Z_L$ on $TQ$ and the Hamiltonian vector field $X_H$ on $T^*Q$.
### Solution:
The Lagrangian for this system is:
$L: TQ \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}: (r, \theta, \dot r, \dot \theta) \longmapsto \frac{1}{2} m(\dot r^2 + r^2 \dot \theta^2) - \frac{1}{2} k r^2$
The fiber derivative is:
$\mathbb{F}L: TQ \longrightarrow T^*Q: (r, \theta, \dot r, \dot \theta) \longmapsto (r, \theta, \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot r}, \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot \theta}) = (r, \theta, m \dot r, m r^2 \dot \theta)$, while
$(\mathbb{F}L)^{-1}: T^*Q \longrightarrow TQ: (r, \theta, p_r, p_\theta) \longmapsto (r, \theta, \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot r}, \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot \theta}) = (r, \theta, \frac{p_r}{m}, \frac{p_\theta}{m r^2})$
Hyperregularrity is ensured if $\mathbb{F}L$ is a diffeomorpism.
Indeed, $\mathbb{F}L$ is bijective; since $r, \theta, m \dot r, m r^2 \dot \theta, \frac{p_r}{m}$, and $\frac{p_\theta}{m r^2}$ are infinitely differentialble, $\mathbb{F}L$ and $(\mathbb{F}L)^{-1}$ are smooth.
So, the Lagrangian is hyperregular.
The canonical one form is: $\Theta = p_r dr + p_\theta d\theta$, and the canonical symplectic form is: $\Omega = dr \wedge dp_r + d\theta \wedge dp_\theta$
The Liouville volume form on $T^*Q$ is: $\Lambda = dr \wedge d\theta \wedge dp_r \wedge dp_\theta$
The Lagrangian one form is: $\Theta_L = (\mathbb{F}L)^*\Theta = \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot q^i} dq^i = \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot r} dr + \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot \theta} d\theta = m \dot r dr + m r^2 \dot \theta d\theta$
The Lagrangian two form is:
$\Omega_L = -d\Theta_L = -\frac{\partial}{\partial r} [m \dot r dr + m r^2 \dot \theta d\theta] \wedge dr -\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} [m \dot r dr + m r^2 \dot \theta d\theta] \wedge d\theta -\frac{\partial}{\partial \dot r} [m \dot r dr + m r^2 \dot \theta d\theta] \wedge d\dot r -\frac{\partial}{\partial \dot \theta} [m \dot r dr + m r^2 \dot \theta d\theta] \wedge d\dot \theta$
$= -2m r \dot \theta d\theta \wedge dr - m \ddot r dr \wedge d\dot r - m r^2 \ddot \theta d\theta \wedge d\dot \theta = 2m r \dot \theta dr \wedge d\theta - m \ddot r dr \wedge d\dot r - m r^2 \ddot \theta d\theta \wedge d\dot \theta$
The action is:
$A: TQ \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}: (r, \theta, \dot r, \dot \theta) \longmapsto \dot r \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot r} + \dot \theta \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot \theta} = m \dot r^2 + m r^2 \dot \theta^2$
The energy is:
$E: TQ \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}: (r, \theta, \dot r, \dot \theta) \longmapsto A(r, \theta, \dot r, \dot \theta) - L(r, \theta, \dot r, \dot \theta)$
$= (m \dot r^2 + m r^2 \dot \theta^2) - (\frac{1}{2} m(\dot r^2 + r^2 \dot \theta^2) - \frac{1}{2} k r^2) = m \dot r^2 + m r^2 \dot \theta^2 - \frac{1}{2} m \dot r^2 - \frac{1}{2} m r^2 \dot \theta^2 + \frac{1}{2} k r^2$
$= \frac{1}{2} m \dot r^2 + \frac{1}{2} m r^2 \dot \theta^2 + \frac{1}{2} k r^2$
The Hamiltonian is:
$H: T^*Q \longrightarrow \mathbb{R}: (r, \theta, p_r, p_\theta) \longmapsto E \circ (\mathbb{F}L)^{-1}(r, \theta, p_r, p_\theta)$
$= \frac{1}{2} m (\frac{p_r}{m})^2 + \frac{1}{2} m r^2 (\frac{p_\theta}{m r^2})^2 + \frac{1}{2} k r^2 = \frac{p_r^2}{2 m} + \frac{p_\theta^2}{2 m r^2} + \frac{k r^2}{2}$
The Lagrangian vector field $Z_L$ on $TQ$ can be found by solving the equation: $dE = Z_L \hook \Omega_L$
$dE = (m r \dot \theta^2 + k r) dr + 2m \dot r d\dot r + m r^2 \dot \theta d\dot \theta$
$Z_L = Z_{L_r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} + Z_{L_\theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} + Z_{L_{\dot r}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \dot r} + Z_{L_{\dot \theta}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \dot \theta}$
$(Z_{L_r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} + Z_{L_\theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} + Z_{L_{\dot r}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \dot r} + Z_{L_{\dot \theta}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \dot \theta}) \hook (2m r \dot \theta dr \wedge d\theta - m \ddot r dr \wedge d\dot r - m r^2 \ddot \theta d\theta \wedge d\dot \theta)$
$= 2m r \dot \theta Z_{L_r} d\theta - m \ddot r Z_{L_r} d\dot r - 2m r \dot \theta Z_{L_\theta} dr - m r^2 \ddot \theta Z_{L_\theta} d\dot \theta + m \ddot r Z_{L_{\dot r}} dr + m r^2 \ddot \theta Z_{L_{\dot \theta}} d\theta$
$= (2m r \dot \theta Z_{L_\theta} + m \ddot r Z_{L_{\dot r}}) dr + (2m r \dot \theta Z_{L_r} + m r^2 \ddot \theta Z_{L_{\dot \theta}}) d\theta + (-m \ddot r Z_{L_r}) d\dot r + (-m r^2 \ddot \theta Z_{L_\theta})$
By inspection, we can find the components of $Z_L$.
Then, $Z_L = (\frac{-2\dot r}{\ddot r}, \frac{-\dot \theta}{\ddot \theta}, (\frac{2}{\ddot \theta} + 1) \frac{r \dot \theta^2}{\ddot r} + \frac{k r}{m \ddot r}, \frac{\dot r \dot \theta}{\ddot r \ddot \theta})$
The Hamiltonian vector field $X_H$ on $T^*Q$ can be found by solving the equation: $dH = X_H \hook \Omega$
$dH = (\frac{-p_\theta^2}{m r^3} + k r) dr + \frac{p_r}{m} dp_r + \frac{p_\theta}{m r^2} dp_\theta$
$X_H = X_{H_r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} + X_{H_\theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} + X_{H_{p_r}} \frac{\partial}{\partial p_r} + X_{H_{p_\theta}} \frac{\partial}{\partial p_\theta}$
$X_H \hook \Omega = X_{H_{p_r}} dr + X_{H_{p_\theta}} d\theta - X_{H_r} dp_r - X_{H_\theta} dp_\theta$
By inspection, we can find the components of $X_H$.
Then, $X_H = (-\frac{p_r}{m}, -\frac{p_\theta}{m r^2}, \frac{-p_\theta^2}{m r^3} + k r, 0)$
page revision: 3, last edited: 09 May 2007 05:41
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| 2017-12-11T00:28:03 |
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http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj08/20080311.htm
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South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Journal of the Senate
Tuesday, March 11, 2008
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
The Psalmist writes:
"Love the Lord, all you his saints. The Lord preserves the faithful, but abundantly repays the one who acts haughtily." (Psalm 31:23)
Join me as we bow in prayer, please:
Gracious God, we praise You for all of our South Carolina saints, those who have served and who do serve our State so charitably and unselfishly. Some are no longer with us, yet all of us certainly have our own opportunities to be Your 'saints,' dear Lord-those set apart to care genuinely and deeply for others. May each member of this Senate strive to serve in Your name wisely and well-unfailingly honoring the best interests of those who live within our borders. In Your loving name we pray, Lord. Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
The following appointment was transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford:
Statewide Appointment
Reappointment, Board of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, with the term to commence June 30, 2007, and to expire June 30, 2011
3rd Congressional District:
Steven G. Kisner, 2436 Summit Drive, Aiken, SC 29801
Referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs.
Doctor of the Day
Senator COURSON introduced Dr. March Seabrook of Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, at 1:02 P.M., Senator LEATHERMAN was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
At 1:22 P.M., Senator KNOTTS requested a leave of absence beginning at 1:30 P.M. today until tomorrow at 10:00 A.M.
S. 1168 (Word version) Sen. Alexander
S. 1174 (Word version) Sen. Alexander
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 1193 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews and Hutto: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REMEMBER THE LIFE OF VIRGINIA WILSON OF BAMBERG COUNTY AND TO EXPRESS GRATITUDE FOR HER MANY YEARS AS A TEACHER AND FOR HER SERVICE ON THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION.
l:\council\bills\gm\24118ac08.doc
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
S. 1194 (Word version) -- Senators Drummond and O'Dell: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE UPON THE DEATH OF MRS. MARGARET WALLACE BAILEY TINSLEY OF GREENWOOD COUNTY AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HER FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
l:\council\bills\rm\1375dw08.doc
S. 1195 (Word version) -- Senators Williams and Elliott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE BILLY THOMPSON OF MARION COUNTY UPON BEING NAMED CITY OF MARION EMPLOYEE OF THE YEAR.
l:\council\bills\rm\1379sd08.doc
S. 1196 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE WILLIAM JAMES "JAY" PRICE OF RICHLAND COUNTY UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS BEING NAMED SOUTH CAROLINA SPEECH AND HEARING ASSOCIATION AMBASSADOR FOR 2008.
l:\council\bills\rm\1378ac08.doc
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
H. 3912 (Word version) -- Reps. White and Bales: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE AND TO SPECIFY WHAT IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRACTICING MEDICINE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT A PHYSICIAN MAY DELEGATE CERTAIN TASKS TO AN UNLICENSED PERSON IF THE PHYSICIAN IS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN IS NOT PROHIBITED FROM PRACTICING IN CONSULTATION WITH A SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN CONCERNING AN OPINION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN IN MANAGING THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-32, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN WHO GRADUATED FROM A SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA AND WHO HAS BEEN LICENSED FOR FIVE YEARS, RATHER THAN TEN YEARS, IN ANOTHER STATE, THE PHYSICIAN IS ONLY REQUIRED TO DOCUMENT ONE YEAR OF POST GRADUATE RESIDENCY TRAINING AND TO REVISE THE TIME WITHIN WHICH CERTAIN SPECIALTY EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS MUST BE UNDERTAKEN IN ORDER TO BE SUBSTITUTED FOR REQUIRED EXAMINATIONS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-35, RELATING TO LICENSURE AS AN EXPERT MEDICAL WITNESS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RATHER THAN THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS LICENSING A PHYSICIAN AS AN EXPERT WITNESS, A PHYSICIAN WHO TESTIFIES IN A PROCEEDING IN THIS STATE IS DEEMED TO HAVE SUBMITTED TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE BOARD AND TO PROVIDE NOTICE AND INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS RECEIVED.
Read the first time and, on motion of Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, the Bill was referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 4348 (Word version) -- Reps. Hagood, Bales and Battle: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-1100, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REGULATION OF MANUFACTURERS OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE CURRENT RESTRICTIONS PROHIBITING OWNERSHIP OR OPERATION OF MORE THAN ONE ESTABLISHMENT, TO ALLOW LIMITED ON-PREMISES AND OFF-PREMISES TASTINGS, AND TO PROVIDE REGULATIONS ON THE SALE, PURCHASE, AND TRANSPORT OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS BY MANUFACTURERS.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 4601 (Word version) -- Reps. W. D. Smith, Cobb-Hunter, Talley, Hagood, Scott, Viers, Mitchell, Clemmons and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-1180, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO VICTIMS' COMPENSATION AWARDS, SO AS TO ALLOW THE CRIME VICTIM'S ADVISORY BOARD TO AUTHORIZE ADDITIONAL COUNSELING FOR VICTIMS BASED ON DOCUMENTED NEED; TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-1230, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CRIME VICTIMS' COMPENSATION CLAIMS, SO AS TO ALLOW CLAIM SUBMISSION VIA FACSIMILE OR OTHER ELECTRONIC MEANS; TO AMEND ARTICLE 14, CHAPTER 3 OF TITLE 16, RELATING TO THE VICTIM/WITNESS ASSISTANCE PROGRAM, SO AS TO RESTRUCTURE THE PROGRAM SO AS TO EMPOWER THE STATE OFFICE OF VICTIM ASSISTANCE TO PROVIDE CERTAIN SERVICES CURRENTLY PROVIDED BY THE VICTIM COMPENSATION FUND, TO RESTRUCTURE THE VICTIMS' SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED, TO CREATE THE VICTIM SERVICES COORDINATING COUNCIL AND PROVIDE FOR ITS MEMBERSHIP, AND TO CREATE THE OFFICE OF VICTIM SERVICES EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATION WITHIN THE OFFICE OF THE CRIME VICTIMS' OMSBUDSMAN AND ESTABLISH CERTIFICATION AND CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR VICTIM SERVICE PROVIDERS; AND BY ADDING SECTION 16-3-1680 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE CRIME VICTIMS' OMSBUDSMAN TO PROMULGATE NECESSARY REGULATIONS.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 4620 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Harrison, Cato, Hagood, Howard, W. D. Smith, Walker, White, Stavrinakis, Bedingfield, G. R. Smith, Hart and Viers: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI, CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS OF THIS STATE, SO AS TO DELETE THE ADJUTANT GENERAL, COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE, SECRETARY OF STATE, AND SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE LIST OF STATE OFFICERS WHICH THE CONSTITUTION REQUIRES TO BE ELECTED AND PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERMS OF THESE OFFICERS SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THEY MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR, UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, TO SERVE AT HIS PLEASURE AND TO BE REMOVABLE BY HIM FOR ANY REASON; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 4, ARTICLE XIII, RELATING TO THE ADJUTANT GENERAL AND HIS STAFF OFFICERS, SO AS TO UPDATE REFERENCES TO HIS TITLE AND MILITARY RANK, AND TO PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, HE MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR IN THE MANNER REQUIRED BY SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI; AND PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 1, ARTICLE XI, RELATING TO THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, SO AS TO ABOLISH THE BOARD EFFECTIVE UPON THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION BEING APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
H. 4754 (Word version) -- Reps. G. R. Smith and Hamilton: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 6-11-2027 SO AS TO ALLOW THE GOVERNING BODY OF A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT CREATED BY ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY THAT PROVIDES RECREATIONAL SERVICES AND HAS AS ITS BOUNDARY THE SAME AS THE COUNTY IN WHICH IT IS LOCATED TO VOLUNTARILY DISSOLVE ITSELF AND TRANSFER ITS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES TO A COUNTY IF ACCEPTED BY RESOLUTION OF ITS GOVERNING BODY AND TO PROVIDE FOR CALCULATING THE MILLAGE LIMITATION FOR A COUNTY WHEN A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT TRANSFERS ITS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES TO A COUNTY.
Read the first time and, on motion of Senator FAIR, with unanimous consent, H. 4754 was ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
H. 4816 (Word version) -- Reps. Bingham, Ballentine, Frye, Haley, Huggins, McLeod, Ott, E. H. Pitts, Spires and Toole: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 378 OF 2004, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE LEXINGTON COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT PROPERTY TAX RELIEF ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE METHOD BY WHICH THE PROPERTY TAX CREDIT ALLOWED PURSUANT TO THIS ACT APPLIES WITH RESPECT TO THE NONSCHOOL-RELATED PROPERTY TAX LIABILITY OF AN OWNER-OCCUPIED RESIDENCE.
Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
H. 4835 (Word version) -- Reps. Hosey, Cotty, Govan, Clyburn, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Crawford, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE DR. WILLIS C. HAM, OF COLUMBIA, FOR AN AMAZING SPORTS CAREER AND TO CONGRATULATE HIM ON BEING INDUCTED INTO THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGIATE DIRECTORS OF ATHLETICS HALL OF FAME IN JUNE 2008.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 1063 (Word version) -- Senator Martin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 34-11-60(D) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE DRAWING OF A FRAUDULENT CHECK, TO INCREASE THE TIME A PAYEE HAS TO DEPOSIT A CHECK TO TWENTY-ONE DAYS SO THAT THE DRAWER OF THE CHECK MAY BE PROSECUTED.
S. 500 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 15-78-60, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO IMMUNITY UNDER THE TORT CLAIMS ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE CIVIL LIABILITY IMMUNITY FOR A LOSS RESULTING FROM CERTAIN DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-23-90, RELATING TO INTERNAL DOCUMENTS OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT AN ACTION MAY NOT BE BROUGHT BASED ON CERTAIN DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING COUNCIL UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
Senator RITCHIE explained the Bill.
S. 865 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, O'Dell, Short and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-350, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR THE STANDARDIZED PROPERTY TAX BILL, SO AS TO REVISE THESE REQUIREMENTS TO REFLECT THE EXEMPTION FROM MILLAGE IMPOSED FOR SCHOOL OPERATIONS FOR OWNER-OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY AND THE AMOUNT REIMBURSED THE SCHOOL DISTRICT FROM THE HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION FUND FOR THAT EXEMPTION AND TO REFLECT ANY CREDIT AGAINST THE PROPERTY TAX LIABILITY FOR COUNTY OPERATIONS ON OWNER-OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY ATTRIBUTABLE TO EXCESS BALANCES IN THE HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION FUND.
S. 1120 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A BILL TO PROVIDE THAT FROM JUNE 1, 2008, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 2008, A NON-RESIDENT MAY OBTAIN A LIFETIME COMBINATION LICENSE FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
CARRIED OVER
S. 577 (Word version) -- Senator Sheheen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES' COURTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MAGISTRATE MAY PUNISH BY FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH, ALL ASSAULTS AND BATTERIES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES.
On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over.
S. 833 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 47-1-45 SO AS TO PROHIBIT THE TETHERING, FASTENING, CHAINING, TYING, OR RESTRAINING A DOG TO A STATIONARY OBJECT FOR MORE THAN THREE HOURS A DAY OR FOR MORE THAN SIX HOURS A DAY ON A TROLLEY SYSTEM; TO PROVIDE CLASS I MISDEMEANOR CRIMINAL PENALTIES; AND TO AUTHORIZE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY ORDINANCE TO VARY THESE REGULATIONS.
On motion of Senator VERDIN, the Bill was carried over.
The following Joint Resolution, having been read the second time, was ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar:
S. 1191 (Word version) -- Fish, Game and Forestry Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, RELATING TO SEASONS, LIMITS, AND METHODS OF TAKING WILDLIFE, SPECIAL USE RESTRICTIONS ON WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS, AND PROVISIONS FOR TAKING FURBEARING ANIMALS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3141, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
H. 4770 (Word version) -- Reps. Miller and Anderson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PORT OF GEORGETOWN AND SUPPORT FUTURE EFFORTS BY GEORGETOWN COUNTY AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE PORTS AUTHORITY TO GROW CARGO VOLUMES FOR THE ECONOMIC BETTERMENT OF THE COMMUNITY AND STATE.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., March 6, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to:
H. 3632 (Word version) -- Reps. Chalk, Haskins, Brantley, Bales, Harvin, Jefferson, Littlejohn, Mahaffey, Moss, Neilson, J.R. Smith and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-25 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION MAY REQUIRE A CRIMINAL HISTORY BACKGROUND CHECK OF AN APPLICANT FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE NURSING AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY REQUIRE SUCH A BACKGROUND CHECK IN CONNECTION WITH AN INVESTIGATION OR DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING OF A LICENSEE.
and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
RECALLED
H. 4823 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J.H. Neal, J.M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D.C. Smith, F.N. Smith, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST MARK SANFORD, GOVERNOR OF SOUTH CAROLINA, ACTING WITH OR THROUGH APPROPRIATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AGENCIES, TO APPLY FOR AN EXTENSION OF THE DEADLINE TO COMPLY WITH THE FEDERAL REAL ID ACT BEFORE THE DEADLINE OF MARCH 31, 2008, WHICH WILL ALLOW SOUTH CAROLINA TO ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF THE REAL ID ACT BUT WHICH WILL NOT REQUIRE SOUTH CAROLINA TO DECLARE ITS INTENT TO COMPLY WITH THIS ACT THEREBY ALLOWING THE STATE'S CURRENT CREDENTIALS TO BE RECOGNIZED AND ACCEPTED DURING THE EXTENSION PERIOD BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY.
Senator MARTIN moved to recall the Resolution from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE INTERRUPTED DEBATE.
DEBATE INTERRUPTED
H. 3427 (Word version) -- Reps. Whipper, Cobb-Hunter, Jennings, Mack, F.N. Smith, J.R. Smith, Weeks, Gullick, Mulvaney, Hamilton, G.R. Smith, Bedingfield and Haskins: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 20-1-110 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT COMMON LAW MARRIAGE IN THE STATE MAY NOT BE RECOGNIZED ON AND AFTER JANUARY 1, 2008, AND TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A COMMON LAW MARRIAGE EXISTING AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2007; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 20-1-360 RELATING TO THE VALIDITY OF A MARRIAGE CONTRACTED WITHOUT THE ISSUANCE OF A LICENSE.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary.
Senator RANKIN spoke on the Bill.
Motion Under Rule 15A Failed
At 1:21 P.M., Senator MARTIN moved under the provisions of Rule 15A to set a time certain of 1:36 P.M. to vote on the entire matter of H. 3427.
Objection
Senator RYBERG asked unanimous consent to make a motion that the provisions of Rule 15A be waived insofar as it pertains to the fifteen minute time restriction.
Senator THOMAS objected.
Senator RANKIN resumed speaking on the Bill.
The time had arrived to vote on the motion under Rule 15A.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 19; Nays 20
AYES
Alexander Bryant Campbell
Campsen Cleary Courson
Cromer Fair Gregory
Grooms Hayes Martin
O'Dell Peeler Ritchie
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Thomas
Total--19
NAYS
Ceips Drummond Ford
Hutto Jackson Land
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Massey Matthews McConnell
McGill Patterson Rankin
Reese Sheheen Short
Verdin Williams
Total--20
Not having received the necessary vote, the motion under Rule 15A failed.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, debate was interrupted by adjournment, with Senator RANKIN retaining the floor.
COMMITTEE TO SCREEN CANDIDATES
FOR BOARDS OF TRUSTEES
OF STATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
Monday, February 25, 2008
10:15 a.m. - 1:37 p.m.
The meeting was conducted on February 25th, 2008 at 403 Blatt Building, Columbia, South Carolina, before Lisa F. Huffman, Court Reporter and Notary Public in and for the State of South Carolina.
APPEARANCES:
Representative Olin Phillips, Chairman
Senator Jake Knotts, Vice-Chairman
Representative Floyd Breeland
Representative Lanny F. Littlejohn
Senator Harvey S. Peeler, Jr.
Senator Thomas Alexander
Senator Linda Short
Also Present: Sophia Derrick
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Now we will begin. Thank you. Senator Knotts is --
SENATOR KNOTTS: I'm not leaving yet.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You're not leaving yet? Okay. We're going to start off with the College of Charleston, First District, is Cherry Daniel. Cherry?
MS. DANIEL: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Please stand and raise your right hand. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Ms. Daniel, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. DANIEL: No, sir, I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. DANIEL: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. DANIEL: No, sir, I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board --
MS. DANIEL: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. DANIEL: I'm appointed to the Work Force Investment Board, but that is not a conflict.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Listen. Just give us a brief, since you are unopposed, if you'll just give us a brief synopsis, will be fine.
MS. DANIEL: Yes, sir. I am unopposed. I'm going on the 12th -- this is my 12th year at the College of Charleston. Having served as the trustee of my alma mater, the experience has afforded me tremendous insight and perspective, knowledge and making sound decisions that will ensure to continue success. Presently I serve on the Academic Affairs Committee, as well as the Institutional Advancement Committee. My thirteen years as a professional educator both in public and private education is perceived as a positive asset by my fellow alums, particularly with assisting them in the difficult decisions in the academic arena.
I ask that you support me in my efforts to continue serving.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Is there any question of any committee members for Ms. Daniel? None? Thank you very much.
MS. DANIEL: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. The Second District, Seat 4, G. Lee Mikell.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Raise your right hand. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Mikell, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. MIKELL: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. MIKELL: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. MIKELL: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: No. Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. MIKELL: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Give a brief statement.
MR. MIKELL: Appreciate it. I'm Lee Mikell from Columbia; I work for SCANA. Running for a reelection for the Second District of South Carolina. I have enjoyed my time and currently serve as Chairman of the Alumni Relations Committee, and also on the Facilities Committee at the College of Charleston. I appreciate your consideration of my qualifications.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions from any of the committee members? None? Thank you very much. All right, Third District, Seat 6, J. Philip Bell. Mr. Bell, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. BELL: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. BELL: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. BELL: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. BELL: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Just a short statement.
MR. BELL: Good morning, Mr. Chairman and members of the Screening Committee. My name is James Philip Bell, and I represent the Third Congressional District, Seat 6. I reside in Greenwood, South Carolina. I've been married 25 years; have three children; and one which graduated from the College of Charleston. I'm president of Greenwood Capital Associates, an advisory firm located in Greenwood, South Carolina. I have been privileged to have been a trustee of the College of Charleston since 1996. Currently I serve as secretary of the board of trustees. During my time on the board, I served on the Finance Committee, Institutional Advancement Committee, Athletics Committee, Facilities Committee, Audit Committee and the Executive Committee. I've enjoyed serving as a trustee and believe that I served with honor and integrity. I look forward to another term, if elected. And thank you for your time.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: And thank you, sir. Are there any questions from the committee? I don't think so. Thank you, sir.
MR. BELL: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Lawrence R. Miller, Fourth District, Seat 8. Would you raise your right hand, Mr. Miller? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Miller, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. MILLER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. MILLER: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. MILLER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. MILLER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Give us a brief statement.
MR. MILLER: Yes. This is my third term as trustee of the College of Charleston. I've been in the banking industry for 37 years. I think that industry -- my experience there has served me well. I've chaired the Finance Committee of the College of Charleston. I now serve as a member of Finance Committee. Was also instrumental in getting a Audit Committee of the College of Charleston organized, and I now serve as its chairman. I'm also a member of the Governmental Affairs Committee. I thank you for your support in this reelection.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any committee members have any questions for Mr. Miller? Thank you, sir. Fifth Congressional, Seat 10, Dwight Johnson. Mr. Johnson, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Johnson, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. JOHNSON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. JOHNSON: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. JOHNSON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. JOHNSON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir.
MR. JOHNSON: Mr. Chairman, I currently serve as Chairman of the Athletic Committee and also on the Facilities Committee. This will be the third time I will be elected, if I am elected to the board. We've got a great board; we work well together. And I ask for your support for electing me to a third term.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Any questions of Mr. Miller? None. Thank you. Sixth District, Seat No. 12, Marie M. Land. Good morning, Ms. Land.
MS. LAND: Good morning.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Ms. Land, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. LAND: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. LAND: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. LAND: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None? Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. LAND: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, ma'am. Go ahead.
MS. LAND: All right. I'm a candidate for the College of Charleston, Board of Trustees, Seat 12 of the Sixth Congressional District. It has been my pleasure to serve on the Board for five terms as a trustee, elected by the General Assembly. I might add that during my 19 years of service, I have only missed one board meeting due to the birth of a grandchild. I am grateful for the opportunity and responsibility you and your colleagues have entrusted to me during this time. Having served on the Board during the tenure for a very fine president, during time of a change at the college, and in the role of higher education in South Carolina, I feel that my experience and length of service can offer institutional wisdom to the Board. I appreciate your consideration, and thank you for your due diligence in carrying out the important task of screening candidates. And that concludes my testimony. Thank you, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much. Any questions from any of the committee members for Ms. Land? None. Thank you.
MS. LAND: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: At-Large, Seat 14, Mr. James F. Hightower. Mr. Hightower, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Hightower, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. HIGHTOWER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. HIGHTOWER: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. HIGHTOWER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. HIGHTOWER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Go ahead.
MR. HIGHTOWER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. My name is Jimmy Hightower. I'm president of Hightower Construction from Charleston, South Carolina. I've served on the -- I serve as chairman of the Facilities Committee of the College of Charleston. I'd like to continue to serve as a board member and dedicate whatever time and effort that is required to fulfill my obligation as a board member. Over the past five years, I've gained the level of knowledge in higher education, while I'm not an expert on higher education, I believe it's my business experience in the construction industry that benefits the College of Charleston during the building program. Mr. Chairman, committee members, I want to thank you for the consideration. You've given me an opportunity to continue to serve this state at the College of Charleston.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any questions from the committee? None. Thank you, sir. That concludes College of Charleston. What is the pleasure of the committee?
SENATOR SHORT: Move favorable report on all candidates.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Senator Short is in favor.
REPRESENTATIVE LITTLEJOHN: Second.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Littlejohn second. Mr. Knotts. All in favor, signify by saying Aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: The vote carries. All of you are considered a candidate. Let me tell you, we would expect to have the election, let me tell you that, probably sometime in mid-May, probably around the 20th of May. It's probably the last week or so in May; that's not firm. I'm just telling you, be prepared to come about that time for the election process. We'll let you know by letter, when you can ask for commitments. You cannot ask for commitments at this time, until you publish your records and the testimony in the House Journal and Senate Journal. After that, we will have a 48-hour period and you can come back and solicit your votes. Thank you very much. You may be excused.
(Candidates are excused.)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. The Citadel. We have At-large, three seats -- two seats at-large, and they are Douglas A. Snyder, the incumbent. Mr. Snyder, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Sir, thank you very much. Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. SNYDER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. SNYDER: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. SNYDER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None? Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. SNYDER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much.
MR. SNYDER: My statement today, as a courtesy of all the other candidates that are here, is I love The Citadel. I've served for 12 years. I would really appreciate the opportunity to serve again. I think that we are heading in the right direction. And hopefully you as the legislators and most people of South Carolina would be very proud of The Citadel as it stands.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Well, thank you very much. Any committee member have any items of question? None. Thank you very much.
MR. SNYDER: Thank you, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Glenn D. Addison is also a candidate, and he has told us he would be unable to attend today. He will be screened at a later date. The next seat is, one seat expires in 2013, and that is a seat by Colonel Ben Legare, as I know him. Colonel.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Got a lot of questions for him.
SENATOR PEELER: Who is this fellow?
COLONEL LEGARE: And you thought he was short, wait till you see me.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Going to make yours longer.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: We've seen you so much, Colonel, you don't have to say much now.
COLONEL LEGARE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
COLONEL LEGARE: I do not, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
COLONEL LEGARE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
COLONEL LEGARE: I do not, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
COLONEL LEGARE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Go ahead.
COLONEL LEGARE: I'm one of seven family members to graduate from The Citadel, dating back to 1896. And I served on active duty in the United States Army after graduating from The Citadel in 1963. I was awarded 17 awards and decorations, two tours in Vietnam. I was also employed at The Citadel from 1982 to 2007 as Director of Governmental Affairs. I received the 1993 Citadel Alumni Association Man of the Year Award, the 2007 Palmetto Metal from the Board of Visitors. And on my retirement from The Citadel in 2007, I received the Order of the Palmetto from Governor Sanford. And you-all were kind enough to give me a resolutions from both chambers for my active duty service. And I would look forward to serving my first term on The Citadel Board.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir.
COLONEL LEGARE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions?
REPRESENTATIVE BREELAND: Got one question; maybe a comment. Colonel Legare, The Citadel is in my district. And you have worked untiringly up here, just like the Energized Bunny, since you've been up here. So I'm hoping that you'll take that same energy to the Board of Trustees.
COLONEL LEGARE: I'll put another battery in it and go forward.
SENATOR KNOTTS: I thought he was The Citadel
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: When I first came here, the Colonel -- that as one of the first persons I met. I happened to be on the Education Committee, so he rounded me up. Thank you, sir. Thanks all of you for being willing to serve on the board of The Citadel. Do you have any motions --
(Cell phone interruption.)
MR. BREELAND: Move for approval.
MR. KNOTTS: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Unanimous, thank you very much; you may be excused. We go to Clemson University. And let me make this statement before we get started with Clemson University. Let me say this, that we're sorry that Dr. Thomas Lynch does not want to continue to serve on the Clemson board, by virtue of his health problems. And at this time, before we screen any of these candidates, I will read your names: Louis B. Lynn, William C. Smith, Jr., Bob Peeler, Lucian Norton, Jr., Steven G. Strickland, Hunter C. Platt, and John L. Cote, Jr. If any of you would like to withdraw from this particular election today, you are welcome to do it in offer for the seat of Thomas Lynch. We will start tomorrow at twelve o'clock, when we get the release out, asking for letters of intent to run for that vacant position by Dr. Thomas Lynch. If any of you want to run for that, at this time, you may step up. We will not require you to do any SLED reports or anything that you submitted for this particular seat, because it is an at-large seat. All seats are at-large. If you would like to withdraw from this election and not participate in this three-man race, and under that one seat, you are welcome to do that. Do we have any of those candidates which would like to do that? You are not eligible to run for two different seats, I will remind you of that now. Once we screen you, we consider you running for this seat.
MR. STRICKLAND: Representative. My name is Steven G. Strickland. I'm an applicant for this election. I would withdraw for the next one.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Mr. Chairman?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes, sir.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Do they have to fill out a new letter of intent?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes. You have to fill out a new letter of intent, but we will honor what you sent in here, rather than you having to go to all of those Clerk of Courts.
MR. STRICKLAND: That's not a problem. Would I coordinate with Ms. Derrick?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Right. I would ask you to submit a letter of intent, beginning tomorrow.
MR. STRICKLAND: Great. Thank you so much.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any other candidate?
REPRESENTATIVE LITTLEJOHN: Mr. Chairman, does that have a deadline?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes. It will be ten days.
MR. STRICKLAND: Within ten days.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes. We have a -- we would have a
-- we have a ten-day filing period --
MR. STRICKLAND: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- and I'm not sure what day that is.
SENATOR SHORT: Mr. Chairman, just so that he and everybody else is clear on that, that there will be an opportunity for other people to file for that seat as well.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes. They're already --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You've already had phone calls. We have nobody who is qualified except you, tomorrow, if you send in your letter of intent. Again --
MR. STRICKLAND: Correct.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I'll just let you know, none of these who -- it will be published and will be listed as we do all our -- so we just want to let you know --
MR. STRICKLAND: Right.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- where we stand with that.
MR. STRICKLAND: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much, sir.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Mr. Chairman?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes, sir.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Is there anybody not present for this seat that we need to extend this opportunity to, that's not here today, that maybe we could allow?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I'm not sure if they are all here or not; I can't answer that. We will as we go. If they're not here, we'll notify them. Does any of these -- I guess all of them are here.
MR. COTE: Right. I'm John Cote from Myrtle Beach.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes.
MR. COTE: And I will withdraw from this particular race and see if I can fill Thomas Lynch's position, if possible.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right. You send us another letter of intent tomorrow, stating that you would like to run for Dr. Thomas Lynch's seat --
MR. COTE: Okay.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- at-large.
MR. COTE: Okay. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Anybody else? Okay. That leaves -- and if you will just say "Yeah" if you're here -- Louie B. Lynn.
MR. LYNN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: William C. Smith.
MR. SMITH: Here
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Bob Peeler.
MR. PEELER: Here.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Lucian Norton.
MR. NORTON: Here.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: And Hunter Platt.
MR. PLATT: Here.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: They're all here. Thank you for that. I have a letter here Senator Peeler that says, "Please be advised that I will not participate in discussion and the screening process of Bob Peeler, which is a brother of Senator Peeler, a candidate for the at-large seat on the Clemson Board of Trustees." Thank you, Senator Peeler.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes, sir, Senator Knotts.
SENATOR KNOTTS: I ask to be excused. I've got to attend a funeral, and it's in Charlotte, so it's going to take me about an hour to get there.
SENATOR PEELER: Senator Knotts, for the record, it's going to take you longer than an hour. It might actually take you 55 minutes.
SENATOR KNOTTS: Anybody want to loan me their car?
SENATOR KNOTTS: Can I leave my proxy with one of --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You very well may.
SENATOR KNOTTS: And I understand Mr. Peeler's going to be going to the same funeral, and he's going to be leaving shortly, but I'd leave it with Senator Alexander.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir.
SENATOR PEELER: Mr. Chairman, I'd like to do the same thing; leave my proxy with Senator Alexander.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You may.
SENATOR PEELER: Leaving for Dick Richardson's funeral, a former representative --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: The funeral that they're talking about, some of you may be aware; some may not be aware. Becky Richardson, a former House member now serves on the Unemployment Security Commission, husband Dick Richardson died over the weekend. And they are wanting to attend, and they are welcome to go.
SENATOR KNOTTS: And I would like to state for the record, I have reviewed everything in my packet, and I have no concerns whatsoever on any of the candidates.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Would both of you express our sympathies to the family when you get there, from this committee and its members, sir?
SENATOR KNOTTS: Okay.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much. Okay then, get back to work here. At-large, three seats, Clemson University. And we will take Louis B. Lynn.
MR. LYNN: Good morning.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Good morning, sir. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Lynn, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. LYNN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. LYNN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. LYNN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. LYNN: No. I'm appointed to the Commission of Higher Education, representing the research Universities at Carolina and the Medical University, and the Investment Board.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay.
MR. LYNN: They are appointed, though. No conflict.
MR. LYNN: I am -- my name is Louis Lynn. I've served on the Board for 20 years. And as I've said in the past, this is a labor of love for me. I'm a small businessman here in Columbia and I've been -- the 20 years I've been to, I've miss three board meetings for Hurricane Hugo, grandfather's funeral and a family matter. I've attended almost all of our graduations. We have three a year, so I can almost give the graduation speech at Clemson. I love Clemson, and I ask the committee for the opportunity to continue my years of service.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions from any of the committee members? None. Thank you, sir. Mr. Bill, William C. Smith, Jr. Mr. Smith, would you raise your right hand? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: And Mr. Smith, you look pretty healthy. Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. SMITH: No, sir. Not that I'm aware of.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. SMITH: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. SMITH: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. SMITH: No, sir.
MR. SMITH: Good. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and committee members. I won't be quite as brief as Mr. Snyder was earlier. But it is a great pleasure that I seek reelection to the Clemson University Board of Trustees. I've served on this board for the past 12 years. And as Dr. Lynn said, it is truly been a labor of love and an honor, which I take great pride.
My decision to continue my service to Clemson University and the state of South Carolina is one based on my desire to dedicate my time and service to an institution that has been an important part of my life. I attended Clemson University on a football scholarship, was fortunate to play on Clemson's national championship team. I graduated in '82 with a Bachelor of Science in Administrative Management, and since then have served on a lot of boards at Clemson, reaching a pinnacle of that 12 years ago by being elected to serve as a trustee. I tell y'all this to demonstrate that my blood runs a very deep shade of orange. I know that I maintain indispensable qualities to continue to be an effective trustee, possess enthusiasm, energy and a timeless work ethic coupled with years of experience as CEO of a successful real estate development company. I look forward to the opportunity to continue contributing to a strong foundation in values that have long been established at Clemson University, and I thank you for this opportunity.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any questions for Mr. Smith? None. Thank you, sir.
MR. SMITH: Thank you very much.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Mr. Bob Peeler. Would you raise your right hand, sir? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Bob, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. PEELER: Not that I know of.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. PEELER: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. PEELER: No, it would not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. PEELER: No, sir.
MR. PEELER: I appreciate your time today. You were kind enough to elect me to the Clemson board for an open seat in May of 2003. And I was reelected in 2004, and finishing my first full term. And I currently chair the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee of the Clemson Board of Trustees. Like Louis and Bill before me, Clemson is very important to me and my family. And I know it's important to the state of South Carolina. And it's especially important to the General Assembly. I feel like I have a unique ability to bring something to this board, having served as chairman of my local school board, and as chairman of the State Board of Education, and serving two terms as Lieutenant Governor. I graduated from Clemson; my twin brother Bill graduated from Clemson; my older brother Harvey graduated from Clemson; my daughter Caroline graduated in 2002. And my son Robert is a freshman now at Clemson, and he's a lot like his Uncle Harvey, so if you would, pray for us. Clemson is a special place, and I feel like that it's a partnership with all of you. And we know what a touch job you have in funding the budget every year, and we are very mindful of that. And I respectfully ask you to reelect me for another term as a Clemson University Trustee.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, Bob. Any questions for Mr. Peeler? None. Thank you, sir.
MR. PEELER: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right, Mr. Norton. Mr. Lucian Norton, Jr. Would you raise your right hand, sir? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Norton, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. NORTON: No, sir. I've got bad knees and I'm trying to get them replaced.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Well, don't worry about that. Everybody's got something. Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. NORTON: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. NORTON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. NORTON: None.
MR. NORTON: Thanks to the Honorable Chairman, Representative Olin Phillips, and each honorable member of the committee for your time, as I outline why I wish to serve on the Clemson University Board of Trustees. I have loved Clemson ever since I was ten years old and walked into school by a big farm which had many Clemson, beautiful research plots of wheat and other grain. I knew at that age that I wanted to be a part of Clemson's beautiful plant research program. My high school agriculture teacher, who had been a Clemson football star, took his son and me to Clemson and got us properly situated and helped us start our agricultural education dream. After graduating from Clemson and serving two years as a ordinance co-officer during Korean conflict, I came back to the good ole USA and became an agriculture teacher. As soon as I really started enjoying my teaching, I decided to go back to Clemson to fulfill my dream of being a part of the Clemson agriculture research. While back at Clemson, I actually developed a Norton variety of wheat while working two years with the agriculture economics department as a graduate research assistant. Clemson prepared me well for a very successful 30-year career as an economist, and a civil engineer, with the USDA economic research service, USDA full conservation service, and the USA Corp of Engineers. While I was serving as a research assistant, I conducted valuable research on national culture and programs for our schools and colleges. This experience will no doubt help me in my effort to obtain federal cautionary funds for Clemson. During the 14 years I served as a civil engineer with the Corp of Engineers, the biggest engineering organization in the world, I worked on many resource water projects, including the Santee River re-diversion, and the Corp of Engineers dredging program, and the Clemson Hartwell Dams. I'm most hopeful that I can find ways to save Clemson big monies as I did when I worked the Corp of Engineers and was instrumental in getting the dredging program contracted out while I was there; I'm real proud of that. Hope I can do something for Clemson like that. I have a copy of my little paper with my picture. May I give a copy to each member?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You certainly may.
MR. NORTON: Do you have a -- thank you very much.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any committee members have any questions of Mr. Norton? Thank you, sir. You may be seated.
MR. NORTON: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Mr. Hunter C. Platt. Mr. Platt, would you raise your right hand? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Platt, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. PLATT: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. PLATT: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. PLATT: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None. Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. PLATT: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None Thank you, sir. Go ahead.
MR. PLATT: Apparently I'm the youngest guy in the room. There's a bunch of well-qualified people in this room. I would love the opportunity to serve on the board. I was telling a co-worker, John Cote, it's just been within the last two years I've been given the opportunity to be able to do some of the things like apply for this opportunity here, that I'd like to do. I love Clemson, like the rest of these guys. My blood runs orange. My dad went to Clemson; cousins, nephews, the whole nine yards. I just look for an opportunity for you guys to allow me to serve on the board. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. Platt?
SENATOR ALEXANDER: At the appropriate time, as the resident senator from Clemson, I would move as favorable.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: We have a motion by Senator Alexander in favor of all candidates as appropriate. Do we have a second?
SENATOR SHORT: Second.
REPRESENTATIVE LITTLEJOHN: Second.
REPRESENTATIVE BREELAND: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Seconded by Short and Littlejohn and Breeland. All in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much. We had discussed time to secure, to discuss the election. All of you familiar with that? If not, any questions about when to secure a vote. None. Thank you very much. You may be excused. Any of you people standing want to take one of these seats -- will you please come over here and take a seat if you'd like?
(Candidates are excused.)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right. We go to Coastal Carolina University., one congressional district, and the Second District, Seat 4, expires in 2009. This is the a two-year period, Mr. Robert Templeton and Walda Wildman. Mr. Templeton, please come forward. Please raise your right hand. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Sir, do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. TEMPLETON: No, I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. TEMPLETON: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. TEMPLETON: No, sir, I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. TEMPLETON: No, sir, I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Go ahead with a short statement, sir.
MR. TEMPLETON: Chairman Phillips and committee, I thank you for this opportunity. As a live-long South Carolinian, I live in Orangeburg County where I work as a financial planner with the firm of Waddell and Reed. Throughout my life, I have been actively involved in the civic life of my community. In looking for ways to become more involved, I became aware of this opportunity, and I am grateful to have the opportunity to even be considered. I believe my experience in training as a financial planner will be a good match for Coastal Carolina. Recent news accounts have described some troubling questions about Coastal Carolina's finances in the past few years. While I do not pretend to be fully informed about all these issues, my professional experience and commitment to fiscal restraint, I believe, would help me make a positive contribution to the important role and success of Coastal Carolina. In particularly, recent report about problems with Coastal Carolina's audit have caused the legislature's leaders, as well as the Governor, to insist that Coastal Carolina make some serious changes to the way the school is run. I would consider this feat a great opportunity for me to serve our state, by helping to implement the performance. Again, let me tell you how pleased I am to have this opportunity to meet with you and present my candidacy. If I am selected by the legislature to fill this important position, I assure you that I will do everything I can to bring credit to our state. Coastal Carolina needs board members who will make every effort to ensure that it's future potential becomes reality. If elected by the legislature, I will make that effort.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Questions? No questions. Thank you.
MR. TEMPLETON: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Walda Wildman. Pronouncing that right?
MS. WILDMAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mrs. Okay. I'm sorry. Mrs.
MS. WILDMAN: Walda Wildman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay.
MS. WILDMAN: My name is Walda Wildman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Would you please raise your right hand, ma'am? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. WILDMAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None. Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. WILDMAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. WILDMAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. WILDMAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you.
MS. WILDMAN: Ladies and gentlemen. My name is Walda Wildman. I am served by a public accountant, residing in Richland County. I'm offering for this position on the Coastal Carolina board because I believe I an uniquely qualified to serve, and because I'm looking for a community to serve in my home state. First of all, I'm a certified public accountant, and my audit clients are exclusively state local governments, and not for profit organizations, including colleges and universities. From fiscal 1994 to fiscal 2006, I audited Coastal Carolina's athletic department expenses, which is required NCAA procedure. During five of those years, I also served as the University's external auditor. Through this time with Coastal, I watched Coastal grow from a regional campus of the University of South Carolina, to being on its own with a full fledged football program and close to 5-, 6,000, 7,000 students. As an auditor, I not only understand Coastal and the personalities involved there, I understand state procurement; I understand state laws applicable to colleges and universities; and I also understand investment of state funds. I understand financial statements and how to interpret them. Secondly, prior to becoming a CPA, I was in business with my late husband. We were in the restaurant business here in Columbia and other areas of the state. And I continue to manage real property on Devine Street where I have garnered good experience with instruction, doing business plans and making business decisions, both routine and non-routine. I've demonstrated that I can translate my business experience into volunteer experience. I just finished helping my college sorority construct, finance and plan a two-and-a-half million dollar house down at the University Greek Village down the street, which was a major undertaking for an 18-bedroom, one-and-a-half bath house. I learned a thing or two about what college students expect in housing these days and the facilities that they occupy. Finally, the first four years of my working life, I served as an instructor at the South Carolina regional campus in Spartanburg, now the USC Upstate. And in that capacity, I understand the stake that faculty members hold in a college and university contest. So I'm hoping my experience makes me uniquely qualified, and I appreciate the time, and would welcome the opportunity to serve my fellow South Carolinians. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, Ms. Wildman. Any questions of any committee members? None. What's the pleasure of the committee?
REPRESENTATIVE LITTLEJOHN: Move favorable report.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Representative Littlejohn moves approval of the two candidates.
SENATOR SHORT: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Second by Ms. Short, Ms. Brady. All in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right. It's unanimous. Thank you very much. You may be excused if you'd like. Okay. We are going to Francis Marion University. There is no opposition. First District, Seat 2, Melissa Johnson Emery; Second District, Seat 4, Gail Ness Richardson; Second District, Seat 3, expires in 2010, Ms. Laura E. Stroman; and Third District, Seat 6, Patricia C. Hartung; and Fourth District, Seat 8, Brad Boles; and Fifth District, Seat 10, George C. McIntyre; Sixth District, Seat 12, William W. Coleman, Jr.; and At-large, Seat 14, Mr. Timothy F. Norwood. And Melissa Emery, come forward. Would you raise your right hand? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. EMERY: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. EMERY: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. EMERY: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. EMERY: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Thank you. Short statement.
MS. EMERY: Thank you. I am an attorney practicing law in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. I am a graduate from Francis Marion University. I've served on the board since 1998. I've served on various committees with the board. I currently chair on the Academic Affairs and Shared Governance Committee. Since being on the board -- when I joined the Board of Trustees, we were in a challenging time at Francis Marion. Since that time, the board, along with our president, Fred Carter, has sought and received tremendous support from the community. We've seen tremendous change, tremendous success at what we're doing at Francis Marion, until now it is truly a treasure of the Pee Dee that I am proud to serve and be a part of. I certainly welcome the opportunity to continue to serve as a member of the board. And certainly appreciate the support the committee gives. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions? None. Thank you very much.
MS. EMERY: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. We will need Ms. Gail Ness Richardson. Thank you very much. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. RICHARDSON: None, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. RICHARDSON: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. RICHARDSON: None, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. RICHARDSON: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much. Short statement.
MS. RICHARDSON: My name is Gail Richardson. I'm from Barnwell. I've been on the board of Francis Marion University since 1988 when the board, big board for the state was split into individual boards. The public institutions, I've served on all of the communities. I've held offices of the board. Francis Marion University serves the Pee Dee well. It is a privilege for me to work with the University, as well as our president of our fine faculty, and welcome the opportunity to continue to serve.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions from any committee members? None. Thank you, ma'am. Laura Stroman, for the expired term which ends in 2010. Ms. Stroman, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. STROMAN: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. STROMAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. STROMAN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None. Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. STROMAN: No, I do not.
MS. STROMAN: Thank you very much, Chairman and committee members. My name is Laura Stroman and I am a graduate of Francis Marion University and was honored when I was contacted about this vacancy and asked if I would consider filling this seat. As a former resident of Florence and a native of the Pee Dee, Francis Marion is certainly a treasure, and I would be honored to have an opportunity to serve and fill this seat. I would certainly hope that you would give me the opportunity, and I thank you very much for your time today.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any questions? None. Thank you, ma'am. Okay, Ms. Patricia C. Hartung, Seat 6, Third District. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. HARTUNG: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. HARTUNG: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. HARTUNG: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. HARTUNG: No, I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you.
MS. HARTUNG: I do have a brief statement and I made it even more brief in light of today's proceedings. In fact, I've cut through three-quarters of it. And representatives of the committee, as a member of the Board of Trustees of Francis Marion University since July 1, 1999, I would be honored to continue in this role and serve my area, representing my area of the state, as a trustee at the University. And with my fellow trustees, guide the University in fulfilling its missions and goals as a university for the citizens of South Carolina. And I would be very honored to be reelected.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any questions? None. Thank you very much. Mr. Brad Boles, Fourth Congressional District, Seat 8. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. BOLES: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. BOLES: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. BOLES: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None. Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. BOLES: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir.
MR. BOLES: I just want to thank you for the opportunity to come and speak to you today. I am a graduate of Francis Marion University. I have lifelong ties with my family and my wife's family to the Pee Dee area. I have spoken with many of the board members and Dr. Carter, and looking forward to the opportunity to helping Francis Marion University continue on the path it's been on the last several years, to grow and be a quality institution in South Carolina. I'm looking forward to helping them reach those goals.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions? None. Thank you, sir. McIntyre, Fifth Congressional District, Seat 10. McIntyre, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. MCINTYRE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. MCINTYRE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. MCINTYRE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. MCINTYRE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir.
MR. MCINTYRE: It's my honor and privilege to serve on the Board of Trustees of Francis Marion University. I've been there since 1999 and I luckily been able to attend a hundred percent of the meetings. Francis Marion runs deep in my family. My wife's a graduate; I'm a graduate; my brother and sister are also graduates. It afforded me a great educational opportunity, and I just look forward to continuing to serve so that we can help future students attain the same educational opportunity. And I appreciate the support of the committee.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Any questions from the committee? None? Thank you, sir. Mr. William W. Coleman, Jr. Mr. Coleman, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. COLEMAN: None known.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. COLEMAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. COLEMAN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. COLEMAN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir.
MR. COLEMAN: I'm William W. Coleman; I go by "W." Been on the Francis Marion board since 1988. Was in the first graduating class in my family to evolve. I've gotten undergraduate or graduate degrees from Francis Marion, and I'm proud of where we're going and passionate about the University. Look forward to continuing to serve.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Any questions for Mr. Coleman? None. Thank you, sir. Then the At-large seat, Mr. Tim F. Norwood, Seat 14. Mr. Norwood, please raise your right hand. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. NORWOOD: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. NORWOOD: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. NORWOOD: I have good business experience, but no conflicts.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. NORWOOD: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir.
MR. NORWOOD: Thank you. Appreciate the opportunity to be here with you today. I'm privileged to, and honored to be an applicant for the Board of Trustees, Seat 14. I've been involved with Francis Marion my entire adult life. I graduated from Francis Marion in 1978. And I am applying for the position because I have the knowledge of the University and our Missions Statement for our area. Additionally, business knowledge and my community involvement to help guide and direct the University in the future.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions? None. Thank you, sir. That completes the Francis Marion University, seven congressional districts and the one at-large. What is the pleasure of the committee?
SENATOR SHORT: Move favorable report.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Short moves favorable.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: And second by Ms. Brady. All in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: It's unanimous. Thank all of you. Okay. We go to Lander University. Six congressional districts and one at-large. First District, Seat 2 is Robert A. Brimmer; the Second District, Seat 4, George R. Starnes; Third District, Seat 6, Linda Dolney; Fourth District, Seat 8, Jack W. Lawrence; Fifth District, Seat 10, S. Anne Walker; the Sixth District, Seat 12, Catherine K. Lee; and At-large, Seat 14, Ann B. Bowen. And if you will, come around Mr. Brimmer and be very brief with your statement, sir. Mr. Brimmer? Mr. Brimmer's not here? Second District, Seat 4, Mr. Starnes? George Starnes? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving n the board in a full capacity?
MR. STARNES: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. STARNES: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. STARNES: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. STARNES: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None. Thank you, sir.
MR. STARNES: I have had the privilege to serve on the Lander board since 1992. And during this time, I have served on every standing committee and as immediate past chairman of the board. And with your approval, I look forward to being able to continue to serve my alma mater. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Is there any questions of Mr. Starnes? None. Thank you, sir. Third District, Seat 6, Ms. Linda Dolney. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. DOLNEY: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. DOLNEY: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. DOLNEY: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. DOLNEY: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you.
MS. DOLNEY: Thank you, Mr. Chairman and committee members. I am a graduate of Lander when it was a college, Lander College. I care deeply about the school and the students who attend the school. And I look forward very much to being a part of the revitalization of Lander and being a part of the team that is driving its current vision of revitalization. I appreciate the opportunity and I appreciate your consideration for this position.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much. Do we have any questions of Ms. Dolney? None. Thank you. Fourth District, Seat 8, Mr. Jack W. Lawrence. Mr. Lawrence, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. LAWRENCE: I have none.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. LAWRENCE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. LAWRENCE: I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. LAWRENCE: I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Thank you, sir.
MR. LAWRENCE: I had been elected in 2004 to be a member of the Lander Board of Trustees, so this would be my second term. I am from Spartanburg, but my experience and roots go deep in the Greenwood area. That was where I was born and raised and my family still lives there. My mom is a graduate of Lander. Lander is not my alma mater, but I have loved it since I was there as a child through high school. And I have come to appreciate what we've got there in Greenwood and in this state. And I would love to be able to serve as a member of the Board of Trustees.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Any questions from
the committee? None. Thank you, Jack.
MR. LAWRENCE: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Now the Fifth Congressional, Seat 10, is S. Anne Walker. Good morning, Ms. Walker.
MS. WALKER: Good morning.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. WALKER: No, sir. I could be a little thinner, but other than that, I'm good to go.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. WALKER: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. WALKER: No. No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. WALKER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: No conflict. Go ahead, ma'am.
MS. WALKER: I had a good fortune when Lander split and went out from the College of Charleston and Francis Marion, three boards -- one board became three, to be elected to that first board back in 1988. And I've had the good fortune to continue to be elected, and I hope that y'all would approve me for reelection. I currently serve as Chair of the Board. I'm a Lander graduate, and I love it. And I thank you for the opportunity to serve, and thank you for your service.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Questions? No questions. Thank you, ma'am. Okay. Ms. Catherine K. Lee, Sixth District, Seat 12.
MS. LEE: Good afternoon.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Good afternoon to you. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. LEE: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. LEE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. LEE: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. LEE: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, ma'am.
MS. LEE: Well, my name's Cathy Lee, and I'm from Florence, South Carolina. And I was honored when I was asked to consider running for this position, so that I could find a way to serve, not only the people of the Pee Dee, but South Carolina's needs in higher education. I work as the Corporate Chief of Staff at McLeod Health in Florence, and I feel that my business experience and organizational skills will be a benefit to Lander. And I appreciate your consideration for this position.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Questions? None. Thank you very much. We'll go to At-large, Seat 14, Ann B. Bowen.
MS. BOWEN: Good afternoon.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Good afternoon. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so he lp you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. BOWEN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. BOWEN: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. BOWEN: No conflicts.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. BOWEN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you.
MS. BOWEN: This year will mark my 15th anniversary as a member of the board, and I really wouldn't want to miss the party which is one reason why I am running for reelection. The other is that in spite of everything, I am still the only member of the board with both retiree and alumni credential, and that has meant a lot. Last, but not least, I probably know more about Lander than anybody living, and I'll be happy to take questions.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right. Any questions for the lady who knows? Thank you very much. Okay. We go to the Medical University of South Carolina.
SENATOR SHORT: Mr. Chairman, would you like a favorable report from the Screening Committee?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I'm trying to get out of here. Go ahead.
SENATOR SHORT: Move favorable report.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I've got a good committee. Okay. We have a motion from Senator Short for a favorable report on all the candidates.
MR. BREELAND: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Second, Mr. Breeland. All in favor, say aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
SENATOR SHORT: Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes.
SENATOR SHORT: Perhaps ask if Mr. Brimmer is still not present, that one candidate that was not screened.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Brimmer was not -- we'll call his name again. Mr. Brimmer?
UNIDENTIFIED AUDIENCE MEMBER: I don't think he's here, Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: We will notify him, and he will come to the second screening. If he fails to come then, we will reopen his seat. Let's see, we go to the Medical University; that's where we're going. Six congressional districts, three each from the medical and non-medical professions. And the First District, non-medical, Mr. Melvyn Berlinsky; he is being challenged by George Tempel. In the Second District, non-medical, Mr. William H. Bingham, Sr.; Third District, non-medical, Mr. Charles W. Shulze. And the Fourth District, medical, Dr. Charles B. Thomas, Jr.; Fifth District, medical, Dr. Cotesworth P. Fishburne, Jr.; and the Sixth Congressional District, Dr. E. Conyers O'Bryan, Jr. And we'll start out with the First District, non-medical, Mr. Melvyn Berlinsky. Good morning, sir. Afternoon. Please raise your right hand. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. BERLINSKY: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. BERLINSKY: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. BERLINSKY: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. BERLINSKY: Do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Go ahead, sir, with a short statement.
MR. BERLINSKY: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It's been my privilege to be on the Board of Trustees of the Medical University for the past 37 years. And I've been honored to be reelected a number of times. And I just want to continue to serve the people of the state and the Medical University to the best of my ability. And if there are any questions, I'll be happy to take them and try to answer them.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions for Mr. Berlinsky? None. Thank you, sir. Mr. Templeton? Tempel; I'm sorry. Mr. George Tempel. Sir, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. TEMPEL: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. TEMPEL: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. TEMPEL: There is none.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. TEMPEL: I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Go ahead with a short statement, sir.
MR. TEMPEL: My name is George Tempel, and I want to begin by thanking y'all for your service to the state and to the institutions of higher ed. I've been a member of the MUSC family for 30 years, coming there in 1978, attracted by the people there and the direction that it was taking. I've taught generations of medical doctors, generations of dentists, pharmacists and other healthcare professions. Did research in the area of cardiovascular physiology for a number of years. When I became aware of the position, I was excited. I'm passionate about continuing to be able to serve the Medical University. I appreciate your consideration.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. Tempel? None. Mr. Tempel, Mr. Berlinsky, at this time I would inform you that we're asking for the Attorney General's opinion whether or not Mr. Charlie Appleby would become a candidate for this position you're seeking. And it will depend on the Attorney General's opinion of whether he would be allowed to enter that at that proper time. I wanted to make you aware of that in case we determine whether his application was proper and on time, and does meet the residents requirements which will be asked to be approved. And I just wanted to make you aware if anything should come of that, you know, while we're doing that. And thank you very much.
UNIDENTIFIED AUDIENCE MEMBER: Mr. Chairman, that's for the Sixth Congressional District, not the First.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Oh, okay. Okay. I thought it was that one.
UNIDENTIFIED AUDIENCE MEMBER: Uh-uh.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Sixth?
UNIDENTIFIED AUDIENCE MEMBER: No. First.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I thought it was the First, sir.
UNIDENTIFIED AUDIENCE MEMBER: You are correct and I am incorrect. I apologize.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Well, that's all right. I've made a lot of mistakes here today, but thank you. I'm just saying it's Mr. Berlinsky's seat. That's the reason I wanted to stop and call to your attention -- let all of you know if his application is proper, then we'd have to let him in. But we're asking for an opinion on that. The committee does not have an opinion. Okay. All right. Going back to the Second District, non-medical, Mr. Bingham. Mr. William H. Bingham, Sr. Now don't y'all blame him for Kenny. Mr. Bingham, please. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. BINGHAM: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. BINGHAM: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. BINGHAM: Not a conflict.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. BINGHAM: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Thank you, sir. Go ahead.
MR. BINGHAM: I'd like to thank the board and representatives and senators allowed me to serve for the past six years. I've been involved in the planning of the building program at MUSC, and chairman of the Facility Committee for the past four. I've never missed a meeting since I've been there; no committee meetings or board member meetings. And I would appreciate the opportunity to serve for another four years.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any questions for Mr. Bingham? None. Thank you. Okay. Third District, non-medical, Mr. Charles W. Shulze. Am I pronouncing that right?
MR. SHULZE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Go ahead, sir. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. SHULZE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. SHULZE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. SHULZE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. SHULZE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you for a short statement.
MR. SHULZE: Thank you, sir. Mr. Chairman, fellow Screen Committee members, I've completed my sixth year on the Board of Trustees at the Medical University of South Carolina. I've been chairman of the Finance and Administration Committee for five years. I believe my 32 years of business experience and 31 years of being a CPA is beneficial to the board, and I appreciate your support.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. Shulze? No questions. Thank you, sir. Okay. Fourth District, medical is Dr. Charles B. Thomas Jr. Can you raise your right hand? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
DR. THOMAS: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right. I'm going to refer you to somebody. Thank you, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
DR. THOMAS: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
DR. THOMAS: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Go ahead.
DR. THOMAS: My name is Charles Thomas. I'm an orthopedic surgeon from Greenville, South Carolina. Current chairman of the board of the Medical University. These are exciting times in Charleston. As most of you probably know we just opened the Ashley River Tower 156-bed, state of the art medical facility. I'd like to personally invite all those on the committee to come down and take a personal tour, if you would like to. I would ask with the pleasure of this committee and the pleasure of the General Assembly that I may be allowed to continue in this capacity. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any questions? None. Thank you, sir. Okay. Fifth Congressional, medical, Dr. Coatesworth P. Fishburne, Jr.
DR. FISHBURNE: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
DR. FISHBURNE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
DR. FISHBURNE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
DR. FISHBURNE: No conflicts.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
DR. FISHBURNE: No, sir.
DR. FISHBURNE: My name is Cotie Fishburne. I was born in Walterboro, and I've practiced dentistry in Rock Hill for the last 40 years. When I graduated from Walter College in 1959, we had no dental school in this state and a lot of us from South Carolina had to go 5- or 600 miles to dental school. In my particular case, about 400 miles to Medical College of Virginia. We started dental school in 1968, which was 40 years ago, and we have not had any serious upgrades to our dental school. We're starting a new dental building, as all of you know, which is named after one of our legislators, Governor -- former Governor James B. Edwards, who I believe was also a senator at one time from Charleston County, and we appreciate the support of the General Assembly. And I think that if -- I've served 24 years. I think if I'm allowed to serve another four years, I might be -- since I'm the only licensed dentist on the Board of Trustees, I might be able to be of service, and I appreciate your confidence. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any questions of Dr. Fishburne? None. Thank you. Okay. Dr. Conyers O'Bryan, Jr., Sixth Congressional, medical. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
DR. O'BRYAN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
DR. O'BRYAN: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
DR. O'BRYAN: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
DR. O'BRYAN: No, I do not.
DR. O'BRYAN: I've served on the board since 1976. Chairman on three occasions mainly trying to control Dr. Fishburne.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Need to turn him over to Walt McLeod.
DR. O'BRYAN: I'm a current professor of cardiology MUSC and the University of South Carolina; taught for 43 years. I appreciate your consideration.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Dr. O'Bryan's been here longer than I have, and that's a long time. What's the pleasure of the committee?
MR. BREELAND: Move approval.
MR. ALEXANDER: And second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Floyd Breeland moved to approve and seconded by Senator Alexander. All in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All unopposed. Thank you Medical University Board membership. Okay. We're going to go to South Carolina State. Let's see, if it pleases the committee, I'd like to take Wil Lou Gray Opportunity School and Winthrop University next. No opposition; I think we'll breeze through that. I think South Carolina State is going to be by the number of people -- what is the pleasure of the committee to take that out of order?
Senator Alexander: If you're going to do that, I think you should extend the same courtesy to the University of South Carolina.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Yes. I was going to go back and then do South Carolina State. I was going to do the short ones first, then go back to the University of South Carolina, since there's no opposition. What is the pleasure of the committee?
Did anybody move we take them out of order?
REPRESENTATIVE LITTLEJOHN: That will be fine with me.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Littlejohn moved that we take it -- go out of order, by virtue of it being a short list. Ms. Brady, second. And all in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any opposed? Okay. We'll go and we'll take Wil Lou Gray first. Three seats at-large, Bryan England, Frankie Newman and Doris Adams. Mr. England, will you step forward, please? Mr. England will you give us a very short statement because you are unopposed and you've done a great job. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. ENGLAND: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. ENGLAND: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. ENGLAND: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. ENGLAND: No, sir.
MR. ENGLAND: Thank you. Mr. Chairman, I appreciate the opportunity to be here. I have served on the Wil Lou Gray Board since 2000. I think Wil Lou Gray is a real treasure for this state because we offer the second opportunity for so many of our young people who have gotten in trouble and need new direction. I look forward to serving again, if I am so elected. And I appreciate the opportunity.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. England? Thank you, sir. Okay. Mr. Frankie Newman. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. NEWMAN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. NEWMAN: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. NEWMAN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. NEWMAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Go ahead with a very short statement.
MS. NEWMAN: Mr. Chairman and members of the board, I really do appreciate the opportunity. Again, if you would let me serve on the Board of Trustees of Wil Lou Gray. I have been in education all of my life and have had the unique opportunity of training under Dr. Gray when I was a young lady. I did her training and served the Girls Industrial School along with the State penitentiary. I think that's kind of a unique thing that I'm proud of. I, like Mr. England, I really believe in our school because it serves a segment of our population that needs serving, because they're doing their second time around. And we've just been very successful in that. Thank you for your support.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Ms. Newman? None. Thank you, ma'am. Okay, we get to Doris Adams. Ms. Adams. Please raise your right hand, Ms. Adams. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much and make a short statement.
MS. ADAMS: All right. I'm fired up and ready to go. This will be my first time serving on the board. And I'm truly interested in serving on the board, the Wil Lou Gray Opportunity Board because of my experiences and background as a professional educator. As a educator, I am well aware of the importance of providing our young people with the tools to guide them down the road to success. I think Wil Lou Gray's motto says it all, "Why Stop Learning?" The school is available for our young people to continue on the path to become positive, contributors to our society, and that is the ultimate goal for all of our children. By serving on the board, it will provide to me the opportunity to continue to assist in young people in reaching their potential in a positive way. And I thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you very much, Ms. Adams. Any questions? None. What is the pleasure of the committee?
REPRESENTATIVE LITTLEJOHN: Move for approval.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Moved for approval.
SENATOR SHORT: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Representative Littlejohn moves to approve. Second, Senator Short. All in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Unanimous. Thank you very much. Winthrop University. Winthrop University, two seats. Two congressional districts, one at-large. Second District, Seat 2, Donna G. Tinsley. Who had to leave and will come back and screen for the next screening. Sixth District, Seat 6 is Carl A. Folkens.
MR. FOLKENS: That's correct.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: And Mr. Folkens, are you ready? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. FOLKENS: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. FOLKENS: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. FOLKENS: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. FOLKENS: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Short statement.
MR. FOLKENS: I am currently the board chair, serving the last three years in that capacity, but before that I served three years as vice chair. I have 24 years experience of volunteering. I have experience with the Winthrop community and I look forward to the opportunity to serve another term.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: All right. Any questions of Mr. Folkens? None. At-large seat, Connie M. Long. Ms. Long, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. LONG: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. LONG: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. LONG: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. LONG: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, ma'am.
MS. LONG: I'm Dr. Connie M. Long, and I have a vested interest in Winthrop University. I'm a three-time graduate from Winthrop. I earned my Bachelor of Science degree, my Master of Education degree and my Educational Specialist degree, all from Winthrop. And I have a doctorate degree from Southeastern University. As a student, I worked under the tutelage as a -- with one of your respected House Members, Dr. Bessie Moody-Lawrence. And served as a teacher -- elementary and middle school teacher, principal, assistant principal and State Department of Education coordinator and director for several years. Currently, I'm an assistant superintendent in Kershaw County schools. I believe that I need to be given a chance to run for this position so that I can sort of give back and serve Winthrop as it has served me in the past.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions? None. Thank you, ma'am. Mr. Robert Thompson. Robert L. Thompson, Seat 8, at-large. Mr. Thompson, would you raise your right hand? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. THOMPSON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. THOMPSON: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. THOMPSON: I'm retired from Springs Industries; no conflict. I am currently a designee of the Superintendent of Education, ex officio State Tech Board. I've had conversation with Dr. Rex and he said, "He's going to have to find another designee if I'm successful with this."
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. THOMPSON: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: If you would, just give us a quick statement.
DR. THOMAS: Yes, sir. I previously served on Winthrop's board for nearly 13 years, three of those as chair. I was appointed -- in my second year as chair with Winthrop Foundation, Governor Campbell appointed me to an unexpired term. I subsequently ran and was elected to two full terms, six-year terms. I did not offer reelection in 2006. I certainly believe in Winthrop's qualitative vision of a mission grounded in excellence, nationally accredited program, focus on undergraduate teaching, learning leadership and service. I have personally committed a high degree of my time and resources to the University's success over two decades, and continue to do. My wife and I endowed a fund for collaborative faculty student research. I have served on various task forces on behalf of the University as both a board member, as a consultant, and as a volunteer. I think I bring to Winthrop's Board broad knowledge and understanding of the University, the state, and its people. As you can see from my letter, I have served in many capacities. I have chaired legislative audit counsel, on the state chamber board, and various local offices. And I ask for the opportunity to continue serving Winthrop.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Questions for Mr. Thompson? None. Thank you. What is the pleasure of the committee?
SENATOR SHORT: Move favorable report.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Senator Short move favorable. Second --
REPRESENTATIVE BREELAND: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- by Mr. Breeland. All in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: That is unanimous. Thank you. Okay. University of South Carolina, eight Judicial circuits. They are -- Second Circuit is Miles Loadholt, and Fourth Circuit is Eugene P. Warr; Sixth Circuit, Mr. James Bradley; and Eighth Circuit, Mr. Herbert C. Adams; and Tenth Circuit, Chuck Allen; and Fourteenth Circuit, William W. Jones, Jr.; and Fifteenth Circuit, Mr. Wayne Staton, and -- okay, James Wiseman has withdrawn. And we have J. Egerton Burroughs, and Phyllis Nye. In the Sixteenth Circuit, Mr. Sam Foster.
Mr. Loadholt, will you come to the stand? Raise your right hand, sir. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. LOADHOLT: Not that I'm aware of.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Short statement.
MR. LOADHOLT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I graduated from undergrad school, University of South Carolina, and also finished law school at the University. I have had the opportunity to serve on the Board of Trustees the last 12 years. I have served on numerous committees. I regularly attend the committee meetings, as well as the board meetings. And I currently serve as vice president -- vice chairman of the board. It is my pleasure to serve on the last Presidential Selection Committee, and I currently serve on the present Presidential Selection Committee. It would be a honor to serve the University of South Carolina on the Board for an additional term.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Any questions? None, sir. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Warr. Eugene P. Warr, Fourth Circuit.
MR. WARR: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. WARR: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. WARR: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. WARR: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. WARR: No such problems, Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Very short statement.
MR. WARR: Thank you, sir. Mr. Chairman, I've been on the board at USC since May of 2003. I have served on the Fiscal Policy Committee, which I am now chairman of, and on the Buildings and Grounds Committee. The job as trustee has been a little more work than I thought, but obviously it's not too bad because I am back, asking to serve again another four years. I do the best that I can. I am conscientious about attending meetings and keeping up with things that I think I need to keep up with to make informed decisions.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions for Mr. Warr? None. Thank you, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Sixth Congressional District, Mr. James Bradley. Mr. James Bradley went to USC. Come on around, Mr. Bradley. Mr. Bradley has been here longer than me. Sir, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I know you don't have any conflicts. I know you don't have any health problems. I know that you are a good man and you want to serve on the Clemson -- Carolina Board. Go ahead, sir.
MR. BRADLEY: Thank you very much. I appreciate the opportunity to come back before this committee again. I've had the pleasure of serving on the board for 28 years in various positions on the committees. And I guess the primary area that my work is involved in is in the financial area, particularly with matters such as budgeting and borrowing. I appreciate very much the opportunity of coming before this board again.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: My memory is short, Mr. Bradley. I've beat you too. I've been here 30. Thank you, sir. Any questions for Mr. Bradley?
MR. BRADLEY: Thank you. I have no health problems that I am aware of. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Any questions of Mr. Bradley? None. Thank you. Thank you, sir. Mr. Herbert Adams, Eighth Circuit. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Go ahead.
MR. ADAMS: I have served on the board since 1984. It's been my pleasure. During the time, I've had three daughters graduate from the University of South Carolina. Now, I have my oldest grandson as a freshman. It's been a pleasure to serve the State by serving the University. And I look forward to doing so, if you so see fit.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Herbert? None. Thank you, sir. Chuck Allen, Tenth Circuit. Please raise your right hand, Mr. Allen.
MR. ALLEN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. ALLEN: None to my knowledge.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. ALLEN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. ALLEN: No conflicts.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. ALLEN: No.
MR. ALLEN: Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I'm a first-time candidate for the Tenth Judicial Circuit. I live in Anderson, married, have three children, practice law in Anderson. Received my degrees from the University. In 1982, a bachelors degree; in 1985, a law degree. I will be brief this morning and simply say to you that I appreciate your due consideration in this endeavor. And it was an honor and a privilege to serve the University of South Carolina.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, Mr. Allen. Any questions for Mr. Allen? None. Thank you. Mr. Jones. Mr. William W. Jones, I'm sorry. Mr. Jones, please raise your right hand. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. JONES: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. JONES: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. JONES: No conflicts.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. JONES: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Short statement.
MR. JONES: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Last time I had the privilege of addressing this committee, I was running for the first time for the Board of Trustees at the University of South Carolina for the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit. I have outlined to each of you how I arrived at the point of running, seeking my involvement with the University and my hope of being able to have my skills enhance the ongoing efforts of the University during the upcoming four years. During the last four years, I've realized an enormous task the Board of Trustees has at setting policies for the state's flagship University and its endeavors to maintain a balance between educating young South Carolinians and at the same time, raising the standards of the University to be able to compete for the brightest young people who will mold our state and nation's future. I have found that this is not an easy task. Nonetheless, it is a task we must achieve if we are going to fulfill our responsibilities to the people of South Carolina and here in the South Carolina legislature. I share your concern with the outgrowing cost of tuition. It is my belief that the administration also understands the University must be affordable to young, qualified South Carolinians and we must conduct our business, set our goals, and understand our limitations, accordingly. University of South Carolina is a dynamic institution. It must keep moving forward by undertaking new challenges and worthwhile purposes, but we can never lose sight of our foremost goal of educating South Carolinians for the purpose of promoting economic prosperity and the well-being of the people of our state. It has been my extreme pleasure to serve on the USC Board during the past four years, and I will respectfully request your re-qualification in order that I might be allowed to serve the University for an additional term.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions? No questions. Thank you, sir. Okay. Mr. Wayne Staton. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. STATON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. STATON: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. STATON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. STATON: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Go ahead with a short
statement.
MR. STATON: It has been my privilege to serve on the University of South Carolina Board of Trustees for the past 12 years and work for what's in the best interest of the University, it's students and its families. And I look very much forward, and want very much to continue in that role.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. Staton? None. Thank you, sir. Okay. And Mr. Wiseman has withdrawn. And that brings up Mr. Egerton Burroughs. Please raise your right hand, sir. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. BURROUGHS: No, sir, Mr. Chairman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. BURROUGHS: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. BURROUGHS: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. BURROUGHS: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None. Thank you, sir.
MR. BURROUGHS: Thank you. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I want to thank you for the opportunity to be here before you today. I am a candidate for the Fifteenth Judicial area for USC Trusteeship. I'm from Georgetown County; I live in Murrells Inlet. I think I'm a good person to be considered for a candidate at this time in the University's history, due to my experience with bringing large projects in on time and on budget. Land planning and the business aspects particularly of the University and hopefully can be of benefit to the school in its time of change. I'm very respectful of the right for South Carolinians to have a great school to go to. The tuition costs, I think, need to be looked at carefully. And we're spending the taxpayer's money in the state of South Carolina. We as trustees represent the citizens and the General Assembly, and I will try to be a good steward of the state's money. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. Burroughs? No questions. Thank you.
MR. BURROUGHS: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Mrs. Phyllis Nye. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. NYE: None to my knowledge.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. NYE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. NYE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. NYE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Go ahead, ma'am.
MS. NYE: I wish to serve as a USC Trustee, and I would like to thank all of you for that opportunity. I have two degrees from USC: One in 1977; the other in 1980. I have been an educator in the State of South Carolina for 30 years. I feel that I have a vested interest in the State of South Carolina in its education. I think that USC serves as a major factor in educating the young people of our state. I feel we must strive to attract our young people to stay in South Carolina and to remain here after they're educated because that's a boom for our state. We need to keep our bright young people here. I feel that now I have a time to serve. I'd like to be on this board for a time to give back. I have a daughter currently at USC and hopefully she will graduate in August. My husband is also a USC graduate, so we are very close to USC. Again, I thank you for this opportunity to serve. I feel that my 30 years as an educator in the State of South Carolina certainly gives me the experience and the confidence to serve on this board. Thank you for the opportunity.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Ms. Nye? None. Thank you, ma'am. Sixteenth Circuit, Sam Foster, III. You're not going to believe it but Sam used to be my page. Sam, good afternoon.
MR. FOSTER: Good afternoon.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. FOSTER: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. FOSTER: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. FOSTER: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. FOSTER: No, sir.
MR. FOSTER: It has been my privilege, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, to serve on the University of South Carolina Board since 1984. I've served on all standing committees on the board, including the Executive Committee and as Chairman of the Health Affairs, Athletics Committee and the Student Trustee Liaison Committee. I am privileged to serve this University and to be there. But I also have an older son. My oldest son is a sophomore at the University. If you see to it, I have another opportunity to serve, I can watch him graduate in two years. So it's been -- it's a tremendous experience to serve the University of South Carolina, and I'll entertain any questions.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Sam? None. Thank you very much. What is the favor pleasure of the committee?
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Ms. Brady moves to approve. Second by Mr. Breeland.
REPRESENTATIVE BREELAND: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: And all in favor, signify by saying aye.
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any oppose? The ayes have it. Thank you. All right. I thank all of you. We're going to South Carolina State, three seats at-large. At-large, Seat 7, expires 2010. All for that seat is Dianne Talley, Ben Spearman, Bryan S. Jeffries, Rico Montell Snell, Leslie McIver, Sr., and Robert M. Nance. At-large, Seat 11, Mr. Walter L. Tobin. At-large, Seat 12, Sky Foster, and Lancelot D. Wright, and Ronald Henagan. At this time we'll ask Mrs. Talley, for the unexpired term; it expires in 2010. Ms. Talley, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. TALLEY: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. TALLEY: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. TALLEY: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. TALLEY: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, ma'am. Short statement.
MS. TALLEY: I'm a graduate of South Carolina State, and I want to thank you for having me and giving me the opportunity to stand before you to seek this seat. I was honored when I was asked to apply to this seat, so it gave me an opportunity to get back with my alma mater and serve them. I have 20 years in education, and 20 years -- five years of those I taught, and 12 years I've been administration; three years I've been on the college level. And it's given me an opportunity to understand and to know the workings of school, from the public schools to the college level of education. And also, my husband is a graduate from South Carolina State college, and I would love to serve on South Carolina State college board. The thing that I love about State, ever since 1896, it has had a strong history of producing great young people. The academics there is great; it's a strong academic program; the staff there is good. And I would love to be able to help to maintain and improve the finances, the academics, the administration and the communication as it relates to South Carolina State with the community and the students, and so forth and so on, to make it even better. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions from any committee members? Any questions? Ms. Talley, you said that you were asked to run? Were you asked to run by outside employees, from legislators or -- who asked you to become a candidate?
MS. TALLEY: I had a friend of mine that knew that I had an interest in becoming a candidate some time ago, and I told them if the opportunity ever presented itself, I'd probably -- I would like to run, so --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Uh-huh. Are you familiar with the duties and the Board of Trustees at the University?
MS. TALLEY: Yes, I am.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You're familiar.
MS. TALLEY: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: What could you bring to the table as far as -- as you know South Carolina's had trouble with funding for a number of years. In terms of fund-raisers or anything of that nature, do you have any ideas on how to generate some new revenue from the outside for the University, rather than taxpayers dollars?
MS. TALLEY: Well, I think if we communicate well with the businesses in the area, and also attend the meetings which you guys have, and make certain that we keep you abreast of the things that we needed to do, the programs that we need in order to meet our mission in our programs at the school, I think that would help.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Are you aware that the last 15 years, there have been five new presidents --
MS. TALLEY: Yes, I am.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- at South Carolina State University?
MS. TALLEY: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Are you aware that the University is now being looked at for re-certification?
MS. TALLEY: Yes, I am.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any other questions? Thank you, ma'am. Okay. Mr. Ben Spearman.
MR. SPEARMAN: Good afternoon. Hope everybody's doing well. My name's L.B. Spearman and I --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Spearman, would you please raise your right hand, sir?
MR. SPEARMAN: I'm sorry.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. SPEARMAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. SPEARMAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. SPEARMAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. SPEARMAN: No, sir, I don't.
MR. SPEARMAN: My name is L. B. Spearman. I reside in North, South Carolina. South Carolina State is a university that's endowed with a very unique opportunity. Seen a lot of development in the Orangeburg, Santee and other areas. I think that university can become a major player there, provide the leadership and guidance to allow the whole area to grow. I wanted to serve at South Carolina State University because I feel like it is a university that fills a major void in South Carolina. You have Clemson in the Upstate that's doing major research in an area and in the mode of technology. And then you've got South Carolina State that's a major leader in transportation planning, and also in training in that area of South Carolina.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any question from any committee members? Were you influenced by any outside board or lawmakers in South Carolina to run?
MR. SPEARMAN: No, sir, I was not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Was not. Are you familiar with the trustees, the operation of South Carolina State?
MR. SPEARMAN: Yes, sir. I reviewed the accountability report that was published in 2000, and in 2007. Went through that report in detail and tried to pinpoint the very many strengths of South Carolina State.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Are you familiar with the turnover of presidents --
MR. SPEARMAN: Yes, sir. I --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- of South Carolina State University?
MR. SPEARMAN: Familiar to the news media, but not personally.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You are not a graduate of South Carolina State.
MR. SPEARMAN: No, sir. I registered there and was going to attend in an engineering technology course, but my job plans change and I did not attend. My wife has done a good bit of graduate work there at South Carolina State.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any other questions? Mr. Breeland.
REPRESENTATIVE BREELAND: What is your occupation?
MR. SPEARMAN: I work in telecommunications. I've been in telecommunications about 25 years, and I'm vice president and CRO of the company.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any other questions? Thank you, sir.
MR. SPEARMAN: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Jeffries. Bryan --
MR. JEFFRIES: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- Jeffries. Raise your right hand, Mr. Jeffries. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. JEFFRIES: I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. JEFFRIES: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. JEFFRIES: I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. JEFFRIES: I do not.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Go ahead.
MR. JEFFRIES: Good afternoon. My name is Bryan Jeffries, also commonly known as "BJ" for my friends and family. I understand the value of brevity, especially at the lunch hour. I will tell the committee that I am an attorney. I'm a sole practitioner in the Jeffries Law Firm in Orangeburg, however, I'm originally from here in Columbia. I attended the University of South Carolina, and University of South Carolina School of Law. Moved to Orangeburg, been there approximately three years. I do have board experience and student-participatory boards, governmental boards here in Richland County, and a board for non-profit in Orangeburg. My background is mainly in the law and legal education. I think what I bring to the -- what I will bring to the Board of Trustees is what I believe is my strength is communication, as well as conflict resolution. That's what my background experience has given me. I believe I can also provide a fresh perspective. And as an attorney, I would obviously -- my job is to advocate and I'd like to advocate for South Carolina State University during this critical time in its history.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions from any committee member? Thank you, sir.
MR. JEFFRIES: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Rico Montell Snell. Mr. Snell, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. SNELL: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. SNELL: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. SNELL: No conflicts.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. SNELL: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Go ahead with a short statement, sir.
MR. SNELL: Good afternoon. My name is Rico Snell. I am a native of Orangeburg, South Carolina, and currently a resident of Richland County. I consider it a privilege and an honor to express my interest in the at-large, Seat 7, for South Carolina State University. With over 15 years of corporate banking experiencing, leading and developing people, it is time to create a new legacy of South Carolina State. Serving the state in this capacity, I will consider it to be a great honor and a privilege. Given my passion for State, my proven leadership, accountability, structure and other attributes to preserve the legacy of State, I will welcome the opportunity to serve my hometown in this capacity. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Any questions? Thank you very much. Thank you. Okay. Leslie McIver, Sr. Okay, sir. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. MCIVER: Not that I know.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. MCIVER: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. MCIVER: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. MCIVER: I have been a long-time member of Waccamaw Regional, COG, Council of Government.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: No, that would not. Not would not -- go ahead, sir.
MR. MCIVER: I am Leslie McIver. I'd be glad to supply you with a list of boards that I currently serve on. Educationally, I think I bring the plethora diversity to this particular board. My experience is, I have been an educator for 40 years, education and administration and with the South Carolina Governors School for the Arts. I have served on councils for 12 years in Conway, run for the House. And religious, I am an active clergyman. I don't mind calling a point of order in praying. The community, we need to build consensus. We have a large group of graduates on the coast, Myrtle Beach coastal region, and I consider myself a consensus vendor. I have had five of my six brothers to matriculate at South Carolina State, plus a wife who received an advance degree. It's a privilege to be before you and I look forward to serving. Most of the information I have come to know about the board is with brother attorney who is in Conway and discuss the ups and downs of the University at all times.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. McIver? Mr. McIver, how did you become aware of a seat being vacant?
MR. MCIVER: My brother keeps an active, close view on South Carolina State, and we talk quite a bit. So that was the avenue.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. And any other questions from anybody? No. Thank you, sir.
MR. MCIVER: Thank you very much.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Robert M. Nance. Mr. Nance, will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. NANCE: I can't see; I can't hear; I have two bad shoulders and a broken back, but I'm good from the waste down.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. NANCE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. NANCE: No, sir. I'm in government. I'm not a businessman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. NANCE: No, Mr. Chairman.
MR. NANCE: Thank you Mr. Chairman and members of the committee. And a thank you to you, Ms. Derrick, for your assistance in this process. The University is a place that I hold dear in my heart. My father, Maceo Nance served the University for 37 years, 19 of those years as president. My grandfather served as business manager for 24 years. My mother, my brother and myself all grew up on the college campus. We have a love for the institution that goes a long way. I am currently employed as District Director for Congressman Jim Clyburn. I have been employed in that position for the last 15 years. Due to that position, I've been able to work closely with the school, bringing infrastructure projects, working on the engineering program, working on the University Transportation Center, working on the archives, the history of building, working to bring not only infrastructure, but also funds to the school. I work very closely with two major fund-raisers that brought in 1.7 million dollars to the University towards the endowed chair for archives and history. My past experience is indicative of my future performance as a board trustee, member of South Carolina State. I believe I have the knowledge and experience to begin work immediately to ensure the University's success and stability for the future. I appreciate your consideration for my candidacy for this position. And at this time, I will try to answer any questions you may have.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you work in Washington? Or where do you work out of?
MR. NANCE: I'm able to work here in South Carolina running district offices for the Congressman.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you occasionally go to Washington?
MR. NANCE: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Would that not -- your job would not be a hindrance to attending board meetings --
MR. NANCE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- and other community meetings?
MR. NANCE: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: No staff meetings?
MR. NANCE: I don't think it would.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Sir, were you influenced to run from the outside, by a legislator, or people in government? Or how did you decide to participate here today?
MR. NANCE: My wife. I would call it an outside influence, but I had a lot of support and interest from my family to run. I had a lot of friends to call on me and I had a lot of members from the Alumni Association and people in the community, they asked me would I serve.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I see that you have been active in fund-raising already. Do you -- I mean, you are well aware, since your father left -- he was president when I first came here. We've had five turnovers in presidents. Can you tell us anything about why you think that happens?
MR. NANCE: Well, I can tell you in the first 90 years of the school existence 1896 to 1986, there were five presidents. In the last 21 years, we've had four presidents, and we are now poised to hire a fifth president. There is definitely a lack of stability. You cannot run an institution with those kind of changes. There are a lot of reasons as to why there is a lack of stability there. I would like to serve on the board to try to bring stability and bring some sound judgment and visionary leadership for the future.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Don't you think that those changes of presidents be one thing that may be -- certified, re-certified the school?
MR. NANCE: Oh, I agree. I think we've had too much turnover in the office of the presidency. And assess accreditation and we will take a look at that, and I hope that we weren't harmed by that.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Are you willing, if you were elected, to have the University audited?
MR. NANCE: I have no problem with an audit.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. Any other questions.
REPRESENTATIVE BRADY: I have one question.
REPRESENTATIVE BRADY: Just to clarify, does your wife work at South Carolina State?
MR. NANCE: No, ma'am, she does not. She's employed by the University of South Carolina.
REPRESENTATIVE BRADY: Okay. Yes -- I was just looking --
MR. NANCE: She was employed last year.
MR. NANCE: But she is no longer --
REPRESENTATIVE BRADY: But she is no longer employed there.
MR. NANCE: Yes, ma'am.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any other questions for Mr. Nance? Nothing. Thank you, sir.
MR. NANCE: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Mr. Walt Tobin, Seat 11. Mr. Tobin, would you raise your right hand, sir. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. TOBIN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. TOBIN: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. TOBIN: None, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. TOBIN: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You may make your statement, sir.
MR. TOBIN: My name is Walter Tobin, and I'm a graduate of South Carolina State University Alumni. Long time -- a life-long resident of South Carolina. I'm a retired school administrator. I have more than 38 years of experience as an administrator. My daughter is a graduate of South Carolina State as well. My daughter has a -- my wife has a master's degree, and my son took two courses to finish his work in another institution. I've had a continuous relationship with the University since my graduation, both from personal, financial and support of personal contributions. I fully support the institution in a variety of ways. Four of us, seven years ago, took about six months and reorganized the athletic booster program and that increased within about ten-fold the athletic program. I lived in Orangeburg for eight years. I served as superintendent in Orangeburg for eight years, so I saw the University up close. I know some of its issues and some of its needs, and some of its assets. I want to, as a board member, to continue to enhance the vision of the University through my experience. Washington Weekly identified South Carolina State University on two occasions for transforming young people to productive citizens in South Carolina, and I'm a prime example of that. I'm a country boy who grew up in Blackville, South Carolina, five miles out of Blackville, and three miles down that dirt road. So, the experience of South Carolina State University was a transforming experience, and provided me with the opportunity for a fairly decent career. This an opportunity for Walter Tobin to give back. The University's been very good to me, and I ask the board for -- the committee for its favorable consideration of my candidacy for the board seat.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions of Mr. Tobin? Mr. Tobin, can you kind of give us a synopsis of what's happening at South Carolina State. We keep changing presidents, and you keep something going all the time?
MS. DERRICK: He's not on the board.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I thought you was on the board.
MS. DERRICK: He's running unopposed.
MR. TOBIN: I'll try to answer it, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: He's not a board member? I thought he --
MS. DERRICK: No, no.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. You're just trying to fill -- you're not the one I want to get a hold of.
MR. TOBIN: I'm happy about that.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I just need some clarification for what's going on at South Carolina State. Thank you. It seemed like you might know something.
MR. TOBIN: Look forward to it, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Okay. All right. It's a long day. At-large, Seat 12 now, we have Sky Foster. Sky is the incumbent. Sky, will you raise your right hand, ma'am? Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MS. FOSTER: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MS. FOSTER: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MS. FOSTER: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MS. FOSTER: No.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. Thank you.
MS. FOSTER: Thank you very much. Again, I'm Sky Foster. And I'm currently employed at BMW Manufacturing in Greenville, South Carolina as manager for recruiting, payroll, compensation, working structures. I'm an alumna of South Carolina State College, and I'm currently a member of the Board of Trustees, and I serve as vice chair of the Institution of Advancement, Marketing, Public Relations and Fund-Raising Committee. I have 25 years of business and industry experience that has prepared me for appropriate insights. And my goal is to dedicate the success of South Carolina State University. So therefore, I offer myself to continue to serve in a position of trust and honor on the Board of South Carolina State University, and I'd like to thank you for the opportunity.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions for Sky? Now, Sky you might be able to help me.
MS. FOSTER: Okay. I'll try.
MS. FOSTER: Uh-huh.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: And you're a member of the board there. Can you shed some light on why we keep in the last -- I know you haven't been on there that long.
MS. FOSTER: Right. Nearly a year.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You've been on there how long?
MS. FOSTER: Nearly a year. Almost --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: A year?
MS. FOSTER: -- a year in April.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You haven't had much of a rough and tumble yet.
MS. FOSTER: Not much. It's been rough and tumbly.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: But been on the board, what is the discussion on the board? What is the real turnover that you can feel -- I know you haven't been there -- why do we keep changing presidents at that school?
MS. FOSTER: I'm unaware of the previous decisions for presidents of past. But in each situation, there are accountabilities to every position. And when you look at the facts that are in front of you, you make the appropriate decisions, based on the facts that are in front of you. And any details to that, I can't give those details because I'm unsure of how this might turnout --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Now --
MS. FOSTER: -- legally.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Your job of being -- does BMW have a program in transportation at the University?
MS. FOSTER: Not at the University. What we're going now, we're in collaboration to determine what will be our fund-raising initiatives and partnership between BMW and South Carolina State University. So that is on the horizon; it is coming. We want to make sure it is the path for the University, as well as for the corporation.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Some years ago when I was chairman of the Education Committee, we called for new -- an investigation of the school. Are you willing, as a board member, to ask for an audit of that University at this time?
MS. FOSTER: Yes. Yes. An audit, we would welcome an audit. Let you know whether we're doing things according to the rules that you have in place. So yes, I would welcome an audit.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do y'all talk a lot about re-certification? How turmoil among the board has an effect on getting re-certification back?
MS. FOSTER: The re-certification we feel that the board that the schools are in place and they have proper direction and can also pass that SAC certification.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Are you still in favor of putting a lobbyist before the House of the University?
MS. FOSTER: I don't --
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: You have a lobbyist, don't you?
MS. FOSTER: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Ed Gibbons?
MS. FOSTER: Yes. It is important that the school is represented in that manner.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Are you going to continue to pay for that employment of a lobbyist at University? Are you still in favor of that?
MS. FOSTER: Yes.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you. Any other questions? That's all. Thank you.
MS. FOSTER: Okay.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Lancelot D. Wright. Mr. Wright.
MR. WRIGHT: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. WRIGHT: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. WRIGHT: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. WRIGHT: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. WRIGHT: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank you, sir. A short statement.
MR. WRIGHT: Yes, sir. Mr. Chairman, Screening Committee, want to thank you for this opportunity. My name is Lancelot Wright. I'm President and CEO of National Direct Home Pharmacy. I employ roughly about 120 South Carolinians. Many of these South Carolinians are graduates of the University of South Carolina State College. I've been in business now for about ten years in that capacity as far as providing mail order prescription drugs and diabetic supplies throughout South Carolina and now we're in 19 other states. It's truly an honor to have the opportunity to run for this Board of Trustees seat for the State of South Carolina State University. As a private businessman, I've built my commercial entities around service, around various and diverse industries, while serving the community overall. My diversity in both business and interactive relationship building throughout the United States and South Carolina will provide a wealth of resources to market the mission of South Carolina State University. The fiduciary responsibility of a board member is clear, and it should not be taken lightly. Therefore, after careful consideration, I have chosen to vie for the position of trustee of this wonderful, historical university, and will make a commitment to work towards the enhancements of its responsibility and mission, while working towards the continued growth and its reputation of higher education at the University of South Carolina State.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any questions from any other members? Sir, were you recruited by any members of the General Assembly to run for this position?
MR. WRIGHT: No, sir. My father-in-law, James Felder.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Would you be willing to ask for an audit of the University if you're elected?
MR. WRIGHT: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any other questions? None. Thank you, sir. Okay, we've got Mr. Ronald Henegan.
MR. HENEGAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Please raise your right hand. Will the information given here today be the truth, nothing but the truth, so help you God?
(Affirmation)
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any health-related problems that the Screening Committee should be made aware of that would prevent you from serving on the board in a full capacity?
MR. HENEGAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Considering your present occupation and other activities, would you be able to attend board meetings on a regular basis?
MR. HENEGAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you have any interests, professionally or personally, that present a conflict of interest because of your service on the board?
MR. HENEGAN: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Do you now hold any public position of honor or trust that, if elected to the board, would cause you to violate the dual office holding clause of the constitution?
MR. HENEGAN: None.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: None. Thank you. Go ahead with a short statement, sir.
MR. HENEGAN: I'm Ronald Henagan; I'm from Bennettsville, South Carolina. I'm a retired educator from the state of South Carolina, as well as the state of North Carolina. I have quite an interest in South Carolina State College. My mother, my brother, my sister -- I'm a graduate of South Carolina State, and my son. So we have quite an interest in the school. I feel like the training that I've received in the past, for the various jobs I've held throughout my career, has enabled me to do a good job helping the State College get back on its feet and to -- I feel that I have served the community well. I believe through the experience, as I said I've had, dealing with budgets, dealing with community, dealing with fiscal responsibility, dealing with facilities and I feel these experience will give me a good opportunity and a good insight into some of the things that might be needed on this board, and I feel that I could be a good ambassador for the school and the community. Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: I will ask you the same questions. Were you recruited by anybody --
MR. HENEGAN: No, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: -- not the General Assembly, okay. Sir, and would you be willing to ask for an audit?
MR. HENEGAN: Yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Are you familiar with the changeover at South Carolina State?
MR. HENEGAN: I'm familiar with what I read in the paper, yes, sir.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Okay. All right. Any other questions? None. Thank you, sir.
MR. HENEGAN: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Thank all of you for offering for South Carolina State. Certainly members of the General Assembly want that school to grow and be a viable institution of South Carolina. There is a need for it, and that's why I ask these questions. I wasn't trying to be hard on you or any other member, but we are concerned from time to time and want to bring it forward. As you know, Jerry Govan's got a bill in the General Assembly now. That's the reason I ask you this question, is to abolish all of you and start all over with another round of trustees or whatever you want to call it. But I just wanted to make you aware of that and that's why I ask some the questions I've asked you. And again, thank you for coming. Thank you for the patience that you've shown here today with all of these people. Now what is the pleasure of the committee?
SENATOR SHORT: Mr. Chairman --
MR. BREELAND: Mr. Chairman --
SENATOR SHORT: -- if I could make a comment before you, make a recommendation.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Ms. Short for a comment.
SENATOR SHORT: Most of the candidates that we've had here today are repeat candidates who have already served on the Board of Trustees and so they've heard me over the years rail about the cost of tuition in South Carolina and about the importance of making sure that we give opportunities to South Carolina students. So since so many of you are new candidates, I just want to make sure that you understand that all of us are very worried about the high rates of tuition in this state, and it's a very real issue, a very real concern, that I hope whoever is elected, will pay attention to and try to address, and make sure that our South Carolina students do have opportunities to attend our public universities. And I just wanted to make sure that you didn't think that we weren't concerned about that, just because we hadn't raised the issue previously. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
REPRESENTATIVE BREELAND: You said it. I move for approval.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Mr. Breeland moves approval of the candidates.
SENATOR SHORT: Second.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Second by Mrs. Short. And all in favor, signify by saying aye
COMMITTEE: Aye.
CHAIRMAN PHILLIPS: Any opposed? None. Unanimous. Thank you very much. And again, a comment on what she just said. I appreciate you serving, willing to serve. And I would ask you, since we are having a lot of trouble on campuses, not only throughout South Carolina, but security is another thing I want you to give some of your attention. I would ask you to keep that in mind. Thank you very much and thanks for coming. Thanks for the court reporter. Thanks to the committee members. That's all I've got.
Findings of Fact
Memorandum
To: Clerk of the House
Clerk of the Senate
Re: Committee Hearings, February 25, 2008
The Committee to Screen Candidates for Boards of Trustees of State Colleges and Universities finds the following candidates for Boards of Trustees qualified. Background reports from the State Law Enforcement Division show no felony charges against any of the candidates.
College of Charleston
Six congressional districts, one at-large
1st District, Seat 2 L. Cherry Daniel
2nd District, Seat 4 G. Lee Mikell
3rd District, Seat 6 J. Philip Bell
4th District, Seat 8 Lawrence R. Miller
5th District, Seat 10 Dwight Johnson
6th District, Seat 12 Marie M. Land
At-Large, Seat 14 James F. Hightower
At-large three seats
two seats Douglas A. Snyder
Glenn D. Addison (to be screened at a
later date)
one seat (expires 2013) Ben Legare
Clemson University
At-large three seats
Louis B. Lynn
William C. Smith, Jr.
Bob Peeler
Lucian Norton, Jr.
Hunter C. Platt
At-large one seat (expires 2010) pending
Coastal Carolina University
One congressional district
2nd District, Seat 4 (expires 2009) Robert Templeton
Walda Wildman
Francis Marion University
Seven congressional districts, one at-large
1st District, Seat 2 Melissa Johnson Emery
2nd District, Seat 4 Gail Ness Richardson
2nd District, Seat 3 (expires 2010) Laura E. Stroman
3rd District, Seat 6 Patricia C. Hartung
4th District, Seat 8 Brad Boles
5th District, Seat 10 George C. McIntyre
6th District, Seat 12 William W. Coleman, Jr.
At-large, Seat 14 Timothy F. Norwood
Lander University
Six congressional districts, one at-large
1st District, Seat 2 Robert Brimmer (screened at a later date)
2nd District, Seat 4 George R. Starnes
3rd District, Seat 6 Linda Dolney
4th District, Seat 8 Jack W. Lawrence
5th District, Seat 10 S. Anne Walker
6th District, Seat 12 Catherine K. Lee
At-large, Seat 14 Ann B. Bowen
Medical University of South Carolina
Six congressional districts (three each from medical and non-medical professions)
1st District, non-medical Melvyn Berlinsky
George Tempel
2nd District, non-medical William H. Bingham, Sr.
3rd District, non-medical Charles W. Shulze
4th District, medical Dr. Charles B. Thomas, Jr.
5th District, medical Dr. Cotesworth P. Fishburne, Jr.
6th District, medical Dr. E. Conyers O'Bryan, Jr.
South Carolina State
At-large three seats
At-large, Seat 7 (expires 2010) Dianne Talley
Ben Spearman
Bryan S. Jeffries
Rico Montell Snell
Leslie McIver, Sr.
Robert M. Nance
At-large, Seat 11 Walter L. Tobin
At-large, Seat 12 Sky Foster
Lancelot D. Wright
Ronald Henagan
University of South Carolina
Eight Judicial circuits
4th Circuit Eugene P. Warr
10thCircuit Chuck Allen
14thCircuit William W. Jones, Jr.
15thCircuit M. Wayne Staton
J. Egerton Burroughs
Phyllis Nye
16thCircuit Sam R. Foster, II
Wil Lou Gray Opportunity School
At-large three seats
Bryan England
M. "Frankie" Newman
Winthrop University
Two Congressional Districts, one at-large
2nd District, Seat 2 Donna G. Tinsley (screened at a later
date)
6th District, Seat 6 Karl A. Folkens
At-large, Seat 8 Connie M. Long
Robert L. Thompson
Respectfully submitted,
Rep. Olin Phillips, Chm. Sen. Thomas Alexander
Rep. Lanny F. Littlejohn Sen. Linda Short
Rep. Joan Brady Sen. Jake Knotts
Rep. Floyd Breeland Sen. Harvey S. Peeler, Jr.
| 2015-07-01T05:07:03 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10358449-experimental-studies-astrophysical-reactions-low-energy-ri-beam-separator-crib
|
Experimental studies on astrophysical reactions at the low-energy RI beam separator CRIB
Experimental studies on astrophysical reactions involving radioactive isotopes (RI) often accompany technical challenges. Studies on such nuclear reactions have been conducted at the low-energy RI beam separator CRIB, operated by Center for Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo. We discuss two cases of astrophysical reaction studies at CRIB; one is for the 7 Be+ n reactions which may affect the primordial 7 Li abundance in the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis, and the other is for the 22 Mg( α , p ) reaction relevantin X-raybursts.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Editors:
; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10358449
Journal Name:
EPJ Web of Conferences
Volume:
260
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
03003
ISSN:
2100-014X
4. Abstract The cosmic evolution of the chemical elements from the Big Bang to the present time is driven by nuclear fusion reactions inside stars and stellar explosions. A cycle of matter recurrently re-processes metal-enriched stellar ejecta into the next generation of stars. The study of cosmic nucleosynthesis and this matter cycle requires the understanding of the physics of nuclear reactions, of the conditions at which the nuclear reactions are activated inside the stars and stellar explosions, of the stellar ejection mechanisms through winds and explosions, and of the transport of the ejecta towards the next cycle, from hot plasma to cold, star-forming gas. Due to the long timescales of stellar evolution, and because of the infrequent occurrence of stellar explosions, observational studies are challenging, as they have biases in time and space as well as different sensitivities related to the various astronomical methods. Here, we describe in detail the astrophysical and nuclear-physical processes involved in creating two radioactive isotopes useful in such studies, $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ and $^{60}\mathrm{Fe}$ . Due to their radioactive lifetime of the order of a million years, these isotopes are suitable to characterise simultaneously the processes of nuclear fusion reactions and of interstellar transport. We describe and discussmore »
| 2023-02-02T02:22:02 |
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|
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/financial-stability/macroprudential-bulletin/html/ecb.mpbu201804_01.en.html
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# Using large exposure data to gauge the systemic importance of SSM significant institutions
Prepared by Giovanni Covi, Christoffer Kok and Barbara Meller
This article presents stylised facts from the euro area network of large exposures and derives model-based interconnectedness measures of SSM significant institutions. [1] The article has three main findings. First, the interbank network is relatively sparse and suggests a core-periphery network structure. Second, the more complex network measures on average correlate highly with the more simple size-based interconnectedness indicators, constructed following the EBA guidelines on the calibration of O-SII buffers. Third, there is nevertheless value for policymakers to take into account network-based measures in addition to the size-based interconnectedness indicators, as for some individual banks those measures can deviate considerably.
## 1 Introduction
A bank can be systemic for a variety of reasons, giving rise to “too-big-to-fail” concerns and warranting an appropriate prudential response. For instance, a bank may perform functions that are critical to the smooth functioning of the financial system. If the bank were to fail, it might be difficult to continue these functions. In addition, the more complex an institution is, the more difficult recovery and resolution procedures are to handle. Finally, the systemic footprint of a bank, through its interconnections with other financial institutions, may give rise to broad-based contagion risks. This article focuses on the systemic importance of banks due to this latter aspect.
Before the global financial crisis little attention was paid to financial stability risks related to intra-financial linkages. The crisis, however, revealed the intertwined nature of modern financial systems. It became evident that shocks hitting one part of the system can easily propagate to the broader financial system, whereby risks stemming from interconnectedness can be systemic.
The financial turmoil in the wake of the failure of the US-based investment bank Lehman Brothers, in particular, demonstrated that the consequences of a shock to an interconnected and complex financial system are particularly hard to predict. This highlighted the need to develop analytical tools and indicators to support central banks and other oversight bodies in identifying and monitoring cross-sectional systemic risks.[2]
Consequently, network-based models and indicators have become part of the analytical toolkit of most advanced central banks. These analytical tools serve several purposes. First of all, network tools should take into account the complexity of financial interactions and ideally be able to capture the high degree of interconnectedness across multiple layers of financial institutions.[3] Second, they should allow assessment of contagion risk, both in terms of scope and magnitude of propagation. For instance, in recent years network-based analysis has been incorporated in macroprudential stress test analysis with a view to taking into account second-round contagion effects arising as a result of an adverse scenario.[4] Third, indicators and tools capturing interconnectedness can be useful in identifying systemic institutions, e.g. those that transmit or amplify shocks. Fourth, they can be useful for informing macroprudential policy decisions related to structural systemic risks, in particular interconnectedness.
In order to serve these objectives, however, relevant data availability to properly assess interconnectedness and implied contagion risk in a timely manner is of the essence. Against this background, this article explores SSM significant institutions’ supervisory reporting of large exposures to gauge the interconnections in the interbank network, and beyond, and the related contagion risk.
The article is structured as follows: Section 2 describes the construction of the interbank network based on the large exposure reporting, while Section 3 sets out the main features of the network. Section 4 presents the various macroprudential policy tools available for addressing systemic risks related to interconnectedness. In Section 5, measures of interconnectedness based on the large exposure network are put into the perspective of existing macroprudential measures, and Section 6 concludes.
## 2 Using large exposure data to measure interconnectedness
Article 392 of the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR-575/2013) defines “large exposure” as an exposure, before the application of credit risk mitigation (CRM) measures and exemptions, equal or higher than 10% of a bank’s eligible capital vis-à-vis an individual client or group of connected clients.[5] Euro area banks’ large exposures vis-à-vis banks, financial institutions, non-financial institutions, governments, central banks and households are collected and monitored for prudential purposes.[6] This monitoring threshold is combined with a large exposure limit whereby, after taking into account the effect of CRM and exemptions, an exposure should not be higher than 25% of the institution’s eligible capital (Article 395).[7] Overall, the data captures more than 50% of euro area consolidated significant institutions’ (SIs) total assets in terms of gross exposures and roughly 40% of their risk-weighted assets (RWAs) in terms of net exposures. Notably, the large exposure network captures 90% of RWAs vis-à-vis other credit institutions (on a net basis).
The large exposure database fills an important data gap by shedding light on the distribution of euro area SIs’ large exposures by country, sector and type of counterparty. Specifically, the data set encompasses detailed information about the exposure and counterparties, such as the type of risk captured, the instrument and maturity breakdown, as well as counterparty and reporting entity information (legal entity identifier (LEI) code, country and sector), which allows linking of the large exposure dataset to complementary data sources.[8] The large exposure data thus provides a rich set of information that can be exploited for assessing the degree of interconnectedness and systemic risk both of and within the euro area’s financial system.
Use of the large exposure data for network analysis, however, requires substantial data preparation efforts. The large exposure data reporting templates were designed to monitor concentration risk for supervisory purposes and not specifically for constructing a network to assess the degree of interconnectedness and systemic risk of the euro area’s banking system. Therefore, the European Banking Authority’s instructions for reporting large exposures and concentration risk reflect a different purpose and the counterparty code used for identifying each individual client or group of connected clients is not unique across euro area countries. Moreover, in 70% of cases there is no LEI code to identify the counterparty (many entities do not have a LEI code) and for groups of connected clients they are not required to be reported (covering half of the sample). Consequently, the only way to identify counterparties across countries is by the counterparty’s name, which often is reported differently by each reporting entity and in different languages according to the national reporting system. For this purpose, an advanced mapping code was constructed to reconcile counterparties’ names and to fill data reporting gaps.
Figure 1 depicts the resultant SI network of large exposures. The most interconnected banks (in terms of number of counterparties) are placed in the inner circle and banks are clustered and coloured according to their home country. The size of each dot (or “node”, to use network terminology) depicted captures the total number of the institution’s counterparties (exposures to and from), while the thickness of the lines (or edges) represents the exposure value.
The figure is divided into two mirror images. Both images show the same network structure, the difference being that the colour assigned to the edges is aligned with the colour of the institution receiving (Panel a – Borrower perspective) or lending the funds (Panel b – Lender perspective).
This representation clearly shows the home bias pattern, i.e. the dense flow of linkages among banks within the same country. Moreover, it stands out that French banks (blue) within the euro area SI interbank network of large exposures are the most exposed to funding risk since they are highly interconnected on the borrowing side. On the other hand, German and Italian banks are mostly visible in the lender perspective and thereby exposed to counterparty credit risk. Moreover, it is evident that relatively less interconnected banks tend to have lower cross-border activities than inner-circle banks. Overall, the visualisation of the network suggests a core-periphery network structure, where many banks (in the outer circles) are only connected to a few (mostly core) banks. This feature also results in a relatively sparse network. In fact, only 6.3% of all possible links are present.
Figure 1
Intra-euro area SIs’ network of large exposures
a) Borrower perspective
b) Lender perspective
Source: COREP supervisory data, Templates C.27-C.28.
Notes: The institutions represented are euro area significant institutions in the large exposures sample. The cut-off date for data was the third quarter of 2017. The size of the nodes captures the number of an institution’s linkages, while the thickness of the edges represents the exposure value in net terms. The chart is divided into two mirror images, which maintain the same network structure but assign a different colour to the edges according to the colour of the node (institution) receiving (Panel a – Borrower perspective) or lending the funds (Panel b – Lender perspective).
## 3 Salient features of the large exposure network
The large exposure data provides a comprehensive picture of euro area banks’ large exposures globally. The total amount of euro area SIs’ gross exposures, i.e. before application of credit risk mitigation (CRM) measures and exemptions, was €11.5 trillion in the third quarter of 2017 (see Table 1). The net amount, i.e. after the application of CRM measures and exemptions, is approximately 25% of the gross amount, amounting to around €3 trillion. Moreover, the number of counterparties captured in the data exceeds 3,500 on a consolidated basis. Overall, by adding the less significant institutions (LSIs) to the sample of reporting institutions, the gross exposure increases by almost €1.5 trillion and the net amount by €220 billion.
The most important counterparty sector of euro area SIs is non-financial corporations (NFCs). SIs’ exposure to NFCs amounts, in gross terms, to 33% (€4.36 trillion) of their total exposure, and in net terms to 50% (€1.5 trillion). In comparison, general government is SIs’ second most important counterparty group in terms of gross exposure, accounting for 28% (€3.3 trillion) of the total. Notably, in terms of SIs’ net exposures at risk, exposure to general government amounts to only 7% of the total, or around €280 billion.[9] Lastly, exposures to financial corporations amount to 11% and 12% of the total, in gross and net terms respectively.
With regard to SIs’ exposures to credit institutions (see the bottom panel of Table 1), the total gross amount is close to €1.9 trillion, while the exposure at risk is almost 41% of the gross amount (€750 billion). SIs’ net exposure towards the 23 non-euro area global systemically important banks (G-SIBs) (around €260 billion) is smaller but close to the net exposure to other euro area SIs; together they account for 76% of the banking network’s exposure value. Adding the large exposures of LSIs to those of other credit institutions (around €570 billion in total gross terms), it can be observed that around half of euro area LSIs’ gross (as well as net) exposures are with euro area SIs.
Table 1
Large exposures by counterparty sector
(EUR billion)
Source: COREP supervisory data, Template C.28.
Notes: Reporting institutions refers to euro area significant institutions (SIs) and less significant institutions (LSIs).Non-EA G-SIBs and non-EA LSIs denote non-euro area global systemically important banks and non-euro area less significant institutions respectively. Additionally, SDBs denotes state development banks and IOs denotes international organisations. Exposure value is reported in gross (G) and net (N) terms, with No denoting the number of counterparties.
Focusing on intra-euro area large exposures of SIs and LSIs broken down by country (see Table 2), it can be observed that France and Germany host the banking sectors with the highest exposure in net terms, €967 billion and €933 billion, respectively. The Italian and Spanish banking sectors hold net exposures of €374 billion and €334 billion respectively.
Table 2
Large exposures of reporting institutions (SIs and LSIs) by country
(EUR billion)
Source: COREP supervisory data, Template C.28.
Notes: Reporting institutions refers to significant institutions (SIs) and less significant institutions (LSIs). Exposure value is reported in gross (G) and net (N) terms.
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate that most of the individual large exposures are clustered at the lower end of the 0-25% range of eligible capital (as observed by the right-skewed distributions). At the same time, it is notable that average exposures to some counterparty sectors tend to be larger than to other sectors. For instance, focusing on interbank exposures (see Figure 2, panel a) in euro, the size of G-SIBs’ large exposures is generally larger than those of smaller banks. At the same time, when measuring interbank exposures in terms of eligible capital (see Figure 2, panel b), interbank exposures are more sizeable for SIs, in particular for LSIs.
Figure 2
Distribution of euro area reporting institutions’ large exposures by size of exposure
Source: COREP supervisory data, Template C.28.
Notes: The cut-off date for data was the third quarter of 2017. The large exposure limit is 25% of a bank’s eligible capital. The figures provides a lender perspective, meaning that they show the size distribution of large exposures held by euro area LSIs, SIs and G-SIBs respectively. LSIs denotes euro area less significant institutions and SIs denotes euro area significant institutions, while G-SIBs denotes euro area global systemically important institutions. A cut-off threshold was set at €3 billion.
Focusing only on the exposures of the SIs, looking at the counterparty sectors, Figure 3 illustrates that, while the size of SIs’ exposures to credit institutions, other financial institutions and general government is broadly similarly distributed, their exposures to NFCs tend to be relatively small, whereas their exposures to households tend to be larger on average (although there are fewer of them and they are also much smaller on aggregate – see Table 1).
Figure 3
Distribution of euro area significant institutions’ large exposures by counterparty sector
Source: COREP supervisory data, Template C.28.
Notes: Reporting institutions are euro area significant institutions. The cut-off date for data was the third quarter of 2017. CIs denotes credit institutions, NFCs non-financial corporations, FCs financial corporations, GG general government, CBs central banks and HHs households.
## 4 Macroprudential policy instruments
Macroprudential authorities have a number of instruments the purpose of which is to prevent the excessive build-up of systemic risk, making the financial sector more resilient and thereby limiting unintended contagion effects. In particular, these instruments either aim to reduce the risk that an interconnected institution fails by requiring the bank to hold more capital, or they aim to reduce a bank’s exposure to the network or certain assets.[10]
By imposing a buffer on systemically important institutions, authorities can require specific institutions to hold additional capital in order to reduce the likelihood of failure of those banks that are critical to the global or national financial system. In particular, they may apply the global systemically important institution (G-SII) buffer if the bank is deemed important relative to its global peers, or a capital buffer for other systemically important institutions (O-SIIs) if the bank is systemically relevant in its national banking system. The identification of G-SIIs and the calibration of the G-SII buffer are largely regulated in the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV), with some discretion via supervisory judgement. The methodology enshrined in European legislation follows the G-SIB methodology developed by the Basel Committee of Banking Supervision.
For the identification of O-SIIs and the calibration of O-SII buffers, CRD IV allows more national discretion.[11] In particular, the systemic importance of O-SIIs is to be judged on the basis of at least one of the following four criteria: size, importance to the economy of the European Union or the relevant Member State, significance of cross-border activities, and interconnectedness of the institution or group with the financial system. In practice, most EU authorities follow the EBA guidelines to identify their respective O-SIIs.[12] The EBA guidelines take into account all four criteria but leave it to the national authority to identify, in a second step, further O-SIIs based on additional criteria. For the calibration of the O-SII buffer, the buffers computed by the ECB’s floor methodology serve as a lower bound.[13] The O-SII and G-SII buffers are natural candidates for tools that increase the resilience of those banks that are crucial to the interbank network. However, it might be that other dimensions relevant in determining systemic importance, such as size and cross-border activities, dilute the buffer requirements targeting the bank’s systemic importance due to its interconnectedness. In this case, authorities might want to use alternative macroprudential measures.
As an alternative to the SII buffers, the systemic risk buffer (SRB) or Pillar 2 additional own funds requirements may currently be used to increase the resilience of a bank or group of banks that pose high contagion risk.[14] Unlike for the G-SII and O-SII buffers, the CRD does not provide specific criteria for determining the SRB. Rather generally, the SRB aims to reduce systemic risks of a structural nature that are not covered by the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR).[15] In addition, authorities may set different SRB levels for different institutions or sets of institutions. Alternatively, or additionally, authorities may currently impose Pillar 2 additional own funds requirements to address contagion risks related to a specific bank, which are then added to the structural buffers. Notably, the SRB, G-SII and O-SII buffers are not cumulative, rather the highest of the three is applicable, if the three buffers are applied at the same level of consolidation.
Besides capital-based requirements, authorities have the option to increase liquidity requirements for O-SIIs or G-SIIs, or to target risky exposures directly.[16] Additional liquidity requirements could, for example, take the form of an add-on to the minimum requirement for the liquidity coverage ratio. Exposure-based measures include an increase of risk weights for certain risk exposures (e.g. exposures to other financial institutions). In addition, authorities have the possibility to tighten the large exposure limits on certain risk exposures. As currently designed, the SRB is a very flexible (residual) tool that can also be used to require banks to hold more capital for certain risk exposures.[17] Risk exposures may comprise all exposures to another bank or to any other counterparty and/or may apply to specific products such as covered bonds.
## 5 Comparing measures of interconnectedness used for calibration of policy instruments
As previously described, there are several macroprudential policy measures that can cater for contagion risks arising from interconnectedness. A key question in this regard is how to calibrate these policy measures such that they appropriately address the systemic risk that they are meant to target.
Currently, most national authorities make use of a score methodology, as prescribed by the EBA guidelines, when calibrating their O-SII buffers. The score is computed as the average of four indicators that capture the size, importance, complexity and interconnectedness of a bank. The interconnectedness indicator is relatively easy to construct and allows transparency and comparability across countries but does not make use of information for the whole network. In the following, the relatively simple EBA interconnectedness indicator will be compared with four standard topographic network measures and two model-based interconnectedness measures, which are derived using the large exposure network presented above.
The EBA’s O-SII score takes the domestic banking system as a reference since, by definition, an O-SII has to be systemically important for its domestic banking system. In contrast, the variant of the EBA’s O-SII score and O-SII interconnectedness indicator (OII) used in this article takes the banks in the large exposure sample of reporting euro area SIs as the reference point, rather than the respective national banking sector.[18] The amendment with regard to the reference point is motivated by two considerations. First, Figure 1 shows that interconnectedness is not bound by borders, in particular in the case of those banks which form the core and are likely to be O-SIIs. In order to avoid contagion, not only within the national borders but also across borders, it is important to identify those banks that form the core and to ensure that they are especially resilient to shocks. Second, the data set consists of the largest banks in the euro area but is not representative from a national perspective. It is therefore not possible to take the national banking system as a reference point. Overall, the analysis at hand complements the assessment carried out by national authorities and takes a different perspective. At the same time, the conclusions on the relative performance of the different interconnectedness measures and their comparison with the EBA’s O-SII interconnectedness indicator are likely to be indicative for those national banking systems with similar features to the network analysed.
For the O-SII interconnectedness indicator, the EBA guidelines prescribe the following computation:$Interconnectednessi=AVG(IFSLi∑i=1NIFSLi+IFSAi∑i=1NIFSAi+DSi∑i=1NDSi)*10.000$
First, each bank’s intra-financial system liabilities (IFSL), intra-financial system assets (IFSA) and debt securities outstanding (DS) are divided by their respective sum across all banks in our sample. Then, the average of the three sub-indicators is taken and multiplied by 10,000 to express the indicator in basis points. The O-SII score is calculated on a bank basis as the simple average of the size, importance, complexity and interconnectedness indicators.[19]
To assess how well the EBA’s interconnectedness indicator captures contagion risk due to interconnectedness, it is compared with the following four standard interconnectedness measures, which take into account the whole network structure: page rank, centrality, degree and weighted degree. In addition, two model-based measures derived from the euro area SI interbank network of large exposures are computed: the Espinoza-Sole indicator (ESI) and the Systemic Probability Index (SPI).[20] For a better comparison of these different measures, the network-based indicators for each bank are divided by the sum across all banks in the sample and multiplied by 10,000 to express the indicators in basis points.
Box 1
Model-based estimates and methodology
The estimated induced losses in the large exposure network given the default of each euro area significant institution are computed following the methodology developed by Covi, Gorpe and Kok (2018), which is built on the paper of Espinosa-Vega and Sole (2010). This augmented contagion modelling framework includes bank-specific ($i$) and/or exposure-specific ($j$) parameters to precisely estimate credit and funding shocks conditional on four key assumptions: loss given default (, funding shortfall ($δi)$, fire sale parameter ($ρi)$ and a bank-specific default threshold $(ki)$.
These parameters have been calibrated by exploiting additional information embodied in the large exposure data, which have been complemented by other COREP and FINREP supervisory templates. In the paper, a uniform estimate for each parameter, equal to the average across all reporting banks, is used, while the default threshold is set at 4.5% of a bank’s risk-weighted assets.
Overall, the model tests the system for a given bank’s default. The simulation exercise continues with a second round if there is at least one additional failure in response to the initial induced default and stops when there are no additional failures. In the end, a contagion index is developed to rank banks in terms of their contribution to the systemic risk of euro area SIs.
The Systemic Probability Index (SPI) is a model-based indicator measuring the likelihood of the contagion spreading across the banking system after a default of a given bank on its interbank exposures (Hałaj and Kok, 2013). It differs mainly from the Espinoza-Sole approach because it is a probabilistic systemic risk measure based on a Cauchy distribution drawing from a set of parameters. For the sake of comparability, the loss given default and the default threshold were set equal to the Espinoza-Sole model specification. Although funding risk is not taken into consideration in this methodology, the model captures risks stemming from the volatility of the capital base, which is set at 10%.
Table 3 shows the correlation between the different interconnectedness measures, both indicator and network-based ones. Overall, the different measures are highly correlated. Notably, the model-based Espinoza-Sole measure has the lowest correlation with the other measures. However, the lowest correlation is still quite high at 0.80. Overall, this result is reassuring in the sense that, on average, the rather simple O-SII interconnectedness indicator seems to capture banks’ interconnectedness well, particularly when compared with the standard network measures.[21]
Table 3
Correlation matrix of intra-euro area large exposure systemic risk measures
Notes: The sample comprises 84 euro area significant institutions (SIs) reporting large exposures. The cut-off date for data was the third quarter of 2017. All correlation coefficients are statistically different from 0 at a 1% confidence level. Model-based estimates refer to euro area SIs’ induced capital losses. Espinoza-Sole estimates are calculated following the methodology used by Covi, Gorpe and Kok (2018), while the Systemic Probability Index (SPI) is based on Halaj and Kok (2013). PageRank assigns a probability to each institution according to how often a user following links will non-randomly reach that institution (an edge’s weight matters). Centrality measures node importance in a network based on a node’s connections. It assigns relative scores to all nodes in the network based on the concept that connections to high-scoring nodes contribute more to the score of the node in question than equal connections to low-scoring nodes. Degree refers to the number of a node’s links in the network, while weighted degree refers to the total amount of a node’s exposures.
While, on average, the O-SII interconnectedness indicator seems to capture even contagion risk from more complex network features, Figure 4 illustrates the indicator’s performance with regard to individual banks. When comparing the OII with the standard network measures for individual banks (left-hand panel), it becomes evident that the OII assigns higher values to the more interconnected banks (those with an OII of greater than 500 basis points) than the page rank and the (weighted) degree. In contrast, the centrality measure is either as conservative as or more conservative than the OII for those banks. For the less connected banks (those with an OII of less than 500 basis points), the picture is less clear-cut but the network measures tend to signal a higher degree of interconnectedness than the OII.
When comparing the interconnectedness indicator with the standard network measures for individual banks (see Figure 4, right-hand panel), the SPI follows a pattern similar to the standard network measures, while the ESI does not. The SPI assigns lower scores than the OII to institutions that are highly and medium connected (institutions with an OII above 150 basis points), and higher scores to less connected banks. The difference between the scores assigned to individual banks by the OII and the ESI is less pronounced and less systematic. Still, it can be deduced from the figure that, for a few banks, the ESI is much higher than the OII.
Figure 4
Euro area-based O-SII interconnectedness indicator and intra-euro area large exposure systemic risk measures
Source: FINREP supervisory data, Templates F. 01.02, F. 10.00, F. 11.00, F 20.04 and F 20.06.
Notes: The institutions represented are euro area significant institutions in the large exposures sample. The cut-off date for data was the third quarter of 2017.
## 6 Conclusion
This article utilises the large exposure data from supervisory reporting to present stylised facts from the euro area large exposure network and to derive network-based measures of the systemic importance of SSM SIs.
When focusing on interbank exposures, the network is relatively sparse and suggests a core-periphery network structure, where most banks are in the periphery and are only connected to a few core banks. The core banks are highly connected with one another. Similarly, the less interconnected periphery banks tend to have lower cross-border activities than the core banks.
When comparing different interconnectedness measures, it is demonstrated that the standard network measures, as well as model-based network measures, correlate strongly with the size-based measure of individual banks’ interconnectedness (OII), as prescribed by the EBA guidelines. The latter indicator feeds into the EBA’s O-SII score, which is commonly used to motivate O-SII capital buffers. The high correlation between the network measures and the OII is reassuring, as it suggests that, on average, the systemic footprint of banks due to their interconnectedness is appropriately taken into account in the calibration of structural buffers.
There are, however, also cases where network-based measures deviate significantly from sized-based measures. Network-based measures are able to take into account the complexity and multi-layered nature of banks’ interrelations, unlike size-based measures. This would suggest that prudential supervisors should also make use of this type of information when calibrating structural buffers (even if only on a judgemental basis), keeping in mind that interconnectedness indicators only capture one element of the systemic footprint of financial institutions.
For network-based measures to be informative for structural buffer calibration, up-to-date and comprehensive network data are however needed. The large exposure reporting used to derive network snapshots, as described in this article, provides the ECB with a reliable data source that is regularly updated.
## References
Covi, G., Gorpe, M.Z. and Kok, C., “Contagion Risk in the Euro Area Interbank Network. A granular investigation of the euro area banks’ large exposures and their systemic risk implications”, Working Paper Series, forthcoming, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2018
European Banking Authority, Guidelines on the criteria to determine the conditions of application of Article 131(3) of Directive 2013/36/EU (CRD) in relation to the assessment of other systemically important institutions (O-SIIs), GL/2014/10, EBA, 2014
Espinosa-Vega, M.A. and Sole, J., “Cross-Border Financial Surveillance: A Network Perspective”, IMF Working Paper, No 10/105, 2010.
Hałaj G. and Kok, C., “Assessing interbank contagion using simulated networks”, Working Paper Series, No 1506, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2013 and Computational Management Science, Vol. 10(2), pp. 157-186.
© European Central Bank, 2018
Postal address 60640 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Telephone +49 69 1344 0
Website www.ecb.europa.eu
All rights reserved. Reproduction for educational and non-commercial purposes is permitted provided that the source is acknowledged.
ISSN 2467-1770 DOI 10.2866/351597
ISBN 978-92-899-3195-3 EU catalogue No QB-CA-18-001-EN-Q
[1]Input from B. Hansen is gratefully acknowledged.
[2]The importance of “cross-sectional” systemic risks has been highlighted in a number of special features in issues of the ECB’s Financial Stability Review; see “The concept of systemic risk” (December 2009), “Financial networks and financial stability” (June 2010), “Systemic risk methodologies” (June 2011), “Evaluating interconnectedness in the financial system on the basis of actual and simulated networks” (June 2012), “Predicting bank distress and identifying interdependencies among European banks” (December 2012) and “Gauging the effectiveness of cross-sectional macro-prudential tools through the lens of interbank networks” (November 2013).
[3]See, for example, Montagna, M. and Kok, C., “Multi-layered interbank model for assessing systemic risk”, Working Paper Series, No 1944, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, August 2016.
[4]See, for example, Henry, J. and Kok, C., “A macro stress testing framework to assess systemic risks in the banking sector”, Occasional Paper Series, No 152, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, October 2013; Dees, S., Henry, J. and Martin, R., “STAMP€: Stress-Test Analytics for Macroprudential Purposes in the euro area”, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, February 2017.
[5]Moreover, institutions that report FINREP supervisory data are also requested to report large exposure information with a value equal to or above €300 million.
[6]This data is collected via the COREP C.27-C.30 supervisory templates.
[7]Eligible capital refers to the sum of the full amount of Tier 1 capital and a share of Tier 2 capital less than or equal to 33% of Tier 1 – see Article 4(71). However, in the next CRR update, eligible capital for large exposure reporting and limits will refer exclusively to Tier 1 capital.
[8]Regarding risk typology, the exposure may be directed towards a single client or a group of connected clients. In the latter case, the reporting bank is required to consider not only the risk embodied in the exposure but also the cascade effect that default of that exposure might produce on other connected entities following the criteria defined as control relationship and economic dependency (EBA/GL/2017/15).
[9]The high ratio of gross to net exposures to general government is due to Article 400 of the CRR, which defines “exemptions” attributes a 0 risk weight to exposures to general government, with the exception of exposures to regional and local governments, which have a 20% risk weight.
[10]A more general and comprehensive review of macroprudential tools, not only in the context of contagion, can be found in The ESRB Handbook on Operationalising Macro-prudential Policy in the Banking Sector, European Systemic Risk Board.
[11]Powers concerning the identification of systemically important institutions should be clearly assigned to national macroprudential authorities, as well as to the ECB, to counter potential inaction bias and ensure a level playing field for banks across participating Member States; see the ECB contribution to the European Commission’s consultation on the review of the EU macroprudential policy framework, p. 3.
[13]The ECB methodology is summarised in the chapter “ECB floor methodology for setting the capital buffer for an identified Other Systemically Important Institution (O-SII)” of the June 2017 issue of the ECB’s Macroprudential Bulletin. The methodology will be reviewed in 2019.
[14]While these instruments can currently be used to top up or replace the O-SII buffer, a clear delineation of their scope is needed to avoid overlaps and double counting of risks. Moreover, Pillar 2 requirements are not suitable to address systemic risks because of Pillar 2’s idiosyncratic nature.
[15]Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms (OJ L 176, 27.6.2013, p. 1–337)
[16]See Article 458 of the CRR.
[17]If the policy purpose between the SRB and the O-SII buffer becomes clearly delineated in the legal text, the SRB can become a targeted rather than residual instrument.
[18]This article uses the term (interconnectedness) indicator, while the EBA guidelines refer to (interconnectedness) category. The main difference between the standard O-SII methodology and the variant used in this article lies in the calculation of the denominator. In this article, the summation is across all banks in the sample, while in the standard methodology the denominator is computed using the sample of domestic banks. Our sample comprises those banks (at consolidated level) appearing in the large exposure dataset for which we had available FINREP data (a total of 84 banks).
[19]The O-SII score and the interconnectedness indicator outlined in the EBA guidelines are constructed using FINREP supervisory data. Notably, we do not make use of payment data. For the importance category, we therefore do not incorporate the indicator measuring the value of domestic payment transactions owing to a lack of data.
[20]Espinoza-Sole estimates are calculated following the methodology used by Covi, Gorpe and Kok (2018), which builds on the framework by Espinosa-Vega and Sole (2010), while the Systemic Probability Index is based on Hałaj and Kok (2013). Box 1 provides a short description of the two modelling frameworks.
[21]It should be borne in mind that these results are specific to the network used here and could be different in a network with different features or at a different time.
| 2019-12-06T13:58:14 |
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https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/Y2014/V31/I4/57
|
• 论文 •
### 我国内外资工业企业能源消耗特点分析
• 出版日期:2014-04-15 发布日期:2014-04-02
### Analysis of the Characteristics of Energy Consumption Patterns of Domestic-Owned Enterprises and Foreign-Invested Enterprises
Xuemei Jiang
• Online:2014-04-15 Published:2014-04-02
Abstract: Based on an energy input-occupancy-output table characterizing Domestic-Owned Enterprises (DOEs) and Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs) of China in 2007, this paper measures the differences of energy intensity per unit of output between DOEs and FIEs, and further compares the energy consumption pattern of DOEs and FIEs when producing final demand (incl. consumption, investment and exports) in China. The results show that the total energy intensities in per unit of output of DOEs are around 10%-40% higher than FIEs. As an result, FIEs often consume less energy than DOEs when producing identical outputs. For example, FIEs produce as high as 61% of China’s exports in 2007, whereas their energy consumption only accounts for 53% of the total energy required by the total exports. This measure has important significance for policy making reference to our energy-related industrial saving technology policy.
| 2022-10-07T07:06:22 |
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https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/frontdoor.php?source_opus=6654
|
License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0)
When quoting this document, please refer to the following
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.31
URN: urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-66547
URL: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2016/6654/
Go to the corresponding LIPIcs Volume Portal
### Uniqueness, Spatial Mixing, and Approximation for Ferromagnetic 2-Spin Systems
pdf-format:
### Abstract
For anti-ferromagnetic 2-spin systems, a beautiful connection has been established, namely that the following three notions align perfectly: the uniqueness in infinite regular trees, the decay of correlations (also known as spatial mixing), and the approximability of the partition function. The uniqueness condition implies spatial mixing, and an FPTAS for the partition function exists based on spatial mixing. On the other hand, non-uniqueness implies some long range correlation, based on which NP-hardness reductions are built. These connections for ferromagnetic 2-spin systems are much less clear, despite their similarities to anti-ferromagnetic systems. The celebrated Jerrum-Sinclair Markov chain [JS93] works even if spatial mixing or uniqueness fails.
We provide some partial answers. We use (β,γ) to denote the (+,+) and (−,−) edge interactions and λ the external field, where βγ>1. If all fields satisfy λ<λ_c (assuming β≤γ), where λ_c=(γ/β)^{(Δ_c+1)/2} and Δ_c=(\sqrt{βγ}+1)/(\sqrt{βγ}−1), then a weaker version of spatial mixing holds in all trees. Moreover, if β≤1, then λ<λ_c is sufficient to guarantee strong spatial mixing and FPTAS. This improves the previous best algorithm, which is an FPRAS based on Markov chains and works for λ<γ/β [LLZ14a]. The bound λ_c is almost optimal. When β≤1, uniqueness holds in all infinite regular trees, if and only if λ≤λ^int_c, where λ^int_c=(γ/β)(⌈Δc⌉+1)/2. If we allow fields λ>λ^int′_c, where λ^int′_c=(γ/β)(⌊Δc⌋+2)/2, then approximating the partition function is #BIS-hard.
### BibTeX - Entry
@InProceedings{guo_et_al:LIPIcs:2016:6654,
author = {Heng Guo and Pinyan Lu},
title = {{Uniqueness, Spatial Mixing, and Approximation for Ferromagnetic 2-Spin Systems}},
booktitle = {Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016)},
pages = {31:1--31:26},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-018-7},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2016},
volume = {60},
editor = {Klaus Jansen and Claire Mathieu and Jos{\'e} D. P. Rolim and Chris Umans},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2016/6654},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-66547},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX-RANDOM.2016.31},
annote = {Keywords: Approximate counting; Ising model; Spin systems; Correlation decay}
}
Keywords: Approximate counting; Ising model; Spin systems; Correlation decay Collection: Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2016) Issue Date: 2016 Date of publication: 06.09.2016
DROPS-Home | Fulltext Search | Imprint | Privacy
| 2023-02-07T09:17:27 |
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https://forum.step.esa.int/t/unwrapping-problem-relevant-to-snaphu/18785
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# Unwrapping problem relevant to SNAPHU
Hi. I try to get a DEM from Sentinel-1 by refering this video:
and the whole process I follow is on 11:07 https://youtu.be/7w_-deMSRTs?t=667 .
In this flowchart, unfortunately, I got a problem at unwrapping of 11:19 https://youtu.be/7w_-deMSRTs?t=679 .
I mean, although SnaphuExport was well done and I chose in SNAP
| 2022-11-30T20:40:27 |
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https://crd.lbl.gov/departments/applied-mathematics/ANAG/publications/?sort=type
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# Publications
## Journal Article
### Daniel T. Graves, Phillip Colella, David Modiano, Jeffrey Johnson, Bjorn Sjogreen, Xinfeng Gao,"A Cartesian Grid Embedded Boundary Method for the Compressible Navier Stokes Equations",Communications in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science,December 23, 2013,
In this paper, we present an unsplit method for the time-dependent
compressible Navier-Stokes equations in two and three dimensions.
We use a a conservative, second-order Godunov algorithm.
We use a Cartesian grid, embedded boundary method to resolve complex
boundaries. We solve for viscous and conductive terms with a
second-order semi-implicit algorithm. We demonstrate second-order
accuracy in solutions of smooth problems in smooth geometries and
demonstrate robust behavior for strongly discontinuous initial
conditions in complex geometries.
### Katherine Yelick, Paul Hilfinger, Susan Graham, Dan Bonachea, Jimmy Su, Amir Kamil, Kaushik Datta, Phillip Colella, and Tong Wen,"Parallel Languages and Compilers: Perspective from the Titanium Experience",The International Journal Of High Performance Computing Applications,June 16, 2006,21,
We describe the rationale behind the design of key features of Titanium—an explicitly parallel dialect of JavaTM for high-performance scientific programming—and our experiences in building applications with the language. Specifically, we address Titanium’s Partitioned Global Address Space model, SPMD parallelism support, multi-dimensional arrays and array-index calculus, memory management, immutable classes (class-like types that are value types rather than reference types), operator overloading, and generic programming. We provide an overview of the Titanium compiler implementation, covering various parallel analyses and optimizations, Titanium runtime technology and the GASNet network communication layer. We summarize results and lessons learned from implementing the NAS parallel benchmarks, elliptic and hyperbolic solvers using Adaptive Mesh Refinement, and several applications of the Immersed Boundary method.
## Conference Paper
### Katherine Yelick, Dan Bonachea, Wei-Yu Chen, Phillip Colella, Kaushik Datta, Jason Duell, Susan L. Graham, Paul Hargrove, Paul Hilfinger, Parry Husbands, Costin Iancu, Amir Kamil, Rajesh Nishtala, Jimmy Su, Michael Welcome, Tong Wen,"Productivity and Performance Using Partitioned Global Address Space Languages",Parallel Symbolic Computation (PASCO'07),July 2007,
Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) languages combine the programming convenience of shared memory with the locality and performance control of message passing. One such language, Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an extension of ISO C defined by a consortium that boasts multiple proprietary and open source compilers. Another PGAS language, Titanium, is a dialect of Java T M designed for high performance scientific computation. In this paper we describe some of the highlights of two related projects, the Titanium project centered at U.C. Berkeley and the UPC project centered at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Both compilers use a source-to-source strategy that translates the parallel languages to C with calls to a communication layer called GASNet. The result is portable highperformance compilers that run on a large variety of shared and distributed memory multiprocessors. Both projects combine compiler, runtime, and application efforts to demonstrate some of the performance and productivity advantages to these languages.
## Report
### Adrian Tate, Amir Kamil, Anshu Dubey, Armin Größlinger, Brad Chamberlain, Brice Goglin, Carter Edwards, Chris J. Newburn, David Padua, Didem Unat, Emmanuel Jeannot, Frank Hannig, Gysi Tobias, Hatem Ltaief, James Sexton, Jesus Labarta, John Shalf, Karl Fuerlinger, Kathryn O’Brien, Leonidas Linardakis, Maciej Besta, Marie-Christine Sawley, Mark Abraham, Mauro Bianco, Miquel Pericàs, Naoya Maruyama, Paul Kelly, Peter Messmer, Robert B. Ross, Romain Cledat, Satoshi Matsuoka, Thomas Schulthess, Torsten Hoefler, Vitus Leung,"Programming Abstractions for Data Locality",2014 Workshop on Programming Abstractions for Data Locality,April 29, 2014,
The goal of the workshop and this report is to identify common themes and standardize concepts for locality-preserving abstractions for exascale programming models. Current software tools are built on the premise that computing is the most expensive component, we are rapidly moving to an era that computing is cheap and massively parallel while data movement dominates energy and performance costs. In order to respond to exascale systems (the next generation of high performance computing systems), the scientific computing community needs to refactor their applications to align with the emerging data-centric paradigm. Our applications must be evolved to express information about data locality. Unfortunately current programming environments offer few ways to do so. They ignore the incurred cost of communication and simply rely on the hardware cache coherency to virtualize data movement. With the increasing importance of task-level parallelism on future systems, task models have to support constructs that express data locality and affinity. At the system level, communication libraries implicitly assume all the processing elements are equidistant to each other. In order to take advantage of emerging technologies, application developers need a set of programming abstractions to describe data locality for the new computing ecosystem. The new programming paradigm should be more data centric and allow to describe how to decompose and how to layout data in the memory.
Fortunately, there are many emerging concepts such as constructs for tiling, data layout, array views, task and thread affinity, and topology aware communication libraries for managing data locality. There is an opportunity to identify commonalities in strategy to enable us to combine the best of these concepts to develop a comprehen- sive approach to expressing and managing data locality on exascale programming systems. These programming model abstractions can expose crucial information about data locality to the compiler and runtime system to en- able performance-portable code. The research question is to identify the right level of abstraction, which includes techniques that range from template libraries all the way to completely new languages to achieve this goal.
The goal of the workshop and this report is to identify common themes and standardize concepts for locality-preserving abstractions for exascale programming models. Current software tools are built on the premise that computing is the most expensive component, we are rapidly moving to an era that computing is cheap and massively parallel while data movement dominates energy and performance costs. In order to respond to exascale systems (the next generation of high performance computing systems), the scientific computing community needs to refactor their applications to align with the emerging data-centric paradigm. Our applications must be evolved to express information about data locality. Unfortunately current programming environments offer few ways to do so. They ignore the incurred cost of communication and simply rely on the hardware cache coherency to virtualize data movement. With the increasing importance of task-level parallelism on future systems, task models have to support constructs that express data locality and affinity. At the system level, communication libraries implicitly assume all the processing elements are equidistant to each other. In order to take advantage of emerging technologies, application developers need a set of programming abstractions to describe data locality for the new computing ecosystem. The new programming paradigm should be more data centric and allow to describe how to decompose and how to layout data in the memory.
Fortunately, there are many emerging concepts such as constructs for tiling, data layout, array views, task and thread affinity, and topology aware communication libraries for managing data locality. There is an opportunity to identify commonalities in strategy to enable us to combine the best of these concepts to develop a comprehensive approach to expressing and managing data locality on exascale programming systems. These programming model abstractions can expose crucial information about data locality to the compiler and runtime system to enable performance-portable code. The research question is to identify the right level of abstraction, which includes techniques that range from template libraries all the way to completely new languages to achieve this goal.
### Brian Van Straalen, David Trebotich, Terry Ligocki, Daniel T. Graves, Phillip Colella, Michael Barad,"An Adaptive Cartesian Grid Embedded Boundary Method for the Incompressible Navier Stokes Equations in Complex Geometry",LBNL Report Number: LBNL-1003767,2012,LBNL LBNL Report Numb,
We present a second-order accurate projection method to solve the
incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on irregular domains in two
and three dimensions. We use a finite-volume discretization
obtained from intersecting the irregular domain boundary with a
Cartesian grid. We address the small-cell stability problem
associated with such methods by hybridizing a conservative
discretization of the advective terms with a stable, nonconservative
discretization at irregular control volumes, and redistributing the
difference to nearby cells. Our projection is based upon a
finite-volume discretization of Poisson's equation. We use a
second-order, $L^\infty$-stable algorithm to advance in time. Block
structured local refinement is applied in space. The resulting
method is second-order accurate in $L^1$ for smooth problems. We
demonstrate the method on benchmark problems for flow past a
cylinder in 2D and a sphere in 3D as well as flows in 3D geometries
obtained from image data.
| 2017-11-20T18:51:50 |
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|
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/Physics_201_-_Fall_2019/Book%3A_Physics_(Boundless)/13%3A_Thermodynamics/13.1%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/Adiabatic_Processes_for_an_Ideal_Gas
|
$$\require{cancel}$$
# Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Define adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas
• Demonstrate the qualitative difference between adiabatic and isothermal expansions
When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically $$(Q = 0)$$, work is done on it and its temperature increases; in an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work and its temperature drops. Adiabatic compressions actually occur in the cylinders of a car, where the compressions of the gas-air mixture take place so quickly that there is no time for the mixture to exchange heat with its environment. Nevertheless, because work is done on the mixture during the compression, its temperature does rise significantly. In fact, the temperature increases can be so large that the mixture can explode without the addition of a spark. Such explosions, since they are not timed, make a car run poorly—it usually “knocks.” Because ignition temperature rises with the octane of gasoline, one way to overcome this problem is to use a higher-octane gasoline.
Another interesting adiabatic process is the free expansion of a gas. Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$ shows a gas confined by a membrane to one side of a two-compartment, thermally insulated container. When the membrane is punctured, gas rushes into the empty side of the container, thereby expanding freely. Because the gas expands “against a vacuum” $$(p = 0)$$, it does no work, and because the vessel is thermally insulated, the expansion is adiabatic. With $$Q = 0$$ and $$W = 0$$ in the first law, $$\Delta E_{int} = 0$$ so $$E_{int \, i} = E_{int \, f}$$ for free expansion.
If the gas is ideal, the internal energy depends only on the temperature. Therefore, when an ideal gas expands freely, its temperature does not change; this is also called a Joule expansion.
A quasi-static, adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas is represented in Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$, which shows an insulated cylinder that contains 1 mol of an ideal gas. The gas is made to expand quasi-statically by removing one grain of sand at a time from the top of the piston. When the gas expands by $$dV$$, the change in its temperature is $$dT$$. The work done by the gas in the expansion is $$dW = pdV$$; $$dQ = 0$$ because the cylinder is insulated; and the change in the internal energy of the gas is
$dE_{int} = C_{V}ndT.$
Therefore, from the first law,
\begin{align} C_{V}ndT &= 0 - pdV \\[4pt] &= -pdV \end{align},
so
$dT = -\dfrac{pdV}{C_{V}n}.$
Also, for 1 mol of an ideal gas,
$d(pV) = d(RnT),$
so
$pdV + V \, dp = RndT$
and
$dT = \dfrac{pdV + V \, dp}{Rn}.$
We now have two equations for $$dT$$. Upon equating them, we find that
$C_{V}n V dp + (C_{V}n + Rn)pdV = 0.$
Now, we divide this equation by $$npV$$ and use $$C_p = C_V + R$$. We are then left with
$C_V \dfrac{dp}{p} + C_p\dfrac{dV}{V} = 0,$
which becomes
$\dfrac{dp}{p} + \gamma\dfrac{dV}{V} = 0,$
where we define $$\gamma$$ as the ratio of the molar heat capacities:
$\gamma = \dfrac{C_p}{C_V}.$
Thus
$\int \dfrac{dp}{p} + \gamma \int \dfrac{dV}{V} = 0$
and
$\ln \, p + \gamma ln \, V = constant.$
Finally, using $$\ln(A^x) = x \ln A$$ and $$\ln \, AB = \ln \, A + \ln \, B$$, we can write this in the form
$pV^{\gamma} = constant. \label{eq10}$
This equation is the condition that must be obeyed by an ideal gas in a quasi-static adiabatic process. For example, if an ideal gas makes a quasi-static adiabatic transition from a state with pressure and volume $$p_1$$ and $$V_1$$ to a state with $$p_2$$ and $$V_2$$, then it must be true that $$p_1V_1^{\gamma} = p_2V_2^{\gamma}$$.
The adiabatic condition of Equation \ref{eq10} can be written in terms of other pairs of thermodynamic variables by combining it with the ideal gas law. In doing this, we find that
$p^{1-\gamma}T^{\gamma} = constant$
and
$TV^{\gamma - 1} = constant.$
A reversible adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas is represented on the pV diagram of Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$. The slope of the curve at any point is
$\dfrac{dp}{dV} = \dfrac{d}{dV}\left(\dfrac{constant}{V^{\gamma}}\right) = - \gamma \dfrac{p}{V}.$
The dashed curve shown on this pV diagram represents an isothermal expansion where $$T$$ (and therefore pV) is constant. The slope of this curve is useful when we consider the second law of thermodynamics in the next chapter. This slope is
$\dfrac{dp}{dV} = \dfrac{d}{dV} \dfrac{nRT}{V} = - \dfrac{p}{V}.$
Because $$\gamma >1$$, the isothermal curve is not as steep as that for the adiabatic expansion.
Example $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Compression of an Ideal Gas in an Automobile Engine
Gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an automobile engine when the piston is in its expanded position. The temperature, pressure, and volume of the resulting gas-air mixture are $$20^oC$$, $$1.00 \times 10^5 \, N/m^2$$, and $$240 \, cm^3$$, respectively. The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to a volume of $$40 \, cm^3$$. Note that in the actual operation of an automobile engine, the compression is not quasi-static, although we are making that assumption here.
1. What are the pressure and temperature of the mixture after the compression?
2. How much work is done by the mixture during the compression?
Strategy
Because we are modeling the process as a quasi-static adiabatic compression of an ideal gas, we have $$pV^{\gamma} = constant$$ and $$pV = nRT$$. The work needed can then be evaluated with $$W = \int_{V_1}^{V_2} pdV$$.
Solution
1. For an adiabatic compression we have $p_2 = p_1\left(\dfrac{V_1}{V_2}\right)^{\gamma},$ so after the compression, the pressure of the mixture is $p_2 = (1.00 \times 10^5 \, N/m^2)\left(\dfrac{240 \times 10^{-6}m^3}{40 \times 10^{-6}m^3}\right)^{1/40} = 1.23 \times 10^6 \, N/m^2.$ From the ideal gas law, the temperature of the mixture after the compression is \begin{align*}T_2 &= \left(\dfrac{p_2V_2}{p_1V_1}\right)T_1 \\[4pt] &= \dfrac{(1.23 \times 10^6 \, N/m^2)(40 \times 10^{-6} m^3)}{(1.00 \times 10^5 \, N/m^2)(240 \times 10^{-6} m^3)} \cdot 293 \, K \\[4pt] &= 600 \, K = 328^oC. \end{align*}
2. The work done by the mixture during the compression is $W = \int_{V_1}^{V_2} pdV.$ With the adiabatic condition of Equation \ref{eq10}, we may write p as $$K/V^{\gamma}$$, where $$K = p_1V_1^{\gamma} = p_2V_2^{\gamma}$$. The work is therefore \begin{align*} W &= \int_{V_1}^{V_2} \dfrac{K}{V^{\gamma}} dV \\[4pt] &= \frac{K}{1 - \gamma}\left(\dfrac{1}{V_2^{\gamma -1}} - \dfrac{1}{V_1^{\gamma -1}}\right) \\[4pt] &= \dfrac{1}{1 - \gamma} \left(\dfrac{p_2V_2^{\gamma}}{V_2^{\gamma -1}} - \dfrac{p_1V_1^{\gamma}}{V_1^{\gamma -1}}\right) \\[4pt] &=\dfrac{1}{1 - \gamma}(p_2V_2 - p_1V_1) \\[4pt] &= \dfrac{1}{1 - 1.40}\left[(1.23 \times 10^6 \, N/m^2)(40 \times 10^{-6}m^3) - (1.00 \times 10^5 \, N/m^2)(240 \times 10^{-6}m^3)\right] \\[4pt] &= -63 \, J. \end{align*}
Significance
The negative sign on the work done indicates that the piston does work on the gas-air mixture. The engine would not work if the gas-air mixture did work on the piston.
## Contributors and Attributions
• Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0).
| 2021-08-03T03:48:26 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-tiny-eruptions
|
# Volcano Watch — Tiny eruptions
Release Date:
Some readers will know that the largest eruption in the world during the 20th century took place in Alaska in 1912, producing the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near Mount Katmai (13 cubic kilometers; 3.1 cubic miles). These same readers may also know that the second largest eruption of this century formed the caldera at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, in 1991 (5.3 cubic kilometers; 1.3 cubic miles).
Some readers will know that the largest eruption in the world during the 20th century took place in Alaska in 1912, producing the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes near Mount Katmai (13 cubic kilometers; 3.1 cubic miles). These same readers may also know that the second largest eruption of this century formed the caldera at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, in 1991 (5.3 cubic kilometers; 1.3 cubic miles).
But who can say what the smallest eruption of the 20th century was? Though we can't be sure, a tiny eruption in Iceland in 1977 may qualify. An eruption of Kīlauea some time between 1974 and March 1982 is a close second. A third eruption at Kīlauea in the 19th or perhaps late 18th century is an additional example of what you seldom hear about: tiny, even teensy, eruptions.
On September 8, 1977, lava actually erupted out of a geothermal borehole at Namafjall, Iceland. This weird event was observed to last only 15-25 minutes and produced about 1.2 cubic meters (1.6 cubic yards). You could almost haul away this basalt in your pick-up! In a way, though, this eruption shouldn't count, because it is doubtful if it would have occurred without human intervention in the form of the borehole.
Probably the most recent of the tiny eruptions broke out some time after 1974 and before March 1982, when ex-HVO geologist Norm Banks discovered the evidence. It took place from three closely spaced vents along cracks 5 km (3 miles) down the east rift zone from the top of Mauna Ulu. Three diminutive flows were erupted, at most 3 m long by 5 m wide by 0.15 m thick (10 feet long by 16 feet wide by 6 inches thick). The total volume of lava is less than 3 cubic meters (4 cubic yards), which would easily fit in an average dump truck!
This puny event probably took place on the dark and stormy night of March 10-11, 1980. At that time, HVO recorded numerous earthquakes and tremor coming from the area. Cracks opened between the eventual eruption site and the summit of Mauna Ulu, as well as near Pauahi Crater and across the Chain of Craters Road at the junction to Ainahou Ranch. The event was interpreted as an intrusion of magma into the area. No newly erupted lava was noted in the days following the intrusion, but the eruption had likely occurred at the same time as the intrusion. Probably one reason the eruption went unobserved was heavy rain. In March 1980, 179.6 cm (70.7 inches) of rain fell at National Park headquarters!
A larger but still tiny eruption took place in the southwest rift zone some time after the last major explosion of Kīlauea in about 1790. A wee cone, only 6 m (20 feet) high, was built about 900 m (0.5 mile) southwest of Puu Koae; the cone overlies all of the older explosive deposits. This cone went unrecognized until geologists stumbled across it in 1995. It represents the only eruption after 1790 in this part of the southwest rift zone. The lava pad surrounding it is no more than 15 m (50 feet) wide, and the total volume of lava in the undated eruption is probably less than 25 cubic meters (33 cubic yards). It wouldn't take many dump trucks to remove it.
Tiny eruptions generally don't impact society much, but their occurrences keep volcanologists on their toes. Such eruptions tell us that supposed periods of quiet might not be so quiet after all. They are proof that magma can sometimes arrive at the ground surface and erupt before observations can be made. Probably eruptions will always be accompanied by earthquakes, but we may still miss tiny outbreaks of lava that occur during periods of bad weather.
### Volcano Activity Update
Lava continued to erupt from Puu Oo and flow through a network of tubes from the vent to the sea. No surface flows from breakouts of the tube system were observed on the coastal flats. Lava is entering the ocean near Kamokuna and enlarging the bench. The public is reminded that the ocean entry areas are extremely hazardous, with explosions accompanying frequent collapses of the new land. Especially vigorous explosions took place on Thursday and formed a new littoral cone about 15 meters (50 feet) high. The steam clouds are highly acidic and laced with glass particles.
No felt earthquakes were reported during the week ending on February 25.
| 2020-08-12T21:59:17 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10345956-measurement-separated-longitudinal-transverse-structure-functions-nucleon-resonance-region
|
This content will become publicly available on June 1, 2023
Measurement of $R={\sigma }_{L}/{\sigma }_{T}$ and the separated longitudinal and transverse structure functions in the nucleon-resonance region
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10345956
Journal Name:
Physical Review C
Volume:
105
Issue:
6
ISSN:
2469-9985
| 2022-10-06T17:57:33 |
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|
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman1/auxillar/boxplot.htm
|
Dataplot Vol 1 Vol 2
# BOX PLOT
Name:
BOX PLOT
Type:
Graphics Command
Purpose:
Generates a box plot.
Description:
A box plot is a graphical data analysis technique for determining if differences exist between the various levels of a 1-factor model. It is a graphical alternative to 1-factor ANOVA. It consist of:
Vertical axis = response variable; Horizontal axis = level identification.
The bottom x is the data minimum; the bottom of the box is the estimated 25% point; the middle x in the box is the data median; the top of the box is the estimated 75% point; the top x is the data maximum. The box plot has 24 components (characters and lines) which may be individually controlled. For the box plot to appear as it should, the BOX PLOT command is usually preceded by two commands--
CHARACTERS BOX PLOT
LINES BOX PLOT
which will automatically define proper values for the 24 components of the box plot. After the box plot is formed, the analyst should redefine plot characters and lines via the usual CHARACTERS and LINES commands.
Syntax 1:
BOX PLOT <y> <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is the response (= dependent) variable;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
This syntax generates a single box. Note that <y> can also be a matrix argument. If <y> is a matrix, a single box is drawn for all the values in the matrix.
Syntax 2:
BOX PLOT <y> <x> <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is the response (= dependent) variable;
<x> is an independent variable;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
Syntax 3:
MULTIPLE BOX PLOT <y1> ... <yk>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y1> ... <yk> is a list of response (= dependent) variables;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
Note that response variables can also be matrices. If a matrix name is encountered, a box will be drawn for all the values in the matrix.
Syntax 4:
REPLICATED BOX PLOT <y> <x1> ... <xk>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is the response (= dependent) variable;
<x1> ... <xk> is a list of 1 to 6 group-id variables;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
The group-id variables are cross-tabulated and a box is drawn for each distinct combination of values for the group-id variables. These are sometimes referred to as nested box plots.
For the REPLICATED case, you can control the spacing between groups. Internally, Dataplot uses the CODE CROSS TABULATE command to generate a single combined group-id variable. Enter HELP CODE CROSS TABULATE for details on the ordering of the cross-tabulation and on how to control the spacing (the SET commands used by CODE CROSS TABULATE are supported for the BOX PLOT command).
Examples:
BOX PLOT Y X
BOX PLOT Y X1
MULTIPLE BOX PLOT Y1 TO Y10
REPLICATED BOX PLOT Y X1 TO X4
Note:
Outliers can be identified by entering the FENCES ON command. If the inter-quartile range (i.e., the difference between the 25% point and the 75% point) is IQ, then values that are between 1.5 and 3.0 times the IQ above (or below) the 75% point (or the 25%) point are drawn as circles and points that are more than 3.0 times the IQ above (or below) the 75% point (or the 25%) are drawn as large circles.
Note:
The width of the box is proportional to the number of data points in that box.
If you want to generate fixed width box plots, enter the command
SET BOX PLOT WIDTH FIXED
To restore variable width box plots, enter the command
SET BOX PLOT WIDTH VARIABLE
Note:
An alternate form of the box plot can be generated by entering the commands CHARACTERS TUFTE BOX PLOT and LINES TUFTE BOX PLOT. You can also define your own plot symbols with the standard CHARACTER and LINE commands (e.g., you may prefer to use a dash (-) rather than the default X.
Note:
The TO syntax is supported for the BOX PLOT command. It is most useful for the MULTIPLE and REPLICATED versions of the commands.
Note:
If you use MEAN BOX PLOT rather than BOX PLOT, Dataplot will generate the plot based on the mean and standard deviations rather than the median and lower and upper hinges.
Note:
The commands LINES BOX PLOT and CHARACTER BOX PLOT actually define 24 components:
1 - character at maximum point (if FENCES OFF) character at upper adjacent point (if FENCES ON) 2 - character at top of the box (upper hinge) 3 - character in the box but towards the top of the box (such as upper confidence level for mean, if any) 4 - define the character for the median (or mean) 5 - character in the box but towards the bottom of the box (such as lower confidence level for mean, if any) 6 - character at bottom of the box (lower hinge) 7 - character at minimum point (if FENCES OFF) character at lower adjacent point (if FENCES ON) 8 - vertical line from maximum value to the top of the box (if FENCES (OFF) vertical line from upper adjacent value to the top of the box (if FENCES (ON) 9 - vertical line from the top of the box to the point in the box towards the top of the box (such as upper confidence level for mean, if any) 10 - vertical line from the point in the box toward the top (such as the upper confidence limit point) to the median (or mean) 11 - vertical line from the median (or mean) to the point in the box toward the bottom (such as the lower confidence limit point) 12 - vertical line from the point in the box toward the bottom (such as the lower confidence limit point) to the bottom of the box 13 - vertical line from minimum value to the bottom of the box (if FENCES (OFF) vertical line from lower adjacent value to the bottom of the box (if FENCES (ON) 14 - vertical line constituting the left side of the box 15 - vertical line constituting the right side of the box 16 - horizontal line at the top of the box 17 - horizontal line at the bottom of the box 18 - horizontal line running through the median (or mean) 19 - horizontal line running through the lower confidence limit 20 - horizontal line running through the upper confidence limit 21 - characters for the upper far out values 22 - characters for the upper near out values 23 - characters for the lower near out values 24 - characters for the lower far out values
Note:
The 2016/06 version of Dataplot no longer treats a single point for the response variable or all values in the response variable as being an error. Box plots are not typically drawn for a small number of points. However, when automating the analysis for a large data set, it can be more desirable to have these cases treated as degenerate cases rather than as errors.
Note:
To have a horizontal bars drawn at the 1%, 5%, 10%, 90%, 95%, and 99% points of the distribution, enter
SET BOX PLOT EXTREME PERCENTILES ON
This option may be useful for large data sets.
If the FENCES switch is OFF, then the CHARACTER and LINE settings for traces 21 through 26 will be used to draw these percentiles. If the FENCES switch is ON, then the CHARACTER and LINE settings for traces 25 through 30 will be used to draw these percentiles. Currently, the LINES BOX PLOT and CHARACTER BOX PLOT commands do not set these. You can use something like the following to set these switches.
LET INDX = DATA 21 22 23 24 25 26
LET PLOT CHARACTER INDX = BLANK
LET PLOT LINE INDX = SOLID
Note:
If you use the MULTIPLE syntax as in the following example
MULTIPLE BOX PLOT Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5
Dataplot will internally create a stacked Y X set of data. This means that Dataplot's limit on the maximum number of rows applies to the combined number of rows in the response variables. Dataplot was modified so that if there are four or fewer response variables, then Dataplot will not stack the data to generate the box plot. Although this has no effect on the appearance of the plot, it can be useful when generating box plots for large data sets in that it may avoid exceeding Dataplot's limit on the maximum number of rows.
Note:
The FENCES ON command is used to help identify outliers. One criticism of the box plot is that the method used identifies too many potential outliers for skewed data.
Walker proposed the following alternative for the fences
$f_{L} = q_1 - 1.5 \mbox{ IQR } \frac{\mbox{SIQR}_{L}} {\mbox{SIQR}_{U}}$
$f_{U} = q_1 - 1.5 \mbox{ IQR } \frac{\mbox{SIQR}_{U}} {\mbox{SIQR}_{L}}$
where
$$q_1$$ = the lower quartile $$q_3$$ = the upper quartile IQR = the interquartile range = $$q_3 - q_1$$ $$\mbox{SIQR}_L$$ = the lower semi-interquartile range = $$q_2 - q_1$$ $$\mbox{SIQR}_U$$ = the upper semi-interquartile range = $$q_3 - q_2$$ $$q_2$$ = the median
This formulation is based on the Galton (or Bowley) formula for skewness
$$B_c$$ = $$\frac{q_2 + q_1 - 2 q_2} {q_3 - q_1}$$ = $$\frac{\mbox{SIQR}_U - \mbox{SIQR}_L} {\mbox{IQR}}$$ = $$\frac{\mbox{SIQR}_U - \mbox{SIQR}_L} {\mbox{SIQR}_U + \mbox{SIQR}_L}$$
For a more complete explanation of this method, see the Walker paper.
$f_{L} = q_1 - 1.5 (2(q_2 - q_1))$
$f_{U} = q_3 + 1.5 (2(q_3 - q_2))$
For skewed data, the Kimber method tends to be intermediate between the default method and the Walker method in the number of potential outliers it identifies. For symmetric data, the Kimber and Walker methods are essentially equivalent to the default method. However, for skewed data, the Kimber and Walker methods will identify fewer potential outliers than the default method.
The above formulas are for the "inner fences" boundary. For the "outer fences" boundary, replace 1.5 with 3.0.
To use the Walker method, enter the command
SET BOXPLOT FENCE SKEWNESS WALKER
To use the Kimber method, enter the command
SET BOXPLOT FENCE SKEWNESS KIMBER
To reset the default method, enter
SET BOXPLOT FENCE SKEWNESS OFF
Note that using the Walker or Kimber methods is recommended when you are specifically interested in identifying outliers. For exploratory purposes, it may be preferrable to use the default method (i.e., showing the skewness may be desirable).
Default:
None
Synonyms:
The word REPLICATED is optional in the REPLICATED BOX PLOT syntax.
SET BOXPLOT FENCE SKEWNESS OFF and SET BOXPLOT FENCE SKEWNESS BOWLEY are synonyms for SET BOXPLOT FENCE SKEWNESS WALKER.
Related Commands:
CHARACTERS = Sets the types for plot characters. LINES = Sets the types for plot lines. I PLOT = Generates an I plot. ANOVA = Carries out an ANOVA. MEDIAN POLISH = Carries out a median polish. CONTROL CHART = Generates a control chart. PLOT = Generates a data or function plot.
References:
Tukey (1977), "Exploratory Data Analysis," Addison-Wesley.
Walker, Dovedo, Chakraborti and Hilton (2019), "An Improved Boxplot for Univariate Data", The American Statistician, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 348-353.
Kimber (1990), "Exploratory Data Analysis for Possibly Censored Data from Skewed Distribution", Applied Statistics, Vol. 39, pp. 21-30.
Applications:
Exploratory Data Analysis, Comparing Distributions
Implementation Date:
Pre-1987
2002/3: Support for fixed width box plot
2010/6: Support for TO syntax and matrix arguments
2010/6: Support for MULTIPLE and REPLICATED options
2016/06: Sample size of one or all response values having the same value no longer treated as an error
2016/06: Support for the SET BOX PLOT EXTREME PERCENTILES
2016/06: For MULTIPLE option, four or fewer response variables not stacked internally
2019/08: Support for the SET BOXPLOT FENCE SKEWNESS command
Program 1:
SKIP 25
.
TITLE CASE ASIS
TITLE OFFSET 2
LABEL CASE ASIS
TITLE Box Plot for GEAR.DAT
Y1LABEL Gear Diameter
X1LABEL Batch
.
TIC MARK OFFSET UNITS DATA
XLIMITS 1 10
MAJOR XTIC MARK NUMBER 10
MINOR XTIC MARK NUMBER 0
XTIC MARK OFFSET 1 1
YTIC MARK OFFSET 0.002 0.002
.
LINES BOX PLOT
CHARACTER BOX PLOT
CHARACTER FONT SIMPLEX ALL
FENCES ON
BOX PLOT Y X
Program 2:
dimension 40 columns
skip 25
read sheesley.dat y x1 to x5
let x1d = distinct x1
let x2d = distinct x2
.
SET CODE CROSS TABULATE GROUP SIZE ONE 5
xlimits 0 8
xtic mark offset 0 1
major xtic mark number 9
x1tic mark label format alpha
x1tic mark label content Shift 1 2cr()Weldingsp()Process=1 3 sp() sp() ...
1 2cr()Weldingsp()Process=2 3
.
character box plot
character font simplex all
lines box plot
fences on
.
box plot y x1 x2
.
SET CODE CROSS TABULATE GROUP SIZE ONE 5
SET CODE CROSS TABULATE GROUP SIZE TWO 3
xlimits 0 26
xtic mark offset 1 0
major xtic mark number 27
set string space ignore
let string s1 = 1cr()1
let string s2 = 2
let string s3 = sp()
let string s4 = 1cr()2
let string s5 = 2cr()sp()cr()Weldingsp()Process=1
let string s6 = sp()
let string s7 = 1cr()3
let string s8 = 2
let string s9 = sp()
let string s10 = sp()
let string s11 = sp()
let string s12 = sp()
let string s13 = sp()
let string s14 = sp()
let string s15 = sp()
let string s16 = sp()
let string s17 = 1cr()1
let string s18 = 2
let string s19 = sp()
let string s20 = 1cr()2
let string s21 = 2cr()sp()cr()Weldingsp()Process=2
let string s22 = sp()
let string s23 = 1cr()3
let string s24 = 2
let string s25 = sp()
let string s26 = sp()
let string s27 = Machinecr()Shift
let igx = group label s1 to s27
.
x1tic mark label format group label
x1tic mark label content igx
box plot y x1 x2 x3
.
reset data
skip 25
read iris.dat y1 y2 y3 y4 species
let m = create matrix y1 y2 y3 y4
.
xlimits 1 4
xtic mark offset 1 1
major xtic mark number 4
x1tic mark label format alpha
x1tic mark label content Sepalcr()Length Sepalcr()Width ...
Petalcr()Length Petalcr()Width
multiple box plot m1 m2 m3 m4
.
reset data
let y1 = norm rand numb for i = 1 1 1000
let y2 = logistic rand numb for i = 1 1 1000
let y3 = double exponential rand numb for i = 1 1 1000
let y4 = slash rand numb for i = 1 1 1000
.
xlimits 1 4
xtic mark offset 1 1
major xtic mark number 4
x1tic mark label format alpha
x1tic mark label content Normal Logistic Laplace Slash
Petalcr()Length Petalcr()Width
set box plot extreme percentiles on
.
. Reset character/line settings above 20
.
fences off
loop for k = 21 1 26
let plot character ^k = blank
let plot line ^k = solid
end of loop
.
multiple box plot y1 y2 y3
Program 3:
. Step 1: Create data (skewed)
.
let nu = 1
let y = chisquare random numbers for i = 1 1 100
.
. Step 2: Define plot control
.
character box plot
line box plot
fences on
title case asis
x1tic marks off
x1tic mark labels off
tic mark offset units screen
y1tic mark offset 3 3
.
. Step 3: Generate the box plots
.
multiplot 1 3
multiplot scale factor 1 3
title Default Box Plot
box plot y
set box plot fence skewness galton
title Fences Based oncr()Semi-Interquartile Ranges
box plot y
set box plot fence skewness kimber
title Fences Based oncr()Kimber Method
box plot y
.
end of multiplot
NIST is an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department.
Date created: 11/30/2010
Last updated: 08/29/2019
| 2022-09-28T05:44:57 |
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|
https://aperta.ulakbim.gov.tr/record/227925/export/dcite4
|
Dergi makalesi Açık Erişim
# Occurrence and problems of high fluoride waters in Turkey: an overview
Oruc, Nazmi
### DataCite XML
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<identifier identifierType="DOI">10.48623/aperta.227925</identifier>
<creators>
<creator>
<creatorName>Oruc, Nazmi</creatorName>
<givenName>Nazmi</givenName>
<familyName>Oruc</familyName>
</creator>
</creators>
<titles>
<title>Occurrence And Problems Of High Fluoride Waters In Turkey: An Overview</title>
</titles>
<publisher>Aperta</publisher>
<publicationYear>2008</publicationYear>
<dates>
<date dateType="Issued">2008-08-01</date>
</dates>
<resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Text">Journal article</resourceType>
<alternateIdentifiers>
<alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="url">https://aperta.ulakbim.gov.tr//record/227925</alternateIdentifier>
</alternateIdentifiers>
<relatedIdentifiers>
<relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsVersionOf">10.48623/aperta.227924</relatedIdentifier>
</relatedIdentifiers>
<rightsList>
<rights rightsURI="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess">Open Access</rights>
</rightsList>
<descriptions>
<description descriptionType="Abstract"><p>Endemic dental fluorosis was first observed in Turkey in Isparta Province, located in the SW of Anatolia, with mottled enamel related to the high levels of fluoride (1.5&ndash;4.0 ppm) in drinking waters, about 55 years ago. The origin of fluoride was attributed to the contents of minerals in volcanic rocks, consisting of pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, fluorapatite and glassy groundmass minerals. It was also reported about 35 years ago that severe dental and skeletal fluorosis has been observed in human beings and livestock in Dogubeyazıt and Caldiran areas, located around Tendurek Volcano in eastern Turkey, where natural waters contained fluoride levels between 2.5 and 12.5 ppm. It was hypothesised that fluoride, which might be transported by fumaroles or escaped from devitrified lavas, could be held on the surface of some minerals and then exchanged with OHin ground waters with high pH at the foothills of the young Tendurek Volcano. Endemic dental and skeletal fluorosis was also observed in the inhabitants in Kizilcaoren Village of Beylikova Town in Eskis&cedil;ehir Province situated in the midwest of Turkey, where the fluoride content of the drinking waters ranged from 3.9 to 4.8 ppm. The origin of high fluoride in the natural waters was related to the fluorspar deposits, occurring in the catchment area near the village. During the survey in the Gu&uml;llu&uml; Village of Esme-Usak, located in south-midwest of Turkey, it was observed that most of the inhabitants born and raised in the village and aged between 10 and 30 years, showed mild to moderate levels of mottled enamel. The fluoride contents of the deep well waters used for drinking in the village, varied from 0.7 to 2.0 ppm. Amorphous microscopic fluorite existing in the Pliocene lake limestones was considered as a possible origin of fluoride in the waters.</p></description>
</descriptions>
</resource>
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| 2021-09-27T14:18:18 |
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|
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Akass.jesse-leo
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Kass, Jesse Leo
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: kass.jesse-leo Published as: Kass, Jesse; Kass, Jesse Leo Homepage: http://people.math.sc.edu/kassj/ External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ORCID
Documents Indexed: 19 Publications since 2012 Reviewing Activity: 11 Reviews
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
6 single-authored 5 Wickelgren, Kirsten G. 3 Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian 3 Pagani, Nicola 3 Viviani, Filippo 1 Bethea, Candace 1 Casalaina-Matin, Sebastian 1 Chen, Dawei 1 Holmes, David
all top 5
#### Serials
2 Algebra & Number Theory 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Journal of Algebra 1 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 1 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Algebraic Geometry 1 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 1 European Journal of Mathematics
all top 5
#### Fields
19 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 4 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Combinatorics (05-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
16 Publications have been cited 45 times in 31 Documents Cited by Year
The local structure of compactified Jacobians. Zbl 1320.14016
Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo; Viviani, Filippo
2015
The class of Eisenbud-Khimshiashvili-Levine is the local $$\mathbb{A}^1$$-Brouwer degree. Zbl 1412.14014
Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2019
Two ways to degenerate the Jacobian are the same. Zbl 1273.14061
Kass, Jesse Leo
2013
Extensions of the universal theta divisor. Zbl 1387.14085
Kass, Jesse Leo; Pagani, Nicola
2017
Moduli of generalized line bundles on a ribbon. Zbl 1372.14018
Chen, Dawei; Kass, Jesse Leo
2016
An explicit non-smoothable component of the compactified Jacobian. Zbl 1273.14060
Kass, Jesse Leo
2012
The singularities and birational geometry of the compactified universal Jacobian. Zbl 1369.14017
Casalaina-Matin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo; Viviani, Filippo
2017
An Abel map to the compactified Picard scheme realizes Poincaré duality. Zbl 1349.14075
Kass, Jesse; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2015
Singular curves and their compactified Jacobians. Zbl 1317.14068
Kass, Jesse Leo
2013
A Riemann singularity theorem for integral curves. Zbl 1254.14032
Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo
2012
Examples of wild ramification in an enriched Riemann-Hurwitz formula. Zbl 1441.14076
Bethea, Candace; Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2020
A classical proof that the algebraic homotopy class of a rational function is the residue pairing. Zbl 1437.14030
Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2020
An étale realization which does NOT exist. Zbl 1397.14038
Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2018
Autoduality holds for a degenerating abelian variety. Zbl 1401.14151
Kass, Jesse Leo
2017
The compactified Jacobian can be nonreduced. Zbl 1342.14062
Kass, Jesse Leo
2015
The geometry and combinatorics of cographic toric face rings. Zbl 1287.13012
Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo; Viviani, Filippo
2013
Examples of wild ramification in an enriched Riemann-Hurwitz formula. Zbl 1441.14076
Bethea, Candace; Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2020
A classical proof that the algebraic homotopy class of a rational function is the residue pairing. Zbl 1437.14030
Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2020
The class of Eisenbud-Khimshiashvili-Levine is the local $$\mathbb{A}^1$$-Brouwer degree. Zbl 1412.14014
Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2019
An étale realization which does NOT exist. Zbl 1397.14038
Kass, Jesse Leo; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2018
Extensions of the universal theta divisor. Zbl 1387.14085
Kass, Jesse Leo; Pagani, Nicola
2017
The singularities and birational geometry of the compactified universal Jacobian. Zbl 1369.14017
Casalaina-Matin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo; Viviani, Filippo
2017
Autoduality holds for a degenerating abelian variety. Zbl 1401.14151
Kass, Jesse Leo
2017
Moduli of generalized line bundles on a ribbon. Zbl 1372.14018
Chen, Dawei; Kass, Jesse Leo
2016
The local structure of compactified Jacobians. Zbl 1320.14016
Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo; Viviani, Filippo
2015
An Abel map to the compactified Picard scheme realizes Poincaré duality. Zbl 1349.14075
Kass, Jesse; Wickelgren, Kirsten
2015
The compactified Jacobian can be nonreduced. Zbl 1342.14062
Kass, Jesse Leo
2015
Two ways to degenerate the Jacobian are the same. Zbl 1273.14061
Kass, Jesse Leo
2013
Singular curves and their compactified Jacobians. Zbl 1317.14068
Kass, Jesse Leo
2013
The geometry and combinatorics of cographic toric face rings. Zbl 1287.13012
Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo; Viviani, Filippo
2013
An explicit non-smoothable component of the compactified Jacobian. Zbl 1273.14060
Kass, Jesse Leo
2012
A Riemann singularity theorem for integral curves. Zbl 1254.14032
Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian; Kass, Jesse Leo
2012
all top 5
#### Cited by 28 Authors
12 Kass, Jesse Leo 5 Melo, Margarida 4 Viviani, Filippo 4 Wickelgren, Kirsten G. 3 Levine, Marc Noel 3 Pagani, Nicola 2 Holmes, David 2 Rapagnetta, Antonio 1 Bethea, Candace 1 Casalaina-Martin, Sebastian 1 Chen, Dawei 1 Drezet, Jean-Marc 1 Erman, Daniel 1 Fringuelli, Roberto 1 Knight, Joseph 1 Liu, Wenfei 1 Pacini, Marco 1 Pixton, Aaron 1 Rollenske, Sönke 1 Saccà, Giulia 1 Savarese, Michele 1 Schmitt, Johannes 1 Schreyer, Frank-Olaf 1 Swaminathan, Ashvin Anand 1 Tanturri, Fabio 1 Tseng, Dennis 1 Wood, Melanie Matchett 1 Zargar, Masoud
all top 5
#### Cited in 20 Serials
4 Advances in Mathematics 3 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 3 Documenta Mathematica 2 Journal of Algebra 2 Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Communications in Algebra 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 1 International Journal of Mathematics 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 1 Portugaliae Mathematica. Nova Série 1 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 1 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 1 European Journal of Mathematics 1 Bollettino dell’Unione Matematica Italiana
all top 5
#### Cited in 6 Fields
31 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 6 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 2 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-01-19T00:13:06 |
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|
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/mpc/section3/mpc3334.htm
|
2. Measurement Process Characterization
2.3. Calibration
2.3.3. What are calibration designs?
2.3.3.3. Uncertainties of calibrated values
## Calculation of standard deviations for 1,1,1,1 design
Design with two reference standards and two test items An example is shown below for a 1,1,1,1 design for two reference standards, R1 and R2, and two test items, X1 and X2, and six difference measurements. The restraint, R*, is the sum of values of the two reference standards, and the check standard, which is independent of the restraint, is the difference between the values of the reference standards. The design and its solution are reproduced below.
Check standard is the difference between the two reference standards
OBSERVATIONS 1 1 1 1
Y(1) + -
Y(2) + -
Y(3) + -
Y(4) + -
Y(5) + -
Y(6) + -
RESTRAINT + +
CHECK STANDARD + -
DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 3
SOLUTION MATRIX
DIVISOR = 8
OBSERVATIONS 1 1 1 1
Y(1) 2 -2 0 0
Y(2) 1 -1 -3 -1
Y(3) 1 -1 -1 -3
Y(4) -1 1 -3 -1
Y(5) -1 1 -1 -3
Y(6) 0 0 2 -2
R* 4 4 4 4
Explanation of solution matrix The solution matrix gives values for the test items of \begin{eqnarray} X_1^* = \frac{1}{8} \left( -3Y_2 - Y_3 - 3Y_4 - Y_5 + 2Y_6 \right) + \frac{1}{2} R^* \\ X_2^* = \frac{1}{8} \left( -Y_2 - 3Y_3 - Y_4 - 3Y_5 - 2Y_6 \right) + \frac{1}{2} R^* \end{eqnarray}
Factors for computing contributions of repeatability and level-2 standard deviations to uncertainty
FACTORS FOR REPEATABILITY STANDARD DEVIATIONS
WT FACTOR
K1 1 1 1 1
1 0.3536 +
1 0.3536 +
1 0.6124 +
1 0.6124 +
0 0.7071 + -
FACTORS FOR LEVEL-2 STANDARD DEVIATIONS
WT FACTOR
K2 1 1 1 1
1 0.7071 +
1 0.7071 +
1 1.2247 +
1 1.2247 +
0 1.4141 + -
The first table shows factors for computing the contribution of the repeatability standard deviation to the total uncertainty. The second table shows factors for computing the contribution of the between-day standard deviation to the uncertainty. Notice that the check standard is the last entry in each table.
Unifying equation The unifying equation is: $${\large s}_{test} = \sqrt{K_1^2 {\large s}_1^2 + K_2^2 {\large s}_{days}^2 } \,\, .$$
Standard deviations are computed using the factors from the tables with the unifying equation The steps in computing the standard deviation for a test item are:
• Compute the repeatability standard deviation from historical data.
• Compute the standard deviation of the check standard from historical data.
• Locate the factors, K1 and K2, for the check standard.
• Compute the between-day variance (using the unifying equation for the check standard). For this example, $$\begin{array}{l} {\large s}_2^2 = \left\{ \left( \sqrt{0.5} \, {\large s}_1 \right)^2 + \left( \sqrt{2} \, {\large s}_{days} \right)^2 \right\} = \left\{ \frac{1}{2} {\large s}_1^2 + 2 {\large s}_{days}^2 \right\} \\ \begin{array}{l} {\small implies} \\ \,\,\, \Longrightarrow \end{array} \\ {\large s}_{days}^2 = \frac{1}{2} \left\{ {\large s}_2^2 - \frac{1}{2}{\large s}_1^2 \right\} \,\, . \end{array}$$
• If this variance estimate is negative, set $${\large s}_{days} = 0$$. (This is possible and indicates that there is no contribution to uncertainty from day-to-day effects.)
• Locate the factors, K1 and K2, for the test items, and compute the standard deviations using the unifying equation. For this example, $${\large s}_{X_1} = \sqrt{\frac{3}{8} {\large s}_1^2 + \frac{3}{2} {\large s}_{days}^2} = \sqrt{\frac{3}{8} {\large s}_1^2 + \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \left\{ {\large s}_2^2 - \frac{1}{2}{\large s}_1^2 \right\} } = \sqrt{\frac{3}{4} {\large s}_2^2}$$ and $${\large s}_{X_2} = {\large s}_{X_1} \,\, .$$
| 2017-10-20T14:29:59 |
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|
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/Y2012/V29/I8/3
|
• 论文 •
### 新中国政府统计调查制度的建立、发展和改革六十年
• 出版日期:2012-08-15 发布日期:2012-07-27
### The Establishment, Development and Reform of New China Government Statistical Survey System in the Sixty Years
Li Qiang
• Online:2012-08-15 Published:2012-07-27
Abstract: The statistical survey system is the basis and norm of statistical work. At present, we have established a huge statistical survey system in China, which includes the National Accounts System, the Statistical Indicators System, the Statistical Standards System, the Statistical Survey Methodology System and the Statistical Survey Management System. This paper first reviewed the establishment and development process of the above five systems in the sixty years since the foundation of the new Chinese government statistical agency, then summarized the main features of Chinese government statistical survey system and the useful experiences gained from the implantation process, at last concluded the problems in the current statistical survey system and the reform direction in the future.
| 2022-06-25T19:21:50 |
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|
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/what-does-the-beveridge-curve-tell-us-about-the-likelihood-of-a-soft-landing-20220729.html
|
July 29, 2022
### What does the Beveridge curve tell us about the likelihood of a soft landing?
Any assessment of the likelihood and characteristics of a soft landing should take into account the situation in the labor market currently and the likely dynamics in the labor market going forward. Modern labor market models centered around the Beveridge curve are a useful tool in this assessment. In a recent policy brief, Blanchard, Domash, and Summers (2022), henceforth BDS, put forward a Beveridge curve framework and an analysis of past episodes where vacancies have fallen significantly to argue that the unemployment rate must increase significantly going forward and that the prospects of a soft landing are essentially zero. In this note, we use a framework that is in tune with modern theoretical analysis of the Beveridge curve to investigate what conditions would be necessary for a soft landing in the labor market to occur and whether the likelihood of these conditions really are essentially zero, as BDS suggest. We find that a soft landing is a plausible outcome for the labor market going forward.
#### Deriving the Beveridge curve
We first present our Beveridge curve framework, which is quite standard but differs somewhat from the framework in BDS. It is standard in the literature to account for the dynamics in the labor market by accounting for the flows of individuals in and out of unemployment. Consequently, the change in unemployment, $\Delta U$, is given by
$\Delta U = E \ast s - U \ast f$
Flows into unemployment equal the separation rate, $s$, times the level of employment. Since for simplicity we normalize the labor force to equal 1, employment equals 1 minus unemployment, $U$. Flows out of unemployment equal the rate of job finding, $f$, times the number of unemployed. In steady state, flows into unemployment must equal flows out of unemployment, the right side. Thus, we can derive the Beveridge curve from a steady-state equation for unemployment, shown in equation (1).1
(1) $(1-U) \ast s = U \ast f$
Rearranging this equation yields an expression for the steady-state unemployment rate, equation (2).2
(2) $U = \frac{s}{s+f}$
Because flows into and out of unemployment are quite high, the actual unemployment rate converges to the steady-state unemployment rate quickly, and the steady-state unemployment rate typically tracks the actual rate closely.3
So, our construct of the Beveridge curve starts by accounting for dynamic flows of individuals across states of employment and unemployment. This is the standard approach for deriving the Beveridge curve in all modern labor search models. We stress this because BDS do not account for these flows in their analysis, which is why we refer to their analysis as non-standard.
The job finding rate can be related through a matching function to the V-U ratio. A matching function, shown in equation (3), posits that the number of hires is an increasing function of both the number of job vacancies and the number of unemployed individuals searching for jobs: The more firms there are looking for workers and the more workers there are looking for jobs, the more matches, or hires, there will be.
(3) $H = M(V,U) = \mu V^{\sigma}U^{1-\sigma}$
For convenience, we assume the matching function takes a Cobb-Douglas form. There are two key parameters in the matching function: $\mu$ and $\sigma$. The parameter $\mu$ measures matching efficiency. Matching efficiency represents factors that can increase (or decrease) hires without a change in labor market tightness. If the workers searching for jobs are well suited for the jobs that are available, matching efficiency will be high; on the other hand, if many searching workers are not well suited for the available jobs, matching efficiency will be low. The parameter $\sigma$ captures the relative importance of vacancies for creating hires. If $\sigma$ is low, vacancies are less productive at creating matches than unemployed workers.
With regards to the matching function, we use the same expression as BDS. The key differences are (1) how we use the matching function to solve the model and (2) the numerical values used for $\mu$ and $\sigma$ in our respective analyses.4
Turning to point 1, we use the matching function to derive the job finding rate. If we divide both sides of equation (3) by unemployment, we get equation (4), which expresses the job finding rate as a function of the ratio of vacancies to unemployment, or labor market tightness.
(4) $f = \frac{H}{U} = \mu \left(\frac{V}{U}\right)^{\sigma}$
Because we have data for the both the left and right sides of equation (4), we can estimate it and obtain parameter values for the elasticity of job finding with respect to labor market tightness, $\sigma$, and matching efficiency, $\mu$. Specifically, we regress $log(f)$ on $log\left(\frac{V}{U}\right)$ using JOLTS data on job openings and BLS data on unemployment and transitions from unemployment to employment from 2009 to 2019. This results in estimates of $\mu=.27$, and $\sigma=.3$.
Plugging the expression for job finding into equation (2), the steady-state unemployment rate, yields equation (5).
(5) $U = \frac{s}{s+\mu\left(\frac{V}{U}\right)^{\sigma}}$
Equation (5) shows how vacancies affect the unemployment rate. To illustrate this relationship, we solve equation (5) for different values of $V$ and $s$, holding the matching efficiency parameter constant. The result is shown in Figure 1, which plots four curves showing the effect of vacancies on unemployment for four different separation rates. Each curve is convex; as the number of vacancies increases relative to the number of individuals looking for work, it becomes harder for firms to fill jobs with suitable workers, and more jobs remain vacant. This is exactly the situation many employers are now experiencing. Because more vacancies generate fewer and fewer hires, they result in smaller and smaller reductions in unemployment. But additional vacancies continue to strongly boost wage growth.
##### Figure 1. Beveridge curves
The combination of movements in separations and vacancies is shown by the black curve, which is fit to actual values of $V$ and $U$. Decreases in the separations rate reduce the unemployment rate without changing vacancies, imparting a flatness to the fitted curve, relative to the steeper curves that only reflect the effect of vacancies. If we want to just focus on the effect of vacancies, then we should be looking at the steep curves, especially when the labor market is tight, as it is now.
#### Comparing our framework to that of BDS
As noted earlier, our framework is somewhat different than that of BDS. They simply rewrite the matching function as
(6) $U = \frac{H}{\mu\left(\frac{V}{U}\right)^{\sigma}}$
and then call this the Beveridge curve. We prefer our approach for deriving the Beveridge curve from the flow equation (1) for a few reasons. First, there are no separations in the BDS decomposition of the unemployment rate. Separations increase importantly in business cycle downturns, and most research attributes to separations a key role in driving cyclical movements in unemployment.5 As a result, a model that excludes separations will have a hard time explaining movements in unemployment. Relatedly, it is difficult to think about the role of reallocation in driving movements in unemployment without separations. Changes in relative demand and technology across products often result in a need to reallocate labor across firms and industries. If reallocating workers move first into unemployment before finding another job, as is often the case, then reallocation increases unemployment. The key event driving reallocation's effect on unemployment is the movement of a worker from employment to unemployment, or a separation.
BDS use the hiring rate to account for the effects of reallocation on unemployment, but this can be problematic because BDS also use hires to estimate matching efficiency (as we do). But using hires to estimate matching efficiency implies that it cannot also provide independent information about the level of reallocation. A simple example helps to illustrate this. Suppose that matching efficiency increases from time $t_0$ to time $t_1$, resulting in more hires for given levels of vacancies and unemployment. Suppose further that at time $t_1$, the levels of vacancies and unemployment are similar to the levels at $t_0$. Then, from $\mu = \frac{H}{V^{\sigma}U^{1-\sigma}}$, the percent change in the hiring rate from $t_0$ to $t_1$ will be the same as the percent change in matching efficiency. But BDS will interpret the change in hires as an increase in reallocation, when it is only matching efficiency (not reallocation) that has changed. Finally, BDS also assume that hires are fixed along the Beveridge curve. As a result, what they call the Beveridge curve is just an isoquant from the matching function that shows the combinations of $V$ and $U$ that produce the same level of hires for a given matching efficiency. This is non-standard and we find this assumption overly restrictive and unnecessary.
A model of the Beveridge curve based on the steady-state unemployment rate and including separations does not have these problems, and we think it is the most useful tool to assess prospects for the labor market. Nevertheless, we would agree with the two following broad points in BDS: (1) changes in labor demand or activity increase the V-U ratio and move the economy up along a convex Beveridge curve and (2) increases in reallocation and decreases in matching efficiency both push out the Beveridge curve and increase unemployment.
#### What will a significant decline in vacancies imply for the unemployment rate?
Next, we argue that whether the economy can experience a soft landing if the vacancy rate declines significantly from current levels depends on two important factors: (1) the slope of the Beveridge curve, which depends importantly on the current position of the labor market along the Beveridge curve, and (2) whether layoffs increase significantly.
Regarding the slope of the Beveridge curve, currently, the V-U ratio is historically high, implying that the labor market is on a very steep portion of the Beveridge curve. The stylized Beveridge curve in Figure 2 illustrates this point. When the V-U ratio is equal to the ray from the origin labeled "High V-U ratio", the slope of the convex Beveridge curve is much steeper than when the V-U ratio is equal to the ray labeled "Average V-U ratio". A steeper curve implies that the unemployment rate will change less for a given reduction in vacancies (holding separations constant).
##### Figure 2. Stylized Beveridge Curve
Of course, we don't know precisely what the slope of the Beveridge curve is. In our model (and in BDS), the slope depends on the parameter $\sigma$. BDS read the literature as suggesting that $\sigma$ should lie between .3 and .5. We prefer .3 because that's what a matching function equation estimated with aggregate U.S. data suggests, but it's possible $\sigma$ could be larger. Figure 3 shows Beveridge curves with values of .3, .4, and .45 for $\sigma$. As $\sigma$ increases, the Beveridge curve becomes flatter.
##### Figure 3. The Beveridge curve for different values of $\sigma$ (sigma)
We can use our simple model to estimate how much the unemployment rate will increase if the vacancy rate declines from its current level of around 7 percent to the level that prevailed prior to Covid, 4.6 percent. The first row of Table 1 shows these increases for three levels of $\sigma$: 0.3, 0.4, and 0.45. As would be expected, as $σ$ increases and the Beveridge curve flattens, the implied increase in the unemployment rate is larger.
##### Table 1. Change in unemployment rate resulting from a decline in the vacancy rate from 7 percent to 4.6 percent
$\mu$ $\sigma$
.3 .4 .45
Pre-Covid 0.58 0.83 0.96
90 percent of pre-Covid 0.66 0.97 1.14
80 percent of pre-Covid 0.77 1.15 1.37
Note: We assume a separations rate of 1.1 percent.
BDS find that matching efficiency has decreased during the pandemic. Decreases in matching efficiency will shift out the Beveridge curve but also change its slope. The second and third rows of the table examine how a decrease in matching efficiency during the pandemic can affect the implied change in the unemployment rate. We consider both a 20 percent decline in matching efficiency, estimated by BDS, and a 10 percent change, which we find to be more consistent with our estimated matching function. The table shows that the change in unemployment will increase somewhat as the assumed deterioration in matching efficiency increases.
Table 2 compares these estimates to what the change in the unemployment rate would be if the 2.4 percentage point decline in the vacancy rate occurred when the vacancy rate starts at 4.6 percent, a level much more typical of previous strong labor markets. The estimated increase is significantly larger, 2 to 3 times as large as when the vacancy rate starts at 7 percent, illustrating the importance of taking into account the labor market's current position. In a very tight labor market, such as we are in now, vacancies are so high relative to available workers, that the marginal vacancy results in a much lower probability of a hire over a given period of time than in a more balanced labor market. As a result, a given decline in vacancies has a smaller effect on hires and, thus, a smaller effect on unemployment than in a more typical labor market. In short, we would expect the unemployment rate to increase if vacancies fall (absent a change in matching efficiency or reallocation), but the increase should be significantly smaller than would be the case if the labor market were currently on a flatter portion of the curve.
##### Table 2. Change in unemployment rate resulting from a decline in the vacancy rate from 4.6 percent to 2.2 percent
$\mu$ $\sigma$
.3 .4 .45
Pre-Covid 1.27 2.04 2.56
90 percent of pre-Covid 1.45 2.37 3
80 percent of pre-Covid 1.67 2.78 3.56
Note: We assume a separations rate of 1.1 percent.
The second key question when assessing the chances of a soft landing is whether the separations rate increases significantly. As we noted earlier, increases in the separations rate shift out the Beveridge curve and lead to large increases in unemployment. Tables 3a, 3b, and 3c illustrate this fact by showing how the changes in unemployment in Table 1 are affected if the separations rate increases at the same time as the assumed decline in vacancies. We consider increases in separations of 10, 25, and 50 percent. For context, the separations rate increased 50 percent from 2007 to 2009, during the Great Recession, and by about 20 percent from 2000 to 2002, during the early 2000s recession.
##### Table 3a. Change in unemployment rate resulting from a decline in the vacancy rate from 7 percent to 4.6 percent and a 10 percent increase in the separations rate (to 1.21 percent)
$\mu$ $\sigma$
.3 .4 .45
Pre-Covid 1.08 1.39 1.57
90 percent of pre-Covid 1.24 1.63 1.86
80 percent of pre-Covid 1.43 1.93 2.23
##### Table 3b. Change in unemployment rate resulting from a decline in the vacancy rate from 7 percent to 4.6 percent and a 25 percent increase in the separations rate (to 1.38 percent)
$\mu$ $\sigma$
.3 .4 .45
Pre-Covid 1.86 2.29 2.54
90 percent of pre-Covid 2.12 2.67 2.99
80 percent of pre-Covid 2.45 3.15 3.58
##### Table 3c. Change in unemployment rate resulting from a decline in the vacancy rate from 7 percent to 4.6 percent and a 50 percent increase in the separations rate (to 1.65 percent)
$\mu$ $\sigma$
.3 .4 .45
Pre-Covid 3.2 3.88 4.29
90 percent of pre-Covid 3.64 4.5 5.02
80 percent of pre-Covid 4.2 5.27 5.96
Table 3a shows that if separations increase by 10 percent, the increase in the unemployment rate will be about 60-80 percent larger than if the separations rate remains constant. If separations increase 50 percent, the increase in the unemployment rate will be around 5 times larger than if separations are unchanged. The numbers in the tables clearly indicate that a soft landing depends critically on avoiding a significant increase in layoffs.
#### Can a significant decline in vacancies correspond to a soft landing?
We interpret our calculations above as suggesting that there can be a soft landing in the labor market going forward. Under most assumptions about current levels of matching efficiency and the curvature of the Beveridge curve, a decline in the vacancy rate from 7 percent to 4.6 percent would lead to an increase in the unemployment rate of about 1 percentage point or less. This increase would put the unemployment rate at a level below 5 percent, which in historical terms is quite low and, in our view, consistent with a soft landing. (However, we are cognizant that any increase in unemployment is not simply a number and reflects substantial change for any household.)
A soft landing also depends on the economy not experiencing a significant increase in layoffs. Table 3a suggests that the unemployment rate would remain under 5 percent for a 10 percent increase in separations given our preferred parameters, but it would not if the Beveridge curve is significantly flatter than we assume. Increases in the separations rate of 25 percent or greater, consistent with the unemployment rate rising to at least 5-1/2 percent and in some cases well above that, would clearly not be consistent with a soft landing.
We recognize that it would be unprecedented for vacancies to decline by a large amount without the economy falling into recession. As a result, we are, in effect, saying that something unprecedented can occur because the labor market is in an unprecedented situation. Because the V-U ratio is so high currently, it is possible to reduce vacancies with a much smaller effect on hiring than is typical. In addition, because such a decline in vacancies would still leave labor demand strong (a 4.6 vacancy rate is historically still quite high), it seems plausible that layoffs, which historically are only elevated (above their longer-run trend) when labor demand is weak, would not rise significantly.
Of course, there are other possible outcomes. As the economy slows, households and firms could become extremely risk averse, pull back on spending and investment, and start to layoff workers. This is typically what happens in recessions. And if that happens going forward, we will not achieve a soft landing. In addition, if supply shocks continue, inflation continues to be elevated, and inflation expectations drift higher, it will be extremely challenging to bring inflation lower and still have a soft landing. Though these are important risks, most professional forecasters continue to project a soft landing with the unemployment rate rising only modestly and the inflation rate moving down toward the FOMC's 2 percent target. Clearly, they also believe that a soft landing in the labor market is possible.
#### References
Ahn, Hie Joo, and Leland Crane (2020). "Dynamic Beveridge Curve Accounting," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2020-027. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, March, https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2020.027.
Ahn, Hie Joo, and James Hamilton (2020). "Heterogeneity and Unemployment Dynamics," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, vol. 38 (July), pp. 554–69.
Barnichon, Regis, and Andrew Figura (2015). "Labor Market Heterogeneity and the Aggregate Matching Function," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, vol. 7 (October), pp. 222–49.
Blanchard, Olivier, Alex Domash, and Lawrence H. Summers (2022). "Bad News for the Fed from the Beveridge Space," Peterson Institute for International Economics, Policy Brief 22-7.
Elsby, Michael, Bart Hobijn, and Aysegul Sahin (2015). "On the Importance of the Participation Margin for Labor Market Fluctuations," Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 72 (May), pp. 64–82.
Elsby, Michael, Ryan Michaels, and David Ratner (2015). "The Beveridge Curve: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 53 (September), pp. 571–630.
Elsby, Michael, Ryan Michaels, and Gary Solon (2009). "The Ins and Outs of Cyclical Unemployment," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, vol. 1 (January), pp. 84–110.
Fujita, Shigeru, and Garey Ramey (2009). "The Cyclicality of Separation and Job Finding Rates," International Economic Review, vol. 50 (May), pp. 415–30.
Pissarides, Christopher (2000). Unemployment, MIT Press.
Shimer, Robert (2012). "Reassessing the Ins and Outs of Unemployment," Review of Economic Dynamics, vol. 15 (April), pp. 127–48.
* We thank Charles Fleischman, Jane Ihrig, and Dave Ratner for helpful comments. The views expressed in this note are our own and do not necessarily represent the views of the Board of Governors or the Federal Reserve System. Return to text
2. If the labor force is allowed to vary, then the expression is similar but somewhat more complicated. Return to text
3. For more on decomposing unemployment rate movements, see Shimer (2012), Elsby, Michaels and Solon (2009), Fujita and Ramey (2012), and Ahn and Crane (2020). Return to text
4. Our parameter $\mu$ is the same as the BDS parameter a, and our parameter $\sigma$ is the same as BDS parameter $\alpha$. Return to text
5. See, for example, Fujita and Ramey (2009) or Elsby, Michaels, and Solon (2009). Return to text
| 2023-02-04T12:41:17 |
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http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S067PEP
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# $\phi _{\boldsymbol ES}$ ( ${{\boldsymbol p}}{{\boldsymbol e}}{{\boldsymbol p}}$ ) INSPIRE search
${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ solar-neutrino flux measured via ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$ elastic scattering. This process is sensitive to all active neutrino flavors, but with reduced sensitivity to ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$, ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\tau}}}$ due to the cross section difference, $\sigma ({{\mathit \nu}}_{{{\mathit \mu}},{{\mathit \tau}}}{{\mathit e}}$) $\sim{}$ 0.2 ${\mathit \sigma (}$ ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}{{\mathit e}}{)}$. If the ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ solar-neutrino flux involves non-electron flavor active neutrinos, their contribution to the flux is $\sim{}$ 0.2 times that of ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$.
VALUE ($10^{8}$ cm${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$1.0$ $\pm0.2$ 1
2012 A
BORX average flux
1 BELLINI 2012A reports 1.44 MeV ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ solar-neutrino flux measured via ${{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$ elastic scattering. The data were collected between January 13, 2008 and May 9, 2010, corresponding to 20,4009 ton$\cdot{}$day fiducial exposure. The listed flux value is calculated from the observed rate of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ solar neutrino interactions in Borexino ($3.1$ $\pm0.6$ $\pm0.3$ counts/(day$\cdot{}$100 ton)) and the corresponding rate expected for no neutrino flavor oscillations ($4.47$ $\pm0.05$ counts/(day$\cdot{}$100 ton)), using the SSM prediction for the ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ solar neutrino flux of ($14.41$ $\pm0.12$) $\times 10^{7}$ cm${}^{-2}$s${}^{-1}$.
References:
BELLINI 2012A
PRL 108 051302 First Evidence of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ Solar Neutrinos by Direct Detection in Borexino
| 2019-01-18T15:37:54 |
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https://us.edugain.com/questions/If-A-B-and-C-are-the-angles-of-Delta-ABC-show-that-cot-bigg-dfrac-B-C-2-bigg-tan-bigg-dfrac-A-2-bigg
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### If $A$, $B$, and $C$ are the angles of $\Delta ABC$, show that $cot \bigg( \dfrac { B + C } { 2 } \bigg)$ = $tan \bigg( \dfrac { A } { 2 } \bigg).$
Answer:
Step by Step Explanation:
1. We know that the sum of the angles of a triangle is $180^\circ.$ \begin{aligned} \therefore{\space} & A + B + C = 180^\circ \\ {\implies} &\dfrac { B + C } { 2 } = 90^\circ - \dfrac { A } { 2 } \\ {\implies}&cot \bigg(\dfrac { B + C } { 2 }\bigg) = cot \bigg(90^\circ - \dfrac { A } { 2 }\bigg ) \\ {\implies}&cot \bigg(\dfrac { B + C } { 2 }\bigg) = tan \dfrac { A } { 2 } &&[{\space}\because cot (90^\circ - \theta) = tan \theta {\space}] \\ \end{aligned}
2. Thus, $cot \bigg(\dfrac { B + C } { 2 }\bigg) = tan \dfrac { A } { 2 }$.
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| 2022-12-06T16:38:11 |
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https://atap.gov.au/tools-techniques/cost-benefit-analysis/8-step-7-estimate-cross-model-and-network-effects.aspx
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# 7. Step 7: Estimate cross-model and network effects
Steps
7.1 Determine whether cross-modal and network effects matter.
7.2 Estimate benefits or disbenefits on related infrastructure due to diverted and generated traffic.
7.3 Consider application in complex urban networks
7.4 If the initiative results in changes to land use change, there may be additional benefits
7.5 If future investments in related infrastructure are deferred (brought forward), estimate net benefits (disbenefits)
## 7.1 Determine whether cross-modal and network effects matter
Refer to this section when undertaking a CBA of an initiative that alters the use of other transport infrastructure (in addition to use of the infrastructure created or improved by the initiative being appraised), regardless of mode.
Determine which of these two categories the effect fits into:
• Diverted demand (substitution) — where passengers or freight switch from parallel infrastructure to the infrastructure created or improved by the initiative being appraised (e.g. a rail upgrade that attracts freight from road, a road improvement that reduces traffic on alternative routes)
- or -
• Upstream/downstream effects (complementarity) — where additional use of infrastructure created or improved by the initiative being appraised also causes increased use of upstream or downstream infrastructure (such as a road or rail upgrade that results in additional usage in other parts of the route or at terminals).
See Figure 1 for an illustration of the concepts defined here.
Figure 1: Related infrastructure and traffic changes
## 7.2 Estimate benefits or disbenefits on related infrastructure due to diverted and generated traffic
This section discusses benefit estimation on related infrastructure, either parallel infrastructure or upstream/downstream infrastructure. Boxes 8 and 9 provide diagrammatic expositions, and boxes 10 and 11 numerical examples, that will assist readers in understanding the text below. It is suggested the text and the boxes be read concurrently.
Compare the perceived cost incurred by transport users with the marginal social generalised cost for the related infrastructure with altered demand. If they are practically the same, there are no further benefits or costs to consider. Note that where the related infrastructure is a congested road, the absence of congestion pricing may result in the perceived cost being below the social generalised cost.
Where traffic on the related infrastructure is lower in the Project Case than the Base Case, and the marginal social generalised cost is above (below) the marginal perceived cost, there will be an additional benefit (disbenefit). Normally, for parallel infrastructure, the traffic will be lower in the Project Case because the quantity of traffic diverted away from the parallel infrastructure in the Project Case will outweigh any positive impact of any generated traffic.
Where traffic on the related infrastructure is higher in the Project Case than the Base Case, and the marginal social generalised cost is above (below) the marginal perceived cost, there will be an additional disbenefit (benefit). This will normally be the case for upstream and downstream infrastructure.
If costs are constant with respect to traffic level (that is, there are no changes in costs as a result of reduced congestion), then:
additional benefit = (perceived [average] cost – average social generalised cost ) ×
change in quantity of traffic on the related infrastructure
Whether the result is positive (a benefit) or negative (a disbenefit) depends on the signs of the two terms in the formula. The difference between perceived and social costs is positive if the perceived cost exceeds social cost, as would be the case for a tax. The difference in costs would be negative for a subsidy or if transport users failed to perceive some of the costs they incur.
The change in the quantity of traffic would be positive for an increase and negative for a decrease. Hence, careful application of formula, ensuring the signs of the two terms are correct, will ensure the correct sign for the result.
If costs fall (increase) as a result of reduced (increased) congestion on the related infrastructure, the benefit is still the area between the average perceived cost curve and the social generalised cost curve over the quantity change. For social generalised costs, the marginal social cost curve must be used as it includes the congestion externality. For small changes, linear approximations of the cost curves can be used. For both the perceived (average) cost and marginal social generalised cost, obtain approximations by taking the halfway point between the Base Case and Project Case values[1].
When projecting social and private costs of related infrastructure into the future, adjust them upward for increasing congestion due to traffic growth over time and downward for cost reductions due to likely expansions of, or improvements to, the related infrastructure. Allow for feedback effects on the quantity of diverted traffic.
### Box 8: Diagrammatic explanation of benefit estimation on parallel infrastructure: price > cost
The diagram shows the case where perceived cost exceeds social generalised cost on parallel infrastructure - for example, due to the fuel excise. Costs are assumed to be constant, so average social cost (ASC) equals marginal social cost (MSC), and there are no other distortions. The perceived price (P) is average cost plus the tax. The initiative induces a leftward shift in the demand curve from D1 to D2 causing the quantity of traffic to fall from Q1 to Q2. For each unit of demand, users give up P in WTP and society saves ASC = MSC. Because P > MSC, the loss of WTP exceeds the resource cost saving so there is negative benefit. The full loss of WTP is the sum of the rectangular areas a and b and the saving in resource costs is area b. The net disbenefit is therefore area a. The disbenefit is borne by the government in the form of lost tax revenue.
The negative result is consistent with the formula in Section 7.2 because the quantity change is negative. Had the demand curve shifted right, as may occur for upstream or downstream infrastructure, the subscripts, 1 and 2, for the demand curves and quantities would be reversed and area a would be a benefit. The government would gain tax revenue equal to area a.
### Box 9: Diagrammatic explanation of benefit estimation on parallel infrastructure: cost > price
The diagram shows the case where social generalised cost exceeds perceived cost on parallel infrastructure, for example, due to a subsidy as is often the case for public transport. Costs are assumed to be constant, so average social cost (ASC) equals marginal social cost (MSC), and there are no other distortions. The perceived price (P) is average social minus the subsidy. The initiative induces a leftward shift in the demand curve from D1 to D2 causing the quantity of traffic to fall from Q1 to Q2. For each unit of demand, users give up P in WTP and society saves ASC = MSC. Because MSC > P, the resource cost saving exceeds the loss of WTP so there is a net benefit. The full resource saving is loss of WTP is the sum areas a and b. The net benefit is area a. The benefit accrues to the government in the form of a saving in the amount of subsidy it has to pay.
In terms of the formula in Section 7.2, both terms are negative, which cancel out to give positive result.
Another reason why social costs could exceed perceived costs is failure of users to perceive part of the costs they incur. In this case, the benefit, area a, would accrue to users. For example, if they made travel decisions treating car running costs as a fixed charge per period of time, in the project case, they would find themselves paying less run their vehicles.
Had the demand curve shifted right, as would occur for upstream or downstream infrastructure, the subscripts for the demand curves and quantities would be reversed and area a would be a disbenefit. The government would have pay an increased amount of subsidy, or car users failing to perceive car running costs for find themselves having to pay more to run their vehicles.
Boxes 10 and 11 illustrate the above discussion with examples of the estimation of benefits from diverted traffic, and upstream and downstream traffic, respectively.
### Box 10: Numerical examples of estimation of benefits from diverted traffic
A rail infrastructure upgrading initiative results in a diversion of 1000 tonnes of freight per annum from road transport to rail.
Without congestion
The perceived cost by road for the door-to-door task is $90 per tonne. The social generalised cost of the door-to-door movement by road over the route is$100 per tonne. There is an annual benefit of ($90 –$100) x –1000 tonnes = $10 000. If the perceived cost by road is$105 per tonne — above the social generalised cost — the annual benefit is negative: ($105 –$100) x –1000 tonnes = –$5000, a disbenefit of$5000.
With congestion (linear approximation of cost curves)
## 7.3 Application in complex urban networks
### 7.3.1 Measuring user benefits
The discussion in Sections 7.1 to 7.2 presented the principles for estimating user benefits when cross-modal and network effects apply. Direct application of the above discussion is feasible in cases where those cross-modal and network effects are relatively simple. When the network and the associated cross-effects are complex, the assessment also becomes much more complex. This is the case for the urban networks of cities.
The complexity of travel patterns is illustrated as follows:
• There are multiple routes throughout the city
• Those routes can be parallel and also cross each other
• There are multiple transport modes that can be chosen: car, car pooling, public transport (bus, train, tram), cycling, walking
• Activities are scattered across the urban area and also concentrated in centres
• Patterns of localised traffic and through traffic is repeated across many sub-areas within the city.
All these features of cities produce a vast range of travel options and choices for users between many origins and many destinations, dispersed across a metropolitan area. In these complex urban cases, the estimation of travel decisions and user benefits requires the use of more sophisticated analytical methods, namely those available through urban travel demand models[2]. Part T1 of the ATAP Guidelines provides guidance on travel demand models.
The measurement of user benefits using travel demand models still involves use of the same principles discussed in the above sections. Equations (1), (3) and (4) in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 define the user benefit for existing traffic, new traffic and both traffics combined. Section 7.4 produced the same user benefit equations using the alternative method of consumer surplus plus resource correction.
However, the difference with complex urban networks is in how the formulas are applied:
• The user benefit calculations first need to be undertaken within the travel demand model at a disaggregated level: for each origin-destination pair[3], for each mode, for each time period and for each forecast year
• The disaggregated results are then aggregated to yield overall use benefits:
• Aggregating across the entire demand matrix (that is, across all origin-destination pairs)
• Repeating the process for all modes and time periods
• Repeating the process for each model forecast year.
With a highly disaggregated base, a wide range of user benefit breakdowns can be summarised to facilitate a good understanding by both the analysts and the decision-maker of how user benefits are expected to vary by time periods, by mode, by geographical location and by forecast year.
### 7.3.2 Accounting for induced demand
Part T1 Section 3.4 of the ATAP Guidelines discusses induced demand[4]. It states that induced demand refers to the impacts of transport improvements in encouraging some people to switch routes, modes or time of travel to take advantage of the improved travel times and service levels. In addition, induced demand can refer to the tendency of some people to travel more, or travel further, when travel conditions are improved. In the demand model, induced demand can arise from changes in any of the following: route choice, time of day travel occurs, mode choice, trip distribution (that is, choice of trip destination), trip generation (that is, the number of trips undertaken), land use changes and the location decisions of both households and businesses.
In economic terms, the induced (additional) traffic resulting from, say, a road network improvement will perceive a benefit through now being able to travel, taking advantage of the improved conditions. However, this additional traffic will reduce the potential benefits of the improvements for other traffic if the road network is at all congested.
The inclusion of induced demand effects can make a significant difference to user benefit estimates. For example, research a couple of decades ago (Huw et al, 1992) found that failure to account for induced demand overvalued road capacity expansion benefits by 50 per cent or more. Other studies (Abelson and Hensher, 2001 and Litman, 2008) have also found that excluding induced demand can materially overstate the economic benefits of an initiative.
Given the significant potential impact of induced demand, best practice in the assessment of major urban transport initiatives now requires that the outputs from the demand model (both travel estimates and user benefit estimates) take account of induced demand.
For example, in the case of major urban road initiatives, it is not sufficient to assume that the only difference between Base Case and Project Case numbers of peak period users will arise from users switching routes to take advantage of improved speeds on the initiative route. Such an approach ignores the complexity of real-world responses to major transport investments (Bray, 2005).
Induced demand is only expected to be of material significance for large urban transport initiatives. Induced travel demand effects are of greatest importance for the assessment of transport initiatives in networks with:
• A high degree of congestion (typically in urban areas, especially at peak periods) and/or
• High elasticity of demand (typically in urban areas, especially where alternative modes offer strong competition) and/or
• Relatively large changes in travel costs (typically for larger schemes providing substantially enhanced capacity).
For public transport network improvements, induced demand effects are also most significant when similar conditions apply that is, when demand is elastic and increases in response to improved service, and when the service is already congested or crowded.
For major urban transport initiatives where induced demand is considered to be relevant to the assessment, Part T1 (Section 3.4.3) indicates that the Variable Trip Matrix (VTM) approach must be used in the demand modelling and associated user benefit calculations that accommodate the various sources of induced demand.
Finally, the case of large city-shaping transport initiatives should be specifically mentioned. Part F0.2 of the ATAP Guidelines discusses such initiatives, noting their significant potential impacts on land use and urban structure. Induced demand in such cases is therefore of high importance.
Part F0.2 explores the ideal of using a ‘fully evolved CBA’ of large city-shaping urban transport projects, with full modelling of land use-transport interaction. It notes, however, that there continue to be challenges to implementing such an approach at this point in time[5]. It suggests that a practical alternative approach is the iterative application of CBAs using land-use impact scenario analysis. In this approach, scenario analysis is used to investigate the potential major land-use impacts of strategic transport initiatives. Testing the effect of different land-use impact outcomes on a CBA determines the sensitivity of the CBA results.
## 7.4 If the initiative results in changes to land use change, there may be additional benefits
If the initiative results in more compact land use so there is less urban sprawl in the base, there may be some additional benefits to consider.
The same principal applies as outlined above in Sections 7.1 and 7.2. If prices (and hence changes in willingness-to-pay) equal marginal social costs, there are no additional net benefits. For example, if the households and businesses that locate on the urban fringes in the base case pay for the full resource cost of the additional land, infrastructure and services they require and the externalities they create, the resource cost is fully offset by the benefits to the land users.
There are only benefits to the extent that prices are below marginal social costs. For example, if the governments meet some of the costs of establishing and maintaining new outer suburbs in the base case, there is a net benefit from not having to create these suburbs in the project case. However, the benefit is limited to the difference between the resource cost and the private cost incurred by people who move to the new outer suburbs in the base case, not the full avoided resource cost of the creating the new suburbs. In other words, the benefit of the saving in the resource costs of creating and maintaining the new outer suburbs has to be reduced by the lost willingness-to-pay of the people who would have lived in those suburbs.
Not creating new outer suburbs in the Project Case may lead to some savings in congestion costs compared with the Base Case. These would be estimated in the usual way by assuming leftward shifts in the demand curves for the infrastructure affected in the Project Case. Lower externalities associated with transport to and from the fringe suburbs could be counted as benefits because they are unpriced. Loss of fuel excise to the government would count as a disbenefit, as the reduction in consumers' willingness-to-pay exceeds the resource cost saving.
Part T1 of the ATAP Guidelines provides guidance on travel demand modelling, including modelling of the interaction between land use and transport.
## 7.5 If future investments in related infrastructure are deferred (brought forward), estimate net benefits
The preceding sections asked analysts projecting social and private costs of related congested infrastructure into the future, to adjust their projections for cost reductions due to likely expansions of, or improvements to, the related infrastructure. A reduction in demand for use of related infrastructure can cause future expansions or improvements to be deferred, and, conversely, an increase in demand can cause future expansions to be brought forward in time. In discounted present value terms, deferral of future capital expenditure is a benefit and bringing of future capital expenditure is a cost.
If expansion and contraction of infrastructure capacity of related infrastructure was perfectly divisible and occurred in a way such that capacity was always optimal (capacity was adjusted so the marginal benefit of expansion was maintained equal to the marginal cost), there would no net benefits to consider from changes in the timing of future capacity changes on related infrastructure due to the initiative being appraised. The gains or losses from altered timings of future capital expenditures would be exactly offset by gains and losses to users of the infrastructure. Lumpiness in capacity expansion and over- or under-investment mean that changes in the timing of future capital expenditures on related infrastructure can give rise to additional impacts for inclusion in a CBA.
When estimating deferred infrastructure benefits or brought-forward infrastructure disbenefits, it is essential to offset them with any changes to user benefits on the related infrastructure. In some cases, the two offsetting impacts may approximately cancel out.
• If a reduction in demand on related infrastructure leads to a benefit from deferred capacity expansion, there will be an offsetting loss of benefit, during the deferral period, for users who remain on the related infrastructure.
• If an increase in demand on related infrastructure leads to a disbenefit from capacity expansion being brought forward in time, there will be an offsetting benefit, during the period over which the additional capacity has been brought forward, for existing users of the related infrastructure.
Changes in user benefits are estimated in accordance with the other sections in Chapters 6 and 7.
To note only — it does not affect the methodology: the impact on existing users of related infrastructure of a changed timing of capacity expansion will be greater if the planned capacity expansion is later than its optimal time, which would be indicated by a high benefit-cost ratio. Conversely, the impact on existing users of related infrastructure will be lower if the planned capacity expansion is before its optimal time, which would be indicated by a low benefit-cost ratio. In the extreme case, where the planned capacity expansion is not needed at all and creates zero user benefits, there will be no impact on existing users from changing its timing. There is only the change in the discounted cost of deferring or bringing forward the investment.
[1] An alternative measure of the benefit that is often used in practice is: Benefit = (APC1 - APC2) (Q2 + Q1)/2 +(APC – ASC)(Q2 - Q1) where APC1 and APC2 are average perceived costs in the Base and Project Cases respectively. The second term is a resource correction where APC = (APC1 + APC2)/2 and ASC = (ASC1 + ASC2)⁄2 where ASC is average social cost. Appendix A provides a technical proof.
[2] Travel demand models divide an urban area into a large number of smaller zones. Each zone is modelled as both an origin and a destination. Trips are modelled for every pair of origins and destinations across the urban area.
[3] In some practice, the calculations are ‘link-based’; that is they are undertaken for each link in the modelled transport network. The origin-destination approach discussed here is generally considered the best practice approach.
[4] Note that induced demand is equivalent to generated and diverted traffic, as discussed in earlier sections of Part T2.
[5] Section 3.5 of Part T1 provides an overview of the current state of land use-transport interaction modeling.
| 2018-04-22T16:32:39 |
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http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action?init=0&node=M171&home=MXXX030
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${\boldsymbol {\boldsymbol b}}$ ${\boldsymbol {\overline{\boldsymbol b}}}$ MESONS(including possibly non- ${\boldsymbol {\boldsymbol q}}$ ${\boldsymbol {\overline{\boldsymbol q}}}$ states) INSPIRE search
# ${{\boldsymbol \eta}_{{b}}{(1S)}}$ $I^G(J^{PC})$ = $0^+(0^{- +})$
Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions. Observed in radiative decay of the ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(3S)}}$, therefore ${}^{C} = +$.
${{\mathit \eta}_{{b}}{(1S)}}$ MASS $9398.7 \pm2.0$ MeV (S = 1.5)
${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \Upsilon}{(1S)}}}–{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \eta}_{{b}}}}$ $62.3 \pm3.2$ MeV (S = 1.8)
${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ENERGY IN ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(3S)}}$ DECAY $920.6 {}^{+2.8}_{-3.2}$ MeV
${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ENERGY IN ${{\mathit \Upsilon}{(2S)}}$ DECAY $609 \pm5$ MeV
${{\mathit \eta}_{{b}}{(1S)}}$ WIDTH $10 {}^{+5}_{-4}$ MeV
| 2019-08-24T16:02:03 |
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https://de.overleaf.com/articles/laplace-transform-intuition/vtzkrpspkhmw
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Evan Allen
Letzte Aktualisierung
4 years ago
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Creative Commons CC BY 4.0
AbstraktSomething I wrote up to help myself understand the Laplace Transform, what makes it so useful, and most importantly how to derive the Laplace Transform from those useful properties.
| 2023-01-27T10:47:52 |
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http://www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-search.cfm?pub_id=842585
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Author(s): Sara E. Mason; Christopher R. Iceman; Kunaljeet Tanwar; Thomas P. Trainor; Anne M. Chaka; Pb(II) Adsorption on Isostructural Hydrated Alumina and Hematite (0001) Sur faces: A DFT Study January 20, 2009 The persistence of lead (Pb) in contaminated topsoil is ranked as one of the most serious environmental issues in the U.S. and other countries. Adsorption of Pb at the aqueous interface of nanoscale metal oxide and metal (oxy)hydroxide particles is perhaps the most significant process responsible for controlling contaminant sequestration and mobility, but is poorly understood. Experimental studies of absorption of Pb onto bulk minerals has indicated significant differences in reactivity, but the molecular basis for these differences has remained elusive due to the challenges of observing and modeling the complex chemistry that exists at the water-oxide interface. In this work we present a detailed {\it ab initio} theoretical investigation aimed at understanding the fundamental physical and chemical characteristics of Pb adsorption onto the (0001) surface of two common minerals, $\alpha$--Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ and $\alpha$--Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$. The results of our periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that Pb(II) binds more strongly (by $\approx$30\%) to hematite than to isostructural alumina with the same fully hydroxylated surface stoichiometry due to stabilization of the Pb-O covalent interactions by the partially occupied Fe d-band. Site preference for Pb(II) adsorption on alumina is shown to depend strongly on the cost to disrupt highly stable hydrogen bonding networks on the hydrated surface, but is less of a factor for the stronger Pb-hematite interaction. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 pp. 2159 - 2170 Density functional theory; Aluminum oxide; Iron oxide; Water; Lead Biological Physics Click here to retrieve PDF version of paper (3MB)
| 2013-12-13T22:48:07 |
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https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_I_-_Mechanics%2C_Sound%2C_Oscillations%2C_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/17%3A_Sound/17.3%3A_Sound_Intensity
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$$\require{cancel}$$
# 17.3: Sound Intensity
Skills to Develop
• Define the term intensity
• Explain the concept of sound intensity level
• Describe how the human ear translates sound
In a quiet forest, you can sometimes hear a single leaf fall to the ground. But when a passing motorist has his stereo turned up, you cannot even hear what the person next to you in your car is saying (Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$). We are all very familiar with the loudness of sounds and are aware that loudness is related to how energetically the source is vibrating. High noise exposure is hazardous to hearing, which is why it is important for people working in industrial settings to wear ear protection. The relevant physical quantity is sound intensity, a concept that is valid for all sounds whether or not they are in the audible range.
Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Noise on crowded roadways, like this one in Delhi, makes it hard to hear others unless they shout. (credit: “Lingaraj G J”/Flickr)
Previously, we defined intensity as the power per unit area carried by a wave. Power is the rate at which energy is transferred by the wave. In equation form, intensity $$I$$ is
$$I = \frac{P}{A}, \label{17.8}$$
where $$P$$ is the power through an area $$A$$. The SI unit for $$I$$ is W/m2. If we assume that the sound wave is spherical, and that no energy is lost to thermal processes, the energy of the sound wave is spread over a larger area as distance increases, so the intensity decreases. The area of a sphere is $$A = 4 \pi r^2$$. As the wave spreads out from $$r_1$$ to $$r_2$$, the energy also spreads out over a larger area:
\begin{align} P_{1} & = P_{2} \5pt] I_{1} 4 \pi r_{1}^{2} & = I_{2} 4 \pi r_{2}^{2} \\[5pt] I_{2} &= I_{1} \left(\dfrac{r_{1}}{r_{2}}\right)^{2} \ldotp \label{17.9} \end{align} The intensity decreases as the wave moves out from the source. In an inverse square relationship, such as the intensity, when you double the distance, the intensity decreases to one quarter, I_{2} = I_{1} \left(\dfrac{r_{1}}{r_{2}}\right)^{2} = I_{1} \left(\dfrac{r_{1}}{2r_{1}}\right)^{2} = \frac{1}{4} I_{1} \ldotp Generally, when considering the intensity of a sound wave, we take the intensity to be the time-averaged value of the power, denoted by $$⟨P⟩$$, divided by the area, I = \frac{\langle P \rangle}{A} \ldotp \label{17.10} The intensity of a sound wave is proportional to the change in the pressure squared and inversely proportional to the density and the speed. Consider a parcel of a medium initially undisturbed and then influenced by a sound wave at time t, as shown in Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$. Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$: An undisturbed parcel of a medium with a volume V = A$$\Delta$$x shown in blue. A sound wave moves through the medium at time t, and the parcel is displaced and expands, as shown by dotted lines. The change in volume is $$\Delta V = A \Delta s = A(s_2 − s_1)$$, where $$s_1$$ is the displacement of the leading edge of the parcel and $$s_2$$ is the displacement of the trailing edge of the parcel. In the figure, $$s_2 > s_1$$ and the parcel expands, but the parcel can either expand or compress (s2 < s1) , depending on which part of the sound wave (compression or rarefaction) is moving through the parcel. As the sound wave moves through the parcel, the parcel is displaced and may expand or contract. If $$s_2 > s_1$$, the volume has increased and the pressure decreases. If $$s_2 < s1,$$ the volume has decreased and the pressure increases. The change in the volume is \begin{align} \Delta V &= A \Delta s \\[5pt] &= A(s_{2} - s_{1}) \\[5pt] &= A[s(x + \Delta x,t)-s(x,t)] \ldotp \end{align} The fractional change in the volume is the change in volume divided by the original volume: \begin{align} \frac{dV}{V} &= \lim_{\Delta x \rightarrow 0} \frac{A[s(x + \Delta x,t)-s(x,t)]}{A \Delta x} \\[5pt] &= \frac{\partial s(x,t)}{\partial x} \ldotp \end{align} The fractional change in volume is related to the pressure fluctuation by the bulk modulus \[\beta = − \frac{\Delta p(x, t)}{\frac{dV}{V}}. Recall that the minus sign is required because the volume is inversely related to the pressure. (We use lowercase $$p$$ for pressure to distinguish it from power, denoted by $$P$$.) The change in pressure is therefore $\Delta p(x, t) = − \beta \frac{dV}{V} = − \beta \frac{\partial s(x, t)}{\partial x}.$ If the sound wave is sinusoidal, then the displacement as shown in Equation 17.2 is $s(x, t) = s_{max} \cos(kx ∓ \omega t + \phi$ and the pressure is found to be \begin{align} \Delta p(x,t) &= - \beta \frac{dV}{V} \5pt] &= - \beta \frac{\partial s(x,t)}{\partial x} \\[5pt] &= \beta ks_{max} \sin (kx - \omega t + \phi) \\[5pt] &= \Delta p_{max} \sin (kx - \omega t + \phi) \ldotp \end{align} The intensity of the sound wave is the power per unit area, and the power is the force times the velocity, \[I = \frac{P}{A} = \frac{Fv}{A} = pv.
Here, the velocity is the velocity of the oscillations of the medium, and not the velocity of the sound wave. The velocity of the medium is the time rate of change in the displacement:
$$v(x,t) = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} s(x,t) = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} [s_{max} \cos (kx - \omega t + \phi)] = s_{max} \omega \sin (kx - \omega t + \phi) \ldotp$$
Thus, the intensity becomes
\begin{align} I & = \Delta p(x,t)\; v(x,t) \5pt] & = \beta ks_{max} \sin (kx - \omega t + \phi)[s_{max} \omega \sin (kx - \omega t + \phi)] \\[5pt] & = \beta k \omega s_{max}^{2} \sin^{2} (kx - \omega t + \phi) \ldotp \end{align} To find the time-averaged intensity over one period $$T = \frac{2 \pi}{\omega}$$ for a position $$x$$, we integrate over the period, \[I = \frac{\beta k \omega s_{max}^{2}}{2}. Using $$\Delta p_{max} = \beta ks_{max}$$, $$v = \sqrt{\frac{\beta}{\rho}}$$, and $$v = \frac{\omega}{k}$$, we obtain \begin{align*} I &= \frac{\beta k \omega s_{max}^{2}}{2} \5pt] &= \frac{\beta^{2} k^{2} \omega s_{max}^{2}}{2 \beta k} \\[5pt] &= \frac{\omega (\Delta p_{max})^{2}}{2 (\rho v^{2}) k} \\[5pt] &= \frac{v (\Delta p_{max})^{2}}{2 (\rho v^{2})} \\[5pt] &= \frac{(\Delta p_{max})^{2}}{2 \rho v} \ldotp \end{align*} That is, the intensity of a sound wave is related to its amplitude squared by I = \frac{(\Delta p_{max})^{2}}{2 \rho v} \ldotp \label{17.11} Here, $$\Delta$$pmax is the pressure variation or pressure amplitude in units of pascals (Pa) or N/m2. The energy (as kinetic energy $$\frac{1}{2} mv^2$$) of an oscillating element of air due to a traveling sound wave is proportional to its amplitude squared. In this equation, $$\rho$$ is the density of the material in which the sound wave travels, in units of kg/m3, and $$v$$ is the speed of sound in the medium, in units of m/s. The pressure variation is proportional to the amplitude of the oscillation, so $$I$$ varies as ($$\Delta p)^2$$. This relationship is consistent with the fact that the sound wave is produced by some vibration; the greater its pressure amplitude, the more the air is compressed in the sound it creates. ### Human Hearing and Sound Intensity Levels As stated earlier in this chapter, hearing is the perception of sound. The hearing mechanism involves some interesting physics. The sound wave that impinges upon our ear is a pressure wave. The ear is a transducer that converts sound waves into electrical nerve impulses in a manner much more sophisticated than, but analogous to, a microphone. Figure $$\PageIndex{3}$$ shows the anatomy of the ear. Figure $$\PageIndex{3}$$: The anatomy of the human ear. The outer ear, or ear canal, carries sound to the recessed, protected eardrum. The air column in the ear canal resonates and is partially responsible for the sensitivity of the ear to sounds in the 2000–5000-Hz range. The middle ear converts sound into mechanical vibrations and applies these vibrations to the cochlea. Watch this video for a more detailed discussion of the workings of the human ear. The range of intensities that the human ear can hear depends on the frequency of the sound, but, in general, the range is quite large. The minimum threshold intensity that can be heard is I0 = 10−12 W/m2. Pain is experienced at intensities of Ipain = 1 W/m2. Measurements of sound intensity (in units of W/m2) are very cumbersome due to this large range in values. For this reason, as well as for other reasons, the concept of sound intensity level was proposed. The sound intensity level $$\beta$$ of a sound, measured in decibels, having an intensity I in watts per meter squared, is defined as \beta (dB) = \log_{10} \left(\dfrac{I}{I_{0}}\right), \label{17.12} where I0 = 10−12 W/m2 is a reference intensity, corresponding to the threshold intensity of sound that a person with normal hearing can perceive at a frequency of 1.00 kHz. It is more common to consider sound intensity levels in dB than in W/m2. How human ears perceive sound can be more accurately described by the logarithm of the intensity rather than directly by the intensity. Because β is defined in terms of a ratio, it is a unitless quantity, telling you the level of the sound relative to a fixed standard (10−12 W/m2). The units of decibels (dB) are used to indicate this ratio is multiplied by 10 in its definition. The bel, upon which the decibel is based, is named for Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. The decibel level of a sound having the threshold intensity of 10−12 W/m2 is $$\beta$$ = 0 dB, because log10 1 = 0. Table $$\PageIndex{2}$$ gives levels in decibels and intensities in watts per meter squared for some familiar sounds. The ear is sensitive to as little as a trillionth of a watt per meter squared—even more impressive when you realize that the area of the eardrum is only about 1 cm2, so that only 10−16 W falls on it at the threshold of hearing. Air molecules in a sound wave of this intensity vibrate over a distance of less than one molecular diameter, and the gauge pressures involved are less than 10−9 atm. Table $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Sound Intensity Levels and Intensities Sound intensity level $$\beta$$ (dB) Intensity Example/effect 0 1 x 10−12 Threshold of hearing at 1000 Hz 10 1 x 10−11 Rustle of leaves 20 1 x 10−10 Whisper at 1-m distance 30 1 x 10−9 Quiet home 40 1 x 10−8 Average home 50 1 x 10−7 Average office, soft music 60 1 x 10−6 Normal conversation 70 1 x 10−5 Noisy office, busy traffic 80 1 x 10−4 Loud radio, classroom lecture 90 1 x 10−3 Inside a heavy truck; damage from prolonged exposure[1] 100 1 x 10−2 Noisy factory, siren at 30 m; damage from 8 h per day exposure 110 1 x 10−1 Damage from 30 min per day exposure 120 1 Loud rock concert; pneumatic chipper at 2 m; threshold of pain 140 1 x 102 Jet airplane at 30 m; severe pain, damage in seconds 160 1 x 104 Bursting of eardrums [1] Several government agencies and health-related professional associations recommend that 85 dB not be exceeded for 8-hour daily exposures in the absence of hearing protection. An observation readily verified by examining Table $$\PageIndex{2}$$ or by using Equation \ref{17.12} is that each factor of 10 in intensity corresponds to 10 dB. For example, a 90-dB sound compared with a 60-dB sound is 30 dB greater, or three factors of 10 (that is, 103 times) as intense. Another example is that if one sound is 107 as intense as another, it is 70 dB higher (Table $$\PageIndex{2}$$). Table $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Ratios of Intensities and Corresponding Differences in Sound Intensity Levels $$\frac{I_{2}}{I_{1}}$$ $$\beta_{2} - \beta_{1}$$ 2.0 3.0 dB 5.0 7.0 dB 10.0 10.0 dB 100.0 20.0 dB 1000.0 30.0 dB Example $$\PageIndex{1A}$$: Calculating Sound Intensity Levels Calculate the sound intensity level in decibels for a sound wave traveling in air at 0°C and having a pressure amplitude of 0.656 Pa. Strategy We are given $$Δp$$, so we can calculate $$I$$ using the equation \[I = \dfrac{(\Delta p)^2}{2 \rho vw}.
Using $$I$$, we can calculate $$\beta$$ straight from its definition in
$\beta (dB) = 10 \log_{10} \left(\dfrac{I}{I_{0}}\right).$
Solution
1. Identify knowns: Sound travels at 331 m/s in air at 0 °C. Air has a density of 1.29 kg/m3 at atmospheric pressure and 0 °C.
2. Enter these values and the pressure amplitude into I = $$\frac{(\Delta p)^{2}}{2 \rho v}$$. $$I = \frac{(\Delta p)^{2}}{2 \rho v} = \frac{(0.656\; Pa)^{2}}{2(1.29\; kg/m^{3})(331\; m/s)} = 5.04 \times 10^{-4}\; W/m^{2} \ldotp$$
3. Enter the value for I and the known value for I0 into $$\beta$$(dB) = 10 log10$$\left(\dfrac{I}{I_{0}}\right)$$. Calculate to find the sound intensity level in decibels: $$10 \log_{10} (5.04 \times 10^{8}) = (10\; dB)(8.70) = 87\; dB \ldotp$$
Significance
This 87-dB sound has an intensity five times as great as an 80-dB sound. So a factor of five in intensity corresponds to a difference of 7 dB in sound intensity level. This value is true for any intensities differing by a factor of five.
Example $$\PageIndex{1B}$$: Changing Intensity Levels of a Sound
Show that if one sound is twice as intense as another, it has a sound level about 3 dB higher.
Strategy
We are given that the ratio of two intensities is 2 to 1, and are then asked to find the difference in their sound levels in decibels. We can solve this problem by using of the properties of logarithms.
Solution
1. Identify knowns: The ratio of the two intensities is 2 to 1, or $$\frac{I_{2}}{I_{1}} = 2.00 \ldotp$$We wish to show that the difference in sound levels is about 3 dB. That is, we want to show: $$\beta_{2} - \beta_{1} = 3\; dB \ldotp$$Note that $$log_{10} b - \log_{10} a = \log_{10} \left(\dfrac{b}{a}\right) \ldotp$$
2. Use the definition of $$\beta$$ to obtain $$\beta_{2} - \beta_{1} = 10 \log_{10} \left(\dfrac{I_{2}}{I_{1}}\right) = 10 \log_{10} 2.00 = (10\; dB)(0.301) \ldotp$$Thus, $$\beta_{2} - \beta_{1} = 3.01\; dB \ldotp$$
Significance
This means that the two sound intensity levels differ by 3.01 dB, or about 3 dB, as advertised. Note that because only the ratio $$\frac{I_{2}}{I_{1}}$$ is given (and not the actual intensities), this result is true for any intensities that differ by a factor of two. For example, a 56.0-dB sound is twice as intense as a 53.0-dB sound, a 97.0-dB sound is half as intense as a 100-dB sound, and so on.
Exercises $$\PageIndex{1}$$
Identify common sounds at the levels of 10 dB, 50 dB, and 100 dB.
Another decibel scale is also in use, called the sound pressure level, based on the ratio of the pressure amplitude to a reference pressure. This scale is used particularly in applications where sound travels in water. It is beyond the scope of this text to treat this scale because it is not commonly used for sounds in air, but it is important to note that very different decibel levels may be encountered when sound pressure levels are quoted.
### Hearing and Pitch
The human ear has a tremendous range and sensitivity. It can give us a wealth of simple information—such as pitch, loudness, and direction.
The perception of frequency is called pitch. Typically, humans have excellent relative pitch and can discriminate between two sounds if their frequencies differ by 0.3% or more. For example, 500.0 and 501.5 Hz are noticeably different. Musical notes are sounds of a particular frequency that can be produced by most instruments and in Western music have particular names, such as A-sharp, C, or E-flat.
The perception of intensity is called loudness. At a given frequency, it is possible to discern differences of about 1 dB, and a change of 3 dB is easily noticed. But loudness is not related to intensity alone. Frequency has a major effect on how loud a sound seems. Sounds near the high- and low-frequency extremes of the hearing range seem even less loud, because the ear is less sensitive at those frequencies. When a violin plays middle C, there is no mistaking it for a piano playing the same note. The reason is that each instrument produces a distinctive set of frequencies and intensities. We call our perception of these combinations of frequencies and intensities tone quality or, more commonly, the timbre of the sound. Timbre is the shape of the wave that arises from the many reflections, resonances, and superposition in an instrument.
A unit called a phon is used to express loudness numerically. Phons differ from decibels because the phon is a unit of loudness perception, whereas the decibel is a unit of physical intensity. Figure $$\PageIndex{4}$$ shows the relationship of loudness to intensity (or intensity level) and frequency for persons with normal hearing. The curved lines are equal-loudness curves. Each curve is labeled with its loudness in phons. Any sound along a given curve is perceived as equally loud by the average person. The curves were determined by having large numbers of people compare the loudness of sounds at different frequencies and sound intensity levels. At a frequency of 1000 Hz, phons are taken to be numerically equal to decibels.
Figure $$\PageIndex{4}$$: The relationship of loudness in phons to intensity level (in decibels) and intensity (in watts per meter squared) for persons with normal hearing. The curved lines are equal-loudness curves—all sounds on a given curve are perceived as equally loud. Phons and decibels are defined to be the same at 1000 Hz.
Example $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Measuring Loudness
1. What is the loudness in phons of a 100-Hz sound that has an intensity level of 80 dB?
2. What is the intensity level in decibels of a 4000-Hz sound having a loudness of 70 phons?
3. At what intensity level will an 8000-Hz sound have the same loudness as a 200-Hz sound at 60 dB?
Strategy
The graph in Figure $$\PageIndex{4}$$ should be referenced to solve this example. To find the loudness of a given sound, you must know its frequency and intensity level, locate that point on the square grid, and then interpolate between loudness curves to get the loudness in phons. Once that point is located, the intensity level can be determined from the vertical axis.
Solution
1. Identify knowns: The square grid of the graph relating phons and decibels is a plot of intensity level versus frequency—both physical quantities: 100 Hz at 80 dB lies halfway between the curves marked 70 and 80 phons. Find the loudness: 75 phons.
2. Identify knowns: Values are given to be 4000 Hz at 70 phons. Follow the 70-phon curve until it reaches 4000 Hz. At that point, it is below the 70 dB line at about 67 dB. Find the intensity level: 67 dB.
3. Locate the point for a 200 Hz and 60 dB sound. Find the loudness: This point lies just slightly above the 50-phon curve, and so its loudness is 51 phons. Look for the 51-phon level is at 8000 Hz: 63 dB.
Significance
These answers, like all information extracted from Figure $$\PageIndex{4}$$, have uncertainties of several phons or several decibels, partly due to difficulties in interpolation, but mostly related to uncertainties in the equal-loudness curves.
Exercise $$\PageIndex{2}$$
Describe how amplitude is related to the loudness of a sound.
In this section, we discussed the characteristics of sound and how we hear, but how are the sounds we hear produced? Interesting sources of sound are musical instruments and the human voice, and we will discuss these sources. But before we can understand how musical instruments produce sound, we need to look at the basic mechanisms behind these instruments. The theories behind the mechanisms used by musical instruments involve interference, superposition, and standing waves, which we discuss in the next section.
### Contributors
• Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0).
| 2019-03-24T04:18:46 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Anowak.andrzej-s
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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Nowak, Andrzej S.
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Author ID: nowak.andrzej-s Published as: Nowak, A.; Nowak, A. S.; Nowak, Andrzej S. Homepage: http://www.wmie.uz.zgora.pl/en/pracownicy/pokaz.php?id=ANowak External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ResearchGate · dblp · GND
Documents Indexed: 91 Publications since 1977, including 2 Books Biographic References: 1 Publication
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#### Co-Authors
37 single-authored 29 Jaśkiewicz, Anna 11 Balbus, Łukasz 7 Radzik, Tadeusz 4 Matkowski, Janusz 3 Raghavan, Tirukkannamangai E. S. 3 Szajowski, Krzysztof J. 1 Altman, Eitan 1 Driessen, Theo S. H. 1 Feinberg, Eugene Aleksandrovich 1 Melikyan, Arik Artavazdovich 1 Szajowski, Piotr 1 Szerszen, Maria M. 1 Vega-Amaya, Oscar 1 Wiȩcek, Piotr 1 Woźny, Łukasz
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#### Serials
14 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 11 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 5 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 5 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 4 International Journal of Game Theory 4 Games and Economic Behavior 4 Applicationes Mathematicae 3 Automatica 3 Mathematics of Operations Research 2 Operations Research Letters 2 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 2 Annals of Operations Research 2 Economic Theory 2 Dynamic Games and Applications 1 The Annals of Probability 1 Journal of Economic Theory 1 Journal of Mathematical Economics 1 Opsearch 1 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1 Mathematical Social Sciences 1 Optimization 1 Economics Letters 1 Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Mathematics 1 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 1 Top 1 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (Warsaw) 1 International Game Theory Review 1 Annals of the International Society of Dynamic Games
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#### Fields
75 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 19 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 15 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 10 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 7 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 4 Measure and integration (28-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
79 Publications have been cited 646 times in 348 Documents Cited by Year
A solidarity value for $$n$$-person transferable utility games. Zbl 0805.90125
1994
On an axiomatization of the Banzhaf value without the additivity axiom. Zbl 0871.90122
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1997
Existence of stationary correlated equilibria with symmetric information for discounted stochastic games. Zbl 0761.90112
Nowak, A. S.; Raghavan, T. E. S.
1992
On a new class of nonzero-sum discounted stochastic games having stationary Nash equilibrium points. Zbl 1088.91006
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2003
Zero-sum ergodic stochastic games with Feller transition probabilities. Zbl 1140.91027
Jáskiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
Measurable selection theorems for minimax stochastic optimization problems. Zbl 0595.93070
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1985
Stochastic games with unbounded payoffs: applications to robust control in economics. Zbl 1263.91008
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2011
Existence of perfect equilibria in a class of multigenerational stochastic games of capital accumulation. Zbl 1283.93033
Balbus, Łukasz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2008
On stochastic games in economics. Zbl 1149.91017
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2007
Universally measurable strategies in zero-sum stochastic games. Zbl 0592.90106
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1985
On zero-sum stochastic games with general state space. I. Zbl 0561.60048
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
On perfect equilibria in stochastic models of growth with intergenerational altruism. Zbl 1096.91004
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
On axiomatizations of the weighted Shapley values. Zbl 0836.90148
1995
Existence of equilibrium stationary strategies in discounted noncooperative stochastic games with uncountable state space. Zbl 0543.90101
Nowak, A. S.
1985
Stationary Markov perfect equilibria in risk sensitive stochastic overlapping generations models. Zbl 1296.91021
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
On discounted dynamic programming with unbounded returns. Zbl 1219.90182
Matkowski, Janusz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2011
On the optimality equation for average cost Markov control processes with Feller transition probabilities. Zbl 1148.90015
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
Discounted dynamic programming with unbounded returns: application to economic models. Zbl 1254.90292
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2011
Nonzero-sum semi-Markov games with the expected average payoffs. Zbl 1132.91364
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Jaśkiewicz, Anna
2005
Existence of stationary Markov perfect equilibria in stochastic altruistic growth economies. Zbl 1314.91018
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
Construction of Nash equilibria in symmetric stochastic games of capital accumulation. Zbl 1106.91014
Balbus, Łukasz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2004
Nonzero-sum stochastic games. Zbl 0940.91014
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Szajowski, Krzysztof
1999
Sensitive equilibria for ergodic stochastic games with countable state spaces. Zbl 0963.91011
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
The Shapley value for $$n$$-person games in generalized characteristic function form. Zbl 0804.90147
1994
Stochastic bequest games. Zbl 1318.91026
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
On a noncooperative stochastic game played by internally cooperating generations. Zbl 1188.91031
Nowak, A. S.
2010
$$N$$-person stochastic games: extensions of the finite state space case and correlation. Zbl 1153.91334
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2003
On the optimality equation for zero-sum ergodic stochastic games. Zbl 1102.91305
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2001
On the weak topology on a space of probability measures induced by policies. Zbl 0676.90095
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1988
On variable discounting in dynamic programming: applications to resource extraction and other economic models. Zbl 1309.90119
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Matkowski, Janusz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
An alternative characterization of the weighted Banzhaf value. Zbl 0960.91013
2000
Stationary almost Markov perfect equilibria in discounted stochastic games. Zbl 1382.91013
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2016
Robust Markov perfect equilibria in a dynamic choice model with quasi-hyperbolic discounting. Zbl 1312.91011
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
A multigenerational dynamic game of resource extraction. Zbl 1152.91367
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
Some remarks on equilibria in semi-Markov games. Zbl 1050.91010
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2000
A counterexample on overtaking optimality. Zbl 0937.90119
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Vega-Amaya, Oscar
1999
Semicontinuous nonstationary stochastic games. Zbl 0594.90105
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1986
Stochastic games of resource extraction. Zbl 1318.93103
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
Persistently optimal policies in stochastic dynamic programming with generalized discounting. Zbl 1291.90290
Jaśkiewicz, A.; Matkowski, J.; Nowak, A. S.
2013
Approximation of noncooperative semi-Markov games. Zbl 1139.91009
Jaśkiewicz, A.; Nowak, A. S.
2006
Optimality in Feller semi-Markov control processes. Zbl 1112.90091
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
$$\varepsilon$$-equilibria for stochastic games with uncountable state space and unbounded costs. Zbl 1102.91013
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Altman, Eitan
2002
Optimal strategies in a class of zero-sum ergodic stochastic games. Zbl 0941.91011
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
Nonrandomized strategy equilibria in noncooperative stochastic games with additive transition and reward structure. Zbl 0585.90102
Nowak, A. S.
1987
On zero-sum stochastic games with general state space. II. Zbl 0561.60049
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
On measurable minimax selectors. Zbl 1187.93140
Nowak, A. S.
2010
Remarks on sensitive equilibria in stochastic games with additive reward and transition structure. Zbl 1113.91007
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
On convex combinations of two values. Zbl 0859.90137
1996
A finite step algorithm via a bimatrix game to a single controller non- zero sum stochastic game. Zbl 0792.90095
Nowak, A. S.; Raghavan, T. E. S.
1993
On symmetric stochastic games of resource extraction with weakly continuous transitions. Zbl 1416.91032
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2018
Non-paternalistic intergenerational altruism revisited. Zbl 1368.91143
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2016
Bequest games with unbounded utility functions. Zbl 1396.91173
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
A note on strong 1-optimal policies in Markov decision chains with unbounded costs. Zbl 0937.90118
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
Zero-sum average payoff stochastic games with general state space. Zbl 0829.90142
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1994
Correlated equilibria in nonzero-sum differential games. Zbl 0792.90099
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1993
Correlated relaxed equilibria in nonzero-sum linear differential games. Zbl 0778.90102
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1992
Positive stochastic games and a theorem of Ornstein. Zbl 0745.90091
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Raghavan, T. E. S.
1991
Approximation theorems for zero-sum nonstationary stochastic games. Zbl 0559.90103
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
On a generalization of the Dvoretzky-Wald-Wolfowitz theorem with an application to a robust optimization problem. Zbl 1400.90298
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2019
On pure stationary almost Markov Nash equilibria in nonzero-sum ARAT stochastic games. Zbl 1319.91027
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
Generalised discounting in dynamic programming with unbounded returns. Zbl 1408.90305
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Matkowski, Janusz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
Equilibrium in a dynamic game of capital accumulation with the overtaking criterion. Zbl 1255.91053
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2008
Notes on risk-sensitive Nash equilibria. Zbl 1123.91001
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2005
On Nash equilibria in stochastic games of capital accumulation. Zbl 1134.91009
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Szajowski, Piotr
2003
Zero-sum stochastic games with Borel state spaces. Zbl 1153.91333
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2003
A generalization of Ueno’s inequality for $$n$$-step transition probabilities. Zbl 0998.60068
Nowak, A. S.
1998
Weighted Banzhaf values. Zbl 0880.90146
1997
Stationary equilibria for nonzero-sum average payoff ergodic stochastic games with general state space. Zbl 0820.90145
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1994
Existence of correlated weak equilibria in discounted stochastic games with general state space. Zbl 0752.90091
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1991
Minimax selection theorems. Zbl 0589.90088
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
Constrained discounted Markov decision processes with Borel state spaces. Zbl 1434.90212
Feinberg, Eugene A.; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2020
Constrained Markov decision processes with expected total reward criteria. Zbl 1421.90161
2019
Robust Markov control processes. Zbl 1298.49037
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
Advances in dynamic games. Applications to economics, finance, optimization and stochastic control. Zbl 1060.91001
Nowak, Andrzej S. (ed.); Szajowski, Krzysztof (ed.)
2005
On approximations of nonzero-sum uniformly continuous ergodic stochastic games. Zbl 1050.91009
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
On weakly correlated and correlated equilibria in discontinuous games. Zbl 0719.90098
1990
Semicontinuous nonstationary stochastic games. II. Zbl 0712.90101
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1990
Existence of optimal strategies in zero-sum nonstationary stochastic games with lack of information on both sides. Zbl 0666.90101
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1989
Discounted dynamic programming on Euclidean spaces. Zbl 0412.90073
Nowak, A.
1979
Constrained discounted Markov decision processes with Borel state spaces. Zbl 1434.90212
Feinberg, Eugene A.; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2020
On a generalization of the Dvoretzky-Wald-Wolfowitz theorem with an application to a robust optimization problem. Zbl 1400.90298
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2019
Constrained Markov decision processes with expected total reward criteria. Zbl 1421.90161
2019
On symmetric stochastic games of resource extraction with weakly continuous transitions. Zbl 1416.91032
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2018
Stationary almost Markov perfect equilibria in discounted stochastic games. Zbl 1382.91013
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2016
Non-paternalistic intergenerational altruism revisited. Zbl 1368.91143
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2016
Existence of stationary Markov perfect equilibria in stochastic altruistic growth economies. Zbl 1314.91018
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
Stochastic bequest games. Zbl 1318.91026
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
Stochastic games of resource extraction. Zbl 1318.93103
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
Bequest games with unbounded utility functions. Zbl 1396.91173
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
On pure stationary almost Markov Nash equilibria in nonzero-sum ARAT stochastic games. Zbl 1319.91027
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2015
Stationary Markov perfect equilibria in risk sensitive stochastic overlapping generations models. Zbl 1296.91021
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
On variable discounting in dynamic programming: applications to resource extraction and other economic models. Zbl 1309.90119
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Matkowski, Janusz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
Robust Markov perfect equilibria in a dynamic choice model with quasi-hyperbolic discounting. Zbl 1312.91011
Balbus, Łukasz; Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
Generalised discounting in dynamic programming with unbounded returns. Zbl 1408.90305
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Matkowski, Janusz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
Robust Markov control processes. Zbl 1298.49037
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2014
Persistently optimal policies in stochastic dynamic programming with generalized discounting. Zbl 1291.90290
Jaśkiewicz, A.; Matkowski, J.; Nowak, A. S.
2013
Stochastic games with unbounded payoffs: applications to robust control in economics. Zbl 1263.91008
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2011
On discounted dynamic programming with unbounded returns. Zbl 1219.90182
Matkowski, Janusz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2011
Discounted dynamic programming with unbounded returns: application to economic models. Zbl 1254.90292
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2011
On a noncooperative stochastic game played by internally cooperating generations. Zbl 1188.91031
Nowak, A. S.
2010
On measurable minimax selectors. Zbl 1187.93140
Nowak, A. S.
2010
Existence of perfect equilibria in a class of multigenerational stochastic games of capital accumulation. Zbl 1283.93033
Balbus, Łukasz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2008
Equilibrium in a dynamic game of capital accumulation with the overtaking criterion. Zbl 1255.91053
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2008
On stochastic games in economics. Zbl 1149.91017
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2007
Zero-sum ergodic stochastic games with Feller transition probabilities. Zbl 1140.91027
Jáskiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
On perfect equilibria in stochastic models of growth with intergenerational altruism. Zbl 1096.91004
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
On the optimality equation for average cost Markov control processes with Feller transition probabilities. Zbl 1148.90015
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
A multigenerational dynamic game of resource extraction. Zbl 1152.91367
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
Approximation of noncooperative semi-Markov games. Zbl 1139.91009
Jaśkiewicz, A.; Nowak, A. S.
2006
Optimality in Feller semi-Markov control processes. Zbl 1112.90091
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
Remarks on sensitive equilibria in stochastic games with additive reward and transition structure. Zbl 1113.91007
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2006
Nonzero-sum semi-Markov games with the expected average payoffs. Zbl 1132.91364
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Jaśkiewicz, Anna
2005
Notes on risk-sensitive Nash equilibria. Zbl 1123.91001
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2005
Advances in dynamic games. Applications to economics, finance, optimization and stochastic control. Zbl 1060.91001
Nowak, Andrzej S. (ed.); Szajowski, Krzysztof (ed.)
2005
Construction of Nash equilibria in symmetric stochastic games of capital accumulation. Zbl 1106.91014
Balbus, Łukasz; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2004
On a new class of nonzero-sum discounted stochastic games having stationary Nash equilibrium points. Zbl 1088.91006
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2003
$$N$$-person stochastic games: extensions of the finite state space case and correlation. Zbl 1153.91334
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2003
On Nash equilibria in stochastic games of capital accumulation. Zbl 1134.91009
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Szajowski, Piotr
2003
Zero-sum stochastic games with Borel state spaces. Zbl 1153.91333
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2003
$$\varepsilon$$-equilibria for stochastic games with uncountable state space and unbounded costs. Zbl 1102.91013
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Altman, Eitan
2002
On the optimality equation for zero-sum ergodic stochastic games. Zbl 1102.91305
Jaśkiewicz, Anna; Nowak, Andrzej S.
2001
An alternative characterization of the weighted Banzhaf value. Zbl 0960.91013
2000
Some remarks on equilibria in semi-Markov games. Zbl 1050.91010
Nowak, Andrzej S.
2000
Nonzero-sum stochastic games. Zbl 0940.91014
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Szajowski, Krzysztof
1999
Sensitive equilibria for ergodic stochastic games with countable state spaces. Zbl 0963.91011
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
A counterexample on overtaking optimality. Zbl 0937.90119
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Vega-Amaya, Oscar
1999
Optimal strategies in a class of zero-sum ergodic stochastic games. Zbl 0941.91011
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
A note on strong 1-optimal policies in Markov decision chains with unbounded costs. Zbl 0937.90118
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
On approximations of nonzero-sum uniformly continuous ergodic stochastic games. Zbl 1050.91009
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1999
A generalization of Ueno’s inequality for $$n$$-step transition probabilities. Zbl 0998.60068
Nowak, A. S.
1998
On an axiomatization of the Banzhaf value without the additivity axiom. Zbl 0871.90122
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1997
Weighted Banzhaf values. Zbl 0880.90146
1997
On convex combinations of two values. Zbl 0859.90137
1996
On axiomatizations of the weighted Shapley values. Zbl 0836.90148
1995
A solidarity value for $$n$$-person transferable utility games. Zbl 0805.90125
1994
The Shapley value for $$n$$-person games in generalized characteristic function form. Zbl 0804.90147
1994
Zero-sum average payoff stochastic games with general state space. Zbl 0829.90142
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1994
Stationary equilibria for nonzero-sum average payoff ergodic stochastic games with general state space. Zbl 0820.90145
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1994
A finite step algorithm via a bimatrix game to a single controller non- zero sum stochastic game. Zbl 0792.90095
Nowak, A. S.; Raghavan, T. E. S.
1993
Correlated equilibria in nonzero-sum differential games. Zbl 0792.90099
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1993
Existence of stationary correlated equilibria with symmetric information for discounted stochastic games. Zbl 0761.90112
Nowak, A. S.; Raghavan, T. E. S.
1992
Correlated relaxed equilibria in nonzero-sum linear differential games. Zbl 0778.90102
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1992
Positive stochastic games and a theorem of Ornstein. Zbl 0745.90091
Nowak, Andrzej S.; Raghavan, T. E. S.
1991
Existence of correlated weak equilibria in discounted stochastic games with general state space. Zbl 0752.90091
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1991
On weakly correlated and correlated equilibria in discontinuous games. Zbl 0719.90098
1990
Semicontinuous nonstationary stochastic games. II. Zbl 0712.90101
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1990
Existence of optimal strategies in zero-sum nonstationary stochastic games with lack of information on both sides. Zbl 0666.90101
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1989
On the weak topology on a space of probability measures induced by policies. Zbl 0676.90095
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1988
Nonrandomized strategy equilibria in noncooperative stochastic games with additive transition and reward structure. Zbl 0585.90102
Nowak, A. S.
1987
Semicontinuous nonstationary stochastic games. Zbl 0594.90105
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1986
Measurable selection theorems for minimax stochastic optimization problems. Zbl 0595.93070
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1985
Universally measurable strategies in zero-sum stochastic games. Zbl 0592.90106
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1985
Existence of equilibrium stationary strategies in discounted noncooperative stochastic games with uncountable state space. Zbl 0543.90101
Nowak, A. S.
1985
On zero-sum stochastic games with general state space. I. Zbl 0561.60048
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
On zero-sum stochastic games with general state space. II. Zbl 0561.60049
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
Approximation theorems for zero-sum nonstationary stochastic games. Zbl 0559.90103
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
Minimax selection theorems. Zbl 0589.90088
Nowak, Andrzej S.
1984
Discounted dynamic programming on Euclidean spaces. Zbl 0412.90073
Nowak, A.
1979
all top 5
#### Cited by 335 Authors
39 Nowak, Andrzej S. 29 Jaśkiewicz, Anna 18 Balbus, Łukasz 14 Casajus, André 11 Guo, Xianping 10 Driessen, Theo S. H. 9 Solan, Eilon 8 Feinberg, Eugene Aleksandrovich 8 Hernández-Lerma, Onésimo 8 Woźny, Łukasz 7 Flesch, Janos 7 Minjárez-Sosa, J. Adolfo 7 Predtetchinski, Arkadi 7 Sun, Hao 6 Alonso-Meijide, José María 6 Dufour, François 6 Ghosh, Mrinal Kanti 6 Luque-Vásquez, Fernando 6 Page, Frank H. jun. 6 Reffett, Kevin L. 6 Sudderth, William D. 6 Wei, Qingda 5 Álvarez-Mozos, Mikel 5 Barua, Rana 5 Béal, Sylvain 5 Chakravarty, Satya Ranjan 5 Escobedo-Trujillo, Beatris Adriana 5 Zhang, Yi 4 Chen, Xian 4 Duggan, John 4 Herings, P. Jean-Jacques 4 Hou, Dongshuang 4 Kasyanov, Pavlo O. 4 Kongo, Takumi 4 Parthasarathy, Thiruvenkatachari 4 Radzik, Tadeusz 4 Rémila, Eric 4 Roy, Sonali 4 Solal, Philippe 4 Vega-Amaya, Oscar 4 Yokote, Koji 3 Calvo, Emilio 3 Cavazos-Cadena, Rolando 3 Cruz Suárez, Hugo Adán 3 Fiestras-Janeiro, María Gloria 3 Huettner, Frank 3 Kojadinovic, Ivan 3 Krishnamurthy, Nagarajan 3 López-Barrientos, José Daniel 3 Lorenzo-Freire, Silvia 3 Maitra, Ashok Prasad 3 Marichal, Jean-Luc 3 Piunovskiĭ, Alekseĭ Borisovich 3 Prieto-Rumeau, Tomás 3 Sun, Panfei 3 Vieille, Nicolas 3 Zgurovsky, Mikhail Z. 3 Zhang, Qiang 2 Amer, Rafael 2 Barelli, Paulo 2 Bäuerle, Nicole 2 Bergantiños, Gustavo 2 Besner, Manfred 2 Borkotokey, Surajit 2 Casas-Méndez, Balbina 2 Chakrabarti, Subir K. 2 Chameni Nembua, C. 2 Cingiz, Kutay 2 Costa, Julián 2 Costa, Oswaldo Luiz V. 2 del Pozo, Mónica 2 Dutta, Prajit K. 2 Ferenstein, Elżbieta Z. 2 Fujimoto, Katsushige 2 Funaki, Yukihiko 2 García-Jurado, Ignacio 2 Genadot, Alexandre 2 Giménez, José Miguel 2 González-Arangüena, Enrique 2 González-Rueda, Ángel M. 2 González-Sánchez, David 2 Guo, Xin 2 Haimanko, Ori 2 He, Wei 2 Hernández-Hernández, Daniel 2 Horst, Ulrich 2 Hu, Xunfeng 2 Huang, Xiangxiang 2 Huang, Yonghui 2 Jasso-Fuentes, Héctor 2 Kaliaj, Sokol Bush 2 Kamihigashi, Takashi 2 Kitti, Mitri 2 Krasnosielska-Kobos, Anna 2 Levy, Yehuda John 2 Li, Dengfeng 2 Magaña, Antonio 2 Manuel, Conrado Miguel 2 Matkowski, Janusz 2 Meng, Fanyong ...and 235 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 78 Serials
25 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 20 International Journal of Game Theory 19 Games and Economic Behavior 19 Dynamic Games and Applications 16 Journal of Economic Theory 16 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 16 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 15 International Game Theory Review 14 Operations Research Letters 14 European Journal of Operational Research 13 Economic Theory 10 Theory and Decision 10 Top 7 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 7 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 7 Mathematical Social Sciences 7 Journal of Dynamics and Games 6 Journal of Mathematical Economics 5 Automatica 5 Mathematics of Operations Research 5 Social Choice and Welfare 4 Journal of Applied Probability 4 Optimization 3 Discrete Applied Mathematics 3 Kybernetika 3 Systems & Control Letters 3 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 3 Economics Letters 3 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 3 Science China. Mathematics 2 Advances in Applied Probability 2 International Journal of Control 2 Theory of Probability and its Applications 2 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Statistics & Probability Letters 2 Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control 2 Annals of Operations Research 2 The Annals of Applied Probability 2 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 The Annals of Probability 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Econometrics 1 Naval Research Logistics 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 OR Spektrum 1 Applied Mathematics Letters 1 Queueing Systems 1 Aequationes Mathematicae 1 Automation and Remote Control 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 ZOR. Zeitschrift für Operations Research 1 Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 1 The Journal of Analysis 1 Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis 1 Applicationes Mathematicae 1 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 1 Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 1 Optimization and Engineering 1 Miscelánea Matemática 1 Dynamical Systems 1 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 1 Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 1 Statistical Methods in Medical Research 1 Fixed Point Theory and Applications 1 Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 1 Journal of Biological Dynamics 1 Advances in Fuzzy Systems 1 Mathematical Programming Computation 1 Sankhyā. Series A 1 Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 1 ISRN Probability and Statistics 1 Mathematica Applicanda 1 Game Theory 1 Cogent Mathematics
all top 5
#### Cited in 21 Fields
283 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 85 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 43 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 39 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 24 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 11 Measure and integration (28-XX) 7 Statistics (62-XX) 6 Operator theory (47-XX) 4 General topology (54-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Combinatorics (05-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX)
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https://bridgedale360.gen-europe.org/mod/forum/view.php?id=2
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## Refugee Cushion
flickr photo shared by dan reed! under a Creative Commons ( BY-NC ) license
## Introduction
Did colonization come to an end in the 20th century or are we still witnessing a neo-colonial era in which international corporations exploit resources from financially and politically unstable regions? Is it a matter of luck or of historic, economic and social injustice which causes disparity between the Global South and North? The world economic system with its asymmetrical power and unfair trade agreements is a complex topic, but understanding it is crucial for finding the purpose and impact of our local actions.
By using chairs, cushions and the participants’ physical movement, this activity explains the basics of the global distribution of wealth, poverty, population, CO2 emissions and refugees. A guessing game and a simple analogy with physical objects are used to engage the youth in thinking about the current state of world affairs.
## Activity Type
Group / Experiential
Duration
45 min
Preparation: 15 min
## Learning Outcomes
• To get a general understanding of the global distribution of the population, wealth and poverty
• To get better overview of the issue of refugees and understand its economic roots
• To reflect on the economic and social injustice in our world and realize the disparity between the global South and North
## Instructions
### Required Materials and Tools:
• 5 big signs with the names of the continents (N. America, S. America, Africa, Europe, Asia - Australia is included in Asia)
• 1 chart per each continent with the following names of the ROWS in the chart: “Population”, “Wealth in $(GDP)”, “CO2 Emissions”, “Refugees” and of the COLUMNS in the chart: “Estimated”, “Actual number”, “Difference”. You can put each chart on a separate paper or fit all of them onto one paper, but it is important that each continent has its own chart • Chairs, one for each participant • Cushions or pillows, one for each participant ### Step-by-Step Instructions: Create a world map of the continents by placing continent signs in different corners of the room and leave enough space in the middle for participants and their chairs. 1. WORLD POPULATION 1. The total number of participants represents the whole world population. Ask them to guess how they are distributed over the continents, let them position themselves on the continents according to their guess. Write the group’s guess in each continent’s chart in “Estimated” for “Population”. 2. Present and write the actual number in the “Actual number” column (see the Spreadsheet attached under “attached support files”). 3. Count the difference and write it up in the “Difference” column. 4. Let the participants distribute themselves according to the corrected numbers. 2. WEALTH IN$ (GDP)
1. The total number of chairs represents the whole world income. Ask people to guess how the chairs are distributed over the continents and position them physically as such. Write the group’s guess in “Estimated” column of “Wealth in \$ (GDP)” row in the chart for each continent. The participants representing the population of a certain continent can sit only on the chairs available for that continent and this will cause uneven distribution of chairs among people. Make sure that people on continents where not enough chairs are available somehow squeeze on the chairs available.
2. Present the actual distribution of GDP (see the Spreadsheet attached under “attached support files”) write in the column “Actual number”.
3. Count the difference and write down the difference in the chart in the “Difference” column.
4. Let the participants distribute the chairs according to the correction. The population of each continent can still sit only on the chairs available (in Asia many people for a few chairs, in N.America the other way around).
3. GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS
1. The cushions represent the global CO2 emissions from burning the fossil fuels. Ask people to guess how the cushions are distributed over the continents based on the continents’ CO2 footprint and position them physically as such on the chairs. Write the estimated guess in “CO2 Emissions” in the chart for each continent. Now the participants representing the population can only sit on the chairs with cushions on them.
2. Write up the actual distribution of CO2 emission (see the Spreadsheet attached under “attached support files”).
3. Count the difference and put it in the chart under the “Difference”.
4. Let the participants distribute the cushions according to the correction. The population of each country should sit only on the chairs with cushions. There will be not enough chairs and cushions for some while too there will be too many for others.
4. REFUGEES
1. All participants now have to quit the role of world population and become refugees and they spread out over the continents in the way they guess refugees to be spread over the world. Write their estimated guess in the “Refugees”column on the chart. The chairs (wealth) and cushions (CO2 emissions) stay and people can only sit on chairs.
2. Present the real numbers of the distribution of refugees and write them up in the chart.
3. The participants should try to fit onto the chairs, but be aware that there will not be enough in Africa and Asia. Some of conclusions regarding the wealth distribution become obvious.
4. Gather the group together and organize a reflection session on what they have observed. It is important to bring into the discussion the distribution of wealth and the sources of wealth - why some countries are richer while others are poorer and what implications this income disparity has in terms of refugee migration.
## Reflection
• Was any information a surprise to you?
• What do you think about the root causes of such a skewed distribution of the wealth in the world?
• Why do many people think that most of refugees go to Europe while actually, the large majority settle in neighboring countries?
## Instructions for Submission
Upload a photo of the workshop and submit a short summary on how the game was for the group and what topics surfaced in the discussions. Instructions on how to upload photos and how to submit things in Moodle can be found here: Instructions on Submission&Uploading
## Instructions for Assessment
Provide feedback to at least one participant that has done this activity. Instructions on providing feedback can be found here: Instructions on Feedback
## Author
Creative Commons - ySI4R Content Team, inspired by Migrants and Refugees. A Challenge for Learning in European Schools (MIRACLE), experienced at SCI Climate for Peace training
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| 2023-03-30T13:57:23 |
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https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/2/471/169350/Segregated-Neighborhoods-Segregated-Schools-Do
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## Abstract
Residential and school segregation have historically mirrored each other, with school segregation seen as simply reflecting residential patterns given neighborhood-based school assignment policy. We argue that the relationship is circular, such that school options also influence residential outcomes. We hypothesize that the expansion of charter schools could simultaneously lead to an increase in school segregation and a decrease in residential segregation. We examine what happens when neighborhood and school options are decoupled via public school choice in the form of charter schools using data from the census and the Common Core of Data on a national sample of more than 1,500 metropolitan districts. We find that Black-White school segregation increased and residential segregation declined in response to increases in the charter enrollment share from 2000 to 2010. In districts with charter schools, the average increase in the charter enrollment share corresponded to a 12% increase in school segregation and 2% decline in residential segregation. We find no relationship between charter school expansion and school segregation between White and Hispanic students, perhaps because Hispanic students attend more racially diverse charters than White or Black students. White-Hispanic residential segregation declined as charter enrollment increased. Our results demonstrate that educational policy is consequential for both school and neighborhood population processes. When these two contexts are decoupled via public school choice, school and neighborhood segregation patterns move in opposite directions, rather than mirroring each other. Our findings also provide a cautionary lesson for unfettered expansion of choice without integration imperatives.
## Introduction
School districts in the United States are charged with providing equal opportunity to their whole student population, but they must do so in a context where individual families are compelled to maximize advantages for their children. This tension between the public versus private goals of schooling is particularly difficult to resolve in a setting where district populations are spatially segregated, dynamic, and responsive to changing policies (Labaree 1997; Levin 2007). Efforts to equalize opportunity that involve a redistributive policy—for instance, moving resources toward disadvantaged students or reshuffling students across schools—may induce unintended changes in residential migration and segregation patterns if families move in and out of districts or school attendance zones in response to educational policies.
In the past quarter century, market-oriented school choice has emerged as a popular educational reform based on the premise that the goals of public schooling may be accomplished more efficiently through competition and parent choice, rather than through the redistribution of students or resources (Berends 2015). Empowering families to openly sort into schools according to their unique preferences, so this theory goes, requires schools to compete for enrollment and, in turn, compels them to innovate instruction and improve outcomes. What makes school choice so alluring is that it does not ask advantaged families to give up anything, instead leveraging the power of market competition to produce educational improvement (Le Grand 2007).
The alluring promise of unleashed choice in an educational marketplace may lead policymakers to overlook its potential to exacerbate segregation. Expanded school choice has already increased school segregation in some districts (e.g., Bifulco et al. 2009), but little research has examined this phenomenon nationally (for an exception, see Monarrez et al. 2019). Moreover, school choice breaks the link between neighborhood residence and school assignment by opening up alternatives to traditional, residentially zoned public schools. This feature allows parents from any neighborhood within a school district to enroll their children, provided that there are open seats (Riel et al. 2018). By unbundling residential and school selection, the expansion of school choice could therefore affect patterns of residential choice and segregation, in addition to school segregation.1
In this study, we evaluate how expanding school choice affected population dynamics in neighborhoods and schools nationwide. We focus on the rise of charter schools in metropolitan areas. As publicly funded but independently operating “educational laboratories,” charter schools were originally conceived as local alternatives for communities frustrated by underperforming schools (Stulberg 2008). Amid a wave of bipartisan support (Bush 2002; Obama 2008), charters grew fourfold during the 2000s as a prominent form of public school choice (Logan and Burdick-Will 2016; Whitehurst 2017). We evaluate how the increase in charter school enrollment between 2000 and 2010 simultaneously affected school and neighborhood racial segregation within districts. This approach considers neighborhood and school segregation as contingent, reinforcing processes. We find evidence that charters increased average school segregation within school districts nationwide, supporting a cautionary view of continued charter school expansion. Simultaneously, charter expansion reduced residential segregation. These findings reveal school preferences as a social force impacting population processes beyond the domain of education. We conclude by discussing the complexity of policy choices that could promote neighborhood and school integration in the charter school era.
## Background
### The Changing Link Between Neighborhoods and Schools
School segregation has a long tradition in the United States, although the mechanisms that produced it have changed (Reardon and Owens 2014). In the first half of the twentieth century, many school districts enacted policies that explicitly assigned children to schools by race, a system of de jure segregation that violated the Equal Protection Clause and was outlawed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954 (Rosenberg 1991). Following the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision, districts that had intentionally created racially separate schools were slow to affirmatively desegregate, citing the difficulty of addressing de facto school segregation—the downstream consequence of neighborhood segregation. The narrow focus on school assignment policy failed to address that there was nothing de facto about neighborhood segregation, which resulted from centuries of racialized land use, zoning, and economic policies whose effects endured well after civil rights legislation outlawed explicit housing discrimination (Krysan and Crowder 2017; Massey and Denton 1993). In later decisions, the Supreme Court clarified that school districts, as state actors, were responsible for racially balancing schools even if they had not originally written the housing policies producing residential segregation (Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ).
Desegregation plans—including bussing, magnet schools, and freedom of choice—subsequently swept through school districts across the country, in both the North and the South (Rossell and Armor 1996), peaking in the early 1980s and gradually expiring or ending by court dismissal (Reardon et al. 2012). Many lessons can be drawn from the era of mandated school desegregation, including its dramatic effect on reducing school segregation (Reber 2005; Rosenberg 1991); narrowing Black-White inequality (Johnson 2019); and, as an unintended consequence, worsening residential segregation between school districts due to White families' out-migration to predominantly White school districts beyond the reach of single-district desegregation plans (Clotfelter 2004a; Logan et al. 2017). Perhaps a simpler lesson comes from the observation that school districts had to go to great lengths—often at odds with their own constituents—to offset the mechanical link between housing and school segregation.
School desegregation plans have waned in recent decades, but many of the underlying problems they sought to address remain. School and residential segregation continue to correlate, and segregation in both contexts remains high, changing little in the last 25 years (Fiel and Zhang 2017; Logan and Stults 2011; Stroub and Richards 2013). More than three-quarters of children attend their local traditional public school (TPS), assigned by residential zoning maps within each school district (Snyder et al. 2018). These assignment policies effectively bundle residential and school choice, so that when a family moves to a neighborhood, they simultaneously choose a school (intentionally or not).
Although still the norm across the United States, the bundling of residence and schooling has changed in recent decades: the rise of public school choice provides alternatives to the neighborhood school in the form of magnet schools, charter schools, open enrollment, and other choice-based student assignment policies (Whitehurst 2017). These changes potentially alter parents' residential and school decision-making calculus by decoupling these choices. Just as housing policies that created neighborhood segregation ultimately also had consequences for school segregation, educational policies may have implications for both school and neighborhood segregation.
We hypothesize that charter school expansion may particularly influence neighborhood and school segregation patterns by weakening the neighborhood-school link. Understanding the effect of charter schools on segregation is critical because these schools have become an increasingly popular educational reform, championed by policymakers and promoted by think tanks as a solution to school underperformance (EdChoice 2019; U.S. Department of Education 2019). Since 2000, the share of students attending charters more than quadrupled, surpassing magnet school enrollment, and is on pace to continue growing. Although only 6,885 charter schools served 5.8% of students nationally in 2015–2016 (McFarland et al. 2018), this rate was higher in many large urban districts, and charters' growth and popularity suggest that they will increasingly influence the structure of schooling in the United States. Unlike other forms of school choice, such as magnet schools, charters rarely have strong integration imperatives (Goldring and Smrekar 2000; Potter and Quick 2018; Riel et al. 2018). Therefore, this educational policy change may have repercussions for both school and residential population processes.
### Charter Expansion and School Segregation
The growth of charter schools has led to an increase in public school segmentation by race in many large districts, mostly among White and Black students (Frankenberg et al. 2011; Garcia 2008). Some school districts now have essentially separate White and Black charter schools, reminiscent of older eras of de jure school segregation. The difference now is that the pattern comes from enrollment uptake in different schools rather than racially explicit district policy (Frankenberg and Lee 2003; Frankenberg et al. 2011; Garcia 2008; Ladd et al. 2017).
In a school enrollment system governed by market sorting rather than by district assignment rules, segregation may reflect family preferences for schools composed of predominantly same-race peers. It is difficult to definitively isolate racial preferences from factors correlated with race (so-called racial proxies) (Harris 1999; Krysan 2002), although Billingham and Hunt (2016) showed that White parents prefer fewer Black students in their children's school regardless of school test performance and resources. And even when parents espouse academic priorities, many choose charters of similar or lower quality than their TPS (Stein et al. 2011). Surveys and experiments evaluating school search processes reveal that White parents often start with school racial composition as a shorthand heuristic device (Saporito and Lareau 1999; Schneider and Buckley 2003) before weighing other educational characteristics. Perhaps this search behavior explains why White children disproportionately enroll in choice schools when their neighborhoods (and assigned local schools) have sizable Black and Hispanic populations (Bischoff and Tach 2018, 2020; Candipan 2019, 2020; Saporito 2003; Saporito and Sohoni 2007). The uniquely racialized school selection behavior of White families has thus raised concerns that charter schools facilitate White flight from TPSs (Bifulco et al. 2009; Frankenberg et al. 2011; Renzulli and Evans 2005).
In addition to White families' avoidance of non-White schools, other social forces may contribute to the racial segmentation of charters. In the 1990s, charter schools opened in racially segregated Black and Hispanic neighborhoods of large cities. Many families were attracted to the alternative charters provided to historically underresourced TPSs that had large class sizes and offered parents little power (May 2006; Reid and Johnson 2001; Renzulli 2006). Further, in many predominantly Black cities, racially homogenous schools advance an Afrocentric mission that may be attractive to Black parents and students (Fabricant and Fine 2012; Teasley et al. 2016). Finally, because of convenience and local knowledge, many charters enroll students from their local neighborhoods (often in high-minority areas), even though they do not have official attendance zones (Pattillo et al. 2014).
Most of our understanding of charter schools and school segregation is limited to a subset of large, usually urban school districts or draws on segregation measures that do not account for demographic composition (Frankenberg et al. 2011). One exception is a recent report showing that charter growth increases the segregation of Black and Hispanic students from White and Asian students between schools within school districts (Monarrez et al. 2019), results we build on here.
### Charter Expansion and Residential Segregation
Our study provides the first national estimates of how charter expansion affects both school and residential segregation. Does weakening the policy link between neighborhoods and schools decouple neighborhood and school segregation patterns? How might charter expansion affect residential segregation? On one hand, residential segregation could be unresponsive to charter expansion if families do not bundle schools into their residential decisions as much as commonly thought. In 2012, only 19% of families reported moving explicitly for the local public school (Snyder et al. 2018), and families may not be very knowledgeable about local school assignment rules (Lareau et al. 2016). Moreover, long-standing patterns of residential segregation due to house price premiums, exclusionary practices, and preferences may be too persistent to be responsive to changing school enrollment rules (Bayer et al. 2007; Krysan and Crowder 2017).
However, Tiebout theories of residential sorting suggest that families seek to maximize public goods (e.g., schools) afforded by their neighborhood, within their economic constraints (Tiebout 1956). Many parents, particularly White and middle-class parents, “shop” for schools by renting or buying homes in neighborhoods (and, at a larger scale, school districts) assigned to attractive schools that best match their preferences for academic achievement, social environment, enrichment activities, reputation, or other characteristics (Goldstein and Hastings 2019; Lareau and Goyette 2014), thus using neighborhood choice as a form of school choice. This type of residential sorting under a strict residence-based school assignment system leads to racially and socioeconomically stratified neighborhoods (Bischoff 2008; Owens 2016, 2017). Some past research has demonstrated that liberalizing school assignment does affect the residential location decisions of parents. Nechyba (2003) showed that the availability of a private school market reduces residential income segregation, whereas Brunner et al. (2012) showed that interdistrict enrollment programs affect housing values near school district boundaries. Conversely, when a neighborhood-school link is strengthened—as in North Carolina after mandatory desegregation plans expired—residential segregation increases because residential location is once again very consequential for school enrollment (Liebowitz 2018; Liebowitz and Page 2014).
Beyond the private maximization of public goods, other theories of residential segregation also suggest that loosening the link between neighborhood residence and school attendance might reduce residential segregation. First, spatial assimilation theories suggest that racial segregation arises because of differences in the housing and neighborhoods that different racial groups can afford (Massey 1985; Wagmiller et al. 2017). When school choice options proliferate, the capitalization of school quality into housing values is reduced (Schwartz et al. 2014), which could reduce racial residential segregation driven by economic differences.
Second, place stratification theories center race in positing that residential segregation occurs because White people maintain their housing advantage via institutionalized racial discrimination in housing search processes, lending, local zoning, and resistance to sharing neighborhoods with minority (particularly Black) residents (Logan and Alba 1993; Logan and Molotch 1987; Pais et al. 2012). Neighborhood schools may be one motivation for advantaged groups, such as White parents, to hoard their own opportunities and resist residential integration. Removing the school as one neighborhood opportunity to be hoarded could reduce residential segregation.
Third, underlying and intersecting with these processes, groups' preferences create and uphold racial residential segregation (Clark 1991). White people's stated and revealed preferences for White neighbors are well-documented, with evidence showing that White residents view Black neighbors as the most undesirable, after Asian and Hispanic neighbors (Charles 2000; Emerson et al. 2001; Farley et al. 1997; Howell and Korver-Glenn 2018). Black, Hispanic, and Asian householders, in contrast, prefer more racially diverse areas (Charles 2000; Krysan and Farley 2002). White parents with young children are particularly sensitive to local racial composition, exiting or avoiding neighborhoods as the proportion of Black or Hispanic neighbors and local schoolchildren increases (Goyette et al. 2012; Goyette et al. 2014; Hall and Hibel 2017; South et al. 2011). These behaviors aggregate into higher levels of racial residential segregation among families with children (Iceland et al. 2010; Jargowsky 2014; Owens 2017). If racial preferences are driven in part by concerns about schools, the expansion of choice schools could reduce residential segregation.
### This Study
In contrast to the perception that neighborhood and school segregation simply reflect each other, our study evaluates the possibility that neighborhood and school segregation trends move in opposite directions as the growth of charter schools weakens their link. Prior research focusing on several dozen large districts demonstrated that when school choice options exist in neighborhoods comprising fewer White children, parents opt out of TPSs, which are consequentially less White than their local neighborhoods (Bischoff and Tach 2018, 2020; Candipan 2019; Saporito 2003; Saporito and Sohoni 2006; Sohoni and Saporito 2009). We build on this research, leveraging variation in charter school growth to evaluate the simultaneous and contingent system of school and residential segregation in metropolitan areas and school districts throughout the United States. In the aggregate, we hypothesize that charter school expansion will lead to a rise in school segregation and a decline in residential segregation as neighborhood and school choices are unbundled.
Residential and school segregation can occur either within or between school districts. Sorting between districts is a key driver of total segregation (Fiel 2013; Owens 2016; Stroub and Richards 2013), and charter expansion could induce population mobility by providing attractive alternatives to TPSs that draw parents into urban districts (or keep them from moving away). In many states, however, district boundaries correspond to other community characteristics, so charter expansion in one district might not provide a sufficient signal to move the needle on large-scale sorting processes across an entire metropolitan area. This bears out in the descriptive results we report below. Accordingly, we focus our analysis primarily on segregation within school districts, theorizing that charter expansion likely affects local decisions by offering alternatives to TPSs that nudge family school and residential sorting behaviors within the districts where they already live or were already prone to select.
## Data and Methods
### Analytical Approach
Our analyses evaluate change in both residential and school segregation as overlapping and mutually reinforcing systems. We begin by examining residential and school segregation in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in 2000 and 2010, and we decompose total MSA segregation into its between– and within–school district components. Our decomposition reveals that the largest changes in school and residential segregation during the 2000s occurred within school districts (both between public school sectors and within the charter sector) rather than between school districts.
We measure segregation using the variance ratio index, also known as the separation index, the squared coefficient of variation, and $η2$ (Coleman et al. 1975; Duncan and Duncan 1955; Fossett 2017; James and Taeuber 1985; Reardon and Firebaugh 2002; Zoloth 1976). When estimated for pairwise groups (e.g., White-Black, White-Hispanic), the variance ratio index can be decomposed into different administrative or geographic levels (e.g., within and between school districts or school sectors). The variance ratio index describes the difference in neighborhood (or school) racial composition between two focal groups (e.g., school or neighborhood percentage White for the average White child compared with school or neighborhood percentage White for the average Black [or Hispanic] child). A value of 0 expresses an even distribution, such that neither White nor Black (or Hispanic) people overconcentrate in a subset of schools or neighborhoods. A value of 100 indicates extreme racial polarization, such that White and Black (Hispanic) people populate entirely separate neighborhoods or schools.
In the online appendix, we elaborate on the useful properties of the variance ratio index and provide a detailed description of our decomposition method. We also present within-district analysis results using alternate segregation indices, noting that our substantive conclusions are insensitive to index choice.
### School Enrollment Data
We separately measure pairwise segregation between White and Black and White and Hispanic 4th grade students.2 We focus on 4th grade students because elementary school enrollment is more commonly tied to residential address, and we wish to capture segregation patterns among schools serving a single grade cohort (Stroub and Richards 2013). Results are substantively similar for 8th and 10th graders (online appendix, Table A6). We do not present results for White-Asian segregation. Prior work on racial hierarchies in the United States has shown that the presence of Asian households is perceived to provide some advantages to neighborhood and school contexts, suggesting that charter expansion may not have the same relationship with White-Asian residential or school segregation as with White-Black and White-Hispanic segregation (Abascal and Baldassarri 2015; Charles 2003). Moreover, the comparatively small and geographically concentrated Asian population limits our statistical analyses. Exploratory results are available upon request.
Public school enrollment counts by race come from the 1989–1990, 1999–2000, and 2009–2010 National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Common Core of Data (CCD) Public School Universe. The CCD includes an identifier code, school name, address, charter/magnet status, and school district for every public school in the country, by year.3 Charter and magnet school status was first tracked in 1998–1999, but in some cases, charter schools are listed as an entity separate from their geographic school district. Using school district boundary shapefiles provided by NCES and geospatial tools, we reallocate these charter schools to the school districts where they are geographically located. The NCES Private School Survey supplies additional racial enrollment counts for nearly all private schools in the United States, which we geographically match to MSAs in the 1999–2000 and 2009–2010 academic years.
### Residential Population Data
We measure residential segregation using census tract boundaries from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 decennial census TIGER files, produced by the National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) (Manson et al. 2017).4 Our goal is to evaluate neighborhoods as discrete, nonoverlapping spatial units within school district boundaries, but there are complicated overlay issues. In 2000, for instance, nearly 30% of census tracts were bisected by one or more school districts. Accordingly, we subdivide bisected census tracts into smaller neighborhoods, where each subpartition of the original tract is matched to its true school district jurisdiction. We aggregate block-level census data to generate population counts for each partitioned tract. For simplicity, we refer to all census tracts as “neighborhoods,” whether partitioned or whole.
Population counts are derived from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 decennial census. The census reports race and Hispanic ethnicity as conceptually distinct. We combine these variables to define three distinct subpopulations—non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic—comparable to school enrollment racial categories in the NCES data.
### Sample
We focus on MSAs defined as 2003 Core-Based Statistical Areas or divisions. We exclude metropolitan areas with fewer than 50 fourth graders in each pairwise racial group in 2000 or 2010 and all micropolitan areas (sample N = 309 MSAs). In our district analysis, we restrict the sample to metropolitan elementary and unified school districts with at least two schools and neighborhoods. There were 3,385 such districts in 2000, representing 74.2% of all 4th graders enrolled in public schools nationwide and 89.8% of those living in MSAs.5 We further restrict to a White-Black analytical sample that includes 1,601 school districts with at least five 4th graders of each racial group and meets sample criteria across all years in the analysis. In 2000, the White-Black sample included 86.5% and 93.2% of all White and Black metropolitan 4th graders, respectively. A White-Hispanic sample (n = 1,354) is defined using the same criteria.6Table A1 in the online appendix reports district sample coverage in further detail.
### Charter School Enrollment Growth
We use an indicator from the CCD to identify 584 and 2,139 charter schools nationally in 1999–2000 and 2009–2010, respectively.7Table 1 reports charter growth in metropolitan school districts. To generate these statistics, we measure the percentage of 4th grade students attending a charter school among all 4th grade public school students (which includes students enrolled in charter schools, magnet schools, and TPSs), separately by year. In the White-Black sample, an average of 0.63% of 4th grade public school students attended charter schools in 2000 across districts. This increased to 2.59% in 2010, quadrupling over the decade and growing more than other sectors; however, the growth of charters was concentrated in only about one in four school districts. The right panel of Table 1 presents means for school districts with any charter school presence in 2000 or 2010 (n = 453 in the White-Black sample). The average percentage of 4th graders in each school district attending charters increased from 2.22 percentage points in 2000 to 9.15 percentage points in 2010. We find a similar pattern of charter school growth in the White-Hispanic pairwise sample.
Table 1 also reports district enrollment rates in other sectors: traditional, magnet, and private schools. Magnet and charter schools are often compared and contrasted as public choice options, although magnet schools are more likely to have enrollment criteria designed to improve the district racial balance and thus are less likely to attract those with preferences for segregation (Goldring and Swain 2020; Riel et al. 2018; Saporito and Sohoni 2006). Moreover, as Table 1 shows, magnet school presence was established prior to the 2000s in many districts and grew more gradually than charter schools.8 Only 135 school districts across all three samples began offering magnet school options during this period, compared with 328 school districts that began offering charter school options, indicating that magnet school presence was concentrated in a smaller number of metropolitan school districts. Accordingly, we do not emphasize magnet enrollment as a key explanatory variable in the analysis, although we account for it statistically.
### Analysis
We first provide a descriptive analysis of segregation within MSAs. We decompose total segregation into segregation between and within districts and school sectors, following Clotfelter (2004b) and Fiel (2013). (See the online appendix for methodological details.) Then we turn to our primary analyses, evaluating the effect of charter school expansion on segregation within school districts. Within-district school and residential segregation outcomes are reported in Table 2. Notably, across all years, average White-Black residential segregation was higher than White-Hispanic segregation within districts. White-Black school segregation was greater than White-Hispanic school segregation in 1990 and 2000, but it was roughly equal in 2010. White-Black public school segregation may be lower than residential segregation because White children living in districts with a large Black presence are more likely to enroll in private school and are thus selectively omitted from public school segregation (Saporito 2009).
Our hypotheses focus on the change in segregation between 2000 and 2010. Table 2 reveals that White-Black school segregation increased in school districts in our sample over this period by an average of 2.15 index points even though school district residential segregation declined by an average of 0.82 index points. District White-Hispanic school segregation also increased, as did residential segregation.
We evaluate the effect of charter school enrollment change within districts using a structural equation model in which we simultaneously estimate one regression equation predicting change in school segregation and another predicting change in residential segregation. Estimating these regressions simultaneously allows us to adjust for correlated residuals, thereby accounting for the school and residential segregation link that we hypothesize is weakened by charter schools.9 The key explanatory variable is change in charter school enrollment during the 2000s. We include control variables for level of segregation in 2000 and change in segregation during the 1990s. The general regression equation, where seg refers to a specific within-district segregation outcome, is as follows:
$seg2010−2000=δcht2010−2000+γseg2000−1990+λseg2000+βX2000+ε.$
The regression equation predicts that change in segregation between 2000 and 2010 is a function of preexisting trends and levels of segregation, change in charter school enrollment, and a vector of covariates, X.10 We estimate models separately for each pairwise segregation measure (White-Black and White-Hispanic) and compute robust standard errors clustered by MSA. Notably, our outcome measure for school segregation within districts describes the distribution of students across all types of public schools, including TPSs, charter schools, and magnet schools. In this way, we can evaluate how change in the relative share of charter school students impacts segregation across the full system of publicly enrolled students. Private school students are not included in this portion of the analysis, but we do address this population with statistical controls.
The estimation model includes a set of covariate controls to reduce the possibility that the effect of charter school expansion is confounded by other observable school district characteristics expected to influence segregation, drawing from Logan et al. (2017). Table A2 in the online appendix reports mean characteristics of all covariates, held constant in the baseline year (2000) to avoid controlling for changes that may have occurred directly or indirectly because of charter school expansion. To describe each school district's educational context, we measure (separately) the percentage of public students enrolled in charter and magnet schools in 2000, an indicator for whether the school district was ever forced to desegregate its schools, an indicator for whether a desegregation order had been dismissed since 1990, and a categorical variable measuring school district size.11 To describe the residential demographic context of each school district, we include the percentage of resident children enrolled in private school, population size (log), land area (log), racial composition, and the percentage of MSA residents living within the district (district share) by race, all measured in 2000. We also observe whether the district had a downtown area and whether the school district is located in a southern or border state. Finally, we include two variables describing households living within school district boundaries that approximate the spatial assimilation theory of segregation: (1) the difference in poverty rates between White and Black (or Hispanic) households, and (2) the median White to Black (or White to Hispanic) household income ratio.
The key parameter of interest is δ¸ capturing the average treatment effect of charter school enrollment change on segregation within school districts. Although this estimation incorporates prior trends and levels within the school district, we may be concerned that changes in segregation and charter school enrollment are correlated with other unobserved changes in school district characteristics, such as public demand for school choice. Relatedly, we must consider the possibility of reverse causation in which charter school enrollment grows in response to change in segregation. To explore these issues, we conduct several robustness checks, described later.
## Results
### Segregation in MSAs
The 2000s saw a rapid increase in charter school enrollment. Our hypotheses anticipate that this new flexible option, delinking residence from assigned school, influenced both school and residential population patterns. We begin in Table 3 with a decomposition that considers segregation in MSAs, focusing on changes within and between different administrative and geographic levels. Results reveal that most segregation change in the 2000s occurred within districts, motivating our in-depth district-level analysis that follows.
Row 1 of Table 3 shows that total White-Black and White-Hispanic segregation between schools in MSAs increased from 2000 to 2010. Rows 2 through 5 sum to row 1, displaying the level of segregation (2) between public and private schools, (3) among private schools, (4) between public school districts, and (5) within public school districts. A greater share of total school segregation occurred between public school districts in both years. However, within-district segregation was substantial and, for White-Black segregation, increased more during this time. (White-Hispanic segregation increased comparably within and between districts.) Rows 6 through 9 are subcomponents of within-district public school segregation that sum to row 5. Row 6 shows that segregation between public school sectors more than doubled during this time, as did segregation within the charter sector (row 8). Both mechanisms underlie our hypothesized relationship between charter expansion and school segregation: charter expansion provides both an option to sort between sectors (exiting TPSs) and more options to sort among charter schools.
Figure 1 illustrates the racial segmentation of charter schools within school districts. These histograms show the distribution of Black, Hispanic, or White students by school racial composition (normed to district composition) for charter schools (gray bars) compared with TPSs (outlined bars) in our sample in 2010. Panel a shows that most Black students attended charter schools where Black students are racially overrepresented compared with the district composition. The tallest gray bar represents Black students in charter schools where the proportion Black was 40 percentage points higher than the district composition. A similar pattern appears for White students (panel c): a greater density of White students attended charter schools that were disproportionately White compared with TPSs. Racial segmentation is less evident for Hispanic students (panel b), consistent with past research (Frankenberg and Lee 2003; Garcia 2008), although there is some clustering of students in the tails.
The lower panel of Table 3 shifts the focus to neighborhood population processes. For both racial dyads, most residential segregation occurred within school districts (compare rows 11 and 12). Row 10 shows that White-Black residential segregation in MSAs declined during this time, but this was driven by declines within districts. White-Hispanic segregation increased slightly, primarily between districts. Of critical importance for our analysis, however, is whether these observed changes correspond to the expansion of charter school enrollment, which we explore next. Our analyses hereafter focus on within-district segregation.
### Segregation Within Metropolitan School Districts
Table 4 reports selected coefficients from structural equation models testing whether charter expansion affects two simultaneous outcomes: the change in school segregation and the change in residential segregation within school districts. (Table A3 in the online appendix presents complete results for the model, including coefficients for prior levels and trends in segregation and for an extensive set of control variables.) For White-Black segregation, results from Model 1 support our hypothesis that charter school expansion corresponded to simultaneously rising school segregation and declining residential segregation. Recall that the variance ratio index can be interpreted as the difference in White and Black students' (or residents') exposure to White students (or residents) in their school (or neighborhood). Our findings thus imply that a 1 percentage point increase in charter school enrollment simultaneously widens the exposure gap for schools by 0.144 and narrows the exposure gap for neighborhoods by 0.041 index points, on a scale of 0 to 100.
We further explore the scale of charter school expansion effects on both school and residential segregation in Table 5. The top panel of Table 5 reports the percentage change in 2000 segregation levels as a function of four policy scenarios: if charter school enrollment increased by (a) 1 percentage point (units reported previously in regression models), (b) 1.96 percentage points (the mean change across all sample districts), (c) 6.93 percentage points (the mean change among districts with any charter presence), and (d) 17.66 percentage points (the 90th percentile of charter growth among districts with any charter presence). The top left row, for instance, shows that a 1 percentage point increase in district charter enrollment predicts a 1.72% increase in White-Black school segregation, relative to a 2000 mean segregation level of 8.36 (Table 2). The largest expansion we considered—a 17.66 percentage point increase in charter school enrollment share—accounts for a 12% to 49% increase in school segregation and a 2% to 10% decrease in residential segregation. The large width of the 95% confidence intervals demonstrate considerable heterogeneity between school districts, perhaps reflecting unobserved variation in how charter schools were implemented in the 2000s. Some districts may have intentionally limited segregative sorting (similar to magnet school criteria) while others allowed segregative sorting to occur uninhibited (Potter and Quick 2018). Under a more typical scale of charter school expansion, the estimated effects are modest: among school districts with any charter school presence, the average enrollment change during the 2000s (6.93, top panel, row c) accounts for a 5% to 19% increase in school segregation and a 1% to 4% decrease in residential segregation. Whether we should interpret these effects as practically significant is an issue we revisit in the Discussion section.
We conclude from these results that charter enrollment growth simultaneously affected White-Black residential and school segregation by breaking the traditional neighborhood-school link, but our interpretation is vulnerable to the threat of reverse causation. It is possible that change in the local population (e.g., gentrification of formerly high-minority neighborhoods) created new demand for alternatives to assigned neighborhood schools. Although not refuting the importance of a neighborhood-school link, this alternative explanation distinguishes between policy-driven segregation and segregation-driven policy. To test the idea formally, we add a measure of future charter enrollment growth between 2010 and 2016 to Model 2, capitalizing on the fact that expansion continued after 2010 (with 1,274 more elementary charter schools in 2016 than in 2010). If the causal direction is charter expansion affecting segregation, then the contemporaneous measure of segregation should be unrelated to charter expansion that has not yet occurred. Results of the falsification test, reported in Table 4, show that future charter enrollment growth has no discernable effect for either segregation outcome and, importantly, does not reduce the estimated main effect. Thus, Model 2 lends support to the claim that charter enrollment growth precedes changes in school and residential segregation.
We also explore the possibility that our findings are an artifact of unmeasured school district characteristics associated with both charter growth and change in segregation—that districts with a “taste” for charters differ in unobservable ways from districts without charters. Model 3 (Table 4) presents results restricted to school districts with any charter school presence in 2000, 2010, or 2016. The estimated effects of charter school enrollment on segregation are similar in direction and magnitude. These effects also hold when we add our falsification measure for future change in charter enrollment in Model 4. We conclude from the restricted analysis that the results are not driven by a latent distinction between charter-friendly and noncharter school districts. Results from Models 3 and 4 also ease the concern that a linear specification of charter enrollment share in Models 1 and 2 could be biased by zero inflation from the large proportion of noncharter school districts. We also tested this issue with nonlinear, semiparametric, and spline specifications for charter enrollment (results not shown). These models yielded similar conclusions that do not improve the simpler linear specification.
Our identification approach is imperfect: there could still be unmeasured characteristics driving both charter expansion and change in segregation among districts with any charter presence. Without experimental evidence, it is difficult to address this concern definitively. Nonetheless, lingering unknown confounders would need to exact an effect net of covariate controls, segregation levels in 2000, and preexisting trends in the 1990s. The unmeasured influence would also require a simultaneous positive effect on school segregation and negative effect on residential segregation.
We did consider several possible confounding explanations, including simultaneous changes in magnet school share, resident private school enrollment, and population racial composition between 2000 and 2010. These predictors are endogenous because they may be responsive to charter enrollment growth. Figure 2 reveals, in a series of robustness checks, that including these additional covariates has no influence on coefficient findings or effect sizes. Figure 2 also shows that our results are not sensitive to other educational changes potentially related to charter school expansion and segregation within the school district. Specifically, adding controls for level and change in per pupil spending, average student-to-teacher ratio, and number of schools has a minimal effect on the main coefficients of interest.
To further test whether we are capturing effects of charter school expansion versus some other unobservable process, we examined changes in residential segregation separately among households with and without children. Theoretically, we expect that charter school expansion would have a larger effect on the residential patterns of households with children, which our findings confirm (Table A5, online appendix). The difference in the coefficients between households with and without children is only marginally significant (p < .10), however, perhaps because childless households include empty nesters and future parents who consider school options when choosing a neighborhood or because the residential choices of households with children spill over to affect those of childless households. We foreground results for the whole population because of data limitations in the reporting of Hispanic ethnicity over time, but this analysis provides evidence consistent with our interpretation that residential patterns are truly responding to changes in the charter enrollment share.
Our analysis thus far has focused on White-Black segregation. We now turn to the effect of charter school expansion on White-Hispanic segregation within districts, reported in Table 6 (full models in Table A4, online appendix). We find similar evidence of a relationship between charter school enrollment growth and declining residential segregation, but we find no evidence of an effect on school segregation. This conclusion is robust to the falsification exercise in Models 2 and 4, as well as the sample restriction test in Models 3 and 4. The preferred estimates from Model 1 suggest that a 1 percentage point increase in the share of charter school enrollment is associated with a 0.051 index point decrease in residential segregation (p < .01). In response to the mean increase in charter enrollment of 6.54 percentage points (in districts with charter presence), our model predicts a 1% to 7% decrease in White-Hispanic residential segregation (Table 5). Results are also robust to the additional covariates tested in Figure 2, and the relationship between charter expansion and residential segregation is stronger among households with children than without (Table A5, online appendix).
The lack of a charter school effect on White-Hispanic school segregation matches the racial enrollment distributions by school type presented in Figure 1. Unlike White and Black students, many Hispanic students attend charter schools with a lower same-race population than in TPSs. One explanation for this observed difference could be that White parents have less aversion to Hispanic students than to Black students, consistent with White families' tendencies to avoid Black neighbors over all other groups. Thus, charter schools may not lead White parents to select into segregated non-Hispanic schools. This explanation centers the behavior of White families, but Hispanic families may also respond to charter school expansion in ways that do not increase segregation. Identifying these mechanisms is beyond the scope of our aggregate analysis, and we point to the different dynamics of White-Black and White-Hispanic segregation in neighborhood and school contexts as a fruitful area for further research. Viewed altogether, our findings suggest that the strength of the neighborhood-school policy link—insofar as it shapes the housing and school choices families make—exists on a racialized spectrum.
## Discussion
In this article, we examine how the contingent and dynamic processes of neighborhood and school segregation respond to charter school expansion. Charter schools weaken the link between residential and school selection and, as we show, alter patterns of both residential and school segregation: during the 2000s, metropolitan school districts throughout the United States saw an increase in White-Black school segregation and a decrease in White-Black residential segregation proportional to charter school growth. These findings suggest that because charter school options unbundle housing and school choice processes, White and Black families opt into marginally more integrated neighborhoods while sending their children to more racially segregated schools.
We find that in districts with any charter presence, the average charter share increase of 6.93 percentage points led to an estimated 12% increase in White-Black school segregation and a 2% decline in White-Black residential segregation. Given the general stability in segregation trends over the last 20 years, we posit that these increases are nontrivial, especially considering that charter school enrollment continues to rise. The effect on residential segregation is smaller, as we might expect given the many nonschool factors that go into residential choices, but it provides evidence that educational policy shapes processes beyond the education sphere. We note prevailing evidence of White families' preferences for predominantly White schools, and our findings imply that these preferences may have an underappreciated effect on residential population processes. White parents may not pay as high a premium to live in White neighborhoods as long as they can enroll their child in White schools, or White parents may not leave diversifying neighborhoods if their child can attend a choice school. Our findings also suggest that parents may prioritize homogenous schools over homogeneous neighborhoods, demonstrating trade-offs between these interconnected contexts.
We do not find that White-Hispanic school segregation is sensitive to charter school expansion, consistent with past research and our own descriptive findings that Hispanic students are less racially segmented in charter schools than Black or White students. We do find that White-Hispanic residential segregation declines as the charter enrollment share increases; this finding, worthy of further investigation, emphasizes the varied dynamics of segregation for different racial/ethnic dyads and for the neighborhood versus school spheres. Further research could also examine whether charter expansion affects White-Asian, Black-Hispanic, Black-Asian, and Hispanic-Asian school or residential segregation.
Our study provides fruitful ground for future research in several directions. First, our analysis focuses on segregation within school districts, where most of the change in White-Black segregation occurred in the 2000s, but school and residential segregation also occurs between districts (Bischoff 2008; Owens 2017; Stroub and Richards 2013). Future research could examine the relationship between charter expansion and all the components of residential and school segregation highlighted in our decomposition to understand whether segregation dynamics within and between districts and sectors offset or amplify one another.
Second, we measure charter expansion as district-wide enrollment. The spatial structure of charter school expansion—where charters open and whether this has changed over time—could be an important mechanism in accounting for our findings if charter schools are more or less proximate to neighborhoods of different racial compositions (Candipan and Brazil 2020). More broadly, our study of school districts as the primary units of analysis allows us to analyze systemic effects of charter school expansion, but the perspective from this ecological level prevents us from evaluating micro-level mechanisms of mobility and enrollment.
Finally, our study shares the challenges of causal identification common to many segregation studies. We attend to an extensive set of control variables and potential alternative explanations, but threats to causal interpretation remain. That said, one of the strengths of our analysis is the simultaneous investigation of neighborhood and school segregation. To undermine our results, any unmeasured variable would have to be positively associated with school segregation and negatively associated with neighborhood segregation (or vice versa), which we believe limits the pool of potential confounders. One important omitted variable is the availability of open enrollment and interdistrict school choice programs, which might also shape school and residential segregation patterns. Unfortunately, longitudinal national data on comprehensive school choice options are not currently available, to the detriment of education research.
Housing and educational policies have long affected segregation patterns. We emphasize the interrelated nature of these two contexts and show how two processes that historically moved in tandem—neighborhood and school segregation—are decoupled by choice-oriented changes to school assignment policy. A half-century ago, legal desegregation arguments defined de facto school segregation as a downstream result of residential segregation, itself the product of racist housing and urban policies. This characterization downplays the extent to which school and residential segregation are (and have always been) more like eddies in a stream, circling and reinforcing each other via policies and preferences. In a residentially based school assignment system, school segregation not only reflects but also contributes to neighborhood segregation, given that local school options enter into residential decisions. When charters break the residential-school link, segregation patterns move in opposite directions: families live in slightly more integrated neighborhoods and use charters to enroll their children in segregated schools. Charter school policy thus unintentionally reveals a status quo of school-driven residential segregation that has been hidden in plain sight.
Should policymakers concerned about equality consider school choice a new tool for reducing residential segregation? We do not draw that conclusion. School choice represents districts ceding responsibility for providing equitable educational opportunities to parents, letting residents sort according to their own will as consumers and addressing public goals with private choices. Most charters operate independent of any integration imperative; they were never part of a desegregation tool kit, and state charters typically have only cursory nondiscrimination or racial balance language in their laws (Archbald et al. 2018). Unfettered choice does not lead to equality, and the other half of our findings—that school segregation increased—makes that starkly clear. Small gains in residential integration do not outweigh the costs of school segregation. Instead, we interpret our findings as demonstrating to policymakers that residential and school sorting patterns are linked and that policy choices should not be siloed between these two arenas.
We conclude by wedding our results to a growing body of scholarship arguing that when ostensibly race-neutral policies fail to account for the racialized structure of U.S. schooling, they produce results that exacerbate, rather than neutralize, the color line (Lewis and Diamond 2015; Neckerman 2008; Rich and Jennings 2015). Charter schools prove no exception because they are vulnerable to market-based racial sorting. As shown in our analyses, charter schools have, on average, led to White and Black children attending more racially homogenous schools. Thus, even if it is unintended, the allure of expanding charter schools provides a quasi-private option through which parental choices undermine integrated schooling. Local school districts could limit the intensity of this sorting problem by adopting diverse-by-design charter school policies, using levers such as weighted lotteries, controlled choice, and diversity-conscious admissions algorithms to ensure that charter schools operate more like racially inclusive magnet schools (Potter and Quick 2018). The federal Charter Schools Program could change its grants competition to reward such efforts (Potter and Nunberg 2019). As we argue, educational policies also have consequences for residential outcomes, and intentional integration policies in schools must be complemented by housing, zoning, and transportation policies that promote integration in neighborhoods to prevent White flight. Policymakers must respond strategically to both school and residential sorting issues in tandem in order to unleash the full promise of the Brown v. Board decision.
## Acknowledgments
Early versions of this article were presented at annual meetings of the Sociology of Education Association (Pacific Grove, 2018), Population Association of America (Denver, 2018), the American Sociological Association (Philadelphia, 2018), and the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (Denver, 2019).
## Notes
1
Some have argued that school choice could promote social integration in schools (Garnett and Garnett 2000; Ryan 2010). The bulk of the research described here, however, does not support this conclusion.
2
In the CCD, Hispanic is measured as a separate racial category, and therefore all measures of White and Black student counts are restricted to non-Hispanic. For brevity, we omit the non-Hispanic modifier.
3
The CCD has incomplete racial data for 14 states in 1989–1990 and one state in 1999–2000. We report findings using the nearest proximal year with available racial enrollment counts, but our conclusions do not change when we drop all such records from the analytical sample. The CCD does not provide race-by-grade counts in 1989–1990, so we multiply 4th grade total enrollment counts by total racial group proportions to infer counts of 4th graders by race.
4
A relevant alternative neighborhood definition is school assignment boundaries, which do not line up precisely with census tracts. However, boundaries for catchment zones are available longitudinally for only several dozen districts.
5
The district analysis excludes Detroit Public Schools (MI) and Orleans Parish Schools (LA) because these districts experienced atypical population changes during the 2000s and implemented large-scale charter expansion. We also drop four districts with unreliable charter enrollment counts (Campbell Union, CA; Fort Leavenworth, KS; Salt Lake City, UT; and Williamsburg–James City, VA). Results hold when we include these school districts. Results are also robust to dropping outliers in charter school enrollment change and in segregation change from 2000 to 2010 (available upon request).
6
Analyses of alternative pairwise samples requiring 1%, 2%, or 5% representation of each racial group yield similar conclusions.
7
Our school count is limited to schools enrolling 10 or more 4th graders and classified by NCES as “regular” (rather than special education, vocational, or alternative education school types). New Jersey charter school indicators are not available in the CCD in 1999–2000, so we substitute the 2000–2001 data. Additionally, 13 schools nationally are not coded as a charter school but include “Charter,” “Success,” or similar words in their school name; we categorize them as charter schools, but results do not change when we exclude this step. We perform similar steps to correct misallocated magnet school records.
8
CCD indicators for magnet schools can be complex and imperfect, with some magnets operating as programs located inside TPSs. Our inspection of 2010 CCD data indicates that fewer than 1% of magnet schools are co-located in buildings with TPSs, so this does not appear to be a problem in our sample that would substantially bias results.
9
We use the gsem package in Stata 16 with the option “covstructure(E.en, unstructured)” specified.
10
Findings hold when we reorient our data and run time-series panel fixed-effects models with controls for lagged segregation. We favor the structural equation model because it allows us to adjust for correlated residuals, consistent with our conceptualization of neighborhood and school segregation as linked.
11
Desegregation orders by school district are provided by the Brown University American Communities Project (Logan et al. 2008). Desegregation dismissals come from Stanford’s “Brown Fades” database (Reardon et al. 2012).
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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Compute Distance To:
Documents Indexed: 53 Publications since 1971, including 1 Book Reviewing Activity: 30 Reviews Biographic References: 1 Publication
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
27 single-authored 3 Einmahl, John H. J. 3 Weil, Wolfgang 2 Haywood, John 2 Koul, Hira Lal 2 Nikabadze, A. M. 2 Parsadanishvili, Eh. G. 1 Brownrigg, Ray 1 Can, Sami Umut 1 Chitashvili, Revaz Ya. 1 Dumitrescu, Laura 1 Fel’ker, V. M. 1 Kotel’nikova, A. V. 1 Kotel’nikova, V. F. 1 Laeven, Roger J. A. 1 Maniya, G. M. 1 Mnatsakanov, Robert M. 1 Nadareishvili, M. M. 1 Pardzhanadze, A. M. 1 Parsadanishvily, E. 1 Paryanadze, A. M. 1 Shinjikashvili, Eka 1 Toronjadze, N. 1 Tsigroshvili, Z. P.
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#### Serials
9 Theory of Probability and its Applications 6 The Annals of Statistics 5 Teoriya Veroyatnosteĭ i eë Primeneniya 4 Statistics & Probability Letters 3 Soviet Mathematics. Doklady 2 Advances in Applied Probability 2 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 2 Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoĭ SSR 2 Bernoulli 1 Russian Mathematical Surveys 1 Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk [N. S.] 1 Journal of Applied Probability 1 Journal of Econometrics 1 Statistica Neerlandica 1 Probability Theory and Related Fields 1 Mathematical Methods of Statistics 1 Georgian Mathematical Journal 1 Proceedings of A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute 1 Electronic Journal of Statistics 1 Transactions of A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute
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#### Fields
46 Statistics (62-XX) 27 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 3 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
41 Publications have been cited 428 times in 236 Documents Cited by Year
Martingale approach in the theory of goodness-of-fit tests. Zbl 0481.60055
1982
Martingale transforms goodness-of-fit tests in regression models. Zbl 1092.62052
Khmaladze, Estate V.; Koul, Hira L.
2004
Goodness of fit problem and scanning innovation martingales. Zbl 0801.62043
1993
An innovation approach to goodness-of-fit tests in $$R^ m$$. Zbl 0671.62048
1988
Martingale approach in the theory of goodness-of-fit tests. Zbl 0454.60049
1981
Asymptotic behaviour of a number of repeated records. Zbl 0883.60050
1997
Goodness-of-fit problem for errors in nonparametric regression: distribution free approach. Zbl 1369.62073
Khmaladze, Estate V.; Koul, Hira L.
2009
Calculation of noncrossing probabilities for Poisson processes and its corollaries. Zbl 1158.60365
2001
On the almost sure coverage property of Voronoi tessellation: The $$\mathbb{R}^1$$ case. Zbl 0993.60011
2001
On distribution-free goodness-of-fit testing of exponentiality. Zbl 1418.62196
2008
The two-sample problem in $$\mathbb R^m$$ and measure-valued martingales. Zbl 1373.62191
Einmahl, J. H. J.; Khmaladze, E. V.
2001
Goodness of fit tests for “chimeric” alternatives. Zbl 0953.62042
1998
The use of $$\omega^2$$ tests for testing parametric hypotheses. Zbl 0447.62049
1980
Note on distribution free testing for discrete distributions. Zbl 1294.62095
2013
Asymptotically distribution-free goodness-of-fit testing for tail copulas. Zbl 1312.62072
Can, Sami Umut; Einmahl, John H. J.; Khmaladze, Estate V.; Laeven, Roger J. A.
2015
Unitary transformations, empirical processes and distribution free testing. Zbl 1345.60094
2016
Functional limit theorems for linear statistics from sequential ranks. Zbl 0584.60044
1986
Local empirical processes near boundaries of convex bodies. Zbl 1275.60049
2008
The use of $$\omega^2$$-tests for testing parametric hypotheses. Zbl 0405.62035
1979
Convergence properties in certain occupancy problems including the Karlin-Rouault law. Zbl 1231.62013
2011
Brittle power: On Roman Emperors and exponential lengths of rule. Zbl 1116.62139
Khmaladze, Estate; Brownrigg, Ray; Haywood, John
2007
Differentiation of sets in measure. Zbl 1127.49016
2007
Statistical analysis of a large number of rare events and closely related questions. Zbl 0745.62106
Khmaladze, Eh. V.; Chitashvili, R. Ya.
1989
On the asymptotic theory of statistics of sequential ranks. Zbl 0657.62051
1987
On computing the probability of an empirical process not crossing a curvilinear boundary. Zbl 0516.62050
Kotel’nikova, V. F.; Khmaladze, E. V.
1982
Martingale limit theorems for divisible statistics. Zbl 0543.60042
1984
On $$L_1$$-convergence of statistical kernel estimators of distribution densities. Zbl 0508.60035
Mnatsakanov, R. M.; Khmaladze, Eh. V.
1981
Central limit theorems for local empirical processes near boundaries of sets. Zbl 1248.60030
Einmahl, John H. J.; Khmaladze, Estáte V.
2011
On polynomial distributions with a large number of rare events. Zbl 0798.62021
Khmaladze, E. V.; Tsigroshvili, Z. P.
1993
Distribution free testing for conditional distributions given covariates. Zbl 1379.62036
2017
Differentiation of sets – the general case. Zbl 1339.49016
2014
The martingale limit theorems for divisible statistics. Zbl 0517.60036
1983
Some applications of the theory of martingales in statistics. Zbl 0511.62046
1982
Fold-up derivatives of set-valued functions and the change-set problem: a survey. Zbl 1396.60013
2018
Statistical methods with applications to demography and life insurance. Zbl 1260.62083
2013
On goodness-of-fit tests for parametric hypotheses in $$R^ m$$. Zbl 0637.62020
1987
Renewal fields and the problem of testing simple statistical hypotheses in $$R^ m$$. Zbl 0628.62044
1987
Some applications of the theory of martingales to statistics. Zbl 0523.62046
1982
On the testing of statistical hypothesis for unidentifiable objects. Zbl 0498.62031
1982
A remark on weak convergence of a linear decomposable statistics. Zbl 0469.62033
1980
Estimation of the necessary number of observations for discriminating simple close hypotheses. Zbl 0431.62051
1975
Fold-up derivatives of set-valued functions and the change-set problem: a survey. Zbl 1396.60013
2018
Distribution free testing for conditional distributions given covariates. Zbl 1379.62036
2017
Unitary transformations, empirical processes and distribution free testing. Zbl 1345.60094
2016
Asymptotically distribution-free goodness-of-fit testing for tail copulas. Zbl 1312.62072
Can, Sami Umut; Einmahl, John H. J.; Khmaladze, Estate V.; Laeven, Roger J. A.
2015
Differentiation of sets – the general case. Zbl 1339.49016
2014
Note on distribution free testing for discrete distributions. Zbl 1294.62095
2013
Statistical methods with applications to demography and life insurance. Zbl 1260.62083
2013
Convergence properties in certain occupancy problems including the Karlin-Rouault law. Zbl 1231.62013
2011
Central limit theorems for local empirical processes near boundaries of sets. Zbl 1248.60030
Einmahl, John H. J.; Khmaladze, Estáte V.
2011
Goodness-of-fit problem for errors in nonparametric regression: distribution free approach. Zbl 1369.62073
Khmaladze, Estate V.; Koul, Hira L.
2009
On distribution-free goodness-of-fit testing of exponentiality. Zbl 1418.62196
2008
Local empirical processes near boundaries of convex bodies. Zbl 1275.60049
2008
Brittle power: On Roman Emperors and exponential lengths of rule. Zbl 1116.62139
Khmaladze, Estate; Brownrigg, Ray; Haywood, John
2007
Differentiation of sets in measure. Zbl 1127.49016
2007
Martingale transforms goodness-of-fit tests in regression models. Zbl 1092.62052
Khmaladze, Estate V.; Koul, Hira L.
2004
Calculation of noncrossing probabilities for Poisson processes and its corollaries. Zbl 1158.60365
2001
On the almost sure coverage property of Voronoi tessellation: The $$\mathbb{R}^1$$ case. Zbl 0993.60011
2001
The two-sample problem in $$\mathbb R^m$$ and measure-valued martingales. Zbl 1373.62191
Einmahl, J. H. J.; Khmaladze, E. V.
2001
Goodness of fit tests for “chimeric” alternatives. Zbl 0953.62042
1998
Asymptotic behaviour of a number of repeated records. Zbl 0883.60050
1997
Goodness of fit problem and scanning innovation martingales. Zbl 0801.62043
1993
On polynomial distributions with a large number of rare events. Zbl 0798.62021
Khmaladze, E. V.; Tsigroshvili, Z. P.
1993
Statistical analysis of a large number of rare events and closely related questions. Zbl 0745.62106
Khmaladze, Eh. V.; Chitashvili, R. Ya.
1989
An innovation approach to goodness-of-fit tests in $$R^ m$$. Zbl 0671.62048
1988
On the asymptotic theory of statistics of sequential ranks. Zbl 0657.62051
1987
On goodness-of-fit tests for parametric hypotheses in $$R^ m$$. Zbl 0637.62020
1987
Renewal fields and the problem of testing simple statistical hypotheses in $$R^ m$$. Zbl 0628.62044
1987
Functional limit theorems for linear statistics from sequential ranks. Zbl 0584.60044
1986
Martingale limit theorems for divisible statistics. Zbl 0543.60042
1984
The martingale limit theorems for divisible statistics. Zbl 0517.60036
1983
Martingale approach in the theory of goodness-of-fit tests. Zbl 0481.60055
1982
On computing the probability of an empirical process not crossing a curvilinear boundary. Zbl 0516.62050
Kotel’nikova, V. F.; Khmaladze, E. V.
1982
Some applications of the theory of martingales in statistics. Zbl 0511.62046
1982
Some applications of the theory of martingales to statistics. Zbl 0523.62046
1982
On the testing of statistical hypothesis for unidentifiable objects. Zbl 0498.62031
1982
Martingale approach in the theory of goodness-of-fit tests. Zbl 0454.60049
1981
On $$L_1$$-convergence of statistical kernel estimators of distribution densities. Zbl 0508.60035
Mnatsakanov, R. M.; Khmaladze, Eh. V.
1981
The use of $$\omega^2$$ tests for testing parametric hypotheses. Zbl 0447.62049
1980
A remark on weak convergence of a linear decomposable statistics. Zbl 0469.62033
1980
The use of $$\omega^2$$-tests for testing parametric hypotheses. Zbl 0405.62035
1979
Estimation of the necessary number of observations for discriminating simple close hypotheses. Zbl 0431.62051
1975
all top 5
#### Cited by 291 Authors
18 Koul, Hira Lal 17 Khmaladze, Estate V. 8 Song, Weixing 7 Stepanov, Aleksei Vasil’evich 5 Delgado, Miguel Ángel 5 Dette, Holger 5 Einmahl, John H. J. 5 Escanciano, Juan Carlos 5 Müller, Ursula U. 4 Kutoyants, Yury A. 4 Mnatsakanov, Robert M. 4 Neumeyer, Natalie 4 Pakes, Anthony G. 4 Schick, Anton 4 Stute, Winfried 4 Sun, Yanqing 4 Surgailis, Donatas 4 Zhu, Lixing 3 Adekpedjou, Akim 3 Aki, Sigeo 3 Balakrishnan, Narayanaswamy 3 Chown, Justin 3 Finner, Helmut 3 Gontscharuk, Veronika 3 Gouet, Raúl 3 Javier López, F. 3 Lee, Sangyeol 3 Li, Yun 3 Nishiyama, Yoichi 3 Peng, Liang 3 Penrose, Mathew D. 3 Sanz, Gerardo 3 Song, Kyungchul 3 Szyszkowicz, Barbara 3 Velasco, Carlos I. Hoyos 3 Weil, Wolfgang 2 Bai, Jushan 2 Balakrishna, Naveen 2 Bayramoğlu, Ismihan G. 2 Bera, Anil K. 2 Bissantz, Nicolai 2 Cabaña, Alejandra 2 Cabaña, Enrique M. 2 Can, Sami Umut 2 Chen, Gemai 2 Chen, Min 2 Devroye, Luc P. J. A. 2 Ditzhaus, Marc 2 Guo, Xu 2 Hashorva, Enkelejd 2 Haywood, John 2 Hidalgo, Javier 2 Hušková, Marie 2 Janssen, Arnold 2 Kim, Jiwoong 2 Kohler, Michael 2 Kordzakhia, Nino E. 2 Kvizhinadze, Giorgi 2 Laeven, Roger J. A. 2 Landwehr, Sandra 2 Li, Gang 2 McKeague, Ian W. 2 Meintanis, Simos G. 2 Moscovich, Amit 2 Nadler, Boaz 2 Nagel, Eva-Renate 2 Nikabadze, A. M. 2 Nikitin, Yakov Yu. 2 Novikov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 2 Perera, Indeewara 2 Polonik, Wolfgang 2 Reitzner, Matthias 2 Roberts, Leigh A. 2 Sakhanenko, Lyudmila 2 Tsukuda, Koji 2 Van Keilegom, Ingrid 2 Wefelmeyer, Wolfgang 2 Wu, HaiZhen 2 Yukich, Joseph Elliott 2 Zheng, Xu 2 Zhu, Xiaoqing 1 Abdeddaiem, Maroua Ben 1 Aki, Sueli M. Tanaka 1 Aleksandrov, Boris 1 Allison, James S. 1 Andreou, Elena 1 Arias-Castro, Ery 1 Baillie, Richard T. 1 Barczy, Mátyás 1 Barron, Andrew Roger 1 Benšić, Mirta 1 Berend, Daniel 1 Bickel, Peter John 1 Bilias, Yannis 1 Bott, Ann-Kathrin 1 Bravo, Francesco 1 Brownrigg, Ray 1 Bücher, Axel 1 Calka, Pierre 1 Cao, Ricardo ...and 191 more Authors
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#### Cited in 63 Serials
29 Statistics & Probability Letters 23 The Annals of Statistics 19 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 17 Journal of Econometrics 11 Bernoulli 9 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 9 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 7 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 7 Electronic Journal of Statistics 6 Mathematical Methods of Statistics 6 Journal of Nonparametric Statistics 5 Metrika 4 The Canadian Journal of Statistics 4 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 4 Test 4 Extremes 4 Econometric Theory 3 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 3 Kybernetika 3 Statistics 3 Transactions of A. Razmadze Mathematical Institute 2 Advances in Applied Probability 2 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 2 The Annals of Applied Probability 2 Computational Statistics 2 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 2 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 2 Lifetime Data Analysis 2 Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 2 Statistical Inference for Stochastic Processes 2 Statistics and Computing 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Mathematical Notes 1 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1 Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 1 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 1 Biometrical Journal 1 Journal of Applied Probability 1 Mathematica Slovaca 1 Statistica Neerlandica 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Advances in Applied Mathematics 1 Insurance Mathematics & Economics 1 Journal of Time Series Analysis 1 Sequential Analysis 1 Econometric Reviews 1 Economics Letters 1 Applications of Mathematics 1 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 1 European Journal of Operational Research 1 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 1 Statistical Papers 1 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Probability and Statistics 1 The Econometrics Journal 1 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 1 Statistical Methods and Applications 1 Mathematical Geosciences 1 Science China. Mathematics 1 Sankhyā. Series A 1 Sankhyā. Series B 1 Journal of Time Series Econometrics 1 Journal of Econometric Methods
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#### Cited in 18 Fields
207 Statistics (62-XX) 105 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 26 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 7 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 4 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 4 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 3 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-04-21T04:01:00 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/1.5
|
# §1.5 Calculus of Two or More Variables
## §1.5(i) Partial Derivatives
A function is continuous at a point if
1.5.1
that is, for every arbitrarily small positive constant there exists () such that
1.5.2
for all and that satisfy .
A function is continuous on a point set if it is continuous at all points of . A function is piecewise continuous on , where and are intervals, if it is piecewise continuous in for each and piecewise continuous in for each .
1.5.3
The function is continuously differentiable if , , and are continuous, and twice-continuously differentiable if also , , , and are continuous. In the latter event
1.5.6
### ¶ Implicit Function Theorem
If is continuously differentiable, , and at , then in a neighborhood of , that is, an open disk centered at , the equation defines a continuously differentiable function such that , , and .
## §1.5(ii) Coordinate Systems
### ¶ Notations
The notations given in this subsection, and also in other coordinate systems in the DLMF, are those generally used by physicists. For mathematicians the symbols and now are usually interchanged.
### ¶ Cylindrical Coordinates
With , , ,
Equations (1.5.11) and (1.5.12) still apply, but
### ¶ Spherical Coordinates
For applications and other coordinate systems see §§12.17, 14.19(i), 14.30(iv), 28.32, 29.18, 30.13, 30.14. See also Morse and Feshbach (1953a, pp. 655-666).
## §1.5(iii) Taylor’s Theorem; Maxima and Minima
If is times continuously differentiable, then
where and its partial derivatives on the right-hand side are evaluated at , and as .
has a local minimum (maximum) at if
and the second-order term in (1.5.18) is positive definite (negative definite), that is,
and
## §1.5(iv) Leibniz’s Theorem for Differentiation of Integrals
### ¶ Finite Integrals
Sufficient conditions for validity are: (a) and are continuous on a rectangle , ; (b) when both and are continuously differentiable and lie in .
### ¶ Infinite Integrals
Suppose that are finite, is finite or , and , are continuous on the partly-closed rectangle or infinite strip . Suppose also that converges and converges uniformly on , that is, given any positive number , however small, we can find a number that is independent of and is such that
for all and all . Then
## §1.5(v) Multiple Integrals
### ¶ Double Integrals
Let be defined on a closed rectangle . For
1.5.25
1.5.26
let denote any point in the rectangle , , . Then the double integral of over is defined by
as . Sufficient conditions for the limit to exist are that is continuous, or piecewise continuous, on .
For defined on a point set contained in a rectangle , let
Then
provided the latter integral exists.
If is continuous, and is the set
1.5.30
with and continuous, then
where the right-hand side is interpreted as the repeated integral
1.5.32
In particular, and can be constants.
Similarly, if is the set
1.5.33
with and continuous, then
### ¶ Change of Order of Integration
If can be represented in both forms (1.5.30) and (1.5.33), and is continuous on , then
### ¶ Infinite Double Integrals
Infinite double integrals occur when becomes infinite at points in or when is unbounded. In the cases (1.5.30) and (1.5.33) they are defined by taking limits in the repeated integrals (1.5.32) and (1.5.34) in an analogous manner to (1.4.22)–(1.4.23).
Moreover, if are finite or infinite constants and is piecewise continuous on the set , then
1.5.36
whenever both repeated integrals exist and at least one is absolutely convergent.
### ¶ Triple Integrals
Finite and infinite integrals can be defined in a similar way. Often the sets are of the form
1.5.37
## §1.5(vi) Jacobians and Change of Variables
### ¶ Change of Variables
where is the image of under a mapping which is one-to-one except perhaps for a set of points of area zero.
Again the mapping is one-to-one except perhaps for a set of points of volume zero.
| 2013-12-13T12:32:49 |
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|
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