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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Todd, Michael J.
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Author ID: todd.michael-j Published as: Todd, M.; Todd, M. J.; Todd, Michael; Todd, Michael J. Homepage: https://people.orie.cornell.edu/miketodd/todd.html External Links: MGP · Wikidata · ResearchGate · dblp · GND
Documents Indexed: 143 Publications since 1973, including 8 Books
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
74 single-authored 9 Ye, Yinyu 7 Mizuno, Shinji 6 Tütüncü, Reha H. 5 Toh, Kim-Chuan 5 Tunçel, Levent 4 Nesterov, Yurii 3 Mitchell, John E. 3 Yildirim, Emre Alper 2 Ahipaşaoğlu, Selin Damla 2 Burrell, Bruce P. 2 Freund, Robert M. 2 Goldfarb, Donald 2 Liao, Aiping 2 Marron, James Stephen 2 Pinkus, Allan M. 1 Acar, Robert C. 1 Adler, Ilan 1 Ahn, Jeongyoun 1 Awoniyi, Samuel A. 1 Bland, Robert G. 1 Bradshaw, Andrew Philip 1 Cucker, Felipe 1 Duguay, Claude 1 Eaves, B. Curtis 1 Fostel, Ana 1 Gancarova, Martina 1 Gonzaga, Clovis C. 1 Gould, Floyd J. 1 Halmagyi, G. Michael 1 Ip, Chi Ming 1 Khachiyan, Leonid Genrikhovich 1 Kojima, Masakazu 1 Lagarias, Jeffrey C. 1 Liu, Yufeng 1 Magnussen, John S. 1 Megiddo, Nimrod 1 Monma, Clyde L. 1 Monteiro, Renato D. C. 1 Morris, Walter D. jun. 1 Nemhauser, George L. 1 Nemirovski, Arkadi S. 1 Pardo, Luis Miguel 1 Peitgen, Heinz-Otto 1 Qiao, Xingye 1 Rinnooy Kan, Alexander Hendrik George 1 Rovinsky, Robert B. 1 Saigal, Romesh 1 Scarf, Herbert E. 1 Schrijver, Alexander 1 Shoemaker, Christine A. 1 Süli, Endre E. 1 Sun, Peng 1 Taubman, David S. 1 Vial, Jean-Philippe 1 Wagner, Harvey Maurice 1 Wagner, Michael M. 1 Wang, Yufei 1 Wei, Victor K.-W. 1 Wright, Alden H. 1 Zhang, Hao Helen
all top 5
#### Serials
20 Mathematics of Operations Research 20 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 14 Mathematical Programming 8 SIAM Journal on Optimization 3 Operations Research 3 Operations Research Letters 3 Computational Optimization and Applications 3 Optimization Methods & Software 2 Journal of the American Statistical Association 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 2 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 2 SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods 2 Algorithmica 2 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 2 Acta Numerica 2 London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 1 Discrete Applied Mathematics 1 Discrete Mathematics 1 IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 1 Journal of Mathematical Economics 1 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 1 Management Science 1 Mathematical Programming Study 1 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 1 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 1 Annals of Operations Research 1 Computational Geometry 1 ORSA Journal on Computing 1 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 1 SIAM Review 1 Economic Theory 1 Revista Investigación Operacional 1 IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 1 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 1 Pacific Journal of Optimization 1 Management Science. Ser. A, Theory Series 1 Contemporary Mathematics 1 Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science 1 Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 1 MOS/SIAM Series on Optimization
all top 5
#### Fields
116 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 70 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 14 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 13 General topology (54-XX) 10 Computer science (68-XX) 8 Combinatorics (05-XX) 8 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 7 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 6 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 5 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 5 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 3 Operator theory (47-XX) 3 Statistics (62-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
128 Publications have been cited 2,710 times in 1,868 Documents Cited by Year
SDPT3 – a MATLAB software package for semidefinite programming, version 1. 3. Zbl 0997.90060
Toh, K. C.; Todd, M. J.; Tütüncü, R. H.
1999
Solving semidefinite-quadratic-linear programs using SDPT3. Zbl 1030.90082
Tütüncü, R. H.; Toh, K. C.; Todd, M. J.
2003
Self-scaled barriers and interior-point methods for convex programming. Zbl 0871.90064
Nesterov, Yu. E.; Todd, M. J.
1997
Primal-dual interior-point methods for self-scaled cones. Zbl 0922.90110
Nesterov, Yu. E.; Todd, M. J.
1998
Semidefinite optimization. Zbl 1105.65334
Todd, M. J.
2001
On adaptive-step primal-dual interior-point algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0810.90091
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1993
The computation of fixed points and applications. Zbl 0332.54003
Todd, Michael J.
1976
An $$O(\sqrt{n} L)$$-iteration homogeneous and self-dual linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0799.90087
Ye, Yinyu; Todd, Michael J.; Mizuno, Shinji
1994
On the Nesterov-Todd direction in semidefinite programming. Zbl 0913.90217
Todd, M. J.; Toh, K. C.; Tütüncü, R. H.
1998
An extension of Karmarkar’s algorithm for linear programming using dual variables. Zbl 0621.90048
Todd, Michael J.; Burrell, Bruce P.
1986
A centered projective algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0722.90044
Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1990
The ellipsoid method: A survey. Zbl 0474.90056
Bland, Robert G.; Goldfarb, Donald; Todd, Michael J.
1981
On the Riemannian geometry defined by self-concordant barriers and interior-point methods. Zbl 1049.90127
Nesterov, Yu. E.; Todd, M. J.
2002
On the implementation and usage of SDPT3 – a Matlab software package for semidefinite-quadratic-linear programming, version 4.0. Zbl 1334.90117
Toh, Kim-Chuan; Todd, Michael J.; Tütüncü, Reha H.
2012
Distance-weighted discrimination. Zbl 1332.62213
Marron, J. S.; Todd, Michael J.; Ahn, Jeongyoun
2007
Convex resource allocation problems on directed acyclic graphs: Duality, complexity, special cases, and extensions. Zbl 0717.90080
Monma, Clyde L.; Schrijver, Alexander; Todd, Michael J.; Wei, Victor K.
1990
Extensions of Lemke’s algorithm for the linear complementarity problem. Zbl 0327.90018
Todd, M. J.
1976
A study of search directions in primal-dual interior-point methods for semidefinite programming. Zbl 0971.90109
Todd, M. J.
1999
On the complexity of approximating the maximal inscribed ellipsoid for a polytope. Zbl 0792.90088
Khachiyan, Leonid G.; Todd, Michael J.
1993
On Khachiyan’s algorithm for the computation of minimum-volume enclosing ellipsoids. Zbl 1151.90516
Todd, Michael J.; Yıldırım, E. Alper
2007
The many facets of linear programming. Zbl 1030.90051
Todd, Michael J.
2002
Infeasible-interior-point primal-dual potential-reduction algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0832.90076
Mizuno, Shinji; Kojima, Masakazu; Todd, Michael J.
1995
Infeasible-start primal-dual methods and infeasibility detectors for nonlinear programming problems. Zbl 0971.90061
Nesterov, Yu.; Todd, M. J.; Ye, Y.
1999
Improving the convergence of fixed-point algorithms. Zbl 0399.65034
Todd, Michael J.
1978
Two new proofs of Afriat’s theorem. Zbl 1084.91032
Fostel, A.; Scarf, H. E.; Todd, M. J.
2004
On triangulations for computing fixed points. Zbl 0358.90047
Todd, Michael J.
1976
Solving combinatorial optimization problems using Karmarkar’s algorithm. Zbl 0763.90074
Mitchell, John E.; Todd, Michael J.
1992
Linear convergence of a modified Frank-Wolfe algorithm for computing minimum-volume enclosing ellipsoids. Zbl 1146.90047
Ahipasaoglu, S. Damla; Sun, Peng; Todd, Michael J.
2008
Improved bounds and containing ellipsoids in Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0665.90059
Todd, Michael J.
1988
Efficient acceleration techniques for fixed point algorithms. Zbl 0396.65022
Saigal, Romesh; Todd, M. J.
1978
Orientation in complementary pivot algorithms. Zbl 0457.90074
Todd, Michael J.
1976
Inexact primal-dual path-following algorithms for a special class of convex quadratic SDP and related problems. Zbl 1136.90026
Toh, K. C.; Tütüncü, R. H.; Todd, M. J.
2007
Interior-point methods for optimization. Zbl 1160.65027
Nemirovski, Arkadi S.; Todd, Michael J.
2008
Recent developments and new directions in linear programming. Zbl 0683.90044
Todd, Michael J.
1989
Polynomial expected behavior of a pivoting algorithm for linear complementarity and linear programming problems. Zbl 0613.90094
Todd, Michael J.
1986
A constructive proof of Tucker’s combinatorial lemma. Zbl 0462.05026
Freund, Robert M.; Todd, Michael J.
1981
Weighted distance weighted discrimination and its asymptotic properties. Zbl 1397.62227
Qiao, Xingye; Zhang, Hao Helen; Liu, Yufeng; Todd, Michael J.; Marron, J. S.
2010
An improved Kalai-Kleitman bound for the diameter of a polyhedron. Zbl 1316.52021
Todd, Michael J.
2014
A surface of analytic centers and primal-dual infeasible-interior-point algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0834.90088
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1995
A Dantzig-Wolfe-like variant of Karmarkar’s interior-point linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0724.90037
Todd, Michael J.
1990
Containing and shrinking ellipsoids in the path-following algorithm. Zbl 0746.90049
Ye, Yinyu; Todd, Michael J.
1990
Optimization. Zbl 0688.90034
Nemhauser, G. L. (ed.); Rinnooy Kan, A. H. G. (ed.); Todd, M. J. (ed.)
1989
Linear quadratic programming in oriented matroids. Zbl 0555.05026
Todd, Michael J.
1985
Modifications and implementation of the ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0477.90038
Goldfarb, Donald; Todd, Michael J.
1982
On convergence properties of algorithms for unconstrained minimization. Zbl 0686.65032
Todd, Michael J.
1989
Complementarity in oriented matroids. Zbl 0556.05016
Todd, Michael J.
1984
An $$O(\sqrt n L)$$-iteration large-step primal-dual affine algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0783.90071
Gonzaga, C. C.; Todd, M. J.
1992
Reducing horizontal linear complementarity problems. Zbl 0835.90106
Tütüncü, Reha H.; Todd, Michael J.
1995
The monotonic bounded Hirsch conjecture is false for dimension at least 4. Zbl 0457.52006
Todd, Michael J.
1980
Probabilistic models for linear programming. Zbl 0751.90056
Todd, Michael J.
1991
On minimum volume ellipsoids containing part of a given ellipsoid. Zbl 0503.90065
Todd, Michael J.
1982
An implementation of the simplex method for linear programming problems with variable upper bounds. Zbl 0477.90039
Todd, Michael J.
1982
Traversing large pieces of linearity in algorithms that solve equations by following piecewise-linear paths. Zbl 0441.90111
Todd, Michael J.
1980
Characterizations, bounds, and probabilistic analysis of two complexity measures for linear programming problems. Zbl 0978.90069
Todd, Michael J.; Tunçel, Levent; Ye, Yinyu
2001
On Anstreicher’s combined phase I-phase II projective algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0773.90049
Todd, Michael J.
1992
A generalized complementary pivoting algorithm. Zbl 0285.90053
Todd, Michael J.
1974
A variable-dimension simplicial algorithm for antipodal fixed-point theorems. Zbl 0456.65024
Todd, Michael J.; Wright, Alden H.
1980
Sensitivity analysis in linear programming and semidefinite programming using interior-point methods. Zbl 1017.90110
Yıldırım, E. Alper; Todd, Michael J.
2001
A lower bound on the number of iterations of long-step primal-dual linear programming algorithms. Zbl 0848.90092
Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1996
Interior-point algorithms for semi-infinite programming. Zbl 0831.90114
Todd, Michael J.
1994
A low complexity interior-point algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0811.90070
Todd, Michael J.
1992
A note on computing equilibria in economies with activity analysis models of production. Zbl 0432.90014
Todd, Michael J.
1979
Path-following methods. Zbl 0957.90523
Monteiro, Renato; Todd, Michael
2000
Potential-reduction methods in mathematical programming. Zbl 0881.90097
Todd, Michael J.
1997
Exploiting special structure in Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0649.90070
Todd, Michael J.
1988
Optimal conditioning and convergence in rank one quasi-Newton updates. Zbl 0638.65041
Ip, Chi Ming; Todd, Michael J.
1988
The ellipsoid method generates dual variables. Zbl 0582.90070
Burrell, Bruce P.; Todd, Michael J.
1985
Union Jack triangulations. Zbl 0424.90084
Todd, Michael J.
1977
Minimum-volume ellipsoids. Theory and algorithms. Zbl 1360.90006
Todd, Michael J.
2016
An interior-point approach to sensitivity analysis in degenerate linear programs. Zbl 1008.90064
Yildirim, E. Alper; Todd, Michael J.
2002
Combining phase I and phase II in a potential reduction algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0777.90030
Todd, Michael J.
1993
New results on the average behavior of simplex algorithms. Zbl 0545.90066
Adler, Ilan; Megiddo, Nimrod; Todd, Michael J.
1984
Large-scale linear programming: Geometry, working bases and factorizations. Zbl 0516.90051
Todd, Michael J.
1983
On the computational complexity of piecewise-linear homotopy algorithms. Zbl 0509.90071
Todd, Michael J.
1982
Exploiting structure in piecewise-linear homotopy algorithms for solving equations. Zbl 0433.90088
Todd, Michael J.
1980
Approximate Farkas lemmas and stopping rules for iterative infeasible-point algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0949.90060
Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1998
The effects of degeneracy and null and unbounded variables on variants of Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0726.90054
Todd, Michael J.
1990
A variant of Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm for problems with some unrestricted variables. Zbl 0667.65048
Mitchell, John E.; Todd, Michael J.
1989
Symmetry and positive definiteness in oriented matroids. Zbl 0649.05023
Morris, Walter D. jun.; Todd, Michael J.
1988
Quasi-Newton updates in abstract vector spaces. Zbl 0574.65044
Todd, Michael J.
1984
Homotopy methods and global convergence. (Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institut on Homotopy Methods and Global Convergence, held June 3-6, 1981, in Porto Cervo, Sardinia). Zbl 0507.00009
Eaves, B. Curtis (ed.); Gould, Floyd J. (ed.); Peitgen, Heinz-Otto (ed.); Todd, Michael J. (ed.)
1983
Solving the generalized market area problem. Zbl 0492.90041
Todd, Michael J.
1978
Characterizing binary simplicial matroids. Zbl 0337.05021
Todd, Michael J.
1976
A combinatorial generalization of polytopes. Zbl 0295.05007
Todd, Michael J.
1976
Detecting infeasibility in infeasible-interior-point methods for optimization. Zbl 1142.90499
Todd, Michael J.
2004
On the interplay among entropy, variable metrics and potential functions in interior-point algorithms. Zbl 0880.90103
Tunçel, Levent; Todd, Michael J.
1997
Asymptotic behavior of interior-point methods: A view from semi-infinite programming. Zbl 0857.90085
Tunçel, Levent; Todd, Michael J.
1996
On combined phase 1-phase 2 projective methods for linear programming. Zbl 0767.90048
Todd, Michael J.; Wang, Yufei
1993
Todd’s low-complexity algorithm is a predictor-corrector path-following method. Zbl 0768.90055
Todd, M. J.; Vial, J.-P.
1992
Global and local convergence and monotonicity results for a recent variable-dimension simplicial algorithm. Zbl 0449.65021
Todd, Michael J.
1980
A quadratically-convergent fixed-point algorithm for economic equilibria and linearly constrained optimization. Zbl 0429.90081
Todd, Michael J.
1980
Optimal dissection of simplices. Zbl 0384.52008
Todd, Michael J.
1978
A modified Frank–Wolfe algorithm for computing minimum-area enclosing ellipsoidal cylinders: theory and algorithms. Zbl 1266.65035
Damla Ahipaşaoğlu, S.; Todd, Michael J.
2013
A robust robust optimization result. Zbl 1242.90249
Gancarova, Martina; Todd, Michael J.
2012
Barrier functions and interior-point algorithms for linear programming with zero-, one, or two-sided bounds on the variables. Zbl 0837.90083
Freund, Robert M.; Todd, Michael J.
1995
Theory and practice for interior-point methods. Zbl 0800.90700
Todd, Michael J.
1994
A lower bound on the number of iterations of an interior-point algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0815.65081
Todd, M. J.
1994
A new triangulation for simplicial algorithms. Zbl 0778.65038
Todd, Michael J.; Tunçel, Levent
1993
An $$O(n^ 3L)$$ adaptive path following algorithm for a linear complementarity problem. Zbl 0745.90070
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.
1991
Mathematical developments arising from linear programming. Proceedings of the AMS-IMS-SIAM joint summer research conference held at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine/USA, June 25 - July 1, 1988. Zbl 0722.00047
Lagarias, Jeffrey C. (ed.); Todd, Michael J. (ed.)
1990
Minimum-volume ellipsoids. Theory and algorithms. Zbl 1360.90006
Todd, Michael J.
2016
Computation, multiplicity, and comparative statics of Cournot equilibria in integers. Zbl 1347.91189
Todd, Michael J.
2016
An improved Kalai-Kleitman bound for the diameter of a polyhedron. Zbl 1316.52021
Todd, Michael J.
2014
Optimization of demand response through peak shaving. Zbl 1408.90181
Zakeri, G.; Craigie, D.; Philpott, A.; Todd, M.
2014
A modified Frank–Wolfe algorithm for computing minimum-area enclosing ellipsoidal cylinders: theory and algorithms. Zbl 1266.65035
Damla Ahipaşaoğlu, S.; Todd, Michael J.
2013
On the implementation and usage of SDPT3 – a Matlab software package for semidefinite-quadratic-linear programming, version 4.0. Zbl 1334.90117
Toh, Kim-Chuan; Todd, Michael J.; Tütüncü, Reha H.
2012
A robust robust optimization result. Zbl 1242.90249
Gancarova, Martina; Todd, Michael J.
2012
Book review of: George B. Dantzig, The basic George B. Dantzig. Zbl 1292.00042
Todd, Michael J.
2011
Weighted distance weighted discrimination and its asymptotic properties. Zbl 1397.62227
Qiao, Xingye; Zhang, Hao Helen; Liu, Yufeng; Todd, Michael J.; Marron, J. S.
2010
Foundations of computational mathematics, Hong Kong, China, 2008. Selected papers based on the presentations at the international conference of the Society for the Foundations of Computational Mathematics (FoCM), June 16–26, 2008. Zbl 1170.13001
Cucker, Felipe (ed.); Pinkus, Allan (ed.); Todd, Michael J. (ed.)
2009
Largest dual ellipsoids inscribed in dual cones. Zbl 1165.90025
Todd, M. J.
2009
Linear convergence of a modified Frank-Wolfe algorithm for computing minimum-volume enclosing ellipsoids. Zbl 1146.90047
Ahipasaoglu, S. Damla; Sun, Peng; Todd, Michael J.
2008
Interior-point methods for optimization. Zbl 1160.65027
Nemirovski, Arkadi S.; Todd, Michael J.
2008
Dual versus primal-dual interior-point methods for linear and conic programming. Zbl 1163.90797
Todd, M. J.
2008
Distance-weighted discrimination. Zbl 1332.62213
Marron, J. S.; Todd, Michael J.; Ahn, Jeongyoun
2007
On Khachiyan’s algorithm for the computation of minimum-volume enclosing ellipsoids. Zbl 1151.90516
Todd, Michael J.; Yıldırım, E. Alper
2007
Inexact primal-dual path-following algorithms for a special class of convex quadratic SDP and related problems. Zbl 1136.90026
Toh, K. C.; Tütüncü, R. H.; Todd, M. J.
2007
Two new proofs of Afriat’s theorem. Zbl 1084.91032
Fostel, A.; Scarf, H. E.; Todd, M. J.
2004
Detecting infeasibility in infeasible-interior-point methods for optimization. Zbl 1142.90499
Todd, Michael J.
2004
Solving semidefinite-quadratic-linear programs using SDPT3. Zbl 1030.90082
Tütüncü, R. H.; Toh, K. C.; Todd, M. J.
2003
On the Riemannian geometry defined by self-concordant barriers and interior-point methods. Zbl 1049.90127
Nesterov, Yu. E.; Todd, M. J.
2002
The many facets of linear programming. Zbl 1030.90051
Todd, Michael J.
2002
An interior-point approach to sensitivity analysis in degenerate linear programs. Zbl 1008.90064
Yildirim, E. Alper; Todd, Michael J.
2002
Semidefinite optimization. Zbl 1105.65334
Todd, M. J.
2001
Characterizations, bounds, and probabilistic analysis of two complexity measures for linear programming problems. Zbl 0978.90069
Todd, Michael J.; Tunçel, Levent; Ye, Yinyu
2001
Sensitivity analysis in linear programming and semidefinite programming using interior-point methods. Zbl 1017.90110
Yıldırım, E. Alper; Todd, Michael J.
2001
On two homogeneous self-dual approaches to linear programming and its extensions. Zbl 1098.90530
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.
2001
Path-following methods. Zbl 0957.90523
Monteiro, Renato; Todd, Michael
2000
Least-change quasi-Newton updates for equality-constrained optimization. Zbl 0970.90120
Wagner, Michael; Todd, Michael J.
2000
SDPT3 – a MATLAB software package for semidefinite programming, version 1. 3. Zbl 0997.90060
Toh, K. C.; Todd, M. J.; Tütüncü, R. H.
1999
A study of search directions in primal-dual interior-point methods for semidefinite programming. Zbl 0971.90109
Todd, M. J.
1999
Infeasible-start primal-dual methods and infeasibility detectors for nonlinear programming problems. Zbl 0971.90061
Nesterov, Yu.; Todd, M. J.; Ye, Y.
1999
Primal-dual interior-point methods for self-scaled cones. Zbl 0922.90110
Nesterov, Yu. E.; Todd, M. J.
1998
On the Nesterov-Todd direction in semidefinite programming. Zbl 0913.90217
Todd, M. J.; Toh, K. C.; Tütüncü, R. H.
1998
Approximate Farkas lemmas and stopping rules for iterative infeasible-point algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0949.90060
Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1998
Erratum: Probabilistic models for linear programming. Zbl 0977.90032
Todd, M. J.
1998
Self-scaled barriers and interior-point methods for convex programming. Zbl 0871.90064
Nesterov, Yu. E.; Todd, M. J.
1997
Potential-reduction methods in mathematical programming. Zbl 0881.90097
Todd, Michael J.
1997
On the interplay among entropy, variable metrics and potential functions in interior-point algorithms. Zbl 0880.90103
Tunçel, Levent; Todd, Michael J.
1997
Mathematical programming. Zbl 0904.90155
Todd, Michael J.
1997
A lower bound on the number of iterations of long-step primal-dual linear programming algorithms. Zbl 0848.90092
Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1996
Asymptotic behavior of interior-point methods: A view from semi-infinite programming. Zbl 0857.90085
Tunçel, Levent; Todd, Michael J.
1996
Solving LP problems via weighted centers. Zbl 0872.65049
Liao, Aiping; Todd, Michael J.
1996
Infeasible-interior-point primal-dual potential-reduction algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0832.90076
Mizuno, Shinji; Kojima, Masakazu; Todd, Michael J.
1995
A surface of analytic centers and primal-dual infeasible-interior-point algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0834.90088
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1995
Reducing horizontal linear complementarity problems. Zbl 0835.90106
Tütüncü, Reha H.; Todd, Michael J.
1995
Barrier functions and interior-point algorithms for linear programming with zero-, one, or two-sided bounds on the variables. Zbl 0837.90083
Freund, Robert M.; Todd, Michael J.
1995
An $$O(\sqrt{n} L)$$-iteration homogeneous and self-dual linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0799.90087
Ye, Yinyu; Todd, Michael J.; Mizuno, Shinji
1994
Interior-point algorithms for semi-infinite programming. Zbl 0831.90114
Todd, Michael J.
1994
Theory and practice for interior-point methods. Zbl 0800.90700
Todd, Michael J.
1994
A lower bound on the number of iterations of an interior-point algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0815.65081
Todd, M. J.
1994
Scaling, shifting and weighting in interior-point methods. Zbl 0924.90112
Todd, Michael J.
1994
Analysis of interior-point methods for linear programming problems with variable upper bounds. Zbl 0823.90086
Todd, Michael J.
1994
Monotonicity of primal and dual objective values in primal-dual interior- point algorithms. Zbl 0827.90108
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.; Tunçel, Levent
1994
On adaptive-step primal-dual interior-point algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0810.90091
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1993
On the complexity of approximating the maximal inscribed ellipsoid for a polytope. Zbl 0792.90088
Khachiyan, Leonid G.; Todd, Michael J.
1993
Combining phase I and phase II in a potential reduction algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0777.90030
Todd, Michael J.
1993
On combined phase 1-phase 2 projective methods for linear programming. Zbl 0767.90048
Todd, Michael J.; Wang, Yufei
1993
A new triangulation for simplicial algorithms. Zbl 0778.65038
Todd, Michael J.; Tunçel, Levent
1993
Solving combinatorial optimization problems using Karmarkar’s algorithm. Zbl 0763.90074
Mitchell, John E.; Todd, Michael J.
1992
An $$O(\sqrt n L)$$-iteration large-step primal-dual affine algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0783.90071
Gonzaga, C. C.; Todd, M. J.
1992
On Anstreicher’s combined phase I-phase II projective algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0773.90049
Todd, Michael J.
1992
A low complexity interior-point algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0811.90070
Todd, Michael J.
1992
Todd’s low-complexity algorithm is a predictor-corrector path-following method. Zbl 0768.90055
Todd, M. J.; Vial, J.-P.
1992
Probabilistic models for linear programming. Zbl 0751.90056
Todd, Michael J.
1991
An $$O(n^ 3L)$$ adaptive path following algorithm for a linear complementarity problem. Zbl 0745.90070
Mizuno, Shinji; Todd, Michael J.
1991
The affine-scaling direction for linear programming is a limit of projective-scaling directions. Zbl 0729.65041
Todd, Michael J.
1991
A centered projective algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0722.90044
Todd, Michael J.; Ye, Yinyu
1990
Convex resource allocation problems on directed acyclic graphs: Duality, complexity, special cases, and extensions. Zbl 0717.90080
Monma, Clyde L.; Schrijver, Alexander; Todd, Michael J.; Wei, Victor K.
1990
A Dantzig-Wolfe-like variant of Karmarkar’s interior-point linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0724.90037
Todd, Michael J.
1990
Containing and shrinking ellipsoids in the path-following algorithm. Zbl 0746.90049
Ye, Yinyu; Todd, Michael J.
1990
The effects of degeneracy and null and unbounded variables on variants of Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0726.90054
Todd, Michael J.
1990
Mathematical developments arising from linear programming. Proceedings of the AMS-IMS-SIAM joint summer research conference held at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine/USA, June 25 - July 1, 1988. Zbl 0722.00047
Lagarias, Jeffrey C. (ed.); Todd, Michael J. (ed.)
1990
Recent developments and new directions in linear programming. Zbl 0683.90044
Todd, Michael J.
1989
Optimization. Zbl 0688.90034
Nemhauser, G. L. (ed.); Rinnooy Kan, A. H. G. (ed.); Todd, M. J. (ed.)
1989
On convergence properties of algorithms for unconstrained minimization. Zbl 0686.65032
Todd, Michael J.
1989
A variant of Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm for problems with some unrestricted variables. Zbl 0667.65048
Mitchell, John E.; Todd, Michael J.
1989
Improved bounds and containing ellipsoids in Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0665.90059
Todd, Michael J.
1988
Exploiting special structure in Karmarkar’s linear programming algorithm. Zbl 0649.90070
Todd, Michael J.
1988
Optimal conditioning and convergence in rank one quasi-Newton updates. Zbl 0638.65041
Ip, Chi Ming; Todd, Michael J.
1988
Symmetry and positive definiteness in oriented matroids. Zbl 0649.05023
Morris, Walter D. jun.; Todd, Michael J.
1988
Polynomial algorithms for linear programming. Zbl 0651.90046
Todd, Michael J.
1988
An extension of Karmarkar’s algorithm for linear programming using dual variables. Zbl 0621.90048
Todd, Michael J.; Burrell, Bruce P.
1986
Polynomial expected behavior of a pivoting algorithm for linear complementarity and linear programming problems. Zbl 0613.90094
Todd, Michael J.
1986
The symmetric rank-one quasi-Newton method is a space-dilation subgradient algorithm. Zbl 0604.90113
Todd, Michael J.
1986
Linear quadratic programming in oriented matroids. Zbl 0555.05026
Todd, Michael J.
1985
The ellipsoid method generates dual variables. Zbl 0582.90070
Burrell, Bruce P.; Todd, Michael J.
1985
“Fat” triangulations, or solving certain nonconvex matrix optimization problems. Zbl 0588.90074
Todd, Michael J.
1985
Complementarity in oriented matroids. Zbl 0556.05016
Todd, Michael J.
1984
New results on the average behavior of simplex algorithms. Zbl 0545.90066
Adler, Ilan; Megiddo, Nimrod; Todd, Michael J.
1984
Quasi-Newton updates in abstract vector spaces. Zbl 0574.65044
Todd, Michael J.
1984
J’: A new triangulation of $${\mathbb{R}}^ n$$. Zbl 0542.65027
Todd, Michael J.
1984
Large-scale linear programming: Geometry, working bases and factorizations. Zbl 0516.90051
Todd, Michael J.
1983
Homotopy methods and global convergence. (Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Institut on Homotopy Methods and Global Convergence, held June 3-6, 1981, in Porto Cervo, Sardinia). Zbl 0507.00009
Eaves, B. Curtis (ed.); Gould, Floyd J. (ed.); Peitgen, Heinz-Otto (ed.); Todd, Michael J. (ed.)
1983
An efficient simplicial algorithm for computing a zero of a convex union of smooth functions. Zbl 0493.90074
Awoniyi, Samuel A.; Todd, Michael J.
1983
Piecewise-linear homotopy algorithms for sparse systems of nonlinear equations. Zbl 0508.65019
Todd, Michael J.
1983
Modifications and implementation of the ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming. Zbl 0477.90038
Goldfarb, Donald; Todd, Michael J.
1982
On minimum volume ellipsoids containing part of a given ellipsoid. Zbl 0503.90065
Todd, Michael J.
1982
An implementation of the simplex method for linear programming problems with variable upper bounds. Zbl 0477.90039
Todd, Michael J.
1982
On the computational complexity of piecewise-linear homotopy algorithms. Zbl 0509.90071
Todd, Michael J.
1982
...and 28 more Documents
all top 5
#### Cited by 2,369 Authors
49 Todd, Michael J. 43 Ye, Yinyu 37 Kheirfam, Behrouz 35 Terlaky, Tamás 33 Kojima, Masakazu 26 Roos, Cornelis 23 Liu, Hongwei 22 Wang, Guoqiang 20 Zangiabadi, Maryam 18 Potra, Florian-Alexandru 17 Bai, Yanqin 16 Boyd, Stephen Poythress 16 Ferreira, Orizon Pereira 16 Mizuno, Shinji 16 Toh, Kimchuan 15 Mansouri, Hossein 15 Shabtay, Dvir 15 Van der Laan, Gerard 14 Tunçel, Levent 14 Zhang, Shuzhong 13 Anstreicher, Kurt M. 13 Darvay, Zsolt 13 Freund, Robert M. 13 Monteiro, Renato D. C. 13 Tsuchiya, Takashi 12 Kim, Sunyoung 12 Liu, Changhe 12 Oliveira, Paulo Roberto 12 Vial, Jean-Philippe 12 Yang, Ximei 11 Goldfarb, Donald 11 Mitchell, John E. 11 Parrilo, Pablo A. 11 Sturm, Jos F. 11 Talman, Adolphus J. J. 11 Wolkowicz, Henry 11 Zhang, Yin 10 Goffin, Jean-Louis 10 Sun, Defeng 10 Yang, Zaifu 9 Marron, James Stephen 9 Pirhaji, Mohammad 9 Sun, Jie 9 Yamashita, Makoto 8 Asadi, Soodabeh 8 Gondzio, Jacek 8 Gonzaga, Clovis C. 8 Jarre, Florian 8 Lim, Yongdo 8 Muramatsu, Masakazu 8 Nemirovski, Arkadi S. 8 Peña, Javier F. 8 Salahi, Maziar 8 Toh, Kim-Chuan 7 Dang, Chuangyin 7 de Klerk, Etienne 7 Fang, Liang 7 Farhood, Mazen 7 Huang, Zheng-Hai 7 Kanno, Yoshihiro 7 Klep, Igor 7 Kortanek, Kenneth O. 7 Lasserre, Jean-Bernard 7 Lesaja, Goran 7 Megiddo, Nimrod 7 Nesterov, Yurii 7 Povh, Janez 7 Qi, Houduo 7 Qi, Liqun 7 Rendl, Franz 7 Steiner, George 7 Su, Francis Edward 7 Vandenberghe, Lieven 7 Vavasis, Stephen A. 7 Yamamoto, Yoshitsugu 7 Zhang, Yinkui 6 Açıkmeşe, Behçet 6 Al-Homidan, Suliman S. 6 Aoshima, Makoto 6 da Cruz Neto, João Xavier 6 D’Apuzzo, Marco 6 den Hertog, Dick 6 Deza, Antoine 6 Eaves, B. Curtis 6 Faybusovich, Leonid E. 6 Fukushima, Masao 6 Güler, Osman 6 Kaspi, Moshe 6 Mahdavi-Amiri, Nezam 6 Mansouri, Hosseino 6 Mansouri, Hossien 6 Mehrotra, Sanjay 6 Santos, Francisco 6 Sayadi Shahraki, M. 6 Shi, Zhenjun 6 Sikorski, Krzysztof A. 6 Talman, Dolf 6 Tran Dinh Quoc 6 Waki, Hayato 6 Wright, Stephen J. ...and 2,269 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 281 Serials
220 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 108 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 83 Computational Optimization and Applications 73 Optimization Methods & Software 64 European Journal of Operational Research 61 Mathematical Programming 47 Linear Algebra and its Applications 46 Operations Research Letters 39 Annals of Operations Research 38 Optimization 38 SIAM Journal on Optimization 32 Journal of Global Optimization 31 Automatica 29 Applied Mathematics and Computation 29 Optimization Letters 26 Discrete Applied Mathematics 26 Computers & Operations Research 25 International Journal of Control 22 Numerical Algorithms 21 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 20 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 17 Mathematical Programming Computation 14 Algorithmica 14 Optimization and Engineering 13 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 12 Discrete Mathematics 12 Journal of Mathematical Economics 12 Systems & Control Letters 12 Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 11 Journal of Complexity 11 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 11 RAIRO. Operations Research 10 Discrete & Computational Geometry 10 Economic Theory 10 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 9 The Annals of Statistics 9 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 9 Applied Numerical Mathematics 9 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 8 Mathematics of Operations Research 8 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 8 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 8 Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 8 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 7 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 7 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7 Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 6 Journal of the Franklin Institute 6 Mathematics of Computation 6 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 6 Theoretical Computer Science 6 European Journal of Combinatorics 6 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 6 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 6 CEJOR. Central European Journal of Operations Research 6 Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization 5 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 5 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 5 Journal of Economic Theory 5 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 5 Kybernetika 5 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 5 SIAM Journal on Computing 5 Journal of Scientific Computing 5 Machine Learning 5 Automation and Remote Control 5 Pattern Recognition 5 European Journal of Control 5 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 5 Journal of Scheduling 5 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 5 Asian Journal of Control 4 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 4 Journal of the American Statistical Association 4 SIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete Methods 4 Statistical Science 4 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 4 Science in China. Series A 4 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 4 Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 4 INFORMS Journal on Computing 4 New Journal of Physics 4 The ANZIAM Journal 4 Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) 4 4OR 4 Discrete Optimization 4 The Annals of Applied Statistics 3 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3 International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 3 International Journal of Systems Science 3 Journal of Computational Physics 3 Information Sciences 3 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 3 Journal of Computer and System Sciences 3 Operations Research 3 Topology and its Applications 3 Advances in Applied Mathematics 3 Journal of Information & Optimization Sciences 3 Combinatorica 3 Computer Aided Geometric Design ...and 181 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 53 Fields
1,444 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 427 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 144 Computer science (68-XX) 138 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 129 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 103 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 99 Statistics (62-XX) 78 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 70 Combinatorics (05-XX) 69 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 38 General topology (54-XX) 36 Operator theory (47-XX) 23 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 21 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 20 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 19 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 18 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 15 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 13 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 10 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 10 Real functions (26-XX) 10 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 9 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 9 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 9 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 8 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 8 Functional analysis (46-XX) 8 Differential geometry (53-XX) 8 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 7 Geometry (51-XX) 7 Quantum theory (81-XX) 6 Number theory (11-XX) 6 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 5 History and biography (01-XX) 5 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 5 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 5 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 4 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 4 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 4 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 4 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 3 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 2 Mathematics education (97-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-04-21T04:09:03 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10373183-sub-parsec-resolution-cosmological-simulations-star-forming-clumps-high-redshift-feedback-individual-stars
|
Sub-parsec resolution cosmological simulations of star-forming clumps at high redshift with feedback of individual stars
ABSTRACT
We introduce a new set of zoom-in cosmological simulations with sub-pc resolution, intended to model extremely faint, highly magnified star-forming stellar clumps, detected at z = 6.14 thanks to gravitational lensing. The simulations include feedback from individual massive stars (in both the pre-supernova and supernova phases), generated via stochastic, direct sampling of the stellar initial mass function. We adopt a modified ‘delayed cooling’ feedback scheme, specifically created to prevent artificial radiative loss of the energy injected by individual stars in very dense gas (n ∼ 103–105 cm−3). The sites where star formation ignites are characterized by maximum densities of the order of 105 cm−3 and gravitational pressures Pgrav/k >107 K cm−3, corresponding to the values of the local, turbulent regions where the densest stellar aggregates form. The total stellar mass at z = 6.14 is 3.4$\times 10^7~\rm M_{\odot }$, in satisfactory agreement with the observed stellar mass of the observed systems. The most massive clumps have masses of $\sim 10^6~\rm M_{\odot }$ and half-mass sizes of ∼100 pc. These sizes are larger than the observed ones, including also other samples of lensed high-redshift clumps, and imply an average density one orders of magnitude lower than the observed one. In the size–mass plane, our more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10373183
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
516
Issue:
4
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
p. 5914-5934
ISSN:
0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. ABSTRACT We present and study a large suite of high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations, using the FIRE-2 treatment of mechanical and radiative feedback from massive stars, together with explicit treatment of magnetic fields, anisotropic conduction and viscosity (accounting for saturation and limitation by plasma instabilities at high β), and cosmic rays (CRs) injected in supernovae shocks (including anisotropic diffusion, streaming, adiabatic, hadronic and Coulomb losses). We survey systems from ultrafaint dwarf ($M_{\ast }\sim 10^{4}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, $M_{\rm halo}\sim 10^{9}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) through Milky Way/Local Group (MW/LG) masses, systematically vary uncertain CR parameters (e.g. the diffusion coefficient κ and streaming velocity), and study a broad ensemble of galaxy properties [masses, star formation (SF) histories, mass profiles, phase structure, morphologies, etc.]. We confirm previous conclusions that magnetic fields, conduction, and viscosity on resolved ($\gtrsim 1\,$ pc) scales have only small effects on bulk galaxy properties. CRs have relatively weak effects on all galaxy properties studied in dwarfs ($M_{\ast } \ll 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, $M_{\rm halo} \lesssim 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$), or at high redshifts (z ≳ 1–2), for any physically reasonable parameters. However, at higher masses ($M_{\rm halo} \gtrsim 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) and z ≲ 1–2, CRs can suppress SF and stellar masses by factorsmore »
2. ABSTRACT
We study a suite of extremely high-resolution cosmological Feedback in Realistic Environments simulations of dwarf galaxies ($M_{\rm halo} \lesssim 10^{10}\rm \, M_{\odot }$), run to z = 0 with $30\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ resolution, sufficient (for the first time) to resolve the internal structure of individual supernovae remnants within the cooling radius. Every halo with $M_{\rm halo} \gtrsim 10^{8.6}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ is populated by a resolved stellar galaxy, suggesting very low-mass dwarfs may be ubiquitous in the field. Our ultra-faint dwarfs (UFDs; $M_{\ast }\lt 10^{5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) have their star formation (SF) truncated early (z ≳ 2), likely by reionization, while classical dwarfs ($M_{\ast }\gt 10^{5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) continue forming stars to z < 0.5. The systems have bursty star formation histories, forming most of their stars in periods of elevated SF strongly clustered in both space and time. This allows our dwarf with M*/Mhalo > 10−4 to form a dark matter core ${\gt}200\rm \, pc$, while lower mass UFDs exhibit cusps down to ${\lesssim}100\rm \, pc$, as expected from energetic arguments. Our dwarfs with $M_{\ast }\gt 10^{4}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ have half-mass radii (R1/2) in agreement with Local Group (LG) dwarfs (dynamical mass versus R1/2 and stellar rotation also resemble observations).more »
3. ABSTRACT
We introduce the thesan project, a suite of large volume ($L_\mathrm{box} = 95.5 \, \mathrm{cMpc}$) radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations that simultaneously model the large-scale statistical properties of the intergalactic medium during reionization and the resolved characteristics of the galaxies responsible for it. The flagship simulation has dark matter and baryonic mass resolutions of $3.1 \times 10^6\, {\rm M_\odot }$ and $5.8 \times 10^5\, {\rm M_\odot }$, respectively. The gravitational forces are softened on scales of 2.2 ckpc with the smallest cell sizes reaching 10 pc at z = 5.5, enabling predictions down to the atomic cooling limit. The simulations use an efficient radiation hydrodynamics solver (arepo-rt) that precisely captures the interaction between ionizing photons and gas, coupled to well-tested galaxy formation (IllustrisTNG) and dust models to accurately predict the properties of galaxies. Through a complementary set of medium resolution simulations we investigate the changes to reionization introduced by different assumptions for ionizing escape fractions, varying dark matter models, and numerical convergence. The fiducial simulation and model variations are calibrated to produce realistic reionization histories that match the observed evolution of the global neutral hydrogen fraction and electron scattering optical depth to reionization. They also match a wealth of high-redshift observationally inferred data, including themore »
4. ABSTRACT
Current observations favour that the massive ultraviolet-bright clumps with a median stellar mass of $\sim 10^7\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$, ubiquitously observed in z ∼ 1–3 galaxies, are star-forming regions formed in situ in galaxies. It has been proposed that they result from gas fragmentation due to gravitational instability of gas-rich, turbulent, and high-redshift discs. We bring support to this scenario by reporting the new discovery of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the strongly lensed, clumpy, main-sequence galaxy, A521-sys1, at z = 1.043. Its CO(4–3) emission was mapped with the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) at an angular resolution of 0.19 × 0.16 arcsec2, reading down to 30 pc, thanks to gravitational lensing. We identified 14 GMCs, most being virialized, with $10^{5.9}-10^{7.9}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ masses and a median $800\, {\rm M}_{\odot }~\mathrm{pc}^{-2}$ molecular gas mass surface density, that are, respectively, 100 and 10 times higher than for nearby GMCs. They are also characterized by 10 times higher supersonic turbulence with a median Mach number of 60. They end up to fall above the Larson scaling relations, similarly to the GMCs in another clumpy z ≃ 1 galaxy, the Cosmic Snake, although differences between the two sets of high-redshift GMCs exist. Altogether theymore »
5. ABSTRACT The galaxy size–stellar mass and central surface density–stellar mass relationships are fundamental observational constraints on galaxy formation models. However, inferring the physical size of a galaxy from observed stellar emission is non-trivial due to various observational effects, such as the mass-to-light ratio variations that can be caused by non-uniform stellar ages, metallicities, and dust attenuation. Consequently, forward-modelling light-based sizes from simulations is desirable. In this work, we use the skirt dust radiative transfer code to generate synthetic observations of massive galaxies ($M_{*}\sim 10^{11}\, \rm {M_{\odot }}$ at z = 2, hosted by haloes of mass $M_{\rm {halo}}\sim 10^{12.5}\, \rm {M_{\odot }}$) from high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations that form part of the Feedback In Realistic Environments project. The simulations used in this paper include explicit stellar feedback but no active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. From each mock observation, we infer the effective radius (Re), as well as the stellar mass surface density within this radius and within $1\, \rm {kpc}$ (Σe and Σ1, respectively). We first investigate how well the intrinsic half-mass radius and stellar mass surface density can be inferred from observables. The majority of predicted sizes and surface densities are within a factor of 2 of the intrinsic values.more »
| 2023-03-26T06:25:33 |
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|
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S056LQI
|
#### Indirect Limits for Leptoquarks
VALUE (TeV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • •
1
2021 A
RVUE First generation
2
2020
RVUE ${{\mathit B}}$ decays
3
2020
RVUE ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}$
$> 3.1$ 95 4
2019
ZEUS First generation
5
2019
RVUE ${{\mathit \tau}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}$ , ${{\mathit K}}$
6
2018 A
RVUE ${{\mathit D}}$ decays
7
2016
RVUE ${{\mathit D}}$ decays
8
2016
RVUE neutral ${{\mathit K}}$ mixing, rare ${{\mathit K}}$ decays
9
2015
RVUE ${{\mathit q}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$
$\text{> 14}$ 95 10
2015 A
RVUE ${{\mathit B}}$ $_{s,d}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$
11
2013
RVUE ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit D}^{(*)}}{{\mathit \tau}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ , ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}_{{s}}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$
12
2012
RVUE ${{\mathit b}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit s}}{{\mathit \ell}^{+}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$
$> 2.5$ 95 13
2011 C
H1 First generation
14
2011
RVUE scalar, weak singlet, charge 4/3
15
2007 A
H1 Lepton-flavor violation
$> 0.49$ 95 16
2007 A
ALEP ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$
17
2007
RVUE ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ , ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \tau}}$
18
2005 A
ZEUS Lepton-flavor violation
$>1.7$ 96 19
2003
H1 First generation
$> 46$ 90 20
2003
BELL Pati-Salam type
21
2002
ZEUS Repl. by CHEKANOV 2005A
$>1.7$ 95 22
2001 B
RVUE First generation
$>0.39$ 95 23
2000 P
L3 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\mathit q}}$
$>1.5$ 95 24
2000
H1 First generation
$>0.2$ 95 25
2000 I
ALEP Repl. by SCHAEL 2007A
26
2000
RVUE ${}^{}\mathrm {Cs}$
27
2000
RVUE Lepton flavor violation
$>0.74$ 95 28
2000
RVUE $\mathit S_{1}$ leptoquark
29
1999
OPAL
$>19.3$ 95 30
1998 V
CDF ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ , Pati-Salam type
31
1998 J
L3 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$
32
1998 V
OPAL ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ , ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\overline{\mathit b}}}$
$>0.76$ 95 33
1997
RVUE ${{\widetilde{\mathit R}}_{{2}}}$ leptoquark
34
1997
ZEUS Lepton-flavor violation
35
1997
RVUE ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$ (X)
36
1997
RVUE ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$
$>1200$ 37
1995 B
RVUE Pati-Salam type
38
1995
RVUE Third generation scalar leptoquark
$>0.3$ 95 39
1994
RVUE Spin-0 leptoquark coupled to ${{\overline{\mathit e}}_{{R}}}{{\mathit t}_{{L}}}$
40
1994
RVUE
$>18$ 41
1994
RVUE Pati-Salam type
$>0.43$ 95 42
1994
RVUE First generation spin-1 leptoquark
$>0.44$ 95 42
1994 B
RVUE First generation spin-0 leptoquark
43
1994
RVUE $\mathit P$ and $\mathit T$ violation
$>1$ 44
1982
RVUE Nonchiral spin-0 leptoquark
$>125$ 44
1982
RVUE Nonchiral spin-1 leptoquark
1 CRIVELLIN 2021A set limits on coupling strengths of scalar and vector leptoquarks using ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ , ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit K}^{0}}$ $−{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit D}^{0}}$ $−{{\overline{\mathit D}}^{0}}$ mixings, and weak neutral current measurements. See their Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 for the limits in mass-coupling plane.
2 AEBISCHER 2020 explain the ${{\mathit B}}$ decay anomalies using four-fermion operator Wilson coefficents. See their Table 1. These Wilson coefficients may be generated by a ${{\mathit U}_{{1}}}$ vector leptoquark with ${{\mathit U}_{{1}}}$ transforming as (3,1)$_{2/3}$ under the SM gauge group. See their Figures 6, 7, 8 for the regions of the LQ parameter space which explains the ${{\mathit B}}$ anomalies and avoids the indirect low energy constraints.
3 DEPPISCH 2020 limits on the lepton-number-violating higher-dimensional-operators are derived from ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ in the standard model effective field theory. These higher-dimensional-operators may be induced from leptoquark-exchange diagrams.
4 ABRAMOWICZ 2019 obtain a limit on $\lambda /{{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ $>$ 1.16 TeV${}^{-1}$ for weak isotriplet spin-0 leptoquark ${{\mathit S}_{{1}}^{L}}$ . We obtain the limit quoted above by converting the limit on $\lambda /{{\mathit M}_{{LQ}}}$ for ${{\mathit S}_{{1}}^{L}}$ assuming $\lambda$ = $\sqrt {4 \pi }$. See their Table 5 for the limits of leptoquarks with different quantum numbers. These limits are derived from bounds of ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ contact interactions.
5 MANDAL 2019 give bounds on leptoquarks from ${{\mathit \tau}}$ -decays, leptonic dipole moments, lepton-flavor-violating processes, and ${{\mathit K}}$ decays.
6 ZHANG 2018A give bounds on leptoquark induced four-fermion interactions from ${{\mathit D}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}}{{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ . The authors inform us that the shape parameter of the vector form factor in both the abstract and the conclusions of ZHANG 2018A should be $\mathit r_{+1}$ = $2.16$ $\pm0.07$ rather than $\pm0.007$. The numbers listed in their Table 7 are correct.
7 BARRANCO 2016 give bounds on leptoquark induced four-fermion interactions from ${{\mathit D}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit K}}{{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ and ${{\mathit D}_{{s}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ .
8 KUMAR 2016 gives bound on SU(2) singlet scalar leptoquark with chrge $−$1/3 from ${{\mathit K}^{0}}$ $−{{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$ mixing, ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ , ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ , and ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{\pm}}{{\mathit e}^{\mp}}$ decays.
9 BESSAA 2015 obtain limit on leptoquark induced four-fermion interactions from the ATLAS and CMS limit on the ${{\overline{\mathit q}}}{{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit e}}}{{\mathit e}}$ contact interactions.
10 SAHOO 2015A obtain limit on leptoquark induced four-fermion interactions from ${{\mathit B}}$ $_{s,d}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ for $\lambda$ $\simeq{}$ $\mathit O$(1).
11 SAKAKI 2013 explain the ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit D}^{(*)}}{{\mathit \tau}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ anomaly using Wilson coefficients of leptoquark-induced four-fermion operators.
12 KOSNIK 2012 obtains limits on leptoquark induced four-fermion interactions from ${{\mathit b}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit s}}{{\mathit \ell}^{+}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$ decays.
13 AARON 2011C limit is for weak isotriplet spin-0 leptoquark at strong coupling ${{\mathit \lambda}}$ = $\sqrt {4\pi }$. For the limits of leptoquarks with different quantum numbers, see their Table 3. Limits are derived from bounds of ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit q}}$ contact intereractions.
14 DORSNER 2011 give bounds on scalar, weak singlet, charge 4/3 leptoquark from ${{\mathit K}}$ , ${{\mathit B}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}}$ decays, meson mixings, $\mathit LFV$, $\mathit g−$2 and ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\overline{\mathit b}}}$ .
15 AKTAS 2007A search for lepton-flavor violation in ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ collision. See their Tables $4 - 7$ for limits on lepton-flavor violating four-fermion interactions induced by various leptoquarks.
16 SCHAEL 2007A limit is for the weak-isoscalar spin-0 left-handed leptoquark with the coupling of electromagnetic strength. For the limits of leptoquarks with different quantum numbers, see their Table 35.
17 SMIRNOV 2007 obtains mass limits for the vector and scalar chiral leptoquark states from ${{\mathit K}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ , ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ decays.
18 CHEKANOV 2005 search for various leptoquarks with lepton-flavor violating couplings. See their Figs.6--10 and Tables 1--8 for detailed limits.
19 ADLOFF 2003 limit is for the weak isotriplet spin-0 leptoquark at strong coupling $\lambda =\sqrt {4{{\mathit \pi}} }$. For the limits of leptoquarks with different quantum numbers, see their Table$~$3. Limits are derived from bounds on ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit q}}$ contact interactions.
20 The bound is derived from B( ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ ) $<$ $1.7 \times 10^{-7}$.
21 CHEKANOV 2002 search for lepton-flavor violation in ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions. See their Tables$~1 - 4$ for limits on lepton-flavor violating and four-fermion interactions induced by various leptoquarks.
22 CHEUNG 2001B quoted limit is for a scalar, weak isoscalar, charge $−$1/3 leptoquark with a coupling of electromagnetic strength. The limit is derived from bounds on contact interactions in a global electroweak analysis. For the limits of leptoquarks with different quantum numbers, see Table$~$5.
23 ACCIARRI 2000P limit is for the weak isoscalar spin-0 leptoquark with the coupling of electromagnetic strength. For the limits of leptoquarks with different quantum numbers, see their Table$~$4.
24 ADLOFF 2000 limit is for the weak isotriplet spin-0 leptoquark at strong coupling, $\lambda =\sqrt {4\pi }$. For the limits of leptoquarks with different quantum numbers, see their Table$~$2. ADLOFF 2000 limits are from the $\mathit Q{}^{2}$ spectrum measurement of ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ X.
25 BARATE 2000I search for deviations in cross section and jet-charge asymmetry in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\overline{\mathit q}}}{{\mathit q}}$ due to $\mathit t$-channel exchange of a leptoquark at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$=130 to 183 GeV. Limits for other scalar and vector leptoquarks are also given in their Table$~$22.
26 BARGER 2000 explain the deviation of atomic parity violation in cesium atoms from prediction is explained by scalar leptoquark exchange.
27 GABRIELLI 2000 calculate various process with lepton flavor violation in leptoquark models.
28 ZARNECKI 2000 limit is derived from data of HERA, LEP, and Tevatron and from various low-energy data including atomic parity violation. Leptoquark coupling with electromagnetic strength is assumed.
29 ABBIENDI 1999 limits are from ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ cross section at $130 - 136$, $161 - 172$, 183 GeV. See their Fig.$~$8 and Fig.$~$9 for limits in mass-coupling plane.
30 ABE 1998V quoted limit is from B( ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ )$<8.2 \times 10^{-6}$. ABE 1998V also obtain a similar limit on $\mathit M_{LQ}>20.4$ TeV from B( ${{\mathit B}_{{d}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ )$<4.5 \times 10^{-6}$. Both bounds assume the non-canonical association of the ${{\mathit b}}$ $~$quark with electrons or muons under SU(4).
31 ACCIARRI 1998J limit is from ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ cross section at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$= $130 - 172$ GeV which can be affected by the ${{\mathit t}}$ -$~$and ${{\mathit u}}$ -channel exchanges of leptoquarks. See their Fig.$~$4 and Fig.$~$5 for limits in the mass-coupling plane.
32 ACKERSTAFF 1998V limits are from ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ and ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit b}}{{\overline{\mathit b}}}$ cross sections at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$ = $130 - 172$ GeV, which can be affected by the $\mathit t$- and $\mathit u$-channel exchanges of leptoquarks. See their Fig.$~$21 and Fig.$~$22 for limits of leptoquarks in mass-coupling plane.
33 DEANDREA 1997 limit is for ${{\widetilde{\mathit R}}_{{2}}}$ leptoquark obtained from atomic parity violation (APV). The coupling of leptoquark is assumed to be electromagnetic strength. See Table$~$2 for limits of the four-fermion interactions induced by various scalar leptoquark exchange. DEANDREA 1997 combines APV limit and limits from Tevatron and HERA. See Fig.$~1 - 4$ for combined limits of leptoquark in mass-coupling plane.
34 DERRICK 1997 search for lepton-flavor violation in ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ collision. See their Tables$~$2--5 for limits on lepton-flavor violating four-fermion interactions induced by various leptoquarks.
35 GROSSMAN 1997 estimate the upper bounds on the branching fraction ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$ (X) from the absence of the ${{\mathit B}}$ decay with large missing energy. These bounds can be used to constrain leptoquark induced four-fermion interactions.
36 JADACH 1997 limit is from ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit q}}{{\overline{\mathit q}}}$ cross section at $\sqrt {\mathit s }=172.3$ GeV which can be affected by the ${{\mathit t}}$ - and ${{\mathit u}}$ -channel exchanges of leptoquarks. See their Fig.$~$1 for limits on vector leptoquarks in mass-coupling plane.
37 KUZNETSOV 1995B use ${{\mathit \pi}}$ , ${{\mathit K}}$ , ${{\mathit B}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}}$ decays and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit e}}$ conversion and give a list of bounds on the leptoquark mass and the fermion mixing matrix in the Pati-Salam model. The quoted limit is from ${{\mathit K}_{{L}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit e}}$ decay assuming zero mixing.
38 MIZUKOSHI 1995 calculate the one-loop radiative correction to the ${{\mathit Z}}$ -physics parameters in various scalar leptoquark models. See their Fig.$~$4 for the exclusion plot of third generation leptoquark models in mass-coupling plane.
39 BHATTACHARYYA 1994 limit is from one-loop radiative correction to the leptonic decay width of the ${{\mathit Z}}$ . ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit H}}}$=250 GeV, ${{\mathit \alpha}_{{s}}}$ (${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit Z}}})=0.12$, ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit t}}}$=180 GeV, and the electroweak strength of leptoquark coupling are assumed. For leptoquark coupled to ${{\overline{\mathit e}}_{{L}}}{{\mathit t}_{{R}}}$ , ${{\overline{\mathit \mu}}}{{\mathit t}}$ , and ${{\overline{\mathit \tau}}}{{\mathit t}}$ , see Fig.$~$2 in BHATTACHARYYA 1994B erratum and Fig.$~$3.
40 DAVIDSON 1994 gives an extensive list of the bounds on leptoquark-induced four-fermion interactions from ${{\mathit \pi}}$ , ${{\mathit K}}$ , ${{\mathit D}}$ , ${{\mathit B}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}$ , ${{\mathit \tau}}$ decays and meson mixings, $\mathit etc$. See Table$~$15 of DAVIDSON 1994 for detail.
41 KUZNETSOV 1994 gives mixing independent bound of the Pati-Salam leptoquark from the cosmological limit on ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ .
42 LEURER 1994 , LEURER 1994B limits are obtained from atomic parity violation and apply to any chiral leptoquark which couples to the first generation with electromagnetic strength. For a nonchiral leptoquark, universality in ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $_{{{\mathit \ell}} 2}$ decay provides a much more stringent bound.
43 MAHANTA 1994 gives bounds of $\mathit P$- and $\mathit T$-violating scalar-leptoquark couplings from atomic and molecular experiments.
44 From ( ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ )$/$( ${{\mathit \pi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ ) ratio. SHANKER 1982 assumes the leptoquark induced four-fermion coupling 4$\mathit g{}^{2}/\mathit M{}^{2}$ (${{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ $_{\mathit eL}$ $\mathit u_{\mathit R}$) ( ${{\overline{\mathit d}}_{{L}}}{{\mathit e}_{{R}}}$ )with $\mathit g=0.004$ for spin-0 leptoquark and $\mathit g{}^{2}/\mathit M{}^{2}$ (${{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$ $_{\mathit eL}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}_{{\mu}}}{{\mathit u}_{{L}}}$ ) (${{\overline{\mathit d}}_{{R}}}$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{}^{{{\mathit \mu}} }$ ${{\mathit e}_{{R}}}$ ) with $\mathit g≅0.6$ for spin-1 leptoquark.
References:
CRIVELLIN 2021A
PR D103 115023 Combined constraints on first generation leptoquarks
AEBISCHER 2020
EPJ C80 252 $B$-decay discrepancies after Moriond 2019
DEPPISCH 2020
JHEP 2012 186 Constraining lepton number violating interactions in rare kaon decays
ABRAMOWICZ 2019
PR D99 092006 Limits on contact interactions and leptoquarks at HERA
MANDAL 2019
JHEP 1912 089 Constraints on scalar leptoquarks from lepton and kaon physics
ZHANG 2018A
EPJ C78 695 Determinations of the form factors of semileptonic $D\rightarrow K$ decays and leptoquark constraints
BARRANCO 2016
JP G43 115004 Two Higgs Doublet Model and Leptoquarks Constraints from ${{\mathit D}}$ Meson Decays
KUMAR 2016
PR D94 014022 Constraints on a Scalar Leptoquark from the Kaon Sector
BESSAA 2015
EPJ C75 97 Constraints on $\mathit t$ -Channel Leptoquark Exchange from LHC Contact Interaction Searches
SAHOO 2015A
PR D91 094019 Scalar Leptoquarks and the Rare ${{\mathit B}}$ Meson Decays
SAKAKI 2013
PR D88 094012 Testing Leptoquark Models in ${{\overline{\mathit B}}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit D}^{{(*)}}}{{\mathit \tau}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}}$
KOSNIK 2012
PR D86 055004 Model Independent Constraints on Leptoquarks from ${{\mathit b}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit s}}{{\mathit \ell}^{+}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$ Processes
AARON 2011C
PL B705 52 Search for Contact Interactions in ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at HERA
DORSNER 2011
JHEP 1111 002 Limits on Scalar Leptoquark Interactions and Consequences for GUTs
AKTAS 2007A
EPJ C52 833 Search for Lepton Flavour Violation in ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at HERA
SCHAEL 2007A
EPJ C49 411 Fermion Pair Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $189 - 209$ GeV and Constraints on Physics Beyond the Standard Model
SMIRNOV 2007
MPL A22 2353 Mass Limits for Scalar and Gauge Leptoquarks from ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\pm}}$ , ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \tau}^{\pm}}$ Decays
CHEKANOV 2005A
EPJ C44 463 Search for Lepton-Flavor Violation at HERA
PL B568 35 Search for New Physics in ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit q}}$ Contact Interactions at HERA
CHANG 2003
PR D68 111101 Search for ${{\mathit B}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}^{+}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$ at BELLE
CHEKANOV 2002
PR D65 092004 Search for Lepton Flavor Violation in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at HERA
CHEUNG 2001B
PL B517 167 Constraints on Electron Quark Contact Interactions and Implications to Models of Leptoquarks and Extra ${{\mathit Z}}$ Bosons
ACCIARRI 2000P
PL B489 81 Search for Manifestations of New Physics in Fermion Pair Production at LEP
PL B479 358 Search for Compositeness, Leptoquarks and Large Extra Dimensions in ${{\mathit e}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit q}}$ Contact Interactions at HERA
BARATE 2000I
EPJ C12 183 Study of Fermion Pair Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $130 - 183$ GeV
BARGER 2000
PL B480 149 Atomic Parity Violation, Leptoquarks, and Contact Interactions
GABRIELLI 2000
PR D62 055009 Model Independent Constraints on Leptoquarks from Rare Muon and ${{\mathit \tau}}$ Lepton Processes
ZARNECKI 2000
EPJ C17 695 Leptoquark Signal from Global Analysis
ABBIENDI 1999
EPJ C6 1 Test of the Standard Model and Constraints on New Physics from Measurements of Fermion Pair Production at 183 GeV at LEP
ABE 1998V
PRL 81 5742 Search for the Decays ${{\mathit B}_{{s}}^{0}}$ , ${{\mathit B}_{{d}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ and Pati-Salam Leptoquarks
ACCIARRI 1998J
PL B433 163 Search for New Physics Phenomena in Fermion Pair Production at LEP
ACKERSTAFF 1998V
EPJ C2 441 Tests of the Standard Model and Constraints on New Physics from Measurements of Fermion Pair Production at $130 - 172$ GeV at LEP
DEANDREA 1997
PL B409 277 Atomic Parity Violation in Cesium and Implications for New Physics
DERRICK 1997
ZPHY C73 613 Search for Lepton Flavor Violation in ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at 300 GeV Center of Mass Energy
GROSSMAN 1997
PR D55 2768 ${{\mathit B}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \tau}^{+}}{{\mathit \tau}^{-}}$ (${{\mathit X}}$ ) Decays: First Constraints and Phenomenological Implications
PL B408 281 ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Annihilation into Hadrons at LEP2 in the Presence of the Anomalous DESY Positron-Jet Event Phenomenon
KUZNETSOV 1995B
PAN 58 2113 New Type of Mixing in the Minimal Quark $−$ Lepton Symmetry and a Lower Bound on the Vector Leptoquark Mass
MIZUKOSHI 1995
NP B443 20 Bounds on Scalar Leptoquarks from ${{\mathit Z}^{0}}$ Physics
BHATTACHARYYA 1994
PL B336 100 Bounds on the Masses and Couplings of Leptoquarks from Leptonic Partial Widths of the ${{\mathit Z}^{0}}$
Also
PL B338 522 (erratum) Erratum: BHATTACHARYYA 1994 Bounds on the Masses and Couplings of Leptoquarks from Leptonic Partial Widths of the ${{\mathit Z}}$
DAVIDSON 1994
ZPHY C61 613 Model Independent Constraints on Leptoquarks from Rare Processes
KUZNETSOV 1994
PL B329 295 Vector Leptoquarks Could be Rather Light?
LEURER 1994B
PR D49 333 A Comprehensive Study of Leptoquark Bounds
Also
PRL 71 1324 New Bounds on Leptoquarks
LEURER 1994
PR D50 536 Bounds on Vector Leptoquarks
MAHANTA 1994
PL B337 128 Constraints on Leptoquark Couplings from Simultaneous ${{\mathit p}}$ and $\mathit T$ Violations in Atoms and Molecules
SHANKER 1982
NP B204 375 ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ 2, ${{\mathit K}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ 3 and ${{\mathit K}^{0}}$ $−$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}^{0}}$ Constraints on Leptoquarks and Supersymmetric Particles
| 2023-04-01T01:27:20 |
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https://pos.sissa.it/282/215/
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Volume 282 - 38th International Conference on High Energy Physics (ICHEP2016) - Dark Matter Detection
NEWAGE direction-sensitve direct dark matter search
K. Miuchi,* R. Yakabe, T. Hashimoto, T. Ikeda, R. Taishaku, M. Nakazawa, Y. Yamaguchi, T. Inada, K. Nakamura, T. Tanimori, H. Kubo, A. Takada, H. Sekiya, A. Takeda
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: February 06, 2017
Published on: April 19, 2017
Abstract
NEWAGE is a direction-sensitive direct dark matter search experiment. NEWAGE uses a micro time-projection chamber with a detection volume of $\rm 31 \times 31 \times 41 cm^3$, which is read by a macro-petterned gaseous detectors, $\rm \mu$-PIC. Underground measurements with the current detector, NEWAGE-0.3b’, have been performed since 2013. After the first direction-sensitive limits drived from 31.6 live-days of NEWAGE-0.3b' data were published, measurements were continued and the preliminary results from an addtional 170 days of results are reported here. In order to improve the sensitivity, low $\alpha$-particle emission $\rm \mu-PICs$ are being developed. Studies on negative-ion gases are also on-going. These recent activities that aim to improve the sensitivity are also presented here.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.282.0215
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2020-12-05T03:17:22 |
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https://subversion.xray.aps.anl.gov/trac/pyGSAS/changeset/1183/trunk/sphinxdocs/build/html/GSASIIobj.html
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# Changeset 1183 for trunk/sphinxdocs/build/html/GSASIIobj.html
Ignore:
Timestamp:
Jan 5, 2014 9:22:22 AM (8 years ago)
Message:
fixup number formatting; update produced doc files
File:
1 edited
Unmodified
Removed
• ## trunk/sphinxdocs/build/html/GSASIIobj.html
r1168 (refinable). Only valid for Debye-Scherrer geometry. (refinable).
• Single Crystal Tree Items
• Single Crystal Reflection Data Structure
• Image Data Structure
• Parameter Dictionary
• Classes and routines
• Limits
Comments Text strings extracted from the original powder data header. These cannot be changed by the user; it may be empty.
Limits A list of two two element lists, as [[Ld,Hd],[L,H]] two-theta value to be used.
Reflection Lists
Reflection Lists A dict with an entry for each phase in the description.
Instrument Parameters
Instrument Parameters A list containing two dicts where the possible Items in the first dict are noted as [1]
Lam Specifies a wavelength in Angstroms [1]
Lam1 Specifies the primary wavelength in source is used [1]
Lam2
I(L2)/I(L1)
Ratio of Lam2 to Lam1 [1]
Type
Zero Two-theta zero correction in degrees [1]
Azimuth Azimuthal setting angle for data recorded with differing setting angles [1]
U, V, W Cagliotti profile coefficients $$U \tan^2\theta + V \tan\theta + W$$ [1]
X, Y Cauchy (Lorentzian) instrumental broadening coefficients [1]
SH/L Variant of the Finger-Cox-Jephcoat asymmetric L is the goniometer diameter. [1]
Polariz. Polarization coefficient. [1]
wtFactor
wtFactor A weighting factor to increase or decrease to decreasing the uncertainties).
Sample Parameters
Sample Parameters Specifies a dict with parameters that describe how the value is a float unless otherwise noted.
Scale The histogram scale factor (refinable)
Absorption The sample absorption coefficient as $$\mu r$$ where r is the radius (refinable).
SurfaceRoughA Surface roughness parameter A as defined by Surotti,J. Appl. Cryst, 5,325-331, 1972.(refinable - only valid for Bragg-Brentano geometry)
SurfaceRoughB Surface roughness parameter B (refinable - only valid for Bragg-Brentano geometry)
DisplaceX, DisplaceY
Phi, Chi, Omega Goniometer sample setting angles, in degrees.
InstrName A name for the instrument, used in preparing a CIF (str).
Force, Temperature, any computations.
ranId The random-number Id for the histogram (same value as where top-level key is ranId)
Type Type of diffraction data, may be ‘Debye-Scherrer’ or ‘Bragg-Brentano’ (str).
Diffuse not in use?
hId
hId The number assigned to the histogram when the project is loaded or edited (can change)
ranId
ranId A random number id for the histogram that does not change
Background
Background The background is stored as a list with where (TODO: this needs to be expanded.)
Data
Data
The data consist of a list of 6 np.arrays
Image Data Structure¶
Every 2-dimensional image is stored in the GSAS-II data tree with a top-level entry named beginning with the string “IMG ”. The image data are directly associated with that tree item and there are a series of children to that item. The routines GSASII.GSASII.GetUsedHistogramsAndPhasesfromTree() and GSASIIstrIO.GetUsedHistogramsAndPhases() will load this information into a dictionary where the child tree name is used as a key, and the information in the main entry is assigned a key of Data, as outlined below.
key sub-key explanation
Comments Text strings extracted from the original image data header or a metafile. These cannot be changed by the user; it may be empty.
Image Controls azmthOff (float) The offset to be applied to an azimuthal value. Accomodates detector orientations other than with the detector X-axis horizontal.
background image (list:str,float) The name of a tree item (“IMG ...”) that is to be subtracted during image integration multiplied by value. It must have the same size/shape as the integrated image. NB: value < 0 for subtraction.
calibrant (str) The material used for determining the position/orientation of the image. The data is obtained from ImageCalibrants() and UserCalibrants.py (supplied by user).
calibdmin (float) The minimum d-spacing used during the last calibration run.
calibskip (int) The number of expected diffraction lines skipped during the last calibration run.
center (list:floats) The [X,Y] point in detector coordinates (mm) where the direct beam strikes the detector plane as determined by calibration. This point does not have to be within the limits of the detector boundaries.
centerAzm (bool) If True then the azimuth reported for the integrated slice of the image is at the center line otherwise it is at the leading edge.
color (str) The name of the colormap used to display the image. Default = ‘Paired’.
cutoff (float) The minimum value of I/Ib for a point selected in a diffraction ring for calibration calculations. See pixLimit for details as how point is found.
DetDepth (float) Coefficient for penetration correction to distance; accounts for diffraction ring offset at higher angles. Optionally determined by calibration.
DetDepthRef (bool) If True then refine DetDepth during calibration/recalibration calculation.
distance (float) The distance (mm) from sample to detector plane.
ellipses (list:lists) Each object in ellipses is a list [center,phi,radii,color] where center (list) is location (mm) of the ellipse center on the detector plane, phi is the rotation of the ellipse minor axis from the x-axis, and radii are the minor & major radii of the ellipse. If radii[0] is negative then parameters describe a hyperbola. Color is the selected drawing color (one of ‘b’, ‘g’ ,’r’) for the ellipse/hyperbola.
edgemin (float) Not used; parameter in EdgeFinder code.
fullIntegrate (bool) If True then integrate over full 360 deg azimuthal range.
GonioAngles (list:floats) The ‘Omega’,’Chi’,’Phi’ goniometer angles used for this image. Required for texture calculations.
invert_x (bool) If True display the image with the x-axis inverted.
invert_y (bool) If True display the image with the y-axis inverted.
IOtth (list:floats) The minimum and maximum 2-theta values to be used for integration.
LRazimuth (list:floats) The minimum and maximum azimuth values to be used for integration.
Oblique (list:float,bool) If True apply a detector absorption correction using the value to the intensities obtained during integration.
outAzimuths (int) The number of azimuth pie slices.
outChannels (int) The number of 2-theta steps.
pixelSize (list:ints) The X,Y dimensions (microns) of each pixel.
pixLimit (int) A box in the image with 2*pixLimit+1 edges is searched to find the maximum. This value (I) along with the minimum (Ib) in the box is reported by GSASIIimage.ImageLocalMax() and subject to cutoff in GSASIIimage.makeRing(). Locations are used to construct rings of points for calibration calcualtions.
PolaVal (list:float,bool) If type=’SASD’ and if True, apply polarization correction to intensities from integration using value.
rings (list:lists) Each entry is [X,Y,dsp] where X & Y are lists of x,y coordinates around a diffraction ring with the same d-spacing (dsp)
ring (list) The x,y coordinates of the >5 points on an inner ring selected by the user,
Range (list) The minimum & maximum values of the image
rotation (float) The angle between the x-axis and the vector about which the detector is tilted. Constrained to -180 to 180 deg.
SampleShape (str) Currently only ‘Cylinder’. Sample shape for Debye-Scherrer experiments; used for absorption calculations.
SampleAbs (list: float,bool) Value of absorption coefficient for Debye-Scherrer experimnents, flag if True to cause correction to be applied.
setDefault (bool) If True the use the image controls values for all new images to be read. (might be removed)
setRings (bool) If True then display all the selected x,y ring positions (vida supra rings) used in the calibration.
showLines (bool) If True then isplay the integration limits to be used.
size (list:int) The number of pixels on the image x & y axes
type (str) One of ‘PWDR’, ‘SASD’ or ‘REFL’ for powder, small angle or reflectometry data, respectively.
tilt (float) The angle the detector normal makes with the incident beam; range -90 to 90.
wavelength (float) Tha radiation wavelength (Angstroms) as entered by the user (or someday obtained from the image header).
Masks Arcs (list: lists) Each entry [2-theta,[azimuth[0],azimuth[1]],thickness] describes an arc mask to be excluded from integration
Frames (list:lists) Each entry describes the x,y points (3 or more - mm) that describe a frame outside of which is excluded from recalibration and integration. Only one frame is allowed.
Points (list:lists) Each entry [x,y,radius] (mm) describes an excluded spot on the image to be excluded from integration.
Polygons (list:lists) Each entry is a list of 3+ [x,y] points (mm) that describe a polygon on the image to be excluded from integration.
Rings (list: lists) Each entry [2-theta,thickness] describes a ring mask to be excluded from integration.
Thresholds (list:[tuple,list]) [(Imin,Imax),[Imin,Imax]] This gives lower and upper limits for points on the image to be included in integrsation. The tuple is the image intensity limits and the list are those set by the user.
Stress/Strain Sample phi (float) Sample rotation about vertical axis.
Sample z (float) Sample translation from the calibration sample position (for Sample phi = 0)
strain (list: 3x3 array of float) The strain tensor coefficients [[‘ e11’,’e12’,’e13’],[‘ e21’,’e22’,’e23’],[‘ e31’,’e32’,’e33’]]. These will be restricted by space group symmetry; result of strain fit refinement.
Type (str) ‘True’ or ‘Conventional’: The strain model used for the calculation.
d-zero (list:dict) Each item is for a diffraction ring on the image; all items are from the same phase and are used to determine the strain tensor. The dictionary items are: ‘Dset’: (float) True d-spacing for the diffraction ring; entered by the user. ‘Dcalc’: (float) d-spacing... ‘pixLimit’: (int) Search range to find highest point on ring for each data point ‘cutoff’: (float) I/Ib cutoff for searching. ‘ImxyObs’: (list:lists) [[X],[Y]] observed points to be used for strain calculations. ‘ImxyCalc’:(list:lists) [[X],[Y]] calculated points based on refined strain.
Parameter Dictionary¶
The parameter dictionary contains all of the variable parameters for the refinement. The dictionary keys are the name of the parameter (<phase>:<hist>:<name>:<atom>). It is prepared in two ways. When loaded from the tree (in GSASII.GSASII.MakeLSParmDict() and GSASIIIO.ExportBaseclass.loadParmDict()), the values are lists with two elements: [value, refine flag]
When loaded from the GPX file (in GSASIIstrMain.Refine() and GSASIIstrMain.SeqRefine()), the value in the dict is the actual parameter value (usually a float, but sometimes a letter or string flag value (such as I or A for iso/anisotropic).
Classes and routines¶
This is called in two places (only) GSASIIstrIO.GetUsedHistogramsAndPhases() (which loads the histograms and phases from a GPX file) and GSASII.GSASII.GetUsedHistogramsAndPhases() GSASII.GSASII.GetUsedHistogramsAndPhasesfromTree() (which loads the histograms and phases from the data tree.)
TODO: do we need a lookup for rigid body variables?
Returns:
lbl if not found in labellist or lbl with _1-9 (or `_10-99, etc.) appended at the end
Returns:
lbl if not found in labellist or lbl with _1-9 (or _10-99, etc.) appended at the end
Note: See TracChangeset for help on using the changeset viewer.
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zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
Shelah, Saharon
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Author ID: shelah.saharon Published as: Shelah, S.; Shelah, Saharon Homepage: http://shelah.logic.at/ External Links: MGP · Math-Net.Ru · Wikidata · ORCID · dblp · GND · MacTutor Awards: Wolf Prize (2001)
Documents Indexed: 1,104 Publications since 1969, including 12 Books Biographic References: 1 Publication
all top 5
Co-Authors
334 single-authored 35 Göbel, Rüdiger 35 Rosłanowski, Andrzej 26 Mekler, Alan H. 23 Eklof, Paul C. 23 Goldstern, Martin Robert 22 Gurevich, Yuri 19 Baldwin, John T. 19 Steprāns, Juris 18 Judah, Haim I. 17 Garti, Shimon 16 Bartoszynski, Tomek 16 Mildenberger, Heike 14 Magidor, Menachem 14 Malliaris, Maryanthe Elizabeth 13 Juhász, István 13 Kojman, Menachem 13 Komjáth, Péter 13 Strüngmann, Lutz H. 12 Džamonja, Mirna 12 Gitik, Moti 12 Stanley, Lee J. 11 Hyttinen, Tapani 11 Kaplan, Itay 11 Kellner, Jakob 11 Laskowski, Michael Chris 10 Abraham, Uri 10 Jech, Thomas J. 10 Larson, Paul B. 10 Soukup, Lajos 10 Väänänen, Jouko Antero 9 Blass, Andreas Raphael 9 Paolini, Gianluca 9 Spinas, Otmar 8 Fuchino, Sakaé 8 Thomas, Simon R. 7 Dow, Alan S. 7 Jin, Renling 7 Kumar, Ashutosh 7 Soifer, Alexander 7 Tsaban, Boaz 6 Cherlin, Gregory L. 6 Grossberg, Rami P. 6 Herden, Daniel 6 Hodges, Wilfrid 6 Väisänen, Pauli 5 Cummings, James 5 Fuchs, László 5 Harrington, Leo A. 5 Ihoda, Jaime I. 5 Lifsches, Shmuel 5 Zapletal, Jindřich 4 Brendle, Jörg 4 Coleman, Eoin 4 Devlin, Keith J. 4 Foreman, Matthew D. 4 Hajnal, András 4 Koppelberg, Sabine 4 Makowsky, Johann-Andreas 4 Matet, Pierre 4 Milner, Eric Charles 4 Raghavan, Dilip 4 Rubin, Matatyahu 3 Aharoni, Ron 3 Avraham, Uri 3 Baumgartner, James Earl 3 Ben-David, Shai 3 Ciesielski, Krzysztof Chris 3 Doron, Mor 3 Droste, Manfred 3 Dugas, Manfred H. 3 Eisworth, Todd 3 Erdős, Pál 3 Farah, Ilijas 3 Geschke, Stefan 3 Golshani, Mohammad 3 Holland, Wilbur Charles jun. 3 Horowitz, Haim 3 Kaufmann, Matt 3 Kennedy, Juliette 3 Kubiś, Wiesław 3 Kuhlmann, Franz-Viktor 3 Kuhlmann, Salma 3 Nash-Williams, Crispin St. John Alvah 3 Sági, Gábor 3 Spencer, Joel H. 3 Stavi, Jonathan 3 Usvyatsov, Alexander 3 Woodin, W. Hugh 2 Apter, Arthur W. 2 Bonnet, Robert 2 Chernikov, Artem 2 Corson, Samuel M. 2 Dror Farjoun, Emmanuel 2 Fremlin, David H. 2 Gilchrist, Martin Philip 2 Greenberg, Noam 2 Halbeisen, Lorenz J. 2 Hart, Bradd T. 2 Hiller, Howard Lyn 2 Hodkinson, Ian Martin ...and 173 more Co-Authors
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Serials
154 Israel Journal of Mathematics 144 The Journal of Symbolic Logic 85 Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 71 Fundamenta Mathematicae 58 Archive for Mathematical Logic 53 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 37 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 31 Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 22 Mathematical Logic Quarterly (MLQ) 17 Topology and its Applications 15 Algebra Universalis 13 Annals of Mathematical Logic 12 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 11 Advances in Mathematics 11 Journal of Algebra 11 Mathematica Japonica 11 Journal of Applied Analysis 10 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 10 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 10 Journal of Mathematical Logic 9 Colloquium Mathematicum 7 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 7 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 7 Forum Mathematicum 6 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 6 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 6 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 5 Communications in Algebra 5 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 5 Real Analysis Exchange 5 Combinatorica 5 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 5 Scientiae Mathematicae Japonicae 5 Sarajevo Journal of Mathematics 4 Discrete Mathematics 4 Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 4 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 4 Mathematische Zeitschrift 4 Random Structures & Algorithms 4 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 3 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 3 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 3 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 3 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 3 Topology Proceedings 3 Geombinatorics 3 Annals of Combinatorics 3 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 3 Cubo 3 Tbilisi Mathematical Journal 2 Archiv für Mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung 2 Houston Journal of Mathematics 2 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 2 Information and Control 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 2 Journal of Graph Theory 2 Publications de l’Institut Mathématique. Nouvelle Série 2 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 2 Reports on Mathematical Logic 2 Results in Mathematics 2 Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica 2 Advances in Applied Mathematics 2 Order 2 Journal of Group Theory 2 RIMS Kokyuroku 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 2 Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2 Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics 2 Studies in Logic (London) 2 European Journal of Mathematics 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Algebra i Logika 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’Université de Clermont-Ferrand II. Mathématiques 1 Archiv der Mathematik 1 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 Logique et Analyse. Nouvelle Série 1 Mathematics of Operations Research 1 Mathematica Slovaca 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 1 SIAM Journal on Computing 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 Bulletin of the Greek Mathematical Society 1 European Journal of Combinatorics 1 Discrete & Computational Geometry 1 Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten 1 Journal of Logic and Computation 1 International Journal of Algebra and Computation 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 1 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 1 Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 1 Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society - Simon Stevin 1 Congressus Numerantium 1 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics ...and 15 more Serials
all top 5
Fields
997 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 181 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 94 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 90 Combinatorics (05-XX) 83 General topology (54-XX) 32 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 27 Measure and integration (28-XX) 24 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 18 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 17 Computer science (68-XX) 13 Functional analysis (46-XX) 11 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 10 Real functions (26-XX) 8 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 8 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 8 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 7 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 5 Number theory (11-XX) 4 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 3 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 3 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 2 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 1 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX)
Citations contained in zbMATH Open
901 Publications have been cited 8,414 times in 3,977 Documents Cited by Year
Proper and improper forcing. 2nd ed. Zbl 0889.03041
Shelah, Saharon
1998
Proper forcing. Zbl 0495.03035
Shelah, Saharon
1982
Martin’s maximum, saturated ideals, and nonregular ultrafilters. I. Zbl 0645.03028
Foreman, M.; Magidor, M.; Shelah, Saharon
1988
Cardinal arithmetic. Zbl 0848.03025
Shelah, Saharon
1994
Classification theory and the number of non-isomorphic models. Zbl 0388.03009
Shelah, S.
1978
A combinatorial problem; stability and order for models and theories in infinitary languages. Zbl 0239.02024
Shelah, Saharon
1972
Classification theory and the number of non-isomorphic models. 2nd rev. ed. Zbl 0713.03013
Shelah, Saharon
1990
Can you take Solovay’s inaccessible away? Zbl 0596.03055
Shelah, Saharon
1984
The monadic theory of order. Zbl 0345.02034
Shelah, Saharon
1975
Infinite Abelian groups, Whitehead problem and some constructions. Zbl 0318.02053
Shelah, Saharon
1974
A compactness theorem for singular cardinals, free algebras, Whitehead problem and transversals. Zbl 0369.02034
Shelah, Saharon
1975
A weak version of $$\lozenge$$ which follows from $$2^{\aleph_0}<2^{\aleph_1}$$. Zbl 0403.03040
Devlin, Keith J.; Shelah, Saharon
1978
Simple unstable theories. Zbl 0489.03008
Shelah, Saharon
1980
There may be simple $$P_{\aleph _ 1}$$- and $$P_{\aleph _ 2}$$-points and the Rudin-Keisler ordering may be downward directed. Zbl 0634.03047
Blass, Andreas; Shelah, Saharon
1987
Stability, the f.c.p., and superstability; model theoretic properties of formulas in first order theory. Zbl 0281.02052
Shelah, Saharon
1971
The small index property for $$\omega$$-stable $$\omega$$-categorical structures and for the random graph. Zbl 0788.03039
Hodges, Wilfrid; Hodkinson, Ian; Lascar, Daniel; Shelah, Saharon
1993
On the consistency of some partition theorems for continuous colorings, and the structure of $$\aleph _ 1$$-dense real order types. Zbl 0585.03019
Abraham, Uri; Rubin, Matatyahu; Shelah, Saharon
1985
Dependent first order theories, continued. Zbl 1195.03040
Shelah, Saharon
2009
Finite diagrams stable in power. Zbl 0204.31104
Shelah, S.
1970
zero-one laws for sparse random graphs. Zbl 0647.05051
Shelah, Saharon; Spencer, Joel
1988
Fixed-point extensions of first-order logic. Zbl 0621.03013
Gurevich, Yuri; Shelah, Saharon
1986
Classification theory for non-elementary classes. I: The number of uncountable models of $$\psi \in L_{\omega _ 1,\omega}$$. Zbl 0552.03019
Shelah, Saharon
1983
Every two elementarily equivalent models have isomorphic ultrapowers. Zbl 0224.02045
Shelah, Saharon
1971
On certain indestructibility of strong cardinals and a question of Hajnal. Zbl 0663.03041
Gitik, Moti; Shelah, Saharon
1989
Categoricity for abstract classes with amalgamation. Zbl 0945.03049
Shelah, Saharon
1999
Some exact equiconsistency results in set theory. Zbl 0579.03039
Harrington, Leo; Shelah, Saharon
1985
Classification theory for abstract elementary classes. Zbl 1225.03036
Shelah, Saharon
2009
Reflecting stationary sets and successors of singular cardinals. Zbl 0742.03017
Shelah, Saharon
1991
Toward classifying unstable theories. Zbl 0874.03043
Shelah, Saharon
1996
Primitive recursive bounds for van der Waerden numbers. Zbl 0649.05010
Shelah, Saharon
1988
Forcing closed unbounded sets. Zbl 0568.03024
Abraham, Uri; Shelah, Saharon
1983
Remarks on superatomic Boolean algebras. Zbl 0643.03038
Baumgartner, James E.; Shelah, Saharon
1987
The tree property at successors of singular cardinals. Zbl 0874.03060
Magidor, Menachem; Shelah, Saharon
1996
Whitehead groups may not be free even assuming CH. II. Zbl 0467.03049
Shelah, Saharon
1980
On successors of singular cardinals. Zbl 0449.03045
Shelah, Saharon
1979
A proof of Vaught’s conjecture for $$\omega$$-stable theories. Zbl 0584.03021
Shelah, S.; Harrington, L.; Makkai, M.
1984
The undecidability of the recursively enumerable degrees. Zbl 0518.03016
Harrington, Leo; Shelah, Saharon
1982
When does almost free imply free? (For groups, transversals, etc.). Zbl 0819.20059
Magidor, Menachem; Shelah, Saharon
1994
Whitehead groups may be not free, even assuming CH. I. Zbl 0369.02035
Shelah, Saharon
1977
Norms on possibilities. I: Forcing with trees and creatures. Zbl 0940.03059
Rosłanowski, Andrzej; Shelah, Saharon
1999
Toward categoricity for classes with no maximal models. Zbl 0945.03048
Shelah, Saharon; Villaveces, Andrés
1999
Advances in cardinal arithmetic. Zbl 0844.03028
Shelah, Saharon
1993
Diamonds. Zbl 1280.03047
Shelah, Saharon
2010
On the strong equality between supercompactness and strong compactness. Zbl 0864.03036
Apter, Arthur W.; Shelah, Saharon
1997
Strongly dependent theories. Zbl 1371.03043
Shelah, Saharon
2014
The Kunen-Miller chart (Lebesgue measure, the Baire property, Laver reals and preservation theorems for forcing). Zbl 0718.03037
Judah, Haim; Shelah, Saharon
1990
$$\Delta^ 1_ 2$$-sets of reals. Zbl 0668.03020
Ihoda, Jaime I.; Shelah, Saharon
1989
The generalized continuum hypothesis revisited. Zbl 0955.03054
Shelah, Saharon
2000
Categoricity over P for first order T or categoricity for $$\phi$$ $$\in {\mathcal L}_{\omega_ 1\omega}$$ can stop at $$\aleph_ k$$ while holding for $$\aleph_ 0,\dots ,\aleph_{k-1}$$. Zbl 0723.03017
1990
Generalized quantifiers and compact logic. Zbl 0322.02010
Shelah, Saharon
1975
Models with second order properties. II: Trees with no undefined branches. Zbl 0383.03019
Shelah, Saharon
1978
Ultrafilters with small generating sets. Zbl 0681.03033
Blass, Andreas; Shelah, Saharon
1989
Categoricity in $$\aleph_1$$ of sentences in $$L_{\omega_1\omega}(Q)$$. Zbl 0324.02038
Shelah, Saharon
1975
Categoricity of an abstract elementary class in two successive cardinals. Zbl 0999.03030
Shelah, Saharon
2001
Categoricity of theories in $$L_{\kappa \omega}$$, with $$\kappa$$ a compact cardinal. Zbl 0704.03015
Shelah, Saharon; Makkai, Michael
1990
Souslin forcing. Zbl 0673.03039
Ihoda, Jaime I.; Shelah, Saharon
1988
Expected computation time for Hamiltonian path problem. Zbl 0654.68083
Gurevich, Yuri; Shelah, Saharon
1987
Superstable fields and groups. Zbl 0475.03012
Cherlin, G.; Shelah, S.
1980
A weak generalization of MA to higher cardinals. Zbl 0384.03032
Shelah, S.
1978
Non-forking frames in abstract elementary classes. Zbl 1315.03050
2013
Large cardinals imply that every reasonably definable set of reals is Lebesgue measurable. Zbl 0705.03028
Shelah, Saharon; Woodin, Hugh
1990
PFA implies all automorphisms are trivial. Zbl 0691.03031
Shelah, Saharon; Steprāns, Juris
1988
The lazy model-theoretician’s guide to stability. Zbl 0359.02052
Shelah, Saharon
1975
Cofinality spectrum theorems in model theory, set theory, and general topology. Zbl 06503635
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2016
On random models of finite power and monadic logic. Zbl 0579.03006
Kaufmann, Matt; Shelah, Saharon
1985
$$\Delta$$-logics and generalized quantifiers. Zbl 0346.02007
Makowsky, J. A.; Shelah, Saharon; Stavi, Jonathan
1976
The bounded proper forcing axiom. Zbl 0819.03042
Goldstern, Martin; Shelah, Saharon
1995
Nonexistence of universal orders in many cardinals. Zbl 0790.03036
Kojman, Menachem; Shelah, Saharon
1992
Forcings with ideals and simple forcing notions. Zbl 0686.03027
Gitik, Moti; Shelah, Saharon
1989
Classification of first order theories which have a structure theorem. Zbl 0578.03016
Shelah, Saharon
1985
Independence results. Zbl 0451.03017
Shelah, Saharon
1980
Proper and improper forcing. 2nd edition. Reprint of the 1998 original published by Springer. Zbl 1365.03012
Shelah, Saharon
2016
Two cardinal invariants of the continuum $$({\mathfrak d} <{\mathfrak a})$$ and FS linearly ordered iterated forcing. Zbl 1106.03044
Shelah, Saharon
2004
On $$\vartriangleleft^{*}$$-maximality. Zbl 1040.03029
Džamonja, Mirna; Shelah, Saharon
2004
Randomness and semigenericity. Zbl 0952.03029
Baldwin, John T.; Shelah, Saharon
1997
Cardinal invariants above the continuum. Zbl 0835.03013
Cummings, James; Shelah, Saharon
1995
Sacks forcing, Laver forcing, and Martin’s axiom. Zbl 0755.03026
Judah, Haim; Miller, Arnold W.; Shelah, Saharon
1992
Chang’s conjecture for $$\aleph_\omega$$. Zbl 0696.03023
Levinski, Jean-Pierre; Magidor, Menachem; Shelah, Saharon
1990
Near coherence of filters. III: A simplified consistency proof. Zbl 0702.03030
Blass, Andreas; Shelah, Saharon
1989
Can the fundamental (homotopy) group of a space be the rationals? Zbl 0661.55012
Shelah, Saharon
1988
Incompactness in regular cardinals. Zbl 0617.03025
Shelah, Saharon
1985
Second-order quantifiers and the complexity of theories. Zbl 0596.03033
Baldwin, J. T.; Shelah, S.
1985
The spectrum problem. I: $$\aleph_{\epsilon}$$-saturated models, the main gap. Zbl 0532.03013
Shelah, Saharon
1982
Martin’s axiom does not imply that every two $$chi_ 1-$$dense sets of reals are isomorphic. Zbl 0457.03048
Avraham, Uri; Shelah, Saharon
1981
Classification theory for abstract elementary classes. Vol 2. Zbl 1225.03037
Shelah, Saharon
2009
Cotorsion theories and splitters. Zbl 0962.20039
Göbel, Rüdiger; Shelah, Saharon
2000
Strong splitting in stable homogeneous models. Zbl 0961.03028
Hyttinen, Tapani; Shelah, Saharon
2000
Uncountable universal locally finite groups. Zbl 0363.20032
Macintyre, Angus J.; Shelah, Saharon
1976
Universal graphs with forbidden subgraphs and algebraic closure. Zbl 0928.03049
Cherlin, Gregory; Shelah, Saharon; Shi, Niandong
1999
Further cardinal arithmetic. Zbl 0864.03032
Shelah, Saharon
1996
On the number of minimal models. Zbl 0389.03014
Shelah, Saharon
1978
Jonsson algebras in successor cardinals. Zbl 0384.03016
Shelah, S.
1978
The number of non-isomorphic models of an unstable first-order theory. Zbl 0226.02045
Shelah, Saharon
1971
Minimal bounded index subgroup for dependent theories. Zbl 1144.03026
Shelah, Saharon
2008
On strong measure zero subsets of $${}^\kappa 2$$. Zbl 0994.03038
Halko, Aapo; Shelah, Saharon
2001
On what I do not understand (and have something to say), model theory. Zbl 0965.03042
Shelah, Saharon
2000
Exponentiation in power series fields. Zbl 0888.12004
Kuhlmann, Franz-Viktor; Kuhlmann, Salma; Shelah, Saharon
1997
Uncountable constructions for B. A., e. c. groups and Banach spaces. Zbl 0589.03012
Shelah, Saharon
1985
Isomorphism types of Aronszajn trees. Zbl 0566.03032
Abraham, U.; Shelah, S.
1985
S-forcing. I: a ”black-box” theorem for morasses, with applications to super-Souslin trees. Zbl 0513.03023
Shelah, S.; Stanley, L.
1982
Countably compact groups without non-trivial convergent sequences. Zbl 07291898
Hrušák, M.; van Mill, J.; Ramos-García, U. A.; Shelah, S.
2021
Cardinal characteristics at $$\aleph_\omega$$. Zbl 07200100
Garti, Shimon; Gitik, M.; Shelah, S.
2020
Infinite monochromatic paths and a theorem of Erdős-Hajnal-Rado. Zbl 1439.05085
Garti, Shimon; Magidor, Menachem; Shelah, Saharon
2020
A small ultrafilter number at smaller cardinals. Zbl 07184235
Raghavan, Dilip; Shelah, Saharon
2020
Local character of Kim-independence. Zbl 07020582
Kaplan, Itay; Ramsey, Nicholas; Shelah, Saharon
2019
Cichoń’s maximum. Zbl 07097497
Goldstern, Martin; Kellner, Jakob; Shelah, Saharon
2019
Another ordering of the ten cardinal characteristics in Cichoń’s diagram. Zbl 07088826
Kellner, Jakob; Shelah, Saharon; Tănasie, Anda R.
2019
Reconstructing structures with the strong small index property up to bi-definability. Zbl 07087867
Paolini, Gianluca; Shelah, Saharon
2019
Infinite monochromatic sumsets for colourings of the reals. Zbl 07057728
Komjáth, Péter; Leader, Imre; Russell, Paul A.; Shelah, Saharon; Soukup, Dániel T.; Vidnyánszky, Zoltán
2019
Compactness in singular cardinals revisited. Zbl 1449.03015
Shelah, Saharon
2019
Generalizing random real forcing for inaccessible cardinals. Zbl 07143822
Cohen, Shani; Shelah, Saharon
2019
Universal theories and compactly expandable models. Zbl 1441.03024
Casanovas, Enrique; Shelah, Saharon
2019
On the non-existence of mad families. Zbl 07043048
Horowitz, Haim; Shelah, Saharon
2019
A new look at interpretability and saturation. Zbl 07036294
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2019
Saturated null and meager ideal. Zbl 07031955
Kumar, Ashutosh; Shelah, Saharon
2019
Keisler’s order has infinitely many classes. Zbl 1402.03045
Malliaris, Maryanthe; Shelah, Saharon
2018
Abstract elementary classes stable in $$\aleph_{0}$$. Zbl 06880842
Shelah, Saharon; Vasey, Sebastien
2018
On the spectrum of characters of ultrafilters. Zbl 1455.03059
Garti, Shimon; Magidor, Menachem; Shelah, Saharon
2018
Random reals and polarized colorings. Zbl 1413.03008
Garti, Shimon; Shelah, Saharon
2018
The automorphism group of Hall’s universal group. Zbl 1427.20043
Paolini, Gianluca; Shelah, Saharon
2018
On the cofinality of the splitting number. Zbl 1436.03260
Dow, Alan; Shelah, Saharon
2018
Clubs on quasi measurable cardinals. Zbl 07198300
Kumar, Ashutosh; Shelah, Saharon
2018
The abelianization of inverse limits of groups. Zbl 1443.20082
Barnea, Ilan; Shelah, Saharon
2018
Set mappings on 4-tuples. Zbl 1455.03060
Mohsenipour, Shahram; Shelah, Saharon
2018
The spectrum of ultraproducts of finite cardinals for an ultrafilter. Zbl 1424.03015
Shelah, S.
2018
Small-large subgroups of the reals. Zbl 1441.03039
Rosłanowski, Andrzej; Shelah, Saharon
2018
Creature forcing and five cardinal characteristics in Cichoń’s diagram. Zbl 1404.03040
Fischer, Arthur; Goldstern, Martin; Kellner, Jakob; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Two inequalities between cardinal invariants. Zbl 1420.03127
Raghavan, Dilip; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Definable groups for dependent and 2-dependent theories. Zbl 1424.03016
Shelah, Saharon
2017
The nonstationary ideal on $$P_\kappa (\lambda )$$ for $$\lambda$$ singular. Zbl 1417.03250
Matet, Pierre; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Model-theoretic applications of cofinality spectrum problems. Zbl 1423.03177
Malliaris, Maryanthe; Shelah, Saharon
2017
A parallel to the null ideal for inaccessible $$\lambda$$. I. Zbl 1417.03266
Shelah, Saharon
2017
On embedding certain partial orders into the P-points under Rudin-Keisler and Tukey reducibility. Zbl 1423.03195
Raghavan, Dilip; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Decidability and classification of the theory of integers with primes. Zbl 1422.03071
Kaplan, Itay; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Universal structures. Zbl 1417.03231
Shelah, Saharon
2017
Group metrics for graph products of cyclic groups. Zbl 1383.54036
Paolini, Gianluca; Shelah, Saharon
2017
A framework for forcing constructions at successors of singular cardinals. Zbl 1423.03185
Cummings, James; Džamonja, Mirna; Magidor, Menachem; Morgan, Charles; Shelah, Saharon
2017
A transversal of full outer measure. Zbl 1423.03187
Kumar, Ashutosh; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Open problems on ultrafilters and some connections to the continuum. Zbl 1402.03038
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2017
On the verge of inconsistency: Magidor cardinals and Magidor filters. Zbl 1412.03020
Garti, Shimon; Hayut, Yair; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Exact saturation in simple and NIP theories. Zbl 1420.03066
Kaplan, Itay; Shelah, Saharon; Simon, Pierre
2017
Closed sets which consistently have few translations covering the line. Zbl 1420.03126
Bartoszynski, Tomek; Larson, Paul; Shelah, Saharon
2017
Cofinality spectrum theorems in model theory, set theory, and general topology. Zbl 06503635
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2016
Proper and improper forcing. 2nd edition. Reprint of the 1998 original published by Springer. Zbl 1365.03012
Shelah, Saharon
2016
Existence of optimal ultrafilters and the fundamental complexity of simple theories. Zbl 1431.03048
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2016
On non-forking spectra. Zbl 06669860
Chernikov, Artem; Kaplan, Itay; Shelah, Saharon
2016
Open and solved problems concerning polarized partition relations. Zbl 06602778
Garti, Shimon; Shelah, Saharon
2016
The left side of Cichoń’s diagram. Zbl 1431.03064
Goldstern, Martin; Mejía, Diego Alejandro; Shelah, Saharon
2016
Rigidity of continuous quotients. Zbl 06527391
Farah, Ilijas; Shelah, Saharon
2016
Universal graphs with a forbidden subgraph: block path solidity. Zbl 1389.05112
Cherlin, Gregory; Shelah, Saharon
2016
On the number of Dedekind cuts and two-cardinal models of dependent theories. Zbl 1430.03053
Chernikov, Artem; Shelah, Saharon
2016
Cofinality of normal ideals on $$[\lambda]^{<\kappa}$$. I. Zbl 1408.03032
Matet, Pierre; Péan, Cédric; Shelah, Saharon
2016
On cuts in ultraproducts of linear orders. I. Zbl 1380.03036
2016
Stable theories and representation over sets. Zbl 1412.03015
Shelah, Saharon; Cohen, Moran
2016
Constructing many atomic models in $$\aleph_1$$. Zbl 1383.03045
Baldwin, John T.; Laskowski, Michael C.; Shelah, Saharon
2016
Cofinality spectrum problems: the axiomatic approach. Zbl 06642735
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2016
The generic pair conjecture for dependent finite diagrams. Zbl 1377.03023
Kaplan, Itay; Lavi, Noa; Shelah, Saharon
2016
Forcing a countable structure to belong to the ground model. Zbl 1372.03059
Kaplan, Itay; Shelah, Saharon
2016
There are no very meager sets in the model in which both the Borel conjecture and the dual Borel conjecture are true. Zbl 1358.03076
Shelah, Saharon; Wohofsky, Wolfgang
2016
Lower bounds on coloring numbers from hardness hypotheses in pcf theory. Zbl 06640957
Shelah, Saharon
2016
Beginning of stability theory for Polish spaces. Zbl 1366.03214
Shelah, Saharon
2016
When automorphisms of $$\mathcal P(\kappa)/[\kappa]^{<\aleph_0}$$ are trivial off a small set. Zbl 1432.03095
Shelah, Saharon; Steprāns, Juris
2016
No universal group in a cardinal. Zbl 1402.03048
Shelah, Saharon
2016
$$\mathrm{ZF}+\mathrm{DC}+\mathrm{AX}_4$$. Zbl 1403.03078
Shelah, Saharon
2016
Constructing regular ultrafilters from a model-theoretic point of view. Zbl 1387.03029
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2015
Dependent theories and the generic pair conjecture. Zbl 1338.03065
Shelah, Saharon
2015
Almost Galois $$\omega$$-stable classes. Zbl 1382.03059
Baldwin, John T.; Larson, Paul B.; Shelah, Saharon
2015
Symmetrically complete ordered sets abelian groups and fields. Zbl 1345.06016
Kuhlmann, Katarzyna; Kuhlmann, Franz-Viktor; Shelah, Saharon
2015
Shelah, Saharon; Spinas, Otmar
2015
Non-trivial automorphisms of $${\mathcal {P}}({\mathbb {N}})/[{\mathbb {N}}]^{<\aleph _0}$$ from variants of small dominating number. Zbl 1352.03055
Shelah, Saharon; Steprāns, Juris
2015
Borel completeness of some $$\aleph_{0}$$-stable theories. Zbl 1373.03056
2015
Saturating the random graph with an independent family of small range. Zbl 1429.03135
Malliaris, Maryanthe; Shelah, Saharon
2015
Models of PA: when two elements are necessarily order automorphic. Zbl 1367.03072
Shelah, Saharon
2015
$$\mathbf P$$-NDOP and $$\mathbf P$$-decompositions of $$\aleph_{\epsilon}$$-saturated models of superstable theories. Zbl 1372.03067
2015
Strongly dependent theories. Zbl 1371.03043
Shelah, Saharon
2014
Regularity lemmas for stable graphs. Zbl 1283.05234
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2014
Partition calculus and cardinal invariants. Zbl 1322.03033
Garti, Shimon; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Model-theoretic properties of ultrafilters built by independent families of functions. Zbl 1338.03055
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, S.
2014
Trivial automorphisms. Zbl 1341.03070
Farah, Ilijas; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Prescribing endomorphism algebras of $$\aleph_n$$-free modules. Zbl 1312.16024
Göbel, Rüdiger; Herden, Daniel; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Examples in dependent theories. Zbl 1337.03044
Kaplan, Itay; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Borel conjecture and dual Borel conjecture. Zbl 1298.03106
Goldstern, Martin; Kellner, Jakob; Shelah, Saharon; Wohofsky, Wolfgang
2014
A dependent theory with few indiscernibles. Zbl 1341.03047
Kaplan, Itay; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Ordered black boxes: existence. Zbl 1314.03042
Shelah, Saharon
2014
Dependent $$T$$ and existence of limit models. Zbl 1335.03033
Shelah, Saharon
2014
A Hanf number for saturation and omission: the superstable case. Zbl 1355.03027
Baldwin, John T.; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Pseudo pcf. Zbl 1341.03059
Shelah, Saharon
2014
Around cofin. Zbl 1338.03094
Rosłanowski, Andrzej; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Many countable support iterations of proper forcings preserve Souslin trees. Zbl 1323.03060
Mildenberger, Heike; Shelah, Saharon
2014
Non-forking frames in abstract elementary classes. Zbl 1315.03050
2013
An Efimov space from Martin’s axiom. Zbl 1284.54008
Dow, Alan; Shelah, Saharon
2013
A dividing line within simple unstable theories. Zbl 1323.03042
Malliaris, M.; Shelah, Saharon
2013
General topology meets model theory, on $$\mathfrak p$$ and $$\mathfrak t$$. Zbl 1301.03041
Malliaris, Maryanthe; Shelah, Saharon
2013
Chain conditions in dependent groups. Zbl 1320.03069
Kaplan, Itay; Shelah, Saharon
2013
On incompactness for chromatic number of graphs. Zbl 1299.03052
Shelah, S.
2013
Pcf and abelian groups. Zbl 1316.03023
Shelah, Saharon
2013
More about $$\lambda$$-support iterations of $$(<\lambda)$$-complete forcing notions. Zbl 1296.03025
Rosłanowski, Andrzej; Shelah, Saharon
2013
$$\aleph_n$$-free modules over complete discrete valuation domains with almost trivial dual. Zbl 1272.13009
Göbel, Rüdiger; Shelah, Saharon; Strüngmann, Lutz
2013
Universality of the lattice of transformation monoids. Zbl 1286.06009
Pinsker, Michael; Shelah, Saharon
2013
Independent families in Boolean algebras with some separation properties. Zbl 1283.06018
Koszmider, Piotr; Shelah, Saharon
2013
...and 801 more Documents
all top 5
Cited by 2,286 Authors
532 Shelah, Saharon 47 Friedman, Sy-David 46 Göbel, Rüdiger 46 Pillay, Anand 45 Gitik, Moti 44 Baldwin, John T. 43 Apter, Arthur W. 40 Hyttinen, Tapani 36 Dow, Alan S. 33 Komjáth, Péter 33 Todorcevic, Stevo B. 29 Magidor, Menachem 29 Rinot, Assaf 27 Brendle, Jörg 27 Eklof, Paul C. 26 Cummings, James 26 Gurevich, Yuri 26 Vasey, Sebastien 26 Zapletal, Jindřich 25 Koszmider, Piotr B. 25 Trlifaj, Jan jun. 24 Hrušák, Michael 24 Krueger, John 24 Larson, Paul B. 24 Mekler, Alan H. 24 Steprāns, Juris 23 Blass, Andreas Raphael 23 Matet, Pierre 23 Zdoms’kyĭ, Lyubomyr Sergiĭovych 22 Asperó, David 22 Džamonja, Mirna 22 Garti, Shimon 22 Soukup, Lajos 21 Farah, Ilijas 21 Laskowski, Michael Chris 21 Mildenberger, Heike 20 Kojman, Menachem 20 Rabinovich, Alexander 20 Rosłanowski, Andrzej 19 Bagaria, Joan 19 Foreman, Matthew D. 19 Malliaris, Maryanthe Elizabeth 19 Nešetřil, Jaroslav 19 Tall, Franklin D. 18 Goldstern, Martin Robert 18 Hrushovski, Ehud 18 Judah, Haim I. 18 Kaplan, Itay 18 Rubin, Matatyahu 18 Zhukovskii, Maxim Evgenievich 17 Chernikov, Artem 17 Dugas, Manfred H. 17 Spinas, Otmar 17 Tsaban, Boaz 17 Velickovic, Boban 16 Hamkins, Joel David 16 Juhász, István 16 Moore, Justin Tatch 15 Bartoszynski, Tomek 15 Fischer, Vera 15 Golshani, Mohammad 15 Grossberg, Rami P. 14 Eisworth, Todd 14 Kellner, Jakob 14 Kim, Byunghan 14 Lambie-Hanson, Chris 14 Lücke, Philipp Moritz 14 Raghavan, Dilip 14 Schindler, Ralf-Dieter 14 Simon, Pierre 14 Sinapova, Dima 14 Strüngmann, Lutz H. 13 Boney, Will 13 Fuchs, László 13 Schmerl, James H. 13 Väänänen, Jouko Antero 12 Anstee, Richard P. 12 Cox, Sean D. 12 Droste, Manfred 12 Hayut, Yair 12 Kurilić, Miloš S. 12 Newelski, Ludomir 11 Fuchino, Sakaé 11 Geschke, Stefan 11 Jin, Renling 11 Kuhlmann, Salma 11 Nyikos, Peter J. 11 Shore, Richard A. 11 Thomas, Simon R. 11 Unger, Spencer T. 11 Usuba, Toshimichi 11 van Mill, Jan 10 Buechler, Steven 10 Burke, Maxim R. 10 Conant, Gabriel 10 Dobrinen, Natasha L. 10 Enayat, Ali 10 Hart, Bradd T. 10 Jech, Thomas J. 10 Kanamori, Akihiro ...and 2,186 more Authors
all top 5
Cited in 274 Serials
510 The Journal of Symbolic Logic 459 Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 313 Israel Journal of Mathematics 270 Topology and its Applications 234 Archive for Mathematical Logic 196 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 173 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 80 Mathematical Logic Quarterly (MLQ) 79 The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 62 Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 61 Advances in Mathematics 61 Journal of Algebra 59 Discrete Mathematics 56 Algebra Universalis 54 Theoretical Computer Science 51 Journal of Mathematical Logic 43 Fundamenta Mathematicae 40 Algebra and Logic 34 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 32 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 29 Information and Computation 27 Order 25 European Journal of Combinatorics 25 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 24 Journal of Computer and System Sciences 23 Communications in Algebra 20 Siberian Mathematical Journal 19 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 19 Mathematische Zeitschrift 19 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 18 Discrete Applied Mathematics 17 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 16 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 15 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 14 Information Processing Letters 14 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 14 Combinatorica 13 Archiv für Mathematische Logik und Grundlagenforschung 13 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 12 Studia Logica 12 International Journal of Algebra and Computation 11 Journal of Functional Analysis 11 Graphs and Combinatorics 11 Discrete & Computational Geometry 10 Mathematical Notes 10 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 10 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 10 Forum Mathematicum 10 Journal of Applied Analysis 10 Central European Journal of Mathematics 10 Logical Methods in Computer Science 9 Archiv der Mathematik 9 Semigroup Forum 9 Random Structures & Algorithms 8 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 8 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 8 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 8 Monatshefte für Mathematik 8 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 8 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 8 Doklady Mathematics 8 Journal of Group Theory 8 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 7 Acta Mathematica 7 Results in Mathematics 7 Synthese 7 Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Mathematics 7 European Journal of Mathematics 6 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 6 Problems of Information Transmission 6 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 6 Mathematische Annalen 6 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 6 Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 6 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 6 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 5 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 5 Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 5 Georgian Mathematical Journal 5 Theory of Computing Systems 5 Sarajevo Journal of Mathematics 5 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 4 Compositio Mathematica 4 Inventiones Mathematicae 4 Journal of Philosophical Logic 4 Manuscripta Mathematica 4 Mathematica Slovaca 4 Quaestiones Mathematicae 4 Advances in Applied Mathematics 4 Computational Complexity 4 Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 4 Topology Proceedings 4 Matematicheskie Trudy 4 Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 4 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 4 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 4 Journal of Algebra and its Applications 4 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 3 The Mathematical Intelligencer 3 Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae ...and 174 more Serials
all top 5
Cited in 51 Fields
2,996 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 526 General topology (54-XX) 452 Combinatorics (05-XX) 437 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 258 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 253 Computer science (68-XX) 126 Functional analysis (46-XX) 125 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 113 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 110 Measure and integration (28-XX) 101 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 94 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 85 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 69 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 58 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 47 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 41 History and biography (01-XX) 40 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 39 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 34 Real functions (26-XX) 34 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 33 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 30 Number theory (11-XX) 28 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 18 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 17 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 16 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 13 Operator theory (47-XX) 10 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 9 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 9 Geometry (51-XX) 9 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 8 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 8 Statistics (62-XX) 5 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 5 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 5 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 4 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 3 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 3 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 2 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX)
Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-06-17T21:52:02 |
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|
https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/10.19343/j.cnki.11-1302/c.2019.09.008
|
• •
### 大数据背景下网络调查样本的建模推断问题研究——以广义Boosted模型的倾向得分推断为例
• 出版日期:2019-09-25 发布日期:2019-09-25
### Research on the Modeling Inference of Web Survey Samples In the Context of Big Data: Taking Propensity Score Inference of Generalized Boosted Model as an Example
Liu Zhan & Pan Yingli
• Online:2019-09-25 Published:2019-09-25
Abstract: With the development of big data and internet, web surveys are becoming more and more extensive. However, most of web survey samples belong to non-probability samples. It is difficult to apply the traditional inference theory of probability sampling to web survey samples. Therefore, how to solve inference problems of web survey samples is the urgent need for the development of web surveys in the context of big data. The research proposes some basic ideas to solve this problem from the perspective of modeling for the first time. First, inclusion probabilities can be estimated via modeling for inference. That is, propensity score models based on machine learning and variable selection can be constructed to estimate inclusion probabilities. Second, target variables can be estimated via modeling for inference. It can be considered to establish parametric, non-parametric or semi-parametric superpopulation models of target variables for estimating the population. Third, both inclusion probabilities and target variables can be estimated via modeling for inference. The weighted estimation and hybrid inference of propensity score models and superpopulation models can be considered. Finally, the modeling inference method of inclusion probabilities based on generalized boosted model is taken as an example to discuss concrete solutions to the modeling inference problem of web survey samples.
| 2022-08-18T05:43:37 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/134/310/
|
Volume 134 - XXIst International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2011) - Session QCD
First observation of the $h_b$(1P) and $h_b$(2P) bottomonium states and study of $\Upsilon$(5S) to bottomonium decays
J. Wicht
Full text: Not available
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike.
| 2021-05-11T01:43:48 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B043W0&home=BXXX025
|
# ${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1385)}^{0}}$ WIDTH INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 36 \pm5}$ OUR AVERAGE
$34.8$ $\pm5.6$ 5722
1981 D
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}$3 ${{\mathit \pi}}$ 4.2 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$39.3$ $\pm10.2$ 240 1
1973
HBC ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit K}^{0}}$
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$53$ $\pm8$ 3100 2
1974
HBC ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}$3 ${{\mathit \pi}}$ 2.18 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
$30$ $\pm9$ 106
1963
OSPK ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1.5 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
1 The error is enlarged to 4${}\Gamma /\sqrt {\mathit N }$. See the note on the ${{\mathit K}^{*}{(892)}}$ mass in the 1984 edition.
2 Consistent with $+$, 0, and $–$ widths equal.
References:
AGUILAR-BENITEZ 1981D
AFIS A77 144 Study of Quasi Two-Body Processes with Production of ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1385)}}$ in ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit p}}$ and ${{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 4 GeV/$\mathit c$
BORENSTEIN 1974
PR D9 3006 A Determination of the Mass, Width and the (${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}/{{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) Branching Ratio of the ${{\mathit \Sigma}{(1381)}}$ Baryon
THOMAS 1973
NP B56 15 Strange Particle Production from ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 1.69 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
CURTIS 1963
PR 132 1771 Production of the 1385 MeV ${{\mathit Y}_{{1}}^{*0}}$ in 1.5 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions
| 2020-07-07T23:03:14 |
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|
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/tutorials/module9.aspx
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# Module 9: Linear Regression
The NHANES Tutorials are currently being reviewed and revised, and are subject to change. Specialized tutorials (e.g. Dietary, etc.) will be included in the future.
Linear Regression models, both simple and multiple, assess the association between independent variable(s) (Xi) — sometimes called exposure or predictor variables — and a continuous dependent variable (Y) — sometimes called the outcome or response variable. In cross-sectional surveys such as NHANES, linear regression analyses can be used to examine associations between covariates and health outcomes.
In cross-sectional surveys such as NHANES, linear regression analyses can be used to examine the association between multiple covariates and a health outcome. For example, we will assess the association between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Y) and selected covariates (Xi) in this module. The covariates in this example will include race/ethnicity, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and education level.
You use simple linear regression when you have a single independent variable — and multiple linear regression when you have more than one independent variable (i.e., an exposure and one or more covariates). Multiple regression lets you understand the effect of the exposure of interest on the outcome after accounting for the effects of other variables (called covariates or confounders).
Simple linear regression is used to explore associations between one (continuous, ordinal or categorical) exposure and one (continuous) outcome variable. Simple linear regression lets you answer questions like, "How does HDL level vary with age?".
Multiple linear regression is used to explore associations between two or more exposure variables (which may be continuous, ordinal or categorical) and one (continuous) outcome variable. The purpose of multiple linear regression is to let you isolate the relationship between the exposure variable and the outcome variable from the effects of one or more other variables called covariates. For example, say that HDL levels tend to be higher among people with more income; and people with more income tend to be older. In this case, inferences about HDL and age get confused by the effect on HDL of income. This kind of "confusion" is called confounding (and these covariates are sometimes called confounders). Confounders are variables which are associated with both the exposure and outcome of interest. This relationship is shown in the following figure.
You can use multiple linear regression to see through confounding and isolate the relationship of interest. In this example, the relationship is between HDL cholesterol level and age. That is, multiple linear regression lets you answer the question, "How does HDL level vary with age, after accounting for — or unconfounded by — or independent of — income?" As mentioned, you can include many covariates at one time. The process of accounting for covariates is also called adjustment.
Comparing the results of simple and linear regressions can help to answer the question "How much did the covariates in the model distort the relationship between exposure and outcome (i.e., how much confounding was there)?"
Note that getting statistical packages like SUDAAN, SAS Survey, and Stata to run analyses is the easy part of regression. What is not easy is knowing which variables to include in your analyses, how to represent them, when to worry about confounding, determining if your models are any good and knowing how to interpret them. These tasks require thought, training, experience, and respect for the underlying assumptions of regression. Remember, garbage in - garbage out.
Finally, remember that NHANES analyses can only establish associations and not causal relationships. This is because the data are cross-sectional, so there is no way to establish temporal sequences (i.e., which came first the "exposure" or the "outcome"?).
This module will assess the association between high density lipoprotein cholesterol (the outcome variable) and selected covariates to show how to use linear regression with Stata. The covariates in this example will include race/ethnicity, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and education level. In other words, what is the effect of each of these variables, independent of the effect of the other variables?
Simple Linear Regression Model
In the simplest case, you plot the values of a dependent, continuous variable Y against an independent, continuous variable X1, (i.e. a correlation) and see the best-fit line that can be drawn through the points.
The first thing to do is make sure the relationship of interest is linear (since linear regression draws a straight line through data points). The best way to do this is to look at a scatterplot. If the relationship between variables is linear, continue (see panels a and b below). If it is not linear, do not use linear regression: Stata will draw a line, but that line won't adequately describe the data (see panels c and d below). In this case, you can try and transform the data or use other forms of regression such as polynomial regression.
Example of a Linear Relationship
Panel A Panel B
Example of a Non-linear Relationship
Panel C Panel D
This relationship between X1 and Y can be expressed as
b0 also known as the intercept, denotes the point at which the line intersects the vertical axis; b1 , or the slope, denotes the change in dependent variable, Y, per unit change in independent variable, X 1; and ε indicates the degree to which the plot of Y against X differs from a straight line. Note that for survey data, ε is always greater than 0.
Multiple Regression Model
You can further extend equation (1) to include any number of independent variables Xi , where i=1,..,n (both continuous (e.g. 0-100) and discrete (e.g. 0,1 or yes/no)).
The choice of variables to include in equation (2) can be based on results of univariate analyses, where Xi and Y have a demonstrated association. It also can be based on empirical evidence where a definitive association between Y and an independent variable has been demonstrated in previous studies.
Polynomial Regression
It is possible to have two continuous variables, Y and X1, on sampled individuals such that if the values of Y are plotted against the values of X1, the resulting plot would resemble a parabola (i.e., the value of Y could increase with increasing values of X, level off and then decline). A polynomial regression model is used to describe this relationship between X1 and Y and is expressed as
Interaction
Consider the situation described in equation (2), where a discrete independent variable, X2, and a continuous independent variable, X1, affect a continuous dependent variable, Y. This relationship would yield two straight lines, one showing the relationship between Y and X1 for X2=0, and the other showing the relationship of Y and X1 for X2=1. If these straight lines were parallel, the rate of change of Y per unit change in X1 would be the same for X2=0 as for X2=1, and therefore, there would be no interaction between X1 and X2. If the two lines were not parallel, the relationship between Y and X1 would depend upon the relationship between Y and X2, and therefore there would be an interaction between X1 and X2.
Interpretation of Coefficients
For continuous independent variables, the b coefficient indicates the change in the dependent variable per unit change in the independent variable, controlling for the confounding effects of the other independent variables in the model. A discrete random variable, X1, can assume 2 or more distinct values corresponding to the number of subgroups in a given category. For example, in the gender category there are 2 subgroups, men (Xi =1) and women (Xi = 2). One subgroup (usually arbitrarily) is designated as the reference group. The beta coefficient for a discrete variable indicates the difference in the dependent variable for one value of Xi , (e.g., the difference between women and the reference group, men), when all other independent variables in the model are held constant. A positive value for the beta coefficient indicates a larger value of the dependent variable for the subgroup (women) than for the reference group (men), whereas a negative value for the beta coefficient indicates a smaller value.
Interpretation of Coefficients Summary Table
Independent variable type Examples What does the b coefficient mean in Simple linear regression? What does the b coefficient mean in Multiple linear regression?
Continuous height, weight, LDL The change in the dependent variable per unit change in the independent variable. The change in the dependent variable per unit change in the independent variable after controlling for the confounding effects of the covariates in the model.
Categorical (also known as "discrete") sex (2 subgroups, men (sex =1) and women (sex = 2) where one is designated as the reference group (men, in this example). The difference in the dependent variable for one value of categorical variable (e.g., the difference between women and the reference group, men). The difference in the dependent variable for one value of categorical variable (e.g., between women and the reference group men), after controlling for the confounding effects of the covariates in the model.
SUDAAN ((proc regress), SAS Survey (proc survey reg), and Stata (svy:regress) procedures produce b coefficients, standard errors for these coefficients, confidence intervals, a t-statistic for the null hypothesis (i.e., b =0), a p-value for the t-statistic (i.e., the probability of obtaining a value greater than or equal to the value for the t statistic).
ANOVA Type Statistical Tests
In addition to the t-test, SUDAAN produces other test statistics with their corresponding p-values. These include the WALD F, Satterthwaite adjusted F, and Satterthwaite adjusted chi square statistics. SAS Survey procedures only produces the Wald F test with their corresponding p-values.
At the present time, the NHANES Analytic Guidelines do not make a recommendation about which statistic is the "best." Users are encouraged to frequently check the NHANES website for updated analytic guidelines. In the meantime, it is a good practice to examine all three statistics and the corresponding p-values for consistency. Users also are encouraged to compare the nominal degrees of freedom (i.e. the number of PSUs minus the number of strata containing observations) to the adjusted Satterthwaite degrees of freedom. Nominal degrees of freedom that are much larger than the adjusted Satterthwaite degrees of freedom may indicate model instability.
Generally speaking, the Satterthwaite adjusted F is the most conservative of the three statistics (i.e., it rejects the null hypothesis less often than do the other two statistics).
In this example, you will assess the association between high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol — the outcome variable — and body mass index (bmxbmi) — the exposure variable — after controlling for selected covariates in NHANES 1999-2002. These covariates include gender (riagendr), race/ethnicity (ridreth1), age (ridageyr), smoking (smoker, derived from SMQ020 and SMQ040; smoker =1 if non-smoker, 2 if past smoker and 3 if current smoker) and education (dmdeduc).
Step 1: Specify the variables in the model
For continuous variables, you have a choice of using the variable in its original form (continuous) or changing it into a categorical variable (e.g. based on standard cutoffs, quartiles or common practice). The categorical variables should reflect the underlying distribution of the continuous variable and not create categories where there are only a few observations.
It is important to exam the data both ways, since the assumption that a dependent variable has a continuous relationship with the outcome may not be true. Looking at the categorical version of the variable will help you to know whether this assumption is true.
In this example, you could look at BMI as a continuous variable or convert it into a categorical variable based on standard BMI definitions of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Here is how categorical BMI variables are created:
## IMPORTANT NOTE
These programs use variable formats listed in the Tutorial Formats page. You may need to format the variables in your dataset the same way to reproduce results presented in the tutorial.
Table of code to generate categorical BMI and eligibility variables
Code to generate categorical BMI variables Category
if 0 le bmxbmi lt 18.5 then bmicat= 1 ;
underweight
else if 18.5 le bmxbmi lt 25 then bmicat= 2 ;
normal weight
else if 25 le bmxbmi lt 30 then bmicat= 3 ;
overweight
else if bmxbmi ge 30 then bmicat= 4 ;
obese
if (lbdhdl^= . and riagendr^= . and ridreth1^= . and
ridageyr^=. and smoker^= . and dmdeduc^= <. and bmxbmi^= . )
and wtmec4yr>0 and (ridageyr>= 20)then eligible= 1 ;
eligibility
### Step 2: Create a simple linear regression
The association between the dependent and independent variables is expressed using the model statement in the in proc regress procedure. The dependent variable must be a continuous variable and will always appear on the left hand side of the equation. The variables on the right hand side of the equation are the independent variables and may be discrete or continuous.
Discrete variables are specified using a subgroup or a class statement. In proc regress, the dependent variable is NEVER specified in a subgroup or a class statement because it must be a continuous variable.
## IMPORTANT NOTE
These programs use variable formats listed in the Tutorial Formats page. You may need to format the variables in your dataset the same way to reproduce results presented in the tutorial.
Option 1. SUDAAN proc regress Procedure for Simple Linear Regression
Statements Explanation
proc sort data =analysis_data;by sdmvstra sdmvpsu; run ;
Use the proc sort procedure to sort the data by strata and primary sampling units (PSU) before running the procedure.
proc regress data=analysis_data;
Use the SUDAAN procedure, proc regress, to run multiple regression.
subpopn eligible=1 ;
Use the subpop eligible=1 statement to restrict the analysis to individuals with complete data for all the variables used in the final multiple regression model.
Because only those 20 years and older are of interest in this example, use the subpopn statement to select this subgroup. Please note that for accurate estimates, it is preferable to use subpopn in SUDAAN to select a subgroup for analysis, rather than select the study subgroup in the SAS program while preparing the data file.
nest sdmvstra sdmvpsu;
Use the nest statement to apply design-based methods of analysis.
weight wtmec4yr;
Use the weight statement to account for differential selection probabilities and to adjust for non-response. In this example, the examination weight for 4 years of data (wtmec4yr) is used. (For more information on how to select the correct weight for your analysis, see the Weighting module, Task 1.)
model lbdhdl= bmxbmi;
Use the model statement to define the associations to be assessed. Specify the dependent variable to the left-hand side of the equation and the independent variable on the right. This model will show the relationship between a unit increase in BMI and cholesterol level.
run ;
Option 2. SUDAAN proc regress Procedure for Simple Linear Regression with Categorical BMI Variable
Statements Explanation
proc regress data=analysis_data;
subpopn eligible=1 ;
nest sdmvstra sdmvpsu;
weight wtmec4yr;
model lbdhdl= bmicat;
run ;
Use the SUDAAN procedure, proc regress, to run multiple regression. This model will show the relationship between each unit increase in BMI category and cholesterol level.
Option 3. SUDAAN proc regress Procedure for Simple Linear Regression with Categorical BMI Variable and Reference Level
Statements Explanation
proc regress data=analysis_data;
subpopn eligible= 1 ;
nest sdmvstra sdmvpsu;
weight wtmec4yr;
class bmicat/nofreq;
reflevel bmicat=2 ;
model lbdhdl=bmicat;
rformat bmicat bmicat. ;
run ;
Use the SUDAAN procedure, proc regress, to run multiple regression. This model uses the normal BMI category as a reference category for cholesterol level.
Highlights from the output include:
• The results from the first model indicate that for each 1 unit increase of BMI, on average, HDL decreases by 0.69 mg/dl.
• The results from the second model indicate that, on average, HDL levels decrease by 5.6 mg/dl between the underweight BMI category and the normal weight BMI category, or the normal weight BMI category to the overweight BMI category.
• The results from the third model indicate that the relationship is not linear and the difference in HDL is between underweight and normal is 3.2 compared to a 7.5 difference between normal weight and overweight.
Step 3: Create a multiple regression
## IMPORTANT NOTE
These programs use variable formats listed in the Tutorial Formats page. You may need to format the variables in your dataset the same way to reproduce results presented in the tutorial.
SUDAAN proc regress Procedure for Multiple Linear Regression
Statements Explanation
proc sort data =analysis_data;
by sdmvstra sdmvpsu;
run ;
Use the proc sort procedure to sort the data by strata and primary sampling units (PSU) before running the procedure.
proc regress data=analysis_data;
Use the SUDAAN procedure, proc regress, to run multiple regression.
subpopn eligible=1;
Use the subpop eligible=1 statement to restrict the analysis to individuals with complete data for all the variables used in the final multiple regression model.
Because only those 20 years and older are of interest in this example, use the subpopn statement to select this subgroup. Please note that for accurate estimates, it is preferable to use subpopn in SUDAAN to select a subgroup for analysis, rather than select the study subgroup in the SAS program while preparing the data file.
nest sdmvstra sdmvpsu;
Use the nest statement to apply design-based methods of analysis.
weight wtmec4yr;
Use the weight statement to account for differential selection probabilities and to adjust for non-response. In this example, the examination weight for 4 years of data (wtmec4yr) is used. (For more information on how to select the correct weight for your analysis, see the Weighting module, Task 1.)
class riagendr ridreth1 smoker dmdeduc bmicat/nofreq;
Use the class statement to specify discrete variables. Note that any variables not specified in the class statement are treated as continuous. The dependent variable should NOT appear in the class statement. The nofreq option is used to suppress the printing of frequencies.
reflevel bmicat=2 ridreth1= 3 riagendr= 1 ;
Use the reflevel statement to change the reference level of a categorical variable. By default the reference level for a discrete variable is set to the last category. For bmicat this would be category 2 (normal weight). For ridreth1 this would be category 4 (Other race/ethnic groups). The reflevel statement changes the reference level to category 3 (non-Hispanic whites). For riagendr the default reference level is category 2 (females). This statement changes the reference level to category 1 (males).
model lbdhdl= riagendr ridreth1 ridageyr smoker dmdeduc bmicat;
Use the model statement to define the associations to be assessed. Specify the dependent variable to the left-hand side of the equation and the independent variables on the right.
effects smoker=( 1 - 1 0 )/ name= "Never smoker vs. past smoker" ;
Use the effects statement to test the hypothesis that HDL cholesterol for non-smokers is the same as that for past smokers.
lsmeans bmicat;
Use the lsmeans statement to produce means for the BMI categories (bmicat) and their standard errors. These means will be adjusted for age, smoking, gender, race/ethnicity, and education.
test waldf satadjf satadjchi;
Use the test statement to produce statistics and p-values for the Satterthwaite adjusted chi square (satadjchi), the Satterthwaite adjusted F (satadjf), and Satterthwaite adjusted degrees of freedom (printed by default). If this statement is omitted, the nominal degrees of freedom, the Wald F and the p-value corresponding to the Wald F and Wald P will be produced.
Step 4: Review Output and Highlights of the Results
In this step, the SUDAAN output is reviewed.
• HDL cholesterol is 6.55 mg/dL higher for overweight adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 12.00 mg/dL higher for obese adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 2.30 mg/dL lower for underweight adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 9.98 mg/dL higher for women than for men, after adjusting for all other variables in the model.
• The F test for gender shows a significant effect (p < 0.001) of gender for HDL cholesterol when controlling for other covariates in the model.
• HDL cholesterol is 4.95 mg/dL higher for non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites, after adjusting for all other variables in the model.
• HDL cholesterol increases 0.11 mg/dL per unit increase in age.
Special Topic: Interactions
When interactions are included in the model, they are denoted with an asterisk, *, between the two variables. An interaction can occur between a discrete and a continuous variable, or between two discrete variables. An interaction term will always appear on the right hand side of an equation.
See the sample code in Sample Datasets and Code for a model with interaction term included.
In this example, you will assess the association between high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and selected covariates in NHANES 1999-2002. These covariates include gender (riagendr), race/ethnicity (ridreth1), age (ridageyr), body mass index (bmxbmi), smoking (smoker, derived from SMQ020 and SMQ040; smoker =1 if non-smoker, 2 if past smoker and 3 if current smoker) and education (dmdeduc).
Step 1: Create Variable to Subset Population
In order to subset the data in SAS Survey Procedures, you will need to create a variable for the population of interest. You should not use a where clause or by-group processing in order to analyze a subpopulation with the SAS Survey Procedures.
In this example, restrict the analysis to individuals with complete data for all the variables used in the final multiple regression model. Then this variable is used in the domain statement to specify the population of interest.
if (LBDHDL^=. and RIAGENDR^=. and RIDRETH1^=. and SMOKER^=. and DMDEDUC^=. and BMXBMI^=.) and WTMEC4YR>0 and (RIDAGEYR>=20)
then ELIGIBLE=1; else ELIGIBLE=2;
Step 2: Recode Discrete Variables
To change the reference level for a discrete variable, recode the variable so that the desired reference category has the highest level.
The variable riagendr was recoded to make men the reference category. The name of the recoded variable is sex.
If RIAGENDR EQ 1 then SEX=2;
Else if RIAGENDR EQ 2 THEN SEX=1;
The variable ridreth1 was recoded to make non-Hispanic Whites the reference group. The recoded variable is ethn.
ETHN= RIDRETH1;
If RIDRETH1 eq 3 then ETHN=5;
Else if RIDRETH1 eq 4 then ETHN=2;
Else if RIDRETH1 eq 2 then ETHN=3;
Else if RIDRETH1 eq 3 then ETHN=4;
The variable bmicat was recoded to make normal weight the the reference group. The recoded variable is bmicatf.
if 0 le BMXBMI lt 18.5 then BMICATF=1;
else if 18.5 le BMXBMI lt 25 then BMICATF=4;
else if 25 le BMXBMI lt 30 then BMICATF=2;
else if BMXBMI ge 30 then BMICATF=3;
Step 3: Set up SAS Survey Procedures for Simple Linear Regression
The dependent variable should be a continuous variable and will always appear on the left hand side of the equation. The variables on the right hand side of the equation are the independent variables and may be discrete or continuous.
When interactions are included in the model, they are denoted with an asterisk, *, between the two variables. An interaction can occur between a discrete and a continuous variable, or between two discrete variables. An interaction term always will always appear on the right hand side of an equation.
The summary table below provides steps for performing linear regression analyses using SAS Survey procedures.
## IMPORTANT NOTE
These programs use variable formats listed in the Tutorial Formats page. You may need to format the variables in your dataset the same way to reproduce results presented in the tutorial.
Option 1. Use SAS Survey Procedures for Simple Linear Regression
Statements Explanation
PROC SURVEYREG DATA=analysis_data nomcar;
Use the SAS Survey procedure, proc surveyreg, to calculate significance. Use the nomcar option to read all observations.
STRATA sdmvstra;
Use the strata statement to specify the strata (sdmvstra) and account for design effects of stratification.
CLUSTER sdmvpsu;
Use the cluster statement to specify PSU (sdmvpsu) to account for design effects of clustering.
WEIGHT wtmec4yr;
Use the weight statement to account for the unequal probability of sampling and non-response. In this example, the MEC weight for 4 years of data (wtmec4yr) is used.
DOMAIN eligible;
Use the domain statement to restrict the analysis to individuals with complete data for all the variables used in the final multiple regression model.
## IMPORTANT NOTE
When using proc surveyreg, use a domain statement to select the population of interest. Do not use a where or by-group statement to analyze subpopulations with the SAS Survey Procedures.
MODEL lbdhdl= bmxbmi/CLPARM VADJUST=none;
Use a model statement to specify the dependent variable for HDL cholesterol (lbdhdl) as a function of the independent variable (BMI category). Body mass index (bmxbmi) is treated as continuous variable. The clparm option requests confidence limits for the parameters. The vadjust option specifies whether or not to use variance adjustment. This model will show the relationship between a unit increase in BMI and cholesterol level.
TITLE 'Linear regression model for high density lipoprotein and selected covariates: NHANES 1999-2002';
Use the title statement to label the output.
Option 2. Use SAS Survey Procedures for Simple Linear Regression with BMI Categorical Variable
Statements Explanation
PROC SURVEYREG
DATA analysis_data nomcar;
STRATA sdmvstra;
CLUSTER sdmvpsu;
WEIGHT wtmec4yr;
DOMAIN eligible;
TITLE'Linear regression model for high density lipoprotein and body mass index: NHANES 1999-2002' ;
Use the proc surveyreg procedure to perform linear regressions Use the nomcar option to read all observations. This model will show the relationship between each unit increase in BMI category and cholesterol level.
Option 3. Use SAS Survey Procedures for Simple Linear Regression with BMI Categorical Variable with Reference Level
Statements Explanation
PROC SURVEYREG
DATA analysis_data nomcar;
STRATA sdmvstra;
CLUSTER sdmvpsu;
WEIGHT wtmec4yr;
CLASS bmicatf;
DOMAIN eligible;
TITLE'Linear regression model for high density lipoprotein and body mass index: NHANES 1999-2002' ;
Use the proc surveyreg procedure to perform linear regression. Use the nomcar option to read all observations. This model uses the normal BMI category as a reference category for cholesterol level.
Use the class statement to denote the discrete variables included in the model; all other variables are treated as continuous. In this example, bmicatf is treated as a discrete variable.
Highlights from the output include:
• The results from the first model indicate that for each 1 unit increase of BMI, on average, HDL decreases by 0.69 mg/dl.
• The results from the second model indicate that, on average, HDL levels decrease by 5.6 mg/dl between the underweight BMI category and the normal weight BMI category, or the normal weight BMI category to the overweight BMI category.
• The results from the third model indicate that the relationship is not linear and the difference in HDL is between underweight and normal is 3.2 compared to a 7.5 difference between normal weight and overweight.
Step 4: Set Up SAS Survey Procedures for Multiple Linear
## IMPORTANT NOTE
These programs use variable formats listed in the Tutorial Formats page. You may need to format the variables in your dataset the same way to reproduce results presented in the tutorial.
Use SAS Survey Procedures for Multiple Linear Regression
Statements Explanation
PROC SURVEYREG DATA=analysis_data nomcar;
Use the SAS Survey procedure, proc surveyreg, to calculate significance. Use the nomcar option to read all observations.
STRATA sdmvstra;
Use the strata statement to specify the strata (sdmvstra) and account for design effects of stratification.
CLUSTER sdmvpsu;
Use the cluster statement to specify PSU (sdmvpsu) to account for design effects of clustering.
WEIGHT wtmec4yr;
Use the weight statement to account for the unequal probability of sampling and non-response. In this example, the MEC weight for 4 years of data (wtmec4yr) is used.
CLASS sex ethn smoker dmdeduc bmicatf;
Use the class statement to denote the discrete variables included in the model; all other variables are treated as continuous. In this example sex, ethnicity (ethn), smoking status (smoker), education (dmdeduc), and BMI (bmicatf) are treated as discrete variables.
DOMAIN eligible;
Use the domain statement to restrict the analysis to individuals with complete data for all the variables used in the final multiple regression model.
## IMPORTANT NOTE
When using proc surveyreg, use a domain statement to select the population of interest. Do not use a where or by-group statement to analyze subpopulations with the SAS Survey Procedures.
MODEL lbdhdl= sex ethn ridageyr dmdeduc smoker bmicatf/CLPARM vadjust=none;
Use a model statement to specify the dependent variable for HDL cholesterol (lbdhdl) as a function of the independent variable (BMI category). The clparm option requests confidence limits for the parameters. The vadjust option specifies whether or not to use variance adjustment. This model will show the relationship between BMI category and cholesterol level.
ESTIMATE 'Never vs past smoker' smoker 1 - 1 0 ;
Use the estimate statement to test for differences in HDL cholesterol between non-smokers and past smokers.
TITLE 'Linear regression model for high density lipoprotein and selected covariates: NHANES 1999-2002';
Use the title statement to label the output.
## IMPORTANT NOTE
SAS Survey Procedures proc surveyreg prints the Wald statistic and its p-value. It does not produce the Satterthwaite chi square or the Satterthwaite F statistics and their corresponding p-values. For these reasons, we recommend that you use proc regress in SUDAAN for multiple linear regression.
Step 5: Review Output and Highlights of the Results
In this step, the SAS Survey procedures output is reviewed.
• HDL cholesterol is 6.55 mg/dL higher for overweight adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 12.00 mg/dL higher for obese adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 2.30 mg/dL lower for underweight adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 9.98 mg/dL higher for women than for men, after adjusting for all other variables in the model.
• HDL cholesterol is 4.95 mg/dL higher for non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites, after adjusting for all other variables in the model.
• HDL cholesterol increases 0.11 mg/dL per unit increase in age.
In this example, you will assess the association between high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol — the outcome variable — and body mass index (bmxbmi) — the exposure variable — after controlling for selected covariates in NHANES 1999-2002. These covariates include gender (riagendr), race/ethnicity (ridreth1), age (ridageyr), smoking (smoker, derived from SMQ020 and SMQ040; smoker =1 if non-smoker, 2 if past smoker and 3 if current smoker) and education (dmdeduc).
## IMPORTANT NOTE
There are several things you should be aware of while analyzing NHANES data with Stata. Please see the Stata Tips page to review them before continuing.
Step 1: Use svyset to define survey design variables
Remember that you need to define the SVYSET before using the SVY series of commands. The general format of this command is below:
svyset [w=weightvar], psu(psuvar) strata(stratavar) vce(linearized)
To define the survey design variables for your high density lipoprotein cholesterol analysis, use the weight variable for four-years of MEC data (wtmec4yr), the PSU variable (sdmvpsu), and strata variable (sdmvstra) .The vce option specifies the method for calculating the variance and the default is "linearized" which is Taylor linearization. Here is the svyset command for four years of MEC data:
svyset [w= wtmec4yr], psu(sdmvpsu) strata(sdmvstra) vce(linearized)
Step 2: Determine how to specify variables in the model
For continuous variables, you have a choice of using the variable in its original form (continuous) or changing it into a categorical variable (e.g. based on standard cutoffs, quartiles or common practice). The categorical variables should reflect the underlying distribution of the continuous variable and not create categories where there are only a few observations.
It is important to exam the data both ways, since the assumption that a dependent variable has a continuous relationship with the outcome may not be true. Looking at the categorical version of the variable will help you to know whether this assumption is true.
In this example, you could look at BMI as a continuous variable or convert it into a categorical variable based on standard BMI definitions of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Here is how categorical BMI variables are created:
Table of code to generate categorical BMI variable
Code to generate categorical BMI variables BMI Category
gen bmicat=1 if bmxbmi>=0 & bmxbmi<18.5
underweight
replace bmicat=2 if bmxbmi>=18.5 & bmxbmi<25
normal weight
replace bmicat=3 if bmxbmi>=25
overweight
replace bmicat=4 if bmxbmi>=30 & bmxbmi<.
obese
Step 3: Determine the reference group for categorical variables
For all categorical variables, you need to decide which category to use as the reference group. If you do not specify the reference group options, Stata will choose the lowest numbered group by default.
Use the following general command to specify the reference group:
char var[omit]reference group value
For these analyses, use the following commands to specify the following reference groups.
Stata command Reference group
char ridreth1[omit]3
Non-Hispanic White
char smoker[omit]3
Current Smokers
char educ[omit]3
Greater than high school education
char bmicat[omit]2
Normal weight
Step 4: Create simple linear regression models to understand relationships
Before you perform a regression on the data, the data needs to meet a requirement — the dependent variable must be a continuous variable and the independent variables may be either discrete, ordinal, or continuous. The association between the dependent (or outcome) and independent (or exposure) variables is expressed using the svy:regress command. The general form of the command is:
svy:regress depvar indvar
Here is the command (and output) for the BMI-HDL example. This example uses the subpop (if eligible==1) statement to restrict the analysis to individuals with complete data for all the variables used in the final multiple regression model. The eligible variable is defined in the program available on the Sample Code and Datasets page.
svy, subpop(if eligible==1): regress lbdhdl bmxbmi
And, here is the output of the statement.
This analysis says that for each 1 unit increase of BMI, on average, HDL decreases by 0.69 mg/dl. Or, you could do the simple regression using the BMI categories:
To perform the same analysis using the categorical BMI variable, bmicat, the statement would be:
svy, subpop(if eligible==1): regress lbdhdl bmicat
And, the output of that statement would be:
This model says that, on average, HDL levels decrease by 5.6 mg/dl between the underweight BMI category and the normal weight BMI category, or the normal weight BMI category to the overweight BMI category.
Using the interaction expansion function (xi) to expand categorical variables into indicator variable sets
Delving deeper into this relationship, you will look at each comparison separately to see whether this continuous relationship really holds. Stata has a function (called xi or interaction expansion) which creates the "indicator variables" to allow you to see these relationships. The xi function will expand terms containing categorical variables (denoted i.varname) into indicator (also called dummy) variable sets. It has this general form:
xi:svy:regress depvar i.indvar
For this example, you will use the HDL variable as the dependent variable and the BMI categorical variable (bmicat) as the independent variable, denoted with the i. prefix. This example uses the subpop(if ridageyr >= 20 & ridageyr =.) statement to select participants who were age 20 years and older and did not have a missing value for the age variable.
xi:svy, subpop(if ridageyr >=20 & ridageyr =.): regress lbdhdl i.bmicat
Here are the results for this analysis which use "normal weight" - bmicat2 as the reference category:
This analysis using the BMI categorical variable (BMICAT) shows that the relationship is not linear and the difference in HDL is between underweight and normal is 3.2 compared to a 7.5 difference between normal weight and overweight.
## IMPORTANT NOTE
You can also just use the xi option to generate the indicator variables or interaction terms (rather than using it with the model command). The advantage of creating the indicators prior to the model, is that you do not need to write a command to set the reference category (you will do this implicitly by selecting the indicators you include in the model) and the output is easier to read (the xi model command repeats the individual components in interaction terms).
It is also possible to generate indicator variables using the tab, generate command:
tab var, gen(newvar); for example: tab bmicat, gen(ibmicat)
This command generates four variables: ibmicat1, ibmicat2, ibmicat3, and ibmicat4.
Step 5: Specify multiple linear regression models
Multiple linear regression uses the same command structure but now includes other independent variables. And if you want to create indicator variables for categorical variables, you will want to use the xi option. So, the general structure looks the same:
xi: svy: regress depvar indvar i.var
This example will use the HDL variable (lbdhdl) as the dependent variable. The independent categorical variables (riagendr, ridreth1, smoker, educ, and bmicat) are specified with the i. prefix, while ridageyr remains an independent continuous variable. Again, it uses the subpop(if ridageyr >= 20 & ridageyr =.) statement to select participants who were age 20 years and older and did not have a missing value for the age variable.
xi: svy, subpop(if ridageyr >=20 & ridageyr <.): regress lbdhdl i.riagendr i.ridreth1 ridageyr i.smoker i.educ i.bmicat
In this example, the output is:
Later in this module, the results of this multiple regression will be presented in a summary table comparing it with the univariate regression.
Step 6: Calculate means "adjusted" for the covariates in the model
Sometimes you may want to calculate means which are adjusted for the covariates specified in the model to allow you to see the effect of a given predictor variable. Stata has a built in command, adjust, to do this. Adjust is a post-estimation command
The adjust command uses only the sample mean, not the mean based on the survey design, when performing its computations. Therefore, if you want to use the survey mean, you would need to calculate it first and specify it explicitly in the adjust command. The following commands use summarize which is an rclass command and will not cause any trouble if run between the svy: regress and adjust commands; whereas svy:mean is an eclass command and cannot be used in between these commands. Here is the general form of the command:
sum _cat_1 [aw=weight] if conditions & e(sample)
local cat1 = r(mean)
...
adjust indvar1=cat1 indvar2=cat2.... if e(sample), by(indvar3)
The variables have to appear just as they are in the regression model. Independent categorical variables are specified with the _I prefix, while the independent continuous variable, ridageyr, doesn't not require the prefix. The following command, will generate mean HDL levels for BMI categories (by (bmicat)), adjusting for every other variable in the model.
sum _Ibmicat_1 [aw=wtmec4yr] if ridageyr >=20 & ridageyr <. & e(sample)
local bmicat1 = r(mean)
sum _Ibmicat_3 [aw=wtmec4yr] if ridageyr >=20 & ridageyr <. & e(sample)
local bmicat3 = r(mean)
sum _Ibmicat_4 [aw=wtmec4yr] if ridageyr >=20 & ridageyr <. & e(sample)
local bmicat4 = r(mean)
_Iridreth1_4='rid4' _Iridreth1_5='rid5' ridageyr='ridage' ///
_Ieduc_1='educ1' _Ieduc_2='educ2' _Ismoker_1='smoke1' ///
_Ismoker_2='smoke2' if ridageyr >=20 & ridageyr <. & e(sample), by(bmicat) se
The output for this example is:
Later in this module, the results of this adjusted means calculation will be presented in a summary table comparing it with the crude mean.
Step 7: Compare results of crude analysis (simple linear regression) and adjusted analysis (multiple linear regression)
To understand how much adjustment matters, it is helpful to compare the regression coefficient from the simple and multiple regression models. To help you review the results, the following summary tables present the crude analysis (simple linear regression) and adjusted analysis (multiple linear regression).
Table Comparing Differences between Crude Analysis (Simple Linear Regression) and Adjusted Analysis (Multiple Linear Regression) - BMI
BMI Crude Analysis
Mean HDL
Mean HDL
Crude Analysis
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Crude Analysis
p value
p value
underweight 60.44 59.40 3.26
(.37 — 6.15)
2.30
(-.44 — 5.04)
.028 .097
normal 57.18 57.10 Reference
Group
Reference
Group
Reference
Group
Reference
Group
overweight 49.69 50.55 -7.48
(-8.50 — -6.46)
-6.55
(-7.38 — -5.71)
<.001 <.001
obese 45.94 45.10 -11.24
(-12.17 — -10.31)
-12.00
(-12.79 — -11.22)
<.001 <.001
Here are the summary tables of the results for the other covariates in the model.
Table Comparing Differences between Crude Analysis (Simple Linear Regression) and Adjusted Analysis (Multiple Linear Regression) - Smoking
Smoking Crude Analysis
Mean HDL
Mean HDL
Crude Analysis
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Crude Analysis
p value
p value
current 49.35 51.27 Reference Group Reference Group
past 51.64 52.38 2.76
(1.29 — 4.23)
2.33
(1.00 — 3.66)
.001 .001
never 52 50.05 2.32
(.85 — 3.79)
1.22
(-.22 — 2.66)
.003 .095
Table Comparing Differences between Crude Analysis (Simple Linear Regression) and Adjusted Analysis (Multiple Linear Regression) - Sex
Sex Crude Analysis
Mean HDL
Mean HDL
Crude Analysis
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
(95% CI)
Crude Analysis
p value
p value
men 45.91 46.08 Ref erence Group Ref erence Group
women 56.21 56.06 10.30 (9.54 — 11.06) 9.98 (9.3 — 10.64) <.001 <.001
Table Comparing Differences between Crude Analysis (Simple Linear Regression) and Adjusted Analysis (Multiple Linear Regression) - Race/Ethnicity
Race/Ethnicity Crude Analysis
Mean HDL
Mean HDL
Crude Analysis
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Crude Analysis
p value
p value
Non-Hispanic White 51.38 50.88 Reference Group Reference Group
Non-Hispanic Black 54.5 55.83 3.12
(1.54 — 4.70)
4.95
(3.61 — 6.29)
<.001 <.001
Other Hispanic 47.71 48.64 -3.67
(-5.47 — -1.88)
-2.24
(-3.59 — -.89)
<.001 .002
Mexican-American 48.92 51.55 -2.46
(-3.59 — -1.33)
.67
(-.46 — 1.80)
<.001 .235
Other 50.91 50.32 -.47
(-3.28 — 2.33)
-.56
(-2.83 — 1.71)
.733 .619
Table Comparing Differences between Crude Analysis (Simple Linear Regression) and Adjusted Analysis (Multiple Linear Regression) - Education
Education Crude Analysis
Mean HDL
Mean HDL
Crude Analysis
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Crude Analysis
p value
p value
< high school 49.37 49.34 -3.10
(-4.41 — -1.79)
-3.03
(-4.16 — -1.90)
<.001 <.001>
high school 50.30 50.52 -2.18
(-3.23 — -1.12)
-1.85
(-2.98 — -.73)
<.001 .002
> high school 52.47 52.37 Reference Group Reference Group
Table Comparing Differences between Crude Analysis (Simple Linear Regression) and Adjusted Analysis (Multiple Linear Regression) - Age
Age Crude Analysis
Mean HDL
Mean HDL
Crude Analysis
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Coefficient*
(95% CI)
Crude Analysis
p value
p value
Age
(years)
- - .11
(.07 — .12)
- <.001 <.001
Step 8: Perform post-estimation test
Use the test post estimation command to produce the Wald F statistic and the corresponding p-value. Use the nosvyadjust option to produce the unadjusted Wald F. In the example, the command test is used to test all coefficients together; all coefficients separately; and to test the hypothesis that HDL cholesterol for non-smokers is the same as that for past smokers.
The general form of this statement is below.
test indvar 1 ind var 2 ..., [nosvyadjust]
This example tests all of the coefficients.
test
Here are the results of that statement:
The results of this test will be discussed in the next step.
This example tests the gender coefficient and, using the nosvyadjust option, produces the unadjusted Wald F. Tests for the additional variables are included in the program available on the Sample Downloads and Datasets page.
test _Iriagendr_2, nosvyadjust
Here are the results of that statement:
The results of this test will be discussed in the next step.
This example tests the hypothesis that HDL cholesterol for non-smokers is the same as that for past smokers.
test _Ismoker_1 - _Ismoker_2 = 0
Here are the results of the statement:
The results of this test will be discussed in the next step.
Step 9: Review output
In this step, the Stata output is reviewed.
• HDL cholesterol is 6.55 mg/dL higher for overweight adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 12.00 mg/dL higher for obese adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 2.30 mg/dL lower for underweight adults compared to normal weight adults, as defined by BMI.
• HDL cholesterol is 9.98 mg/dL higher for women than for men, after adjusting for all other variables in the model.
• The F test for gender shows a significant effect (p < 0.001) of gender for HDL cholesterol when controlling for other covariates in the model.
• HDL cholesterol is 4.95 mg/dL higher for non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites, after adjusting for all other variables in the model.
• HDL cholesterol increases 0.11 mg/dL per unit increase in age.
Stata svy:regres Command for Multiple Linear Regression
Statements Explanation
use "C:\Stata\tutorial\analysis_data.dta", clear
Use the use command to load the Stata-format dataset.
Use the clear option to replace any data in memory.
svyset sdmvpsu [pweight=wtmec4yr], strata(sdmvstra) vce(linearized)
Use the svyset command to declare the survey design for the dataset. Specifiy the psu variable sdmvpsu.
Use the [pweight=] option to account for the unequal probability of sampling and non-response. In this example, the MEC weight for four years of data (wtmec4yr) is used. Use the strata ( ) option to specify the stratum identifier (sdmvstra). Use the vce( ) option to specific the variance estimation method (linearized) for Taylor linearization.
char ridreth1[omit]3
char smoker[omit]3
char educ[omit]3
char bmicat[omit]2
Use these options to choose your reference group for the categorical variables. For example, the 3rd race/ethnicity (ridreth1) category (non-Hispanic White) is chosen as the reference group. If you do not specify the reference group options, Stata will choose the lowest numbered group by default.
xi: svy, subpop(if ridageyr >=20) vce(linearized): regress lbdhdl i.riagendr i.ridreth1 ridageyr bmxbmi i.smoker i.educ i.bmicat
Use the xi command to expand terms containing categorical variables (denoted i.varname) into indicator (also called dummy) variable sets. Use the svy: regress command to perform multiple linear regression to specify the dependent variable HDL cholesterol (lbdhdl) and independent variables, including: gender, race, age, body mass index, smoking, education and BMI category.
test
*******************************
test _Iridreth1_1 _Iridreth1_2 _Iridreth1_4 _Iridreth1_5, nosvyadjust
*******************************
test _Ismoker_1 - _Ismoker_2 =0
Use the test postestimation command to produce the Wald F statistic and the corresponding p-value. Use the nosvyadjust option to produce the unadjusted Wald F. In the example, the command test is used to test all coefficient together; all coefficients separately; and to test the hypothesis that HDL cholesterol for non-smokers is the same as that for past smokers.
Special topic: Interactions
If you want to look for interactions, use the xi option to create interaction terms. The general form for interaction terms is:
i.var1*i.var2
See the sample code in Sample Datasets and Code for a model with interaction term included.
Page last reviewed: 8/4/2020
| 2020-11-27T12:44:56 |
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|
https://docs.nersc.gov/filesystems/cori-burst-buffer/
|
Burst Buffer¶
The 1.8 PB NERSC Burst Buffer is based on Cray DataWarp that uses flash or SSD (solid-state drive) technology to significantly increase the I/O performance on Cori for all file sizes and all access patterns that sit within the High Speed Network (HSN) on Cori. Accessible only from compute nodes, the Burst Buffer provides per-job (or short-term) storage for I/O intensive codes.
The peak bandwidth performance is over 1.7 TB/s with each Burst Buffer node contributing up to 6.5 GB/s. The number of Burst Buffer nodes available to a job depends on the granularity and size of the Burst Buffer allocation. Performance is also dependent on access pattern, transfer size and access method (e.g. MPI I/O, shared files). There's a 50 TB (52828800 MB) maximum threshold on each BB reservation, but multiple reservations can be requested concurrently.
Check the DataWarp limitations below
Please note that support for DataWarp has been reduced. The Burst Buffer is also not a persistent storage and a reservation can become unavailable if hardware is unstable. A user reported a data corruption event, detailed in the Known Issues below. We invite users to consider using the Cori SCRATCH file system whenever possible. DataWarp is still available for those who benefit from it and recognize the possible risks.
Make sure to understand all limitations of Burst Buffer reported in the General Issues section below, to avoid loss of data or waste of precious compute hours.
Performance Tuning¶
Striping¶
Currently, the Burst Buffer granularity is 20 GB. If you request an allocation smaller than this amount, your files will sit on a single Burst Buffer node. If you request more than this amount, then your files will be striped over multiple Burst Buffer nodes. For example, if you request 19 GB then your files all sit on the same Burst Buffer server. This is relevant for performance, because each Burst Buffer server has a maximum possible bandwidth of roughly 6.5 GB/s - so your aggregate bandwidth is summed over the number of Burst Buffer servers you use. If other people are accessing data on the same Burst Buffer server at the same time, then you will share that bandwidth and will be unlikely to reach the theoretical peak.
Therefore:
• It is better to spread your data over many Burst Buffer servers, particularly if you have a large number of compute nodes trying to access the data.
• The number of Burst Buffer nodes used by an application should be scaled up with the number of compute nodes, to keep the Burst Buffer nodes busy but not over-subscribed. The exact ratio of compute to Burst Buffer nodes will depend on the I/O load produced by the application.
Use Large Transfer Size¶
We have seen that using transfer sizes less than 512 KiB results in poor performance. In general, we recommend using as large a transfer size as possible.
Use More Processes per Burst Buffer Node¶
We noticed that the Burst Buffer cannot be kept busy with less than 4 processes writing to each Burst Buffer node - less than this will not be able to achieve the peak potential performance of roughly 6.5 GB/s per node.
Known Issues¶
There are a number of known issues to be aware of when using the Burst Buffer on Cori. This page will be updated as problems are discovered, and as they are fixed.
General Issues¶
• A user reported a data corruption on files written to a Burst Buffer Persistent Reservation: the files were found to contain several sequences of null/zero characters and had a wrong file size. This is believed to be associated with a known aspect of the underlying XFS filesystem, that may be triggered by a Burst Buffer cabinet crash or when SSD write-protection is activated: it seems that XFS records abnormal write operations during particularly stressful I/O events, which then appear as blocks of null/zeroes in files. HPE engineers are currently investigating the bug, but no patch is available yet. Usage of Burst Buffer is discouraged until a patch is provided, unless you are conscious of the possibile risks for your data.
• During Q4 2021 the Burst Buffer suffered several power losses; if you notice that your job gets stuck while trying to configure the Persistent Reservation, create a new one and resubmit.
• If you have multiple jobs writing to the same directory in a Persistent Reservation, you will run into race conditions due to the DataWarp caching. The second job will likely fail with Permission denied or No such file or directory messages, as the metadata in the compute node cache does not match the reality of the metadata on the BB; use different subdirectories for each job, e.g. by creating a directory for each job with mkdir $DW_PERSISTENT_STRIPED_PRname/$SLURM_JOB_ID/ (make sure to set the correct PRname in the variable)
• A Burst Buffer allocation or Persistent Reservation may suddenly become read-only, causing your program to fail: this happens when too many writes have been performed in your Burst Buffer allocation, which trigger the write protection of the underlying SSDs and make the file system read-only, to avoid drive blocks to wear out too quickly. If you are using a Burst Buffer allocation and need to access the same files from multiple jobs, consider using a Persistent Reservation (PR). The solution to the read-only error is to either wait some hours for the SSDs to "cooldown", or request a new and bigger PR (remember that resources are limited and other users may also need storage space).
• Do not use a decimal point when you specify the burst buffer capacity - slurm does not parse this correctly and will allocate you one grain of space instead of the full request. This is easy to work around - request e.g. 3500GB instead of 3.5TB.
• Data is at risk in a Persistent Reservation if an SSD fails - there is no possibility to recover data from a dead SSD. Please back up your data and don't leave important data in a PR for longer than necessary!
• If you request a too-small allocation on the Burst Buffer (e.g. request 200 GB and actually write out 300 GB) your job will fail, and the BB node will go into an undesirable state and need to be recovered manually. Please be careful of how much space your job requires - if in doubt, over-request.
• If you use dwstat in your batch job, you may occasionally run into [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] errors, which may fail your job. If you see this error, it is due to a modulefile issue - please use the full path to the dwstat command: /opt/cray/dws/default/bin/dwstat.
• If the primary SLURM controller is down, the secondary (backup) controller will be scheduling jobs - and the secondary controller does not know about the Burst Buffer. If you happen to submit a job when the backup scheduler is running your jobs will fail with the message sbatch: error: burst_buffer/cray: Slurm burst buffer configuration error / sbatch: error: Batch job submission failed: Burst Buffer request invalid. If you receive this error and your submission script looks correct, please check MOTD for SLURM downtime/issues, and try again later.
Staging Issues¶
• The Burst Buffer cannot access GPFS for staging data, only files in $SCRATCH are supported for stage-in/stage-out. Data in your home or Community directories can still be accessed and transferred into a PR using e.g. cp, rsync, etc, but this will need to be manually performed in your compute job and will consume part of your compute time. • Staging out files to destinations other than a location on $SCRATCH will result in those files being lost.
• The command squeue -l -u \$USER will give you useful information on how your stage-in process is going. If you see an error message (e.g. (burst_buffer/cray: dws_data_in: Error staging in session 20868 configuration 6953 path /global/cscratch1/sd/username/stagemein.txt -> /stagemein.txt: offline namespaces: [44223] - ask a system administrator to consult the dwmd log for more information) then you may have a permissions issue with the files you are trying to stage_in, or be trying to stage_in a non-existent file.
• stage_in and stage_out using access_mode=private does not work (by design).
• If you have multiple files to stage in, you will need to tar them up and use type=file, or keep them all in one directory and use type=directory.
• type=directory fails with large directories (>~200,000 files) due to a timeout error. In this case, consider tar-ing your files and staging in the tarball.
• Symbolic links are not preserved when staging in, the link will be lost.
• Staging in/out with hard links does not work.
| 2022-10-03T18:34:21 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/congressional/statement-bill-werkheiser-science-advisor-secretary-department-interior
|
# Statement of Bill Werkheiser, Science Advisor to the Secretary, Department of the Interior
October 17, 2019
Statement of Bill Werkheiser, Science Advisor to the Secretary, Department of the Interior before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, on chronic wasting disease.
October 17, 2019
Statement of Bill Werkheiser, Science Advisor to the Secretary, Department of the Interior before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, on chronic wasting disease.
Chair McCollum, Ranking Member Joyce, and members of the subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to discuss Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). I am William Werkheiser, Science Advisor to the Secretary of the Department of the Interior (Department). My testimony provides an overview of Chronic Wasting Disease and focuses on Departmental efforts to respond to CWD, highlighting the roles of the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service within the Department in this regard.
### Overview of Chronic Wasting Disease
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a contagious, fatal disease that is becoming more prevalent in wild North American cervid populations, such as deer, elk, and moose. Unfortunately, there is no known treatment or cure for CWD. Therefore, prevention of the disease and limiting its spread is essential.
CWD was first detected in 1967 in a captive deer and elk research facility in Colorado. Subsequently, the disease was found in 1978 in free-ranging cervid populations. It has now been detected in free-ranging and captive cervid facilities in 26 U.S. States and 3 Canadian provinces as well as South Korea, Norway, Sweden, and Finland. CWD is caused by infectious prions, or misfolded proteins that are transmissible, that pass between animals or are acquired from contaminated soil and plants. Animal-to-animal transmission is likely the initial driver of disease transmission, but high environmental prion contamination and persistence is expected to maintain transmission risk for years to come.
All cervid species native to North America, including. White-tailed deer, Mule deer/Black-tailed deer, Elk, Moose, and Caribou/reindeer, are susceptible to CWD. Animals may appear healthy for a year or more after infection with CWD, but the animal likely sheds infectious prions in feces, saliva and urine for much of the disease course. Infected animals can show signs of weight loss, decreased social interaction with the herd, loss of awareness, altered posture, head tremors, and lack of coordination. CWD affects the brain, nerves, lymph nodes, spleen, and neuroendocrine tissues. Diagnosis of CWD requires special laboratory testing of lymph nodes and brain stem, collected post-mortem. Although live-animal sampling techniques have been developed, they require specialized techniques that are difficult to perform and have a much lower rate of success in detecting CWD.
Determining the degree to which CWD is causing cervid population declines is challenging because it can take several years for infection to cause illness in an individual animal. However, research and modeling studies published in the last ten years have detected declines of up to 10 percent and 21 percent in several deer and elk populations respectively, including populations in Wyoming, Colorado, and Wisconsin.
### The Role of the Department of the Interior in Response to CWD
A high level of collaboration and communication between Federal and State agencies, tribes, non-governmental organizations, and academia is needed to address the expanding presence of CWD. While States are the leaders for CWD, the USGS brings considerable expertise in wildlife disease research. An important component of the Department’s support is the recently established interdepartmental CWD Task Force that works with Federal and State agencies to better coordinate CWD response and research.
Within the Department, we are involved in CWD surveillance, management, and research. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service are working closely with State wildlife management agencies to manage CWD on public lands. Many States have CWD response plans and collectively they have produced the “AFWA Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease, which the
### The U.S. Geological Survey
As the science agency of the DOI, USGS’ mission is to provide unbiased scientific information to Federal and non-Federal resource managers and planners. Over the past 17 years, USGS scientists have worked in the field and in the lab to provide science to support CWD surveillance; develop tools for early detection and management; and understand the biology of CWD. USGS tools and information have been applied to CWD management across the Nation.
The USGS maintains highly specialized facilities for the study of CWD, including the only Federal biosafety level three facilities (BSL3) dedicated to wildlife disease investigations and experimental research. In addition to this unique Federal science center, USGS has subject matter experts in disease ecology, cervid health, ungulate genetics, and cervid migration across other science centers and cooperative research units that contribute to USGS’s CWD research portfolio.
### CWD Surveillance
USGS maintains for the Nation a constantly updated online map of CWD detections in captive and wild cervids in North America. Map data originates from State wildlife agencies, USDA, and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and represents the best-available information. This map is used and cited by Federal, State, and academic partners to monitor CWD spread. USGS updates this map with every change in CWD distribution once the information has been verified with the appropriate responsible agencies.
USGS is also working with land managers to assess and refine CWD surveillance efforts for each unique situation in their respective States. Prions are thought to be the most likely agent of transmission of CWD. Prion-contaminated soil may remain infectious for many years, so surveillance and early detection are critical. For example, USGS science on CWD genetics is informing the refinement of CWD surveillance programs in the Mid-Atlantic Region, an area with a recent history of this disease. In addition, working with Wisconsin DNR and the National Park Service, USGS developed an online tool to help States design a white-tailed deer surveillance program that ensures a robust cost-effective sample size for testing.
### Tools for Early Detection and Management
The gold standard for detecting this disease is a post-mortem test of brain and lymph node tissues. There are only 18 accredited USDA labs for CWD testing with varying turnaround times for results during peak hunting season. In response to this, ongoing USGS research, in collaboration with Federal and State agencies, is focused on developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tests to detect prions in blood, feces, and the environment. These tests will potentially provide alternative methods for ante-mortem testing and help managers detect infection earlier in the disease course.
### CWD Biology
Because CWD and cervids may cross jurisdictions, USGS scientists are partnering with State agencies and wildlife disease cooperatives to coordinate research at the regional level. Genetic analyses help show whether some individual cervids may be more likely to develop CWD than others. This appears to be linked to variation in the prion protein gene (Prnp). In coordination with State CWD white-tailed deer surveillance programs, small tissue samples have been collected for genotyping that used USGS assays. Genetic data was incorporated with demographic and environmental factors as well as disease status to inform CWD risk assessments.
For FY19, USGS invested $720,000 in CWD efforts. Future USGS research will concentrate on early detection and effective tools to support CWD management. ### U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Since 2004, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has supported State-led CWD management through the Wildlife Health office. The Wildlife Health office is part of the Natural Resource Program Center, which serves as the science center for the National Wildlife Refuge System and provides wildlife health technical support to all 567 National Wildlife Refuges as well as many other programs within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Wildlife Health office funds CWD work on State and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands and provides training on CWD sample collection to State and Federal personnel. The Wildlife Health office also collects and tests samples for CWD in direct support of State activities, and works with States to develop collaborative plans that include CWD management and monitoring strategies. States also receive funds from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration program through the Pittman-Robertson Act, which are then used to research and combat CWD. For example, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources currently uses over$2.3 million of their Pittman-Robertson funds annually to manage CWD.
Currently, 49 National Wildlife Refuges, 24 Waterfowl Production Areas, and 8 Fish Hatcheries are located in counties already affected by CWD. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is working with States to ensure that activities on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service -managed lands are focused on preventing the further spread of CWD.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will continue to work with Federal and State agencies, tribes, non-governmental organizations, and academia to address CWD. Future work will include communicating the effects of CWD on wildlife health both to the public and with our partners, applying human dimensions research to disease management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s interactions with hunters, enhancing the application of CWD research on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands, and ensuring appropriate best management practices are applied throughout affected or at-risk National Wildlife Refuges.
### Conclusion
Chronic Wasting Disease is of great concern to wildlife managers. Controlling this disease requires current, science-based information and concerted coordination among Federal agencies, State wildlife management and animal health agencies, tribal governments, and local partners. The Department is committed to working with State and Federal agencies, and other partners to develop consensus-based actions to address CWD.
Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. I would be happy to answer any questions you may have.
| 2023-01-27T15:36:32 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10285165-ray-orphan-cloud-signpost-intracluster-medium-clumping
|
An H α/X-ray orphan cloud as a signpost of intracluster medium clumping
ABSTRACT Recent studies have highlighted the potential significance of intracluster medium (ICM) clumping and its important implications for cluster cosmology and baryon physics. Many of the ICM clumps can originate from infalling galaxies, as stripped interstellar medium (ISM) mixing into the hot ICM. However, a direct connection between ICM clumping and stripped ISM has not been unambiguously established before. Here, we present the discovery of the first and still the only known isolated cloud (or orphan cloud [OC]) detected in both X-rays and H α in the nearby cluster A1367. With an effective radius of 30 kpc, this cloud has an average X-ray temperature of 1.6 keV, a bolometric X-ray luminosity of ∼3.1 × 1041 erg s−1, and a hot gas mass of ∼1010 M⊙. From the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) data, the OC shows an interesting velocity gradient nearly along the east-west direction with a low level of velocity dispersion of ∼80 km s−1, which may suggest a low level of the ICM turbulence. The emission line diagnostics suggest little star formation in the main H α cloud and a low-ionization (nuclear) emission-line regions like spectrum, but the excitation mechanisms remain unclear. This example shows that stripped ISM, even long after the initial removal from the galaxy, can still induce more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10285165
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
505
Issue:
4
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
4702 to 4716
ISSN:
0035-8711
Quasar absorption-line studies in the ultraviolet (UV) can uniquely probe the nature of the multiphase cool–warm (104 < T < 106 K) gas in and around galaxy clusters, promising to provide unprecedented insights into (1) interactions between the circumgalactic medium (CGM) associated with infalling galaxies and the hot (T > 106 K) X-ray emitting intracluster medium (ICM), (2) the stripping of metal-rich gas from the CGM, and (3) a multiphase structure of the ICM with a wide range of temperatures and metallicities. In this work, we present results from a high-resolution simulation of an $\sim 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ galaxy cluster to study the physical properties and observable signatures of this cool–warm gas in galaxy clusters. We show that the ICM becomes increasingly multiphased at large radii, with the cool–warm gas becoming dominant in cluster outskirts. The diffuse cool–warm gas also exhibits a wider range of metallicity than the hot X-ray emitting gas. We make predictions for the covering fractions of key absorption-line tracers, both in the ICM and in the CGM of cluster galaxies, typically observed with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We further extract synthetic spectra to demonstrate the feasibility of detecting and characterizingmore »
| 2023-01-26T22:21:57 |
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https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Abaccelli.francois-louis
|
# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Baccelli, François Louis
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: baccelli.francois-louis Published as: Baccelli, F.; Baccelli, Francois; Baccelli, François; Baccelli, François Louis; Baccelli, François. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · dblp · GND
Documents Indexed: 122 Publications since 1980, including 7 Books
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
5 single-authored 11 Foss, Sergey G. 6 Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej 6 Liu, Zhen 6 Makowski, Armand M. 5 Gaujal, Bruno 5 Haji-Mirsadeghi, Mir-Omid 5 Mairesse, Jean 5 Schmidt, Volker 5 Zuyev, Sergei 4 Brémaud, Pierre 4 Towsley, Donald Fred 3 Anantharam, Venkat 3 Hasenfuss, Sven 3 Jean-Marie, Alain 3 Massey, William A. 3 McDonald, David R. 3 Rybko, Aleksandr N. 3 Sankararaman, Abishek 2 Andrews, Jeffrey G. 2 Cohen, Guy 2 de Veciana, Gustavo 2 Fayolle, Guy 2 Fleury, Thierry 2 Hébuterne, Gérard 2 Hong, Dohy 2 Lee, Namyoon 2 Lelarge, Marc 2 O’Reilly, Eliza 2 Shlosman, Senya B. 2 Taillefumier, Thibaud 1 Agrawal, Rajeev 1 Alammouri, Ahmad 1 Ayhan, Hayriye 1 Balbo, Gianfranco 1 Bambos, Nicholas 1 Bermolen, Paola 1 Biswas, Anup 1 Bonald, Thomas 1 Bordenave, Charles 1 Borovkov, Aleksandr Alekseevich 1 Boucherie, Richard J. 1 Boyer, Pierre E. 1 Campos, Javier 1 Canales, Miguel 1 Carofiglio, Giovanna 1 Chaintreau, Augustin 1 Chang-Lara, Héctor A. 1 Chatterjee, Avhishek 1 Chiola, Giovanni 1 Coffman, Edward Grady jun. 1 Coupier, David 1 Courcoubetis, Costas A. 1 Cruz, Rene L. 1 De Vleeschauwer, Danny 1 Gamal, Abbas El 1 Ganti, Radha Krishna 1 Gelenbe, Sami Erol 1 Gilbert, Edgar Nelson 1 Gloaguen, Catherine 1 Heath, Robert W. jun. 1 Karpelevich, Friedrich I. 1 Kauffmann, Bruno 1 Kelbert, Mark Ya. 1 Khezeli, Ali 1 Kim, Kibaek 1 Kim, Yuchul 1 Klein, Maurice 1 Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis 1 Konstantopoulos, Takis 1 Lee, Junse 1 Li, Junyi 1 Madadi, Pranav 1 Mathieu, Fabien 1 Mitrani, Isi 1 Mühlethaler, Paul 1 Murphy, James T. III 1 Norros, Ilkka 1 Nucci, Antonio 1 Olsder, Geert Jan 1 Plateau, Brigitte D. 1 Puhalskii, Anatolii A. 1 Quadrat, Jean-Pierre 1 Rajan, Rajendran 1 Reiman, Martin I. 1 Richardson, Thomas Stuart 1 Schlegel, Sabine 1 Shakkottai, Sanjay 1 Shwartz, Adam 1 Sodre, Antonio 1 Subramanian, Sundar 1 Suhov, Yurii Mikhailovich 1 Tchoumatchenko, Konstantin 1 Tournois, Florent 1 Tran, Ngoc Mai 1 Tran, Viet Chi 1 Trivedi, Kishor Shridharbhai 1 Tse, David N. C. 1 Veitch, Darryl 1 Vicard, Jean 1 Vishwanath, Sriram ...and 5 more Co-Authors
all top 5
#### Serials
14 Queueing Systems 12 Advances in Applied Probability 10 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 10 Journal of Applied Probability 5 The Annals of Applied Probability 4 The Annals of Probability 4 Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 4 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 3 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 3 Communications in Statistics. Stochastic Models 3 Electronic Journal of Probability 2 Acta Informatica 2 Journal of Statistical Physics 2 Mathematics of Operations Research 2 Operations Research 2 Operations Research Letters 2 Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 2 SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 2 Foundations and Trends in Networking 2 Applications of Mathematics 1 Problems of Information Transmission 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Systems & Control Letters 1 Probability Theory and Related Fields 1 Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) 1 Discrete Event Dynamic Systems 1 Podstawy Sterowania 1 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 1 ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 1 Wireless Networks 1 Stochastic Models 1 Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences 1 Lecture Notes in Statistics 1 Networks and Heterogeneous Media
all top 5
#### Fields
91 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 51 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 43 Computer science (68-XX) 17 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 12 Combinatorics (05-XX) 6 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 5 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 5 Statistics (62-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 2 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
95 Publications have been cited 1,111 times in 879 Documents Cited by Year
Synchronization and linearity. An algebra for discrete event systems. Zbl 0824.93003
Baccelli, François Louis; Olsder, Geert Jan; Quadrat, Jean-Pierre; Cohen, Guy
1992
Elements of queueing theory. Palm martingale calculus and stochastic recurrences. 2nd ed. Zbl 1021.60001
Baccelli, François; Brémaud, Pierre
2003
Elements of queueing theory: Palm-martingale calculus and stochastic recurrences. Zbl 0801.60081
Baccelli, François; Brémaud, Pierre
1994
Single-server queues with impatient customers. Zbl 0549.60091
Baccelli, F.; Boyer, P.; Hebuterne, G.
1984
Palm probabilities and stationary queues. Zbl 0624.60107
Baccelli, François; Brémaud, Pierre
1987
On queues with impatient customers. Zbl 0539.90030
Baccelli, François; Hebuterne, Gérard
1981
Stochastic geometry and wireless networks. Volume I. Theory. Zbl 1184.68015
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej
2009
Moments and tails in monotone-separable stochastic networks. Zbl 1048.60067
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei
2004
The fork-join queue and related systems with synchronization constraints: Stochastic ordering and computable bounds. Zbl 0681.60096
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.; Shwartz, Adam
1989
Ergodic theorems for stochastic operators and discrete event networks. Zbl 0928.60066
Baccelli, François; Mairesse, Jean
1998
Acyclic fork-join queueing networks. Zbl 0675.90033
Baccelli, François; Massey, William A.; Towsley, Don
1989
Ergodicity of Jackson-type queueing networks. Zbl 0826.60081
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei
1994
On a coverage process ranging from the Boolean model to the Poisson-Voronoi tessellation with applications to wireless communications. Zbl 0986.60010
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej
2001
On the saturation rule for the stability of queues. Zbl 0823.60092
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei
1995
Asymptotic results on infinite tandem queueing networks. Zbl 0976.60088
Baccelli, F.; Borovkov, A.; Mairesse, J.
2000
The radial spanning tree of a Poisson point process. Zbl 1136.60007
Baccelli, Francois; Bordenave, Charles
2007
Markov paths on the Poisson-Delaunay graph with applications to routeing in mobile networks. Zbl 0959.60008
Baccelli, F.; Tchoumatchenko, K.; Zuyev, S.
2000
Multidimensional stochastic ordering and associated random variables. Zbl 0671.60013
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1989
An end-to-end approach to the resequencing problem. Zbl 0628.68020
Baccelli, François; Gelenbe, Erol; Plateau, Brigitte
1984
Stochastic geometry and wireless networks. Volume II. Applications. Zbl 1184.68016
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej
2009
Tails in generalized Jackson networks with subexponential service-time distributions. Zbl 1077.60067
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei; Lelarge, Marc
2005
Asymptotics of subexponential max plus networks: the stochastic event graph case. Zbl 1061.90028
Baccelli, François; Lelarge, Marc; Foss, Serguei
2004
Direct martingale arguments for stability: The M/G/1 case. Zbl 0568.60091
Baccelli, F.; Makowski, A. M.
1985
Analytic expansions of max-plus Lyapunov exponents. Zbl 1073.37526
Baccelli, François; Hong, Dohy
2000
Taylor series expansions for Poisson-driven (max,+)-linear systems. Zbl 0863.60092
Baccelli, François; Schmidt, Volker
1996
A sample path analysis of the M/M/1 queue. Zbl 0683.60070
Baccelli, François; Massey, William A.
1989
Stability and bounds for single server queues in random environment. Zbl 0595.60092
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1986
Asymptotics of stochastic networks with subexponential service times. Zbl 0997.60112
Baccelli, François; Schlegel, Sabine; Schmidt, Volker
1999
Virtual customers in sensitivity and light traffic analysis via Campbell’s formula for point processes. Zbl 0787.60057
Baccelli, F.; Brémaud, P.
1993
Comparison properties of stochastic decision free Petri nets. Zbl 0772.60071
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1992
A mean-field limit for a class of queueing networks. Zbl 0925.60115
Baccelli, F.; Karpelevich, F. I.; Kelbert, M. Ya.; Pukhalskii, A. A.; Rybko, A. N.; Sukhov, Yu. M.
1992
Dynamic, transient and stationary behavior of the M/GI/1 queue via martingales. Zbl 0686.60097
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1989
Analysis of a service facility with periodic checkpointing. Zbl 0453.68006
Baccelli, Francois
1981
Semi-infinite paths of the two-dimensional radial spanning tree. Zbl 1287.60016
Baccelli, François; Coupier, David; Tran, Viet Chi
2013
Superposition of planar Voronoi tessellations. Zbl 0978.90013
Baccelli, François; Gloaguen, Catherine; Zuyev, Sergei
2000
On the cut-off phenomenon in some queueing systems. Zbl 0748.60097
Konstantopoulos, P.; Baccelli, F.
1991
An aloha protocol for multihop mobile wireless networks. Zbl 1282.94004
Baccelli, François; Blaszczyszyn, Bartlomiej; Mühlethaler, Paul
2006
Expansions for steady-state characteristics of $$(\max,+)$$-linear systems. Zbl 0929.60074
Baccelli, François; Hasenfuss, Sven; Schmidt, Volker
1998
Stationary ergodic Jackson networks: Results and counter-examples. Zbl 0856.60090
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei; Mairesse, Jean
1996
Ergodic theory of stochastic Petri networks. Zbl 0742.60091
Baccelli, François
1992
Spatial birth-death wireless networks. Zbl 1401.94047
Sankararaman, Abishek; Baccelli, François
2017
Queueing networks with mobile servers: the mean-field approach. Zbl 1368.60094
Baccelli, F.; Rybko, A. N.; Shlosman, S. B.
2016
Poisson hail on a hot ground. Zbl 1230.60097
Baccelli, Francois; Foss, Sergey
2011
Optimal paths on the space-time SINR random graph. Zbl 1223.60011
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej; Haji-Mirsadeghi, Mir-Omid
2011
Inverse problems in queueing theory and internet probing. Zbl 1209.90104
Baccelli, F.; Kauffmann, B.; Veitch, D.
2009
Rare events for stationary processes. Zbl 1045.60044
Baccelli, F.; McDonald, D. R.
2000
Poisson-Voronoi spanning trees with applications to the optimization of communication networks. Zbl 1014.90012
Baccelli, François; Zuyev, Sergei
1999
Free-choice Petri nets – an algebraic approach. Zbl 1041.93500
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei; Gaujal, Bruno
1996
Recursive equations and basic properties of timed Petri nets. Zbl 0753.60084
Baccelli, François; Cohen, Guy; Gaujal, Bruno
1992
Martingale relations for the M/GI/1 queue with Markov modulated Poisson input. Zbl 0734.60092
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1991
On the execution of parallel programs on multiprocessor systems - a queueing theory approach. Zbl 0696.68021
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1990
On the stability condition of a precedence-based queueing discipline. Zbl 0695.60091
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1989
Exponential martingales and Wald’s formulas for two-queue networks. Zbl 0609.60094
Baccelli, François
1986
Metastability of queuing networks with mobile servers. Zbl 1403.60074
Baccelli, F.; Rybko, A.; Shlosman, S.; Vladimirov, A.
2018
Mutual service processes in Euclidean spaces: existence and ergodicity. Zbl 1373.60021
Baccelli, François; Mathieu, Fabien; Norros, Ilkka
2017
Series expansion for interference in wireless networks. Zbl 1365.60040
Ganti, Radha Krishna; Baccelli, François; Andrews, Jeffrey G.
2012
Equilibria of a class of transport equations arising in congestion control. Zbl 1166.90323
Baccelli, Francois; Kim, Ki Baek; Mcdonald, David R.
2007
Differentiability of functionals of Poisson processes via coupling. With applications to queueing theory. Zbl 0962.60087
Baccelli, François; Hasenfuss, Sven; Schmidt, Volker
1999
Transient and stationary waiting times in $$(\max, +)$$-linear systems with Poisson input. Zbl 0892.90070
Baccelli, François; Hasenfuss, Sven; Schmidt, Volker
1997
Parallel simulation of stochastic Petri nets using recurrence equations. Zbl 0842.68050
Baccelli, François; Canales, Miguel
1993
Extremal scheduling of parallel processing with and without real-time constraints. Zbl 0795.68021
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen; Towsley, Don
1993
On a class of stochastic recursive sequences arising in queueing theory. Zbl 0742.60095
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1992
Construction of the stationary regime of queues with locking. Zbl 0657.60117
Baccelli, F.; Courcoubetis, C. A.; Reiman, M. I.
1987
Analysis of models reducible to a class of diffusion processes in the positive quarter plane. Zbl 0634.60085
Baccelli, François; Fayolle, Guy
1987
Replica-mean-field limits for intensity-based neural networks. Zbl 1435.92004
Baccelli, François; Taillefumier, Thibaud
2019
Community detection on Euclidean random graphs. Zbl 1403.68209
Sankararaman, Abishek; Baccelli, François
2018
On scaling limits of power law shot-noise fields. Zbl 1328.60024
Baccelli, François; Biswas, Anup
2015
Capacity and error exponents of stationary point processes under random additive displacements. Zbl 1318.60055
Anantharam, Venkat; Baccelli, François
2015
HTTP turbulence. Zbl 1131.90013
Baccelli, François; Chaintreau, Augustin; De Vleeschauwer, Danny; McDonald, David
2006
Expansions for joint Laplace transform of stationary waiting times in $$(\max,+)$$-linear systems with Poisson input. Zbl 0972.60093
Ayhan, Hayriye; Baccelli, François
2001
Analyticity of iterates of random non-expansive maps. Zbl 0987.37047
Baccelli, François; Hong, Dohy
2000
Window flow control in FIFO networks with cross traffic. Zbl 0949.90011
Baccelli, F.; Bonald, T.
1999
Stochastic geometry models of mobile communication networks. Zbl 0871.60068
Baccelli, François; Zuyev, Serguei
1997
Perturbation analysis of functionals of random measures. Zbl 0829.60041
Baccelli, François; Klein, Maurice; Zuyev, Sergei
1995
Comparisons of service disciplines in a tandem queueing network with real time constraints. Zbl 0719.60113
Towsley, Don; Baccelli, François
1991
The customer response times in the processor sharing queue are associated. Zbl 0736.60089
Baccelli, François; Towsley, Don
1990
Modelling and performance evaluation methodology. Proceedings of the International Seminar, Paris, France, January 24-26, 1983. (INRIA). Zbl 0539.00025
Baccelli, F. (ed.); Fayolle, G. (ed.)
1984
Interference queueing networks on grids. Zbl 1442.60104
Sankararaman, Abishek; Baccelli, François; Foss, Sergey
2019
The stochastic geometry of unconstrained one-bit data compression. Zbl 1427.60020
Baccelli, François; O’reilly, Eliza
2019
Eternal family trees and dynamics on unimodular random graphs. Zbl 1423.60020
Baccelli, Francois; Haji-Mirsadeghi, Mir-Omid; Khezeli, Ali
2018
Point-shift foliation of a point process. Zbl 1454.60061
2018
Point-map-probabilities of a point process and Mecke’s invariant measure equation. Zbl 1375.60091
2017
The Boolean model in the Shannon regime: three thresholds and related asymptotics. Zbl 1356.60079
Anantharam, Venkat; Baccelli, François
2016
Shape theorems for Poisson hail on a bivariate ground. Zbl 1342.60010
Baccelli, François; Chang-Lara, Héctor A.; Foss, Sergey
2016
Spatial reuse and fairness of ad hoc networks with channel-aware CSMA protocols. Zbl 1360.94246
Kim, Yuchul; Baccelli, François; de Veciana, Gustavo
2014
An algebra for queueing networks with time-varying service and its application to the analysis of integrated service networks. Zbl 1082.60079
Agrawal, Rajeev; Baccelli, François; Rajan, Rajendran
2004
Spatial averages of coverage characteristics in large CDMA networks. Zbl 1012.68965
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej; Tournois, Florent
2002
Quantitative methods in parallel systems. Zbl 0824.00021
Baccelli, F. (ed.); Jean-Marie, A. (ed.); Mitrani, I. (ed.)
1995
Stationary regime and stability of free-choice Petri nets. Zbl 0823.68079
Baccelli, F.; Gaujal, B.
1994
Determining the exit time distribution for a closed cyclic network. Zbl 0789.60074
Baccelli, François; Massey, William A.; Wright, Paul E.
1994
Generalized precedence-based queueing systems. Zbl 0758.60100
Liu, Zhen; Baccelli, François
1992
On flows in stochastic marked graphs. Zbl 1134.90322
Baccelli, F.; Bambos, N.; Walrand, J.
1991
Stochastic ordering of random processes with an imbedded point process. Zbl 0737.60040
Baccelli, François
1991
A single server queue in a hard-real-time environment. Zbl 0574.60093
Baccelli, Francois; Trivedi, Kishor S.
1985
Queueing algorithms with breakdowns in data bases modelling. Zbl 0461.68031
Baccelli, F.; Znati, T.
1981
Replica-mean-field limits for intensity-based neural networks. Zbl 1435.92004
Baccelli, François; Taillefumier, Thibaud
2019
Interference queueing networks on grids. Zbl 1442.60104
Sankararaman, Abishek; Baccelli, François; Foss, Sergey
2019
The stochastic geometry of unconstrained one-bit data compression. Zbl 1427.60020
Baccelli, François; O’reilly, Eliza
2019
Metastability of queuing networks with mobile servers. Zbl 1403.60074
Baccelli, F.; Rybko, A.; Shlosman, S.; Vladimirov, A.
2018
Community detection on Euclidean random graphs. Zbl 1403.68209
Sankararaman, Abishek; Baccelli, François
2018
Eternal family trees and dynamics on unimodular random graphs. Zbl 1423.60020
Baccelli, Francois; Haji-Mirsadeghi, Mir-Omid; Khezeli, Ali
2018
Point-shift foliation of a point process. Zbl 1454.60061
2018
Spatial birth-death wireless networks. Zbl 1401.94047
Sankararaman, Abishek; Baccelli, François
2017
Mutual service processes in Euclidean spaces: existence and ergodicity. Zbl 1373.60021
Baccelli, François; Mathieu, Fabien; Norros, Ilkka
2017
Point-map-probabilities of a point process and Mecke’s invariant measure equation. Zbl 1375.60091
2017
Queueing networks with mobile servers: the mean-field approach. Zbl 1368.60094
Baccelli, F.; Rybko, A. N.; Shlosman, S. B.
2016
The Boolean model in the Shannon regime: three thresholds and related asymptotics. Zbl 1356.60079
Anantharam, Venkat; Baccelli, François
2016
Shape theorems for Poisson hail on a bivariate ground. Zbl 1342.60010
Baccelli, François; Chang-Lara, Héctor A.; Foss, Sergey
2016
On scaling limits of power law shot-noise fields. Zbl 1328.60024
Baccelli, François; Biswas, Anup
2015
Capacity and error exponents of stationary point processes under random additive displacements. Zbl 1318.60055
Anantharam, Venkat; Baccelli, François
2015
Spatial reuse and fairness of ad hoc networks with channel-aware CSMA protocols. Zbl 1360.94246
Kim, Yuchul; Baccelli, François; de Veciana, Gustavo
2014
Semi-infinite paths of the two-dimensional radial spanning tree. Zbl 1287.60016
Baccelli, François; Coupier, David; Tran, Viet Chi
2013
Series expansion for interference in wireless networks. Zbl 1365.60040
Ganti, Radha Krishna; Baccelli, François; Andrews, Jeffrey G.
2012
Poisson hail on a hot ground. Zbl 1230.60097
Baccelli, Francois; Foss, Sergey
2011
Optimal paths on the space-time SINR random graph. Zbl 1223.60011
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej; Haji-Mirsadeghi, Mir-Omid
2011
Stochastic geometry and wireless networks. Volume I. Theory. Zbl 1184.68015
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej
2009
Stochastic geometry and wireless networks. Volume II. Applications. Zbl 1184.68016
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej
2009
Inverse problems in queueing theory and internet probing. Zbl 1209.90104
Baccelli, F.; Kauffmann, B.; Veitch, D.
2009
The radial spanning tree of a Poisson point process. Zbl 1136.60007
Baccelli, Francois; Bordenave, Charles
2007
Equilibria of a class of transport equations arising in congestion control. Zbl 1166.90323
Baccelli, Francois; Kim, Ki Baek; Mcdonald, David R.
2007
An aloha protocol for multihop mobile wireless networks. Zbl 1282.94004
Baccelli, François; Blaszczyszyn, Bartlomiej; Mühlethaler, Paul
2006
HTTP turbulence. Zbl 1131.90013
Baccelli, François; Chaintreau, Augustin; De Vleeschauwer, Danny; McDonald, David
2006
Tails in generalized Jackson networks with subexponential service-time distributions. Zbl 1077.60067
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei; Lelarge, Marc
2005
Moments and tails in monotone-separable stochastic networks. Zbl 1048.60067
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei
2004
Asymptotics of subexponential max plus networks: the stochastic event graph case. Zbl 1061.90028
Baccelli, François; Lelarge, Marc; Foss, Serguei
2004
An algebra for queueing networks with time-varying service and its application to the analysis of integrated service networks. Zbl 1082.60079
Agrawal, Rajeev; Baccelli, François; Rajan, Rajendran
2004
Elements of queueing theory. Palm martingale calculus and stochastic recurrences. 2nd ed. Zbl 1021.60001
Baccelli, François; Brémaud, Pierre
2003
Spatial averages of coverage characteristics in large CDMA networks. Zbl 1012.68965
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej; Tournois, Florent
2002
On a coverage process ranging from the Boolean model to the Poisson-Voronoi tessellation with applications to wireless communications. Zbl 0986.60010
Baccelli, François; Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej
2001
Expansions for joint Laplace transform of stationary waiting times in $$(\max,+)$$-linear systems with Poisson input. Zbl 0972.60093
Ayhan, Hayriye; Baccelli, François
2001
Asymptotic results on infinite tandem queueing networks. Zbl 0976.60088
Baccelli, F.; Borovkov, A.; Mairesse, J.
2000
Markov paths on the Poisson-Delaunay graph with applications to routeing in mobile networks. Zbl 0959.60008
Baccelli, F.; Tchoumatchenko, K.; Zuyev, S.
2000
Analytic expansions of max-plus Lyapunov exponents. Zbl 1073.37526
Baccelli, François; Hong, Dohy
2000
Superposition of planar Voronoi tessellations. Zbl 0978.90013
Baccelli, François; Gloaguen, Catherine; Zuyev, Sergei
2000
Rare events for stationary processes. Zbl 1045.60044
Baccelli, F.; McDonald, D. R.
2000
Analyticity of iterates of random non-expansive maps. Zbl 0987.37047
Baccelli, François; Hong, Dohy
2000
Asymptotics of stochastic networks with subexponential service times. Zbl 0997.60112
Baccelli, François; Schlegel, Sabine; Schmidt, Volker
1999
Poisson-Voronoi spanning trees with applications to the optimization of communication networks. Zbl 1014.90012
Baccelli, François; Zuyev, Sergei
1999
Differentiability of functionals of Poisson processes via coupling. With applications to queueing theory. Zbl 0962.60087
Baccelli, François; Hasenfuss, Sven; Schmidt, Volker
1999
Window flow control in FIFO networks with cross traffic. Zbl 0949.90011
Baccelli, F.; Bonald, T.
1999
Ergodic theorems for stochastic operators and discrete event networks. Zbl 0928.60066
Baccelli, François; Mairesse, Jean
1998
Expansions for steady-state characteristics of $$(\max,+)$$-linear systems. Zbl 0929.60074
Baccelli, François; Hasenfuss, Sven; Schmidt, Volker
1998
Transient and stationary waiting times in $$(\max, +)$$-linear systems with Poisson input. Zbl 0892.90070
Baccelli, François; Hasenfuss, Sven; Schmidt, Volker
1997
Stochastic geometry models of mobile communication networks. Zbl 0871.60068
Baccelli, François; Zuyev, Serguei
1997
Taylor series expansions for Poisson-driven (max,+)-linear systems. Zbl 0863.60092
Baccelli, François; Schmidt, Volker
1996
Stationary ergodic Jackson networks: Results and counter-examples. Zbl 0856.60090
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei; Mairesse, Jean
1996
Free-choice Petri nets – an algebraic approach. Zbl 1041.93500
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei; Gaujal, Bruno
1996
On the saturation rule for the stability of queues. Zbl 0823.60092
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei
1995
Perturbation analysis of functionals of random measures. Zbl 0829.60041
Baccelli, François; Klein, Maurice; Zuyev, Sergei
1995
Quantitative methods in parallel systems. Zbl 0824.00021
Baccelli, F. (ed.); Jean-Marie, A. (ed.); Mitrani, I. (ed.)
1995
Elements of queueing theory: Palm-martingale calculus and stochastic recurrences. Zbl 0801.60081
Baccelli, François; Brémaud, Pierre
1994
Ergodicity of Jackson-type queueing networks. Zbl 0826.60081
Baccelli, François; Foss, Serguei
1994
Stationary regime and stability of free-choice Petri nets. Zbl 0823.68079
Baccelli, F.; Gaujal, B.
1994
Determining the exit time distribution for a closed cyclic network. Zbl 0789.60074
Baccelli, François; Massey, William A.; Wright, Paul E.
1994
Virtual customers in sensitivity and light traffic analysis via Campbell’s formula for point processes. Zbl 0787.60057
Baccelli, F.; Brémaud, P.
1993
Parallel simulation of stochastic Petri nets using recurrence equations. Zbl 0842.68050
Baccelli, François; Canales, Miguel
1993
Extremal scheduling of parallel processing with and without real-time constraints. Zbl 0795.68021
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen; Towsley, Don
1993
Synchronization and linearity. An algebra for discrete event systems. Zbl 0824.93003
Baccelli, François Louis; Olsder, Geert Jan; Quadrat, Jean-Pierre; Cohen, Guy
1992
Comparison properties of stochastic decision free Petri nets. Zbl 0772.60071
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1992
A mean-field limit for a class of queueing networks. Zbl 0925.60115
Baccelli, F.; Karpelevich, F. I.; Kelbert, M. Ya.; Pukhalskii, A. A.; Rybko, A. N.; Sukhov, Yu. M.
1992
Ergodic theory of stochastic Petri networks. Zbl 0742.60091
Baccelli, François
1992
Recursive equations and basic properties of timed Petri nets. Zbl 0753.60084
Baccelli, François; Cohen, Guy; Gaujal, Bruno
1992
On a class of stochastic recursive sequences arising in queueing theory. Zbl 0742.60095
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1992
Generalized precedence-based queueing systems. Zbl 0758.60100
Liu, Zhen; Baccelli, François
1992
On the cut-off phenomenon in some queueing systems. Zbl 0748.60097
Konstantopoulos, P.; Baccelli, F.
1991
Martingale relations for the M/GI/1 queue with Markov modulated Poisson input. Zbl 0734.60092
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1991
Comparisons of service disciplines in a tandem queueing network with real time constraints. Zbl 0719.60113
Towsley, Don; Baccelli, François
1991
On flows in stochastic marked graphs. Zbl 1134.90322
Baccelli, F.; Bambos, N.; Walrand, J.
1991
Stochastic ordering of random processes with an imbedded point process. Zbl 0737.60040
Baccelli, François
1991
On the execution of parallel programs on multiprocessor systems - a queueing theory approach. Zbl 0696.68021
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1990
The customer response times in the processor sharing queue are associated. Zbl 0736.60089
Baccelli, François; Towsley, Don
1990
The fork-join queue and related systems with synchronization constraints: Stochastic ordering and computable bounds. Zbl 0681.60096
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.; Shwartz, Adam
1989
Acyclic fork-join queueing networks. Zbl 0675.90033
Baccelli, François; Massey, William A.; Towsley, Don
1989
Multidimensional stochastic ordering and associated random variables. Zbl 0671.60013
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1989
A sample path analysis of the M/M/1 queue. Zbl 0683.60070
Baccelli, François; Massey, William A.
1989
Dynamic, transient and stationary behavior of the M/GI/1 queue via martingales. Zbl 0686.60097
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1989
On the stability condition of a precedence-based queueing discipline. Zbl 0695.60091
Baccelli, François; Liu, Zhen
1989
Palm probabilities and stationary queues. Zbl 0624.60107
Baccelli, François; Brémaud, Pierre
1987
Construction of the stationary regime of queues with locking. Zbl 0657.60117
Baccelli, F.; Courcoubetis, C. A.; Reiman, M. I.
1987
Analysis of models reducible to a class of diffusion processes in the positive quarter plane. Zbl 0634.60085
Baccelli, François; Fayolle, Guy
1987
Stability and bounds for single server queues in random environment. Zbl 0595.60092
Baccelli, François; Makowski, Armand M.
1986
Exponential martingales and Wald’s formulas for two-queue networks. Zbl 0609.60094
Baccelli, François
1986
Direct martingale arguments for stability: The M/G/1 case. Zbl 0568.60091
Baccelli, F.; Makowski, A. M.
1985
A single server queue in a hard-real-time environment. Zbl 0574.60093
Baccelli, Francois; Trivedi, Kishor S.
1985
Single-server queues with impatient customers. Zbl 0549.60091
Baccelli, F.; Boyer, P.; Hebuterne, G.
1984
An end-to-end approach to the resequencing problem. Zbl 0628.68020
Baccelli, François; Gelenbe, Erol; Plateau, Brigitte
1984
Modelling and performance evaluation methodology. Proceedings of the International Seminar, Paris, France, January 24-26, 1983. (INRIA). Zbl 0539.00025
Baccelli, F. (ed.); Fayolle, G. (ed.)
1984
On queues with impatient customers. Zbl 0539.90030
Baccelli, François; Hebuterne, Gérard
1981
Analysis of a service facility with periodic checkpointing. Zbl 0453.68006
Baccelli, Francois
1981
Queueing algorithms with breakdowns in data bases modelling. Zbl 0461.68031
Baccelli, F.; Znati, T.
1981
all top 5
#### Cited by 1,105 Authors
30 Baccelli, François Louis 18 De Schutter, Bart 17 Foss, Sergey G. 17 Gaubert, Stéphane 14 Butkovič, Peter 14 Schmidt, Volker 13 Boxma, Onno Johan 12 Hardouin, Laurent 12 Mairesse, Jean 12 van den Boom, Ton J. J. 11 Sergeev, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich 10 Moyal, Pascal 10 Perry, David 9 Hirsch, Christian 9 Konstantopoulos, Takis 9 Last, Günter 9 Mazumdar, Ravi R. 9 Pap, Endre 8 Akian, Marianne 8 Błaszczyszyn, Bartłomiej 8 Cottenceau, Bertrand 8 Guillemin, Fabrice M. 8 Krivulin, Nikolai K. 8 Lelarge, Marc 7 Bambos, Nicholas 7 Boimond, Jean-Louis 7 Gloaguen, Catherine 6 Altman, Eitan 6 Ayhan, Hayriye 6 Calka, Pierre 6 Cechlárová, Katarína 6 Coupier, David 6 Fralix, Brian H. 6 Gaujal, Bruno 6 Merlet, Glenn 6 Miyazawa, Masakiyo 6 Samorodnitsky, Gennady Pinkhosovich 6 Tan, Yijia 5 Asmussen, Søren 5 Bordenave, Charles 5 De Moor, Bart L. R. 5 Declerck, Philippe 5 Heidergott, Bernd F. 5 Maia, Carlos Andrey 5 Massoulié, Laurent 5 McDonald, David R. 5 Schneider, Hans 5 Serfozo, Richard F. 5 Shitov, Yaroslav Nikolaevich 5 Truffet, Laurent 5 Zazanis, Michael A. 4 Adzkiya, Dieky 4 Amari, Said 4 Biermé, Hermine 4 Bouillard, Anne 4 Brémaud, Pierre 4 Chenavier, Nicolas 4 Devillers, Olivier 4 El-Taha, Muhammad 4 Elsner, Ludwig F. 4 Jahnel, Benedikt 4 Jouini, Oualid 4 Katz, Ricardo David 4 Kella, Offer 4 Krishnamoorthy, Achyutha 4 Lahaye, Sébastien 4 Lhommeau, Mehdi 4 Martin, James Benedict 4 Mikosch, Thomas 4 Miyoshi, Naoto 4 Neuhäuser, David Werner 4 Niţică, Viorel 4 O’Connell, Neil 4 Prabhakar, Balaji 4 Raisch, Jörg 4 Rolski, Tomasz 4 Shang, Ying 4 Stadje, Wolfgang 4 Subiono, S. 4 Towsley, Donald Fred 4 Tran, Ngoc Mai 4 Tran, Viet Chi 4 van Leeuwaarden, Johan S. H. 4 Walrand, Jean C. 4 Zacks, Shelemyahu 4 Zhao, Qianchuan 4 Zheng, Dazhong 3 Adan, Ivo J. B. F. 3 Aissani, Djamil 3 Anantharam, Venkat 3 Ayesta, Urtzi 3 Bae, Jongho 3 Balcıoğlu, Barış 3 Bapat, Ravindra Bhalchandra 3 Bernhard, Pierre 3 Blondel, Vincent D. 3 Brandt, Andreas 3 Brandt, Manfred 3 Chakravarthy, Srinivas R. 3 Cuninghame-Green, Ray A. ...and 1,005 more Authors
all top 5
#### Cited in 177 Serials
99 Queueing Systems 63 Linear Algebra and its Applications 43 Discrete Event Dynamic Systems 42 The Annals of Applied Probability 38 Advances in Applied Probability 30 Journal of Applied Probability 29 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 25 Operations Research Letters 22 Theoretical Computer Science 22 European Journal of Operational Research 18 Kybernetika 17 Automatica 14 Annals of Operations Research 14 Stochastic Models 13 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 10 Discrete Applied Mathematics 9 Journal of Statistical Physics 9 The Annals of Probability 9 Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 8 Systems & Control Letters 8 Statistics & Probability Letters 8 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 7 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 7 Stochastic Systems 6 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 6 International Journal of Production Research 6 Probability Theory and Related Fields 6 Computers & Operations Research 6 Vestnik St. Petersburg University. Mathematics 5 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 5 Insurance Mathematics & Economics 5 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 5 European Journal of Control 5 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 4 International Journal of Control 4 Problems of Information Transmission 4 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 4 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 4 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 4 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 4 Random Structures & Algorithms 4 Automation and Remote Control 3 Acta Informatica 3 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 3 International Journal of Systems Science 3 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 3 Mathematical Notes 3 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 3 Information Sciences 3 Journal of Computer and System Sciences 3 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 3 Mathematics of Operations Research 3 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 3 Operations Research 3 Semigroup Forum 3 Discrete & Computational Geometry 3 Real-Time Systems 3 Electronic Journal of Probability 3 Bernoulli 3 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 3 RAIRO. Operations Research 3 Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 3 ALEA. Latin American Journal of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 3 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 2 Information Processing Letters 2 Journal of the Franklin Institute 2 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 2 Journal of Algebra 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 2 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 2 Naval Research Logistics 2 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2 Siberian Mathematical Journal 2 Advances in Applied Mathematics 2 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 2 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 2 American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences 2 Optimization 2 Statistical Science 2 Journal of Computer Science and Technology 2 Information and Computation 2 Journal of Theoretical Probability 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 2 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 2 Applied Mathematical Modelling 2 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 2 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 2 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 2 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Probability and Statistics 2 Extremes 2 Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry 2 Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 2 OR Spectrum 2 SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 1 Artificial Intelligence 1 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 The Canadian Journal of Statistics 1 Communications in Algebra 1 Communications in Mathematical Physics ...and 77 more Serials
all top 5
#### Cited in 44 Fields
468 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 343 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 156 Computer science (68-XX) 141 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 118 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 50 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 46 Combinatorics (05-XX) 40 Statistics (62-XX) 35 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 27 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 25 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 19 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 18 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 15 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 15 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 14 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 13 Operator theory (47-XX) 10 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 9 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 9 Real functions (26-XX) 8 Measure and integration (28-XX) 8 Functional analysis (46-XX) 8 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 7 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 5 General topology (54-XX) 4 History and biography (01-XX) 4 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 4 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 4 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 4 Integral equations (45-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Number theory (11-XX) 3 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 2 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-06-15T04:58:12 |
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|
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/22303/contributions/243966/
|
# Seattle Snowmass Summer Meeting 2022
Jul 16 – 26, 2022
US/Pacific timezone
## Probes of New Physics with MAGIS-100
Jul 18, 2022, 7:00 PM
2h 20m
211 South Ballroom (HUB)
Dylan Temples
### Description
The Matter-wave Atomic Gradiometer Interferometric Sensor (MAGIS-100), soon to be constructed at Fermilab, uses three coupled light-pulsed atom interferometers across a 100-meter baseline to probe external potentials as low as $10^{-20}$ eV. This sensitivity enables unparalleled reach into unexplored parameter space for ultralight scalar dark matter that couples to electrons or photons with mass above $10^{-15.5}$ eV, providing significant discovery potential. The sensor is also capable of performing searches for new forces, such as a $B-L$ coupled vector boson, when run in a dual-isotope interferometer mode. In addition to these new physics, MAGIS-100 will also be sensitive to gravitational waves in the “mid-band” region of frequency space (0.1 Hz - 10 Hz) between Advanced LIGO and LISA, and can perform precision tests of quantum mechanics at unprecedented length scales. This detector builds on expertise from the 10-meter prototype at Stanford and capitalizes on the latest advancement in atomic clock technology, and will serve as a pathfinder for a future kilometer-scale sensor. In this poster, I summarize the planned scientific program for the experiment and present projected sensitivities for various physics signals.
In-person or Virtual? Virtual
### Presentation materials
TemplesDylan_Snowmass_poster57_MAGIS100.pdf TemplesDylan_Snowmass_poster57_MAGIS100_recording.mp4
| 2022-12-08T09:35:23 |
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|
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/19348/contributions/186536/
|
Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
# Neutrino 2020
June 22, 2020 to July 2, 2020
US/Central timezone
## Oscillation tomography of the Earth with solar neutrinos and future experiments
Not scheduled
10m
Poster
### Speaker
Dr Pouya Bakhti (IPM)
### Description
We study in details the Earth matter effects on the boron neutrinos
from the Sun using recently developed 3D models of the Earth.
The models have a number of new features of the density profiles,
in particular, substantial deviation from spherical symmetry.
The nadir angle ($\eta$) dependences of $A_{ND}$ are computed for future detectors DUNE, THEIA, Hyper-Kamiokande and MICA
at the South pole.
Perspectives of the oscillation tomography of the Earth
with the boron neutrinos are discussed. Next generation of detectors
will establish the integrated day-night asymmetry with high confidence level.
They can give some indications of the $\eta-$
dependence of the effect, but will discriminate among different models
at most at the $(1 - 2)\sigma$ level.
For the high level discrimination, the MICA-scale experiments are needed. MICA can
detect the ice-soil borders and perform unique tomography of Antarctica.
### Mini-abstract
We've studied the potential of future neutrino observatories to distinguish between 3D earth models.
### Co-author
Prof. Alexei Y. Smirnov (Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics)
### Presentation Materials
Earth_tomography_by_solar_neutrinos.pdf InShot_20200611_185236595.mp4
| 2021-11-27T17:10:18 |
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https://www.aofm.gov.au/publications/speeches/changing-issuance-and-debt-management-landscape-what-matters-most-next-sydney
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# The changing issuance and debt management landscape - what matters most next? | Sydney
Australian Business Economists luncheon
Rob Nicholl, CEO
Thank you once again to the ABE for the opportunity to provide an AOFM update. For the year ahead we are as usual looking to find an appropriate balance between detail to satisfy investor desire for transparency and predictability; while retaining sensible flexibility to deal with changing circumstances as they emerge.
In some respects this has become harder over the past few years as changes to the cash portfolio have been more nuanced and the cash position can add a buffer to changes in the financing task. We have also broadened our operational tools with the regular buybacks for example having created some confusion about what gross issuance means. In addition, increasing opportunities to either engage in or unwind pre‑funding have become more significant. It is a while since changes to issuance have directly aligned with announced changes to the financing task and this has required more thought into how we communicate with the market after official Budget updates.
As the title of this presentation suggests, the operating environment is continually changing – but change since the GFC has come at a modest pace.
From 2011 until mid-2017 the AOFM focused on how to achieve growing issuance tasks and planning for commensurate growth in the debt portfolio. Improving our understanding of the investor base was central to this task. Our thinking on these issues has been revealed in detail over past years but in summary we have: (1) complemented the regular tender program with a refined use of syndications; (2) extended the yield curve; (3) raised the average term-to-maturity of the debt portfolio; (4) introduced regular buybacks; and (5) maintained intensive investor engagement. We also thought it prudent to run high cash balances most of the time while reducing our reliance on Treasury Notes.
From next year the focus will be on: how to support interest from a wider variety of investors but with declining issuance and reviewing our approach to managing the cash portfolio.
But it is not just declining issuance that will influence the outlook. We must also bear in mind that global financial markets are in an unusual place, with reduced synchronicity amongst major central bank monetary policy settings. In this regard we can’t ignore the potential for a marked recalibration of asset prices in both absolute and relative terms as global QE programs are slowed, brought to a conclusion, or unwound. There are also recent signs of a resurgence of risks to fiscal and financial stability in parts of the world that notably influence global financial markets.
What we as an issuer can specifically do in anticipation of these changes is difficult to know because we are unsure as to how this might all play out. I also think we have less influence over investor decisions than we would like to believe. But changes to the financial market landscape remain central to our assessments and viewing the world through a risk prism seems to have worked well. This is something we plan to continue.
Our best defence against sudden, large and unanticipated changes to market conditions can best be described in one word – ‘options’. Having benefitted from a diversified investor base, built an ability to weather unanticipated restrictions to raising finance, developed a range of issuance points, and expanded our operational tools, it makes little sense to unnecessarily give up room to manoeuvre.
The difference in global monetary policy settings I mentioned has in most part arisen from a marked divergence in economic growth rates. This is creating new challenges for investors that in turn will impact patterns of demand for fixed income assets.
Despite the Australian sovereign bond market having risen in status compared to its role prior to 2010 (and in particular it is seen as a liquid safe haven with relatively attractive returns), it is naïve to think that demand for AGS will be unaffected by changes in yields across markets and the potential for increased volatility in the $AUD. The fact that about half of the AGS curve is trading through US Treasuries seems already to have had some impact. With a market consensus for the Australian cash rate to remain steady, and the likelihood of the Fed Funds rate continuing to rise, it is easy to imagine negative spreads persisting. As to the level of demand overall, we expect this to be broadly stable, largely because of diversity to the investor base. The fact that our paper trades freely across the world and many investor types suggests that a market clearing level of yield should support continued aggregate demand. This will facilitate the smooth absorption of future issuance, although periods of turbulence cannot be ruled out. What we can’t know, however, is the extent to which yields or cross-currency rates will change, or the precise timing for heightened levels of disruption along the way. But given the strong prospect for both, we feel justified in having reduced the Government’s exposure to higher and more volatile borrowing costs through increasing the average term-to-maturity of the debt portfolio. Interpreting the outlook has its challenges though due to the increasingly complexity of the channels and mechanisms through which changes to investor behaviour are revealed. This means that simply tracking movements in yields will not reflect the full extent of changes in investor behaviour. For example, we cannot ignore the importance of currency and basis levels for offshore investors. To this end we have put considerable work into developing a suite of indicators that will help us to more fully understand changing patterns of investor behaviour. Together with the information we get via feedback from the banks – and in many cases from investors directly – we are satisfied that our knowledge of the AGS market is as good as it has been. But while we can’t act specifically on all the information to hand, it is important context to our considerations. Domestically, we have noted increased real money buying over the past few years, together with strong buying from the bank balance sheets. As a result, the domestic investor base is now in volume terms about as important as the offshore investor base. However, the heavy balance sheet buying seems to have abated recently, as portfolio adjustments required for the Basel III liquidity rules have been bedded down. Indeed, we note that bank ownership of AGS levelled out last year with ABS National Accounts data showing a modest reduction in the last quarter, although holdings of other HQLA assets remained steady. We can’t be sure whether this adjustment was coincident with, or a result of, an announcement last year to increase the Committed Liquidity Facility, but we will watch with interest for further changes. I touched on this in my opening comments but a challenge ahead for the AOFM will be our ability to maintain credibility with the market while stepping back from the ‘exactness’ we have become expected to give. We are aware that investors will judge us on the basis of transparency and consistency, which means that the Australian taxpayer will ultimately benefit from the AOFM behaving in a manner that is widely understood and conducive to a liquid and stable market. Often said but worth repeating - we do not underestimate the potential for an issuer to be punished if it does not acknowledge the task of borrowing in the context of investment alternatives. Sovereign issuance is a long game but should be approached with a close eye on the risks to government and the cost to taxpayers. The most recent example of the challenge of messaging to the market was the Government’s purchase of the Snowy Hydro shares. At around$6 billion, this is a financing change sufficient in size to warrant market interest in terms of changes to planned issuance, and so not something we could have remained silent about. On the other hand, the change was announced in the lead up to the Budget when we were being updated on financing forecasts, both for the remainder of this year and for next year. In addition, we were carrying a stronger than expected cash position from a better than forecast Budget outcome for last year, pre-funding from some unexpectedly large syndications, and strong revenue receipts since MYEFO. Announcing that the purchase would be funded over the remainder of the calendar year, rather than being specific about fiscal year changes reflected a balance between wanting to maintain regular issuance at recent levels, taking the financing change into account, and trying to inform the market with as much accuracy as possible without creating the need for multiple advisories, or revealing information ahead of official updates.
Another contributing factor is that operationally the difference between 30 June and 1 July is an arbitrary reporting point and the closer we get to the former, the more we are taking into account what will happen after the latter. As I have said many times before to investors – no one has as much information about the Government’s issuance needs as we do – including the possibility for these needs to change. Therefore, it will often be difficult for others to know what judgements lie behind our advice to the market on issuance.
On this note, I can already see a period of confused debate ahead as the Budget returns to surplus but the wind back in issuance may not match broader expectations of a diminishing need for government borrowing. While to us business as usual, the need to fund large maturities and planned buy backs may not be widely appreciated. Taking into account a range of investment related outlays, such as infrastructure commitments, could add to the confusion.
As I also mentioned, the AOFM has run up precautionary asset balances in recent years when it felt that a temporary reduction in access to the market was possible, while also providing the capacity to pare back the issuance rate when markets were under stress. Similarly, the AOFM can reduce precautionary asset balances. In fact with an outlook of declining issuance and the benefit of having observed resilience in the AGS market over periods of global volatility, this is something we are currently considering.
Once the Budget has returned to continued surpluses there will be a policy question as to how the surpluses should be applied. While not something the AOFM can give specific guidance on to investors, it will eventually raise a related question as to what is an appropriate long term size for the AGS market.
Fifteen years ago the decision was taken to maintain the Australian sovereign bond market at around $50 billion, despite a run of budget surpluses that would have eventually enabled gross debt to be fully repaid. The cash arising from these cumulative surpluses ultimately formed part of the Future Fund seed capital – in itself a major debt management policy decision. This was a period of reducing net debt (which soon thereafter became negative) while maintaining a discretionary level of gross debt. Today of course asking the threshold question of whether to maintain a sovereign bond market for Australia seems a long way off. At the earliest, we could expect a decade or more to pass before the topic is even relevant. However, issues relating to how the sovereign bond market facilitates the development and efficiency of the Australian financial market generally are already relevant. In fact recently there has been commentary on opportunities for the corporate sector to extend its access to domestic debt capital markets and it is difficult to imagine this not being facilitated at least in part by a well-functioning sovereign bond market. Australia will not be the first country to have this debate, and in fact as I have just noted we have been through this before. The experience of that debate, together with our deeper understanding of how Australia interacts with global financial markets, and looking back to the task of financing a rapidly emerging deficit in the midst of the GFC, should prove useful when informed judgement is required. Let me now turn to some specific comments on the program for the year ahead. Total gross issuance will again be lower next year highlighting 2016-17 as the peak year for issuance. For the nominal bond program of around$70 billion, which includes issuance to fund buybacks, the focus will be on issuing to maintain the average term-to-maturity of the portfolio and to meet demand. The three and 10-year futures baskets are where we tend to see most demand, but we will also be looking to support the 20-year futures basket.
The nominal program will involve establishing a new 5-year maturity, two new 12-year maturities; and a new 23-year maturity. The timing of each remains open except for the first of the 2030 maturities, which has been announced for a tender next week. The tender volume has not been settled because we are seeking feedback on this but in any case we are mindful of needing to give space between building this line over the coming months to at least $8-10 billion and then establishing the next one. The second 2030 will probably be established by syndication but not until the second half of the fiscal year. The need for two maturities per calendar year for the three and 10-year futures contracts has been carefully considered and will undergo even closer scrutiny before the issuance program is settled for 2019-20. The reasons for introducing these additional bond lines some years ago are falling away as issuance is forecast to decline. Furthermore, given we have made much of our aim to support liquidity by restricting the number of lines and building them to sizeable liquid volumes, I don’t see that we can abandon this principle just because issuance has reduced. This means we are not going to be fixated on particular patterns of bond lines but will continue to balance debt portfolio considerations with what will be functional for the market. Apart from the new maturities, non-basket issuance could be relatively light during the year, depending on demand. As to the new 2041, this has now (unfortunately) been announced several times and I am aware that this may have eroded rather than reinforced our stated reputation for doing what we say. I am hesitant to indicate timing for it other than it is planned for syndication some time later this calendar year. While syndicated taps in this part of the curve have been successful, we are unlikely to use these again for 20-year futures basket stocks until performance of the new 2041 bond has been firmly established. The taps undertaken this year, together with tenders, have given us confidence to call the ultra-long part of the curve as established. Therefore, how best to achieve ongoing maintenance of the long-end will now become the focus. While we will continue to look for opportunities to use syndicated taps, they can be planned at short notice so long as print volumes remain modest, and so there is no need to treat these announcements differently to the way regular tenders are announced. As an aside, the relatively flat yield curve and current estimates of a near zero (or even negative) term premium are indicators from a cost perspective that reinforce the value to us of looking for ultra-long issuance opportunities. This brings me to a quick word on 30-year bonds. Feedback clearly suggests that investors prefer liquidity to the number of available lines. To this end, our current thinking is that four-year maturity gaps will be appropriate, in turn suggesting that a 2051 will be the next 30-year benchmark bond. We are committed to establishing a new 30-year benchmark bond but are not planning to do it prior to July 2019. The buyback program has now been in place for two years and has successfully achieved its aims through: (1) assisting cash management; (2) increasing portfolio duration; (3) supporting bond trading efficiency; and (4) assisting the RBA in its liquidity management task. Repurchasing short bonds commences as they exit the three-year futures basket. As I said prior to us launching this program, we will need to monitor buybacks to avoid creating undue shortages of stock. This means that there are no set volume targets to meet but we will continue to give the best guidance possible as to our forward expectations. With the benefit of experience we have settled on a rule of buying back short bonds until they are around 9-10 months out from maturity. We will explicitly notify the market when we are to stop buying a particular line. The RBA will continue to buy the bonds from this point if that suits its liquidity operations. Buybacks may play a different role in future years as the funding task continues to fall, but a continuation of our current approach will be maintained for the foreseeable future. Any decision to change this will be announced well in advance. Buybacks of linkers are a different matter and we are not planning a regular program for these. They will continue to be advertised just ahead of appropriate opportunities. In terms of linker issuance for the coming year it will again be around$5 billion. This volume may seem relatively static but when gross issuance for this year was revised down, all of the reduction was to nominal issuance. This year the announced gross program is lower again, with the reduction also coming from nominal bond issuance.
A new long dated linker has been announced and this will be a 2050 maturity. The aim is to satisfy domestic investor appetite for ultra-long linkers, although we are not ruling out the prospect for meaningful offshore interest in this new bond. The appropriate timing for this is harder to determine but we are aware that active discussion of a linker curve extension has been out there for some time. Furthermore, now that it has been confirmed we are also aware that speculation as to when it might be established will tend to hang over the market. While there are competing considerations around timing we have decided that market conditions permitting it will go ahead by syndication some time during September-November.
Before concluding I would like to offer some additional comments on the investor base - something we are often asked about.
As I mentioned before, there has been a gradual rebalancing of the investor base from offshore to domestic ownership and this has been happening for some years. For those who follow our comments it will be clear that this has not involved persistent net selling by offshore investors, nor can it be attributed to a consistently slower rate of buying. Accumulation by offshore investors has continued at a steady pace, but the rate of this has not matched the rate of issuance, particularly since mid-2014.
It was around the end of 2014 that the rate of central bank entry to the market began to slow and up to that point central bank accumulation had played a highly influential role in absorbing post-GFC issuance. The role of central banks remains important but interestingly after a few years of little change in the number of participating central banks, we have in the last year become aware of the potential for some new ones to join the market. While central banks differ in terms of their style of engagement, we view them as a relatively stable subgroup. They tend to hold AGS to cover their currency allocations and therefore, liquidity and capital preservation dominate their investment decisions, while outright yield and spread are less relevant.
Then there are the passive offshore and domestic fund managers, which are an increasingly large group of AGS investors. They need to match benchmarks and AGS constitute about 2 per cent of global indices. They are less focused on trading relativities than active fund managers and hedge funds. Local passive fund managers also grow their holdings as the proportion of AGS within the local indices continues to grow.
Of the remaining offshore investors, there are many that focus on currency-hedged returns. The outright yield spread is less a focus for them too although hedging costs are highly relevant; many Japanese institutional investors for example are highly sensitive not only to yields, but also to currency volatility and hedging costs.
Then there are investors that rely on funding their positions through access to repo. The recent changes to the cost and availability of repo is therefore something that could have a more lasting impact on these investors depending on whether the recent market changes turn out to be structural.
Extending the yield curve to include a 30-year benchmark has had a positive influence on investor diversity – particularly from the offshore sector. How this further develops will be interesting and it is something we continue to monitor with close interest. We have recently learned of the potential for new industry sectors from offshore jurisdictions to increase their interest in ultra-long AGS. Should these developments gather momentum this will provide a useful level of new support for long end issuance.
The domestic investor story I have touched on earlier, particularly regarding the bank balance sheets, which now hold just under 20 per cent of AGS. Furthermore, we cannot overlook domestic investor interest in the linker market and we have spent considerable time looking to understand the aims and investment mandates of that investor cohort.
There are continual changes to the pattern of investor behaviour in AGS and it has often been difficult to summarise constant shifts across the domestic/offshore divide, across broad geographic offshore coverage, and between different investor types. This also makes it difficult to anticipate changes to buying and selling patterns in response to changing market conditions.
Let me conclude by saying that the challenges ahead are going to be different to the ones we leave behind. The fiscal outlook is positive, which means the pressure that was building on issuance has passed. The AGS market has been resilient through periods of global market volatility. What the year ahead holds in this regard is anyone’s guess but I am confident we are well-placed to deal with a wide range of possibilities. Managing market expectations and investor demand while consolidating our portfolio management goals, during a period of marked issuance decline, is a good challenge to have.
Thank you.
| 2022-06-30T06:55:44 |
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https://www.lanl.gov/projects/dense-plasma-theory/background/warm-dense-matter.php
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Los Alamos National LaboratoryDense Plasma Theory
Microphysical properties of dense, strongly coupled, and quantum plasmas
# The Warm Dense Matter Regime
Warm dense matter encompasses ionized fluids at the confluence of condensed matter physics, plasma physics, and dense liquids. Experimental facilities are becoming available that can create and diagnose well-controlled WDM conditions, offering an unprecedented window on this intermediate state of matter and providing an ideal testing ground for theories.
Warm dense matter comprises a condensed matter regime characterized by a wide range of electron temperatures $$T \sim 1 - 100$$ eV and pressures from ambiant to many Mbar. The relationship between the warm dense matter regime and other states of matter is illustrated schematically in the figure above. While below is shown a generalized phase diagram depicting the warm dense matter region.
Recently warm dense matter has attracted attention because of its importance in diverse physical systems, including exo-planet interiors, the path to inertial confinement fusion, and neutron stellar atmospheres, as well as increased accessibility through large scale laboratory experiments. For example facilities such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) have significant advancements in X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), allowing for pump and probe capabilities which provide unprecedented means to generate and study material properties in warm dense matter conditions. In particular with spectrally resolved x-ray scattering, detailed measurements of the electron densities, temperatures, and ionization states of compressed materials are now being achieved, which allows for cross validation between theoretic/computational predictions and the experiments themselves.
A schematic of LCLS x-ray scattering experiment on solid aluminum.
The regime is inherently challenging because its thermodynamics cannot be framed in terms of small perturbations from ideal, solvable models. Warm dense matter temperature and pressure ranges correspond to values of order unity in the two relevant expansion parameters: the Coulomb coupling parameter $$\Gamma$$ and the electron degeneracy parameter $$\Theta$$. Warm dense matter thus does not fall neatly within the parameter space typical of either ordinary condensed-matter physics or plasma physics. One result is that plasma physics methods which originate in the classical limit do not extend well into the warm dense matter regime, where quantum effects for the electrons must be considered.
Conversely, condensed-matter physics methods must be extended well beyond their normal realms of application. A foundational element for understanding dense plasmas is the equation of state (EOS). For materials under near-ambient conditions, best practice has evolved to be a combination of electronic structure calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD). In its simplest form, Born-Oppenheimer MD gets the electronic forces on the nuclei (or ions) from a DFT calculation at each nuclear step and then moves the ions according to classical Newton's equations, thereby combining chemical realism from explicit quantum mechanical treatment of the electrons with the classical contributions of the nuclear species. Though highly successful in the traditional low temperature condensed matter phase, at higher temperatures the standard approach of Kohn-Sham DFT becomes prohibitive and alternative formulations must be used.
## References
Contacts | Media | Calendar
| 2021-10-21T18:51:29 |
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https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2019/2019-09/full.html
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# Research Discussion Paper – RDP 2019-09 Australian Money Market Divergence: Arbitrage Opportunity or Illusion?
## 1. Introduction
Short-term money markets primarily consist of unsecured cash market transactions, repurchase agreements (repos), bank bills and foreign exchange swaps. If markets are efficient and the risk characteristics of financial instruments are taken into account, there is no reason why the price of Australian dollar cash should differ across markets; that is, the law of one price should hold. Under these conditions, market participants would exploit deviations in interest rates if they represent a profit opportunity by borrowing in the market where rates are lowest and lending to the market where rates are higher, until it is no longer profitable to do so.
In recent years, however, interest rates in short-term money markets have significantly and persistently deviated from each other, and from overnight cash rate expectations as captured by overnight indexed swaps (Figure 1). A commonly cited example of this divergence is the Japanese yen basis, which has remained unusually wide for a number of years.[1]
The issue of unexploited arbitrage opportunities in foreign exchange markets and the breakdown of the covered interest parity condition has been well documented.[2] Possible explanations include increased demand to hedge US dollar exposures, changes which have reduced balance sheet capacity for such trades (Sushko et al 2016), increasingly segmented money markets, and greater heterogeneity in the funding costs of banks after accounting for risk and transaction costs (Rime, Schrimpf and Syrstad 2017).
We expand on this literature by estimating the average funding cost for major banks in Australia with respect to trading in short-term money markets. Similar to Boyarchenko et al (2018) whose work focuses on US money markets, our research examines the net returns from trades in different segments of domestic money markets. However, we go a step further and develop a novel approach to identify the cost of funding each money market trade.
This paper explores important reasons why the four major Australian banks have not transacted in a manner that would close the observed divergences between money market rates. Specifically, we estimate the profits major banks can earn on lending Australian dollar cash in the markets for repos, bank bills and foreign exchange swaps. To assess profitability we take into consideration how the major banks fund themselves. The cost of equity and non-equity funding both play an important role. Throughout, we refer to non-equity as ‘debt’, but note that it also includes deposits. The main finding is that the cost of funding trading positions with debt has not fallen as much in the low interest rate period as the available return in money markets. That is, the cost of debt funding has risen relative to the return that can be earned by investing in money markets. The relative cost of debt funding has not only eroded narrow trading margins, but has made such trades unprofitable over much of the past decade. In addition, in the post-2008 crisis period, increased equity funding has also weighed on profitability, particularly in bank bill and foreign exchange swap markets. It appears that, until recently, higher funding costs (debt and equity) have reduced the incentive to lend into money markets, despite the observed spread between interest rates.
We also compare returns on money market trades with returns earned by major banks on mortgage lending, to assess the opportunity cost of deploying their balance sheet to arbitrage differences in money market rates.
## 2. Estimating Funding Costs, Gross Returns and Net Returns
The net return (NRit) a bank earns on a position in an asset i at time t is calculated as the gross return (GRit) on the asset less the total cost of funding the position (TCit):
1 $N R it =G R it −T C it$
This methodology explicitly accounts for differences in asset-specific funding costs, which is important because prudential standards generally require banks to fund riskier assets with a higher share of equity capital (which is more expensive than debt).[3] Equation (1) can be rewritten to specifically account for the shares of total funding attributable to equity $\left(T{C}_{it}^{E}\right)$ and debt $\left(T{C}_{it}^{D}\right)$ :
2 $N R it =G R it −( T C it E +T C it D )$
The total cost of equity $\left(T{C}_{it}^{E}\right)$ is calculated as ${\tau }_{it}$ * EFRt where EFRt is the equity funding rate (i.e. the price of equity funding) and ${\tau }_{it}$ is the portion of asset i funded by equity (i.e. the quantity of equity). Similarly, $T{C}_{it}^{D}$ can be expressed as $\left(1-{\tau }_{it}\right)$ * DFRt where DFRt is the debt funding rate (i.e. the price of debt funding) and $\left(1-{\tau }_{it}\right)$ is the share of asset i funded by debt (i.e. the quantity of debt). Expanding $T{C}_{it}^{E}$ and $T{C}_{it}^{D}$ in Equation (2):
3 $N R it =G R it −[ τ it *EF R t +( 1− τ it )*DF R t ]$
4 $N R it =G R it −[ τ it *( EF R t −DF R t )+DF R t ]$
We estimate the annualised monthly net return (NRit) that major banks could have earned on investing in: (i) repos priced at the Reserve Bank auction rate; (ii) Australian bank bills; and foreign exchange swaps where Australian dollars are lent against (iii) Japanese yen (JPY); and (iv) US dollars (USD). The sample window is monthly data from January 2008 to June 2019 (a total of 138 observations).
### 2.1 Gross Return on Money Market Investments
We first calculate the average monthly gross return (GRit) on each trade by averaging daily interest rates on the asset during the month. This allows us to match the monthly frequency of funding cost data, abstract from significant daily noise in the data, as well as focus on persistent deviations between interest rates in money markets and the more medium-term considerations that determine the structure of the balance sheet.[4]
We define the gross return on:
• Repos as the rate accepted by the Reserve Bank on one-month reverse repos at its open market operations.[5]
• Bank bills as the average three-month bank bill swap rate.
• Foreign exchange swaps as the implied rate of return from a three-month foreign exchange swap of Australian dollars (AUD) into the foreign currency. Specifically, it is the return earned from lending AUD against the foreign currency in the spot market, investing the foreign currency in three-month JPY or USD London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), and swapping the proceeds back into AUD at the forward rate.
Until 2014, gross returns on money market trades were between 5 and 20 basis points higher than the unsecured overnight cash rate at which banks lend to each other, and traded in a narrow range (Figure 2). Since then, money market interest rates have persistently diverged.
### 2.2 Deriving Asset-specific Funding Costs
The debt funding rate (DFRt) is the weighted average cost of non-equity funding for major banks estimated by the Reserve Bank (Figure 3).[6] The DFRt moved broadly in line with the cash rate over the sample period. In 2008 and 2009, DFRt was generally lower than the cash rate. As risk was re-evaluated and competition for stable funding increased following the financial crisis, a repricing of longer-term debt and retail deposit rates occurred. As a result, total DFRt rose above the cash rate.[7]
We estimate the cost of equity from a Fama-French three-factor model, a dividend discount model (DDM) and a capital asset pricing model (CAPM). We take the simple average of these three estimates as the equity funding rate (EFRt) in our model (Figure 3). We average the estimates because, while all three models are commonly used, the literature is not unanimous on which method provides the best estimate of the cost of equity. As a crosscheck, we also derive a specification of the CAPM approach that uses a time-varying estimate of the market risk premium (see Section 4). Over the period, the equity funding rate reached almost 15 per cent at its peak and rose by 100 basis points to 12 per cent between 2015 and 2018, before declining in 2019. Noticeably, the spread between EFRt and DFRt widened following a broad repricing of risk in the post-crisis period. This implies that the relative cost of equity has increased over the sample period.
Banks are generally required to fund riskier assets with a higher share of equity capital. Consequently, to derive the funding cost for a specific asset, we estimate the share of equity funding implicitly allocated to asset i (denoted by ${\tau }_{it}$ ). The methodology is complicated because the shares represented by ${\tau }_{it}$ are not directly observable. However, we do observe the target that banks set for their overall risk-weighted equity ratio:
5 $CET1Rati o t ¯ = Total Equit y t Total risk−weighted exposure s t$
We define $\overline{CET1Rati{o}_{t}}$ as the average common equity Tier 1 risk-weighted capital ratio reported by the major banks in period t. Data for $\overline{CET1Rati{o}_{t}}$ are only available since 2013. The back data are estimated by splicing back the Tier 1 capital ratio (Figure 4). We estimate that risk-weighted equity ratios have nearly doubled over the past 10 years as banks built up capital buffers following the financial crisis. This implies that, all else equal, banks funded total assets with around twice as much equity in 2018/19 than they did in 2008.
Our approach uses the average $\overline{CET1Rati{o}_{t}}$ to derive the value for ${\tau }_{it}$ .[8] We assume profit-maximising banks choose an optimal funding mix at the ‘aggregate’ balance sheet level, after taking into consideration return-on-equity targets and regulatory requirements.
The approach assumes that when investing in the marginal asset, banks tend to consider the risk-adjusted equity share of funding the asset as being the average that applies at the aggregate balance sheet level. If the marginal investment decision were based on a smaller share of equity capital funding than the average, it would imply higher profitability but an erosion of the target $\overline{CET1Rati{o}_{t}}$ . On the other hand, if the marginal investment decision were based on a higher share of equity capital funding than the average, it would imply lower profitability but a higher-than-targeted $\overline{CET1Rati{o}_{t}}$ . Therefore, we assume that, after accounting for risk, the marginal funding decision for each individual asset i is the same as the average funding decision implied at the balance sheet level:[9]
6 $CET1Rati o t ¯ = Equit y it Risk−weighted exposur e it$
where Equityit is the value of common equity Tier 1 capital funding specifically attributed to asset i at time t, and Risk-weighted exposureit is the risk-weighted exposure to asset i at time t. The value of equity that is attributable to asset i (Equityit) is unobservable. We estimate the denominator of Equation (6) to derive Equityit. The risk-weighted exposure to asset i at time t, is calculated as the notional risk weight (wi) that applies to the asset, times the total value of the asset:[10]
7 $Risk−weighted exposur e it = w i * Value of asse t it$
We liaised with specialist teams at APRA to construct time-invariant stylised risk weights (wi) for each money market trade i in accordance with current Australian prudential standards. For any asset i at time t, the nominal share of equity funding is calculated as:
8 $CET1Rati o t ¯ * w i = Equit y it Value of asse t it = τ it$
Recall, this is an estimate of the concept of ${\tau }_{it}$ introduced in Equation (3) earlier, but which was later noted as being an unobservable variable.
## 3. Estimation Results
We estimate the net return the major banks could earn on each money market trade for every month from January 2008 to June 2019 (see Table A1 for a data summary). By substituting for ${\tau }_{it}$ in Equation (4), the net return on asset i at time t is given by:
9 $N R it =G R it −[ CET1Rati o t ¯ * w i *( EF R t −DF R t )+DF R t ]$
Most of the variation in the total cost of funding money market positions has been due to developments in debt funding. The total cost of debt has fallen significantly since 2008 (Figure 5). This decline can be attributed to the fall in the average interest rate payable on debt. At the beginning of the sample, the debt funding rate was well below the cash and other money market rates (Figure 6). While the debt funding rate has broadly moved lower in absolute terms over the period in line with the stance of monetary policy, it was around 25 basis points higher than the cash rate during 2018, reflecting that there was less than full pass-through. The increase in the debt funding spread to cash was largely due to competition for deposits and longer-term debt following the financial crisis (Atkin and Cheung 2017).
Trends in the total cost of funding positions have been similar in all four money markets but the composition has changed noticeably (Figure 5). At the same time as the total cost of funding debt declined by around 500 basis points, the total cost of equity rose marginally. This was mainly due to increased equity funding. In the repo market this has not had any material consequences since positions are funded with almost no equity at all. The higher risk profile of bank bills relative to collateralised trades, such as repos, makes equity funding a little more important for investing in this market. However, because under our methodology foreign exchange swaps attract a relatively high risk weight (based on prudential standards), the role of equity funding is much more important for these positions. Equity accounted for around 20 per cent of the total cost of funding these assets by 2018, up from around 5 per cent in 2008.
During the first half of 2008, major banks could earn a net return on investing in bank bills and foreign exchange swaps of around 110 basis points, and around 60 basis points on repo (Figure 7). The profitability of money market trades declined in the second half of 2008 and net returns have generally been negative (or marginally positive) since 2011. Two main developments have driven this result. The cost of debt has risen relative to gross returns. At the same time, the proportion of more expensive equity funding has increased.
The increase in the repo rate during 2018 made lending cash under repo only marginally profitable. The repo spread to cash averaged around 40 basis points, but the net return from lending under repo is estimated to have been less than 20 basis points. Bank bill rates also rose over this period, but not sufficiently to make investing in bills a profitable money market trade. Gross returns from lending Australian dollar cash in the foreign exchange swap market also rose in 2018. The bases measured in both USD and JPY have persisted since 2014. Relative to cash rate expectations, the gross return on USD swaps increased to 60 basis points. However, under our methodology, the net return of lending cash under USD swap remains close to zero. This outcome is due to swaps being attributed higher risk weights, resulting in a larger share of equity funding. The gross return on JPY swaps also increased to 90 basis points relative to cash rate expectations. Under our methodology this has been associated with positive net returns from lending Australian dollar cash into the JPY swap market of around 30 basis points. Subsequently in 2019, net returns in all these money markets declined as the spread between money market rates and cash rate expectations narrowed.
Our results do not in any way address whether banks are less active as market makers for customers who continue to take investment positions. Nor should the approach be interpreted as suggesting that the major banks have no position at all in money markets.
## 4. Sensitivity Analysis
In this section we test the sensitivity of the outputs to the key assumptions of the model in order to test the robustness of our findings.
### 4.1 Debt Funding Rate
The decline in net returns from money market investments, attributable to the narrowing in the spread between gross returns and the average debt funding rate, is a key result of our methodology.
In the baseline derived above, we defined the debt funding rate as the average of all debt (non-equity) sources. This assumes that all investment activity is funded at the aggregated balance sheet level. We believe this reflects how the major banks broadly manage their balance sheet composition and compliance with prudential standards. For example, equity is raised based on the aggregate balance sheet requirement. However, this is not an entirely accurate description of how banks operate their individual business lines on a day-to-day basis. Money market desks typically either source marginal funding externally or are charged an overlay fee for funding sourced internally (i.e. transfer price).[11] Therefore, the debt funding rate faced by the relevant money market desk might differ from the rate we derive in preceding sections.
To test the sensitivity of net returns from money market investments to a different mix of funding rates, we consider two scenarios and compare them to the baseline results derived above. Both relax the assumption that the average debt funding rate is the relevant input into the calculation of net returns. Instead, debt funding for these money market investments is externally sourced in a market where interest rates are relatively low. The share of equity funding these investments remains unchanged from the baseline.
In the first instance, we make the deliberately extreme assumption that investments can be funded at the overnight cash rate target. In recent years this assumption improves net returns relative to the baseline (Figure 8). Between 2016 and 2018, borrowing at the cash rate and lending into the repo market, the bank bill market, or foreign exchange swaps (JPY or USD), improved on baseline net returns by around 20 basis points. Notably, even when funded at the cash rate, foreign exchange swaps directed into USD were not profitable for the supervised major banks until forward rates began to rise substantially in 2018. However, these results are upwardly biased because funding at the cash rate implies lower costs than any of the accessible money market alternatives.
In the second scenario, we test the sensitivity of the baseline results to a switch in funding to the repo market. Borrowing under repo to lend into the repo market is a zero-sum game. Net returns from borrowing under repo to lend cash into the bank bill market remained negative in 2018. The relative riskiness of the trade implies the use of more equity funding and in the second half of 2018 the repo rate was higher than the bank bill rate. The implication is that there has been insufficient economic incentive to arbitrage between the two markets. Similarly, borrowing in the repo market to lend cash under swap in USD does not appear to have been a profitable investment for the major banks since around the beginning of the sample. For repo funding to yield a positive net return from money market investment requires surprisingly wide spreads such as those observed in the JPY foreign exchange swap market. The net return for major banks borrowing under repo to lend into the JPY swap market peaked at around 50 basis points before narrowing to around 15 basis points for most of 2017–18 and becoming negative since late 2018. This finding also further substantiates the link between the repo rate and foreign exchange swap rates described in Becker and Rickards (2017), whereby non-resident investors borrow in the repo market in order to take advantage of the basis trade.
Our approach does not measure the degree to which arbitrage is already reflected in observed money market rates. That is, it could be possible that arbitrage activity has led to a convergence between funding and investment rates so as to exhaust profitable trading opportunities. Some of the changing dynamics in money markets in 2018, where repo, bank bill and foreign exchange swap rates have become more volatile and correlated, may in part be explained by the return to slightly more favourable net returns as described in this paper. However, the methodology is a useful framework to explain why there is not complete convergence between market rates.
### 4.2 Equity Funding Rate
To test the sensitivity of our results to the equity funding rate we also derive an additional estimate from a specification of the CAPM approach. We assume investors adaptively base their expectations of market risk premia on trends observable in the recent past. Specifically, we calculate the market risk premium at time t as the difference between the average annual return on the All Ordinaries Index of equities over the past 15 years and the yield on 10-year Australian Government securities. This calibration is very sensitive to past market movements (and in particular, the sharp price falls that occurred during the financial crisis) and may be a downward-biased estimate of the equity funding rate. Nonetheless, our results remain largely unchanged from the baseline under this approach (Figure 9).
### 4.3 Risk Weights
The amount of equity required to fund a money market investment is determined by its risk weight. The risk weight is calibrated according to the likelihood and magnitude of potential losses on an investment. Intuitively, trades that are less risky attract lower risk weights. In our analysis, risk weights are driven by two key factors (Table 1). First, the creditworthiness of the borrower is a proxy for their ability to repay the loan at maturity. Lending cash to a borrower with a higher credit rating increases the likelihood of full repayment at maturity and is associated with a lower risk weight. Second, loan collateralisation reduces the risk exposure to the borrower. If the borrower defaults, the cash lender may recoup most (or all) of their investment by selling the collateral. As such, less of their investment is ‘at risk’ and this is associated with a lower risk weight.
Table 1: Stylised Calibration of Risk Weights
Transaction and borrower characteristics Probability of default Loss given default Likelihood of losses Size of risk weight
Uncollateralised transaction
(e.g. bank bills)
AA-rated borrower Lower High Lower probability of high losses Small
BBB-rated borrower Higher High Higher probability of high losses Large
Collateralised transaction
(e.g. repo)
AA-rated borrower Lower Low Lower probability of low losses Very small
BBB-rated borrower Higher Low Higher probability of low losses Very small
Sources: APRA; Authors' calculations
Consider two stylised examples to demonstrate how the creditworthiness of the cash borrower and the collateralisation affect the risk weight on an investment. In both examples Bank A is seeking to invest cash for three months.
Bank A can lend the cash on an uncollateralised basis by buying a bank bill issued by Bank B. Bank A is exposed to default on the whole face value of the bank bill. The likelihood of this occurring varies with the creditworthiness of Bank B (the borrower). Therefore, the risk weight on unsecured transactions can vary from low (if the borrower is highly rated) to high (if the borrower has a low credit rating), reflecting the expected loss on the investment. Risk weights on uncollateralised trades vary significantly depending on the creditworthiness of the borrower.
Alternatively, Bank A can collateralise its investment by lending to Bank B under repo. Collateralisation significantly reduces the likelihood – and magnitude – of potential losses. If Bank B defaults, Bank A can sell the collateral to recoup their investment. As a result, risk weights on collateralised trades tend to be lower.
Due to the large variation in possible risk weights, we evaluate the sensitivity of our results to changes in risk weights (Figure 10). We use baseline assumptions for risk weightings where domestic investments are AA-rated (in line with the major banks in Australia), and foreign investments are A-rated to reflect lower credit worthiness (e.g. Japanese banks).
Figure 11 depicts the possible dispersion in net returns when allowing risk weights to vary. For repo transactions, the range of possible risk weights is narrow since collateralisation reduces the risk exposure of the investor. As a result, net returns do not vary widely with a change in borrower credit rating. In contrast, where the investment is uncollateralised (such as bank bills), the range of possible net returns becomes much wider. For investments involving bank bills (domestic or foreign under swap) we find the net return becomes more negative as borrower creditworthiness deteriorates and the risk weight increases. As the creditworthiness of the borrower improves for swaps into USD, net returns improve but typically remain negative. Over recent years, the baseline net return on JPY swaps would have remained positive even if risk weightings had increased significantly.
### 4.4 Leverage Ratio Considerations
The leverage ratio constrains the amount of debt financing that banks can take on by setting the minimum equity to be held against total assets. Consequently, it also limits the scope banks have to lower their funding costs by substituting relatively cheap debt for equity. Prudential standards require banks to fund total assets with at least 3 per cent of ‘Tier 1’ equity capital.[12] Currently, the leverage ratios of major banks in Australia are significantly above this regulatory minimum so as not to be a binding constraint.
However, the leverage ratio could constrain arbitrage at the margin by limiting the ability of banks to take on the significant amounts of additional leverage that might be required to close the spreads observable to date. There might also be a reluctance, even at the conservative leverage positions, for any one bank to take on significantly more debt than its peers.
## 5. Leverage, Profitability and the Consequences for Money Markets
We use the results derived in the previous sections to describe the funding structure of an investment and its profitability. Figure 12 graphs the profitability of a foreign exchange swap funded under repo on the y-axis, and its funding mix on the x-axis. The funding composition is measured by the debt-to-equity ratio. We define the break-even frontier as the minimum spread required between gross returns on a foreign exchange swap and the repo rate for the investment to break even (i.e. cover the associated cost of equity). This implies that, for a given level of leverage, the spread must be on the frontier or higher for the investment to be viable. The break-even frontier is convex to the origin and increases exponentially as the debt-to-equity ratio approaches zero. Intuitively, as investments get funded with greater amounts of relatively expensive equity, the minimum spread required for a foreign exchange swap to break even widens to cover the increase in funding costs. If a foreign exchange swap were fully funded by equity, the minimum break-even spread would converge to the difference between the cost of equity and the repo rate. If a foreign exchange swap were entirely funded through repo, the break-even spread would be zero (i.e. this trade would be profitable when the return on swaps is at least as high as the cost of funding the trade in repo).
Prior to the financial crisis, foreign exchange swaps required a minimum spread of around 15 basis points to break even at the estimated debt-to-equity ratio at that time (point A, Figure 12). At the debt-to-equity ratio of around 50, this implies the foreign exchange swap was being funded with approximately 2 per cent equity and 98 per cent debt. In 2018, the minimum spread required by banks to break even on foreign exchange swaps increased to around 35 basis points (point B, Figure 12). This reflects two developments. First, the entire break-even frontier shifted upwards due to the increase in the relative cost of equity over the period. For any given degree of leverage, this implies that the minimum break-even spread is higher than in 2008. Second, the debt-to-equity ratio for foreign exchange swaps has almost halved over the period, moving the break-even point left along the frontier. For every dollar of equity funding the swap, we estimate that the swap is funded by \$25 of debt funding in 2018. This is consistent with a leverage ratio of just under 4 per cent. Effectively, the hurdle to achieve profitable arbitrage has been raised substantially.
Major banks were important providers of liquidity in money markets prior to the financial crisis. Since then, a reduced tolerance for risk has diminished the ability and willingness of banks to engage in either proprietary trading or market-making activities (CGFS 2014; ASIC 2018). Since 2008, net returns on money market investments have declined, and are either negative or close to zero if they are funded in the repo market. Our results support the idea that major banks have a reduced incentive to lend in money markets, and may help to explain the persistent price divergence across money markets.
If banks no longer have an incentive to arbitrage, then are there any participants whose funding structure permits arbitrage? In the domestic repo market, around half the cash lent by dealers is borrowed by non-residents. Some of these borrowers are likely to be non-banks which might be better able to take advantage of arbitrage opportunities across money markets, as they are typically not bound by leverage and capital requirements to the same extent as banks. We observe repo rates co-moving with the JPY basis in recent years where the repo-funded yen basis trade has remained marginally profitable. This may indicate non-bank institutions have been bidding up the repo rate to the point where the yen basis trade is no longer a viable investment strategy from the aggregate balance sheet perspective of a bank.
Consider the case of a non-regulated entity seeking to arbitrage across the repo and foreign exchange swap markets. How would this foreign exchange swap need to be funded in order for break-even spreads to return to pre-crisis levels (point C, Figure 12)? In order to return a profit for an institution that exhibits the same funding costs as a major bank, the foreign exchange swap must be funded by a debt-to-equity ratio of more than 75. This corresponds to a leverage ratio of approximately 1.3 per cent. This is well below the regulatory minimum of 3 per cent stipulated by current prudential standards applicable to supervised banking institutions. Consequently, only entities not regulated by prudential standards would have the capacity to leverage up to this extent. This result is based on a break-even frontier which is a function of banks' equity costs. However, the cost of equity faced by a highly leveraged non-regulated entity is likely to be much higher than the cost of equity depicted for a prudentially regulated bank. If this is the case, then the break-even frontier depicted in Figure 12 would shift upwards, and the minimum break-even spread required would widen. Consequently, even our framework underestimates the degree of leverage non-regulated entities would require for arbitrage investments to be profitable.
Non-regulated entities have more flexibility in taking on leverage because they do not face regulatory minimum equity requirements. However, constraints on the balance sheets of the regulated banking sector may also limit arbitrage activities of non-regulated entities who rely on lines of credit from major banks. This is because the ability of banks to lend funds to these institutions will be dependent on regulatory requirements. In the United States, Boyarchenko et al (2018) suggests restrictions applying to broker-dealers have spilled over to non-regulated entities because regulated institutions are less willing to extend credit than in the past. Consequently, this has affected the ability of non-regulated entities to pursue arbitrage opportunities. It is difficult to assess the extent to which funding to non-regulated entities may have been constrained in the Australian context. However, it is possible that bank lending volumes to non-regulated entities in the domestic repo market are too small to close persistent money market arbitrage opportunities (Becker and Rickards 2017).
## 6. Opportunity Cost of Money Market Lending
A final consideration is whether there are more profitable uses for bank funding. We compare returns on money market trades with residential mortgages, the core business activity of major banks, to assess the opportunity cost of deploying their balance sheet to arbitrage differences in money market rates. Applying the same methodology, we find margins on residential mortgages have been significantly wider than those on money market trades during the sample period (Figure 13).[13] This suggests there is a significant opportunity cost associated with deploying equity funding away from mortgages and towards low-margin activities such as money market trading. Note, however, that there are fixed and variable costs – such as branches, personnel, information technology and other costs (including fees and commissions) – that banks face in writing mortgages which are not explicitly accounted for in our framework.[14] Some sources of revenue are also omitted, such as fees, charges and the revenue earned from market-making activities.
Different constraints apply to foreign banks operating in Australia. This affects their trading activities and is reflected in their balance sheets. Foreign banks (either through their branches or subsidiaries) tend to have smaller mortgage books and so might face a lower opportunity cost of arbitraging price differences in money markets. However, research suggests that the ability of large global banks to arbitrage across money markets may be constrained by various regulatory rules (see Boyarchenko et al (2018) for US banks and Aldasoro, Ehlers and Eren (2018) for European and, indirectly, Japanese banks). This may be an even more binding constraint than for the major Australian banks.
More broadly, a reassessment of how banks optimise both capital and liquidity has meant that banks must utilise an internal liquidity transfer pricing model which fully reflects the cost of obtaining equivalent liquidity externally. A transfer pricing model which appropriately reflects funding costs will affect profit allocation and disincentivise activity of less profitable business units, such as money market trading desks. In the United Kingdom, banks surveyed by the Prudential Regulation Authority have revealed a more prominent role for capital efficiency in determining how banks assess business unit performance against other strategies (Bajaj et al 2018).
## 7. Conclusion
Opportunities to arbitrage across Australian money markets have seemingly widened and remained persistent in recent years. However, using a broad and comprehensive methodology for evaluating such opportunities indicates that arbitrage trades would have generally been unprofitable for major Australian banks. Once asset-specific funding costs are taken into account, or if money market desks are self-funded, profit opportunities are less apparent. An increase in debt funding costs relative to the cash rate has been a significant driver in reducing profitability of money market trades. A higher proportion of equity funding (which is more costly than debt) has also been a factor. Furthermore, there is a significant opportunity cost involved in undertaking money market trades when compared with higher-return business activities, such as lending for residential housing. This is reflected in the large share of mortgage and commercial loans that characterises the balance sheets of the major banks.
Consequently, money market rates may continue to diverge unless arbitrage becomes more profitable for banks, or non-bank participants replace banks as the principal arbitrageurs in these markets.
## Appendix A: Data Summary
Table A1: Description of Data
Series Series description Source Notes
Gross returns (GRit)
Mortgages Discounted variable lending rate on housing loans RBA statistical table F5 ‘Lending Rates’
Repurchase agreement Repo rate (1 month bucket) from open market operations RBA
Japanese yen swap Implied return rate from
hedged 3-month swap of
AUD into JPY
Bloomberg We assume the JPY leg is
invested in Japanese LIBOR
(3-month)
US dollar swap Implied return rate from
hedged 3-month swap of
AUD into USD
Bloomberg We assume the USD leg is
invested in US LIBOR
(3-month)
Bank bills 3-month bank bill swap rate ASX; RBA
Risk weights (wt)
Bank bills, foreign exchange swaps, repos, mortgages Estimated APRA Stylised risk weights
CET1 capital ratio $\left(\overline{CET1Rati{o}_{t}}\right)$
Reported CET1 capital ratio CET1 capital / risk exposure APRA form ARF_110_0_1 CET1 capital ratios are only
available from 2013:Q1,
back history is estimated by
splicing Tier 1 capital ratio
Cost of funding
Debt (DFRit) Cost of debt for Australian major banks Black and Titkov (2019) Includes deposit funding
Equity (EFRit) Cost of equity for Australian major banks Bloomberg Arithmetic average of CAPM,
DDM and Fama-French
estimates
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## Acknowledgements
The paper has benefited from initial conceptual discussions with Chris Becker and was further developed in a series of internal Reserve Bank seminars. We also thank Andrew Alexandratos, Samuel Chui, Anthony Coleman and Justin Wang from the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority for their insights and useful advice on the application of regulatory aspects in this paper. The views expressed in this paper are our own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Reserve Bank of Australia or the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority. Any remaining errors are our own.
## Footnotes
For more information on the Japanese yen basis, see Debelle (2017). The return enhancement offered by the persistently wide basis is regularly utilised by the Reserve Bank in its liquidity management operations (RBA 2018). However, the central bank does not face the same constraints as private market participants who are less inclined to enter the arbitrage trade. [1]
See Becker, Fang and Wang (2016), Becker and Rickards (2017), Borio et al (2016), Debelle (2010, 2017), as well as Du, Tepper and Verdelhan (2018). [2]
While the Modigliani-Miller theorem suggests that the funding mix should not affect the total cost of funding, we assume that the marginal costs of debt and equity are fixed at any given time (which would likely be the case if the debt and equity are raised before the asset allocation decision is made). Further, there is some evidence (e.g. Aboura and Lépinette 2015; Cline 2015) that Modigliani-Miller does not hold for banks. If this is true, banks should always prefer to minimise equity funding. [3]
An extension to our approach would be to use higher-frequency data to more accurately reflect the aspects involved in managing trading positions and address research questions related to day-to-day trading activity. However, we choose to strike a balance that more explicitly acknowledges broader balance sheet considerations relevant over the medium term. The main aim is not to capture a dynamic trading decision, which might be relevant at the margin over a shorter horizon. [4]
Note that this is not intended to suggest that private sector repos outside open market operations necessarily have the same return profile. The gross return on private sector repos might be significantly higher for a range of transactions not directly visible to the Reserve Bank due to the over-the-counter nature of the repo market. [5]
See Black and Titkov (2019) for the latest update on banks' funding costs calculated by the Reserve Bank. [6]
In the post-crisis period we would argue that the marginal and average cost of debt are equal. This is likely to be the case because banks are now required to demonstrate more stable sources of funds and probably have a target for the share of deposits in overall debt funding. [7]
This analysis focuses on risk-weighted capital constraints rather than the leverage ratio (which is not a risk-weighted constraint) because the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) focuses on risk-weighted capital in its ‘unquestionably strong’ benchmark. Risk-weighted capital constraints are more binding for major banks than the leverage ratio (APRA 2018). [8]
Equation (6) is the asset-specific counterpart to the broader aggregated balance sheet Equation (5). [9]
Here we account for the difference between the notional dollar value of the asset and the institution's risk exposure to the asset. For bank bills, the notional and exposure values are identical, but they differ for hedged or collateralised trades such as repos and foreign exchange swaps. See the discussion in Section 4.3 for more details, including on the calibration of risk weights in the baseline results. [10]
In order to disincentivise the use of internal funding for trading activities, treasuries may set the debt funding cost applicable to money market trades higher than the average debt funding rate (Wakeling and Wilson 2010). [11]
APRA (2018) announced plans to increase this requirement to 3.5 per cent for banks using the internal ratings-based approach. [12]
Banks report the cost of funding new mortgages to APRA every month, which we use to evaluate our estimate of TCit for mortgages. Our calculated measure follows the same trends as the reported series but is consistently lower. This suggests that TCit is a conservatively low estimate of the actual total cost of funding mortgages. While it is difficult to draw conclusions on the bias, this gives us confidence that our approach does not over-inflate the cost of funding. [13]
For further discussion on the cost-to-income ratios of Australian banks, see RBA (2014). [14]
| 2022-01-23T08:58:11 |
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|
http://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/compute_pe_atom.html
|
# compute pe/atom command
## Syntax
compute ID group-ID pe/atom keyword ...
• ID, group-ID are documented in compute command
• pe/atom = style name of this compute command
• zero or more keywords may be appended
• keyword = pair or bond or angle or dihedral or improper or kspace or fix
## Examples
compute 1 all pe/atom
compute 1 all pe/atom pair
compute 1 all pe/atom pair bond
## Description
Define a computation that computes the per-atom potential energy for each atom in a group. See the compute pe command if you want the potential energy of the entire system.
The per-atom energy is calculated by the various pair, bond, etc potentials defined for the simulation. If no extra keywords are listed, then the potential energy is the sum of pair, bond, angle, dihedral,improper, kspace (long-range), and fix energy. I.e. it is as if all the keywords were listed. If any extra keywords are listed, then only those components are summed to compute the potential energy.
Note that the energy of each atom is due to its interaction with all other atoms in the simulation, not just with other atoms in the group.
For an energy contribution produced by a small set of atoms (e.g. 4 atoms in a dihedral or 3 atoms in a Tersoff 3-body interaction), that energy is assigned in equal portions to each atom in the set. E.g. 1/4 of the dihedral energy to each of the 4 atoms.
The dihedral_style charmm style calculates pairwise interactions between 1-4 atoms. The energy contribution of these terms is included in the pair energy, not the dihedral energy.
The KSpace contribution is calculated using the method in (Heyes) for the Ewald method and a related method for PPPM, as specified by the kspace_style pppm command. For PPPM, the calculation requires 1 extra FFT each timestep that per-atom energy is calculated. This document describes how the long-range per-atom energy calculation is performed.
Various fixes can contribute to the per-atom potential energy of the system if the fix contribution is included. See the doc pages for individual fixes for details of which ones compute a per-atom potential energy.
Note
The fix_modify energy yes command must also be specified if a fix is to contribute per-atom potential energy to this command.
As an example of per-atom potential energy compared to total potential energy, these lines in an input script should yield the same result in the last 2 columns of thermo output:
compute peratom all pe/atom
compute pe all reduce sum c_peratom
thermo_style custom step temp etotal press pe c_pe
Note
The per-atom energy does not include any Lennard-Jones tail corrections to the energy added by the pair_modify tail yes command, since those are contributions to the global system energy.
Output info:
This compute calculates a per-atom vector, which can be accessed by any command that uses per-atom values from a compute as input. See Section 6.15 for an overview of LAMMPS output options.
The per-atom vector values will be in energy units.
| 2018-02-24T13:53:27 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/14.21
|
# §14.21(i) Associated Legendre Equation
14.21.1 $\left(1-z^{2}\right)\frac{{d}^{2}w}{{dz}^{2}}-2z\frac{dw}{dz}+\left(\nu(\nu+1)% -\frac{\mu^{2}}{1-z^{2}}\right)w=0.$
Standard solutions: the associated Legendre functions $\mathop{P^{\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, $\mathop{P^{-\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, $\mathop{\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, and $\mathop{\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mu}_{-\nu-1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$. $\mathop{P^{\pm\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ exist for all values of $\nu$, $\mu$, and $z$, except possibly $z=\pm 1$ and $\infty$, which are branch points (or poles) of the functions, in general. When $z$ is complex $\mathop{P^{\pm\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, $\mathop{Q^{\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$, and $\mathop{\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ are defined by (14.3.6)–(14.3.10) with $x$ replaced by $z$: the principal branches are obtained by taking the principal values of all the multivalued functions appearing in these representations when $z\in(1,\infty)$, and by continuity elsewhere in the $z$-plane with a cut along the interval $(-\infty,1]$; compare §4.2(i). The principal branches of $\mathop{P^{\pm\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ are real when $\nu$, $\mu\in\Real$ and $z\in(1,\infty)$.
# §14.21(ii) Numerically Satisfactory Solutions
When $\realpart{\nu}\geq-\frac{1}{2}$ and $\realpart{\mu}\geq 0$, a numerically satisfactory pair of solutions of (14.21.1) in the half-plane $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\frac{1}{2}\pi$ is given by $\mathop{P^{-\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ and $\mathop{\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mu}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$.
# §14.21(iii) Properties
Many of the properties stated in preceding sections extend immediately from the $x$-interval $(1,\infty)$ to the cut $z$-plane $\Complex\backslash(-\infty,1]$. This includes, for example, the Wronskian relations (14.2.7)–(14.2.11); hypergeometric representations (14.3.6)–(14.3.10) and (14.3.15)–(14.3.20); results for integer orders (14.6.3)–(14.6.5), (14.6.7), (14.6.8), (14.7.6), (14.7.7), and (14.7.11)–(14.7.16); behavior at singularities (14.8.7)–(14.8.16); connection formulas (14.9.11)–(14.9.16); recurrence relations (14.10.3)–(14.10.7). The generating function expansions (14.7.19) (with $\mathop{\mathsf{P}\/}\nolimits$ replaced by $\mathop{P\/}\nolimits$) and (14.7.22) apply when $|h|<\min\left|z\pm\left(z^{2}-1\right)^{1/2}\right|$; (14.7.21) (with $\mathop{\mathsf{P}\/}\nolimits$ replaced by $\mathop{P\/}\nolimits$) applies when $|h|>\max\left|z\pm\left(z^{2}-1\right)^{1/2}\right|$.
| 2014-09-02T21:27:53 |
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|
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/modules/porous_flow/mass_lumping.html
|
# Mass lumping
This page is part of a set of pages devoted to discussions of numerical stabilization in PorousFlow. See:
Consider here just the fluid-flow equation, as the heat-energy equation is analogous. The time-derivative term is discretised as
(1)
Here is the test function that we are integrating against. An alternative discretisation would be (in the single-phase situation), but Eq. (1) conserves mass more effectively than other alternatives.
In the standard finite-element scheme, and its individual parts (porosity, saturation, etc) are evaluated at each quadrature point. However, in PorousFlow, everything in the time derivative is evaluated at the nodes. Specifically, at a node depends only on the independent variables at that node. It has been shown in many studies that this lumping is advantageous for mass conservation and reduces spurious oscillations of the pressure around sharp fronts (Celia et al., 1990).
The cause of oscillations around sharp fronts, and how mass lumping removes the oscillations, can be illustrated through a simple example.
Figure 1: Two elements of length . Linear Lagrange shape/test functions for each node are shown in red ( for node 0, for node 1, and for node 2). Gravity acts in the direction . Gauss points are shown in green.
Consider the situation in Figure 1, and suppose that Node 2 has high potential, and that Nodes 0 and 1 are at residual saturation where the relative permeability is zero. Then fluid will flow from Node 2 to Node 1 (and then to Node 0 in the next time step). For simplicity, imagine that the fluid mass, , is a linear function of the potential. Then, up to constants, the discretised mass-conservation equation without mass lumping reads
(2)
The matrix on the LHS comes from performing the numerical integration of over the two elements. Note that it is not diagonal because the integration over an element depends on the mass at both of its two nodes. The RHS encodes that no fluid is flowing between Nodes 0 and 1, but fluid is flowing from Node 2 to Node 1.
The important point is the solution of these sets of equations is (3) This means the finite element solution of the mass-conservation equation will be oscillatory around fronts.
However, with mass lumping, the matrix in the above equation becomes diagonal, and the solution is . Explicitly, the contribution to the residual at node is
(4) where is evaluated at node using the independent (nonlinear) variables evaluated at that node, and qp are the quadpoints.
There is one small complication. Porosity may be dependent on volumetric strain, which is dependent on the gradients of the displacement variables, which are evaluated at the quadpoints, not the nodes. In this case, the porosity at node is assumed to be dependent on the volumetric strain evaluated at the closest quadpoint to the node.
## References
1. M.A. Celia, E. T. Bouloutas, and R. L. Zabra. A general mass-conservative numerical solution for the unsaturated flow equation. Water Resources Research, 26:1483–1496, 1990.[BibTeX]
| 2019-01-23T15:28:44 |
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|
http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cr/B-1.1,%20r.%203?code=se:117&pointInTime=20200723
|
### B-1.1, r. 3 - Safety Code
117. The recognized person is to certify
(1) that he or she has verified the register referred to in section 114 and that the register is in compliance with the requirements of that section;
(2) that he or she has searched for signs of leaks to ensure that the high-risk petroleum equipment does not leak and is not a hazard to public safety;
(3) that, in the case of underground high-risk petroleum equipment, he or she has examined the operation of the equipment and inventories to ensure that they meet the requirements of sections 145, 175, 176, the second paragraph of section 177, sections 178, 215, the first paragraph of section 217, sections 227 to 229, the first paragraph of section 238, sections 247, 249, 253 and 257 of this Chapter and the requirements of section 8.95, the third paragraph of section 8.96 with respect to impact protection, sections 8.97, 8.124, 8.125, 8.127, 8.128, 8.142, 8.143, 8.146, subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 8.153, sections 8.156, 8.159, 8.160, the second and third paragraphs of section 8.162, sections 8.164, 8.165, the first and second paragraphs of section 8.166, sections 8.168, 8.170, 8.172, 8.180, 8.183 and 8.185 of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code (chapter B-1.1, r. 2);
(4) that, in the case of high-risk petroleum equipment in a bulk plant, he or she has examined the operation of the petroleum equipment to ensure that it meets the requirements of sections 145, 175, 176, the second paragraph of section 177, sections 178, 190, the first paragraph of section 192, section 196, the first paragraph of section 197, sections 202, 205, the second paragraph of section 209, section 215, the first paragraph of section 217, sections 226 to 229, the first paragraph of section 230, sections 257, 263, 265, 267, 268, 270 and 278 of this Chapter and the requirements of section 8.47 with respect to aboveground tanks, sections 8.64, paragraph 1 of section 8.65, section 8.93, the third paragraph of section 8.96 with respect to impact protection, sections 8.97, 8.108, paragraph 4 of section 8.113, paragraphs 1, 4 and 6 of section 8.116, sections 8.124, 8.125, 8.127, 8.128, 8.142, 8.143, 8.146, 8.156, 8.195, 8.198, the first paragraph of section 8.199, section 8.200 with respect to manual valves, sections 8.204, 8.209, 8.211, 8.213, 8.215, paragraph 4 of section 8.217 and paragraph 5 of that section except with respect to the references to paragraphs 1 and 2 mentioned therein, of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code;
(5) that, in the case of aboveground high-risk petroleum equipment other than in bulk plants, he or she has examined the operation of the equipment to ensure that it meets the requirements of section 188 but only with respect to the first paragraph of section 8.60 of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code, section 189, the first and second paragraphs of section 192, section 196, the second paragraph of section 197, sections 202, 205, the second paragraph of section 209, the first paragraph of section 217, sections 227 to 229, the first paragraph of section 230, the second paragraph of section 232, the first paragraph of section 238, sections 246, 247, 249, paragraph 3 of section 251, sections 253 and 257 of this Chapter and the requirements of sections 8.53, 8.56, 8.57, 8.64, paragraph 1 of section 8.65, sections 8.72, 8.93, 8.95, the first and second paragraphs of section 8.96 with respect to Class 1 petroleum products and the third paragraph of section 8.96 with respect to impact protection, sections 8.97, 8.108, paragraphs 1 to 4 and 6 of section 8.116, sections 8.142, 8.143, 8.146, subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 8.153, sections 8.156, 8.159, 8.160, the second and third paragraphs of section 8.162, sections 8.164, 8.165, the first and second paragraphs of section 8.166, sections 8.168, 8.170, paragraph 4 of section 8.178, sections 8.180, 8.183 and 8.185 of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code;
(6) that, in the case of high-risk petroleum equipment covered by CSA Standard B139, Installation Code for Oil- Burning Equipment, published by CSA Group, he or she has examined the operation of the equipment to ensure that it meets the requirements of that standard; and
(7) that, in the case of high-risk petroleum equipment located inside a building and not covered by subparagraph 6, he or she has examined the operation of the equipment to ensure that it meets the requirements in Part 4 of Division B of the NFCC, National Fire Code of Canada, published by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes of the National Research Council of Canada.
Otherwise, the recognized person must inform the owner of any irregularities found and the reasons for refusing to produce the required certificate of conformity. The person must also inform the Board within 30 days.
The certificate must also contain a description of the high-risk petroleum equipment inspected, its type, make, model and capacity, the petroleum product it is to contain, the address of the place where it is situated, the date of signature, the name, address, telephone number, professional order membership number or the number of the temporary permit issued pursuant to the Engineers Act (chapter I-9) of the recognized person who produced the certificate. The certificate may be produced on the form provided for that purpose by the Board.
O.C. 221-2007, s. 1; O.C. 88-2018, s. 10.
117. The recognized person is to certify
(1) that he or she has verified the register referred to in section 114 and that the register is in compliance with the requirements of that section;
(2) that he or she has searched for signs of leaks to ensure that the high-risk petroleum equipment does not leak and is not a hazard to public safety;
(3) that, in the case of underground high-risk petroleum equipment, he or she has examined the operation of the equipment and inventories to ensure that they meet the requirements of sections 145, 175, 176, the second paragraph of section 177, sections 178, 215, the first paragraph of section 217, sections 227 to 229, the first paragraph of section 238, sections 247, 249, 253 and 257 of this Chapter and the requirements of section 8.95, the third paragraph of section 8.96 with respect to impact protection, sections 8.97, 8.124, 8.125, 8.127, 8.128, 8.142, 8.143, 8.146, subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 8.153, sections 8.156, 8.159, 8.160, the second and third paragraphs of section 8.162, sections 8.164, 8.165, the first and second paragraphs of section 8.166, sections 8.168, 8.170, 8.172, 8.180, 8.183 and 8.185 of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code (chapter B-1.1, r. 2);
(4) that, in the case of high-risk petroleum equipment in a bulk plant, he or she has examined the operation of the petroleum equipment to ensure that it meets the requirements of sections 145, 175, 176, the second paragraph of section 177, sections 178, 190, the first paragraph of section 192, section 196, the first paragraph of section 197, sections 202, 205, the second paragraph of section 209, section 215, the first paragraph of section 217, sections 226 to 229, the first paragraph of section 230, sections 257, 263, 265, 267, 268, 270 and 278 of this Chapter and the requirements of section 8.47 with respect to aboveground tanks, sections 8.64, paragraph 1 of section 8.65, section 8.93, the third paragraph of section 8.96 with respect to impact protection, sections 8.97, 8.108, paragraph 4 of section 8.113, paragraphs 1, 4 and 6 of section 8.116, sections 8.124, 8.125, 8.127, 8.128, 8.142, 8.143, 8.146, 8.156, 8.195, 8.198, the first paragraph of section 8.199, section 8.200 with respect to manual valves, sections 8.204, 8.209, 8.211, 8.213, 8.215, paragraph 4 of section 8.217 and paragraph 5 of that section except with respect to the references to paragraphs 1 and 2 mentioned therein, of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code; and
(5) that, in the case of aboveground high-risk petroleum equipment other than in bulk plants, he or she has examined the operation of the equipment to ensure that it meets the requirements of sections 158 and 188 but only with respect to the first paragraph of section 8.60 of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code, section 189, the first and second paragraphs of section 192, section 196, the second paragraph of section 197, sections 202, 205, the second paragraph of section 209, the first paragraph of section 217, sections 227 to 229, the first paragraph of section 230, the second paragraph of section 232, the first paragraph of section 238, sections 246, 247, 249, paragraph 3 of section 251, sections 253 and 257 of this Chapter and the requirements of sections 8.53, 8.56, 8.57, 8.64, paragraph 1 of section 8.65, sections 8.72, 8.93, 8.95, the first and second paragraphs of section 8.96 with respect to Class 1 petroleum products and the third paragraph of section 8.96 with respect to impact protection, sections 8.97, 8.108, paragraphs 1 to 4 and 6 of section 8.116, sections 8.142, 8.143, 8.146, subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 8.153, sections 8.156, 8.159, 8.160, the second and third paragraphs of section 8.162, sections 8.164, 8.165, the first and second paragraphs of section 8.166, sections 8.168, 8.170, paragraph 4 of section 8.178, sections 8.180, 8.183 and 8.185 of Chapter VIII of the Construction Code.
Otherwise, the recognized person must inform the owner of any irregularities found and the reasons for refusing to produce the required certificate of conformity. The person must also inform the Board within 30 days.
The certificate must also contain a description of the high-risk petroleum equipment inspected, its type, make, model and capacity, the petroleum product it is to contain, the address of the place where it is situated, the date of signature, the name, address, telephone number, professional order membership number and temporary permit or certification number issued pursuant to the Petroleum Products Act (chapter P-30.01) of the recognized person who produced the certificate. The certificate may be produced on the form provided for that purpose by the Board.
O.C. 221-2007, s. 1.
| 2020-08-09T09:53:48 |
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https://indico.fnal.gov/event/17566/session/2/contribution/88
|
# 2018 US LHC Users Association Meeting
24-26 October 2018
Fermilab
US/Central timezone
Home > Timetable > Session details > Contribution details
Fermilab - IARC
# Measurement of the cross section of top quark pairs in association with a photon in lepton+jets events at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV
## Speakers
• Ms. Titas ROY
## Description
The production cross section of a top quark pair plus a radiated photon is measured during proton-proton collisions at the centre of mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.86 inverse fb at the LHC, at CERN. The data was recorded by the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment. The signal region is defined by top quark pairs, an isolated lepton, photon, jets from the hadronization of quarks, and missing transverse energy. The photons may be emitted directly from initial state radiation, top quarks as well as from its decay products. An important part of the analysis is calculation of photon purity and photon identification efficiency, which are done using data-driven methods and MC simulation.
| 2018-11-13T17:49:05 |
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|
http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/DFTdata/approx.html
|
## The LDA approximation
In the local-density approximation (LDA), the many-electron problem is approximated by a set of single-particle equations which are solved with the self-consistent field method. The total energy is minimized. The total energy is taken to be the sum of a kinetic energy, T, the classical Hartree term for the electron density, Ecoul, the electron-nucleus energy, Eenuc, and the exchange-correlation energy, Exc, which takes into account approximately the fact that an electron does not interact with itself, and that electron correlation effects occur.
One solves the Kohn-Sham orbital equations
(Eq. 25)
with
(Eq. 26)
The charge density ρ is given by
(Eq. 27)
where the 2 accounts for doubling the occupancy of each spatial orbital because of spin degeneracy and fi account for partial occupancy. The potential, , is the external potential; in the atomic case, this is -Znuc/r where Z is the atomic number. The exchange correlation potential, , is a function only of the charge density, i.e., . We use the functional of Vosko, Wilk, and Nusair (1980) [4], as described above.
The various parts of the total energy are given by:
(Eq. 28)
(Eq. 29)
(Eq. 30)
and
(Eq. 31)
where εxc(ρ) is the exchange-correlation energy per particle for the uniform electron gas of density ρ. This approximation for Exc is the principal approximation of the LDA.
## The LSD approximation
The local-spin-density approximation (LSD) is a generalization of the LDA in which the spin-degree of freedom is treated in a nontrivial way [10,11].
For atoms, it is sufficient to pick an arbitrary spin-polarization direction, and to consider the local-spin-density, . Our choice of functional is that of Vosko, Wilk, and Nusair (1980) [4], as described above.
In general, the local-spin density approximation requires consideration of the spin-density matrix, , where σ and σ′ represent spin up or spin down. This leads to consideration of a potential of the form, . This additional generality is not required in the present work.
## The RLDA approximation
The relativistic local-density approximation [13] (RLDA) may be obtained from the (non-relativistic) local-density approximation (LDA) by substituting the relativistic kinetic-energy operator for its non-relativistic counterpart, and using relativistic corrections to the local-density functional. We use the relativistic corrections proposed by MacDonald and Vosko [7].
Here, we give the radial equations which are solved by our programs:
(Eq. 32)
(Eq. 33)
where ε is the eigenvalue in Hartrees, and c is the speed of light; ε = 0 describes a free electron with zero kinetic energy. The functions G(r) and F(r) are related to the Dirac spinor by
(Eq. 34)
where is a Pauli spinor [12].
Dirac's κ quantum number, along with the azimuthal quantum number m, determines the angular dependence of the state. For the central-field problem, the levels with various m are degenerate and hence not solved for separately. The following table relates the values of κ used in this project to the more common spectroscopic notation.
κ state κ state
-1 s1/2 1 p1/2
-2 p3/2 2 d3/2
-3 d5/2 3 f5/2
-4 f7/2
The charge density is obtained from where µ runs over the four components of the Dirac spinor.
## The ScRLDA approximation
The inclusion of relativistic effects doubles the number of degrees of freedom in atomic calculations. However, sometimes it is desirable to include some of the effects of relativity without increasing the number of degrees of freedom. Specifically, it is possible to neglect the spin-orbit splitting while including other relativistic effects, such as the mass-velocity term, the Darwin shift, and (approximately) the contribution of the minor component to the charge density.
Koelling and Harmon[14] have proposed a method to achieve this end, which we call the scalar-relativistic local-density approximation (ScRLDA). (Sc is used to avoid confusion with spin-polarization which is abbreviated S.) This is a simplified version of the RLDA. The equations to solve are:
(Eq. 35)
where = -1 is the degeneracy-weighted average value of the Dirac's κ for the two spin-orbit-split levels, and ε is the eigenvalue in Hartrees, with the same meaning as in the RLDA.
The parameter M is given by
(Eq. 36)
where α is the fine structure constant. The charge density is related to G by the usual non-relativistic formula,
(Eq. 37)
without an explicit contribution from the minor component F(r).
Contents | Introduction | Procedure | Results | Approximations | References | Notation
| 2015-10-06T09:43:56 |
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https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/local-concentration-in-the-small-business-lending-market-and-its-relationship-to-the-deposit-market-20210824.htm
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August 24, 2021
### Local Concentration in the Small Business Lending Market and Its Relationship to the Deposit Market
Ken Onishi
This note analyzes competition and concentration in the small business lending market using data obtained from Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) disclosures and data on local branches from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's (FDIC) Summary of Deposits (SOD). In 1963, the Supreme Court defined the product market for commercial banking.1 This product market, commonly called "the cluster of banking products and services," includes all products and services generally offered by a full-service bank, including checking and savings accounts and commercial and personal loans. For purposes of computing market share and other structural measures, the cluster is routinely proxied by total deposits of the depository institutions included in the market.2 When banks file merger applications, the initial screenings are based on the deposit market share in each Fed market.
In this note, we investigate how well the market share and other structural measures calculated by the deposit share approximate the competitive conditions in the small business lending (SBL) market. In particular, we examine whether merger screening based on the deposit market share leads to an appropriate screening in the SBL market. To this end, we first define the geographic market for SBL by Federal Reserve banking markets (Fed markets). Then, we further examine how banks' deposit shares are related to their shares and other structural measures in the SBL market.
#### Data and Market Definitions
We collect data on SBL activity from two sources. The primary data set is constructed using CRA disclosures. The CRA mandates that banks that exceed an asset threshold of about $1 billion must report small business loans to the Federal Reserve Board annually. Based on the filing, we construct a county-level total loan origination amount for three categories:$100,000 or less, $100,001 to$250,000, and $250,001 to$1 million.3 CRA disclosures are the most detailed data on SBL activity that are available publicly. However, not all banks and thrift institutions are required to file CRA disclosures. To complement the CRA data, we use Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income (Call Report) as a second source of data. Every national bank, state member bank, insured state nonmember bank, and savings association is required to file a Call Report, and the Call Report contains data on the total outstanding loan amount for the same three loan categories as in the CRA data. Note that the CRA data provide "flow" variables in the sense that they state the amount of loans originated in a given year, and the Call Report data provide "stock" variables because they state the total outstanding amount. We construct bank-level data on SBL using the Call Report data.
The location of branches and their associated deposit amount are obtained from SOD. We define the geographic boundaries of SBL using Fed markets, which are defined by the Federal Reserve System as economically integrated areas around a central city or large town. Fed markets are considered to be suitable for analyzing competitive conditions of products and services that are known to be provided locally, such as deposits and small business loans (Amel and Brevoort, 2005; FDIC, 2018). Using the SOD data, we construct the Fed market-level aggregate deposit amount of each bank.
#### Market Share and Market Structure within CRA Filers
We investigate how well the competitive condition in the deposit market represents the competitive condition in the SBL market. To this end, we first construct the aggregate SBL amount of each bank in each Fed market.4 In this section, we focus on the CRA filers and analyze the competition among them. Table 1 presents the Fed market- and bank-level summary statistics for the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. Rows 1 through 5 show the Fed market-level summary statistics of the total deposits, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) calculated by the relative deposit share of each institution among CRA filers, the total small business loan origination amount, the HHI calculated by the relative small business loan origination amount share, and the total CRA share of institutions that have physical branches in the Fed market. Rows 6 through 8 show the institution-level summary statistics of the total deposits, the total small business origination amount, and the fraction of loans that are originated in Fed markets where the institution has physical branches. The columns show number of observations, mean value, standard deviation, 10th percentile, 25th percentile, 50th percentile, 75th percentile, and 90th percentile.
##### Table 1: Summary Statistics
N Mean s.d. 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 1,306 8,066 61,053 61 149 434 1,600 6,786 1,306 4,258 2,689 1,598 2,188 3,419 5,337 1,000 1,398 216 928 3 9 25 103 405 1,398 1,692 1,073 738 992 1,405 2,013 2,961 1,398 50.8% 25.6% 7.5% 32.9% 57.5% 72.2% 79.0% 660 160,148 92,348 622 1,129 1,889 4,748 18,244 660 457 1,941 22 48 114 252 770 660 77.3% 23.5% 47.7% 70.6% 85.0% 92.3% 96.7%
As of 2018, there are 660 CRA-filing institutions originating small business loans in 1,398 markets, and these institutions have physical branches in 1,306 markets. Deposit HHI is high, with a mean value of 4,258, which is considered to be highly concentrated. HHI numbers are high because we only look at the relative market share among CRA filers. We believe the actual market concentration is lower due to the presence of non-CRA filers, as we will discuss in the next section. Compared to deposit market HHI, CRA HHI is much smaller, suggesting that SBL market concentration is generally lower. One reason for the difference in HHI is the existence of out-of-market banks, which are banks that do not have physical branches in the market but originate small business loans. Row 5 shows the market share of in-market banks, which are banks that have physical branches in the market. On average, only about 50 percent of the loans are originated by in-market banks.5
Table 1 suggests that small business loan market concentration is lower than deposit market concentration. To further investigate how well concentration and market share in the deposit market approximate those in the small business loan market, we calculate the correlation of HHI and market share in the two markets. Because we expect smaller firms to seek local lenders, we also expect the correlation to be different depending on the size of the loan. Also, the functioning of the SBL market may differ depending on market size. To account for such loan- and market-level heterogeneity, we calculate the correlation with different groups of loan and market sizes.
Table 2 summarizes the correlation among different HHI measures and market shares. We divide the sample into two groups by the total deposits in the market. Panel (a) shows the correlation in all markets, panel (b) shows the correlation in markets with total deposits below or equal to the median, and panel (c) shows the correlation in markets with total deposits above the median. The left side of each panel shows the correlation among different HHI measures, and the right side of each panel shows the correlation among market shares. In each panel, row (i) shows the HHI/market shares in the deposit market, row (ii) shows the HHI/market shares based on all CRA-reported loans, and rows (iii) through (v) show the HHI/market shares based on different categories of CRA-reported loans based on the origination amount. In each panel, N represents the number of observations: the number of markets in the left and the number of market-institution pairs in the right.
##### Table 2: Correlation between Deposit and CRA HHI/Share
Panel (a): All Market
N=1,306 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) N=60,504 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(i) Deposit HHI 1.00 (i) Deposit Share 1.00
(ii) CRA HHI 0.42 1.00 (ii) CRA Share 0.65 1.00
(iii) CRA HHI ( <= 100K) 0.34 0.78 1.00 (iii) CRA Share (<= 100K) 0.59 0.79 1.00
(iv) CRA HHI (100K to 250K) 0.53 0.66 0.46 1.00 (iv) CRA Share (100K to 250K) 0.55 0.80 0.60 1.00
(v) CRA HHI (>250K) 0.53 0.63 0.40 0.60 1.00 (v) CRA Share (>250K) 0.52 0.88 0.50 0.60 1.00
Panel (b): Below Median Market
N=653 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) N=18,807 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(i) Deposit HHI 1.00 (i) Deposit Share 1.00
(ii) CRA HHI 0.24 1.00 (ii) CRA Share 0.62 1.00
(iii) CRA HHI ( <= 100K) 0.19 0.77 1.00 (iii) CRA Share (<= 100K) 0.58 0.77 1.00
(iv) CRA HHI (100K to 250K) 0.33 0.53 0.35 1.00 (iv) CRA Share (100K to 250K) 0.51 0.75 0.56 1.00
(v) CRA HHI (>250K) 0.32 0.51 0.30 0.45 1.00 (v) CRA Share (>250K) 0.46 0.85 0.45 0.50 1.00
Panel (c): Above Median Market
N=653 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(i) Deposit HHI 1.00 (i) Deposit Share 1.00
(ii) CRA HHI 0.61 1.00 (ii) CRA Share 0.71 1.00
(iii) CRA HHI ( <= 100K) 0.48 0.74 1.00 (iii) CRA Share (<= 100K) 0.61 0.80 1.00
(iv) CRA HHI (100K to 250K) 0.59 0.90 0.62 1.00 (iv) CRA Share (100K to 250K) 0.62 0.85 0.63 1.00
(v) CRA HHI (>250K) 0.57 0.91 0.54 0.82 1.00 (v) CRA Share (>250K) 0.62 0.92 0.55 0.73 1.00
All correlations are positive, which suggests that the competitive presence in the deposit market is in fact indicative of the competitive presence in the SBL market. However, at the same time, the correlation between deposit HHI and CRA HHI, 0.424, is not so high, and it is lower in small markets, 0.244, and higher in larger markets, 0.607. The same tendency can be found in the correlation results for market shares, though the level of correlation is higher, ranging from 0.6 to 0.7. When looking at the correlation between row (i) and rows (iii) through (v), one notable finding is that the correlation between deposit market HHI/shares is higher for loan categories with larger origination amounts even though we typically expect that smaller loan origination has closer ties to local banking and, thus, we also expect higher correlation with deposit market HHI/market shares.6
Table 1 suggests that the relationship between deposit market concentration and SBL market concentration is different depending on the market size. To further investigate the relationship, figure 1 plots the average HHI in the deposit market and the SBL market for different market sizes. The horizontal axis shows the market size categorized into six groups, the vertical axis shows the HHI, the black solid line represents the average HHI in the deposit market, and the gray dashed line represents the average HHI in the SBL market. Both HHI measures decrease as the size of the market increases. However, the level of average HHI and the change in average HHI are quite different. Average deposit HHI starts very high, decreases quickly, and becomes flat when the market size is very large, whereas average SBL HHI starts lower and the curve is relatively flat. A standard free-entry model in economics—for example, Mankiw and Whinston (1986)—predicts that market concentration decreases as market size increases and fixed cost of entry decreases. The decreasing curves in figure 1 are consistent with this prediction, and the low level of SBL HHI suggests that the entry cost in the SBL market is lower than that in the deposit market, where entry requires opening a physical branch.
##### Figure 1. Average HHI
Figure 2 also supports the hypothesis that entry cost in the SBL market is lower. The black solid line in figure 2 plots the average small business loan market share of in-market banks in each Fed market, with the horizontal axis showing the same deposit market size categories as in figure 1. Figures 1 and 2 suggest that the difference in deposit HHI and CRA HHI is due to the competition from out-of-market banks. The fact that out-of-market bank share is larger in smaller markets suggests that entry cost in the SBL market is smaller and, thus, induces higher competitive presence of out-of-market banks.
##### Figure 2. In-Market Bank Share
One may be concerned that these results suffer from selection bias; CRA filing institutions are larger institutions that tend to be active in markets with no physical branch. To see whether an institution's size affects its competitive presence in a market without a physical branch, the solid black line in figure 3 plots the average share of loans for each institution that are originated in markets where the institution has physical branches. The horizontal axis in figure 3 shows the size of institutions measured by nationwide total deposits categorized into six groups. Except for the two largest categories, which account for about 50 institutions, the average share of in-market loans is high and stable at around 80 percent, suggesting that data selection due to CRA filing does not significantly affect the results previously discussed.
##### Figure 3. In-Market Loan Share
The previously discussed results indicate that the competitive condition in the deposit market is indicative of the competitive condition in the SBL market, but the former is not a perfect approximation for the latter. The difference between the two exists because the SBL market is generally more competitive due to the presence of out-of-market institutions. Therefore, when competition authorities need to screen markets for a detailed assessment of the competitive condition in a given Fed market, screening mergers based on deposit market HHI would be efficient compared to screening based on both deposit market HHI and small business loan HHI, especially given the incompleteness of small business loan origination data.
#### Complementing the CRA Filing with the Call Report
Limiting our analysis to institutions that report small business loan origination under the CRA may not allow us to understand the actual local competitive conditions. Because the actual number of banks present in the market is small with only CRA data, the analysis in the previous section would likely overstate market concentration. To account for all institutions in each market, we need to rely on Call Report data. One possible way to incorporate Call Report data into our analysis is to impute small business loan origination from the total outstanding loan amount in the Call Report. As the amount reported in the Call Report is an aggregate amount at the bank level and it is a "stock" variable, we need to impute the "flow" variable, new loan origination, and the allocation of the imputed amount to each market. For the former, we use the fraction of the bank-level aggregated CRA amount to the Call Report amount of the CRA filing institutions, 0.5248.7 For the latter, we allocate the Call Report amount of a given institution to each Fed market proportional to the fraction of the institution's deposit amount in the market to the institution's national aggregate deposit amount. This within-institution allocation would be reasonable if the within-institution SBL shares were perfectly correlated with the within-institution deposit shares, which we can examine for CRA filing institutions. In fact, the correlation is very high, 0.8772, for CRA filers.
Table 3 presents the summary statistics of a subset of the variables in table 1 with all depository institutions. Here, we define the small business loan origination amount to be the CRA-reported amount for CRA filers and the amount imputed by the above method for non-CRA filers. Because more institutions are included in the statistics, both the deposit market size and SBL market size increase. At the institution level, because the newly added institutions are smaller, the average size in both deposits and SBL significantly decrease. The HHI distribution also changes, but the effect is different between deposit HHI and SBL HHI. The newly added institutions are smaller institutions, and their presence tends to decrease concentration in smaller markets for deposit HHI. On the other hand, in smaller markets, CRA filers have a relatively weaker presence in the SBL market compared to the deposit market. As a result, the previous analysis with only CRA filers may underestimate concentration in the SBL market by ignoring smaller institutions with a strong presence in the SBL market. Table 4 presents the same correlation matrix as in panel (a) in table 2. The correlation becomes higher for each variable pair, suggesting that deposit shares and deposit HHI are a good proxy to understand competitive conditions in the SBL market after accounting for the non-CRA filers.
##### Table 3: Summary Statistics
N Mean s.d. 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 1,398 8,648 64,097 181 350 781 2,005 7,764 1,398 2590 1634 1124 1467 2135 3175 4754 1,398 291 1,073 13 26 63 172 530 1,398 1710 1226 611 854 1353 2199 3312 5,212 2,335 33,327 41 82 181 438 1,245 5,236 77 706 1 5 16 38 88
To understand how the inclusion of the additional institutions affects market concentration depending on the market size, we summarize the average HHI for different deposit market size categories in figure 4. Figure 4 plots the same statistics with all depository institutions, whereas the statistics for figure 1 are based only on CRA filers. The difference between the black solid line and the gray dashed line is smaller due to two factors: higher SBL HHI in smaller markets and overall lower deposit HHI. As previously discussed, the additional included institutions are smaller institutions. They enhance competition in the deposit market, which decreases HHI, especially in mid-sized markets. At the same time, these institutions have a stronger competitive presence in the SBL market compared to the deposit market, which increases concentration in smaller markets. Overall, the observation in figure 4 is consistent with that in table 3.
#### Alternative Measure of Small Business Lending Market Shares
Because the categories of small business loans based on loan origination amount match the categories reported in the Call Report, the existing research often uses these categories when analyzing the SBL market. However, one may worry that loans in these categories may include loan origination to large firms. To address this concern, we use a different category of loan origination amounts based on the size of the borrower because CRA filers also report loan origination for borrowers with annual sales below \$1 million.
In this section, we investigate how the SBL market share based on the borrower size category differs from that based on the origination amount category. If these two are similar, we would be less concerned about the analysis in the previous section driven by loan origination to large firms. To examine the relationship between the borrower size-based CRA variable and other variables, we first calculate the correlation between these variables. Then, to see the relationship between the borrower size-based CRA market share and the loan size-based CRA market share, we estimate an ordinary least squares (OSL) regression. Formally, we estimate
$${BorrowerSizeBasedShare}_{ij} = \beta_0 + \beta_1{LoanSizeBasedShare}_{ij} + \varepsilon_{ij},$$
where $i$ is an index for the CRA filer, $j$ is an index for the Fed market, $\varepsilon_{ij}$ is an error term, and $\beta$s are the parameters to be estimated.
Tables 4 and 5 summarize the results. Table 4 presents the correlation statistics between the borrower size-based share/HHI and the deposit share/HHI, the total loan size-based share/HHI, and the loan size-based share/HHI in each category. The correlation between the deposit share/HHI and the borrower size-based share/HHI is similar to the correlation between the deposit share/HHI and the loan size-based share/HHI. Also, the correlations between the borrower size-based share/HHI and the different categories of loan size-based share/HHI are generally high. These results suggest that the local competitive presence captured by the borrower size-based share/HHI and the loan size-based share/HHI are similar. Table 5 presents the regression result. The estimated coefficient is very close to 1, with a high R2, which suggests that both the borrower size-based share and the loan size-based share measure the same local competitive conditions. Overall, the results presented in tables 4 and 5 show no qualitative difference when using either of the shares for the analysis of competitive conditions and justify the use of loan size-based share in the existing literature.
##### Table 4: Correlation to Borrower Size-Based CRA
HHI Share 0.48 0.65 0.86 0.88 0.80 0.78 0.64 0.73 0.55 0.71 1,306.00 60,504.00
##### Table 5: OLS Regression
Borrower Size-Based Share Loan Size-Based Share Constant
Estimated Coefficient 0.99 0.02
Standard Error (0.00227) (0.01412)
N = 61,441
R-Squared = 0.7560
#### Conclusion
In this note, we analyze whether the merger screening methods based on deposit share provide appropriate screening for the small business lending market. The small business lending market is generally more competitive than the deposit market. Also, after accounting for non-CRA filers, the deposit market share provides good approximation to the small business lending market share. These two results suggest that screening based on the deposit share works well for screening for the small business lending market as well, with more conservative results. When analyzing the competitive conditions in more detail, using the loan size-based share and the borrower size-based share would result in a similar conclusion.
#### Bibliography
Amel, Dean F., and Kenneth P. Brevoort (2005). "The Perceived Size of Small Business Banking Markets," Journal of Competition Law and Economics, vol. 1 (December), pp. 771–84.
Anenberg, Elliot, Andrew C. Chang, Serafin Grundl, Kevin B. Moore, and Richard Windle (2018). "The Branch Puzzle: Why Are there Still Bank Branches?" FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, August 20.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (2018). "FDIC Small Business Lending Survey." Washington: FDIC.
Mankiw, N. Gregory, and Michael D. Whinston (1986). "Free Entry and Social Inefficiency," RAND Journal of Economics, vol. 17 (Spring).
2. Deposits are used as a proxy because they are thought to be the best available measure of depositories' ability to engage in the full range of products and services included in the cluster of banking products and services. In fact, deposits are the only balance sheet item for which office-level data are available for all banks and thrift institutions. Return to text
3. For a detailed description of the data, see Anenberg and others (2018); Canner (1999). Return to text
4. We cannot calculate the exact amount of SBL because the CRA geographic boundaries and the Fed market boundaries do not exactly coincide. In our data construction, the CRA-reported SBL amount is aggregated at the county level. However, one county may be divided into multiple Fed markets. To approximate the SBL amount in a given Fed market, we aggregate the lending amount of all counties that are partly or fully included in the Fed market. Return to text
5. Nationally, 65.2 percent of loans are originated by in-market banks. Return to text
6. The low correlation of deposit market HHI/share and CRA market HHI/share may be because the smallest loan category includes credit card loans. Return to text
7. A rough back-of-envelope calculation suggests that the average loan term is about three years. For example, if all loan terms are three years and a bank originates the same amount every year, the flow-to-stock ratio will be 1/(1+0.67+0.33) = 0.5. Return to text
| 2022-07-06T06:48:09 |
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https://pos.sissa.it/380/181/
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Volume 380 - Particles and Nuclei International Conference 2021 (PANIC2021) - Hadron spectroscopy and exotics
New 𝒁𝒄 spectroscopy or Landau singularities? Searches in Heavy Ion Collisions could help decide
F.J. Llanes-Estrada* and L.M. Abreu
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: March 02, 2022
Published on:
Abstract
A constellation of quarkonium-mass peaks has been reported in the last decade, opening what could be an entire new spectroscopy of nuclear-physics like complexity. Salient among these structures are the $Z_c$, much analyzed at BESIII as nicely summarised by J. Zhao at this conference. Their stature as new hadron states has often been challenged by proposals that the peaks arise from triangle singularities instead,
because they appear in three-body reactions and often satisfy the special kinematic conditions of the Coleman-Norton theorem.
To experimentally decide, we should like to resort to different reactions erasing the kinematic coincidence, and see whether each peak survives. We observe that the most universal "eraser" is the medium created in Heavy Ion Collisions, because its high temperature often affects the masses and widths of the particles participating in the reaction: if additionally the triangle reaction is completed during the lifetime of the fireball, our computations in thermal field theory show that the triangle singularities do not survive the hot hadron phase (much less the hotter quark-gluon plasma). On the contrary, ordinary quarkonia are affected but often survive the fireball and molecular-like states (such as the antinuclei $^2\overline{H}$, $^3\overline{H}$ or $^4\overline{He}$) are also routinely detected.
We have provided several examples, and here investigate the exotic $Z_{c}(4020)^\pm\to \pi^{\pm} h_c$ peak (produced against a $\pi^\mp$ in $e^+e^-$ collisions).
If, as has been proposed during the debates, it is produced or enhanced by a $D_{1} D^{*} D^*$ triangle loop, the estimate here reported suggests its disappearance
near the critical temperature of the confinement/deconfinement phase transition, so any future detection in heavy-ion collision data would suggest it to be a real hadron, with its absence leaning towards the singularity interpretation.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.380.0181
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2022-05-20T01:52:01 |
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|
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/source/meshgenerators/MeshGenerator.html
|
# MeshGenerator
This is the base class of all the MeshGenerators systems. There are two types of MeshGenerators :
• Those who create a mesh (such as AnnularMeshGenerator, FileMeshGenerator,...). They are usually similar to the Mesh objects.
• Those who modify an existing mesh (such as MeshExtruderGenerator, StitchedMeshGenerator,...). They are usually similar to MeshModifier objects.
The point of these objects is to create complex meshes using only one input file. Indeed, you can use several MeshGenerator blocks in your input file. Those represent the different steps necessary to create your complex mesh.
## Input File Example
For instance, let's take a look at the following input file :
[MeshGenerators]
[./gmg]
type = GeneratedMeshGenerator
dim = 3
nx = 3
ny = 3
nz = 3
[]
[./tmg]
type = TiledMeshGenerator
input = gmg
x_width = 1
y_width = 1
z_width = 1
left_boundary = left
right_boundary = right
top_boundary = top
bottom_boundary = bottom
front_boundary = front
back_boundary = back
x_tiles = 2
y_tiles = 1
z_tiles = 5
[]
[]
[Mesh]
type = MeshGeneratorMesh
[]
[Outputs]
exodus = true
[]
First of all, one thing to notice is that you have several MeshGenerator blocks, but you only have one Mesh block, which is of type "MeshGeneratorMesh".
Let's analyse the different steps. First, we use a GeneratedMeshGenerator to create a 3D mesh (here it's simply a regular cube). After that, we use this mesh as an input (that's what input = gmg means) to create a larger mesh using a TiledMeshGenerator.
| 2018-12-13T22:08:18 |
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|
https://www.nist.gov/publications/3d-printed-alkali-metal-dispenser
|
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
# A 3D-printed alkali metal dispenser
Published
### Author(s)
Eric B. Norrgard, Daniel S. Barker, James A. Fedchak, Nikolai N. Klimov, Julia K. Scherschligt, Stephen P. Eckel
### Abstract
We demonstrate and characterize a source of Li atoms made from direct metal laser sintered Ti. The source's outgassing rate is measured to be $5 \,(2)\cdot 10^{-7}$\,$\rm{Pa}~ \rm{L}~ \rm{s}^{-1}$ at the temperature which optimizes the number of atoms loaded into a magneto-optical trap. The source loads $\approx 10^7$ $^7$Li atoms in the trap in $\approx 1$\,s. The loaded source weighs 700\,mg and is suitable for a number of deployable sensors based on cold atoms.
Citation
Review of Scientific Instruments
Volume
89
### Keywords
cold atoms, vacuum sensor, lithium, alkali metal dispenser
Created May 1, 2018, Updated November 10, 2018
| 2020-07-09T15:21:40 |
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|
https://mfix.netl.doe.gov/doc/vvuq-manual/main/html/pic/pic-02.html
|
# 5.2. PIC02: Advection in time varying flow field – velocity interpolation¶
## 5.2.1. Description¶
This is a code verification problem discussed in the DEM documentation of Garg et al. [8]. A total of 512 parcels are arranged on a sphere having a radius of 0.15 m centered at (0.35 m, 0.35 m, 0.35 m). The domain under consideration is a unit box (1.0 m X 1.0 m X 1.0 m) discretized uniformly having 32 cells in each direction. A time varying flow-field is prescribed as follows:
(5.3)$\begin{split}u_g =& 2 sin^{2} (\pi x) sin (2 \pi y) sin (2 \pi z) cos \bigg(\frac{\pi t}{T}\bigg) \\ v_g =& - sin (2 \pi x) sin^{2} (\pi y) sin (2 \pi z) cos \bigg(\frac{\pi t}{T}\bigg) \\ w_g =& - sin (2 \pi x) sin (2 \pi y) sin^{2} (\pi z) cos \bigg(\frac{\pi t}{T}\bigg)\end{split}$
## 5.2.2. Setup¶
Table 5.3 PIC-02 Setup, Initial and Boundary Conditions.
Computational/Physical model
3D, Transient
Multiphase
Gravity
Thermal energy equation is not solved
Turbulence equations are not solved (Laminar)
Uniform mesh
First order upqind discritization scheme
Geometry
Coordinate system
Cartesian
Grid partitions
x-length
1.0
(m)
32
y-length
1.0
(m)
32
z-length
1.0
(m)
32
Material
Gas density, $$\rho_{g}$$
1.2
(kg·m-3)
Gas viscosity, $$\mu_{g}$$
1.8E-05
(Pa·s)
Solids Type
PIC
Diameter, $$d_{p}$$
0.01
(m)
Density, $$\rho_{s}$$
2700
(kg·m-3)
Solids Properties (PIC)
Pressure linear scale factor, $$P_{s}$$
100.0
(Pa)
Exponential scale factor, $$\gamma$$
3.0
(-)
Statistical weight
1
(-)
Initial Conditions
x-velocity, $$u_{g}$$
Eq.5.3
(m·s-1)
y-velocity, $$v_{g}$$
Eq.5.3
(m·s-1)
z-velocity, $$w_{g}$$
Eq.5.3
(m·s-1)
Gas volume fraction, $$\epsilon_{g}$$
1.0
(-)
Gas volume fraction at packing, $$\epsilon_{g}^{*}$$
0.4
(-)
Pressure, $$P_{g}$$
101,325
(Pa)
Boundary Conditions
All boundaries are cyclic
A value of 0.25 is chosen for the time period T and the simulations are run for a total duration of 4 seconds which is equivalent to 16 cycles. The initial parcel configuration and velocities are specified through a particle_input.dat file, typical of MFiX runs that require an exact particle arrangement.
## 5.2.3. Results¶
The parcels are sheared in different directions since the center of the spherical arrangement is off from the center of the vortex field. Once the simulation begins, the configuration is deformed and then restored at multiples of time period T as shown in Fig. 5.2. The absolute difference between the exact location and the numerical solution is shown in Table 5.4. The maximum locational error is still within 0.01 m at the end of 16 cycles.
Fig. 5.2 Instantaneous location of parcels for the configuration centered at X=0.35 m, Y=0.35 m, Z=0.35 m. The time stamps are provided inside each snapshot.
Table 5.4 L1-Norms of Parcel Displacement for the Configuration Centered at (0.35 m, 0.35 m, 0.35 m) having a Radius of 0.15 m.
Physical Time (s)
Cycle
Maximum L1-Norm (m)
0.25
1
2.11E-03
0.50
2
1.22E-03
0.75
3
2.59E-03
1.00
4
2.44E-03
1.25
5
3.46E-03
1.50
6
3.65E-03
1.75
7
4.49E-03
2.00
8
4.87E-03
2.25
9
5.60E-03
2.50
10
6.08E-03
2.75
11
6.74E-03
3.00
12
7.29E-03
3.25
13
7.90E-03
3.50
14
8.51E-03
3.75
15
9.08E-03
4.00
16
9.72E-03
| 2022-07-03T18:25:16 |
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|
https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/pbn-report-web/pages/publication/id/5be419edd5de2963cd05b2c6
|
An Sn-induced resonant level in $\beta-As_{2}Te_{3}$
PBN-AR
Instytucja
Wydział Fizyki i Informatyki Stosowanej (Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie)
##### Informacje podstawowe
Główny język publikacji
EN
Czasopismo
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (40pkt w roku publikacji)
ISSN
1463-9076
EISSN
1463-9084
Wydawca
The Royal Society of Chemistry
DOI
Rok publikacji
2018
Numer zeszytu
18
Strony od-do
12948--12957
Numer tomu
20
Identyfikator DOI
Liczba arkuszy
0.71
##### Autorzy
(liczba autorów: 6)
Pozostali autorzy
+ 4
##### Streszczenia
Język
EN
Treść
Distortion of the density of states by an impurity-induced resonant level has been shown to provide an effective strategy to improve the thermoelectric performance of semiconductors such as Bi2Te3, PbTe or SnTe. Here, combining first-principles calculations and transport property measurements, we demonstrate that Sn is a resonant impurity that distorts the valence band edge in p-type beta-As2Te3. This remarkable effect is characterized as a prominent, sharp peak in the electronic density of states near the Fermi level. To illustrate the particular influence of Sn on the thermopower of beta-As2Te3, the theoretical Ioffe-Pisarenko curve, computed within the Boltzmann transport theory, is compared with the experimental results obtained on three series of polycrystalline samples with substitution of Ga and Bi for As and I for Te. While Ga and I behave as conventional, rigid-band-like dopants and follow theoretical predictions, Sn results in significant deviations from the theoretical curve with a clear enhancement of the thermopower. Both electronic band structure calculations and transport property measurements provide conclusive evidence that this enhancement and hence, the good thermoelectric performances achieved at mid temperatures in beta-As2-xSnxTe3 can be attributed to a resonant level induced by Sn atoms. The possibility to induce resonant states in the electronic band structure of beta-As2Te3 opens new avenues to further optimize its thermoelectric performance.
original article
peer-reviewed
##### Inne
System-identifier
idp:114262
Crossref
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| 2019-12-14T11:27:08 |
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|
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Alott.john
|
## Lott, John
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: lott.john Published as: Lott, John; Lott, J. External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND · IdRef · theses.fr
Documents Indexed: 82 Publications since 1984, including 2 Books 8 Contributions as Editor Co-Authors: 18 Co-Authors with 33 Joint Publications 609 Co-Co-Authors
all top 5
### Co-Authors
57 single-authored 6 Taimanov, Iskander Asanovich 6 Wilking, Burkhard 4 Gorokhovsky, Alexander 4 Kleiner, Bruce 3 Bismut, Jean-Michel 3 Villani, Cédric 2 Arroja Neves, André 2 Connes, Alain 2 Freed, Daniel Stuart 2 Zhang, Zhou 1 Kapovitch, Vitali 1 Leichtnam, Eric 1 Lück, Wolfgang 1 Piazza, Paolo 1 Rothenberg, Melvin G. 1 Sesum, Natasa 1 Shen, Zhongmin 1 Singer, Isadore Manuel 1 Wilson, Patrick
all top 5
### Serials
8 Communications in Mathematical Physics 7 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 6 Oberwolfach Reports 5 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 5 Mathematische Annalen 4 Classical and Quantum Gravity 4 Journal of Differential Geometry 3 Advances in Mathematics 3 Duke Mathematical Journal 3 Journal of Functional Analysis 2 American Journal of Mathematics 2 Geometriae Dedicata 2 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 2 $$K$$-Theory 2 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 2 Geometry & Topology 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Acta Mathematica 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Inventiones Mathematicae 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 1 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 1 L’Enseignement Mathématique. 2e Série 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I 1 Nuclear Physics. B. Proceedings Supplements 1 Communications in Analysis and Geometry 1 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 1 Annales Henri Poincaré 1 Astérisque 1 Annals of $$K$$-Theory
all top 5
### Fields
47 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 45 Differential geometry (53-XX) 15 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 8 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 7 Functional analysis (46-XX) 6 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 6 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 6 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 5 Quantum theory (81-XX) 3 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 3 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 2 Potential theory (31-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
71 Publications have been cited 1,670 times in 1,336 Documents Cited by Year
Ricci curvature for metric-measure spaces via optimal transport. Zbl 1178.53038
Lott, John; Villani, Cedric
2009
Notes on Perelman’s papers. Zbl 1204.53033
Kleiner, Bruce; Lott, John
2008
Some geometric properties of the Bakry-Émery-Ricci tensor. Zbl 1038.53041
Lott, John
2003
Weak curvature conditions and functional inequalities. Zbl 1119.53028
Lott, John; Villani, Cédric
2007
Particle models and noncommutative geometry. Zbl 0957.46516
Connes, Alain; Lott, John
1990
Flat vector bundles, direct images and higher real analytic torsion. Zbl 0837.58028
Bismut, Jean-Michel; Lott, John
1995
On the long-time behavior of type-III Ricci flow solutions. Zbl 1135.53046
Lott, John
2007
Some geometric calculations on Wasserstein space. Zbl 1144.58007
Lott, John
2008
Heat kernels on covering spaces and topological invariants. Zbl 0770.58040
Lott, John
1992
An index theorem in differential $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1197.58007
Freed, Daniel S.; Lott, John
2010
$$L^ 2$$-topological invariants of 3-manifolds. Zbl 0876.57050
Lott, John; Lück, Wolfgang
1995
Hamilton-Jacobi semigroup on length spaces and applications. Zbl 1210.53047
Lott, John; Villani, Cédric
2007
Dimensional reduction and the long-time behavior of Ricci flow. Zbl 1195.53094
Lott, John
2010
$$\mathbb{R} /\mathbb{Z}$$ index theory. Zbl 0840.58044
Lott, John
1994
Higher eta-invariants. Zbl 0773.58026
Lott, John
1992
Optimal transport and Perelman’s reduced volume. Zbl 1171.53318
Lott, John
2009
Eigenvalue bounds for the Dirac operator. Zbl 0605.58044
Lott, John
1986
Analytic torsion for group actions. Zbl 0744.57021
Lott, John; Rothenberg, Mel
1991
Mean curvature flow in a Ricci flow background. Zbl 1246.53090
Lott, John
2012
Torsion constraints in supergeometry. Zbl 0716.53069
Lott, John
1990
The metric aspect of noncommutative geometry. Zbl 1221.58007
Connes, Alain; Lott, John
1992
Singular Ricci flows. I. Zbl 1396.53090
Kleiner, Bruce; Lott, John
2017
Superconnections and higher index theory. Zbl 0777.58038
Lott, J.
1992
Ricci flow on quasi-projective manifolds. Zbl 1248.53050
Lott, John; Zhang, Zhou
2011
Ricci flow on three-dimensional manifolds with symmetry. Zbl 1298.53065
Lott, John; Sesum, Natasa
2014
Local index theory over foliation groupoids. Zbl 1106.58014
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2006
Collapsing and the differential form Laplacian: the case of a smooth limit space. Zbl 1072.58023
Lott, John
2002
Higher-degree analogs of the determinant line bundle. Zbl 1027.58026
Lott, John
2002
On the spectrum of a finite-volume negatively-curved manifold. Zbl 0980.58021
Lott, John
2001
Supersymmetric path integrals. Zbl 0615.58005
Lott, John
1987
The index of a transverse Dirac-type operator: the case of abelian Molino sheaf. Zbl 1283.58016
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2013
The zero-in-the-spectrum question. Zbl 0874.58086
Lott, John
1996
Delocalized $$L^2$$-invariants. Zbl 0958.58027
Lott, John
1999
Collapsing and Dirac-type operators. Zbl 1001.58020
Lott, John
2002
Ricci flow on quasiprojective manifolds. II. Zbl 1351.53081
Lott, John; Zhang, Zhou
2016
Local index theory over étale groupoids. Zbl 1034.58021
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2003
Signatures and higher signatures of $$S^1$$-quotients. Zbl 0946.57030
Lott, John
2000
Remark about scalar curvature and Riemannian submersions. Zbl 1141.53029
Lott, John
2007
Optimal transport and Ricci curvature for metric-measure spaces. Zbl 1155.53026
Lott, John
2007
Diffeomorphisms and noncommutative analytic torsion. Zbl 0942.58002
Lott, John
1999
Ricci measure for some singular Riemannian metrics. Zbl 1343.53031
Lott, John
2016
Vacuum charge and the eta function. Zbl 0564.58033
Lott, John
1984
Limit sets as examples in noncommutative geometry. Zbl 1106.46055
Lott, John
2005
On the homotopy invariance of higher signatures for manifolds with boundary. Zbl 1032.58012
Leichtnam, Eric; Lott, John; Piazza, Paolo
2000
$$\widehat A$$-genus and collapsing. Zbl 1047.53024
Lott, John
2000
Manifolds with quadratic curvature decay and slow volume growth. Zbl 0996.53026
Lott, John; Shen, Zhongmin
2000
Local collapsing, orbifolds, and geometrization. Zbl 1315.53034
Kleiner, Bruce; Lott, John
2014
Secondary analytic indices. Zbl 1071.58019
Lott, John
2000
A Hilbert bundle description of differential $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1398.58001
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2018
On tangent cones in Wasserstein space. Zbl 1375.58026
Lott, John
2017
Renormalization group flow for general $$\sigma$$-models. Zbl 0603.58034
Lott, John
1986
Remark about the spectrum of the $$p$$-form Laplacian under a collapse with curvature bounded below. Zbl 1042.58018
Lott, John
2004
$$L^ 2$$-cohomology of geometrically infinite hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Zbl 0873.57014
Lott, J.
1997
Invariant currents on limit sets. Zbl 0959.58030
Lott, John
2000
Collapsing in the Einstein flow. Zbl 1400.83008
Lott, John
2018
On noncollapsed almost Ricci-flat 4-manifolds. Zbl 1417.53038
Kapovitch, Vitali; Lott, John
2019
Collapsing with a lower bound on the curvature operator. Zbl 1288.53062
Lott, John
2014
A proof of the axial anomaly. Zbl 0598.58047
Lott, John
1985
Backreaction in the future behavior of an expanding vacuum spacetime. Zbl 1382.83014
Lott, John
2018
The collapsing geometry of almost Ricci-flat 4-manifolds. Zbl 1453.53046
Lott, John
2020
The work of Grigory Perelman. Zbl 1151.01017
Lott, John
2007
Equivariant analytic torsion for compact Lie group actions. Zbl 0824.58044
Lott, John
1994
Remark about heat diffusion on periodic spaces. Zbl 0949.58027
Lott, John
1999
Deficiencies of lattice subgroups of Lie groups. Zbl 0939.22007
Lott, John
1999
Manifolds with quadratic curvature decay and fast volume growth. Zbl 1034.53033
Lott, John
2003
The Dirac operator and conformal compactification. Zbl 0977.58030
Lott, John
2001
Note on asymptotically conical expanding Ricci solitons. Zbl 1366.53032
Lott, John; Wilson, Patrick
2017
Torus bundles and the group cohomology of $$GL(N,\mathbb{Z})$$. Zbl 0902.57028
Bismut, Jean-Michel; Lott, John
1997
Real anomalies. Zbl 0645.47009
Lott, J.
1988
Flat vector bundles, direct images and analytic torsion forms. (Fibrés plats, images directes et formes de torsion analytique.) Zbl 0780.57023
Bismut, Jean-Michel; Lott, John
1993
Comparison geometry of holomorphic bisectional curvature for Kähler manifolds and limit spaces. Zbl 07442549
Lott, John
2021
Comparison geometry of holomorphic bisectional curvature for Kähler manifolds and limit spaces. Zbl 07442549
Lott, John
2021
The collapsing geometry of almost Ricci-flat 4-manifolds. Zbl 1453.53046
Lott, John
2020
On noncollapsed almost Ricci-flat 4-manifolds. Zbl 1417.53038
Kapovitch, Vitali; Lott, John
2019
A Hilbert bundle description of differential $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1398.58001
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2018
Collapsing in the Einstein flow. Zbl 1400.83008
Lott, John
2018
Backreaction in the future behavior of an expanding vacuum spacetime. Zbl 1382.83014
Lott, John
2018
Singular Ricci flows. I. Zbl 1396.53090
Kleiner, Bruce; Lott, John
2017
On tangent cones in Wasserstein space. Zbl 1375.58026
Lott, John
2017
Note on asymptotically conical expanding Ricci solitons. Zbl 1366.53032
Lott, John; Wilson, Patrick
2017
Ricci flow on quasiprojective manifolds. II. Zbl 1351.53081
Lott, John; Zhang, Zhou
2016
Ricci measure for some singular Riemannian metrics. Zbl 1343.53031
Lott, John
2016
Ricci flow on three-dimensional manifolds with symmetry. Zbl 1298.53065
Lott, John; Sesum, Natasa
2014
Local collapsing, orbifolds, and geometrization. Zbl 1315.53034
Kleiner, Bruce; Lott, John
2014
Collapsing with a lower bound on the curvature operator. Zbl 1288.53062
Lott, John
2014
The index of a transverse Dirac-type operator: the case of abelian Molino sheaf. Zbl 1283.58016
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2013
Mean curvature flow in a Ricci flow background. Zbl 1246.53090
Lott, John
2012
Ricci flow on quasi-projective manifolds. Zbl 1248.53050
Lott, John; Zhang, Zhou
2011
An index theorem in differential $$K$$-theory. Zbl 1197.58007
Freed, Daniel S.; Lott, John
2010
Dimensional reduction and the long-time behavior of Ricci flow. Zbl 1195.53094
Lott, John
2010
Ricci curvature for metric-measure spaces via optimal transport. Zbl 1178.53038
Lott, John; Villani, Cedric
2009
Optimal transport and Perelman’s reduced volume. Zbl 1171.53318
Lott, John
2009
Notes on Perelman’s papers. Zbl 1204.53033
Kleiner, Bruce; Lott, John
2008
Some geometric calculations on Wasserstein space. Zbl 1144.58007
Lott, John
2008
Weak curvature conditions and functional inequalities. Zbl 1119.53028
Lott, John; Villani, Cédric
2007
On the long-time behavior of type-III Ricci flow solutions. Zbl 1135.53046
Lott, John
2007
Hamilton-Jacobi semigroup on length spaces and applications. Zbl 1210.53047
Lott, John; Villani, Cédric
2007
Remark about scalar curvature and Riemannian submersions. Zbl 1141.53029
Lott, John
2007
Optimal transport and Ricci curvature for metric-measure spaces. Zbl 1155.53026
Lott, John
2007
The work of Grigory Perelman. Zbl 1151.01017
Lott, John
2007
Local index theory over foliation groupoids. Zbl 1106.58014
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2006
Limit sets as examples in noncommutative geometry. Zbl 1106.46055
Lott, John
2005
Remark about the spectrum of the $$p$$-form Laplacian under a collapse with curvature bounded below. Zbl 1042.58018
Lott, John
2004
Some geometric properties of the Bakry-Émery-Ricci tensor. Zbl 1038.53041
Lott, John
2003
Local index theory over étale groupoids. Zbl 1034.58021
Gorokhovsky, Alexander; Lott, John
2003
Manifolds with quadratic curvature decay and fast volume growth. Zbl 1034.53033
Lott, John
2003
Collapsing and the differential form Laplacian: the case of a smooth limit space. Zbl 1072.58023
Lott, John
2002
Higher-degree analogs of the determinant line bundle. Zbl 1027.58026
Lott, John
2002
Collapsing and Dirac-type operators. Zbl 1001.58020
Lott, John
2002
On the spectrum of a finite-volume negatively-curved manifold. Zbl 0980.58021
Lott, John
2001
The Dirac operator and conformal compactification. Zbl 0977.58030
Lott, John
2001
Signatures and higher signatures of $$S^1$$-quotients. Zbl 0946.57030
Lott, John
2000
On the homotopy invariance of higher signatures for manifolds with boundary. Zbl 1032.58012
Leichtnam, Eric; Lott, John; Piazza, Paolo
2000
$$\widehat A$$-genus and collapsing. Zbl 1047.53024
Lott, John
2000
Manifolds with quadratic curvature decay and slow volume growth. Zbl 0996.53026
Lott, John; Shen, Zhongmin
2000
Secondary analytic indices. Zbl 1071.58019
Lott, John
2000
Invariant currents on limit sets. Zbl 0959.58030
Lott, John
2000
Delocalized $$L^2$$-invariants. Zbl 0958.58027
Lott, John
1999
Diffeomorphisms and noncommutative analytic torsion. Zbl 0942.58002
Lott, John
1999
Remark about heat diffusion on periodic spaces. Zbl 0949.58027
Lott, John
1999
Deficiencies of lattice subgroups of Lie groups. Zbl 0939.22007
Lott, John
1999
$$L^ 2$$-cohomology of geometrically infinite hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Zbl 0873.57014
Lott, J.
1997
Torus bundles and the group cohomology of $$GL(N,\mathbb{Z})$$. Zbl 0902.57028
Bismut, Jean-Michel; Lott, John
1997
The zero-in-the-spectrum question. Zbl 0874.58086
Lott, John
1996
Flat vector bundles, direct images and higher real analytic torsion. Zbl 0837.58028
Bismut, Jean-Michel; Lott, John
1995
$$L^ 2$$-topological invariants of 3-manifolds. Zbl 0876.57050
Lott, John; Lück, Wolfgang
1995
$$\mathbb{R} /\mathbb{Z}$$ index theory. Zbl 0840.58044
Lott, John
1994
Equivariant analytic torsion for compact Lie group actions. Zbl 0824.58044
Lott, John
1994
Flat vector bundles, direct images and analytic torsion forms. (Fibrés plats, images directes et formes de torsion analytique.) Zbl 0780.57023
Bismut, Jean-Michel; Lott, John
1993
Heat kernels on covering spaces and topological invariants. Zbl 0770.58040
Lott, John
1992
Higher eta-invariants. Zbl 0773.58026
Lott, John
1992
The metric aspect of noncommutative geometry. Zbl 1221.58007
Connes, Alain; Lott, John
1992
Superconnections and higher index theory. Zbl 0777.58038
Lott, J.
1992
Analytic torsion for group actions. Zbl 0744.57021
Lott, John; Rothenberg, Mel
1991
Particle models and noncommutative geometry. Zbl 0957.46516
Connes, Alain; Lott, John
1990
Torsion constraints in supergeometry. Zbl 0716.53069
Lott, John
1990
Real anomalies. Zbl 0645.47009
Lott, J.
1988
Supersymmetric path integrals. Zbl 0615.58005
Lott, John
1987
Eigenvalue bounds for the Dirac operator. Zbl 0605.58044
Lott, John
1986
Renormalization group flow for general $$\sigma$$-models. Zbl 0603.58034
Lott, John
1986
A proof of the axial anomaly. Zbl 0598.58047
Lott, John
1985
Vacuum charge and the eta function. Zbl 0564.58033
Lott, John
1984
all top 5
### Cited by 1,197 Authors
33 Lott, John 28 Sturm, Karl-Theodor 26 Gigli, Nicola 19 Wang, Linfeng 18 Wu, Jiayong 17 Mondino, Andrea 15 Honda, Shouhei 14 Cavalletti, Fabio 14 Ohta, Shin-ichi 13 Ketterer, Christian 13 Savaré, Giuseppe 12 Ambrosio, Luigi 12 Gozlan, Nathael 11 Erbar, Matthias 10 Han, Bangxian 10 Kuwada, Kazumasa 10 Li, Xiang-Dong 9 Ammann, Bernd Eberhard 9 Benameur, Moulay-Tahar 9 Bismut, Jean-Michel 9 Lück, Wolfgang 9 Piazza, Paolo 9 Roberto, Cyril 9 Zhang, Huichun 8 Bamler, Richard H. 8 Jiang, Renjin 8 Ma, Xiaonan 8 Samson, Paul-Marie 8 Sati, Hisham 8 Streets, Jeffrey D. 7 Ho, Man-Ho 7 Martinetti, Pierre 7 McCann, Robert J. 7 Milman, Emanuel 7 Pasqualetto, Enrico 7 Rajala, Tapio 7 Schücker, Thomas 7 Semola, Daniele 7 Villani, Cédric 7 Zhang, Zhenlei 7 Zhu, Anqiang 6 Balogh, Zoltán M. 6 Bruè, Elia 6 Carron, Gilles 6 Case, Jeffrey S. 6 Fang, Fuquan 6 Gorokhovsky, Alexander 6 Haslhofer, Robert 6 Jost, Jürgen 6 Kristály, Alexandru 6 Leichtnam, Eric 6 Lu, Zhiqin 6 Maas, Jan 6 Mathai, Varghese 6 Su, Guangxiang 6 Tetali, Prasad 6 Wang, Bing 6 Wylie, William C. 6 Yu, Guoliang 6 Zhang, Weiping 6 Zhang, Yuguang 5 Carey, Alan L. 5 Charalambous, Nelia 5 Cheng, Liang 5 Gangbo, Wilfrid 5 Harju, Antti J. 5 Humbert, Emmanuel 5 Igusa, Kiyoshi 5 Kell, Martin 5 Koskela, Pekka 5 Lakzian, Sajjad 5 Lee, Man-Chun 5 Léonard, Christian 5 Li, Huaiqian 5 Li, Wuchen 5 Ma, Li 5 Munn, Michael 5 Rizzi, Luca 5 Schreiber, Urs 5 Shao, Jinghai 5 Tam, Luen-Fai 5 Vacaru, Sergiu Ion 5 Xie, Zhizhang 5 Zhang, Zhou 4 Barilari, Davide 4 Baudoin, Fabrice 4 Boileau, Michel Charles 4 Bunke, Ulrich 4 Chau, Albert 4 Connes, Alain 4 Dorabiała, Wojciech 4 Dubois-Violette, Michel 4 Elmrabty, Adnane 4 Fang, Shizan 4 Galaz-Garcia, Fernando 4 Heitsch, James L. 4 Hua, Bobo 4 Huang, Shaosai 4 Juillet, Nicolas 4 Kastler, Daniel ...and 1,097 more Authors
all top 5
### Cited in 226 Serials
73 Journal of Functional Analysis 64 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 55 Journal of Geometry and Physics 52 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 47 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 41 Advances in Mathematics 36 Communications in Mathematical Physics 31 Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 28 Mathematische Zeitschrift 26 Mathematische Annalen 26 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 24 Geometric and Functional Analysis. GAFA 24 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 22 Geometry & Topology 19 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 18 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 18 Inventiones Mathematicae 17 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 16 Geometriae Dedicata 16 Differential Geometry and its Applications 16 Potential Analysis 16 Analysis and Geometry in Metric Spaces 15 Manuscripta Mathematica 13 Duke Mathematical Journal 12 Letters in Mathematical Physics 12 Journal of High Energy Physics 11 The Annals of Probability 11 Probability Theory and Related Fields 11 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 11 Science China. Mathematics 10 Journal of Differential Equations 10 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 10 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 10 Algebraic & Geometric Topology 10 Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 9 International Journal of Mathematics 9 Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 9 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 8 Journal of Mathematical Physics 8 Results in Mathematics 8 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 8 Journal of Topology and Analysis 8 Journal of $$K$$-Theory 7 Nuclear Physics. B 7 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 7 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 7 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 7 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 7 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 7 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 7 SIGMA. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 6 Classical and Quantum Gravity 6 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 6 Israel Journal of Mathematics 6 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 6 $$K$$-Theory 6 Communications in Partial Differential Equations 6 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 6 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 5 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 5 Archiv der Mathematik 5 Annales Mathématiques Blaise Pascal 5 Mathematical Physics, Analysis and Geometry 5 Annales Henri Poincaré 5 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 5 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie V 4 Acta Mathematica 4 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 4 Journal of Differential Geometry 4 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 4 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 4 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 4 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 4 Journal of Topology 4 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques 4 Information Geometry 3 General Relativity and Gravitation 3 Reports on Mathematical Physics 3 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 3 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 3 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 3 Compositio Mathematica 3 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 3 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 3 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 3 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 3 Electronic Journal of Probability 3 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 3 Advances in Geometry 3 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 3 Oberwolfach Reports 3 Advances in Calculus of Variations 3 European Journal of Mathematics 2 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 2 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2 Fortschritte der Physik 2 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 2 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 2 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 2 Illinois Journal of Mathematics ...and 126 more Serials
all top 5
### Cited in 52 Fields
807 Differential geometry (53-XX) 494 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 180 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 154 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 126 Functional analysis (46-XX) 125 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 124 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 105 Quantum theory (81-XX) 87 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 64 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 56 Measure and integration (28-XX) 42 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 39 Operator theory (47-XX) 39 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 38 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 35 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 34 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 32 Potential theory (31-XX) 25 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 23 Combinatorics (05-XX) 23 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 23 Geometry (51-XX) 23 General topology (54-XX) 22 Real functions (26-XX) 16 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 15 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 14 Number theory (11-XX) 14 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 11 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 11 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 11 Statistics (62-XX) 11 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 11 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 11 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 10 Computer science (68-XX) 10 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 8 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 7 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 5 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 5 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 5 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 5 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 4 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 4 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 2 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX)
### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2022-05-26T23:08:41 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10311883-solar-neutrino-detection-sensitivity-darwin-via-electron-scattering
|
Solar neutrino detection sensitivity in DARWIN via electron scattering
Abstract We detail the sensitivity of the proposed liquid xenon DARWIN observatory to solar neutrinos via elastic electron scattering. We find that DARWIN will have the potential to measure the fluxes of five solar neutrino components: pp , $$^7$$ 7 Be, $$^{13}$$ 13 N, $$^{15}$$ 15 O and pep . The precision of the $$^{13}$$ 13 N, $$^{15}$$ 15 O and pep components is hindered by the double-beta decay of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe and, thus, would benefit from a depleted target. A high-statistics observation of pp neutrinos would allow us to infer the values of the electroweak mixing angle, $$\sin ^2\theta _w$$ sin 2 θ w , and the electron-type neutrino survival probability, $$P_{ee}$$ P ee , in the electron recoil energy region from a few keV up to 200 keV for the first time, with relative precision of 5% and 4%, respectively, with 10 live years of data and a 30 tonne fiducial volume. An observation of pp and $$^7$$ 7 Be neutrinos would constrain the neutrino-inferred solar luminosity down to 0.2%. A combination of all flux measurements would distinguish between the high- (GS98) and low-metallicity (AGS09) solar models with 2.1–2.5 $$\sigma$$ σ significance, independent of external measurements from other more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10311883
Journal Name:
The European Physical Journal C
Volume:
80
Issue:
12
ISSN:
1434-6044
2. Abstract Neutrinos emitted in the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen (CNO) fusion cycle in the Sun are a sub-dominant, yet crucial component of solar neutrinos whose flux has not been measured yet. The Borexino experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy) has a unique opportunity to detect them directly thanks to the detector’s radiopurity and the precise understanding of the detector backgrounds. We discuss the sensitivity of Borexino to CNO neutrinos, which is based on the strategies we adopted to constrain the rates of the two most relevant background sources, $$pep$$ pep neutrinos from the solar pp -chain and $$^{210}$$more »
4. Abstract The DARWIN observatory is a proposed next-generation experiment to search for particle dark matter and for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe. Out of its 50 t total natural xenon inventory, 40 t will be the active target of a time projection chamber which thus contains about 3.6 t of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe. Here, we show that its projected half-life sensitivity is $$2.4\times {10}^{27}\,{\hbox {year}}$$ 2.4 × 10 27 year , using a fiducial volume of 5 t of natural xenon and 10 year of operation with a background rate of less than 0.2 events/(t $$\cdot$$ · year) in the energymore »
| 2022-08-13T09:09:32 |
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|
https://indico.bnl.gov/event/10452/?view=lecture
|
***ATTENTION Indico Users***
Important changes to user logins are coming to Indico at BNL.
High Energy / Nuclear Theory / RIKEN seminars
# [NT/RIKEN seminar] Two-baryon interactions from lattice QCD
## by Andrew Hanlon
US/Eastern
Description
It has been over three decades since the first two-baryon
studies from lattice QCD were performed. Despite algorithmic
improvements and increases in computational resources since then,
there remains disagreement on results from various groups in the
lattice community. A major barrier in resolving these discrepancies is
the poor signal-to-noise ratio for baryons, which needs to be overcome
with modern methods. In this seminar, I will begin by covering various
techniques and formalism that have become standard in lattice
spectroscopy. This will include the use of distillation (and its
stochastic variant) to treat all-to-all quark propagation; a
variational method, which can help to reduce unwanted excited states
while allowing for several desired states to be extracted; and the
L\"uscher two-particle formalism, which relates finite-volume energies
to infinite-volume scattering amplitudes. I will then present our
recent results for two nucleon S-wave interactions in both isospin
channels, computed at the SU(3)-flavor-symmetric point corresponding
to $m_\pi \approx 714$ MeV. These results strongly disfavor the
presence of any bound states at this pion mass, which contradicts some
of the calculations in the literature. Further, our recent results for
the $H$ dibaryon---also using an SU(3)-symmetric setup, but
corresponding to $m_\pi \approx 420$ MeV---show appreciable dependence
on the lattice spacing. This could explain some of the discrepancies
in the literature. However, I will discuss other possibilities, as
well as future directions for spectroscopy.
| 2022-01-18T21:41:16 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10251180-cost-energy-efficiency-digital-hardware-trade-off-between-energy-dissipation-energydelay-product-reliability-electronic-magnetic-optical-binary-switches
|
The Cost of Energy-Efficiency in Digital Hardware: The Trade-Off between Energy Dissipation, Energy–Delay Product and Reliability in Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Binary Switches
Binary switches, which are the primitive units of all digital computing and information processing hardware, are usually benchmarked on the basis of their ‘energy–delay product’, which is the product of the energy dissipated in completing the switching action and the time it takes to complete that action. The lower the energy–delay product, the better the switch (supposedly). This approach ignores the fact that lower energy dissipation and faster switching usually come at the cost of poorer reliability (i.e., a higher switching error rate) and hence the energy–delay product alone cannot be a good metric for benchmarking switches. Here, we show the trade-off between energy dissipation, energy–delay product and error–probability for an electronic switch (a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), a magnetic switch (a magnetic tunnel junction switched with spin transfer torque) and an optical switch (bistable non-linear mirror). As expected, reducing energy dissipation and/or energy–delay product generally results in increased switching error probability and reduced reliability.
Authors:
;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10251180
Journal Name:
Applied Sciences
Volume:
11
Issue:
12
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
5590
ISSN:
2076-3417
5. The research problem of how to use a high-speed circuit switch, typically an optical switch, to most effectively boost the switching capacity of a datacenter network, has been extensively studied. In this work, we focus on a different but related research problem that arises when multiple (say $s$) parallel circuit switches are used: How to best split a switching workload $D$ into sub-workloads $D_1, D_2, ..., D_s$, and give them to the $s$ switches as their respective workloads, so that the overall makespan of the parallel switching system is minimized? Computing such an optimal split is unfortunately NP-hard, since the circuit/optical switch incurs a nontrivial reconfiguration delay when the switch configuration has to change. In this work, we formulate a weaker form of this problem: How to minimize the total number of nonzero entries in $D_1, D_2, ..., D_s$ (so that the overall reconfiguration cost can be kept low), under the constraint that every row or column sum of $D$ (which corresponds to the workload imposed on a sending or receiving rack respectively) is evenly split? Although this weaker problem is still NP-hard, we are able to design LESS, an approximation algorithm that has a low approximation ratio of onlymore »
| 2023-01-29T09:15:21 |
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|
https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/buoy-oh-buoy-floating-instruments-receive-major-upgrade
|
June 9, 2020
Web Feature
$1.3-million upgrade includes more powerful lidars to reach today’s taller wind turbines Two buoys used to collect offshore wind measurements underwent a$1.3 million upgrade to extend the reach of their lidar beams.
Ocean Tech Services LLC
A PNNL research team has upgraded the instrumentation on two lidar buoys used to capture data that help advance the scientific understanding of offshore wind and its energy-producing potential. The buoys were equipped with more powerful lidars that reach up to 200 meters, providing a higher data recovery rate. Previously, the lidar beams did not consistently return data at heights above 90 meters, and thus did not satisfy the data needs for today’s much taller wind turbines.
| 2020-07-13T19:06:16 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/pu-u-wraps-24th-year-eruption
|
# Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō wraps up 24th year of eruption
### Detailed Description
Campout flow forms several benches at East Kailiili. August 5, 2006. View is toward the southwest along the coast of Kīlauea Volcano at the eastern edge of the new lava entry. Note multiple benches forming at base of seacliff, which is about 20 m tall.
| 2022-08-11T15:10:19 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10154258-distinction-between-pristine-disorder-perturbed-charge-density-waves-zrte3
|
Distinction between pristine and disorder-perturbed charge density waves in ZrTe3
Abstract
Charge density waves (CDWs) in the cuprate high-temperature superconductors have evoked much interest, yet their typical short-range nature has raised questions regarding the role of disorder. Here we report a resonant X-ray diffraction study of ZrTe$${}_{3}$$${}_{3}$, a model CDW system, with focus on the influence of disorder. Near the CDW transition temperature, we observe two independent signals that arise concomitantly, only to become clearly separated in momentum while developing very different correlation lengths in the well-ordered state that is reached at a distinctly lower temperature. Anomalously slow dynamics of mesoscopic charge domains are further found near the transition temperature, in spite of the expected strong thermal fluctuations. Our observations signify the presence of distinct experimental fingerprints of pristine and disorder-perturbed CDWs. We discuss the latter also in the context of Friedel oscillations, which we argue might promote CDW formation via a self-amplifying process.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10154258
Journal Name:
Nature Communications
Volume:
11
Issue:
1
ISSN:
2041-1723
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Kondo insulators are expected to transform into metals under a sufficiently strong magnetic field. The closure of the insulating gap stems from the coupling of a magnetic field to the electron spin, yet the required strength of the magnetic field–typically of order 100 T–means that very little is known about this insulator-metal transition. Here we show that Ce$${}_{3}$$${}_{3}$Bi$${}_{4}$$${}_{4}$Pd$${}_{3}$$${}_{3}$, owing to its fortuitously small gap, provides an ideal Kondo insulator for this investigation. A metallic Fermi liquid state is established above a critical magnetic field of only$${B}_{{\rm{c}}}\approx$$${B}_{c}\approx$11 T. A peak in the strength of electronic correlations near$${B}_{{\rm{c}}}$$${B}_{c}$, which is evident in transport and susceptibility measurements, suggests that Ce$${}_{3}$$${}_{3}$Bi$${}_{4}$$${}_{4}$Pd$${}_{3}$$${}_{3}$may exhibit quantum criticality analogous to that reported in Kondo insulators under pressure. Metamagnetism and the breakdown of the Kondo coupling are also discussed.
A type-II InAs/AlAs$$_{0.16}$$${}_{0.16}$Sb$$_{0.84}$$${}_{0.84}$multiple-quantum well sample is investigated for the photoexcited carrier dynamics as a function of excitation photon energy and lattice temperature. Time-resolved measurements are performed using a near-infrared pump pulse, with photon energies near to and above the band gap, probed with a terahertz probe pulse. The transient terahertz absorption is characterized by a multi-rise, multi-decay function that captures long-lived decay times and a metastable state for an excess-photon energy of$$>100$$$>100$meV. For sufficient excess-photon energy, excitation of the metastable state is followed by a transition to the long-lived states. Excitation dependence of the long-lived states map onto a nearly-direct band gap ($$E{_g}$$$E{}_{g}$) density of states with an Urbach tail below$$E{_g}$$$E{}_{g}$. As temperature increases, the long-lived decay times increase$$$, due to the increased phonon interaction of the unintentional defect states, and by phonon stabilization of the hot carriers$$>E{_g}$$$>E{}_{g}$. Additionally, Auger (and/or trap-assisted Auger) scattering above the onset of the plateau may also contribute to longer hot-carrier lifetimes. Meanwhile, the initial decay component shows strong dependence on excitation energy and temperature, reflecting the complicated initial transfer of energy between valence-band and defect states, indicating methods to further prolong hot carriers for technological applications. 3. Abstract We present a proof of concept for a spectrally selective thermal mid-IR source based on nanopatterned graphene (NPG) with a typical mobility of CVD-grown graphene (up to 3000$$\hbox {cm}^2\,\hbox {V}^{-1}\,\hbox {s}^{-1}$$${\text{cm}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\text{V}}^{-1}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\text{s}}^{-1}$), ensuring scalability to large areas. For that, we solve the electrostatic problem of a conducting hyperboloid with an elliptical wormhole in the presence of anin-planeelectric field. The localized surface plasmons (LSPs) on the NPG sheet, partially hybridized with graphene phonons and surface phonons of the neighboring materials, allow for the control and tuning of the thermal emission spectrum in the wavelength regime from$$\lambda =3$$$\lambda =3$to 12$$\upmu$$$\mu$m by adjusting the size of and distance between the circular holes in a hexagonal or square lattice structure. Most importantly, the LSPs along with an optical cavity increase the emittance of graphene from about 2.3% for pristine graphene to 80% for NPG, thereby outperforming state-of-the-art pristine graphene light sources operating in the near-infrared by at least a factor of 100. According to our COMSOL calculations, a maximum emission power per area of$$11\times 10^3$$$11×{10}^{3}$W/$$\hbox {m}^2$$${\text{m}}^{2}$at$$T=2000$$$T=2000$K for a bias voltage of$$V=23$$$V=23$V is achieved by controlling the temperature of the hot electrons through the Joule heating. By generalizing Planck’s theory to any grey body and derivingmore » 4. Abstract The shape of 3d-orbitals often governs the electronic and magnetic properties of correlated transition metal oxides. In the superconducting cuprates, the planar confinement of the$${d}_{{x}^{2}-{y}^{2}}$$${d}_{{x}^{2}-{y}^{2}}$orbital dictates the two-dimensional nature of the unconventional superconductivity and a competing charge order. Achieving orbital-specific control of the electronic structure to allow coupling pathways across adjacent planes would enable direct assessment of the role of dimensionality in the intertwined orders. Using CuL3and PrM5resonant x-ray scattering and first-principles calculations, we report a highly correlated three-dimensional charge order in Pr-substituted YBa2Cu3O7, where the Prf-electrons create a direct orbital bridge between CuO2planes. With this we demonstrate that interplanar orbital engineering can be used to surgically control electronic phases in correlated oxides and other layered materials. 5. Abstract Initially, vanadium dioxide seems to be an ideal first-order phase transition case study due to its deceptively simple structure and composition, but upon closer inspection there are nuances to the driving mechanism of the metal-insulator transition (MIT) that are still unexplained. In this study, a local structure analysis across a bulk powder tungsten-substitution series is utilized to tease out the nuances of this first-order phase transition. A comparison of the average structure to the local structure using synchrotron x-ray diffraction and total scattering pair-distribution function methods, respectively, is discussed as well as comparison to bright field transmission electron microscopy imaging through a similar temperature-series as the local structure characterization. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure fitting of thin film data across the substitution-series is also presented and compared to bulk. Machine learning technique, non-negative matrix factorization, is applied to analyze the total scattering data. The bulk MIT is probed through magnetic susceptibility as well as differential scanning calorimetry. The findings indicate the local transition temperature ($$T_c$$${T}_{c}$) is less than the average$$T_c$$${T}_{c}$supporting the Peierls-Mott MIT mechanism, and demonstrate that in bulk powder and thin-films, increasing tungsten-substitution instigates local V-oxidation through the phase pathway VO$$_2\, \rightarrow$$${}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\to$V$$_6$$${}_{6}$O$$_{13} \, \rightarrow$$${}_{13}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\to$V$$_2$$${}_{2}$O$$_5${}_{5}$.
| 2022-12-10T09:01:27 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B034W&home=BXXX025
|
# ${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(2070)}}$ WIDTH INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$300$ $\pm30$
1980
DPWA ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}$ ${{\mathit N}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\overline{\mathit K}}}{{\mathit N}}$
$906$
1972
DPWA ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
$140$ $\pm20$
1970 B
DPWA ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
References:
GOPAL 1980
Toronto Conf. 159 S = -1 Baryons: an Experimental Review
KANE 1972
PR D5 1583 Partial Wave Analysis of ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \Sigma}^{\mp}}$ between 1.73 and 2.11 Gev
BERTHON 1970B
NP B24 417 The Reactions ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Sigma}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \pi}^{\mp}}$ in the $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ Range 1915 to 2168 MeV
| 2019-12-14T06:10:54 |
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|
https://docs.dea.ga.gov.au/notebooks/DEA_datasets/DEA_Water_Observations.html
|
# Introduction to DEA Water Observations ¶
• Sign up to the DEA Sandbox to run this notebook interactively from a browser
• Compatibility: Notebook currently compatible with both the NCI and DEA Sandbox environments
• Products used: ga_ls_wo_3
## Background¶
It is important to know where water is normally present in a landscape, where water is rarely observed, and where inundation has occasionally occurred.
These observations tell us where flooding has occurred in the past, and allows us to understand wetlands, water connectivity and surface-groundwater relationships. This can lead to more effective emergency management and risk assessment.
This is the principal Digital Earth Australia (DEA) Water Observations product (previously known as Water Observations from Space), providing the individual water observations per satellite image that are subsequently used in the following DEA Water Observations suite and related water bodies products.
This product shows where surface water was observed by the Landsat satellites on any particular day since mid 1986. These daily data layers are termed Water Observations (WOs).
### What this product offers¶
DEA Water Observations provides surface water observations derived from Landsat satellite imagery for all of Australia from 1986 to present.
The WOs show the extent of water in a corresponding Landsat scene, along with the degree to which the scene was obscured by clouds, shadows or where sensor problems cause parts of a scene to not be observable.
### Applications¶
The DEA Water Observations (WOs) are used to determine the area of surface water present in the corresponding satellite scene, and can be used for several water monitoring applications. Uses of the individual WOs include:
• flood extent
• amount of water in water bodies, major rivers and the coastal zone.
As the WOs are separated from the derived statistics of the associated DEA Water Observations statistical products, the WOs are most useful for performing analyses requiring the investigation of surface water extent for particular times rather than over long term time series.
### Publications¶
Note: For technical information about DEA Water Observations, visit the official Geoscience Australia DEA Water Observations product description.
## Description¶
This notebook will demonstrate how to load and analyse DEA Water Observations using Digital Earth Australia, including:
1. Inspecting the products and measurements available in the datacube
3. Plotting WOs using the plot_wo function
4. Inspecting the WOs bit flag information
## Getting started¶
To run this analysis, run all the cells in the notebook, starting with the “Load packages” cell.
Import Python packages that are used for the analysis.
[1]:
import datacube
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sys
sys.path.insert(1, '../Tools/')
from dea_tools.datahandling import wofs_fuser
from dea_tools.plotting import plot_wo
/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/geopandas/_compat.py:106: UserWarning: The Shapely GEOS version (3.8.0-CAPI-1.13.1 ) is incompatible with the GEOS version PyGEOS was compiled with (3.9.1-CAPI-1.14.2). Conversions between both will be slow.
warnings.warn(
### Connect to the datacube¶
Connect to the datacube so we can access DEA data.
[2]:
dc = datacube.Datacube(app='DEA_Water_Observations')
## Available products and measurements¶
### List products available in Digital Earth Australia¶
We can use datacube’s list_products functionality to inspect DEA Water Observations products that are available in Digital Earth Australia. The table below shows the product name that we will use to load data, and a brief description of the product.
[3]:
# List DEA Water Observations products available in DEA
dc_products = dc.list_products()
dc_products.loc[['ga_ls_wo_3']]
[3]:
name
ga_ls_wo_3 ga_ls_wo_3 Geoscience Australia Landsat Water Observation... CC-BY-4.0 None None
### List measurements¶
We can inspect the contents of the DEA Water Observations product using datacube’s list_measurements functionality. The table also provides information about the measurement data types, units, nodata value and other technical information about each measurement.
[4]:
dc_measurements = dc.list_measurements()
dc_measurements.loc[['ga_ls_wo_3']]
[4]:
name dtype units nodata aliases flags_definition spectral_definition
product measurement
ga_ls_wo_3 water water uint8 1 1 NaN {'dry': {'bits': [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0], 'va... NaN
Now that we know what products and measurements are available for the products, we can load WOs data from Digital Earth Australia for an example location.
As WOs are created scene-by-scene and some scenes overlap, it is important when loading data to group_by solar day, and ensure that the data between scenes is combined correctly by using the WOs fuse_func. This will merge observations taken on the same day, and ensure that important data isn not lost when overlapping datasets are combined.
[5]:
# Set up a region to load data
query = {
'y': (-31.18, -31.12),
'x': (116.84, 116.90),
'time': ('1996-09-01', '1996-12-30'),
}
# Load DEA Water Observations data from the datacube
output_crs='EPSG:3577',
resolution=(-30, 30),
group_by='solar_day',
fuse_func=wofs_fuser,
**query)
We can now view the data that we loaded. The measurements listed under Data variables should match the measurements displayed in the previous List measurements step.
[6]:
wo
[6]:
<xarray.Dataset>
Dimensions: (time: 8, x: 215, y: 245)
Coordinates:
* time (time) datetime64[ns] 1996-09-05T01:22:13.540962 ... 1996-12...
* y (y) float64 -3.473e+06 -3.473e+06 ... -3.48e+06 -3.48e+06
* x (x) float64 -1.428e+06 -1.428e+06 ... -1.422e+06 -1.422e+06
spatial_ref int32 3577
Data variables:
water (time, y, x) uint8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Attributes:
crs: EPSG:3577
grid_mapping: spatial_ref
### Plotting data¶
We can plot DEA Water Observations using the plot_wo function. We can see that our study area includes one large and several small waterbodies which are changing in size over time. We can also see that some observations (e.g. first and fourth panels) contain clouds and cloud shadow.
[7]:
plot_wo(wo.water, col='time', size=4, col_wrap=4)
[7]:
<xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9cb0dde8e0>
## Understanding WOs bit flags¶
WOs data are stored as a bit field. This is a binary number, where each digit of the number is independantly set based on the presence (1) or absence (0) of a particular attribute (water, cloud, cloud shadow etc). In this way, a single decimal value for each pixel can provide information about a variety of features of that pixel.
Below is a breakdown of which bits represent which features, along with the decimal value associated with that bit being set to true.
Attribute
Bit / position
Decimal value
No data
0: 0------- or 1-------
1
Non contiguous
1: -0------ or -1------
2
Sea
2: --0----- or --1-----
4
Terrain or low solar angle
3: ---0---- or ---1----
8
High slope
4: ----0--- or ----1---
16
5: -----0-- or -----1--
32
Cloud
6: ------0- or ------1-
64
Water
7: -------0 or -------1
128
Any combinations of flags can be combined to create a unique decimal value. For example, a value of 136 indicates that water (128) AND terrain shadow / low solar angle (8) were observed for the pixel (i.e. 128 + 8 = 136). A value of 144 would indicate water (128) AND high slope (16) were observed (128 + 16 = 144).
This flag information is available inside the loaded data and can be visualised as below:
[8]:
# Display details of available flags
flags['bits'] = flags['bits'].astype(str)
flags.sort_values(by='bits')
[8]:
bits values description
nodata 0 {'0': False, '1': True} No data
noncontiguous 1 {'0': False, '1': True} At least one EO band is missing or saturated
low_solar_angle 2 {'0': False, '1': True} Low solar incidence angle
high_slope 4 {'0': False, '1': True} High slope
cloud 6 {'0': False, '1': True} Cloudy
water_observed 7 {'0': False, '1': True} Classified as water by the decision tree
dry [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] {'0': True} No water detected
wet [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0] {'128': True} Clear and Wet
### Masking using WOs bit flags¶
We can convert the WOs bit field into a binary array containing True and False values. This allows us to use the WOFL data as a mask that can be applied to other datasets.
The make_mask function allows us to create a mask using the flag labels (e.g. “wet” or “dry”) rather than the binary numbers we used above. For example, we can easily identify pixels that were wet in each image (i.e. yellow) by passing the flag wet=True:
[9]:
# Keeping only dry, non-cloudy pixels
wo_wet.water.plot(col='time', size=4, col_wrap=4)
[9]:
<xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9c95250670>
Note: For more technical information about the DEA Water Observations’s bit flags, refer to the Details tab of the official Geoscience Australia DEA Water Observations product description.
## Example application: mapping inundation frequency and tracking changes in surface water over time¶
The following section will demonstrate a simple analysis workflow based on DEA Water Observations. In this example, we will process our loaded WOs data so that we can map inundation frequency across our study area, and consistently track changes in surface water area over time.
### Identifying clear pixels¶
In the previous example, we used the wet=True bit flag to identify pixels that contained water. However, using wet pixels on their own can lead to misleading results. For example, the fourth image above gives the false impression that our waterbody reduced significantly in size, when in reality part of the waterbody was obscured by cloud and cloud shadow.
To deal with this, we first need to remove cloud, cloud shadow and other sources of invalid data from our datset. We can do this by identifying “clear” pixels, i.e. those that were observed as either wet or dry by the DEA Water Observations algorithm. The resulting images will show clear pixels as yellow, and unclear pixels as purple:
[10]:
# Identify clear pixels that were either dry or clear
wo_clear = wo_wet + wo_dry
# Plot clear pixels over time
wo_clear.water.plot(col='time', size=4, col_wrap=4)
[10]:
<xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9cb2ed6f10>
We can also achieve a similar result by combining multiple bit flags. When chaining flags together, they will be combined in a logical AND fashion:
[11]:
# Identify clear pixels that were not cloud, shadow or nodata
# Plot clear pixels over time
wo_clear.water.plot(col='time', size=4, col_wrap=4)
[11]:
<xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9c9534bd30>
We can then use this as a mask to remove unclear pixels from our data. When we plot this, we can see that these pixels have now been set to NaN (i.e. white areas below):
[12]:
# Apply clear data as a mask to remove unclear pixels
[12]:
<xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x7f9c73031640>
### Inundation frequency¶
Now that we have correctly masked clouds, shadow and other invalid data, we can calculate the frequency that each pixel in our study area was observed as wet. We can do this by taking the mean wetness of each pixel through time.
Dark colours indicate pixels that were wet almost 100% of our time period, while light blue pixels only occasionally contained water.
[13]:
# Calculate mean wetness through time
# Plot with dark blue = high frequency
wo_freq.plot(size=5, cmap='Blues')
plt.title('Inundation frequency (% wet observations)')
[13]:
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Inundation frequency (% wet observations)')
### Surface water over time¶
Similarly, we can track the percentage of our study area that contained water over time to inspect trends and changes in surface water.
To do this, we can take the mean surface water percent across each observation in our dataset:
[14]:
# Calculate percent surface water over time
# Plot as a line graph
wo_time.plot(size=5)
plt.title('Surface water over time (%)')
[14]:
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Surface water over time (%)')
### Dropping poorly observed scenes¶
In the line chart above, we can see that surface water has smoothly reduced over time, except for a small deviation at our fourth observation. This occured because cloud and show obscured part of that image, slightly distorting our calculation of how full the waterbody was at that moment in time.
To compare surface water consistently, we can restrict our analysis to observations where less than (for example) 20% of pixels contained cloud, shadow or other invalid pixels. This allows us to obtain a more reliable view of how surface water has changed at our location:
[15]:
# Calculate the percent of nodata pixels in each observation
# Use this to filter to observations with less than 20% nodata
# The data now contains only three observations
[15]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f9c31669e20>]
Contact: If you need assistance, please post a question on the Open Data Cube Slack channel or on the GIS Stack Exchange using the open-data-cube tag (you can view previously asked questions here). If you would like to report an issue with this notebook, you can file one on Github.
Compatible datacube version:
[16]:
print(datacube.__version__)
1.8.5
## Tags¶
Browse all available tags on the DEA User Guide’s Tags Index
Tags: NCI compatible, sandbox compatible, dea datasets, ga_ls_wo_3, rgb, plot_wo, water observations, bit masking, water observations
| 2021-12-03T09:36:18 |
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|
https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2019/2019-06/implications-for-aggregate-household-spending.html
|
# RDP 2019-06: The Effect of Mortgage Debt on Consumer Spending: Evidence from Household-level Data 7. Implications for Aggregate Household Spending
The results so far provide some evidence for the debt overhang effect at the household level. A key question for policymakers is whether the results generalise to the aggregate level. Few papers have attempted to infer the aggregate implications from higher debt on spending, with the exception of Bunn and Rostom (2015). In this section, we use our preferred estimates from the FE model to draw some conclusions about the potential aggregate implications. We conduct two thought experiments. In the first experiment we use macro data and ask what aggregate consumption would have looked like had household debt remained at its 2006 level. In the second experiment we use our household-level data and compare actual spending of households in 2010 to their spending had their debt level remained at its 2006 level.
There are several limitations of these approaches and the estimates should be used as a rough guide only. Both experiments identify a partial effect of debt on aggregate spending. In particular, we only capture the (negative) effect on spending of home buyers that take on new mortgage debt but do not capture the (positive) spending response of the seller. But, if one household is buying a house for the first time or trading-up to a larger, more expensive house, often another household is on the other side of the transaction and selling their existing house. This household is liquidating their housing wealth. While the seller may invest in another house again, some share of the liquidated wealth will likely end up in consumption at some point, thereby lifting aggregate spending.[21] Mortgage-financed housing demand may further stimulate construction and, in consequence, lift aggregate consumption. Additionally, an increase in demand for mortgages should raise mortgage interest rates (all else equal). This could induce saving by other households and increase the returns to lenders. Finally, for both thought experiments we do not allow the sensitivity of spending to debt to vary across households.[22] Moreover, for the first thought experiment we assume that the aggregate effect of higher debt does not depend on the distribution of that debt, or that distribution, to change over time.
## 7.1 Using Macro Data
Using macro data allows us to gauge the aggregate effect of debt on consumption beyond the HILDA Survey sample period. Our elasticity estimate of –0.03 from the FE model (Table 1) and the observed average annual growth in real owner-occupier housing debt of around 5 per cent between 2006 and 2017 suggests that real annual consumption growth would have been around 0.15 percentage points higher had debt remained at its 2006 level (all else equal). This suggests that by 2016, consumption would have been around 1.6 per cent higher had there been no increase in debt since 2006 (Figure 7).
It is important to stress that this analysis assumes that all other economic trends that supported consumption over the period would have occurred anyway. For instance, housing prices increased strongly between 2006 and 2016, supporting consumption. But some of the increase in housing prices was likely driven by higher debt. Had debt remained at its 2006 level, house prices would not have increased by the same amount. As a consequence, the actual path of consumption includes the stimulatory effect of higher house prices through higher debt. Our estimates of a 1.6 per cent increase in consumption in the absence of an increase in debt therefore assume that housing prices would have increased for non-debt related reasons. Furthermore, we assume that all households increased their debt holdings uniformly and adjusted their spending in the same way.
## 7.2 Using Micro Data
To address some of the distributional concerns of differential changes in debt across households, we use the HILDA Survey data to examine how much each household changed spending due to changes in its debt holdings between 2006 and 2010, and then sum these differences across all households. In contrast to the previous section, this allows for heterogeneity in debt growth across households.[23] For each household, we compare the observed level of spending (Eh,t) with a counterfactual level of spending under the assumption that debt did not change $\left({\stackrel{^}{E}}_{t}^{cf}\right)$ .
The counterfactual level of spending is estimated by taking the difference between the observed spending and the attributed effect of the change in debt of each household and then summing these differences across all households. We use the level change in household debt instead of the percentage change in order to keep households in the sample without any debt in 2006 for which the percentage change would be undefined. Using the level change in debt, however, requires us to transform our elasticity estimates (the percentage spending response to a percentage change in debt) to estimates of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC, the level spending response to a level change in debt).
Using the MPC instead of elasticities is in line with the related literature on the effects of changes in wealth on consumption. We can obtain an aggregate MPC out of mortgage debt in two ways. First, we can scale our estimated elasticity coefficient by the ratio of aggregate total consumption expenditure to lagged mortgage debt. From 2006 to 2010, the ratio of annual consumption to owner-occupier mortgage debt averaged at around 105 per cent, which – multiplied with our coefficient of −0.03 from the FE model in Table 1 – implies an aggregate MPC of −3.2 cents per dollar increase in mortgage debt. Second, we can estimate the MPC directly by re-specifying our regression in level changes rather than using the IHS transformation. Our dependent variable is then the change in household spending, and our three main independent variables are level changes in income, lagged housing debt and lagged home value. The average MPC we obtain using this approach is around – 2.0 cents per dollar (not statistically significant at the 10 per cent level).[24]
Using our estimates for the MPC, we can then obtain the counterfactual level of aggregate spending as:
$E ^ t cf =( ∑ h ( E h,t − MPC ¯ ×Δ D h,t ) )$
The results of the counterfactual exercise are presented in Table 8. Interestingly, the micro data estimates suggest that the effect of debt on aggregate spending is of similar magnitude to the effect using macro data estimates. Using the elasticity-implied MPC out of debt of −3.2 cents per dollar suggests that the changes in mortgage debt between 2006 and 2010 reduced annual aggregate total spending growth over this period by 0.36 percentage points. Using the directly estimated MPC of −2.0 cents per dollar lowers this estimate to 0.24 percentage points lower aggregate total spending growth annually.
Table 8: Average Effect of Debt on Annual Growth in Aggregate Spending
Assuming no change in debt between 2006 to 2010, percentage points
Aggregate total spending growth
Elasticity-implied MPC out of debt −0.36
(−3.1 cents per dollar) [−0.72, <0.00]
Estimated MPC out of debt −0.24
(−2.0 cents per dollar) [−0.71, 0.24]
Note: 95 per cent confidence intervals provided in square brackets
Sources: Authors' calculations; HILDA Survey Release 17.0
Overall, both the macro data and micro data estimates imply that higher aggregate debt levels alone can have an economically significant effect on macroeconomic activity. Again, it is important to note that these estimate do not account for possible stimulatory effects of debt. Furthermore, while this exercise captures differences in changes in debt across households, we do not consider how the MPC varies across households. As discussed in Section 7.1, it is possible that there are meaningful differences in the effect of debt across households and this variation could have important implications for the aggregate effect.
## Footnotes
Household survey estimates indicate that, in 2004, households spent only around 13 per cent of the equity withdrawn in the process of a property transaction on consumption items, mainly durables, and in particular motor vehicles (Schwartz et al 2006). [21]
To best understand the effect on the aggregate, one could use a structural model that explicitly allows for heterogeneous agents, financing frictions and general equilibrium effects (e.g. Kaplan, Moll and Violante 2018). We leave this for future work. [22]
It also allows us to consider the full sample of households, not only households with mortgage debt. [23]
When we control for level changes in lagged housing equity instead of lagged home value, we obtain an MPC of 2.5 cents per dollar. Our three estimates for the MPC out of mortgage debt are broadly of similar size compared to estimates for the MPC out of housing wealth for Australia of around 2.5 cents per dollar (Dvornak and Kohler 2007; Windsor, Jääskelä and Finlay 2013; Gillitzer and Wang 2015). [24]
| 2022-10-01T14:26:35 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/363/188/
|
Volume 363 - 37th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2019) - Main session
Logarithmic Corrections to $a^2$ scaling in lattice Yang Mills theory
N. Husung,* P. Marquard, R. Sommer
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: January 04, 2020
Published on:
Abstract
We analyse the leading logarithmic corrections to the $a^2$ scaling of lattice artefacts in QCD, following the seminal work of Balog, Niedermayer and Weisz in the O(n) non-linear sigma model. Restricting our attention to contributions from the action, the leading logarithmic corrections can be determined by the anomalous dimensions of a minimal on-shell basis of mass-dimension 6 operators. We present results for the SU(N) pure gauge theory. In this theory the logarithmic corrections reduce the cutoff effects. These computations are the first step towards a study of full lattice QCD at O($a^2$), which is in progress.
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2020-08-15T05:55:56 |
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|
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj08/20080625.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, June 25, 2008
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
Pursuant to the provisions of S. 838, the Sine Die Resolution, the Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
As the prophet, Hosea, urges: " 'Come, let us return to the Lord'."
(Hosea 6:1)
Please join me as we bow in prayer, friends:
Gracious God, we thank You for being there with us in all the moments of our life: when we find time to relax and unwind, when we discover the world as we experience it to be unraveling around us, when we gather together to carry out Your work. You are always there, calling us back to serve You faithfully and well. Today these Senators and their staff members have themselves returned to this Chamber, O Lord, to attend to particular tasks that remain for them. Guide these leaders as they strive to determine Your will in the matters before them, doing so for the benefit of all of the citizens of this State we love. In Your name we pray, dear Lord.
Amen.
RATIFICATION OF ACTS
Pursuant to the provisions of S. 838, the Sine Die Resolution, an invitation was extended to the Honorable Speaker and House of Representatives to appear in the Senate Chamber on June 10, 2008, at 3:30 P.M. and the following Acts and Joint Resolution were ratified:
(R400, S. 96 (Word version)) -- Senators Sheheen and Fair: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 61-6-4155 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON TO USE, OFFER FOR USE, PURCHASE, OFFER TO PURCHASE, SELL, OFFER TO SELL, OR POSSESS AN ALCOHOL WITHOUT LIQUID DEVICE AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES AND EXCEPTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL ACT, SO AS TO AMEND THE DEFINITION OF "BONA FIDE ENGAGED PRIMARILY AND SUBSTANTIALLY IN THE PREPARATION AND SERVING OF MEALS"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-1610, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SALE AND CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS BY THE DRINK IN FOOD-SERVICE ESTABLISHMENTS OR PLACES OF LODGING, SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERMS "KITCHEN", "MEAL", AND "PRIMARILY" FOR PURPOSES OF THE SECTION.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\96AHB08.DOC
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\181CM08.DOC
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\530HTC08.DOC
(R403, S. 577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\577AHB08.DOC
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\605CM08.DOC
(R405, S. 669 (Word version)) -- Senator Alexander: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 43-7-465 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AN INSURER THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PAYMENT OF A CLAIM FOR A HEALTH CARE ITEM OR SERVICE AS A CONDITION OF DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE SHALL PROVIDE INFORMATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ON INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE UNDER THE STATE PLAN, SHALL ACCEPT THE STATE'S RIGHT OF RECOVERY OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS MADE UNDER THE STATE PLAN, SHALL RESPOND TO CLAIMS, AND SHALL AGREE NOT TO DENY CLAIMS ON THE BASIS OF THE TIME THE CLAIM WAS FILED, IF TIMELY FILED, THE FORMAT OF THE CLAIM FORM, OR FAILURE TO PRESENT DOCUMENTATION AT THE POINT OF SALE THAT IS THE BASIS OF THE CLAIM; SECTION 43-7-410, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE ASSIGNMENT AND SUBROGATION OF CLAIMS FOR REIMBURSEMENT FOR MEDICAID SERVICES, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-420, RELATING TO THE ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES TO RECOVER FROM THIRD PARTIES AMOUNTS PAID BY MEDICAID, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT APPLYING FOR OR RECEIVING MEDICAID BENEFITS CREATES A REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION THAT THE PERSON WAS INFORMED OF THE ASSIGNMENT OF HIS RIGHT TO THE DEPARTMENT TO RECOVER FROM A THIRD PARTY AMOUNTS PAID BY MEDICAID; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-430, RELATING TO SUBROGATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE RIGHT TO RECOVER FROM THIRD PARTIES AMOUNTS PAID BY MEDICAID, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE REFERENCES AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-440, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ENFORCEMENT OF AND SUPERIORITY OF THE DEPARTMENT'S SUBROGATION RIGHTS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE REFERENCES AND MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 43-7-460, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO RECOVERY FROM ESTATES OF MEDICAID RECIPIENTS AMOUNTS PAID FOR SERVICES THROUGH MEDICAID, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE, MAKE TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS, AND TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER" TO INCLUDE GRANDCHILDREN; TO AMEND SECTION 38-79-130, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF SOUTH CAROLINA MEDICAL MALPRACTICE LIABILITY JOINT UNDERWRITING ASSOCIATION, INCLUDING THE POWER TO ISSUE MEDICAL MALPRACTICE POLICIES, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE ASSOCIATION TO INCREASE ITS POLICY LIMITS UP TO ONE MILLION DOLLARS PER CLAIM AND THREE MILLION DOLLARS FOR ALL CLAIMS IN ANY ONE YEAR UPON APPROVAL OF THE BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 38-79-420, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CREATION OF THE PATIENTS' COMPENSATION FUND, INCLUDING PAYMENT OF MEDICAL MALPRACTICE CLAIMS IN EXCESS OF POLICY LIMITS, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THIS FUND TO ALSO MAKE PAYMENTS AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR IN LAW; TO AMEND SECTION 38-79-430, RELATING TO THE CREATION OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE PATIENTS' COMPENSATION FUND, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CORRECTION; TO AMEND SECTION 39-79-480, RELATING TO ACTIONS FOR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE RENDERING OF MEDICAL SERVICES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PATIENTS' COMPENSATION FUND ALSO MAY MAKE PAYMENTS AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR IN LAW; AND TO AMEND SECTION 38-29-40, RELATING TO INSURANCE POLICIES, ANNUITY CONTRACTS, AND OTHER CONTRACTS TO WHICH THIS CHAPTER, THE "SOUTH CAROLINA LIFE AND ACCIDENT AND HEALTH INSURANCE GUARANTY ASSOCIATION", DOES OR DOES NOT APPLY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS CHAPTER DOES NOT APPLY TO POLICIES OR CONTRACTS TO THE EXTENT THAT REQUIRED ASSESSMENTS OF MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION ARE PREEMPTED BY FEDERAL OR STATE LAW.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\669AC08.DOC
(R406, S. 987 (Word version)) -- Senator Gregory: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-80, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ENFORCEMENT OF BOATING LAWS, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THIS ENFORCEMENT AND THE AUTHORITY OF ALL LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS TO ENFORCE THESE PROVISIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-130, RELATING TO DUTIES OF A VESSEL OPERATOR INVOLVED IN A COLLISION, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THESE DUTIES INCLUDING WHEN AN ACCIDENT REPORT IS REQUIRED AND TO STIPULATE THE PERSONS AND ENTITIES WHO MAY OBTAIN A COPY OF THE REPORT; TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-175, RELATING TO WATERCRAFT REQUIRED TO HEAVE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE MAGISTRATES COURT RETAINS JURISDICTION OVER VIOLATIONS OF THIS SECTION; BY ADDING SECTION 50-21-190 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO ABANDON A WATERCRAFT OR OUTBOARD MOTOR ON THE PUBLIC LANDS OR WATERS OF THIS STATE OR ON PRIVATE PROPERTY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE PROPERTY OWNER AND TO ALSO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 50-21-710, RELATING TO AIDS TO NAVIGATION AND REGULATORY MARKERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL NO WAKE ZONES HERETOFORE ESTABLISHED ARE CONSIDERED ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO THE AUTHORITY OF THIS SECTION; TO REPEAL SECTIONS 50-21-132, 50-21-133, 50-21-135, 50-21-136, 50-21-137, 50-21-138, 50-21-139, 50-21-142, 50-21-143, 50-21-144, 50-21-145, 50-21-147, AND 50-21-149 RELATING TO NO WAKE ZONES OR OTHER REGULATION OF WATERCRAFT ACTIVITIES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-28-100, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO UNIFORMS AND EQUIPMENT OF RESERVE POLICE OFFICERS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT, IN THE DISCRETION OF THE CHIEF, A RESERVE OFFICER MAY WEAR PLAIN CLOTHES OR ANOTHER UNIFORM THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH HIS DUTIES.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\987SD08.DOC
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\1131DW08.DOC
(R408, S. 1376 (Word version)) -- Senators Hayes, Peeler, Gregory and Short: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-530, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN YORK COUNTY, SO AS TO REVISE AND ADD CERTAIN VOTING PRECINCTS OF YORK COUNTY, AND TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER FOR THE MAP ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\1376DW08.DOC
(R409, H. 3033 (Word version)) -- Reps. Clemmons, Mahaffey and Cotty: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 29-3-345 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A DOCUMENT OF RESCISSION TO CORRECT AN ERRONEOUS RECORDING OF A SATISFACTION OF A MORTGAGE OR OTHER LIEN AFFECTING REAL PROPERTY, TO PROTECT A PRIORITY CREDITOR WHO RECORDS AFTER THE ERRONEOUS RECORDING, TO PROVIDE A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION FOR A PERSON INJURED BY A WRONGFUL RECORDING OF A DOCUMENT OF RESCISSION, TO ESTABLISH A RECORDING FEE, AND TO PROVIDE A FORM FOR THE DOCUMENT.
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(R410, H. 3094 (Word version)) -- Reps. Brady, Haskins, Cotty, Mahaffey, Funderburk, Viers, Erickson, Hutson, Clemmons, Mulvaney, Harvin and Bedingfield: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 23-3-535 SO AS TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS FOR CERTAIN TERMS, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A SEX OFFENDER WHO HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES TO RESIDE IN CERTAIN AREAS, TO PROVIDE IF A LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY DETERMINES THAT A SEX OFFENDER HAS VIOLATED THIS PROVISION, THE AGENCY MUST PROVIDE THE SEX OFFENDER WITH A LIST OF AREAS IN WHICH HE IS NOT PERMITTED TO RESIDE AND THAT HE MUST VACATE HIS RESIDENCE, TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THIS PROVISION, TO PROVIDE THAT A LOCAL GOVERNMENT MAY NOT ENACT AN ORDINANCE WHOSE PENALTIES EXCEED OR ARE LESS LENIENT THAN THE PENALTIES CONTAINED IN THIS SECTION, TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO PROVIDE CERTAIN INFORMATION REGARDING SEX OFFENDERS OR THE SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY TO THE PARENTS OR GUARDIANS OF ITS STUDENTS OR ON THE SCHOOL DISTRICT'S WEB SITE, TO PROVIDE THAT LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES MUST DETERMINE WHETHER EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT COMPLIES WITH THIS PROVISION, AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY FOR SCHOOL DISTRICTS THAT FAIL TO COMPLY WITH THIS PROVISION; AND AMEND SECTION 23-3-470, RELATING TO A SEX OFFENDER'S FAILURE TO REGISTER AS A SEX OFFENDER, SO AS TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR A FIRST OFFENSE VIOLATION OF THIS PROVISION.
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(R411, H. 3212 (Word version)) -- Reps. Delleney, M.A. Pitts, Haley, Crawford, Chellis, G.R. Smith, Owens, Rice, Weeks, Viers, Simrill, Bedingfield, Vick, Duncan, Mulvaney, Stavrinakis, Clemmons and Young: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-215, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT VALID OUT-OF-STATE PERMITS TO CARRY CONCEALABLE WEAPONS BY A RESIDENT OF A RECIPROCAL STATE MUST BE HONORED IF THE RECIPROCAL STATE REQUIRES A CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECK AND A FIREARM TRAINING AND SAFETY COURSE AND TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT SLED DETERMINE WHICH STATES MEET THIS STANDARD.
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(R412, H. 3309 (Word version)) -- Reps. Owens, Ballentine, Duncan, Leach, Kirsh, Simrill, Gullick, Limehouse, McLeod, Witherspoon, Mahaffey, Alexander, Dantzler, Edge, Hamilton, Hayes, Jennings, Kelly, E.H. Pitts, Rice, R. Brown, Huggins, Anthony, Shoopman, Littlejohn, Harvin, Agnew, Whitmire, Moss, Pinson, Parks, Merrill, M.A. Pitts, Scarborough, Miller, Phillips, Bedingfield and Taylor: AN ACT TO AMEND CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-27-415 SO AS TO PROHIBIT THE PAYMENT, IMPOSITION, OR COLLECTION OF A FRANCHISE FEE WITH RESPECT TO ELECTRICAL POWER PROVIDED TO THE STATE BY A UTILITY UNDER THE "STATELINE ACCOUNTS" AND TO REQUIRE A UTILITY TO EXCLUDE SALES REVENUE ACCRUED FROM "STATELINE ACCOUNTS" WHEN CALCULATING A FRANCHISE FEE OWED TO A MUNICIPALITY.
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(R415, H. 3798 (Word version)) -- Rep. G.R. Smith: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 20-1-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO PERFORM MARRIAGE CEREMONIES, SO AS TO ALSO AUTHORIZE THE CHIEF OR SPIRITUAL LEADER OF A NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN ENTITY RECOGNIZED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA COMMISSION FOR MINORITY AFFAIRS TO PERFORM MARRIAGE CEREMONIES.
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(R416, H. 3812 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Weeks and Ceips: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE INCREASES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION TO PURCHASE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS IN UNDEVELOPED PROPERTY NEAR MILITARY INSTALLATIONS TO PREVENT ADDITIONAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT NEAR THOSE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS, REQUIRE AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE PURCHASE AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS IN THE ORDINANCE, REQUIRE A MILLAGE INCREASE TO REASONABLY RELATE TO THE PURCHASE PRICE AND BE RESCINDED IN FIVE YEARS AFTER A CERTAIN TIME, PROHIBIT REINSTATEMENT OF THE MILLAGE RATE WITHOUT APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE QUALIFIED VOTERS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY AND PROVIDE FOR PAYING FOR THE REFERENDUM; TO PROVIDE FOR A LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION FOR THE PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT, DEFINE "CAPITAL EQUIPMENT", AND PROVIDE FOR MAKING EXPENDITURES RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT IN A COUNTY HAVING A POPULATION OF LESS THAN ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PERSONS AND HAS AT LEAST FORTY THOUSAND ACRES OF STATE FOREST LAND.
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(R417, H. 3912 (Word version)) -- Reps. White and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE AND TO SPECIFY WHAT IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRACTICING MEDICINE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT A PHYSICIAN MAY DELEGATE CERTAIN TASKS TO AN UNLICENSED PERSON IF THE PHYSICIAN IS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN IS NOT PROHIBITED FROM PRACTICING IN CONSULTATION WITH A SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN CONCERNING AN OPINION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN'S CONSIDERATION IN MANAGING THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-32, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN PROVIDING DOCUMENTATION OF RESIDENCY TRAINING FOR LICENSURE, A PHYSICIAN WHO GRADUATED FROM A SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA IS ONLY REQUIRED TO HAVE BEEN ACTIVELY LICENSED FOR THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS, RATHER THAN THE PRECEDING TEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION MUST BE IN A BOARD CERTIFIED APPLICANT'S AREA OF SPECIALTY IN ORDER FOR THE APPLICANT TO OBTAIN LICENSURE WITHOUT HAVING TO PASS AN EXAMINATION; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PHYSICIANS, INCLUDING THE DEFINITION OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RENDERING A DETERMINATION OF MEDICAL NECESSITY OR A DECISION AFFECTING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IS NOT, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE WHEN SUCH DETERMINATION OR DECISION IS A COVERAGE DECISION DENYING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR COVERAGE FOR A COVERED BENEFIT OR APPROVING A COVERED BENEFIT; AND BY ADDING SECTION 38-59-25 SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH RENDERING A DETERMINATION OR MAKING A DECISION DENYING OR APPROVING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR BENEFITS IS NOT THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.
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(R418, H. 4320 (Word version)) -- Reps. Whipper, Clyburn, R. Brown and Hosey: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 59-63-31, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO QUALIFICATIONS FOR ATTENDANCE AT PUBLIC SCHOOLS, SO AS TO ADD THE RESIDENCE OF A CHILD IN A PARTICULAR SCHOOL DISTRICT AS A RESULT OF A PARENT'S OR LEGAL GUARDIAN'S MILITARY DEPLOYMENT; BY ADDING SECTION 59-63-35 SO AS TO ALLOW NONRESIDENT MILITARY PERSONNEL TO ENROLL IN A PROGRAM TO AWARD A SOUTH CAROLINA HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA AND TO PROVIDE THAT NEITHER THE STATE NOR THE LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT SHALL BEAR THE COST OF ENROLLMENT; AND TO PROVIDE THAT A NONRESIDENT MEMBER OF THE ARMED FORCES WHO HAS MAINTAINED CERTAIN SIGNIFICANT CONTACTS WITH THE STATE IS CONSIDERED A RESIDENT FOR PURPOSES OF TITLE 59.
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(R419, H. 4344 (Word version)) -- Reps. M.A. Pitts and Witherspoon: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 29 TO TITLE 37 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE PALMETTOPRIDE NONPROFIT CORPORATION, TO PROVIDE FOR ITS MEMBERSHIP AND DUTIES, AND TO REQUIRE THAT FUNDS APPROPRIATED TO THE PROGRAM PASS THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM AND BE USED FOR LITTER CONTROL AND OTHER AUTHORIZED PURPOSES.
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(R420, H. 4511 (Word version)) -- Rep. Walker: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-187 SO AS TO ENACT "TYLER'S LAW", TO PROVIDE A CIVIL PENALTY FOR A PARENT OR GUARDIAN WHO KNOWINGLY AND WILFULLY PERMITS HIS DEPENDENT TO OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE WITHOUT A LEARNER'S PERMIT OR IN VIOLATION OF PERMIT RESTRICTIONS, TO PROVIDE RELATED ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES, EXEMPTIONS, AND LIMITS ON ADMISSIBILITY OF A FINE IMPOSED UNDER THIS SECTION FOR CERTAIN OTHER PURPOSES; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 56-1-1750, RELATING TO A PHOTOGRAPH OF AN APPLICANT FOR A MOPED DRIVER'S LICENSE.
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(R422, H. 4745 (Word version)) -- Reps. Young, Mulvaney, Umphlett, Ballentine, Huggins, E.H. Pitts, Bedingfield, Haley, Lowe, Clemmons, Viers, Scarborough, Edge, Harrell, Cotty, Mitchell, Chalk, Hagood, Talley, Gullick, Miller, Harvin, Bingham, Witherspoon, Haskins, Thompson, Merrill, Sandifer, Brady, Weeks, Scott, Duncan, Cato, Cooper, Dantzler, G.M. Smith, Whipper, R. Brown, Mahaffey, Toole, Herbkersman, Simrill, Littlejohn, Loftis and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 35 TO TITLE 6 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA RESIDENTIAL IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT A COUNTY AND MUNICIPALITY MAY CREATE AN IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT COMPRISED OF NONCONTIGUOUS PARCELS OF LAND, TO PROVIDE THAT A COUNTY AND MUNICIPALITY MAY USE ASSESSMENTS TO FUND IMPROVEMENTS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARIES OF AN IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT, AND TO ALLOW AN ASSESSMENT TO BE USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF IMPROVEMENTS AND TO FUND CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND IMPROVEMENTS RELATED TO NEW DEVELOPMENT; AND TO ADD SECTION 6-21-185 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT TO GIVE A MORTGAGE TO SECURE A BOND OR LOAN UNDER SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES.
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(R423, H. 4747 (Word version)) -- Rep. Harrison: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING TITLE 63 ENTITLED "SOUTH CAROLINA CHILDREN'S CODE" SO AS TO TRANSFER PROVISIONS FROM CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20 TO TITLE 63, TO INCLUDE THE STATE POLICY ON CHILDREN, FAMILY COURT AND FAMILY COURT JUDGES, LEGAL STATUS OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROTECTION AND PERMANENCY, ADOPTIONS, CHILDREN'S SERVICE AGENCIES, CHILDCARE FACILITIES, CUSTODY AND VISITATION, PATERNITY AND CHILD SUPPORT, AND JUVENILE JUSTICE; TO ADD ARTICLE 5 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE 20, RELATING TO DIVORCE, SO AS TO TRANSFER THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 6, CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20, RELATING TO EQUITABLE APPORTIONMENT OF PROPERTY, TO THIS ARTICLE; TO ADD ARTICLE 4 TO CHAPTER 5, TITLE 43, RELATING TO PUBLIC AID TO CHILDREN, SO AS TO TRANSFER THE PROVISIONS OF SUBARTICLE 7, ARTICLE 13, CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20, RELATING TO PUBLIC AID, TO THIS ARTICLE; TO ADD SECTION 44-53-378 SO AS TO TRANSFER THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 20-7-105, WHICH CREATES A CRIMINAL OFFENSE FOR EXPOSING A CHILD TO METHAMPHETAMINES, TO THIS SECTION; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20, RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S CODE; TO REPEAL SECTION 43-5-585, RELATING TO REPORTING CHILD SUPPORT ARREARAGES TO CREDIT REPORTING AGENCIES, WHICH WAS TRANSFERRED TO ARTICLE 21, CHAPTER 17, TITLE 63; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 43-5-595, 43-5-596, AND 43-5-597, RELATING TO CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT THROUGH FINANCIAL INSTITUTION DATA MATCHES, WHICH WERE TRANSFERRED TO ARTICLE 17, CHAPTER 17, TITLE 63.
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(R424, H. 4754 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.R. Smith and Hamilton: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 6-11-2027 SO AS TO ALLOW THE GOVERNING BODY OF A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT CREATED BY ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, THAT PROVIDES RECREATIONAL SERVICES AND HAS AS ITS BOUNDARY THE SAME AS THE COUNTY IN WHICH IT IS LOCATED, TO VOLUNTARILY DISSOLVE ITSELF AND TRANSFER ITS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES TO A COUNTY IF ACCEPTED BY RESOLUTION OF ITS GOVERNING BODY; TO REQUIRE A PUBLIC HEARING TO BE CONDUCTED BEFORE TAKING A SUPERMAJORITY VOTE OF ITS GOVERNING BODY, THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE COUNTY, AND THE LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION OF THE COUNTY; TO REQUIRE THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE COUNTY TO COMPLY WITH THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 6-11-2140; TO PROVIDE FOR CALCULATING THE MILLAGE LIMITATION FOR A COUNTY WHEN A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT TRANSFERS ITS ASSETS AND LIABILITIES TO A COUNTY; AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION DOES NOT APPLY TO A SPECIAL PURPOSE DISTRICT THAT PROVIDES BOTH RECREATIONAL AND AGING SERVICES.
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(R425, H. 4867 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cato, Harrell, Haley and Viers: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF ACCOUNTANTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "ATTEST" AND "SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCY" AND TO DEFINE "HOME OFFICE" AND "PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS"; TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-30, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO ENGAGE IN THE PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTANCY, TO RENDER CERTAIN ACCOUNTING SERVICES, AND TO USE CERTAIN ACCOUNTANCY TITLES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT OUT-OF-STATE LICENSEES WHO QUALIFY FOR A PRACTICE PRIVILEGE AND OUT-OF-STATE FIRMS THAT MEET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS MAY ALSO RENDER SPECIFIED ACCOUNTING SERVICES AND USE CERTAIN TITLES WITHOUT BEING LICENSED OR REGISTERED IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-35, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE AS A CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT, SO AS TO REQUIRE ONE YEAR, RATHER THAN TWO YEARS, OF ACCOUNTING EXPERIENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCOUNTING FIRMS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH AN OUT-OF-STATE FIRM MAY RENDER CERTAIN ACCOUNTING SERVICES WITHOUT BEING REGISTERED; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-2-245, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR AN OUT-OF-STATE LICENSEE TO OBTAIN ACCOUNTANCY PRACTICE PRIVILEGES IN THIS STATE, SO AS TO REVISE AND FURTHER SPECIFY THESE REQUIREMENTS.
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(R426, H. 4899 (Word version)) -- Reps. Edge, Ott, Crawford, Whipper, Huggins, Alexander, Anthony, Bales, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Brady, Branham, Cato, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Davenport, Duncan, Erickson, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hardwick, Hayes, Hosey, Jennings, Leach, Limehouse, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Moss, Mulvaney, J.H. Neal, Parks, Perry, Pinson, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Stavrinakis, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Viers, White, Witherspoon and Mitchell: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE A COMMITTEE TO EXAMINE THE DELIVERY OF BEHAVIORAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO REPORT ITS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY FEBRUARY 15, 2010.
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(R427, H. 4950 (Word version)) -- Rep. Cooper: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 12, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 64 SO AS TO ENACT A NEW "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT" AND PROVIDE THE DEFINITIONS AND ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR TAX CREDITS ALLOWED BY THIS CHAPTER; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 32 OF TITLE 6, THE FORMER "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT".
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(R428, H. 4953 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cooper, Harrell and Bingham: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 59, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EDUCATION, BY ADDING CHAPTER 151 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA LIGHTRAIL CONSORTIUM, TO PROVIDE FOR THE GOVERNANCE OF THE CONSORTIUM, AND FOR ITS FUNDING, DUTIES, AND POWERS.
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The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford:
Local Appointments
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
At-Large:
Gerald W. Barron, Jr., 20 Farrell Kirk Lane, Greenville, SC 29615
Initial Appointment, Clarendon County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2006, and to expire April 30, 2010
Thomas L. Harvin, Jr., 37 Woodlake Drive, Manning, SC 29102 VICE Joseph Postel
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
Lyman Wayne Davis, 608 North Weston Street, Fountain Inn, SC 29644
Initial Appointment, Richland County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011
Tomothy C. Edmond, 217 Pointer Dr., Hopkins, SC 29061 VICE Valarie Stoman-Boyd
Initial Appointment, Savannah River Site Redevelopment Authority, with the term to commence October 21, 2006, and to expire October 21, 2010
Allendale County:
Sara Louise O'Neal, P. O. Box 646, Fairfax, SC 29827 VICE Dan Cannady
The following was received and referred to the appropriate committee for consideration:
Document No. 3213
Agency: Department of Insurance
SUBJECT: Annual Audited Financial Reporting Regulation
Received by Lieutenant Governor June 13, 2008
Referred to Banking and Insurance Committee
Legislative Review Expiration May 20, 2009
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator PEELER, at 12:05 P.M., Senator RYBERG was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator PEELER, at 12:05 P.M., Senator CLEARY was granted a leave of absence for today.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator SETZLER, at 12:05 P.M., Senator SHORT was granted a leave of absence for today.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed to go into Executive Session prior to adjournment.
Presentation to Senator PATTERSON
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, Senator PATTERSON was escorted to the podium by Senators McCONNELL and LAND upon the occasion of his retirement from the Senate.
Senators PEELER, McCONNELL, LAND, and MATTHEWS addressed the Senate with remarks.
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, S. 1424 was published.
S. 1424 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Anderson, Alexander, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE KAY PATTERSON, OF RICHLAND COUNTY, FOR HIS TWENTY-THREE YEARS OF FAITHFUL SERVICE TO THE CITIZENS OF SENATE DISTRICT 19, AND TO WISH HIM HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
Whereas, for twenty-three years, the Honorable Kay Patterson has represented the citizens of District 19 in Richland County with consistent integrity in the Senate of this great State, in addition to his prior eleven years of service in the South Carolina House of Representatives, for a total of thirty-four years as a legislator; and
Whereas, born in Darlington County on January 11, 1931, the son of James and Leila Patterson, Senator Patterson was reared in Darlington and Sumter counties by his grandmothers, Mrs. Meta Patterson and Mrs. Emma Joseph. In 1949, he graduated from Lincoln High School in Sumter and began preparing himself for a long and multifaceted career, beginning with two years of work at Claflin College, where he joined Omega Psi Phi Fraternity and Edisto Lodge No. 39 Prince-Hall Masons; and
Whereas, following two years of service in the United States Marine Corps as a buck sergeant, he earned a bachelor's degree at Allen University and pursued additional education at Temple University, also attending an NDEA Institute in Black History at Atlanta University in 1963; and
Whereas, Senator Patterson received his master's degree in education from South Carolina State College in 1971, and, in more recent years, he received honorary doctor of laws degrees from both South Carolina State University and the University of South Carolina; and
Whereas, he taught for fourteen years at W.A. Perry Middle School, C.A. Johnson High School, and Benedict College and served for sixteen years as a UniServ representative for the South Carolina Education Association, from which he retired in 1986; and
Whereas, outspoken and fiery in the advocacy of causes he believes in, this long-time public servant began his career at the State House in 1974 with election to the South Carolina House of Representatives, capturing a seat he filled until 1985, when he was elected to the Senate. In 1983, he was elected by the South Carolina House Education and Public Works Committee to serve on the University of South Carolina Board of Trustees, the first African-American to be so honored since Reconstruction. In 1990, he served as chairman of the South Carolina Legislative Black Caucus; and
Whereas, Senator Patterson presently lends his expertise to five Senate committees: Banking and Insurance, Corrections and Penology, Education, Finance, and Invitations. He also serves as chairman of the Richland County Legislative Delegation and was honored in the BellSouth 2003 South Carolina African-American History Calendar; and
Whereas, married to Jean James of Pinewood, he is the father of Eric (deceased) and Pamela, as well as proud grandfather of Eric, Jr., Ashley, and Courtland. Senator Patterson is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, where he has served as senior warden, secretary, and treasurer of the vestry. He is active in many civic and community organizations and is a life member of the NAACP; and
Whereas, Kay Patterson's colleagues in the Senate, understanding that he will not seek re-election, wish to express their deepest gratitude for his dedicated service to the people of District 19, as well as their sincere wishes for enjoyable challenges in the years ahead. Now, therefore,
Be it resolved by the Senate:
That the members of the South Carolina Senate, by this resolution, commend the Honorable Kay Patterson, of Richland County, for his twenty-three years of faithful service to the citizens of Senate District 19, and wish him happiness and fulfillment in all his future endeavors.
Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be presented to our distinguished colleague, the Honorable Kay Patterson.
Remarks by Senator PEELER
"Mr. PRESIDENT, Members of the Senate, I want you to think about your mama just for a minute. More specifically, think about your mama's cooking. I think your wives won't like this, but you'll have to agree, nobody cooks like your mama. Nobody. Everybody's mama, no matter what they cook, has a specialty. Something special that they cook that's just a little bit better than anything else they cook. For my mama, it's red velvet cake. She can cook the best red velvet cake that you've ever tasted in your life. If you sit down at the table for a piece of Sally Peeler's red velvet cake and a glass of sweet milk, everything is right with the world. So, you can just imagine when my mama called me one day and said, 'Son, I want you to stop by the house on the way down to Columbia. I've got something I want you to take.' I said, 'Ok.' So, I stopped by there and sittin' on the kitchen table was the most beautiful red velvet cake you've ever seen. I thought it was for me. 'Cause, see, it's all about me. I said, 'mama, thank you.' She said, 'I want you to take that to Columbia.' I said, 'For what?' She said, 'I want you to take that to Senator PATTERSON.' I said, 'Why?' She said, 'Because deep down inside, Senator PATTERSON loves you and Bob.' I said, 'Well, what's that got to do with me taking red velvet cake to Columbia?' She said, 'I want you to take that to Senator PATTERSON and don't you touch it on the way down there. You give it to him'."
"So, Senator PATTERSON, she was right. I know, deep down inside, you love Bob and me. And, you know, deep down inside, we love you."
"Senator Patterson, you have taken this podium time and time again. I listened to you and sometimes you made me laugh and sometimes you made me mad. But, every time, you made me think. Every time you took this podium, you made me think. And, as Senator STROM THURMOND would say: 'Really and truly, you are a credit to your community'."
Remarks by Senator McCONNELL
I can tell you, from the Senator from Greenwood and myself--who have both served in the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore's position--there have been those moments--and you can recall when we have needed your advice, Senator PATTERSON--and you gave it. There have been some very difficult moments along the way; but, one of the things I think is very telling about Senator PATTERSON is that he loves this institution. How many times has he stood up for the Senate and when we got into rough moments, he would stand up and say, "Gentlemen, we need to stop and think."
One time I remember when Senator DRUMMOND was trying to get something accomplished and we were not together, Senator PATTERSON got up and said, "All he is asking you to do is to do the following." And, Senator PATTERSON explained it in a tone and a way that made us listen, because we know he sits over there in that seat, and he keeps his South Carolina Policy Council score.
You monitor every vote to make sure we know the right way to vote on specific issues. I'm always inspired by your BIPEC ratings, which have always been below the zero or minus. I think on one year, I got down there with you, and I got concerned. I said, "Senator, I am approaching your ratings in the BIPEC."
We are going to miss that. We are going to miss your humor. We are going to miss your generosity. We are going to miss your spirit here and the cohesive nature of your role in this body. I'm going to miss you, especially when I get up to criticize The State editorials, your favorite newspaper--you are always there to inspire me on.
I have served in this Senate with some greats--JOHN DRUMMOND and others. I count you as one of those people in that "great" category. You are one who came here and became part of this institution. You have loved this institution, protected it, and enriched it. This State is a better State because of your service here. We wish you the best. We are going to miss you. I hope somebody is going to get up and ask where is the Policy Council on this, because we could always depend on you for that. But I just want you to know that your great spirit is to be admired. You are about the Senate, about the people of South Carolina, and about lifting people upward.
God bless you, and we wish you good health and the best in the years to come.
Thank you.
Remarks by Senator LAND
Mr. PRESIDENT, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Senate, this is really a sad day for me because Senator PATTERSON and I were elected to the House of Representatives in 1974, and took our seats over there together in 1975. We took our seats over in the South Carolina House of Representatives, and we didn't know a thing; but, we thought we knew everything. We had a long learning experience--twenty-four years with service in the House and Senate. Senator, I want you to know that I have learned a great deal from you. You have taught me so much.
I think I speak for every member of the General Assembly who has worked with you when I say that you have been a total gentlemen the entire time you have served. You have been an enlightenment to all of us in the way you have conducted yourself. What has impressed me more than anything about the Senator from Richland--Senator PATTERSON--is that he has always been true to himself as to what he believed, and he always had the intestinal fortitude to say it--no matter if he was the only one or he had the unanimous backing of this Senate. He always had the courage to tell it like it was. And Senator, when you told it like it was, there was always a benefit for South Carolina because some of us were not strong enough to stand up and tell it like it was. You have been true to yourself, to the people of South Carolina, and as the Senator from Charleston just said, we are truly a better State because we had your guidance and your participation for twenty-four years in this General Assembly. I just don't know of another person who has added as much to the growth of South Carolina from a social standpoint.
As you know, when we came here in 1975, we were not the State we are today. We did not treat people like all of us were South Carolinians. We treated them differently. We didn't educate them like we do now. We treated certain people in this society differently than we do now. You lived through all of that, and you brought the two sides together to make one South Carolina, and you are to be commended for that. You are so important to this State and to this institution by your service - I just cannot say enough about what you have done.
As I said about Senator DRUMMOND when we talked about the Confederate flag and the decision that we made in doing that--that was hard, because men of goodwill on both sides of the issue saw that it was something that was not moving South Carolina forward and was actually causing us to be divided when we needed to be in unity with one another. You, along with the others, sat down, and we came to terms, some with tears in our eyes, but we came to terms, and we made a compromise. With the strength of your convictions and watching you move this State forward in difficult times and we do, Senator from Charleston, live in a better State because Senator KAY PATTERSON chose public service and served in this House and this Senate.
I thank you and the people of South Carolina thank you. God bless you.
Remarks by Senator MATTHEWS
It's a great day for our State but it's a sad day for me personally. Senator PATTERSON and I came to the South Carolina Senate together. I always tell people that I have many acquaintances but only three friends; and one of those friends is KAY PATTERSON. Through the last 24 years of serving with him in the Senate, sitting together you can really get to know somebody when you're listening to filibusters and long debates. We talked to each other about our hopes, our sadness, the things we want for our State. But you know, Senator PATTERSON has taught us all a great lesson--that you should stand up for what you believe. Sometimes what you believe in might not be as popular as what other members of the Senate believe in, but Senator PATTERSON stood his ground. And history will record that he has been the conscience of this Senate. When things have gone wrong, he stood up. When things have gone bad or good, whatever the side was, he served as the conscience of our Senate. And so I think that history will record that he will be one of the greatest Senators that has ever served this body.
One day KAY and I were talking and I said, "KAY, I'm taking these vitamins and I'm feeling good now. I think I might stay a little while longer." KAY said, "Man, I've had enough of this. I'm going home. Things have changed." I said, "KAY, sometimes the agenda that you and I brought here together to try and bring about change and our goal to make this State one South Carolina is hard. But, it's worth fighting for. Because when we get to the point that this is one South Carolina, all of us will be better off." And KAY said, "Keep on fighting, brother, but I'm going home."
But I can see progress, Senator, from where we used to be to where we are. And I think the leadership of this Senate will miss you; the State will miss you; and I will miss you, my friend. I will always be here and I'll be looking forward to meeting with you and talking to you. I told KAY the other day that I know when he gets home, he is going to get lonely. So I'm going to save him a page spot in my office so he can come back and legitimately be here.
So, Senator, as you go to your retirement, remember this... you will be missed; the people of this State will always miss you for your service. There is no better tribute I can say to a fellow man than this: the greatest thing that you can leave for anybody--your children, your community or your church--is an example. This gentleman, KAY PATTERSON, will leave an example of what a Senator ought to be about. Senator PATTERSON, my friend, I love you. I'll miss you; and along with the citizens of the State of South Carolina, we thank you.
Remarks by Senator PATTERSON
Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT, members of the Senate, ladies and gentlemen. My immediate family is here with me and I want to introduce them: my wife, Jean James of Pine Wood. Please stand. Oh, don't be ashamed of your husband. Stand up. My daughter, Pamela Patterson Lackey, and my sister-in-law, Audrey Snead. That's my immediate family. Thank you very much.
I guess the first thing I ought to do is let you know that I'm glad to be here. When you've reached seventy-seven years of age--pacemaker, breast cancer survivor--hell, it's good to be anywhere! I used to hear blues from Count Basie. Joe Williams would sing it and it has a part in there that says, "Nobody loves me but my momma. And she could be jivin', too!" So, I'm going to let you Senators know just like Harry Truman said, "Up here, if you want a friend, you better buy you a dog." Because nobody loves you but your momma, and she could be jivin', too!
Those are some nice things you all said about me. It kind of makes you feel like you're at your own funeral. My friend, Matt Perry, and I have been to a lot of these things where they're honoring Matt and they're honoring me. And so, Matt pulled me aside one night. He said, "Kay, you know, these things sound like funerals, don't they?" I said, "They sure as hell do!" But it's good to be here. And I noticed a lot of my friends are here, even the Supreme Court came over here. I thought you all had something to do at 2:30 today. Well, I'm going to talk until 2:30 so you better.... I see the Chief Justice, the Honorable Jean Toal, who I refer to affectionately as 'Missy.' Missy and I served in the House together one hundred years ago. Then another fellow, I served in the House with--JOHNNIE WALLER, I mean, I used to call him "Mr. Johnnie." And he called me "Mr. Kay." And we teased each other. Then my other man from Spartanburg, Don Beatty--he was in the House with me. All of you all came out of the House. But you never did make it to the real body. I mean...that's a fail area--they don't want any part...
But one of my favorite people is Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a black slave up in Maryland. And with a little bit of help from a white woman, taught himself how to read and write. He went on to become one of the spellbinding orators in America. And this is about two paragraphs, if you'd bear with me. I'll tell you something that Frederick Douglass said and I got this from The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass. It's just two paragraphs. He said,
Let me give you a word of the philosophy of reform. The whole history of the progress of human liberty shows that all concessions yet made to her august claims, have been born of earnest struggle. The conflict has been exciting, agitating, all-absorbing, and all the time being, putting all other tumults to silence. It must do this or it does nothing. If there is no struggle then there is no progress. And any person that professes to love freedom and yet deprecate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground, they want the rain without the thunder... or the ...lightning. And They want the ocean without the...roar of its many waters.
And he goes on to say this: "It must do this or it does nothing." He goes on to say that "we want things that really sometimes we should not want and really don't realize what we're wanting." And he says,
This struggle may be a moral one, or it may be a physical one, and it may be both moral and physical, but it must be a struggle. Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will. Find out just what any people will quietly submit to and you have found out the exact measure of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them, and these will continue till they are resisted with either words or blows, or both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress. He said In the light of these ideas, Negroes will be hunted in the North, and held and flogged in the South so long as they submit to those devilish outrages, and make no resistance, either moral or physical. Men may not get all they pay for in this world, but they will certainly pay for all they get. If we ever get free from the oppressions and wrongs heaped on us, we must pay for their removal.
And this is the last line he gave us. He said: "We must do this by labor, by suffering, by sacrifice, and if needs be, by our lives and the lives of others."
These are things that we must instill into our children. My Grandmomma had raised me in Darlington County, up in the Pee Dee, Mr. Chairman of the Finance Committee. You know where the Pee Dee is. She instilled this into me, and we must instill it into our children--and that service to our country is a noble cause. I remember going into the Marine Corps back in September 1951, at Paris Island and served for two years, '51-'53. And during that time Harry Truman, my President, sent us everywhere in the world, except Korea. He didn't send us there. That's the only place he didn't send us. Sent us all up by Russia into the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea. We were on an aircraft carrier, the Midway--and later the Coral Sea. He sent us all down to Cuba to Guantanamo Bay--the boys call it "Git-mo." You read about it today--Guantanamo Bay is where they have the prisoners of war--and how they are treating the prisoners of war is against all the principles that the United States of America stands for. But that's the way we are treating them. And as I travel throughout the world, I realize, after going all over the world, that America is the best country in the world in which to live. We have people breaking into America from Canada and Mexico trying to enjoy our way of living and our lifestyle. And that's a tribute to America. And many of our legislators now who have enjoyed all of the benefits of America, they get old like me and they forget from whence they come. As James Baldwin said in The Fire Next Time, "Know from whence you come, because if you know from whence you come then there are no limits to where you can go." And they have forgotten where they came from.
Let me read something to you that I got out of the paper. This is old stuff here. This came from "The State," my favorite newspaper. I'll get to them later. This came from "The State" of Wednesday, December 12, 1984--a long time ago. And it's an article about a former senator, Steven Young of Ohio--a very conservative senator, a good man. And this is what he said. I'm going to read this to you because I can't recite all of this. It says, "One of my...favorite stories of Senator Young...was the senator's response to a constituent who complained of federal 'handouts' to the poor." The constituent is complaining. Now he'd enjoyed every handout in the world but he'd gotten old like me and had a little bit of money and a farm and he'd forgotten where he came from. And he'd started talking about handouts to the poor. "A young man lived with his parents in a low-cost public housing development." Now that's what we call the projects. That's where he lived with his parents, in Hamilton County. This is in Ohio.
He attended public-schools, rode the free school bus, enjoyed the free-lunch program. Following graduation from high school, he entered the Army and upon discharge kept his National Service Life Insurance. He then enrolled at an Ohio university, receiving his GI checks. Upon graduation, he married a public-health nurse, and bought a farm in southern Ohio with an FHA loan. Later going into the feed and hardware business -- I know somebody in here in the feed and hardware business up in Laurens. Don't I Senator Verdin? Going into the feed and hardware business in addition to farming he secured help from the Small Business Administration when his business faltered. His first baby was born in the county hospital, built in part with Hill-Burton federal funds. Then he put part of his land under the Soil bank Program and used the payments for not growing crops to help pay his debts.
His parents, elderly by now, were living comfortably in the smaller of his two farm homes, using their Social Security and Old Age Assistance checks. Medicare covering most of their doctor and hospital bills.
The senator's story had the young man receiving help from the Rural Electrification Administration, the Farmers Home Administration, the Federal Housing Administration, federal banks... National Student Loan Program, which finances children's college education. Then, a little later it was rumored that he had joined a cell of the John Birch Society and also the liberty lobby, both right-wing extremist groups. He wrote his congressman denouncing excessive government spending, Medicare, big government, the United Nations, high taxes, etc, etc.
And these are the last few lines. He said,
I believe in rugged individualism. People should stand on their own two feet, and not expect...government aid. I stand on my own two feet. I oppose all those socialistic trends you have been voting for and demand return to the free-enterprise system of our forefathers.
He had enjoyed everything that the Lord could send, and then started criticizing it. And I'm just saying, don't forget from whence we come. Don't forget.
I listened to the news last night and a couple of days ago my little sweet wife who never engages in politics, said, "Daddy, I sure hope JAKIE KNOTTS wins his seat." I said, "Well, I ain't never heard you talking about me winning a seat before." I said, "What you and JAKIE got going on?" So I joined my wife. I, too, as I hugged JAKIE this morning... I know I'm getting old now hugging a white boy but, I hugged him, because I'm glad to see him. Because he's a man of integrity and honor. And I personally don't like the idea of any outsiders sending money from New York--and Mr. Rich, sending money down here to influence elections and elect whoever they want to elect. It just kind of rubs me the wrong way. Some of you all are going home involuntarily. That's why I'm glad I can walk out of here on my own steam. You've got to "know when to hold 'em and know when to fold 'em." And I know it's time for me to fold 'em now. So I'm going home. And I hope I've done or said some things for you during my thirty-four years of service that'll help you all get along with your fellow man a little bit better next week and the weeks thereafter. So this is my last time coming through here.
It is written somewhere that, "I expect to pass through this world but once; and any good thing therefore that I can do or any kindness that I can show to any fellow creature, let me do it now. Let me not defer or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again."
I want you all to learn to be kind to each other. To be gentlemen; or as my man who is a former senator, a long time ago, Senator Howell Heflin out of Alabama, when he was leaving the Congress he said, "We must set a new course in this Congress and across the land...a course of moderation, tolerance, responsibility and compassion. We need to return to the traditional value of being just plain neighborly." One of my favorite artists is Willie Nelson--I love to hear Willie Nelson and I know that's a surprise to some of you all in here. Oh, I know that. But you see, that's just going to my other side of the family. I got two sides you know. Obama ain't got nothing on me. That's my Kervin side coming out. I was in Darlington one time and I told them I'm a Kervin and of all those Kervins, there ain't but one Kervin that I don't ever cross who's been kind of friendly. Now I don't know her name, but she's a lady used to teach school, Senator from Darlington. She used to teach over there in Hartsville. She was Louise "something;" but she was very nice to me and someone asked me one time, said, "You a Kervin?" I said, "Well, in a sense you would say I'm a Kervin." They said, "Oh, so you're one of Granddaddy's outside children?" I said, "No, I'm one of your Grandmomma's outside children." But Willie Nelson said, "Now that the preaching is over, let the sermon of life begin." You can preach all you want, but once the preaching is over, you leave church, you ought to live it, you know. You've got to live that stuff. Ain't no need of preaching, you know, nobody wants to hear you talking about it; they want to see you living it. And that's what I tried to do. I tried to kind of keep you all in check; make you live a little bit of it, too. I remember they used to get me and want me to come to prayer meetings with them over in that little prayer room in the Gressette. I said, "No, I ain't going over there." They said, "Well, why?" I said, "Why am I going to prayer meeting with you? You all go to prayer meeting. Then you come back over here and I can't get you to vote for Mother's Day, you know?" You know, I don't need that. You don't jive me!
But these are things we ought to at least think about. At least think about them. How you treat your fellow man and try to get along with them. And you all have been nice to me. You've been nice, very nice and cordial and friendly.
I don't see my sister. Where is my sister from Chester, Senator SHORT? She ain't coming today? Got her white flowers on her desk. And my other sister, Senator CEIPS, got white flowers. I'm one of "the sisters," since my first name is KAY, K-A-Y. So, I'm one of the sisters, too. I noticed I didn't get any flowers--white flowers. So they asked me, "Why are you wearing a white suit?" I said I'm honoring my good white folks here today. As Malcolm X would say, "I'm here with my friends." One of them said, "We're sure going to miss you when you're gone." I said, "I sure as hell ain't gonna miss you." I can get along without the Senate myself, but the thing is, can the Senate get along without me? That's where you may run into a problem.
But you know something? When Man closes one door in your face, He'll open up a thousand more! When I got home the man from SCEA sent for me--Dr. Walker Emanuel Solomon. He said, "Kay, I heard that you're not teaching." I said, "No. I'm not 'cause I ain't got no job." He said, "Well, come on out here. I want you to work for us." And I went to SCEA. And I've been doing...you know. When they close one door in your face, He'll open up a thousand more. You ain't got to worry about it.
And that's what I've done all my life. I've always spoken up for everybody. Everybody. And that's what I want you all to do. It is written in Micah 6:8 "He has shown thee, O man, what is good. And what does the Lord require of thee but to do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly with thy God." Thanks for letting me be here.
On behalf of the entire Senate, Senator PATTERSON was presented a framed Resolution and, Senator McCONNELL, on behalf of the Governor and the State, presented the Order of the Palmetto.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator PEELER, McCONNELL, LAND, MATTHEWS and PATTERSON were ordered printed in the Journal.
RECESS
At 1:34 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate receded from business until 2:30 P.M.
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 2:40 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
Point of Quorum
At 2:40 P.M., Senator McCONNELL made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present.
Call of the Senate
Senator McCONNELL moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campbell Campsen Ceips
Courson Cromer Drummond
Elliott Fair Ford
Gregory Grooms Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin Massey Matthews
McConnell McGill O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Sheheen Thomas
Vaughn Verdin Williams
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
Retirement of Senator VAUGHN
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, Senator VAUGHN was escorted to the podium upon the occasion of his retirement from the Senate.
Senator McCONNELL addressed the Senate with remarks.
Remarks by Senator VAUGHN
Thank you very much. I don't have any prepared remarks. I don't do very well in making prepared remarks. On the occasion that I prepare remarks and when I get up to speak, only God knows what I am actually going to say.
It has been a privilege and pleasure to serve in this Senate, although it has only been two short years. I came here, as you well know, under unfortunate circumstances, due to the sad passing of Senator J. VERNE SMITH, and I am leaving under unfortunate circumstances. I had planned to seek re-election but, due to health issues, I decided it was best to not run again. I have very strong issues that I support and I know that this Senate would have had very strong debates and arguments on each of them. You might even have agreed with many.
My health is now getting back to normal, thank goodness. It has been a pleasure serving with Senator LEATHERMAN from Florence on the Senate Finance Committee. While serving on the Senate Judiciary Committee, to be honest with you, I never did understand things--such as the committee holding over a Bill, but then the committee would continue to discuss it for another forty-five minutes! I never did understand those kinds of things.
But, anyway, I will miss serving in the General Assembly. I will miss serving in the Senate. I will miss all of you and I love all of you and I wish you well. I am going to have to find something to do and it may be to come down here and see what you folks are doing. Thank you for all you have done for me and all the help you have supplied to me--Senator McCONNELL from Charleston and Senator FAIR, Chairman of the Corrections Committee, and all the Senate committees I have served on, thank you very much.
Senator LAND just handed me some hearing aid batteries. Of course, both of us don't hear very well and sometimes have selective hearing--and he borrowed one battery from me, I don't know how long ago. But today, he gave me one, two, three, four, five, six batteries and that's pretty good interest.
So, thank you very much. I will miss you, Godspeed and good luck to all of you.
On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the remarks by Senator VAUGHN were ordered printed in the Journal.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 1459 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Alexander, Anderson, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Patterson, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE RUSSELL R. "RANDY" SCOTT FOR HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ON BEHALF OF THE CITIZENS OF SENATE DISTRICT 38, IN CHARLESTON AND DORCHESTER COUNTIES, AND TO WISH HIM HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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S. 1460 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Alexander, Anderson, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Patterson, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE CATHERINE CRAWFORD CEIPS OF BEAUFORT COUNTY FOR HER FIVE YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AS A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND TO WISH HER SUCCESS IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS AS SHE DEPARTS THE SENATE.
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S. 1461 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Alexander, Anderson, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Ceips, Cleary, Courson, Cromer, Drummond, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hawkins, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, O'Dell, Patterson, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Ritchie, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Short, Thomas, Vaughn, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE JAMES H. "JIM" RITCHIE, JR. FOR HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ON BEHALF OF THE CITIZENS OF SENATE DISTRICT 13, GREENVILLE, SPARTANBURG, AND UNION COUNTIES AND TO WISH HIM MUCH SUCCESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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S. 1462 (Word version) -- Senator Hawkins: A SENATE RESOLUTION HONORING MAJOR GENERAL JAMES W. RAFFERTY AND HIS WIFE, MRS. MELANIE RAFFERTY, AND THANKING THEM FOR THEIR DEDICATED SERVICE TO THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
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S. 1463 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SENATE UPON THE DEATH OF HARRIET MCBRYDE JOHNSON OF CHARLESTON AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HER FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
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S. 1464 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR BARRY F. BOLEN OF LEXINGTON COUNTY FOR THIRTY-SIX YEARS OF DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AS AN EDUCATOR, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT, AND TO WISH HIM SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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S. 1465 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A SENATE RESOLUTION HONORING THE MEMORY OF HARRIET MCBRYDE JOHNSON OF CHARLESTON COUNTY, CIVIL AND DISABILITY RIGHTS ADVOCATE, ATTORNEY, AND AUTHOR, AND ACCEPTING HER LIFE-LONG CHALLENGE TO RECOGNIZE THE DIGNITY OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES.
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S. 1466 (Word version) -- Senator Jackson: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF REVEREND WILLIAM M. LOWMAN AND HIS POLITICAL AND SPIRITUAL LEGACY TO THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
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S. 1467 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE HOPEWELL AME CHURCH UPON THE OCCASION OF THE DEDICATION OF ITS NEW SANCTUARY ON SATURDAY, JUNE 21, 2008.
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S. 1468 (Word version) -- Senator Pinckney: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE HONORABLE PATRICIA BALDWIN DIXON OF CHARLESTON COUNTY FOR TWENTY-SEVEN YEARS OF DISTINGUISHED PUBLIC SERVICE, UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT, AND TO WISH HER SUCCESS IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
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S. 1469 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Martin: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE III, SECTION 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE, SECTION 2-1-180 OF THE 1976 CODE, AND THE PROVISIONS OF S. 838, WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN ON FRIDAY, JUNE 27, 2008, NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. OR ANYTIME PRIOR, EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET AT A TIME MUTUALLY AGREED UPON BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UPON CERTAIN OCCURRENCES AND FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF SPECIFIED MATTERS; AND THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL STAND ADJOURNED SINE DIE NO LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31, 2008.
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Be it resolved by the Senate, the House of Representatives concurring:
(A) Pursuant to the provisions of Article III, Section 21 of the Constitution of this State, Section 2-1-180 of the 1976 Code, and the provisions of S. 838, the Sine Die adjournment date for the General Assembly for the 2008 session is recognized and extended to permit the General Assembly to continue in session after Friday June 27, 2008, under the terms and conditions stipulated in this resolution and for this purpose each house agrees that when the Senate and the House of Representatives adjourn on Friday, June 27, 2008, not later than 5:00 p.m. or at anytime prior, each house shall stand adjourned to meet in statewide session at a date and time mutually agreed upon by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, if (1) the fiscal conditions described in Section 11-9-890 are met at the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2008-2009, or (2) any acts ratified pursuant to the terms of S. 838 or this resolution are vetoed by the Governor. Further, each house agrees to limit itself to consideration of the following matters and subject to the following conditions, as applicable:
(1) receipt and consideration of legislation necessary to address any shortfall in revenue meeting the conditions of Section 11-9-890;
(2) receipt and consideration of gubernatorial vetoes; and
(3) receipt and consideration of resolutions affecting the Sine Die adjournment date.
(B) The President Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives may set a mutually agreed upon time prior to Sine Die adjournment for officers of the Senate and House to ratify acts.
(C) Unless adjourned earlier, the General Assembly shall stand adjourned Sine Die no later than 5:00 p.m. on Friday, October 31, 2008.
The Concurrent Resolution was introduced.
The question was the adoption of the Concurrent Resolution.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campbell Campsen Ceips
Courson Cromer Drummond
Elliott Fair Ford
Gregory Grooms Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leatherman
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Martin Massey Matthews
McConnell McGill O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Sheheen Thomas
Vaughn Verdin Williams
Total--42
NAYS
Total--0
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House.
H. 5291 (Word version) -- Reps. Scott, Bales, Ballentine, Brady, Cotty, Harrison, Hart, Howard, J. H. Neal, Rutherford and J. E. Smith: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE KAY PATTERSON, OF RICHLAND COUNTY, FOR HIS MORE THAN THIRTY-FOUR YEARS OF FAITHFUL SERVICE TO THE CITIZENS OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO WISH HIM HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 16, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
This letter is to inform you that I am vetoing and returning without my approval S. 181, R-401.
(R401, S181 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY. (ABBREVIATED TITLE)
This Bill, for the most part, updates and codifies existing laws and practices.
We would like to point out our concern with one well-intentioned provision that was inserted at the request of a single senator. Section 24-3-30(B) was amended to state "To the greatest extent possible when making a determination of institutional assignment, the department must place a person convicted of an offense against the State in a place of confinement in close proximity to his home unless this placement jeopardizes security." We, unfortunately, believe this provision opens the door to many lawsuits and was put in place in a way that defies the perspective of the majority in the General Assembly.
Before I elaborate on these concerns, let me say again how I believe that the provision in question is well-intentioned. Part of unconditional love is being able to show it, and to the maximum extent possible, the state ought to be about the business of encouraging and facilitating a loved one being able to, in fact, show love and concern toward a son, daughter, cousin or nephew who is incarcerated. This is much easier to do if your loved one is housed closer to you. We empathize with families - that did not commit a crime - that are forced to travel longer distances to see their loved ones in prison. With gas prices continuing to rise, the burden on families is perhaps felt more now than in any other recent time. We believe that it is better to have inmates placed in closer proximity to their churches and loved ones, and, for this reason, it has been the position of the administration to bring families and inmates closer together whenever requested to do so. Sometimes this is possible and other times it is not, based on capacity requirements within Corrections. Codifying what we already try to do within Corrections will have the unintended consequence of inviting lawsuits. This would take more money from a Corrections department and the inmates housed there that are already in need of more financial resources. In fact, I find it somewhat unbelievable that the General Assembly would pass yet another mandate on the Department of Corrections at the same time that the budget that they passed this year forces the Department of Corrections to run an $8 million dollar deficit. It is well known that our prisons are at capacity - and this makes it impossible to house all inmates in the prison closest to their home. If the General Assembly will pass a budget without deficits incorporated into it for Corrections, it will, in fact, be much easier to do that which this proposed provision is suggesting. We also believe the manner in which this amendment was included in this legislation highlights a procedural problem that exists in the Senate. It is our understanding that a single senator "placed his name on the Bill" - even though no other senator had objections to the legislation. To get this senator to remove his objection, this amendment was included. We believe that adding this amendment to an otherwise routine Bill to placate a lone senator is a poor way to make public policy - and one that, in this case, supplants the will of the body at large. While we approve of the majority of this Bill, we believe that the provision outlined above will lead to an increase in the number of lawsuits that the already underfunded Department of Corrections will be forced to defend. Without this troubling provision, we would sign this Bill. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R401, S181 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY. (ABBREVIATED TITLE) The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 36; Nays 5 AYES Alexander Anderson Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford * Gregory Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Williams Total--36 NAYS Bryant Campsen Grooms McConnell Verdin * Total--5 *These Senators were not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the votes were recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.401, S. 181 by a vote of 21 to 78: (R401, S181 (Word version)) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT FOR INMATES, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY MANAGERS OF THE COUNTY, MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATORS, OR THEIR EQUIVALENT AS PERSONS WHO THE STATE MUST CONSENT TO HOUSE AS AN INMATE IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-27, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LOCAL REGIONAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DECISION TO ASSIGN WORK OR DISQUALIFY A PERSON FROM WORK IN A FACILITY IS IN THE SOLE DISCRETION OF THE OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF THE FACILITY AND MAY NOT BE CHALLENGED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-30, RELATING TO DESIGNATION OF PLACES OF CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO REVISE THE LIST OF PERSONS FROM WHICH THE STATE MUST OBTAIN CONSENT BEFORE AN INMATE MAY BE PLACED IN A FACILITY MAINTAINED BY A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-40, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF A PRISONER'S WAGES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS THAT APPLY FOR THE DISPOSITION OF WAGES OF PRISONERS HOUSED IN STATE FACILITIES APPLY TO PRISONERS BASED IN LOCAL FACILITIES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-50, RELATING TO THE PENALTY FOR A PRISONER WHO FAILS TO REMAIN WITHIN THE EXTENDED LIMITS OF HIS CONFINEMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO A PRISONER CONFINED IN A LOCAL FACILITY, AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-60, RELATING TO THE CLERKS OF COURT PROVIDING NOTICE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS OF THE NUMBER OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-70, RELATING TO ALLOWABLE EXPENSES INCURRED FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF CONVICTS TO THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-80, RELATING TO THE DETENTION OF A PRISONER BY COMMITMENT AUTHORIZED BY THE GOVERNOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-81, RELATING TO CONJUGAL VISITS WITHIN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO PRISONER IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM OR WHO IS BEING DETAINED IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY IS PERMITTED TO HAVE CONJUGAL VISITS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-130, RELATING TO THE USE OF INMATE LABOR ON PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-131, RELATING TO THE SUPERVISION OF INMATES USED ON PUBLIC PROJECTS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-140, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICT LABOR AT THE STATE HOUSE, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-160, RELATING TO THE COST OF MAINTAINING CONVICTS BY STATE INSTITUTIONS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS" AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-170, RELATING TO THE USE OF CONVICTS BY CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERMS "FEE" FOR THE TERM "HIRE", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "EMPLOYEES" FOR THE TERM "GUARDS", AND "PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-180, RELATING TO THE PROVISION OF TRANSPORTATION AND CLOTHING FOR CONVICTS WHO HAVE BEEN DISCHARGED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT" AND THE TERM "STATE PRISON" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-190, RELATING TO APPROPRIATION OF CLOSE OF THE YEAR BALANCES FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DEPARTMENT" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-310, RELATING TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY'S INTENT FOR ESTABLISHING A PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISONERS" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT", AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-320, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS AND EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONNEL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF PRISON INDUSTRIES, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO DELETE THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-330, RELATING TO THE PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-340, RELATING TO THE STATE'S PURCHASE OF PRODUCTS THAT ARE NOT PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-37-370, RELATING TO THE PRIORITY OF DISTRIBUTION OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY CONVICT LABOR, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-400, RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES ACCOUNT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-420, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-520, RELATING TO THE TRANSPORTATION OF A PERSON SENTENCED TO DEATH, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION AND PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CUSTODY OF THE INMATE HAS THE AUTHORITY TO TRANSFER HIM TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-540, RELATING TO THE DEATH CHAMBER AND THE TRANSPORTING OF A PERSON TO A PLACE TO BE ELECTROCUTED, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-550, RELATING TO WITNESSES THAT MAY BE PRESENT DURING AN EXECUTION, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICT"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-560, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF THE EXECUTION OF A PERSON, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-570, RELATING TO THE DISPOSITION OF THE BODY OF A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN EXECUTED, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-710, RELATING TO THE INVESTIGATION OF THE MISCONDUCT THAT OCCURS IN THE PENITENTIARY, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY", AND PROVIDE THAT THE DIRECTOR OF THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM'S AUTHORITY TO INVESTIGATE MISCONDUCT IN THE STATE PRISON SYSTEM IS THE SAME AUTHORITY THAT AN OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF A LOCAL FACILITY MAY EXERCISE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-720, RELATING TO ENLISTING THE AID OF CITIZENS TO SUPPRESS PRISON RIOTS AND DISORDERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-740, RELATING TO THE COMPENSATION OF A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-750, RELATING TO PROVIDING IMMUNITY TO A PERSON WHO ASSISTS THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IN SUPPRESSING DISORDER, RIOT, OR INSURRECTION, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-760, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF THE KEEPER WHEN THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IS ABSENT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-920, RELATING TO REWARDS FOR THE CAPTURE OF AN ESCAPED CONVICT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-930, RELATING TO EXEMPTING CERTAIN PERSONS EMPLOYED BY THE PENITENTIARY FROM SERVING ON JURIES AND MILITARY OR STREET DUTY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "STATE PRISON SYSTEM" FOR THE TERM "PENITENTIARY"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-940, RELATING TO PROHIBITING PRISONERS FROM GAMBLING, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-951, RELATING TO THE POSSESSION OR USE OF MONEY BY PRISONERS, SO AS TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-965, RELATING TO THE TRIAL OF CERTAIN OFFENSES RELATED TO CONTRABAND IN MAGISTRATES COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION APPLIES TO REGIONAL DETENTION FACILITIES AND PRISON CAMPS, AND TO DEFINE THE TERM "CONTRABAND"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-10, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S RESPONSIBILITIES AS THE CUSTODIAN OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-12, RELATING TO COUNTIES ASSUMING CERTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGARD TO THE CUSTODY OF COUNTY JAILS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH A COUNTY CAN DEVOLVE ITS POWER TO OPERATE A JAIL TO A SHERIFF; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-20, RELATING TO THE EMPLOYMENT OF A JAILER, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT ALLOWS A SHERIFF WHO DOES NOT LIVE IN A JAIL TO APPOINT A JAILER, TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF WHO HAS CONTROL OF A JAIL SHALL APPOINT A FACILITY MANAGER WHO HAS CONTROL AND CUSTODY OF THE JAIL UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE SHERIFF, AND TO PROVIDE THAT IN CASES WHERE THE SHERIFF DOES NOT CONTROL THE JAIL, THE COUNTY'S GOVERNING BODY SHALL APPOINT THE FACILITY MANAGER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-50, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S KEEPING OF PRISONERS COMMITTED BY A CORONER, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGERS" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO MAKE A TECHNICAL CHANGE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-60, RELATING TO SHERIFFS AND JAILERS KEEPING PRISONERS COMMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "GOVERNING BODIES" FOR THE TERM "JAILERS", AND TO PROVIDE THAT A SHERIFF OR FACILITY MANAGER MAY CHARGE A FEE FOR KEEPING THESE PRISONERS; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-80, RELATING TO PROVIDING BLANKETS AND BEDDING TO PRISONERS, SO AS TO REVISE THE ITEMS THAT A PRISONER MUST BE FURNISHED TO INCLUDE SUFFICIENT FOOD, WATER, CLOTHING, HYGIENE PRODUCTS, BEDDING, AND SHELTER; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-90, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL DISCRIMINATION IN THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER", AND TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR A VIOLATION OF THIS PROVISION; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-110, RELATING TO THE RETURN TO COURT BY A SHERIFF OF THE NAMES OF PRISONERS WHO ARE CONFINED ON THE FIRST DAY OF THE TERM OF GENERAL SESSIONS COURT, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE USE OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS SATISFIES THIS REQUIREMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-120, RELATING TO A SHERIFF'S ANNUAL REPORT ON THE CONDITION OF A JAIL, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "SHERIFF"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-5-170, RELATING TO THE REMOVAL OF PRISONERS FROM A JAIL THAT MAY BE DESTROYED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS PROVISION ALSO APPLIES TO A JAIL THAT IS RENDERED UNINHABITABLE, AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURES TO TRANSFER THESE PRISONERS TO ANOTHER FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-5-300, 24-5-310, 24-5-320, 24-5-330, 24-5-350, 24-5-360, 24-5-370, 24-5-380, AND 24-5-390, ALL RELATING TO DEFINITIONS, THE APPOINTMENT, TRAINING, PHYSICAL COMPETENCE, DUTIES, IDENTIFICATION CARDS, UNIFORMS, AND WORKERS' COMPENSATION BENEFITS FOR RESERVE DETENTION OFFICERS, SO AS TO DELETE THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-60, RELATING TO THE CARE OF CONVICTS SENTENCED TO LABOR ON A COUNTY PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", AND THE TERM "GENERAL FUND" FOR THE TERM "ROAD FUND"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-110, RELATING TO THE HEALTH OF CONVICTS IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "MEDICAL PERSONNEL" FOR THE TERM "PHYSICIAN", "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "CONVICTS", "COUNTY JAIL, DETENTION FACILITY, PRISON CAMP, OR OTHER LOCAL FACILITIES" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANG", AND TO REVISE THE PROCEDURE TO PROVIDE AND PAY FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES FOR INMATES IN A COUNTY'S CUSTODY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-120, RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF CONVICTS BY MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES, SO AS TO REVISE THIS PROVISION TO ALLOW A MUNICIPALITY TO ENTER INTO AGREEMENTS TO HOUSE THEIR PRISONERS IN COUNTY FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-7-155, RELATING TO THE PROHIBITION OF CONTRABAND IN A COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL PRISON, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL FACILITIES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATE" FOR THE TERM "PRISONER", TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "SUPERINTENDENT OF THE FACILITY", AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE FACILITY MAY DESIGNATE ADDITIONAL ITEMS OF CONTRABAND THAT ARE PROHIBITED; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-30, RELATING TO MINIMUM STANDARDS THAT MUST BE MET BY FACILITIES THAT HOUSE PRISONERS OR PRETRIAL DETAINEES, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION THAT REQUIRES A COPY OF CERTAIN REPORTS BE SENT TO CERTAIN JUDGES OF THE JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN WHICH THE FACILITY IS LOCATED, AND TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-35, RELATING TO REPORTS OF DEATHS OF INCARCERATED PERSONS, SO AS TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, AND TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANGER" FOR THE TERM "JAILER"; TO AMEND SECTION 24-9-40, RELATING TO THE CERTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PLANS BEFORE A CONFINEMENT FACILITY IS CONSTRUCTED, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION APPLIES TO THE RENOVATION OF CONFINEMENT FACILITIES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-13-10, 24-13-20, 24-13-30, 24-13-40, 24-13-50, 24-13-80, 24-13-125, 24-13-150, 24-13-210, 24-13-230, 24-13-235, 24-13-260, 24-13-410, 24-13-420, 24-13-430, 24-13-440, 24-13-450, 24-13-460, 24-13-470, 24-13-640, 24-13-660, 24-13-910, 24-13-915, 24-13-940, AND 24-13-1540, ALL RELATING TO THE INCARCERATION OF PRISONERS, THE REDUCTION IN A PRISONER'S SENTENCE, PRISONER OFFENSES, THE PRISON WORK RELEASE PROGRAM, FURLOUGHS, THE SHOCK INCARCERATION PROGRAM, AND THE HOME DETENTION PROGRAM, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "LOCAL DETENTION PROGRAM" FOR THE TERM "CHAIN GANGS", SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "INMATES" FOR THE TERM "PRISONERS", TO MAKE TECHNICAL CHANGES, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "FACILITY MANAGER" FOR THE TERM "OFFICIAL", TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY", TO REVISE THE TYPE AND COST OF MEDICAL SERVICES THAT MAY BE PAID FROM AN INMATE'S ACCOUNT, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PRISONER TO ESCAPE FROM CUSTODY OR TO POSSESS ITEMS THAT MAY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE, AND TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "LOCAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY"; TO AMEND SECTION 16-7-140, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATING PROVISIONS THAT PROHIBIT THE WEARING OF MASKS AND PLACING A BURNING CROSS ON A PROPERTY WITHOUT ITS OWNER'S PERMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE A REFERENCE TO THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL"; TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-1350, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR A PERSON'S FAILURE TO OBEY CERTAIN ORDERS OF A COURT AND STATUTES RELATING TO THE CHILDREN'S CODE OF LAW, SO AS TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "DETENTION FACILITY" FOR THE TERM "CORRECTIONAL FACILITY", AND TO DELETE A PROVISION THAT PLACES RESTRICTIONS ON WHO MAY PARTICIPATE IN A WORK/PUNISHMENT PROGRAM; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 24-3-150, 24-3-200, 24-5-30, 24-5-70, 24-5-100, 24-5-140, 24-5-150, 24-5-160, 24-7-70, 24-7-80, 24-7-130, 24-7-140, AND 24-7-150 RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF CONVICTS TO A COUNTY CHAIN GANG, THE TRANSFER OF A PRISONER TO A COUNTY OTHER THAN THE COUNTY WHERE HE WAS SENTENCED, THE APPOINTMENT OF A JAILER BY A SHERIFF, THE USE OF FEDERAL PRISONERS BY A COUNTY, A SHERIFF'S IMPRESSING A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF GUARDS TO SECURE A PRISONER WHO IS ACCUSED OF A CAPITAL OFFENSE, THE HOUSING OF FEMALE CONVICTS, THE CONFINEMENT OF PERSONS CHARGED WITH A CRIME IN A PRISON LOCATED IN AN INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY, THE DIETING AND CLOTHING AND MAINTENANCE OF CERTAIN PRISONERS BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, AND THE COLLECTION AND DISPOSITION OF MONEY BY A COUNTY FOR THE HIRING OF CONVICTS; BY ADDING CHAPTER 5 TO TITLE 24 SO AS TO ENACT THE LOCAL DETENTION FACILITY MUTUAL AID AND ASSISTANCE ACT TO ALLOW LOCAL DETENTION FACILITIES TO ASSIST EACH OTHER IN PROVIDING SAFE AND SECURE HOUSING OF INMATES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-560, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PROGRAM, SO AS TO REUSE THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE AMOUNT OF TIME A PRISONER MAY BE REQUIRED TO BE INCARCERATED WHEN SENTENCED FOR SUCCESSIVE COMMUNITY SUPERVISION PROGRAM REVOCATIONS; AND BY ADDING SECTION 16-17-685 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO PURCHASE STOLEN MONUMENTS, VASES, OR MARKERS THAT COMMEMORATE DECEASED INDIVIDUALS AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 16, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am hereby vetoing S. 577, R-403, which, among other things, doubles the penalties for assault and battery upon coaches and sports officials. (R403, S577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL. Let me begin by saying that we appreciate Sen. SHEHEEN's attempt with this Bill to deter assaults upon coaches and sports officials. Coaches are to be admired for the way they dedicate time and energy in instructing young people in life lessons that will make an impact on who and what these young people do and become. In the same vein, sports officials teach young athletes about the larger notion of rules going with life. It is a sorry commentary on society at large when a Bill like this needs to even be debated, but it does given the fact that attacks have taken place. I believe that attacks by overzealous parents to be wrong and deserving of our greatest condemnation and prosecution under the law. I also believe this prosecution should take place under existing law because changing it as this Bill does sets a dangerous precedent of carving out a special status for coaches and officials that other citizens don't enjoy. Assault of any kind, to any South Carolinian, for any reason - is wrong and should be immediately dealt with. When we begin elevating certain people to a status where they get extra protection under the law, we begin to signal the crime can be less egregious in other instances. Again, the view of the Administration is assault is wrong to anyone - every time. There are many other individuals who perform valuable functions for society who are not entitled to special protection. For example, clergy members, Boy Scout leaders, and other types of mentors have similar roles as coaches in instructing our youth, but they would not receive extra protection under this Bill. Can anyone really say that an attack on a coach is worse than an attack on a minister who is trying to help in a thorny domestic situation? We believe wrong is wrong every time and, therefore, we believe it is a better policy to create uniform penalties for attacks that give all citizens equal protection under the law. For these reasons, I am vetoing S. 577, R-403. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R403, S577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 32; Nays 6 AYES Alexander Bryant Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Hawkins Hutto Jackson Knotts Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Williams Total--32 NAYS Campsen Grooms Martin McConnell Vaughn Verdin Total--6 The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.403, S. 577 by a vote of 87 to 17: (R403, S577 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-560, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN MAGISTRATES COURTS IN ASSAULT AND BATTERY AND OTHER BREACH OF THE PEACE OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAGISTRATES COURTS' JURISDICTION FOR ALL ASSAULT AND BATTERY OFFENSES AGAINST SPORTS OFFICIALS AND COACHES TO PROVIDE FOR A FINE NOT EXCEEDING ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR IMPRISONMENT FOR A TERM NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY DAYS, OR BOTH; BY ADDING SECTION 17-15-90 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF WILFUL FAILURE TO APPEAR AND PROVIDE PENALTIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-50, RELATING TO SURETY RELIEVED ON BOND AND SURRENDER OF A DEFENDANT, SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES WHEN A BENCH WARRANT MAY BE ISSUED FOR ARREST OF A DEFENDANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT NONPAYMENT OF FEES ALONE DOES NOT WARRANT IMMEDIATE INCARCERATION OF THE DEFENDANT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-53-70, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A BENCH WARRANT AND THE REMISSION OF JUDGMENT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PERIOD OF TIME BEFORE THE BOND IS FORFEITED FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR FROM THIRTY TO NINETY DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THE BENCH WARRANT AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE BENCH WARRANT MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR PICKUP BY THE SURETY WITHIN SEVEN DAYS OF ISSUANCE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, RELATING TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS TO CAUSE THE ARREST OF CERTAIN OFFENDERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE ISSUANCE OF A COURTESY SUMMONS TO PERSONS CHARGED WITH A MISDEMEANOR OFFENSE REQUIRING A WARRANT SIGNED BY NONLAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 11, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am hereby vetoing and returning without my approval S. 799, R-344. (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. This Bill amends the Acupuncturist Practice Act to allow the Board of Medical Examiners to decide whether or not an acupuncturist can use the title "doctor." It also specifies who may perform a certain type of acupuncture called auricular detoxification therapy. While I believe there is great value in a more holistic approach to one's health and I recognize the value of alternatives to western medical approaches, as an Administration we still fundamentally believe in the overarching need to limit the scope of government. As you may recall, in 2004, I vetoed the Acupuncturist Practice Act (H. 3891) because we believed it was unduly burdensome and imposed unnecessary regulatory restrictions on the profession - and created yet another oversight board in South Carolina. By allowing the Board of Medical Examiners to approve whether or not an acupuncturist can use the title "doctor," we are duplicating regulatory oversight. In this case, the state would be providing oversight by one board - over the last one (the Acupuncture Board) created only about a year ago. An acupuncturist does not work under the direct supervision of a physician, and by creating a hybrid organizational arrangement, we only further convolute our already Byzantine and overly redundant government structure. Additionally, this would be new ground that we would be covering in that the Board of Medical Examiners does not currently decide whether or not other professions (i.e., chiropractors) can use the same title. For these reasons, I am vetoing and returning without my signature S. 799, R-344. Sincerely, /s/Mark Sanford VETO SUSTAINED (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator HAYES spoke on the veto. Senator HAYES moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 19; Nays 11 AYES Alexander Anderson Campbell Ceips Cromer Elliott Hawkins Hayes Hutto Knotts Land Lourie Martin O'Dell Peeler Reese Scott Sheheen Thomas Total--19 NAYS Bryant Campsen Fair Grooms Malloy Massey McConnell McGill Setzler Verdin Williams Total--11 The necessary two-thirds vote not having been received, the veto of the Governor was sustained, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. S. 799, R. 344 --Veto Reconsidered and Overridden (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator MALLOY moved that the vote be reconsidered whereby the veto by the Governor was sustained. The motion to reconsider was adopted. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 30; Nays 9 AYES Alexander Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Gregory Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson * Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Sheheen Thomas Williams Total--30 NAYS Bryant Campsen Fair Grooms Massey McConnell Setzler Vaughn Verdin Total--9 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.344, S. 799 by a vote of 6 to 94: (R344, S799 (Word version)) -- Senator Hayes: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-755, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SUPERVISORY AND PROTOCOL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPY, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT AURICULAR DETOXIFICATION THERAPISTS MUST BE SUPERVISED DIRECTLY BY A LICENSED ACUPUNCTURIST; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-710, RELATING TO THE ACUPUNCTURE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THREE MEMBERS, RATHER THAN FOUR, CONSTITUTE A QUORUM OF THE FIVE MEMBER BOARD; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-725, RELATING, AMONG OTHER THINGS, TO CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PERSONS PRACTICING ACUPUNCTURE SINCE 1980 ARE EXEMPT FROM LICENSURE, SO AS TO ALSO APPLY THESE CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LICENSURE TO PERSONS PRACTICING AURICULAR THERAPY SINCE 1997; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-745, RELATING TO PENALTIES AND SANCTIONS FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF ACUPUNCTURE AND FOR THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF CERTAIN TITLES, SO AS TO SPECIFY TITLES THAT LICENSED ACUPUNCTURISTS MAY USE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 40-47-730 RELATING TO AURICULAR THERAPY LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 11, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am writing to inform you that I am vetoing and returning without my signature S. 968, R-346. (R346, S968 (Word version)) -- Senators McGill, O'Dell, Williams and Knotts: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-405, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF "WEAPON" AND THE HANDLING OF WEAPONS USED IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME, SO AS TO REMOVE "KNIFE WITH A BLADE OVER TWO INCHES LONG" FROM THE DEFINITION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-460, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EXCLUSION OF KNIVES WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE OFFENSE UNLESS THEY ARE USED WITH THE INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO AMEND SECTION 10-11-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL CARRYING OR DISCHARGING OF A FIREARM ON CAPITOL GROUNDS AND WITHIN THE CAPITOL BUILDING, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A PERSON WHO POSSESSES A CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMIT AND WHO IS AUTHORIZED TO PARK ON THE CAPITOL GROUNDS OR THE GARAGE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. The underlying Bill redefines the weapons definition of a knife with a two-inch handle. If this were the only provision of the Bill, I would have no trouble signing it. What gave us pause about this legislation was the second section, which is aimed at allowing state employees and legislators to store a concealed weapon in their vehicle when entering the State House complex. We have long supported the Second Amendment Rights of our state's citizens and have supported several Bills to allow them to enjoy those rights. What I find troubling about this Bill is the way that it seems to contradict the central tenet of true public service, which is putting the rights of others above oneself. To the outside observer it would seem that self-interest reigns supreme when it comes to security measures in, or around, the State Capitol. As we all know,$6 million has been directed to make secure what was already an incredibly secure Capitol Complex. Instead, those funds could have gone to other law enforcement efforts to make the average South Carolinian across the state more secure. Most people don't work in a place that has its own police force, armed guards 24 hours a day, security cameras, and more. Nonetheless, this additional $6 million was spent over our objection - and in that process, security measures have moved forward erecting a variety of barriers, entrances, and screening devices and sensors. In effect, the "People's House" has become something of a fortress both to mirror many of the security features found in Washington, D.C. - and to allegedly protect it from terrorist attack. There is obviously a glaring difference in the level of threat in Washington, D.C. versus Columbia, S.C. Our point is simply this: If we are going to spend the$6 million and if those kinds of security measures are going to be installed, it would make sense to live by the same rules that have been employed in the Capitol Complex in Washington wherein members are not in fact allowed to bring a weapon to work.
In short, our view is the same as it has been. Either cease and desist on what we think to be extraneous security measures where those dollars could be far better applied to helping average South Carolinians - and, in that case, let people bring guns to and from work in their car. Alternatively, if one is to insist on what we believe to be a waste of these $6 million, then live by the same rules that are in place in Washington where a member cannot bring a gun to the garage. To be consistent in our objection, we will once again veto this Bill because it further codifies the$6 million in security upgrades that we think to be unnecessary.
It is for this reason, I am vetoing S. 968, R-346.
Sincerely,
/s/ Mark Sanford
VETO OVERRIDDEN
(R346, S968 (Word version)) -- Senators McGill, O'Dell, Williams and Knotts: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-405, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF "WEAPON" AND THE HANDLING OF WEAPONS USED IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME, SO AS TO REMOVE "KNIFE WITH A BLADE OVER TWO INCHES LONG" FROM THE DEFINITION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-460, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EXCLUSION OF KNIVES WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE OFFENSE UNLESS THEY ARE USED WITH THE INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO AMEND SECTION 10-11-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL CARRYING OR DISCHARGING OF A FIREARM ON CAPITOL GROUNDS AND WITHIN THE CAPITOL BUILDING, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A PERSON WHO POSSESSES A CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMIT AND WHO IS AUTHORIZED TO PARK ON THE CAPITOL GROUNDS OR THE GARAGE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration.
The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?"
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 33; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Bryant Campbell
Campsen Ceips Courson
Cromer Elliott Fair
Gregory Grooms Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
McConnell McGill O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Reese
Scott Setzler Sheheen
Thomas Verdin Williams
Total--33
NAYS
Martin
Total--1
The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.346, S. 968 by a vote of 93 to 12:
(R346, S968 (Word version)) -- Senators McGill, O'Dell, Williams and Knotts: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-405, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF "WEAPON" AND THE HANDLING OF WEAPONS USED IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIME, SO AS TO REMOVE "KNIFE WITH A BLADE OVER TWO INCHES LONG" FROM THE DEFINITION; TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-460, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE EXCLUSION OF KNIVES WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE OFFENSE UNLESS THEY ARE USED WITH THE INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO AMEND SECTION 10-11-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL CARRYING OR DISCHARGING OF A FIREARM ON CAPITOL GROUNDS AND WITHIN THE CAPITOL BUILDING, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR A PERSON WHO POSSESSES A CONCEALABLE WEAPONS PERMIT AND WHO IS AUTHORIZED TO PARK ON THE CAPITOL GROUNDS OR THE GARAGE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 11, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
I am vetoing and returning without my approval S. 970, R-347, that eliminates the current requirement that the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) must notify a school district superintendent and nurse of any students who have AIDS/HIV.
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
We believe that as a matter of public policy that more highly contagious diseases should be added to this notification list rather than deleted. Instead, this Bill would move in the opposite direction by removing what many consider to be a very deadly disease. In the interest of health and safety for all children, DHEC should continue to notify the proper school officials if a child has AIDS/HIV. If anything, we would take this law a step further by adding two other highly contagious bloodborne diseases - Hepatitis B as well as Hepatitis C.
At a common sense level, if my son or daughter was sitting in class or was on the sporting field with a fellow student who happened to have Hepatitis C, as a parent I would want to know. It's always been my belief that we ought to maximize liberty, but in so doing, my rights end when they begin to infringe upon the rights of another. I realize that federal law prohibits an individual from passing along these relevant details (related to highly contagious bloodborne diseases) to the very students who might be impacted - but I see no reason that state law should codify this misguided principle that is now, indeed, codified at the federal level of law.
I am aware of no public outcry to change existing law, and as I mentioned earlier, I believe if anything we should be adding other highly contagious diseases to this list. For these reasons, I am vetoing and returning without my approval S. 970, R-347.
Sincerely,
/s/Mark Sanford
VETO SUSTAINED
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration.
Senator HUTTO spoke on the veto.
Senator HUTTO moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden.
The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?"
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 25; Nays 13
AYES
Anderson Campbell Ceips
Drummond Elliott Hawkins
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Knotts Land Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
Matthews McGill O'Dell
Patterson Rankin Reese
Scott Sheheen Thomas
Williams
Total--25
NAYS
Alexander Bryant Campsen
Courson Cromer Fair
Grooms Martin McConnell
Peeler Setzler Vaughn
Verdin
Total--13
The necessary two-thirds vote not having been received, the veto of the Governor was sustained, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
S. 970, R. 347--Veto Reconsidered and Overridden
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator GROOMS moved that the vote be reconsidered whereby the veto by the Governor was sustained.
The motion to reconsider was adopted.
Recorded Vote
Senator SETZLER desired to be recorded as voting against the motion to reconsider the vote whereby the veto by the Governor was sustained.
The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?"
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 27; Nays 12
AYES
Anderson Campbell Drummond
Elliott Gregory Grooms
Hawkins Hayes Hutto
Jackson Land Leventis
Lourie Malloy Massey
Matthews McGill O'Dell
Patterson Pinckney Rankin
Reese Scott Sheheen
Thomas Verdin * Williams
Total--27
NAYS
Alexander Bryant Campsen
Courson Cromer Fair
Knotts Leatherman McConnell
Peeler Setzler Vaughn
Total--12
*This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent.
The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.347, S. 970 by a vote of 38 to 65:
(R347, S970 (Word version)) -- Senator Hutto: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-135, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE RECORDS, SO AS TO APPLY CONFIDENTIALITY TO RECORDS RELATING TO CASES OF A BLOODBORNE DISEASE AND TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO NOTIFY THE SCHOOL DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL NURSE IF A MINOR IS ATTENDING A SCHOOL IN THE DISTRICT AND HAS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME OR IS INFECTED WITH THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; BY ADDING SECTION 44-29-137 SO AS TO REQUIRE A SCHOOL NURSE OR OTHER SCHOOL OFFICIAL TO REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL INCIDENTS IN WHICH BLOOD OR BODILY FLUIDS HAVE BEEN TRANSMITTED BETWEEN STUDENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-29-230, RELATING TO REQUIRED TESTING WHEN A HEALTH CARE WORKER IS EXPOSED TO A BLOODBORNE DISEASE, SO AS TO REVISE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS INCLUDING ADDING HEPATITIS C TO THE DEFINITION OF "BLOODBORNE DISEASES" AND TO DEFINE "PERSON PROVIDING CARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GOOD SAMARITAN ACT"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-10-220 SO AS TO REQUIRE EACH SCHOOL DISTRICT TO ADOPT THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ON UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BLOODBORNE DISEASE EXPOSURE.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator KNOTTS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator SCOTT rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Remarks by Senator SCOTT
Mr. PRESIDENT and members of the Senate, it certainly has been an honor to serve in this great body, the South Carolina State Senate.
As a boy and a young man, I never imagined being in politics. Some boys and young men would dream of being police officers or firemen. Senators from Richland County, Senator Courson and Senator Patterson.... like you, I wanted to be a Marine. Not only a Marine but the welterweight champion of the Marine Corps.
But as fate would have it, I ended up in politics; first serving on Dorchester County Council for eight years--two years as vice chairman, three years as chairman. And, I said when I was first elected, that I would only serve two terms.
Then I became a South Carolina State Senator and truly that was a blessing from God to start from where I started.... and to have the privilege of serving in this great body of honorable men and women.
As all of you know, I was defeated in my attempt for a second term.
Even with all of the controversy I had with our county sheriff, I was still ahead in the polls. Then the man downstairs with the big stick, the man that seems to have enjoyment with beating up on legislators with that big stick, decided to get involved in my race. Senator from Lexington, Senator KNOTTS, you know the man that you said walked around the State House with two pigs and that every time he would squeeze them they would squirt from both ends? Then this club called Sticky Fingers--no, that's the group that cooks pigs, I'm sorry. It was Club Growth that started mailing out mailers with pigs on it, like this.... Then they graduated from that, to a full grown hog. The hog was so big that they had to carry it around my district in the in the back of a pick-up truck and that drove the last nail in my coffin.
You know, I was raised to go to church and to believe in the Bible and the Bible says, Jesus drove out demons from a man and cast them into a heard of swine, which are pigs. Did you ever wonder why He cast the demons into the swine? In my opinion, that was the lowest form of life around.
As a boy I would sit and talk with my daddy--and he was not a well educated man-- but, he had a head full of knowledge and wisdom and he always told me that you are judged by the company you keep and that birds of a feather flock together, and I believe that. And, I hope you get my drift.
But back to my service--again, I would like to thank God for the privilege of serving in this great body. It has been truly an honor to serve with such fine colleagues. I love you all and wish you all the best. Thank you.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator CEIPS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Remarks by Senator CEIPS
It is my pleasure to have served the citizens of Beaufort County and the people all across the great State of South Carolina.
I'm proud of my life of public service and I consider it to have been an honor and a privilege to have served in the General Assembly for the past six years.
I look forward to continuing to find new avenues through which I may continue to serve our State in the years ahead.
But in the words of the great statesman Daniel Webster: "History is God's providence in human affairs."
I have especially enjoyed my time in the Senate. I am proud of our work as a body and will cherish the friendships I've made with each of you. Thank you to the members for your gracious welcome and spirited commitment to moving our State forward. And thank you to the staff for your tireless work that makes our efforts possible.
Lastly, as I take leave of this great body, I am reminded of the words of Abigail Adams. Writing to her husband, the future President John Adams, in March of 1776, she noted: "I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors."
Thank you.
On motion of Senator VAUGHN, with unanimous consent, the remarks by Senators CEIPS and SCOTT were ordered printed in the Journal.
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 11, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
I am hereby vetoing and returning without my approval S. 1141, R-355. This Bill amends sales tax incentives for the purchase of energy efficient manufactured homes.
(R355, S1141 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Peeler, Alexander, Hayes, Setzler, Hutto, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CALCULATION OF TAX ON MANUFACTURED HOMES, SO AS TO REFINE THE DEFINITION OF A MANUFACTURED HOME THAT IS SUBJECT TO A MAXIMUM SALES TAX BECAUSE IT MEETS CERTAIN ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, BY ADDING ARTICLE 10 SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PROVIDING A NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MANUFACTURED HOMES IN SOUTH CAROLINA; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3587, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO A TAX CREDIT FOR PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE SUCH A SYSTEM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-14-80, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ZONE TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO RESTATE THE CREDIT AS AN INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT, PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PLACEMENT IN SERVICE OF CERTAIN QUALIFIED EQUIPMENT AND A COMMITMENT TO THE REQUIRED CAPITAL INVESTMENT, PROVIDE FOR QUALIFICATIONS FOR AND LIMITATIONS ON THE CREDIT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS FOR CLAIMING THE CREDIT.
Given my belief in conservation and given my belief in doing things that maximize the number of dollars in a taxpayer's pocket, I very much support energy efficiency and hope that consumers realize the benefits of purchasing products that bring with them both energy and efficiency rewards. So while I believe the Bill is certainly well intentioned, I am compelled to veto it for two main reasons.
First, we continue to believe that there are already too many carve-outs and exemptions to our sale tax. Though individually these carve-outs may have merit, collectively they narrow the population from whom sales taxes are collected and effectively raise sales taxes on those entities still subject to sales taxes in South Carolina. Rather than having people in politics pick winners and losers in the marketplace or direct people's behaviors through the tax code, it has been our belief that our taxes ought to be as low as possible. To get to this end, taxes cannot be ever narrowing in scope. In short, these kinds of exemptions further narrow the sales tax base and make it that much harder to make broad base cuts. Our end-goal is to, in fact, broadly lower rates, and then allow individuals to make their own decisions on where and how to spend their money.
We occasionally support making exceptions to the bias described above when it can be demonstrated that there is an overwhelming or especially strong consequence to a tax exemption. Unfortunately, this can not be demonstrated in this instance. As with any sales tax exemption, it can be shown that there is a savings to the individual - but the key is to demonstrate that it compels them to take an action that they would not have without its presence. Based on the numbers we have seen, the consumer will be compelled to take advantage of the ENERGY STAR rating even without the sales tax exemption because it is in their financial best interest to do so. For example, the average cost of a standard manufactured home is $54,300. The cost of an ENERGY STAR rated mobile home is nearly$2,599 more, bringing the average up to $56,900. The average monthly savings that results in the reduced utility costs associated with ENERGY STAR manufactured homes averages$70 a month or $840 a year. This means that a consumer recoups the initial increased cost of the energy efficient home in just 36 months, and, in our view, this is incentive enough for consumers to purchase ENERGY STAR rated manufactured homes. For the above reasons, I am vetoing S. 1141, R-355. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R355, S1141 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Peeler, Alexander, Hayes, Setzler, Hutto, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CALCULATION OF TAX ON MANUFACTURED HOMES, SO AS TO REFINE THE DEFINITION OF A MANUFACTURED HOME THAT IS SUBJECT TO A MAXIMUM SALES TAX BECAUSE IT MEETS CERTAIN ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, BY ADDING ARTICLE 10 SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PROVIDING A NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MANUFACTURED HOMES IN SOUTH CAROLINA; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3587, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO A TAX CREDIT FOR PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE SUCH A SYSTEM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-14-80, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ZONE TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO RESTATE THE CREDIT AS AN INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT, PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PLACEMENT IN SERVICE OF CERTAIN QUALIFIED EQUIPMENT AND A COMMITMENT TO THE REQUIRED CAPITAL INVESTMENT, PROVIDE FOR QUALIFICATIONS FOR AND LIMITATIONS ON THE CREDIT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS FOR CLAIMING THE CREDIT. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *These Senators were not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the votes were recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.355, S. 1141 by a vote of 98 to 0: (R355, S1141 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Peeler, Alexander, Hayes, Setzler, Hutto, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CALCULATION OF TAX ON MANUFACTURED HOMES, SO AS TO REFINE THE DEFINITION OF A MANUFACTURED HOME THAT IS SUBJECT TO A MAXIMUM SALES TAX BECAUSE IT MEETS CERTAIN ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, BY ADDING ARTICLE 10 SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM PROVIDING A NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MANUFACTURED HOMES IN SOUTH CAROLINA; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3587, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO A TAX CREDIT FOR PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A SMALL HYDROPOWER SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE SUCH A SYSTEM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-14-80, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ECONOMIC IMPACT ZONE TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO RESTATE THE CREDIT AS AN INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT, PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE PLACEMENT IN SERVICE OF CERTAIN QUALIFIED EQUIPMENT AND A COMMITMENT TO THE REQUIRED CAPITAL INVESTMENT, PROVIDE FOR QUALIFICATIONS FOR AND LIMITATIONS ON THE CREDIT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PROCESS FOR CLAIMING THE CREDIT. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 4:31 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR State of South Carolina Office of the Governor P. O. Box 11369 Columbia, SC 29211 June 11, 2008 The Honorable André Bauer President of the Senate State House, First Floor, East Wing Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate: I am hereby vetoing S. 1143, R-356. (R356, S1143 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Martin, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Ceips, Peeler, Leventis, Rankin, Setzler, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS PURCHASED FOR NONCOMMERCIAL HOME OR PERSONAL USE WITH A SALES PRICE OF TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS PER PRODUCT OR LESS ARE EXEMPT FROM THE SALES TAX UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DURATION OF THE EXEMPTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY DURING A PARTICULAR FISCAL YEAR BASED ON REVENUE FORECASTS; TO ENACT THE "SECOND AMENDMENT RECOGNITION ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE SALES OF HANDGUNS, RIFLES, AND SHOTGUNS DURING A SPECIFIED FORTY-EIGHT HOUR WEEKEND PERIOD; AND BY ADDING SECTION 12-28-340 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT REGARDLESS OF OTHER PRODUCTS OFFERED, CERTAIN MOTOR FUEL TERMINALS LOCATED WITHIN THE STATE MUST OFFER A PETROLEUM PRODUCT THAT HAS NOT BEEN BLENDED WITH ETHANOL AND THAT IS SUITABLE FOR SUBSEQUENT BLENDING WITH ETHANOL, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON OR ENTITY MUST NOT TAKE ANY ACTION TO DENY A MOTOR FUEL DISTRIBUTOR OR MOTOR FUEL RETAILER WHO IS DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE AND WHO HAS REGISTERED WITH THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE ON FORM 637(M) FROM BEING THE BLENDER OF RECORD AFFORDED THEM BY THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE OF FORM 637(M); AND TO PROVIDE THAT A DISTRIBUTOR OR RETAILER AND A REFINER MUST UTILIZE THE RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (RIN) TRADING SYSTEM. S. 1143 does the following three things: (1) creates a month-long sales tax holiday for the purchase of energy-efficient products; (2) creates a two-day sales tax holiday for the purchase of firearms; and (3) requires all gasoline suppliers to provide raw gasoline to retailers and distributors so that they can "splash blend" ethanol. First, while we support the intent underlying sales tax holidays, we are vetoing this Bill because we don't believe that sales tax holidays are an effective method of promoting energy efficiency or the Second Amendment. While we certainly support consumers purchasing energy-efficient products and firearms, we believe the best way to do that is to create a low-tax, consumer-friendly environment on a permanent basis. Several studies have shown that providing a temporary sales tax holiday does not have a significant impact on consumer demand for products and, by extension, the economy because it only affects the timing of a purchase. In short, we ought to be permanently lowering taxes and then leaving it to the individual to decide how and when to spend their money. Second, we are vetoing this Bill because the "splash blending" provisions of S. 1143 permanently entangle a misguided federal ethanol policy with state law. This Bill requires that gasoline suppliers offer retailers and distributors raw gasoline that can be blended with ethanol and prohibits gas suppliers from denying retailers and distributors the opportunity to blend raw gasoline and ethanol on their own. Thus, gas suppliers would be prohibited from selling only blended ethanol to retailers and distributors. These provisions have arisen because a 2007 federal energy law requires gas suppliers to produce nine billion gallons of blended ethanol in 2008 and even more in following years. It is our strong hope that these misguided federal laws will be repealed. Nonetheless, to meet this requirement, many large gas suppliers have decided to stop supplying raw gasoline to retailers and distributors and to offer only blended ethanol instead. If gas suppliers only offer blended ethanol, then local retailers and distributors will be prevented from obtaining federal tax credits for blending ethanol. While we understand that local retailers and distributors want to preserve the opportunity to obtain blending tax credits, we don't believe it is wise to further support federal ethanol policies that have been proven ineffective and, in many ways, counterproductive. It is well documented that increasing ethanol production and consumption has not and likely will not lower gas prices or increase the nation's energy independence. Moreover, ethanol usage in its current form is not the environmentally-friendly alternative that many suggest it is. In fact, one recent study conducted by MIT showed that, on a life-cycle basis, gasoline and ethanol produce roughly the same amount of greenhouse gases. The federal policy of subsidizing and mandating ethanol production has caused food prices to rise and increased the amount of land devoted to farming, which often has damaging consequences to the environment. As every day passes, there seems to be more evidence indicating that the federal ethanol policy is a bad idea and needs to be abandoned. The debacle of the federal government's ethanol policy is so bad that even the New York Times has stated in a recent editorial that "[i]t is time to end an outdated tax break for corn ethanol and to call a timeout in the fivefold increase in ethanol production mandated in the 2007 energy Bill." It is time to remove our heads from the sand about ethanol and ensure that our laws do not reflect this flawed premise that ethanol will solve our current energy crisis. Third, we are also concerned that providing preference to local retailers and distributors over the out-of-state suppliers could be unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution because this preference discriminates against interstate commerce. The Commerce Clause prevents states from regulating commerce in a manner that prefers in-state interests over out-of-state interests. In fact, the Supreme Court stated in Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. v. New York State Liquor Authority that while "a State may seek lower prices for its consumers, it may not insist that producers or consumers in other States surrender whatever competitive advantages they may possess." This legislation appears to do exactly that by insisting that out-of-state gas suppliers surrender their natural competitive advantage of controlling the supply of gas by dictating that they cannot supply only blended ethanol to retailers and distributors in South Carolina. Fourth, even if we did not have these concerns about the blending provisions in S. 1143, we would veto this Bill because it was added through the unconstitutional practice of bobtailing. This administration has consistently vetoed legislation which violates Article III, Section 17 of the South Carolina Constitution, which provides that "every Act or resolution having the force of law shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title." S. 1143 clearly violates this mandate and would undoubtedly be held to be unconstitutional by our Supreme Court. S. 1143 was introduced by Senator McConnell with the title reflecting a single subject of the sales tax holiday for energy efficient products. The title of S. 1143 remained unchanged throughout the legislative process. The Senate passed the Bill with this title intact and the Bill related only to the single subject stated in the title. The House amended S. 1143 by adding a section that provided for an exemption from sales tax holiday for firearms. While this broadened the Bill, the amendment remained related to sales tax holidays. Thus, as passed by the House the Bill would very likely pass constitutional muster. However, when the Bill was returned to the Senate, the Bill was amended to include the ethanol blending provisions. This amendment is totally unrelated to the other provisions of the Bill and, therefore, not within the "single subject" of the title. The South Carolina Supreme Court has most recently addressed the "single subject" or "bobtail" issue in Sloan v. Wilkins. Citing numerous prior cases, the Court said that the "purpose of Article III, Section 17 is (1) to apprise the members of the General Assembly of the contents of an act by reading the title, (2) prevent legislative log-rolling and (3) inform the people of the state of the matters with which the General Assembly concerns itself." The ethanol blending amendment violates all three purposes the Supreme Court established because it was never introduced as a separate Bill nor discussed as an amendment in any subcommittee or committee of the General Assembly. Thus, the deliberative process that is supposedly the hallmark of the legislative process was by-passed and the public was denied opportunity to be informed of and participate in the consideration of the ethanol blending provisions. This constitutional infirmity was recognized by Senator McConnell, the author of the original Bill. When the ethanol blending amendment was brought up on the Senate floor, he stated that it was unconstitutional and announced he wanted to be recorded as voting against it. While Senator McConnell and I do not always agree, we are in agreement that this measure is unconstitutional. For these reasons, we are vetoing S. 1143, R-356. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R356, S1143 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Martin, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Ceips, Peeler, Leventis, Rankin, Setzler, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS PURCHASED FOR NONCOMMERCIAL HOME OR PERSONAL USE WITH A SALES PRICE OF TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS PER PRODUCT OR LESS ARE EXEMPT FROM THE SALES TAX UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DURATION OF THE EXEMPTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY DURING A PARTICULAR FISCAL YEAR BASED ON REVENUE FORECASTS; TO ENACT THE "SECOND AMENDMENT RECOGNITION ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE SALES OF HANDGUNS, RIFLES, AND SHOTGUNS DURING A SPECIFIED FORTY-EIGHT HOUR WEEKEND PERIOD; AND BY ADDING SECTION 12-28-340 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT REGARDLESS OF OTHER PRODUCTS OFFERED, CERTAIN MOTOR FUEL TERMINALS LOCATED WITHIN THE STATE MUST OFFER A PETROLEUM PRODUCT THAT HAS NOT BEEN BLENDED WITH ETHANOL AND THAT IS SUITABLE FOR SUBSEQUENT BLENDING WITH ETHANOL, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON OR ENTITY MUST NOT TAKE ANY ACTION TO DENY A MOTOR FUEL DISTRIBUTOR OR MOTOR FUEL RETAILER WHO IS DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE AND WHO HAS REGISTERED WITH THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE ON FORM 637(M) FROM BEING THE BLENDER OF RECORD AFFORDED THEM BY THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE OF FORM 637(M); AND TO PROVIDE THAT A DISTRIBUTOR OR RETAILER AND A REFINER MUST UTILIZE THE RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (RIN) TRADING SYSTEM. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator MARTIN argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. Senator O'DELL argued in favor of overriding the veto of the Governor. Senator LEATHERMAN argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. Senator DRUMMOND spoke on the veto. Senator THOMAS spoke on the veto. Senator McCONNELL argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. Senator O'DELL moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 4:56 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 35; Nays 8 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leventis Lourie Malloy Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ryberg * Setzler Sheheen Thomas Verdin Williams Total--35 NAYS Campbell Campsen Ford Leatherman Martin McConnell Scott Vaughn Total--8 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Statement by Senator LEATHERMAN I voted to sustain the veto on S. 1143 because the Board of Economic Advisers has certified that the Bill will reduce General Fund revenue by an estimated$1,240,206 in FY09-10. Given the current economic climate and pressing needs of this State, I cannot vote for additional tax exemptions of this magnitude until we have completed a detailed study of our state's tax structure as I have recommended in proposed legislation.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.356, S. 1143 by a vote of 92 to 9:
(R356, S1143 (Word version)) -- Senators McConnell, Martin, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Ceips, Peeler, Leventis, Rankin, Setzler, Knotts and Malloy: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS PURCHASED FOR NONCOMMERCIAL HOME OR PERSONAL USE WITH A SALES PRICE OF TWO THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS PER PRODUCT OR LESS ARE EXEMPT FROM THE SALES TAX UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DURATION OF THE EXEMPTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY DURING A PARTICULAR FISCAL YEAR BASED ON REVENUE FORECASTS; TO ENACT THE "SECOND AMENDMENT RECOGNITION ACT" BY AMENDING SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE SALES OF HANDGUNS, RIFLES, AND SHOTGUNS DURING A SPECIFIED FORTY-EIGHT HOUR WEEKEND PERIOD; AND BY ADDING SECTION 12-28-340 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT REGARDLESS OF OTHER PRODUCTS OFFERED, CERTAIN MOTOR FUEL TERMINALS LOCATED WITHIN THE STATE MUST OFFER A PETROLEUM PRODUCT THAT HAS NOT BEEN BLENDED WITH ETHANOL AND THAT IS SUITABLE FOR SUBSEQUENT BLENDING WITH ETHANOL, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON OR ENTITY MUST NOT TAKE ANY ACTION TO DENY A MOTOR FUEL DISTRIBUTOR OR MOTOR FUEL RETAILER WHO IS DOING BUSINESS IN THIS STATE AND WHO HAS REGISTERED WITH THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE ON FORM 637(M) FROM BEING THE BLENDER OF RECORD AFFORDED THEM BY THE ACCEPTANCE BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE OF FORM 637(M); AND TO PROVIDE THAT A DISTRIBUTOR OR RETAILER AND A REFINER MUST UTILIZE THE RENEWABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (RIN) TRADING SYSTEM.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR
State of South Carolina
Office of the Governor
P. O. Box 11369
Columbia, SC 29211
June 11, 2008
The Honorable André Bauer
President of the Senate
State House, First Floor, East Wing
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Dear Mr. President and Members of the Senate:
I am returning without my approval S. 1252, R-363.
(R363, S1252 (Word version)) -- Senators Leatherman and Peeler: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-5, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS CONCERNING RESEARCH CENTERS OF ECONOMIC EXCELLENCE, SO AS TO REVISE REFERENCES AS TO SOURCES OF FUNDS FOR ENDOWED PROFESSORSHIPS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-7-10, RELATING TO THE RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE REVIEW BOARD, SO AS TO ADD TWO MEMBERS TO THE BOARD, PROVIDE FOR THEIR APPOINTMENT, PROVIDE THAT BOARD MEMBERS RECEIVE NO COMPENSATION AND REVISE THE BOARD'S REPORTING DUTIES; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-30, RELATING TO THE CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE MATCHING ENDOWMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE ENDOWMENT FUNDING OF THIRTY MILLION DOLLARS ANNUALLY FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATION LOTTERY ACT, ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUNDING OF THESE APPROPRIATIONS, PROVIDE WHAT FUNDS, INCLUDING INTEREST EARNINGS, CONSTITUTE THE TOTAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED, AND PROVIDE FOR THE REVIEW PROCESS FOR THE AWARDING OF ENDOWED CHAIR PROPOSALS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-50, RELATING TO APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE ELIGIBLE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO PARTNER WITH OTHER SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES TO DEVELOP PROPOSALS TO ENHANCE THIS STATE'S ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND TO ENHANCE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MEETING MATCHING REQUIREMENT WITH PRIVATE OR FEDERAL FUNDS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-100 SO AS TO ALLOW SENIOR RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO UTILIZE A PORTION OF NONSTATE MATCHING FUNDS TO PAY FOR INITIAL OPERATING COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-110 SO AS TO ALLOW THESE UNIVERSITIES TO ACCEPT AND APPLY CASH EQUIVALENT AND IN-KIND DONATIONS FROM NONSTATE SOURCES; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 133 OF TITLE 59, RELATING TO FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY BY DESIGNATING EXISTING PROVISIONS FOR FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY AS ARTICLE 1, TITLED "GENERAL PROVISIONS" AND ADDING ARTICLE 3 SO AS TO ALLOW THE FRANCIS MARION BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO ISSUE REVENUE BONDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATHLETIC FACILITIES BY RESOLUTION, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER AND TERMS BY WHICH THE BONDS ARE ISSUED, AND TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS.
This Bill would remove the cap from the Centers for Economic Excellence Matching Endowment and would guarantee that $30 million a year be put toward the program. Additionally, this Bill would impose special student fees at Francis Marion University essentially making students help repay bonds for new athletic facilities. There could be nothing better intended than the idea of growing the knowledge-based economy in South Carolina. We're all for that as South Carolinians. The real question lies in how you do it and whether or not you pause, analyze, and make improvements in your efforts to do something on which there is more or less complete accord. As we have stated in several instances, our veto is not aimed at ending the Endowed Chairs program but bettering it by forcing policymakers to look at what works and what does not work in the program. It also needs to be remembered that this debate is about whether we increase funding by$20 million and keep it within the confines of the cap that came with the original Endowed Chairs program or raise it by $30 million, break the cap, and do no review of what works and does not work. This last point is especially important given that universities like Clemson have become especially creative in defining matching dollars. Most recently they matched state money with land that had been transferred from the state to North Charleston as the "supposed" private match in the confederate era submarine restoration project from which we have yet to see any material private investment or job creation. In short, Endowed Chairs may well have merit, but in these economic times it is very important that we live within the original$200 million commitment and take a slightly longer look at where change might strengthen the program.
Overall, this Administration has many concerns about this legislation, several of which relate to the Endowed Chairs program. One can certainly grow the economy by growing government, but this Administration believes that it's far better grown by the private sector. Given South Carolina government has already funneled just shy of $200 million into the Endowed Chairs program, coupled with the importance of limiting the growth of government as a tool in growing the economy, we believe removing the cap and guaranteeing an additional$10 million, over the $20 million already promised in funding, isn't a wise course. A better course, in our view, is to not rush forward and to leave the cap in place so that we can continue the program and possibly gain insight by reviewing the program's success. While we agree with the intent of the program, here are some reasons that we are concerned with the proposed legislation. 1. We believe that the General Assembly is reauthorizing an Act that has not lived up to its legislative intent. The program, which created endowed professorships at the three senior research universities, was initially begun as dollar-for-dollar match between state and non-state resources. What has happened over time is that non-state funds have not been collected to fully match state funds. The unmatched dollars have caused the program to drift toward one that is being overwhelmingly driven by public expenditures. 2. The requirements in using this money are being watered down. For example, the original legislation required cash-on-hand to be eligible for the state match. Then it became allowable to use cash within 18 months, and then two 6-month extensions were added on top of that. Also, the original legislation required that the money go directly to fund the actual endowed chair; not to fund equipment for the chair. Now, "in-kind" contributions are eligible for state match, and, in some cases, we believe the in-kind "match" doesn't truly equal the monetary value committed by the state. For instance, a microscope valued at$1.5 million was used as a state "match," but many have legitimately questioned whether this device would actually sell for that amount in the real market.
3. Of equal concern in this Bill is that it waives the $200 million cap for the program - which it has almost reached - and commits$30 million be put toward the program each year. This is a risky commitment - considering that education lottery funds have dwindled in recent years - meaning that money for this program is competing with fewer dollars for need-based scholarships and K-12 education.
4. It appears to us that the hard questions about waste in the program aren't getting asked. For example, a Public Relations firm in Columbia has been hired, in essence, to help ask for yet more state funding and support. Is it really worth the $750,000 contract? And does this not fall into the category of using state money to lobby for yet more state money? Similarly, at Innovista in Columbia - though construction has been delayed, costs are up about$10 million, and tenants and private buildings have not materialized - the private developer has still been paid handsomely. If the Endowed Chairs program is about economic development, then why don't we require a quantified return on our investment? For instance, a large part of the program's mission is to ensure that the professorships create well-paying jobs and enhance economic opportunities and improve the quality of life for South Carolinians. If this Bill is going to commit $30 million annually, why don't we request job creation numbers, as we do for other economic development efforts? 5. Finally, we are very concerned with Article 3 of the Bill, which includes imposing special student fees at Francis Marion University for the purpose of repaying bonds to cover athletic facility upgrades. While we aren't opposed to seeing students have the chance to enhance their athletic skills and physical well-being with newer, safer equipment and facilities, we are opposed to the fact that this legislation is allowing the university to once again turn to the student to help pick up the cost. The Bill also states that the funds could be raised through admission fees, but we are reluctant to believe that ticket sales would raise sufficient revenue to repay the bonds. 6. As we've said in the past, we have to stop and look closely at the likely long-term effects of this type of legislation, and this veto represents a stopping point for our Administration. It is our belief that special fees tied to repayment of bonds are essentially de facto tuition payments that will only further increase the financial burden on students. This comes at a time when tuition has already skyrocketed in recent years. South Carolina currently ranks at the top of all Southeastern states for the cost of in-state tuition, and there are only six other states in the nation that have higher in-state tuition fees. At Francis Marion, tuition increased by 8.1 percent last year and the university has seen a 38 percent tuition increase over the past five years. Having a post-secondary program will serve little purpose if our children cannot afford to participate. It is for these reasons that I am vetoing S. 1252, R-363, and returning it without my approval. Sincerely, /s/ Mark Sanford VETO OVERRIDDEN (R363, S1252 (Word version)) -- Senators Leatherman and Peeler: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-5, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS CONCERNING RESEARCH CENTERS OF ECONOMIC EXCELLENCE, SO AS TO REVISE REFERENCES AS TO SOURCES OF FUNDS FOR ENDOWED PROFESSORSHIPS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-7-10, RELATING TO THE RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE REVIEW BOARD, SO AS TO ADD TWO MEMBERS TO THE BOARD, PROVIDE FOR THEIR APPOINTMENT, PROVIDE THAT BOARD MEMBERS RECEIVE NO COMPENSATION AND REVISE THE BOARD'S REPORTING DUTIES; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-30, RELATING TO THE CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE MATCHING ENDOWMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE ENDOWMENT FUNDING OF THIRTY MILLION DOLLARS ANNUALLY FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATION LOTTERY ACT, ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUNDING OF THESE APPROPRIATIONS, PROVIDE WHAT FUNDS, INCLUDING INTEREST EARNINGS, CONSTITUTE THE TOTAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED, AND PROVIDE FOR THE REVIEW PROCESS FOR THE AWARDING OF ENDOWED CHAIR PROPOSALS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-50, RELATING TO APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE ELIGIBLE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO PARTNER WITH OTHER SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES TO DEVELOP PROPOSALS TO ENHANCE THIS STATE'S ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND TO ENHANCE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MEETING MATCHING REQUIREMENT WITH PRIVATE OR FEDERAL FUNDS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-100 SO AS TO ALLOW SENIOR RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO UTILIZE A PORTION OF NONSTATE MATCHING FUNDS TO PAY FOR INITIAL OPERATING COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-110 SO AS TO ALLOW THESE UNIVERSITIES TO ACCEPT AND APPLY CASH EQUIVALENT AND IN-KIND DONATIONS FROM NONSTATE SOURCES; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 133 OF TITLE 59, RELATING TO FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY BY DESIGNATING EXISTING PROVISIONS FOR FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY AS ARTICLE 1, TITLED "GENERAL PROVISIONS" AND ADDING ARTICLE 3 SO AS TO ALLOW THE FRANCIS MARION BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO ISSUE REVENUE BONDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATHLETIC FACILITIES BY RESOLUTION, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER AND TERMS BY WHICH THE BONDS ARE ISSUED, AND TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 34; Nays 4 AYES Alexander Anderson Campbell Ceips Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford * Gregory Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Verdin Williams Total--34 NAYS Bryant Campsen Massey Vaughn Total--4 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.363, S. 1252 by a vote of 103 to 0: (R363, S1252 (Word version)) -- Senators Leatherman and Peeler: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-5, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS CONCERNING RESEARCH CENTERS OF ECONOMIC EXCELLENCE, SO AS TO REVISE REFERENCES AS TO SOURCES OF FUNDS FOR ENDOWED PROFESSORSHIPS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-7-10, RELATING TO THE RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE REVIEW BOARD, SO AS TO ADD TWO MEMBERS TO THE BOARD, PROVIDE FOR THEIR APPOINTMENT, PROVIDE THAT BOARD MEMBERS RECEIVE NO COMPENSATION AND REVISE THE BOARD'S REPORTING DUTIES; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-30, RELATING TO THE CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE MATCHING ENDOWMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE ENDOWMENT FUNDING OF THIRTY MILLION DOLLARS ANNUALLY FROM THE SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATION LOTTERY ACT, ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUNDING OF THESE APPROPRIATIONS, PROVIDE WHAT FUNDS, INCLUDING INTEREST EARNINGS, CONSTITUTE THE TOTAL FUNDS APPROPRIATED, AND PROVIDE FOR THE REVIEW PROCESS FOR THE AWARDING OF ENDOWED CHAIR PROPOSALS; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-50, RELATING TO APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO ENCOURAGE ELIGIBLE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO PARTNER WITH OTHER SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES TO DEVELOP PROPOSALS TO ENHANCE THIS STATE'S ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND TO ENHANCE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING; TO AMEND SECTION 2-75-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MEETING MATCHING REQUIREMENT WITH PRIVATE OR FEDERAL FUNDS, SO AS TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-100 SO AS TO ALLOW SENIOR RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO UTILIZE A PORTION OF NONSTATE MATCHING FUNDS TO PAY FOR INITIAL OPERATING COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 2-75-110 SO AS TO ALLOW THESE UNIVERSITIES TO ACCEPT AND APPLY CASH EQUIVALENT AND IN-KIND DONATIONS FROM NONSTATE SOURCES; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 133 OF TITLE 59, RELATING TO FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY BY DESIGNATING EXISTING PROVISIONS FOR FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY AS ARTICLE 1, TITLED "GENERAL PROVISIONS" AND ADDING ARTICLE 3 SO AS TO ALLOW THE FRANCIS MARION BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO ISSUE REVENUE BONDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ATHLETIC FACILITIES BY RESOLUTION, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER AND TERMS BY WHICH THE BONDS ARE ISSUED, AND TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 5:26 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.386, H. 4743 by a vote of 86 to 19: (R386, H4743 (Word version)) -- Reps. Mitchell, Davenport, Littlejohn, W.D. Smith, Allen, Anthony, Cato, Hardwick, Harrell, Hosey, Kennedy, Lowe, Mack, Miller, Phillips, F.N. Smith, Talley, Young, Knight and Hodges: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 31-6-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR MUNICIPALITIES AND TO AMEND SECTION 31-7-30, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR COUNTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE TERM "REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT" ALSO INCLUDES AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS WHERE ALL OR A PART OF NEW PROPERTY TAX REVENUES GENERATED IN THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT ARE USED TO PROVIDE OR SUPPORT PUBLICLY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT OR IS USED TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS TO SUPPORT PRIVATELY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-11-175 SO AS TO REQUIRE A DISTRICT TO ADVERTISE AND HOLD A PUBLIC MEETING PRIOR TO BEGINNING A PROJECT TO CONSTRUCT, EXPAND, OR MATERIALLY ALTER A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION WATER OR A SYSTEM FOR THE COLLECTION OF SEWAGE; TO AMEND SECTION 6-11-1220, RELATING TO THE DEFINITIONS FOR PROVISIONS CONCERNING ADDITIONAL POWERS OF DISTRICTS PROVIDING SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, SO AS TO ADD RURAL WATER DISTRICT TO THE DEFINITION OF DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-13-15 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE A RURAL COMMUNITY WATER DISTRICT TO PROVIDE SEWER SERVICE TO THE AREA WITHIN ITS BOUNDARIES AND LEGAL SERVICE AREA IF THE DISTRICT HAS MET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 33, TITLE 6 OF THE 1976 CODE RELATING TO TAX INCREMENT FINANCING FOR COUNTIES. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R386, H4743 (Word version)) -- Reps. Mitchell, Davenport, Littlejohn, W.D. Smith, Allen, Anthony, Cato, Hardwick, Harrell, Hosey, Kennedy, Lowe, Mack, Miller, Phillips, F.N. Smith, Talley, Young, Knight and Hodges: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 31-6-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR MUNICIPALITIES AND TO AMEND SECTION 31-7-30, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN REGARD TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING ACT FOR COUNTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE TERM "REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT" ALSO INCLUDES AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS WHERE ALL OR A PART OF NEW PROPERTY TAX REVENUES GENERATED IN THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT ARE USED TO PROVIDE OR SUPPORT PUBLICLY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT OR IS USED TO PROVIDE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS TO SUPPORT PRIVATELY-OWNED AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN THE DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-11-175 SO AS TO REQUIRE A DISTRICT TO ADVERTISE AND HOLD A PUBLIC MEETING PRIOR TO BEGINNING A PROJECT TO CONSTRUCT, EXPAND, OR MATERIALLY ALTER A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION WATER OR A SYSTEM FOR THE COLLECTION OF SEWAGE; TO AMEND SECTION 6-11-1220, RELATING TO THE DEFINITIONS FOR PROVISIONS CONCERNING ADDITIONAL POWERS OF DISTRICTS PROVIDING SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, SO AS TO ADD RURAL WATER DISTRICT TO THE DEFINITION OF DISTRICT; BY ADDING SECTION 6-13-15 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE A RURAL COMMUNITY WATER DISTRICT TO PROVIDE SEWER SERVICE TO THE AREA WITHIN ITS BOUNDARIES AND LEGAL SERVICE AREA IF THE DISTRICT HAS MET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 33, TITLE 6 OF THE 1976 CODE RELATING TO TAX INCREMENT FINANCING FOR COUNTIES. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 35; Nays 7 AYES Alexander Anderson Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Massey Matthews McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Williams * Total--35 NAYS Bryant Campbell Campsen Gregory Martin McConnell Verdin Total--7 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.390, H. 4773 by a vote of 105 to 0: (R390, H4773 (Word version)) -- Reps. W.D. Smith, Walker, Talley, Mahaffey, Moss, Anthony, Kelly, Littlejohn, Mitchell and Phillips: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION TO EXPEND UP TO EIGHT MILLION SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS OF THE FUNDS MADE AVAILABLE TO THE STATE UNDER SECTION 903 OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, AS AMENDED, FOR THE PURPOSE OF ERECTING AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, FOR FURNISHINGS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR THE GAFFNEY AND UNION WORKFORCE CENTERS, EXPANDING THE LANCASTER WORKFORCE CENTER, IMPROVING THE SENECA WORKFORCE CENTER PARKING LOT, ASSISTING IN THE ERECTION AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE COMMISSION IN DORCHESTER COUNTY, AUTOMATING THE TRADE READJUSTMENT ALLOWANCES PAYMENT SYSTEM, DEVELOPING AN AUTOMATED DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE PAYMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, AND PROVIDING ADMINISTRATIVE FUNDING FOR THE UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION PROGRAM. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R390, H4773 (Word version)) -- Reps. W.D. Smith, Walker, Talley, Mahaffey, Moss, Anthony, Kelly, Littlejohn, Mitchell and Phillips: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION TO EXPEND UP TO EIGHT MILLION SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS OF THE FUNDS MADE AVAILABLE TO THE STATE UNDER SECTION 903 OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, AS AMENDED, FOR THE PURPOSE OF ERECTING AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, FOR FURNISHINGS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR THE GAFFNEY AND UNION WORKFORCE CENTERS, EXPANDING THE LANCASTER WORKFORCE CENTER, IMPROVING THE SENECA WORKFORCE CENTER PARKING LOT, ASSISTING IN THE ERECTION AND FURNISHING A BUILDING FOR USE BY THE COMMISSION IN DORCHESTER COUNTY, AUTOMATING THE TRADE READJUSTMENT ALLOWANCES PAYMENT SYSTEM, DEVELOPING AN AUTOMATED DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE PAYMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING COMPUTER AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UPGRADES FOR EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS, AND PROVIDING ADMINISTRATIVE FUNDING FOR THE UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION PROGRAM. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.385, H. 4470 by a vote of 109 to 0: (R385, H4470 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Leach, Cato, Hagood, Hamilton, Harrison, Limehouse, Merrill, Scarborough, W.D. Smith, Stavrinakis, Walker, Young, Gambrell, Haley, Bedingfield, Mahaffey, Cotty, McLeod, Owens, Rice, Bowen, Viers and Shoopman: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-5-390 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE UTILITY MAY NOT IMPOSE A TAP FEE, RECURRING MAINTENANCE FEE, OR OTHER FEE, HOWEVER DESCRIBED FOR THE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM THAT EXCEEDS THE ACTUAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE WATER LINE TO THE SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE ACTUAL COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3622 SO AS TO ALLOW A PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, AT THE OPTION OF THE PROPERTY-TAXING ENTITY FOR TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE COSTS OF INSTALLING A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN SUCH INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW, TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF THE PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THESE CREDITS ARE USED WHEN EARNED BY PASS-THROUGH ENTITIES, AND TO MAKE UNUSED CREDITS TRANSFERABLE BY THE STRUCTURE'S OWNER TO A TENANT; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3130, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL PROPERTY VALUATION REFORM ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE INSTALLATION OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW IS NOT AN ADDITION OR IMPROVEMENT; BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-80 SO AS TO PROHIBIT ENFORCEMENT OF THAT PORTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE OR NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FIRE CODE THAT PROHIBITS THE USE OF NATURAL CUT TREES IN CELEBRATIONS IN HOUSES OF WORSHIP; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE VALUE OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT INSTALLED IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS EXEMPTION APPLIES UNTIL THE PROPERTY UNDERGOES AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R385, H4470 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Leach, Cato, Hagood, Hamilton, Harrison, Limehouse, Merrill, Scarborough, W.D. Smith, Stavrinakis, Walker, Young, Gambrell, Haley, Bedingfield, Mahaffey, Cotty, McLeod, Owens, Rice, Bowen, Viers and Shoopman: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 58-5-390 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE UTILITY MAY NOT IMPOSE A TAP FEE, RECURRING MAINTENANCE FEE, OR OTHER FEE, HOWEVER DESCRIBED FOR THE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM THAT EXCEEDS THE ACTUAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE WATER LINE TO THE SYSTEM AND TO DEFINE ACTUAL COSTS; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3622 SO AS TO ALLOW A PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, AT THE OPTION OF THE PROPERTY-TAXING ENTITY FOR TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE COSTS OF INSTALLING A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN SUCH INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW, TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF THE PROPERTY TAX CREDIT, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THESE CREDITS ARE USED WHEN EARNED BY PASS-THROUGH ENTITIES, AND TO MAKE UNUSED CREDITS TRANSFERABLE BY THE STRUCTURE'S OWNER TO A TENANT; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3130, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL PROPERTY VALUATION REFORM ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE INSTALLATION OF A FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW IS NOT AN ADDITION OR IMPROVEMENT; BY ADDING SECTION 10-1-80 SO AS TO PROHIBIT ENFORCEMENT OF THAT PORTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE OR NATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FIRE CODE THAT PROHIBITS THE USE OF NATURAL CUT TREES IN CELEBRATIONS IN HOUSES OF WORSHIP; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE VALUE OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM EQUIPMENT INSTALLED IN A COMMERCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE WHEN THE INSTALLATION IS NOT REQUIRED BY LAW AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS EXEMPTION APPLIES UNTIL THE PROPERTY UNDERGOES AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.392, H. 4815 by a vote of 93 to 0: (R392, H4815 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Merrill, Thompson, Brady, Stavrinakis, Haley, Ballentine, Cato, Cooper, Delleney, Harrison, Limehouse, Sandifer, Scarborough, Shoopman, Taylor, Viers, Walker, Young, Mahaffey, Neilson, Bales, R. Brown, Herbkersman, Edge, Bingham, Simrill, Whipper, Bedingfield and Bowers: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 1-30-25, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND SECTION 1-30-80, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM, SO AS TO MOVE THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM AND PROVIDE TRANSITION PROVISIONS; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 62 OF TITLE 12, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA MOTION PICTURE INCENTIVE ACT, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING AMENDMENTS REFLECTING THE TRANSFER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R392, H4815 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Merrill, Thompson, Brady, Stavrinakis, Haley, Ballentine, Cato, Cooper, Delleney, Harrison, Limehouse, Sandifer, Scarborough, Shoopman, Taylor, Viers, Walker, Young, Mahaffey, Neilson, Bales, R. Brown, Herbkersman, Edge, Bingham, Simrill, Whipper, Bedingfield and Bowers: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 1-30-25, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND SECTION 1-30-80, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM, SO AS TO MOVE THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS, RECREATION AND TOURISM AND PROVIDE TRANSITION PROVISIONS; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 62 OF TITLE 12, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA MOTION PICTURE INCENTIVE ACT, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING AMENDMENTS REFLECTING THE TRANSFER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA FILM COMMISSION. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator McGILL spoke on the veto. Senator CAMPSEN argued in favor of sustaining the veto of the Governor. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 29; Nays 9 AYES Alexander Anderson Ceips Cromer Drummond Elliott Ford Grooms Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Reese Sheheen Thomas Verdin Williams * Total--29 NAYS Bryant Campbell Campsen Courson Fair Gregory Massey Setzler Vaughn Total--9 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.382, H. 4339 by a vote of 103 to 1: (R382, H4339 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cooper, Clyburn, Battle, Haskins, Harrison, Hosey, Cotty, Walker and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 9-10-35 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL GUARD AFTER JUNE 30, 1993, IF OTHERWISE ELIGIBLE, ALSO MAY RECEIVE ADDITIONAL NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT BENEFITS PROVIDED BY THE STATE NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT SYSTEM UNDER CHAPTER 10 OF TITLE 9 AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION APPLY TO NATIONAL GUARD PENSION BENEFITS PAYABLE ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R382, H4339 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cooper, Clyburn, Battle, Haskins, Harrison, Hosey, Cotty, Walker and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 9-10-35 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL GUARD AFTER JUNE 30, 1993, IF OTHERWISE ELIGIBLE, ALSO MAY RECEIVE ADDITIONAL NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT BENEFITS PROVIDED BY THE STATE NATIONAL GUARD RETIREMENT SYSTEM UNDER CHAPTER 10 OF TITLE 9 AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION APPLY TO NATIONAL GUARD PENSION BENEFITS PAYABLE ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.427, H. 4950 by a vote of 104 to 1: (R427, H4950 (Word version)) -- Rep. Cooper: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 12, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 64 SO AS TO ENACT A NEW "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT" AND PROVIDE THE DEFINITIONS AND ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR TAX CREDITS ALLOWED BY THIS CHAPTER; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 32 OF TITLE 6, THE FORMER "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT". Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO SUSTAINED (R427, H4950 (Word version)) -- Rep. Cooper: AN ACT TO AMEND TITLE 12, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 64 SO AS TO ENACT A NEW "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT" AND PROVIDE THE DEFINITIONS AND ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR TAX CREDITS ALLOWED BY THIS CHAPTER; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 32 OF TITLE 6, THE FORMER "SOUTH CAROLINA TEXTILES COMMUNITIES REVITALIZATION ACT". The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator HAYES moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 0; Nays 43 AYES Total--0 NAYS Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote not having been received, the veto of the Governor was sustained, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.398, H. 5012 by a vote of 83 to 21: (R398, H5012 (Word version)) -- Rep. Chalk: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-25 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION MAY REQUIRE STATE AND NATIONAL CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS OF AN APPLICANT FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE NURSING, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY REQUIRE SUCH CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS IN CONNECTION WITH AN INVESTIGATION OR DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING OF A LICENSEE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WRITING A DISHONORED CHECK IS NOT EVIDENCE OF MORAL TURPITUDE FOR PURPOSES OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION OR DISQUALIFICATION FOR LICENSURE IF PROSECUTION OF THE OFFENSE WAS DISMISSED DUE TO PROOF OF PAYMENT OF RESTITUTION; AND BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-39 SO AS TO REQUIRE A LICENSED NURSE TO WEAR AN IDENTIFICATION BADGE BEARING THE NURSE'S FIRST OR LAST NAME, OR BOTH, AND TITLE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R398, H5012 (Word version)) -- Rep. Chalk: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-25 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION MAY REQUIRE STATE AND NATIONAL CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS OF AN APPLICANT FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE NURSING, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT MAY REQUIRE SUCH CRIMINAL RECORDS CHECKS IN CONNECTION WITH AN INVESTIGATION OR DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING OF A LICENSEE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT WRITING A DISHONORED CHECK IS NOT EVIDENCE OF MORAL TURPITUDE FOR PURPOSES OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION OR DISQUALIFICATION FOR LICENSURE IF PROSECUTION OF THE OFFENSE WAS DISMISSED DUE TO PROOF OF PAYMENT OF RESTITUTION; AND BY ADDING SECTION 40-33-39 SO AS TO REQUIRE A LICENSED NURSE TO WEAR AN IDENTIFICATION BADGE BEARING THE NURSE'S FIRST OR LAST NAME, OR BOTH, AND TITLE. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator FAIR moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.417, H. 3912 by a vote of 96 to 13: (R417, H3912 (Word version)) -- Reps. White and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE AND TO SPECIFY WHAT IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRACTICING MEDICINE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT A PHYSICIAN MAY DELEGATE CERTAIN TASKS TO AN UNLICENSED PERSON IF THE PHYSICIAN IS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN IS NOT PROHIBITED FROM PRACTICING IN CONSULTATION WITH A SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN CONCERNING AN OPINION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN'S CONSIDERATION IN MANAGING THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-32, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN PROVIDING DOCUMENTATION OF RESIDENCY TRAINING FOR LICENSURE, A PHYSICIAN WHO GRADUATED FROM A SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA IS ONLY REQUIRED TO HAVE BEEN ACTIVELY LICENSED FOR THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS, RATHER THAN THE PRECEDING TEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION MUST BE IN A BOARD CERTIFIED APPLICANT'S AREA OF SPECIALTY IN ORDER FOR THE APPLICANT TO OBTAIN LICENSURE WITHOUT HAVING TO PASS AN EXAMINATION; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PHYSICIANS, INCLUDING THE DEFINITION OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RENDERING A DETERMINATION OF MEDICAL NECESSITY OR A DECISION AFFECTING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IS NOT, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE WHEN SUCH DETERMINATION OR DECISION IS A COVERAGE DECISION DENYING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR COVERAGE FOR A COVERED BENEFIT OR APPROVING A COVERED BENEFIT; AND BY ADDING SECTION 38-59-25 SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH RENDERING A DETERMINATION OR MAKING A DECISION DENYING OR APPROVING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR BENEFITS IS NOT THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R417, H3912 (Word version)) -- Reps. White and Bales: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-30, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO BE LICENSED TO PRACTICE MEDICINE AND TO SPECIFY WHAT IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRACTICING MEDICINE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT A PHYSICIAN MAY DELEGATE CERTAIN TASKS TO AN UNLICENSED PERSON IF THE PHYSICIAN IS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT A PHYSICIAN IS NOT PROHIBITED FROM PRACTICING IN CONSULTATION WITH A SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN CONCERNING AN OPINION FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHYSICIAN'S CONSIDERATION IN MANAGING THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-32, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR LICENSURE TO PRACTICE MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN PROVIDING DOCUMENTATION OF RESIDENCY TRAINING FOR LICENSURE, A PHYSICIAN WHO GRADUATED FROM A SCHOOL OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR CANADA IS ONLY REQUIRED TO HAVE BEEN ACTIVELY LICENSED FOR THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS, RATHER THAN THE PRECEDING TEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION MUST BE IN A BOARD CERTIFIED APPLICANT'S AREA OF SPECIALTY IN ORDER FOR THE APPLICANT TO OBTAIN LICENSURE WITHOUT HAVING TO PASS AN EXAMINATION; TO AMEND SECTION 40-47-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PHYSICIANS, INCLUDING THE DEFINITION OF THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT RENDERING A DETERMINATION OF MEDICAL NECESSITY OR A DECISION AFFECTING THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF A PATIENT IS NOT, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE WHEN SUCH DETERMINATION OR DECISION IS A COVERAGE DECISION DENYING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR COVERAGE FOR A COVERED BENEFIT OR APPROVING A COVERED BENEFIT; AND BY ADDING SECTION 38-59-25 SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH RENDERING A DETERMINATION OR MAKING A DECISION DENYING OR APPROVING HEALTH CARE SERVICES OR BENEFITS IS NOT THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator PEELER moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 34; Nays 5 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Reese Scott * Setzler Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams * Total--34 NAYS Campsen Martin Massey McConnell Sheheen Total--5 *These Senators were not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the votes were recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.378, H. 3993 by a vote of 63 to 41: (R378, H3993 (Word version)) -- Reps. Duncan, Bedingfield, Davenport, Barfield, Brantley, G. Brown, Ceips, Gambrell, Hiott, Hodges, Jennings, Knight, Leach, Littlejohn, Lowe, Miller, Owens, M.A. Pitts, G.M. Smith, J.R. Smith, Spires and Taylor: AN ACT TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 53-3-125 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE OPENING DAY OF THE ANNUAL MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL SEASON EACH YEAR IS DESIGNATED AS "HISTORIC BASEBALL LEAGUES DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 6:24 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.395, H. 4982 by a vote of 11 to 1: (R395, H4982 (Word version)) -- Rep. Hayes: AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ANNUAL LEVY OF MILLAGE FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES IN DILLON COUNTY AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS ALLOCATION FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R395, H4982 (Word version)) -- Rep. Hayes: AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ANNUAL LEVY OF MILLAGE FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES IN DILLON COUNTY AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS ALLOCATION FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator ELLIOTT moved that the veto of the Governor be overridden. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 1; Nays 0 AYES Elliott Total--1 NAYS Total--0 The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.416, H. 3812 by a vote of 110 to 0: (R416, H3812 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Weeks and Ceips: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE INCREASES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION TO PURCHASE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS IN UNDEVELOPED PROPERTY NEAR MILITARY INSTALLATIONS TO PREVENT ADDITIONAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT NEAR THOSE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS, REQUIRE AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE PURCHASE AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS IN THE ORDINANCE, REQUIRE A MILLAGE INCREASE TO REASONABLY RELATE TO THE PURCHASE PRICE AND BE RESCINDED IN FIVE YEARS AFTER A CERTAIN TIME, PROHIBIT REINSTATEMENT OF THE MILLAGE RATE WITHOUT APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE QUALIFIED VOTERS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY AND PROVIDE FOR PAYING FOR THE REFERENDUM; TO PROVIDE FOR A LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION FOR THE PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT, DEFINE "CAPITAL EQUIPMENT", AND PROVIDE FOR MAKING EXPENDITURES RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT IN A COUNTY HAVING A POPULATION OF LESS THAN ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PERSONS AND HAS AT LEAST FORTY THOUSAND ACRES OF STATE FOREST LAND. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R416, H3812 (Word version)) -- Reps. G.M. Smith, Weeks and Ceips: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-320, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE INCREASES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION TO PURCHASE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS IN UNDEVELOPED PROPERTY NEAR MILITARY INSTALLATIONS TO PREVENT ADDITIONAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT NEAR THOSE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS, REQUIRE AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE PURCHASE AND ESTABLISH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS IN THE ORDINANCE, REQUIRE A MILLAGE INCREASE TO REASONABLY RELATE TO THE PURCHASE PRICE AND BE RESCINDED IN FIVE YEARS AFTER A CERTAIN TIME, PROHIBIT REINSTATEMENT OF THE MILLAGE RATE WITHOUT APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE QUALIFIED VOTERS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY AND PROVIDE FOR PAYING FOR THE REFERENDUM; TO PROVIDE FOR A LIMIT ON PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE RATE LIMITATION FOR THE PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT, DEFINE "CAPITAL EQUIPMENT", AND PROVIDE FOR MAKING EXPENDITURES RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND PURCHASE OF CAPITAL EQUIPMENT IN A COUNTY HAVING A POPULATION OF LESS THAN ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PERSONS AND HAS AT LEAST FORTY THOUSAND ACRES OF STATE FOREST LAND. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has overridden the veto by the Governor on R.421, H. 4554 by a vote of 103 to 1: (R421, H4554 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter and Bedingfield: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-315, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMITATION ON THE IMPOSITION OR INCREASE OF A BUSINESS LICENSE TAX, SO AS TO LIMIT THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE UPON REAL ESTATE LICENSEES, WITH CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE TAX OR FEE SHALL PERMIT THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE AND THE BROKER'S AFFILIATED ASSOCIATE BROKERS, SALESPERSONS, AND PROPERTY MANAGERS TO ENGAGE IN ALL OF THE BROKERAGE ACTIVITY DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 57 OF TITLE 40 WITHOUT FURTHER LICENSING OR TAXING OTHER THAN STATE LICENSES, TO PROHIBIT THE REQUIREMENT OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON CERTAIN REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONALS FOR GROSS RECEIPTS UPON WHICH A TAX OR FEE HAS ALREADY BEEN PAID, TO PROVIDE THAT BROKERED TRANSACTIONS OR REAL PROPERTY IN COUNTIES OR MUNICIPALITIES OTHER THAN THOSE IN WHICH THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE CREATES A NEXUS FOR THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ONLY WITH RESPECT TO GROSS RECEIPTS DERIVED FROM TRANSACTIONS OF PROPERTY LOCATED IN THAT COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, TO PROHIBIT THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY FROM IMPOSING A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF AN AUCTIONEER LICENSED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 6, TITLE 40 FOR THE FIRST THREE AUCTIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AUCTIONEER IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, UNLESS THE AUCTIONEER MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 5-7-30, RELATING TO THE POWERS CONFERRED UPON MUNICIPALITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE PERSON OR BUSINESS TAXED PAYS A BUSINESS LICENSE TO A COUNTY OR TO ANOTHER MUNICIPALITY WHERE THE INCOME IS EARNED, THE GROSS INCOME FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPUTING THE TAX MUST BE REDUCED BY THE AMOUNT OF GROSS INCOME TAXED IN THE OTHER COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 40-57-180, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION AND THE REAL ESTATE COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL CERTIFIED COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT MEMBER (CCIM) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE CCIM INSTITUTE AND ALL GRADUATE REALTOR INSTITUTE (GRI) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS MUST BE APPROVED FOR POST-LICENSING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY APPLICABLE FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT INSTRUCTORS HOLDING CCIM DESIGNATIONS ARE APPROVED FOR INSTRUCTION IN ALL COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE COURSES UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY THE APPLICABLE FEES, AND TO REQUIRE THE COMMISSION TO ALLOW FOR ELECTRONIC DELIVERY INCLUDING, BUT NO LIMITED TO, THE INTERNET, VIDEOCONFERENCE, OR OTHER INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC MEANS, OF ALL COURSES APPROVED FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. VETO OVERRIDDEN (R421, H4554 (Word version)) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter and Bedingfield: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 6-1-315, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LIMITATION ON THE IMPOSITION OR INCREASE OF A BUSINESS LICENSE TAX, SO AS TO LIMIT THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE UPON REAL ESTATE LICENSEES, WITH CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE TAX OR FEE SHALL PERMIT THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE AND THE BROKER'S AFFILIATED ASSOCIATE BROKERS, SALESPERSONS, AND PROPERTY MANAGERS TO ENGAGE IN ALL OF THE BROKERAGE ACTIVITY DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER 57 OF TITLE 40 WITHOUT FURTHER LICENSING OR TAXING OTHER THAN STATE LICENSES, TO PROHIBIT THE REQUIREMENT OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON CERTAIN REAL ESTATE PROFESSIONALS FOR GROSS RECEIPTS UPON WHICH A TAX OR FEE HAS ALREADY BEEN PAID, TO PROVIDE THAT BROKERED TRANSACTIONS OR REAL PROPERTY IN COUNTIES OR MUNICIPALITIES OTHER THAN THOSE IN WHICH THE BROKER-IN-CHARGE MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE CREATES A NEXUS FOR THE IMPOSITION OF A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ONLY WITH RESPECT TO GROSS RECEIPTS DERIVED FROM TRANSACTIONS OF PROPERTY LOCATED IN THAT COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, TO PROHIBIT THE GOVERNING BODY OF A COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY FROM IMPOSING A LICENSE, OCCUPATION, OR PROFESSIONAL TAX OR FEE ON THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF AN AUCTIONEER LICENSED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 6, TITLE 40 FOR THE FIRST THREE AUCTIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AUCTIONEER IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY, UNLESS THE AUCTIONEER MAINTAINS A PRINCIPAL OR BRANCH OFFICE IN THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 5-7-30, RELATING TO THE POWERS CONFERRED UPON MUNICIPALITIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE PERSON OR BUSINESS TAXED PAYS A BUSINESS LICENSE TO A COUNTY OR TO ANOTHER MUNICIPALITY WHERE THE INCOME IS EARNED, THE GROSS INCOME FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMPUTING THE TAX MUST BE REDUCED BY THE AMOUNT OF GROSS INCOME TAXED IN THE OTHER COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY; TO AMEND SECTION 40-57-180, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION AND THE REAL ESTATE COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ALL CERTIFIED COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT MEMBER (CCIM) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE CCIM INSTITUTE AND ALL GRADUATE REALTOR INSTITUTE (GRI) DESIGNATION COURSES APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS MUST BE APPROVED FOR POST-LICENSING AND CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDIT UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY APPLICABLE FEES, TO PROVIDE THAT INSTRUCTORS HOLDING CCIM DESIGNATIONS ARE APPROVED FOR INSTRUCTION IN ALL COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE COURSES UPON APPLICATION ACCOMPANIED BY THE APPLICABLE FEES, AND TO REQUIRE THE COMMISSION TO ALLOW FOR ELECTRONIC DELIVERY INCLUDING, BUT NO LIMITED TO, THE INTERNET, VIDEOCONFERENCE, OR OTHER INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC MEANS, OF ALL COURSES APPROVED FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. The question was put, "Shall the Act become law, the veto of the Governor to the contrary notwithstanding?" The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 43; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campbell Campsen Ceips Courson Cromer Drummond Elliott Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hawkins Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin Massey Matthews McConnell McGill O'Dell Patterson Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Ritchie * Scott Setzler Sheheen Thomas Vaughn Verdin Williams Total--43 NAYS Total--0 *This Senator was not present in the Chamber at the time the vote was taken and the vote was recorded by leave of the Senate, with unanimous consent. The necessary two-thirds vote having been received, the veto of the Governor was overridden, and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Motion to Ratify Adopted At 6:15 P.M., Senator MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to invite the House of Representatives to attend the Senate Chamber for the purpose of ratifying Acts at 7:00 P.M. There was no objection and a message was sent to the House accordingly. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS OF COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCE AND FREE CONFERENCE. S. 429-REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE CONFERENCE ADOPTED S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. On motion of Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, the Report of the Committee of Conference was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator MALLOY spoke on the report. On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Report of the Committee of Conference to S. 429 was adopted as follows: S. 429--Conference Report The General Assembly, Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 The COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE, to whom was referred: S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. Beg leave to report that they have duly and carefully considered the same and recommend: That the same do pass with the following amendments: (Reference is to Printer's Date 6/5/08--S.) Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting the following: / SECTION 1. Title 17 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Chapter 28 Article 1 Post-Conviction DNA Procedures Section 17-28-10. This article may be cited as the 'Access to Justice Post-Conviction DNA Testing Act'. Section 17-28-20. For purposes of this article: (1) 'Biological material' means any blood, tissue, hair, saliva, bone, or semen from which DNA marker groupings may be obtained. This includes material catalogued separately on slides, swabs, or test tubes or present on other evidence including, but not limited to, clothing, ligatures, bedding, other household material, drinking cups, or cigarettes. (2) 'Custodian of evidence' means an agency or political subdivision of the State including, but not limited to, a law enforcement agency, a solicitor's office, the Attorney General's Office, a county clerk of court, or a state grand jury that possesses and is responsible for the control of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding, or a person ordered by a court to take custody of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding. (3) 'DNA' means deoxyribonucleic acid. (4) 'DNA profile' means the results of any testing performed on a DNA sample. (5) 'DNA record' means the tissue or saliva samples and the results of the testing performed on the samples. (6) 'DNA sample' means the tissue, saliva, blood, or any other bodily fluid taken at the time of arrest from which identifiable information can be obtained. (7) 'Incarceration' means serving a term of confinement in the custody of the South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and does not include a person on probation, parole, or under a community supervision program. (8) 'Law enforcement agency' means a lawfully established federal, state, or local public agency that is responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the enforcement of penal, traffic, regulatory, game, immigration, postal, customs, or controlled substances laws. (9) 'Physical evidence' means an object, thing, or substance that is or is about to be produced or used or has been produced or used in a criminal proceeding related to an offense enumerated in Section 17-28-30, and that is in the possession of a custodian of evidence. Section 17-28-30. (A) A person who pled not guilty to at least one of the following offenses, was subsequently convicted of or adjudicated delinquent for the offense, is currently incarcerated for the offense, and asserts he is innocent of the offense may apply for forensic DNA testing of his DNA and any physical evidence or biological material related to his conviction or adjudication: (1) murder (Section 16-3-10); (2) killing by poison (Section 16-3-30); (3) killing by stabbing or thrusting (Section 16-3-40); (4) voluntary manslaughter (Section 16-3-50); (5) homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(1)); (6) aiding and abetting a homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(2)); (7) lynching in the first degree (Section 16-3-210); (8) killing in a duel (Section 16-3-430); (9) spousal sexual battery (Section 16-3-615); (10) criminal sexual conduct in the first degree (Section 16-3-652); (11) criminal sexual conduct in the second degree (Section 16-3-653); (12) criminal sexual conduct in the third degree (Section 16-3-654); (13) criminal sexual conduct with a minor (Section 16-3-655); (14) arson in the first degree resulting in death (Section 16-11-110(A)); (15) burglary in the first degree for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-311(B)); (16) armed robbery for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-330(A)); (17) damaging or destroying a building, vehicle, or property by means of an explosive incendiary resulting in death (Section 16-11-540); (18) abuse or neglect of a vulnerable adult resulting in death (Section 43-35-85(F)); (19) sexual misconduct with an inmate, patient, or offender (Section 44-23-1150); (20) unlawful removing or damaging of an airport facility or equipment resulting in death (Section 55-1-30(3)); (21) interference with traffic-control devices or railroad signs or signals resulting in death (Section 56-5-1030(B)(3)); (22) driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs resulting in death (Section 56-5-2945); (23) obstruction of railroad resulting in death (Section 58-17-4090); or (24) accessory before the fact (Section 16-1-40) to any offense enumerated in this subsection. (B) A person who pled guilty or nolo contendere to at least one of the offenses enumerated in subsection (A), was subsequently convicted of or adjudicated delinquent for the offense, is currently incarcerated for the offense, and asserts he is innocent of the offense may apply for forensic DNA testing of his DNA and any physical evidence or biological material related to his conviction or adjudication no later than seven years from the date of sentencing. Section 17-28-40. (A) The application must be made on such form as prescribed by the Supreme Court. (B) The application must be verified by the applicant and filed under the original indictment number or petition with the clerk of court of the general sessions court or family court in which the conviction or adjudication took place. Facts within the personal knowledge of the applicant and the authenticity of all documents and exhibits included in or attached to the application must be sworn to affirmatively as true and correct. (C) The application must, under penalty of perjury: (1) identify the proceedings in which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated; (2) give the date of the entry of the judgment and sentence and identify the applicant's current place of incarceration; (3) identify all previous or ongoing proceedings, together with the grounds therein asserted, taken by the applicant to secure relief from his conviction or adjudication; (4) make a reasonable attempt to identify the physical evidence or biological material that should be tested and the specific type of DNA testing that is sought; (5) explain why the identity of the applicant was or should have been a significant issue during the original court proceedings, notwithstanding the fact that the applicant may have pled guilty or nolo contendere or made or is alleged to have made an incriminating statement or admission as to identity; (6) explain why the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was not previously subjected to DNA testing, or, if the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was previously subjected to DNA testing, provide the results of the testing and explain how the requested DNA test would provide a substantially more probative result; (7) explain why if the DNA testing produces exculpatory results, the testing will constitute new evidence that will probably change the result of the applicant's conviction or adjudication if a new trial is granted and is not merely cumulative or impeaching; and (8) provide that the application is made to demonstrate innocence and not solely to delay the execution of a sentence or the administration of justice. Section 17-28-50. (A) The clerk shall file the application upon its receipt and promptly bring it to the attention of the court and deliver for docketing a copy to the solicitor of the circuit in which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated. The Attorney General and the appropriate custodian of evidence shall be notified by the solicitor. The victim shall be notified pursuant to the provisions of Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (B) Within ninety days after the forwarding of the application, or upon any further time the court may fix, the solicitor of the circuit in which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated, or the Attorney General if the Attorney General prosecuted the case, shall respond to the application. Within ninety days after the docketing of the application, or within any further time the court may fix, the victim may respond as provided in Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. The court may proceed with a hearing if the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, or the victim does not respond to the application. (C) At any time prior to entry of judgment the court may, when appropriate, issue orders for amendment of the application and for any documents related to the application including, but not limited to, pleadings, motions, and requests for extensions of time. In considering the application and related documents, the court shall take account of substance, regardless of defects of form. When the court is satisfied, on the basis of the application, the responses, or the motion of the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, that the applicant is not entitled to DNA testing and no purpose would be served by any further proceedings, it may indicate to the applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, its intention to summarily dismiss the application and its reasons for so doing. The victim shall be notified of the proposed dismissal pursuant to the provisions of Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. The court shall make specific findings of fact and expressly state its conclusions of law. The applicant shall be given an opportunity to reply to the proposed dismissal. In light of the reply, or on default thereof, the court may order the application dismissed, grant leave to file an amended application, or direct that the proceedings otherwise continue. (D) If the applicant has filed a previous application for DNA testing, the applicant may file a successive application, provided the applicant asserts a grounds for DNA testing which for sufficient reason was not asserted or was inadequately raised in the original, supplemental, or amended application. Section 17-28-60. If the applicant is unable to pay court costs and expenses of counsel, these costs and expenses shall be made available to the applicant in amounts and to the extent provided pursuant to Section 17-27-60. The applicant must request counsel at the time he files his application. The court must appoint counsel for an indigent applicant after the court has determined that the application is sufficient to proceed to a hearing but prior to the actual hearing. If counsel has been appointed for the applicant in an ongoing post-conviction relief proceeding, then the counsel appointed in the post-conviction relief proceeding shall also serve as counsel for purposes of this article. The performance of counsel pursuant to this article shall not form the basis for relief in any post-conviction relief proceeding. Section 17-28-70. (A) The court shall order a custodian of evidence to preserve all physical evidence and biological material related to the applicant's conviction or adjudication pursuant to the provisions of Article 3, Chapter 28, Title 17. (B) The custodian of evidence shall prepare an inventory of the physical evidence and biological material and issue a copy of the inventory to the applicant, the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, and the court. (C) For physical evidence or biological material that the custodian of evidence asserts has been lost or destroyed, the court shall order a custodian of evidence to locate and provide the applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, with a copy of any document, note, log, or report relating to the physical evidence or biological material. (D) If no physical evidence or biological material is discovered, the court may order a custodian of evidence, in collaboration with law enforcement, to search physical evidence and biological material in the custodian of evidence's possession that would reasonably be expected to produce relevant physical evidence or biological material. The order shall provide that any physical evidence and biological material subject to this search must be adequately protected by the custodian of evidence, in collaboration with law enforcement, from interference by a third party, including, but not limited to, alteration, contamination, destruction, or tampering with the physical evidence and biological material and any chain of custody related to the physical evidence and biological material. (E) A person who willfully and maliciously destroys, alters, conceals, or tampers with physical evidence or biological material that is required to be preserved pursuant to this section with the intent to impair the integrity of the physical evidence or biological material, prevent the physical evidence or biological material from being subjected to DNA testing, or prevent the production or use of the physical evidence or biological material in an official proceeding, is subject to the provisions of Section 17-28-350. Section 17-28-80. For any physical evidence or biological material previously subjected to DNA testing whether by the applicant or the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, the court shall order the production of all written reports and laboratory reports prepared in connection with the DNA testing, including the underlying data and laboratory notes. Section 17-28-90. (A) The application must be heard in, and before a judge of, the general sessions court or family court in which the conviction or adjudication took place. A record of the proceedings must be made and preserved. All rules and statutes applicable in criminal proceedings are available to the applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable. (B) The court shall order DNA testing of the applicant's DNA and the physical evidence or biological material upon a finding that the applicant has established each of the following factors by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) the physical evidence or biological material to be tested is available and is potentially in a condition that would permit the requested DNA testing; (2) the physical evidence or biological material to be tested has been subject to a chain of custody sufficient to establish it has not been substituted, tampered with, replaced, or altered in any material aspect, or the testing itself may establish the integrity of the physical evidence or biological material; (3) the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested is material to the issue of the applicant's identity as the perpetrator of, or accomplice to, the offense notwithstanding the fact that the applicant may have pled guilty or nolo contendere or made or is alleged to have made an incriminating statement or admission as to identity; (4) the DNA results of the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested would be material to the issue of the applicant's identity as the perpetrator of, or accomplice to, the offense notwithstanding the fact that the applicant may have pled guilty or nolo contendere or made or is alleged to have made an incriminating statement or admission as to identity; (5) if the requested DNA testing produces exculpatory results, the testing will constitute new evidence that will probably change the result of the applicant's conviction or adjudication if a new trial is granted and is not merely cumulative or impeaching; (6) the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was not previously subjected to DNA testing, or, if the physical evidence or biological material sought to be tested was previously subjected to DNA testing, the requested DNA test would provide a substantially more probative result; and (7) the application is made to demonstrate innocence and not solely to delay the execution of a sentence or the administration of justice. (C) The court shall order that any sample taken of the applicant's DNA for purposes of DNA testing pursuant to this article or for submission to SLED pursuant to subsection (F) be taken by a correctional health nurse technician, physician, registered professional nurse, licensed practical nurse, laboratory technician, or other appropriately trained health care worker. The applicant's counsel, if any, and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, must be allowed to observe the taking of any sample. (D) The court shall order that the applicant's DNA sample and the physical evidence or biological material be tested by SLED, a local Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) laboratory, or, prior to any testing, any other laboratory approved by SLED, in an effort to ensure that the results may be entered into the State DNA Database and Combined DNA Index System. Any other type of DNA testing ordered by the court shall be conducted in consultation with SLED or a local CODIS laboratory. (E) The court shall order that the applicant pay the costs of the DNA testing. If the applicant is indigent, the costs of the DNA testing shall be paid by the State. (F) The court shall order that a sample of the applicant's DNA be submitted to SLED to compare with profiles in the State DNA Database and any federal or other law enforcement DNA database in compliance with National DNA Index System (NDIS) procedures. The sample must be submitted regardless of any previous samples submitted by the applicant. If the comparison matches a DNA profile for the offense for which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated, the DNA profile may be retained in the State DNA Database. If the comparison does not match a DNA profile for the offense for which the applicant was convicted or adjudicated, but results in a match with a DNA profile for any other offense, the DNA profile may be retained in the State DNA Database. SLED shall notify the appropriate law enforcement agency. If the comparison does not match a DNA profile for any offense, the DNA record must be destroyed. Any previous profiles must be maintained by SLED subject to the State DNA Database Act. SLED shall report to the court, the applicant, and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, the results of all DNA database comparisons. The victim must be notified of the results of all DNA database comparisons pursuant to Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (G) The applicant and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, shall have the right to appeal a final order denying or granting DNA testing by a writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals or the Supreme Court as provided by the South Carolina Appellate Court Rules. Section 17-28-100. (A) The results of the DNA test must be fully disclosed to the court, the applicant, and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable. The victim shall be notified of the results of the DNA test pursuant to Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. The court shall order the production of any written reports and laboratory reports prepared in connection with the DNA testing, including underlying data and notes. (B) The results of the DNA test may be used by the applicant, solicitor, or Attorney General in any post-conviction proceeding or trial. If the results of the DNA test are exculpatory, the applicant may use the exculpatory results of the DNA test as grounds for filing a motion for new trial pursuant to the South Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure. If the results of the DNA test are inconclusive, the court may allow for additional DNA testing or may dismiss the application. If the results of the DNA test are inculpatory, the court shall dismiss the application and shall, on motion of the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable: (1) make a determination whether the applicant's assertion of actual innocence was intentionally false, and, as a result, hold the applicant in contempt of court; (2) assess against the applicant the cost of any DNA testing not already paid by the applicant; (3) forward the findings to the South Carolina Department of Corrections, who may use such finding to deny good conduct credit; and (4) forward the findings to the Department of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, who may use the findings to deny parole. (C) Except as otherwise provided in this article, DNA records, results, and information taken from the applicant are exempt from any law requiring disclosure of information to the public. Section 17-28-110. (A) Nothing in this article prohibits a person and a solicitor or the Attorney General, as applicable, from consenting to and conducting post-conviction DNA testing by agreement of the parties. The person may use the exculpatory results of the DNA test as the grounds for filing a motion for new trial pursuant to the South Carolina Rules of Criminal Procedure. (B) Nothing in this article prohibits a person from filing an application for post-conviction relief pursuant to Chapter 27, Title 17. (C) Unless there is an act of gross negligence or intentional misconduct this article may not be construed to give rise to a claim for damages against the State of South Carolina, a political subdivision of the State, or an employee of the State or a political subdivision of the State. Failure of a custodian of evidence to preserve physical evidence or biological material pursuant to this article does not entitle the applicant to any relief from conviction or adjudication but does not prohibit a person from presenting this information at a subsequent hearing or trial. Section 17-28-120. No more than one hundred fifty thousand dollars may be expended from the general fund in any fiscal year to administer the provisions of this article." SECTION 2. Title 17 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Chapter 28 Article 3 Preservation of Evidence Section 17-28-300. This article shall be cited as the 'Preservation of Evidence Act'. Section 17-28-310. (1) 'Biological material' means any blood, tissue, hair, saliva, bone, or semen from which DNA marker groupings may be obtained. This includes material catalogued separately on slides, swabs, or test tubes or present on other evidence including, but not limited to, clothing, ligatures, bedding, other household material, drinking cups, or cigarettes. (2) 'Custodian of evidence' means an agency or political subdivision of the State including, but not limited to, a law enforcement agency, a solicitor's office, the Attorney General's Office, a county clerk of court, or a state grand jury that possesses and is responsible for the control of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding, or a person ordered by a court to take custody of evidence during a criminal investigation or proceeding. (3) 'DNA' means deoxyribonucleic acid. (4) 'DNA profile' means the results of any testing performed on a DNA sample. (5) 'DNA record' means the tissue or saliva samples and the results of the testing performed on the samples. (6) 'DNA sample' means the tissue, saliva, blood, or any other bodily fluid taken at the time of arrest from which identifiable information can be obtained. (7) 'Incarceration' means serving a term of confinement in the custody of the South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and does not include a person on probation, parole, or under a community supervision program. (8) 'Law enforcement agency' means a lawfully established federal, state, or local public agency that is responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the enforcement of penal, traffic, regulatory, game, immigration, postal, customs, or controlled substances laws. (9) 'Physical evidence' means an object, thing, or substance that is or is about to be produced or used or has been produced or used in a criminal proceeding related to an offense enumerated in Section 17-28-320, and that is in the possession of a custodian of evidence. Section 17-28-320. (A) A custodian of evidence must preserve all physical evidence and biological material related to the conviction or adjudication of a person for at least one of the following offenses: (1) murder (Section 16-3-10); (2) killing by poison (Section 16-3-30); (3) killing by stabbing or thrusting (Section 16-3-40); (4) voluntary manslaughter (Section 16-3-50); (5) homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(1)); (6) aiding and abetting a homicide by child abuse (Section 16-3-85(A)(2)); (7) lynching in the first degree (Section 16-3-210); (8) killing in a duel (Section 16-3-430); (9) spousal sexual battery (Section 16-3-615); (10) criminal sexual conduct in the first degree (Section 16-3-652); (11) criminal sexual conduct in the second degree (Section 16-3-653); (12) criminal sexual conduct in the third degree (Section 16-3-654); (13) criminal sexual conduct with a minor (Section 16-3-655); (14) arson in the first degree resulting in death (Section 16-11-110(A)); (15) burglary in the first degree for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-311(B)); (16) armed robbery for which the person is sentenced to ten years or more (Section 16-11-330(A)); (17) damaging or destroying a building, vehicle, or property by means of an explosive incendiary resulting in death (Section 16-11-540); (18) abuse or neglect of a vulnerable adult resulting in death (Section 43-35-85(F)); (19) sexual misconduct with an inmate, patient, or offender (Section 44-23-1150); (20) unlawful removing or damaging of an airport facility or equipment resulting in death (Section 55-1-30(3)); (21) interference with traffic-control devices or railroad signs or signals resulting in death (Section 56-5-1030(B)(3)); (22) driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs resulting in death (Section 56-5-2945); (23) obstruction of railroad resulting in death (Section 58-17-4090); or (24) accessory before the fact (Section 16-1-40) to any offense enumerated in this subsection. (B) The physical evidence and biological material must be preserved: (1) subject to a chain of custody as required by South Carolina law; (2) with sufficient documentation to locate the physical evidence and biological material; and (3) under conditions reasonably designed to preserve the forensic value of the physical evidence and biological material. (C) The physical evidence and biological material must be preserved until the person is released from incarceration, dies while incarcerated, or is executed for the offense enumerated in subsection (A). However, if the person is convicted or adjudicated on a guilty or nolo contendere plea for the offense enumerated in subsection (A), the physical evidence and biological material must be preserved for seven years from the date of sentencing, or until the person is released from incarceration, dies while incarcerated, or is executed for the offense enumerated in subsection (A), whichever comes first. Section 17-28-330. (A) After a person is convicted or adjudicated for at least one of the offenses enumerated in Section 17-28-320, a custodian of evidence shall register with the South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice, as applicable, as a custodian of evidence for physical evidence or biological material related to the person's conviction or adjudication. (B) The South Carolina Department of Corrections or the South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice, as applicable, shall notify a custodian of evidence registered pursuant to subsection (A) if the person is released from incarceration, dies while incarcerated, or is executed for the offense enumerated in Section 17-28-320. Section 17-28-340. (A) After a person is convicted or adjudicated for at least one of the offenses enumerated in Section 17-28-320, a custodian of evidence may petition the general sessions court or family court in which the person was convicted or adjudicated for an order allowing for disposition of the physical evidence or biological material prior to the period of time described in Section 17-28-320 if: (1) the physical evidence or biological material must be returned to its rightful owner, is of such size, bulk, or physical character as to make retention impracticable, or is otherwise required to be disposed of by law; or (2) DNA evidence was previously introduced at trial, was found to be inculpatory, and all appeals and post-conviction procedures have been exhausted. (B) The petition must: (1) be made on such form as prescribed by the Supreme Court; (2) identify the proceedings in which the person was convicted or adjudicated; (3) give the date of the entry of the judgment and sentence; (4) specifically set forth the physical evidence or biological material to be disposed of; and (5) specifically set forth the reason for the disposition. (C) The clerk of court shall file the petition upon its receipt and promptly bring it to the attention of the court and deliver a copy to the convicted or adjudicated person and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable. The victim shall be notified of the petition pursuant to Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (D) The convicted or adjudicated person and the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, shall have one hundred and eighty days to respond to the petition. The victim may respond within one hundred and eighty days in accordance with the provisions of Article 15, Chapter 3, Title 16. (E) After a hearing, the court may order that the custodian of evidence may dispose of the physical evidence or biological material if the court determines by preponderance of evidence that: (1) the physical evidence or biological material must be returned to its rightful owner, is of such size, bulk, or physical character as to make retention impracticable, or is otherwise required to be disposed of by law, or DNA evidence was previously introduced at trial, was found to be inculpatory, and all appeals and post-conviction procedures have been exhausted; (2) the convicted or adjudicated person, the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, and the victim have been notified of the petition for an order to dispose of the physical evidence or biological material; (3) the convicted or adjudicated person did not file an affidavit declaring, under penalty of perjury, the person's intent to file an application for post-conviction DNA testing of the physical evidence or biological material pursuant to Article 1, Chapter 28, Title 17 within ninety days followed by the actual filing of the application; (4) the solicitor or the Attorney General, as applicable, and the victim have not filed a response requesting that the physical evidence or biological material not be disposed of; and (5) no other provision of federal or state law, regulation, or court rule requires preservation of the physical evidence or biological material. (F) If the court issues an order for the disposition of the physical evidence or biological material, the court may require a custodian of evidence to take reasonable measures to remove and preserve portions of the physical evidence or biological material in a quantity sufficient to: (1) permit future DNA testing or other scientific analysis; or (2) for other reasons, upon request and good cause shown, by the solicitor or Attorney General, as applicable, or the victim. Section 17-28-350. A person who wilfully and maliciously destroys, alters, conceals, or tampers with physical evidence or biological material that is required to be preserved pursuant to this article with the intent to impair the integrity of the physical evidence or biological material, prevent the physical evidence or biological material from being subjected to DNA testing, or prevent the production or use of the physical evidence or biological material in an official proceeding, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than one thousand dollars for a first offense, and not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both, for each subsequent violation. Section 17-28-360. Unless there is an act of gross negligence or intentional misconduct this article may not be construed to give rise to a claim for damages against the State of South Carolina, a political subdivision of the State, an employee of the State, or a political subdivision of the State. Failure of a custodian of evidence to preserve physical evidence or biological material pursuant to this article does not entitle a person to any relief from conviction or adjudication but does not prohibit a person from presenting this information at a subsequent hearing or trial." SECTION 3. A. This SECTION may be referred to and cited as the "Unidentified Human Remains DNA Database Act". B. Article 9, Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 23-3-625. Family members of a missing person may submit DNA samples to the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED). If the person is missing thirty days after a missing person report has been submitted to the Missing Person Information Center, SLED must conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing on the family members' samples. SLED may, within its discretion, conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing on the family members' samples prior to thirty days if SLED determines that such DNA identification, typing, and testing is necessary. If SLED does not have the technology necessary for a particular method of DNA identification, typing, or testing, SLED may submit the DNA samples to a Combined DNA Indexing System (CODIS) laboratory that has the appropriate technology. The results of the identification, typing, and testing must be entered into CODIS." C. Article 9, Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 23-3-635. Upon notification by the Medical University of South Carolina or other facility preserving the body of an unidentified person that the body remains unidentified after thirty days, the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED) must conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing of the unidentified person's tissue and fluid samples provided to SLED pursuant to Section 17-7-25. SLED may, within its discretion, conduct DNA identification, typing, and testing of the unidentified person's tissue and fluid samples prior to thirty days if SLED determines that such DNA identification, typing, and testing is necessary. The results of the identification, typing, and testing must be entered into the Combined DNA Indexing System." D. Article 1, Chapter 7, Title 17 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 17-7-25. A coroner performing an autopsy on an unidentified body must obtain tissue and fluid samples suitable for DNA identification, typing, and testing. The samples must be transmitted to the State Law Enforcement Division." E. Section 17-5-570(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B) If the body cannot be identified through reasonable efforts, the coroner must forward the body to the Medical University of South Carolina or other suitable facility for preservation. The body must be preserved for not less than thirty days, unless the body is identified within that time. If the body remains unidentified thirty days after the coroner forwarded the body, the Medical University of South Carolina or other facility preserving the body must immediately notify the State Law Enforcement Division (SLED). If the body has not been identified at the end of that time within thirty days after SLED has entered the unidentified person's DNA profile into the Combined DNA Indexing System pursuant to Section 23-3-635, the Medical University may retain possession of the body for its use and benefit or return the body to the coroner of the county where death occurred for disposition as provided by law. A facility other than the Medical University utilized by the coroner for storage of an unidentified body may dispose of the body as provided by law or return the body to the coroner of the county where death occurred for disposition." F. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor. SECTION 4. A. This SECTION may be cited as the "South Carolina Protection from Violence Against Women and Children Act". B. Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 23-3-615. As used in this article: (A) 'DNA sample' means the tissue, saliva, blood, or any other bodily fluid taken at the time of arrest from which identifiable information can be obtained; (B) 'DNA profile' means the results of any testing performed on a DNA sample; and (C) 'DNA record' means the tissue or saliva samples and the results of the testing performed on the samples." C. Section 23-3-620 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-620. (A) Following sentencing and at the time of intake at a jail or prison a lawful custodial arrest, the service of a courtesy summons, or a direct indictment for: (1) a felony offense or an offense that is punishable by a sentence of five years or more; or (2) eavesdropping, peeping, or stalking, any of which are committed in this State, a person, except for any juvenile, arrested or ordered by a court must provide a saliva or tissue sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database must be provided by:. Additionally, any person, including any juvenile, ordered to do so by a court, and any juvenile convicted or adjudicated delinquent for an offense contained in items (1) or (2), must provide a saliva or tissue sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database. (1) any person convicted or adjudicated delinquent and incarcerated in a state correctional facility on or after July 1, 2004, for: (a) eavesdropping or peeping (Section 16-17-470); or (b) any offense classified as a felony in Section 16-1-90 or any other offense that carries a maximum term of imprisonment of five years or more; and (2) any criminal offender convicted or adjudicated delinquent on or after July 1, 2004, who is ordered by the court to provide a sample. (B) A convicted offender who is required to provide a DNA sample under subsections (A)(1) or (A)(2) but who is not sentenced to a term of confinement must provide a sample as a condition of his sentence. This sample must be taken at a prison, jail, sheriff's office that serves a courtesy summons, courthouse where a direct presentment indictment is served, or other location as specified by the sentencing court detention facility at the time the person is booked and processed into the jail or detention facility following the custodial arrest, or other location when the taking of fingerprints is required prior to a conviction. The sample must be submitted to SLED as directed by SLED. If appropriately trained personnel are not available to take a sample from which DNA may be obtained, the failure of the arrested person to provide a DNA sample shall not be the sole basis for refusal to release the person from custody. An arrested person who is released from custody before providing a DNA sample must provide a DNA sample at a location specified by the law enforcement agency with jurisdiction over the offense on or before the first court appearance. (C)(B) At such time as possible and before parole or release Unless a sample has already been provided pursuant to the provisions of subsection (A), before a person may be paroled or released from confinement, the person must provide a suitable sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database must be provided by: (1) a person who was convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, and who was sentenced to and is serving a term of confinement on or after July 1, 2004, for: (a) eavesdropping or peeping (Section 16-17-470); or (b) any offense classified as a felony in Section 16-1-90 or any other offense that carries a maximum term of imprisonment of five years or more; and (2) any criminal offender ordered by the court who was convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, and who was sentenced to and is serving a term of confinement on or after July 1, 2004. (D)(C) An agency having custody of an offender who is required to provide a DNA sample under pursuant to subsection (C)(1) or (C)(2) (B) must notify SLED at least three days, excluding weekends and holidays, before the individual person is paroled or released from confinement. (E)(D) At such time as possible and Unless a sample has already been provided pursuant to the provisions of subsection (A), before release a person is released from confinement or release released from the agency's jurisdiction, a suitable sample from which DNA may be obtained for inclusion in the State DNA Database must be provided as a condition of probation or parole by: (1) a person convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, who is serving a probated sentence or is paroled on or after July 1, 2004, for: (a) eavesdropping or peeping (Section 16-17-470); or (b) any offense classified as a felony in Section 16-1-90 or any other offense that carries a maximum term of imprisonment of five years or more; and (2) any criminal offender ordered by the court who was convicted or adjudicated delinquent before July 1, 2004, and who is serving a probated sentence or is paroled on or after July 1, 2004. (F) A person who provides a sample pursuant to this article also must provide any other information as may be required by SLED. (G)(E) A person required to provide a sample pursuant to this section may be required to provide another sample if the original sample is lost, damaged, contaminated, or unusable for examination prior to the creation of a DNA record or DNA profile suitable for inclusion in the DNA Database. (H)(F) The provisions of this section apply to juveniles notwithstanding the provisions of Section 20-7-8510." D. Section 23-3-630 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-630. (A) Only a correctional health nurse technician, physician, registered professional nurse, licensed practical nurse, laboratory technician, or other an appropriately trained health care worker person may take a sample from which DNA may be obtained. (B) A person taking a sample pursuant to this article is immune from liability if the sample was taken according to recognized medical procedures. However, no person is relieved from liability for negligence in the taking of any blood a sample." E. Section 23-3-650 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-650. (A) The DNA sample record and the results of a DNA profile of an individual provided under this article are confidential and must be securely stored, except that SLED must make available the results to federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies and to approved crime laboratories which serve these agencies and to the solicitor or the solicitor's designee upon a written or electronic request and in furtherance of an official investigation of a criminal offense. These records and results or the DNA sample of an individual also must be made available as required by a court order following a hearing directing SLED to release the record or sample results. However, SLED must not make the DNA record or the DNA profile available to any entity that is not a law enforcement agency unless instructed to do so by order of a court with competent jurisdiction. (B) To prevent duplications of DNA samples, SLED must coordinate with any law enforcement agency obtaining a DNA sample to determine whether a DNA sample from the person under lawful custodial arrest has been previously obtained and is in the DNA Database. (B)(C) A person who wilfully discloses in any manner individually identifiable DNA information contained in the State DNA Database to a person or agency not entitled to receive this information is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five hundred ten thousand dollars or three times the amount of any financial gain realized by the person, whichever is greater, or imprisoned not more than one year five years, or both. (C)(D) A person who, without authorization, wilfully obtains individually identifiable DNA information from the State DNA Database is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five hundred ten thousand dollars or three times the amount of any financial gain realized by the person, whichever is greater, or imprisoned not more than one year five years, or both." F. Section 23-3-660 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-660. (A) A person whose DNA record or DNA profile has been included in the State DNA Database may request expungement on the grounds that must have his DNA record and his DNA profile expunged if: (1) the charges pending against the person who has been arrested or ordered to submit a sample: (a) have been nolle prossed; (b) have been dismissed; or (c) have been reduced below the requirement for inclusion in the State DNA Database; or (2) the person has been found not guilty, or the person's conviction or adjudication has been reversed, set aside, or vacated. (B) The solicitor in the county in which the person was charged must notify SLED when the person becomes eligible to have his DNA record and DNA profile expunged. Upon receiving this notification, SLED must begin the expungement procedure. (C) SLED, at no cost to the person, shall must purge DNA and all other identifiable record information and the DNA profile from the State Database and shall must destroy the person's sample if SLED receives the person's written request for expungement and either: (1) a document certified: (a) by a circuit court judge; (b) by a prosecuting agency; or (c) by a clerk of court; that must be produced to the requestor at no charge within fourteen days after the request is made and after one of the events in subsection (A) has occurred, and no new trial has been ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction; or (2) a certified copy of the court order finding the person not guilty, or reversing, setting aside, or vacating the conviction or adjudication and proof that the identity of the individual making the request is the person whose record is to be expunged. If the person has more than one entry in the State DNA Database, only the entry covered by the expungement request may be expunged. (D) The person's entry in the State DNA Database shall not be removed if the person has another qualifying offense. (E) The jail intake officer, sheriff's office employee, courthouse employee, or detention facility intake officer shall provide written notification to the person of his right to have his DNA record and DNA profile expunged and the procedure for the expungement pursuant to this section at the time that the person's saliva or tissue sample is taken. The written notification must include that the person is eligible to have his DNA record and his DNA profile expunged at no cost to the person when: (1) the charges pending against the person are: (a) nolle prossed; (b) dismissed; or (c) reduced below the requirement for inclusion in the State DNA Database; or (2) when the person has been found not guilty, or the person's conviction has been reversed, set aside, or vacated. (F) When SLED completes the expungement process, SLED must notify the person whose DNA record and DNA profile have been expunged and inform him, in writing, that the expungement process has been completed." G. Section 23-3-670 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 23-3-670. (A) The cost of collection supplies for processing a sample pursuant to this article must be paid by the general fund of the State. A person who is required to provide a sample pursuant to this article, upon conviction, pleading guilty or nolo contendere, or forfeiting bond, must pay a two hundred and fifty dollar processing fee which may not be waived by the court. However: (1) If if the person is incarcerated, the fee must be paid before the person is paroled or released from confinement and may be garnished from wages the person earns while incarcerated.; and (2) If if the person is not sentenced to a term of confinement, payment of the fee must be a condition of the person's sentence and may be paid in installments if so ordered by the court. (B) The processing fee assessed pursuant to this section must be remitted to the general fund of the State and credited to the State Law Enforcement Division to offset the expenses SLED incurs in carrying out the provisions of this article." H. Section 23-3-120(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B) A person subjected to a lawful custodial arrest for a state offense must be fingerprinted at the time the person is booked and processed into a jail or detention facility or other location when the taking of fingerprints is required. Fingerprints taken by a law enforcement agency or detention facility pursuant to this section must be submitted to the State Law Enforcement Division's Central Record Repository within three days, excluding weekends and holidays, for the purposes of identifying record subjects and establishing criminal history record information." I. This SECTION takes effect on January 1, 2009. However, the implementation of the procedures provided for in this SECTION is contingent upon the State Law Enforcement Division's receipt of funds necessary to implement these provisions. Until the provisions of this SECTION are fully funded and executed, implementation of the provisions of this SECTION shall not prohibit the collection and testing of DNA samples by the methods allowed prior to the implementation of this SECTION from persons convicted, adjudicated delinquent, or on probation or parole for those crimes listed in Section 23-3-620. Upon this SECTION taking effect, a South Carolina law enforcement agency, which has in its possession any DNA samples that have been included in the DNA Database, immediately must destroy and dispose of the DNA samples in accordance with regulations promulgated by SLED pursuant to Section 23-3-640. SECTION 5. The repeal or amendment by the provisions of this act or any law, whether temporary or permanent or civil or criminal, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded thereon, or alter, discharge, release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision shall so expressly provide. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, criminal prosecution, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws. SECTION 6. If any section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, items, subitems, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. SECTION 7. The provisions of Section 17-28-350 become effective upon the signature of the Governor. All other provisions become effective January 1, 2009. The enactment of these provisions prior to the effective date indicates the intent of the General Assembly that statewide laws or practices shall exist to ensure additional procedures for post-conviction DNA testing, and proper preservation of biological evidence connected to murder, rape, and non-negligent homicide in order that application for available federal funds shall be made by the appropriate agencies and considered by the appropriate federal agencies prior to the effective date. / Amend title to conform. /s/Sen. Gerald Malloy /s/Rep. G. M. Smith /s/Sen. Jake Knotts /s/Rep. Doug Jennings Sen. Ray Cleary /s/Rep. Kris Crawford On Part of the Senate On Part of the House. , and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has adopted the report of the Committee of Conference on: S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that the Report of the Committee of Conference having been adopted by both Houses, and this Bill having been read three times in each House, it was ordered that the title thereof be changed to that of an Act and that it be enrolled for ratification: S. 429 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. H. 4355--FREE CONFERENCE POWERS GRANTED FREE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE APPOINTED REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF FREE CONFERENCE ADOPTED H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX. On motion of Senator HAYES, with unanimous consent, the Report of the Committee of Conference was taken up for immediate consideration. Senator LEATHERMAN spoke on the report. Senator HAYES spoke on the report. On motion of Senator HAYES, Free Conference Powers were granted. Whereupon, Senators LAND, O'DELL and HAYES were appointed to the Committee of Free Conference on the part of the Senate and a message was sent to the House accordingly. On motion of Senator HAYES, the Report of the Committee of Free Conference to S. 4355 was adopted as follows: H. 4355--Free Conference Report The COMMITTEE OF FREE CONFERENCE, to whom was referred: H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX. Beg leave to report that they have duly and carefully considered the same and recommend: That the same do pass with the following amendments: (Reference is to Printer's Version 6/4/08.) Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. Section 80C.5, Part IB of Act 310 of 2008, is amended by adding a new paragraph at the end to read: "Each state agency, as so classified by the Employee Insurance Program for purposes of providing health insurance, by September 30, 2008, shall remit the amount of premium savings as determined by the Employee Insurance Program to the State Treasurer for deposit in a fund separate and distinct from the general fund of the State and all other funds, which is hereby established within the State Treasury. Each state agency is authorized to use funds from any revenue source except federal funds for this payment. By this paragraph, these remittances are deemed to have occurred and are available for appropriation. From the amount recouped from state agencies and transferred to the separate fund established pursuant to this paragraph, the State Treasurer shall disburse the following amounts appropriated for the purposes stated: up to$3,125,000 to the State Election Commission for the 2008 General Election, to the extent that sufficient monies are not available in the Capital Reserve Fund for Fiscal Year 2007-2008, with the balance to the Department of Education for school bus fuel and parts. Unexpended funds appropriated pursuant to this paragraph may be carried forward to succeeding fiscal years and expended for the same purposes." /
/ TO AMEND ACT 310 OF 2008, THE GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008-2009, SO AS TO ESTABLISH A SEPARATE FUND IN THE STATE TREASURY TO WHICH MUST BE CREDITED STATE AGENCY HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUM SAVINGS IN AMOUNTS DETERMINED BY THE EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE PROGRAM OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, TO PROVIDE THAT THE MONIES CREDITED TO THIS SEPARATE FUND ARE APPROPRIATED AND MUST BE DISTRIBUTED BY THE STATE TREASURER TO THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION FOR EXPENSES OF THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION UP TO THE AMOUNT SPECIFIED WITH THE BALANCE TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FOR SCHOOL BUS FUEL AND PARTS. /
/s/Sen. John Land /s/Rep. Dan Cooper
/s/Sen. William O'Dell /s/Rep. Chip Limehouse
/s/Sen. John Hayes /s/Rep. Herb Kirsh
On Part of the Senate On Part of the House.
, and a message was sent to the House accordingly.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has appointed Rep. Cooper in lieu of Rep. Littlejohn to the Committee of Conference on the part of the House on:
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has requested and was granted Free Conference Powers and has appointed Reps. Cooper, Limehouse and Kirsh to the Committee of Free Conference on the part of the House on:
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., June 25, 2008
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has adopted the report of the Committee of Free Conference on:
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E. H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
Very respectfully,
Speaker of the House
H. 4355--ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION BY THE SENATE
H. 4355 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E. H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-10-20, 4-10-350, 4-10-580, AND 4-37-30, ALL AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LOCAL OPTION SALES TAX, THE CAPITAL PROJECT SALES TAX, THE PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION SALES TAX, AND THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SALES TAX, SO AS TO EXEMPT FROM THESE TAXES UNPREPARED FOOD ITEMS ELIGIBLE FOR PURCHASE WITH UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD COUPONS AND MAKE THIS EXEMPTION APPLY PROSPECTIVELY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES AND USE TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO ALLOW A COUNTY GOVERNING BOARD BY ORDINANCE TO EXTEND THE STATE SALES TAX EXEMPTION FOR FOOD ITEMS TO A LOCALLY IMPOSED SALES AND USE TAX.
The Report of the Committee of Free Conference having been adopted by both Houses, ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act, and the Act enrolled for ratification.
A message was sent to the House accordingly.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the seal of secrecy was removed, so far as the same relates to appointments made by the Governor and the following names were reported to the Senate in open session:
STATEWIDE APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee, the following appointment was confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, Northeast Drought Response Committee, with the term to commence March 1, 2008, and to expire March 1, 2012
Public Service Districts:
Elbert C. Warren, 2813 Antioch Road, Hartsville, SC 29550
Having received a favorable report from the Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee, the following appointment was confirmed in open session:
Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Housing, Finance and Development Authority, with the term to commence August 15, 2006, and to expire August 15, 2010
At-Large:
T. Scott Smith, 305 Lancaster Street, Southwest, Aiken, SC 29801 VICE Frances Gilbert
LOCAL APPOINTMENTS
Confirmations
Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointments were confirmed in open session:
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
At-Large:
Gerald W. Barron, Jr., 20 Farrell Kirk Lane, Greenville, SC 29615
Initial Appointment, Richland County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011
Tomothy C. Edmond, 217 Pointer Dr., Hopkins, SC 29061 VICE Valarie Stoman-Boyd
Initial Appointment, Savannah River Site Redevelopment Authority, with the term to commence October 21, 2006, and to expire October 21, 2010
Allendale County:
Sara Louise O'Neal, P. O. Box 646, Fairfax, SC 29827 VICE Dan Cannady
Reappointment, Greenville County Board of Voter Registration, with the term to commence March 15, 2008, and to expire March 15, 2010
Lyman Wayne Davis, 608 North Weston Street, Fountain Inn, SC 29644
Initial Appointment, Clarendon County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2006, and to expire April 30, 2010
Thomas L. Harvin, Jr., 37 Woodlake Drive, Manning, SC 29102 VICE Joseph Postel
RATIFICATION OF ACTS
Pursuant to an invitation the Honorable Speaker and House of Representatives appeared in the Senate Chamber on June 25, 2008, at 7:00 P.M. and the following Acts were ratified:
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\429AHB08.DOC
(R430, H. 4355 (Word version)) -- Reps. Harrell, Kirsh, Bales, Lowe, E.H. Pitts, Cotty, Mahaffey, Battle and Crawford: AN ACT TO AMEND ACT 310 OF 2008, THE GENERAL APPROPRIATIONS ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2008-2009, SO AS TO ESTABLISH A SEPARATE FUND IN THE STATE TREASURY TO WHICH MUST BE CREDITED STATE AGENCY HEALTH INSURANCE PREMIUM SAVINGS IN AMOUNTS DETERMINED BY THE EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE PROGRAM OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, TO PROVIDE THAT THE MONIES CREDITED TO THIS SEPARATE FUND ARE APPROPRIATED AND MUST BE DISTRIBUTED BY THE STATE TREASURER TO THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION FOR EXPENSES OF THE 2008 GENERAL ELECTION UP TO THE AMOUNT SPECIFIED WITH THE BALANCE TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FOR SCHOOL BUS FUEL AND PARTS.
L:\COUNCIL\ACTS\4355HTC08.DOC
On motion of Senator LEVENTIS, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Master Sgt. Donnald Spencer Jolly, U. S. Air Force (Ret.), beloved husband and father, who died on June 11, 2008. Mr. Jolly proudly served our nation as a member of the U.S. Air Force, retiring after 24 years in December 1981. He continued to serve and touch lives by teaching the ROTC program at Sumter High School for 20 years. His patriotism and love for the military will live on through the students he taught over the years. Mr. Jolly had a passion for hunting, fishing, gardening and carpentry but was never too busy to lend a helping hand or an encouraging word. He was a delightful man and a dear friend who will be missed deeply by his family and wide circle of friends.
and
On motion of Senator MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. Fredric G. Finley, 95 years old, of Pickens, S.C., who passed away on June 17, 2008. Mr. Finley was a beloved husband and devoted father, grandfather and great-grandfather. He was a distinguished veteran in the Pacific Theater during WWII. He was also an accomplished businessman and civic leader.
and
On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. William "Bill" Miles Reeves, Jr. of Summerville, S.C.
and
On motion of Senator MASSEY, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. H. Sam Crouch, Sr. of Edgefield, S.C., who passed away on Friday, June 20, 2008. He was the founder of Crouch Hardware Company and was instrumental in moving the National Wild Turkey Federation headquarters to Edgefield.
At 7:10 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate adjourned under the provisions of S. 1469, the Sine Die Resolution.
* * *
This web page was last updated on Monday, June 22, 2009 at 1:51 P.M.
| 2016-12-08T08:01:33 |
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|
https://payday.fandom.com/wiki/Frag_Grenade
|
## FANDOM
1,086 Pages
THIS IS A GAGE WEAPON PACK #01 ITEM!
THIS IS A GAGE WEAPON PACK #01 ITEM!
Gameplay
Unlock Level N/A (always available)
Inventory Slot Throwable
Statistics
Damage 1,600
Capacity 3
Other
Internal name frag
v·d·e
Fragmentation Grenades (or Frag Grenades) are the first throwable weapons in PAYDAY 2. They are part of the Gage Weapon Pack #01 DLC.
## OverviewEdit
Frag Grenades can be thrown by pressing "3" and has approximated fuse time of 3 seconds. They can be bounced through doorways and around corners if thrown carefully, and are powerful enough to kill weaker enemies instantly. Stronger opponents (such as Heavy Response Units and Maximum Force Responders) will usually be knocked down and often lose their helmets; this is purely aesthetic and no extra headshot damage is granted. Grenades cause damage to most destructible objects in the game, and can be used to complete the damage objectives of Mallcrasher. However, they will also destroy boards placed over windows and computers in the lab of Big Oil, potentially destroying a valuable clue.
DLC owners spawn with three grenades. DLC owners can purchase a new Grenade Case asset on some heists, allowing any player access to grenades. The Armory in Day 2 of Hoxton Breakout contains several grenades.
## Gage's Pro Tips for GrenadesEdit
• Keep at safe distances! – You will take damage.
• Check your team mates! – They will take damage.
• Don't listen to the explosion! – You will be temporarily deaf. Surprise.
• Pick your targets! – Bomb Suits can take a lot of damage, but the man inside will definitely be stunned.
• Use your surroundings! – You don't need line of sight! Also, enclosed spaces are really good ideas.
• Conserve your ammo! – You can only carry three grenades, so use them wisely.
## MechanicsEdit
The damage dealt by grenades decreases as distance from the explosion increases. At a distance of 0 meters from the explosion, enemies will take 1600 damage. At a distance of just under 5 meters from the explosion, the damage dealt is approximately half of this value. The formula $1600 * (1 - distance / 5.0)^{0.1}$
determines the exact damage dealt by a grenade, where distance is the distance between an enemy and the explosion. If the enemy is a Heavy Swat or a Shield, the damage taken will be multiplied by 0.8 or 0.9, respectively. Bulldozers and Captain Winters are both vulnerable to explosions, and their damage taken will be mutliplied by 1.1 and 6.0, respectively.[1]
## StrategyEdit
Grenades can be detonated prematurely if struck by gunfire, even from your own weapons; care should be taken if throwing them towards a group of SWAT units that are actively firing towards you. Very few things are more humiliating and painful than you and your allies taking a lot of damage because your grenade was hit by a stray bullet. Frag grenades also do damage through walls, so beware of throwing them near teammates or crowds of civilians, even if separated by a wall.
Bulldozers will always be stunned by grenade explosions and stagger backwards if they are within the 10 meter blast radius. Take advantage of this to repel incoming attackers when low on ammo. In addition, the explosion can remove his faceplate or visor, potentially exposing his face to regular damage.
Those with incredibly good aim can purposefully shoot to detonate their own grenades tactically. If capable, one can toss a frag above a group of enemies and blow it up to cause massive damage. Automatic hitscan weapons such as assault rifles, LMGs and SMGs are best suited for this role because of their high rate of fire and/or relatively good accuracy at mid-to-long ranges.
Grenades, along with other throwables except for the Shuriken, are very helpful when activating the Berserker skill. Three direct explosions usually aren't enough though, and you may need to request the help of teammates or buy a grenade case asset. If wearing a suit though, three direct explosions will be more than sufficient to get your health below 25%. Chaining explosions is the most effective method, as a lot more damage will be done once your armor has been depleted.
## AchievementsEdit
Fire in the Hole!Throw 100 grenades.
## QuotesEdit
"GET THE FUCK DOWN!"
"Duck!"
John Wick when tossing a grenade.
"It's time to shake the ground!"
"Duck and cover, campers!"
"Eat this!"
"Bomb!"
"FRAG OUT, FUCKERS!"
"Granata!"
"I got you a present!"
"BOOM!"
"Room service!"
## TriviaEdit
• The grenades are modeled after the US Infantry M67 Fragmentation Grenades, with a paintjob of the Overkill logo on the sides.
• Despite its base, the Frag Grenade actually functions like a concussion grenade as it does not produce shrapnels and has a fairly small lethal range, whereas a real fragmentation grenade has a lethal blast radius of up to 15 metres, while the shrapnels it produce can travel as far as 250 metres.
• Wolf and Houston both refer to grenades as "bombs" at certain times instead of grenades (this is not necessarily wrong as grenades are a handheld type of bomb, despite not normally referred to as such), usually while throwing them, with Wolf always calling them "bomb". Dallas usually identifies them as grenades, and both Hoxton and Chains will rarely ever refer to them as such, instead making witty quotes whenever they throw one.
• If one were to try to throw too many grenades at one time, the message "SYSTEM: [Playernamehere] tried to throw too many grenades" will appear and a tag above the player's head will say "CHEATER."
• Chains' line, "Surprise, Motherfucker!" is a reference to an internet meme, where James surprises Dexter in the TV Show "Dexter", with James saying the same line.
• The ability to shoot in-game Frag Grenades to dentonate them prematurely is practically implausible in reality, as most modern grenades contain a filling of mechanical shock-resistant explosive filling as per military requirements for explosives used in a combat environment. The "spark" or mechanical shock from an impacting projectile will most likely not be sufficient to initiate the explosive. While it is not at all impossible to shoot out a live grenade, in doing so would require a very high-caliber firearm, pinpoint-accuracy skills and inhumanly fast reflexes which is not very common in a combat situation.
• Hand grenades, however, also contain a detonator which is usually several inches long and about the diameter of a pencil. This detonator usually contains a more sensitive primary high explosive that can be initiated by a flame from the delay fuse. In theory, if a projectile was able to penetrate the steel casing of the grenade, pass through the explosive filler and then strike the detonator, the grenade could detonate. The chances of this occurring, however, would be unlikely given all of the circumstances that would have to be met.
## ReferencesEdit
1. Frankelstner's "The Long Guide"
Gameplay • Heists • Skills & Perk Decks • Weapons & Equipment • DLC
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2019-10-18T01:48:32 |
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https://www.anl.gov/awards-and-recognition-0?content-type=All&sort_by=created&sort_order=DESC&page=8
|
# Awards and Recognition
## Filter Results
• ### Argonne scientists receive Department of Energy funding for microelectronics research
Argonne scientists Supratik Guha and Valerie Taylor will lead DOE-funded research projects in microelectronics for more efficient computing.
• ### Tapping into magnets to clamp down on noise in quantum information
A Department of Energy-funded project between Argonne and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign explores coupling magnetism and microwaves for quantum discoveries.
• ### August 2021 PSE Employees of the Month
Jamie Hayley and Sang Soo Lee are recognized as PSE Employees of the Month
• ### Shin Wins Young Author Award at model predictive control conference
Sungho Shin, a postdoctoral appointee in the Mathematics and Computer Science (MCS) Division at Argonne National Laboratory, has won a Young Author Award at the International Federation of Automatic Control – Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Conference.
• ### Three Argonne projects receive DOE funding for breakthroughs in quantum information science
Tomorrow’s quantum sensors, computers and networks will share, process and secure exponentially more information — starting with the scientific data that will make this wave of the future possible.
• ### DOE awards $1.2M to Argonne and Northwestern to maximize scientific data sent over 5G network 5G supports computing from edge devices, such as cameras and weather sensors, to the radio towers between the edge and the cloud. This new funding will help researchers extract data from every point along this digital continuum. • ### July 2021 PSE Employees of the Month Whitney Armstrong, Robin Harris, Sylvester Joosten, Russell Knaack and John Rohrer are recognized as PSE Employees of the Month • ### Argonne’s Macal named Fellow of the Society for Computer Simulation International Charles M. Chick” Macal, a modeling and simulation expert at Argonne, garnered the distinguished title of Fellow of the Society for Computer Simulation International for his 20 years in the field and his recent studies on COVID-19 spread. • ### Department of Energy awards$4.15 million to Argonne to support collaborations with industry
Argonne will partner with companies from across the U.S. on eight efforts.
• ### Postdoctoral appointee wins Young Author Award
Sungho Shin, a postdoctoral appointee in the Mathematics and Computer Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory, has won the Young Author Award at the 11th International Symposium on Advanced Control of System Process (ADCHEM 2021).
| 2022-07-03T21:20:48 |
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|
https://runescape.fandom.com/wiki/Keris
|
FANDOM
44,071 Pages
The keris is a dagger obtained after defeating the Giant scarab at the end of the Contact! quest. Players will need 50 Attack to wield this item. Its stats are the same as a rune dagger, but with an additional +2 Prayer bonus. If lost, another can be bought from Osman for 20,000 coins, or Emir Ali after the quest Our Man in the North has been completed. It is required to complete the Hard Desert Task "Ludikeris".
It was created by worshippers of Elidinis, in order to smite the followers of Scabaras. It has a passive effect that works against scarab creatures (scarab mages, scarab akhs and locust riders) and kalphites (see Kalphite Hive): it boosts your hit chance by 15% (25% with Desert amulet 3)[1] and deals 33.3% more damage against these creatures with abilities and auto-attacks, effectively placing it between Dragon and Barrows equipment while only requiring level 50 attack. It also has a small chance of around 2.5% to deal triple damage instead of +33%, which is increased to around 5% while wearing a Desert amulet 3 or higher. These boosts are applied after most other damage calculations, so the Keris can be combined with a high level off-hand and power armour to greatly improve its damage output.
A (full) slayer helmet's effect stacks with the Keris. The special effect is rare (even with completion of the Hard Desert Tasks), but strong in the long run. In addition, no Kalphite, other than the Kalphite King, are weak to stab (or any form of melee for that matter), primarily limiting the Keris's usefulness to the Kalphite King and slayer tasks. The only non-boss monsters with a melee weakness that the dagger's effects work against are ranged-using scabarites, but those are weak to crush, and very weak in general.
Therefore, as long as weakness is not an issue or in favor of the stabbing Keris, its damage and accuracy boosts coupled with powerful gear (including overloads, Turmoil, power armour) and an off-hand will, overall, place the Keris on par with or better than the equivalent main hand. This can be seen to be roughly true by using Drygore maces - level 90 dual-wield melee weaponry that also has a speed of Fastest.
$Drygore, Drygore = 864 + 432 + 371 = 1667$
$Hard Keris, Drygore = (480 + 432 + 371 ) * ((\frac{4}{3} * 0.95) + (3 * 0.05)) = 1817$
For clarity:
• 864, 432, 480 are the damage values of a Drygore mace, an off-hand drygore mace, and the Keris respectively.
• 371 is the damage bonus gained by having level 99 Strength
• 4/3 * 0.95 represents the 33% damage boost that occurs 95% of the time.
• 3 * 0.05 represents that the damage is tripled 5% of the time.
• This shows that the Keris's weapon set is stronger than the dual-Drygore weapon set after applying ability damage bonuses (as those bonuses are also boosted by 33% while the Keris's effects are active), not accounting for accuracy or abilities that would be affected by a damage cap.
Requirements Class Slot Tier Weapons 50 Melee 50 480 - 850 - Stab 1 Fastest (2.4s) 0 PvM: 0% PvP: 0% 0 2 0 0 0 [FAQ] • [doc]
[FAQ] • [doc]
Trivia
• The keris is based on the south-east Asian weapon called a kris (and sometimes kêrìs).
• Keris displays the aura effect of a sword, extending further than the dagger itself.
References
1. ^ Mod Daze. "Metamorph buff." 21 Oct 2014. Recent Game Updates Forums.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2019-06-19T06:51:04 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S060A02&home=BXXX045
|
# a$_{CP}$( ${{\boldsymbol \Xi}_{{b}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\boldsymbol p}}{{\boldsymbol K}^{-}}{{\boldsymbol K}^{-}}{{\boldsymbol \pi}^{+}}$ ) INSPIRE search
Observable calculated as half of the difference between triple products for ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{b}}^{0}}$ and ${{\overline{\mathit \Xi}}_{{b}}^{0}}$, which is sensitive to $\mathit CP$ violation.
VALUE (%) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$-3.58$ $\pm5.19$ $\pm0.36$ 1
2018 AG
LHCB ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ at 7, 8 TeV
1 Measured over full phase space of the decay.
Conservation Laws:
$\mathit CP$ INVARIANCE
References:
AAIJ 2018AG
JHEP 1808 039 Search for CP violation using triple product asymmetries in $\Lambda^{0}_{b}\to pK^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$, $\Lambda^{0}_{b}\to pK^{-}K^{+}K^{-}$ and $\Xi^{0}_{b}\to pK^{-}K^{-}\pi^{+}$ decays
| 2020-04-05T18:54:01 |
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|
http://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/pair_meam.html
|
# pair_style meam command
## Syntax
pair_style meam
## Examples
pair_style meam
pair_coeff * * ../potentials/library.meam Si ../potentials/si.meam Si
pair_coeff * * ../potentials/library.meam Ni Al NULL Ni Al Ni Ni
## Description
Note
The behavior of the MEAM potential for alloy systems has changed as of November 2010; see description below of the mixture_ref_t parameter
Style meam computes pairwise interactions for a variety of materials using modified embedded-atom method (MEAM) potentials (Baskes). Conceptually, it is an extension to the original EAM potentials which adds angular forces. It is thus suitable for modeling metals and alloys with fcc, bcc, hcp and diamond cubic structures, as well as covalently bonded materials like silicon and carbon.
In the MEAM formulation, the total energy E of a system of atoms is given by:
where F is the embedding energy which is a function of the atomic electron density rho, and phi is a pair potential interaction. The pair interaction is summed over all neighbors J of atom I within the cutoff distance. As with EAM, the multi-body nature of the MEAM potential is a result of the embedding energy term. Details of the computation of the embedding and pair energies, as implemented in LAMMPS, are given in (Gullet) and references therein.
The various parameters in the MEAM formulas are listed in two files which are specified by the pair_coeff command. These are ASCII text files in a format consistent with other MD codes that implement MEAM potentials, such as the serial DYNAMO code and Warp. Several MEAM potential files with parameters for different materials are included in the “potentials” directory of the LAMMPS distribution with a ”.meam” suffix. All of these are parameterized in terms of LAMMPS metal units.
Note that unlike for other potentials, cutoffs for MEAM potentials are not set in the pair_style or pair_coeff command; they are specified in the MEAM potential files themselves.
Only a single pair_coeff command is used with the meam style which specifies two MEAM files and the element(s) to extract information for. The MEAM elements are mapped to LAMMPS atom types by specifying N additional arguments after the 2nd filename in the pair_coeff command, where N is the number of LAMMPS atom types:
• MEAM library file
• Elem1, Elem2, ...
• MEAM parameter file
• N element names = mapping of MEAM elements to atom types
See the pair_coeff doc page for alternate ways to specify the path for the potential files.
As an example, the potentials/library.meam file has generic MEAM settings for a variety of elements. The potentials/sic.meam file has specific parameter settings for a Si and C alloy system. If your LAMMPS simulation has 4 atoms types and you want the 1st 3 to be Si, and the 4th to be C, you would use the following pair_coeff command:
pair_coeff * * library.meam Si C sic.meam Si Si Si C
The 1st 2 arguments must be * * so as to span all LAMMPS atom types. The two filenames are for the library and parameter file respectively. The Si and C arguments (between the file names) are the two elements for which info will be extracted from the library file. The first three trailing Si arguments map LAMMPS atom types 1,2,3 to the MEAM Si element. The final C argument maps LAMMPS atom type 4 to the MEAM C element.
If the 2nd filename is specified as NULL, no parameter file is read, which simply means the generic parameters in the library file are used. Use of the NULL specification for the parameter file is discouraged for systems with more than a single element type (e.g. alloys), since the parameter file is expected to set element interaction terms that are not captured by the information in the library file.
If a mapping value is specified as NULL, the mapping is not performed. This can be used when a meam potential is used as part of the hybrid pair style. The NULL values are placeholders for atom types that will be used with other potentials.
The MEAM library file provided with LAMMPS has the name potentials/library.meam. It is the “meamf” file used by other MD codes. Aside from blank and comment lines (start with #) which can appear anywhere, it is formatted as a series of entries, each of which has 19 parameters and can span multiple lines:
elt, lat, z, ielement, atwt, alpha, b0, b1, b2, b3, alat, esub, asub, t0, t1, t2, t3, rozero, ibar
The “elt” and “lat” parameters are text strings, such as elt = Si or Cu and lat = dia or fcc. Because the library file is used by Fortran MD codes, these strings may be enclosed in single quotes, but this is not required. The other numeric parameters match values in the formulas above. The value of the “elt” string is what is used in the pair_coeff command to identify which settings from the library file you wish to read in. There can be multiple entries in the library file with the same “elt” value; LAMMPS reads the 1st matching entry it finds and ignores the rest.
Other parameters in the MEAM library file correspond to single-element potential parameters:
lat = lattice structure of reference configuration
z = number of nearest neighbors in the reference structure
ielement = atomic number
atwt = atomic weight
alat = lattice constant of reference structure
esub = energy per atom (eV) in the reference structure at equilibrium
asub = "A" parameter for MEAM (see e.g. (Baskes))
The alpha, b0, b1, b2, b3, t0, t1, t2, t3 parameters correspond to the standard MEAM parameters in the literature (Baskes) (the b parameters are the standard beta parameters). The rozero parameter is an element-dependent density scaling that weights the reference background density (see e.g. equation 4.5 in (Gullet)) and is typically 1.0 for single-element systems. The ibar parameter selects the form of the function G(Gamma) used to compute the electron density; options are
0 => G = sqrt(1+Gamma)
1 => G = exp(Gamma/2)
2 => not implemented
3 => G = 2/(1+exp(-Gamma))
4 => G = sqrt(1+Gamma)
-5 => G = +-sqrt(abs(1+Gamma))
If used, the MEAM parameter file contains settings that override or complement the library file settings. Examples of such parameter files are in the potentials directory with a ”.meam” suffix. Their format is the same as is read by other Fortran MD codes. Aside from blank and comment lines (start with #) which can appear anywhere, each line has one of the following forms. Each line can also have a trailing comment (starting with #) which is ignored.
keyword = value
keyword(I) = value
keyword(I,J) = value
keyword(I,J,K) = value
The recognized keywords are as follows:
Ec, alpha, rho0, delta, lattce, attrac, repuls, nn2, Cmin, Cmax, rc, delr, augt1, gsmooth_factor, re
where
rc = cutoff radius for cutoff function; default = 4.0
delr = length of smoothing distance for cutoff function; default = 0.1
rho0(I) = relative density for element I (overwrites value
Ec(I,J) = cohesive energy of reference structure for I-J mixture
delta(I,J) = heat of formation for I-J alloy; if Ec_IJ is input as
zero, then LAMMPS sets Ec_IJ = (Ec_II + Ec_JJ)/2 - delta_IJ
alpha(I,J) = alpha parameter for pair potential between I and J (can
be computed from bulk modulus of reference structure
re(I,J) = equilibrium distance between I and J in the reference
structure
Cmax(I,J,K) = Cmax screening parameter when I-J pair is screened
by K (I<=J); default = 2.8
Cmin(I,J,K) = Cmin screening parameter when I-J pair is screened
by K (I<=J); default = 2.0
lattce(I,J) = lattice structure of I-J reference structure:
dia = diamond (interlaced fcc for alloy)
fcc = face centered cubic
bcc = body centered cubic
dim = dimer
b1 = rock salt (NaCl structure)
hcp = hexagonal close-packed
c11 = MoSi2 structure
l12 = Cu3Au structure (lower case L, followed by 12)
b2 = CsCl structure (interpenetrating simple cubic)
nn2(I,J) = turn on second-nearest neighbor MEAM formulation for
I-J pair (see for example (Lee)).
0 = second-nearest neighbor formulation off
1 = second-nearest neighbor formulation on
default = 0
attrac(I,J) = additional cubic attraction term in Rose energy I-J pair potential
default = 0
repuls(I,J) = additional cubic repulsive term in Rose energy I-J pair potential
default = 0
zbl(I,J) = blend the MEAM I-J pair potential with the ZBL potential for small
atom separations (ZBL)
default = 1
gsmooth_factor = factor determining the length of the G-function smoothing
region; only significant for ibar=0 or ibar=4.
99.0 = short smoothing region, sharp step
0.5 = long smoothing region, smooth step
default = 99.0
augt1 = integer flag for whether to augment t1 parameter by
3/5*t3 to account for old vs. new meam formulations;
0 = don't augment t1
1 = augment t1
default = 1
ialloy = integer flag to use alternative averaging rule for t parameters,
for comparison with the DYNAMO MEAM code
0 = standard averaging (matches ialloy=0 in DYNAMO)
1 = alternative averaging (matches ialloy=1 in DYNAMO)
2 = no averaging of t (use single-element values)
default = 0
mixture_ref_t = integer flag to use mixture average of t to compute the background
reference density for alloys, instead of the single-element values
(see description and warning elsewhere in this doc page)
0 = do not use mixture averaging for t in the reference density
1 = use mixture averaging for t in the reference density
default = 0
erose_form = integer value to select the form of the Rose energy function
(see description below).
default = 0
emb_lin_neg = integer value to select embedding function for negative densities
0 = F(rho)=0
1 = F(rho) = -asub*esub*rho (linear in rho, matches DYNAMO)
default = 0
bkgd_dyn = integer value to select background density formula
0 = rho_bkgd = rho_ref_meam(a) (as in the reference structure)
1 = rho_bkgd = rho0_meam(a)*Z_meam(a) (matches DYNAMO)
default = 0
Rc, delr, re are in distance units (Angstroms in the case of metal units). Ec and delta are in energy units (eV in the case of metal units).
Each keyword represents a quantity which is either a scalar, vector, 2d array, or 3d array and must be specified with the correct corresponding array syntax. The indices I,J,K each run from 1 to N where N is the number of MEAM elements being used.
Thus these lines
rho0(2) = 2.25
alpha(1,2) = 4.37
set rho0 for the 2nd element to the value 2.25 and set alpha for the alloy interaction between elements 1 and 2 to 4.37.
The augt1 parameter is related to modifications in the MEAM formulation of the partial electron density function. In recent literature, an extra term is included in the expression for the third-order density in order to make the densities orthogonal (see for example (Wang), equation 3d); this term is included in the MEAM implementation in lammps. However, in earlier published work this term was not included when deriving parameters, including most of those provided in the library.meam file included with lammps, and to account for this difference the parameter t1 must be augmented by 3/5*t3. If augt1=1, the default, this augmentation is done automatically. When parameter values are fit using the modified density function, as in more recent literature, augt1 should be set to 0.
The mixture_ref_t parameter is available to match results with those of previous versions of lammps (before January 2011). Newer versions of lammps, by default, use the single-element values of the t parameters to compute the background reference density. This is the proper way to compute these parameters. Earlier versions of lammps used an alloy mixture averaged value of t to compute the background reference density. Setting mixture_ref_t=1 gives the old behavior. WARNING: using mixture_ref_t=1 will give results that are demonstrably incorrect for second-neighbor MEAM, and non-standard for first-neighbor MEAM; this option is included only for matching with previous versions of lammps and should be avoided if possible.
The parameters attrac and repuls, along with the integer selection parameter erose_form, can be used to modify the Rose energy function used to compute the pair potential. This function gives the energy of the reference state as a function of interatomic spacing. The form of this function is:
astar = alpha * (r/re - 1.d0)
if erose_form = 0: erose = -Ec*(1+astar+a3*(astar**3)/(r/re))*exp(-astar)
if erose_form = 1: erose = -Ec*(1+astar+(-attrac+repuls/r)*(astar**3))*exp(-astar)
if erose_form = 2: erose = -Ec*(1 +astar + a3*(astar**3))*exp(-astar)
a3 = repuls, astar < 0
a3 = attrac, astar >= 0
Most published MEAM parameter sets use the default values attrac=repulse=0. Setting repuls=attrac=delta corresponds to the form used in several recent published MEAM parameter sets, such as (Valone)
Note
The default form of the erose expression in LAMMPS was corrected in March 2009. The current version is correct, but may show different behavior compared with earlier versions of lammps with the attrac and/or repuls parameters are non-zero. To obtain the previous default form, use erose_form = 1 (this form does not seem to appear in the literature). An alternative form (see e.g. (Lee2)) is available using erose_form = 2.
Mixing, shift, table, tail correction, restart, rRESPA info:
For atom type pairs I,J and I != J, where types I and J correspond to two different element types, mixing is performed by LAMMPS with user-specifiable parameters as described above. You never need to specify a pair_coeff command with I != J arguments for this style.
This pair style does not support the pair_modify shift, table, and tail options.
This pair style does not write its information to binary restart files, since it is stored in potential files. Thus, you need to re-specify the pair_style and pair_coeff commands in an input script that reads a restart file.
This pair style can only be used via the pair keyword of the run_style respa command. It does not support the inner, middle, outer keywords.
## Restrictions
This style is part of the MEAM package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package, which also requires the MEAM library be built and linked with LAMMPS. See the Making LAMMPS section for more info.
| 2017-04-26T13:58:07 |
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|
https://www.pnnl.gov/people/steven-ashby-phd
|
Laboratory Director
Laboratory Director
Biography
Dr. Steven Ashby is Director of the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, where he sets PNNL’s strategic direction and oversees its ~$1.3 billion R&D budget. Under his leadership, PNNL’s 5,300 talented staff members draw on signature capabilities in chemistry, Earth sciences, biology, and data science to advance scientific discovery and deliver innovations that advance sustainable energy and enhance national security. Dr. Ashby previously served as PNNL's Deputy Director for Science and Technology and was responsible for integrating PNNL's science and technology capabilities to meet national needs. Toward that goal, he led institutional strategic planning activities, stewarded an$80M discretionary research portfolio, and promoted Laboratory-wide efforts to elevate PNNL's standing in the broader scientific community. He also oversaw the Laboratory's technology commercialization, government relations, and research integrity functions. He served as a member of DOE's Laboratory Operations Board and was past chair of the DOE National Laboratory Chief Research Officers Working Group, which advises the National Laboratory Director's Council on scientific and programmatic issues.
Before joining PNNL in 2008, Dr. Ashby spent nearly 21 years at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), ultimately serving as Deputy Principal Associate Director for Science and Technology. He previously oversaw the activities of the 500-person Computing Applications and Research Department. Dr. Ashby was the founding director of LLNL's Center for Applied Scientific Computing, which was established in 1996 and has since matured into one of the world's premier scientific computing research organizations.
Dr. Ashby is widely recognized as a leader in computational science and has worked to advance it as a discipline throughout his career. His research focused on computational mathematics and scalable numerical algorithms; he is considered an expert in polynomial iterative methods and adaptive preconditioning techniques for large sparse linear systems. He has published numerous papers, and he has worked in a variety of areas, including large-scale scientific simulation (with application to electromagnetics and subsurface flow and transport), numerical linear algebra, massively parallel computing, and applied computer and data sciences. He remains active in the computational science community, including participation in the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Dr. Ashby is a Fellow of Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and the American Association for the Advancement of Science; member of the Washington State Academy of Sciences; Commissioner for the Council on Competitiveness; and serves on advisory committees for local and state organizations, including the Washington Roundtable.
He holds a B.S. in Mathematics/Computer Science from the University of Santa Clara. He earned his M.S. and Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
| 2023-02-01T18:47:28 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-traditional-hawaiian-knowledge-expands-our-understanding-hawai-i-volcanoes
|
# Volcano Watch — Traditional Hawaiian knowledge expands our understanding of Hawai‘i Volcanoes
Release Date:
Hawaiians have occupied the lower portion of the Hawaiian archipelago for at least 800 years. They experienced many more earthquakes and eruptions in that time than western immigrants did over the past 250 years. However, our knowledge is only robust over the past 200 years.
Without a written language, ancient Hawaiian knowledge was passed down orally. During the 19th century, the Hawaiian kingdom became one of the most literate societies in the world, and many of the sagas were written in the many Hawaiian language newspapers and collected and translated more recently.
Modern interest in the traditional Hawaiian knowledge of earthquakes and volcanic activity has spurred research into these 19th century sources. For volcano information, the most valuable of these resources is the epic poem of Pelehonuamea and her sister, Hi‘iakaikapoliopele. This is the story of how the volcano deity and her family came to Hawai‘i, as well as metaphoric descriptions of their travels and adventures within the islands.
While looking for a suitable home in Hawai‘i, Pelehonuamea travels southeast along the island chain testing the ground. Many of these locales, such as Pu‘uowaina (Punchbowl) and Lae‘ahi (Diamond Head) are sites of rejuvenated volcanism. Pelehonuamea rejected these because water was found at too shallow a depth. Halema‘uma‘uu was her ultimate choice of residence.
Dr. Pualani Kanahele, in her recent book Ka Honua Ola: ‘Eli‘eli Kau Mai, includes translation and interpretation of several chants from the same epic poem, focusing on their cultural importance. However, the last chapter deals with “Hulihia” chants which “illustrate a sizable or major eruption changing the land so drastically that it is unrecognizable from day to day.” The vivid descriptions of exploding and flying rocks, lightning and thunder, and shrouding by volcanic smoke in these chants evoke explosive eruptions. These have been a renewed focus for HVO geologists over the past several years and clearly relate to explosive activity in the 16th–18th centuries.
There are additional sources of traditional Hawaiian knowledge about volcanoes and earthquakes. Hawaiians wrote letters and articles on many topics for Hawaiian language newspapers. One of the first eruptions to be described in writing in the Hawaiian language was the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1859. Residents discussed the effects on nearby farms and roads and the behavior of the lava flow. Once lava reached the ocean, the sound was described as unbearable, literally “cracking the ears of all who listen.”
An additional source of information on what Hawaiians knew comes from interviews in the journals of early travelers. For example, William Ellis in 1823, travelling through the Kīlauea caldera area with residents of nearby districts, recorded their answers to questions about the origin of that volcano. Their responses summarized in a few sentences what geologists have pieced together over the past century or more about Kīlauea’s history – that eruptions are accompanied by earthquakes and are occasionally explosive, that magma connections existed underground by which lava could flow to the sea, and that Kīlauea summit used to be taller but collapsed. HVO geologist Don Swanson recently worked out the timing of explosive activity in Kīlauea caldera starting with its collapse about 500 years ago.
Hawaiians even had a good sense about how the volcano worked and when eruptions were likely. In 1826, they told missionary Artemis Bishop that lava in the summit area would have to rise a little higher before it would discharge itself and flow into the sea. Modern-day volcanologists know this to be the essence of forecasting Hawaiian eruptions. The 2011 Kamoamoa eruption just west of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō in the Kīlauea east rift zone was a good example where the summit inflated prior to the outbreak.
Online resources make these researches easier. An increasing number of searchable Hawaiian and English language newspapers are being posted online. More old books are being scanned, including rare accounts of early travelers in and around the Pacific Ocean. Our understanding of traditional Hawaiian knowledge will increase. But western scientists will likely continue to play catch-up while adding quantitative details to the general picture provided by Hawaiian knowledge.
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### Volcano Activity Update
A lava lake within the Halema‘uma‘u Overlook vent produced nighttime glow that was visible from the Jaggar Museum overlook and via HVO's Webcam during the past week. The lava lake level fluctuated slightly over the past week, in concert with deflation and inflation of the summit.
On Kīlauea's East Rift Zone, breakouts from the Peace Day tube remain active on the coastal plain. Small ocean entries are active on both sides of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park boundary. The Kahauale‘a 2 flow, fed from a spatter cone on the northeast edge of the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō crater, continues to advance slowly along the edge of the forest north of Puu Oo, burning vegetation. The front of the Kahauale‘a 2 flow this past week was at least 2.6 km (1.6 miles) north of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō.
There was one earthquake reported felt in the past week across the Hawaiian Islands. On Friday, June 28, at 9:22 p.m. HST, a magnitude-3.4 earthquake occurred 14 km (9 mi) west of Kalapana at a depth of 7 km (5 mi).
| 2020-09-24T03:17:34 |
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http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action?node=S074
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CHARMED, STRANGE MESONS($\boldsymbol C$ = $\boldsymbol S$ = $\pm1$) ${{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{+}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit c}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit s}}}$, ${{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{-}}$ = ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit c}}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$, similarly for ${{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{*}}$'s INSPIRE search
${{\boldsymbol D}_{{s}}^{*\pm}}$ $I(J^P)$ = $0(?^{?})$
$\mathit J{}^{P}$ is natural, width and decay modes consistent with 1${}^{-}$.
${{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{*\pm}}$ MASS $2112.2 \pm0.4$ MeV
${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{*\pm}}}–{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{\pm}}}$ $143.8 \pm0.4$ MeV
${{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{*\pm}}$ WIDTH $<1.9$ MeV CL=90.0%
${{\mathit D}_{{s}}^{*-}}$ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below.
constrained fit information
| 2020-01-24T01:55:19 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10164523-cii-nii-ratio-lt-lt-sub-millimetre-galaxies-from-south-pole-telescope-survey
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The [C ii]/[N ii] ratio in 3 < z < 6 sub-millimetre galaxies from the South Pole Telescope survey
ABSTRACT We present Atacama Compact Array and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment observations of the [N ii] 205 μm fine-structure line in 40 sub-millimetre galaxies lying at redshifts z = 3–6, drawn from the 2500 deg2 South Pole Telescope survey. This represents the largest uniformly selected sample of high-redshift [N ii] 205 μm measurements to date. 29 sources also have [C ii] 158 μm line observations allowing a characterization of the distribution of the [C ii] to [N ii] luminosity ratio for the first time at high redshift. The sample exhibits a median L$_{{\rm{[C\,{\small II}]}}}$/L$_{{\rm{[N\,{\small II}]}}}$ ≈ 11.0 and interquartile range of 5.0 –24.7. These ratios are similar to those observed in local (Ultra)luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), possibly indicating similarities in their interstellar medium. At the extremes, we find individual sub-millimetre galaxies with L$_{{\rm{[C\,{\small II}]}}}$/L$_{{\rm{[N\,{\small II}]}}}$ low enough to suggest a smaller contribution from neutral gas than ionized gas to the [C ii] flux and high enough to suggest strongly photon or X-ray region dominated flux. These results highlight a large range in this line luminosity ratio for sub-millimetre galaxies, which may be caused by variations in gas density, the relative abundances of carbon and nitrogen, ionization parameter, metallicity, and a variation in the fractional abundance of ionized and neutral interstellar more »
Authors:
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Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10164523
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
494
Issue:
3
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
4090 to 4097
ISSN:
0035-8711
1. ABSTRACT We present Herschel–PACS spectroscopy of four main-sequence star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1.5. We detect [OI]63 μm line emission in BzK-21000 at z = 1.5213, and measure a line luminosity, $L_{\rm [O\, {\small I}]63\, \mu m} = (3.9\pm 0.7)\times 10^9$ L⊙. Our PDR modelling of the interstellar medium in BzK-21000 suggests a UV radiation field strength, G ∼ 320G0, and gas density, n ∼ 1800 cm−3, consistent with previous LVG modelling of the molecular CO line excitation. The other three targets in our sample are individually undetected in these data, and we perform a spectral stacking analysis which yields a detection of their average emission and an [O i]63 μm line luminosity, $L_{\rm [O\, {\small I}]63\, \mu m} = (1.1\pm 0.2)\times 10^9$ L⊙. We find that the implied luminosity ratio, $L_{\rm [O\, {\small I}]63\, \mu m}/L_{\rm IR}$, of the undetected BzK-selected star-forming galaxies broadly agrees with that of low-redshift star-forming galaxies, while BzK-21000 has a similar ratio to that of a dusty star-forming galaxy at z ∼ 6. The high [O i]63 μm line luminosities observed in BzK-21000 and the z ∼ 1−3 dusty and sub-mm luminous star-forming galaxies may be associated with extended reservoirs of low density, cool neutral gas.
2. ABSTRACT We report the detection of the far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure line of singly ionized nitrogen, [N ii] 205 $\mu$m , within the peak epoch of galaxy assembly, from a strongly lensed galaxy, hereafter ‘The Red Radio Ring’; the RRR, at z = 2.55. We combine new observations of the ground-state and mid-J transitions of CO (Jup = 1, 5, 8), and the FIR spectral energy distribution (SED), to explore the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) properties of the RRR. All line profiles suggest that the H ii regions, traced by [N ii] 205 $\mu$m , and the (diffuse and dense) molecular gas, traced by CO, are cospatial when averaged over kpc-sized regions. Using its mid-IR-to-millimetre (mm) SED, we derive a non-negligible dust attenuation of the [N ii] 205 $\mu$m line emission. Assuming a uniform dust screen approximation results a mean molecular gas column density >1024 cm−2, with a molecular gas-to-dust mass ratio of 100. It is clear that dust attenuation corrections should be accounted for when studying FIR fine-structure lines in such systems. The attenuation corrected ratio of $L_{\rm N\,{\small II}205} / L_{\rm IR(8\!-\!1000\, \mu m)} = 2.7 \times 10^{-4}$ is consistent with the dispersion of local and z > 4 SFGs. We find that the lower limit, [N ii] 205 $\mu$m -based star formation rate (SFR) is less thanmore »
4. Abstract Dust temperature is an important property of the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies. It is required when converting (sub)millimetre broad-band flux to total infrared luminosity (LIR), and hence star formation rate, in high-redshift galaxies. However, different definitions of dust temperatures have been used in the literature, leading to different physical interpretations of how ISM conditions change with, e.g. redshift and star formation rate. In this paper, we analyse the dust temperatures of massive ($M_{\rm star} \gt 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) $z$ = 2–6 galaxies with the help of high-resolution cosmological simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments (fire) project. At $z$ ∼ 2, our simulations successfully predict dust temperatures in good agreement with observations. We find that dust temperatures based on the peak emission wavelength increase with redshift, in line with the higher star formation activity at higher redshift, and are strongly correlated with the specific star formation rate. In contrast, the mass-weighted dust temperature, which is required to accurately estimate the total dust mass, does not strongly evolve with redshift over $z$ = 2–6 at fixed IR luminosity but is tightly correlated with LIR at fixed $z$. We also analyse an ‘equivalent’ dust temperature for converting (sub)millimetre flux densitymore »
| 2022-10-02T20:31:42 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10326411-absence-bubbling-phenomena-non-convex-anisotropic-nearly-umbilical-quasi-einstein-hypersurfaces
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Absence of bubbling phenomena for non-convex anisotropic nearly umbilical and quasi-Einstein hypersurfaces
Abstract We prove that, for every closed (not necessarily convex) hypersurface Σ in ℝ n + 1 {\mathbb{R}^{n+1}} and every p > n {p>n} , the L p {L^{p}} -norm of the trace-free part of the anisotropic second fundamental form controls from above the W 2 , p {W^{2,p}} -closeness of Σ to the Wulff shape. In the isotropic setting, we provide a simpler proof. This result is sharp since in the subcritical regime p ≤ n {p\leq n} , the lack of convexity assumptions may lead in general to bubbling phenomena.Moreover, we obtain a stability theorem for quasi-Einstein (not necessarily convex) hypersurfaces and we improve the quantitative estimates in the convex setting.
Authors:
;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10326411
Journal Name:
Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal)
Volume:
2021
Issue:
780
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
1 to 40
ISSN:
0075-4102
4. Abstract Recently, Dvořák, Norin, and Postle introduced flexibility as an extension of list coloring on graphs (J Graph Theory 92(3):191–206, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgt.22447 ). In this new setting, each vertex v in some subset of V ( G ) has a request for a certain color r ( v ) in its list of colors L ( v ). The goal is to find an L coloring satisfying many, but not necessarily all, of the requests. The main studied question is whether there exists a universal constant $$\varepsilon >0$$ ε > 0 such that any graph G in some graph class $$\mathscr {C}$$ C satisfies at least $$\varepsilon$$ ε proportion of the requests. More formally, for $$k > 0$$ k > 0 the goal is to prove that for any graph $$G \in \mathscr {C}$$ G ∈ C on vertex set V , with any list assignment L of size k for each vertex, and for every $$R \subseteq V$$ R ⊆ V and a request vector $$(r(v): v\in R, ~r(v) \in L(v))$$ ( r ( v ) : v ∈ R , r ( v ) ∈ L ( v ) ) , there exists an L -coloring of Gmore »
The free multiplicative Brownian motion$$b_{t}$$${b}_{t}$is the large-Nlimit of the Brownian motion on$$\mathsf {GL}(N;\mathbb {C}),$$$\mathrm{GL}\left(N;C\right),$in the sense of$$*$$$\ast$-distributions. The natural candidate for the large-Nlimit of the empirical distribution of eigenvalues is thus the Brown measure of$$b_{t}$$${b}_{t}$. In previous work, the second and third authors showed that this Brown measure is supported in the closure of a region$$\Sigma _{t}$$${\Sigma }_{t}$that appeared in the work of Biane. In the present paper, we compute the Brown measure completely. It has a continuous density$$W_{t}$$${W}_{t}$on$$\overline{\Sigma }_{t},$$${\overline{\Sigma }}_{t},$which is strictly positive and real analytic on$$\Sigma _{t}$$${\Sigma }_{t}$. This density has a simple form in polar coordinates:\begin{aligned} W_{t}(r,\theta )=\frac{1}{r^{2}}w_{t}(\theta ), \end{aligned}$\begin{array}{c}{W}_{t}\left(r,\theta \right)=\frac{1}{{r}^{2}}{w}_{t}\left(\theta \right),\end{array}$where$$w_{t}$$${w}_{t}$is an analytic function determined by the geometry of the region$$\Sigma _{t}$$${\Sigma }_{t}$. We show also that the spectral measure of free unitary Brownian motion$$u_{t}$$${u}_{t}$is a “shadow” of the Brown measure of$$b_{t}$$${b}_{t}$, precisely mirroring the relationship between the circular and semicircular laws. We develop several new methods, based on stochastic differential equations and PDE, to prove these results.
| 2023-02-07T10:57:11 |
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https://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article/58/1/273/167821/Choosing-Plan-B-Over-Plan-A-Risk-Compensation
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## Abstract
Can women's contraceptive method choice be better understood through risk compensation theory? This theory implies that people act with greater care when the perceived risk of an activity is higher and with less care when it is lower. We examine how increased over-the-counter access to emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) accompanied by marketing campaigns in India affected women's contraceptive method choices and incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Although ECPs substantially reduce the risk of pregnancy, they are less effective than other contraceptive methods and do not reduce the risk of STIs. We test whether an exogenous policy change that increased access to ECPs leads people to substitute away from other methods of contraception, such as condoms, thereby increasing the risk of both unintended pregnancy and STIs. We find evidence for risk compensation in terms of reduced use of condoms but not for increases in rates of STIs.
## Family Planning and ECPs in India: Policy, Need, Attitudes, and Beliefs
ECPs, also called morning-after pills or Plan B, are a reproductive health intervention to prevent unwanted pregnancy in cases of unprotected intercourse, incorrect use of contraceptives, or contraceptive failure. When taken within the first 72 hours after pregnancy, ECPs prevent pregnancy 87% to 90% of the time (Rodrigues et al. 2001). Effectiveness is lower when used after 72 hours and when used by overweight or obese women (Glasier et al. 2011). Compared with some other methods, ECPs are significantly less effective as a regular method of contraception. One study concluded that if an average woman used levonorgestrel ECPs in perfect compliance for a year instead of her regular contraceptive method, her risk of pregnancy would be 20%, compared with 4% for perfect compliance with the withdrawal method (Trussell 2011; Trussell et al. 2014).
Since their debut in 2002 in India, ECPs have met with mixed reactions from central and state governments. In 2005, ECPs became available over-the-counter drugs in India. To promote their use, the Indian government incorporated them in the national family planning and rural health programs, making them available at highly subsidized rates in rural areas. With prices ranging from (in U.S. dollars) $0.03 to$0.05 in rural areas and $0.35 to$1.60 in urban areas, the ECP sector saw more than a 245% growth in sales between 2007 and 2010 (Relph 2010). However, in September 2006, the state government of Tamil Nadu banned over-the-counter sales and any form of advertisement of ECPs in the state. With major pharmaceutical companies launching an aggressive advertisement campaign to promote ECP use, the advertisement and sale of ECPs continued in the rest of the country. Currently, ECPs are available over the counter in all the states of India except Tamil Nadu, where ECPs are neither advertised nor available over the counter. Figure 1 shows the history of ECP availability in India, together with a timeline of the survey data used in this study.
In addition to being big business for the companies, the use and availability of ECPs is also an important issue for women's reproductive health in India. In all three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India, almost 25% of women reported at least one unintended pregnancy (Dutta et al. 2015). Two-thirds of all abortions in India take place outside authorized health service facilities (Åhman and Shah 2011). Each year, nearly 11 million abortions are induced, more than 20,000 deaths from abortion-related complications are officially recorded, and potentially more abortions and deaths remain unrecorded. In a WHO study on sexual and reproductive health, Grimes et al. (2006) stated that approximately 28% of Indian women reported attempting self-abortion even though abortion has been legal in India since 1971. Recent research has provided more persuasive evidence that abortion and modern contraception are substitutes (Miller and Valente 2016). With these statistics and the belief that having greater control over one's reproductive cycle is empowering, providing increased access to contraceptives is vital. Adding ECPs to the choice set of contraceptives can help lower the costs due to unwanted pregnancies in India.
The launch of ECPs in India was met with opposition unlike any other method of family planning, with objections ranging from behavioral to moral. Opponents argued that making ECPs available over the counter would encourage women, particularly adolescents, to choose riskier contraception methods—ones with lower efficacy and no protection from STIs. In this light, we test the hypothesis that making ECPs more widely available results in users becoming less diligent with their current non-ECP contraceptive method and leads to a higher incidence of STIs.
## Literature Review
In the family planning literature, research on AIDS prevention and contraceptive method choice examines risk compensation behavior, particularly the question about how perceived risks of AIDS affect sexual behavior. Godlonton et al. (2016) examined the impact of a change in the perceived level of risk on the sexual behavior of men in rural Malawi. In a randomized control trial, they informed circumcised and uncircumcised men that circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV infection in men. With this new information given to the participants, they tested whether a reduction in the perceived level of risk in circumcised men led to risk compensation and thus riskier sexual behavior. They found no evidence that the information led circumcised men to engage in riskier sex. In addition, they found a decrease in risky sexual behavior among uncircumcised men.
These results are similar to what we find in this study: increased access to ECPs has resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the use of other types of contraceptive methods. However, unlike this study, Durrance (2013) and Mulligan (2016) found that over-the-counter access to ECPs in the United States led to a statistically significant increase in rates of STIs among both men and women.
Although limited research is available on the impact of increased ECP access in India, some evidence has suggested concerns regarding awareness about proper ECP use. In a study of college students in India, Joseph et al. (2016) found that although more than 85% of students had heard of ECPs, less than 34% of the total sample knew that they did not prevent STIs. Almost one-half of the students interviewed said they would recommend ECPs to their friends. In an effort to understand the level of awareness among pharmacists who regularly dispense ECPs over the counter, Saxena et al. (2016) used mystery shopper techniques and found that approximately 79% of the pharmacists in the sample were unclear about the side effects of ECP use, 86% did not know whether subsequent unprotected intercourse would lead to pregnancy, and only 16% were able to discuss the risk of STIs when asked leading questions.
In most studies reviewed here, the use and impact of ECPs were estimated for women whose access to ECPs was accompanied by education and in-person counseling for proper use by trained medical professionals. The women included in these studies, who were largely from urban areas in developed countries, experienced much higher exposure to media and healthcare services compared with the Indian women included in the data set we analyze here. The women who had access to and chose to consult a clinic to seek contraceptives would also be systematically different from the women in our data set who buy EPCs over the counter from local pharmacies.
In addition to disparities in information, the Indian women included in our sample are likely to differ from their counterparts in developed countries with respect to intertemporal discount rates and intrahousehold bargaining power over the preferred method of contraception. The social context in which most Indian women must navigate their options related to fertility and contraception is complex. For unmarried young women, the social cost of failed contraception is enormously high in both urban and rural areas. Moreover, given the lower intrahousehold bargaining power of women in India, fertility decisions and the choice of contraceptives may largely be driven by the preferences of their male partners, who may prioritize personal pleasure over the choice of most appropriate contraception method for their partner.
## Theoretical Framework: Risk Compensation Theory
Peltzman's (1975) theory of risk compensation behavior resulting from mandatory automobile safety regulation led many social scientists to look for evidence of similar risk behavior in a variety of fields. Peltzman's theory suggests that people adjust their behavior according to their perceived level of risk, acting with greater care when the perceived risk is higher and with less care when it is lower. If risk-reducing techniques (such as the use of automobile seat belts) reduce risk to a level that is perceived as low enough to encourage people to engage in riskier behavior (such as reckless driving), then the potential net benefits of these techniques might be undermined. The empirical literature on risk compensation behavior has traditionally focused on examining behavioral responses to risk-reducing technologies, such as seat belts, bicycle helmets, and other protective sports gear (Evans and Graham 1991; Hagel and Meeuwisse 2004; Phillips et al. 2011). More recently, researchers have also looked at similar risk compensation responses in the context of HIV prevention and whether a difference in the perceived risk of infection changes people's behavior. Choosing a method of contraception similarly requires evaluating costs and benefits, and a gap between perceived costs and benefits can lead people to choose methods that may not be the most suitable for their needs.
Past research found that women's choice of contraception method is guided by a range of socioeconomic factors, access, efficacy, individual preferences, and partnership characteristics (Frost and Darroch 2008; Trussell and Guthrie 2007). However, a significant gap between perceived versus actual costs and benefits may lead users to choose contraceptives that do not reflect their preferences. With the increased availability of ECPs and aggressive advertising campaigns by pharmaceutical companies, potential users might have an inaccurate perception of the benefits and costs of using ECPs compared with other methods of contraception. This may lead to substituting away from other more effective methods of contraception, such as condoms, which are also the only form of modern contraception that prevents STIs. Unlike ECPs, regular oral contraceptives require women to take medication daily. The cognitive costs of following a strict schedule might be small yet nonzero for women. With the price of oral and emergency contraceptives being comparable, this small nonzero cost might also become a determining factor in the choice between regular oral contraceptives and ECPs.
Following the framework posited by Peltzman (1975), we can think about risk-taking behavior—in this case, intercourse without using regular or non-emergency contraception—as a desirable good that provides some utility in terms of, for example, increased satisfaction, pleasure, and thrill-seeking or conversely, in terms of decreased cognitive costs. Thus, the equilibrium will be a trade-off between perceived avoidance of (an unwanted) pregnancy and unprotected intercourse: more of one can be achieved by forgoing some of the other. If the equilibrium level of perceived risk to a woman is altered by a risk-reducing technology, she compensates by increasing her willingness to take a higher level of risk. Studies trying to measure the effectiveness of ECPs (or any risk-reducing technology for that matter) usually measure the effectiveness without taking into account the possibility of risk compensation. If people are risk compensating, the new equilibrium of the optimal level of risky behavior will tend to be higher than estimated previously. We test the hypothesis of risk compensation by looking at possible substitution between ECPs and other safer, more effective methods of contraception.
## Data
We use three rounds of the District Level Household and Facility Survey on Reproductive and Child Health (DLHS) conducted by the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS) in India. The survey covers a repeated cross-section of a representative household sample at the district level. Rounds 1, 2, and 3 were carried out in 1998–1999, 2002–2004, and 2007–2008, respectively. Each round of the survey covered approximately 600 districts in India, with 1,000 to 1,500 households in each district, resulting in a sample size of more than 720,000 households and 644,000 women. Rounds 1 and 2 interviewed currently married women in the sample households, and Round 3 covered women who were ever married.1 The surveys are designed to provide information on family planning, maternal and child health, reproductive health of married women (aged 15–49), and use of maternal and child healthcare services at the district level for India. In addition, the surveys also provide information on postnatal care, health institutions and facilities, and coverage of all maternal and child health programsall representative at the district level. The survey consists of three parts: a village questionnaire, a household questionnaire, and a women's questionnaire in both English and the vernacular. The women's questionnaire consists of detailed questions asked to ever-married women about their awareness and use of contraception methods (including ECPs) as well as about the incidence of STIs and other topics, which are of particular interest for the analysis in our study.
## Methodology
The state of Tamil Nadu, unlike all other states, has not allowed advertisement or over-the-counter sale of ECPs since September 2006. The ban has been enforced with frequent raids, fines, and closing down of pharmaceutical stores (Ramalingam 2006). Tamil Nadu is bordered by three other states—Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka—all of which have seen a significant increase in the use of ECPs in the past few years. The timing of the Tamil Nadu ban and the DLHS surveys (see Figure 1 for a timeline) allows us to estimate the impact of increased ECP access on sexual behavior using the ban as a natural experiment. Given that the policy change in Tamil Nadu involved a ban on over-the-counter sales and advertising of ECPs, we can measure only the net impact of both these channels: easier availability and increased exposure to advertising campaigns of ECPs in the neighboring states.
We use a double-difference estimator followed by a parametric difference-in-difference estimator incorporating propensity scores (PSM-DiD) as an additional robustness check. Limiting our sample to border districts to again estimate a double difference, we find that our results are robust. Two key concerns regarding the validity of the analysis are whether Tamil Nadu is a good counterfactual for the other states and whether the ban in Tamil Nadu was indeed exogenous and uncorrelated with any baseline characteristics specific to the state. In the following subsection, we present evidence and argue that both assumptions hold true.
## The Case for an Exogenous Policy Change
In September 2005, the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) officially made the levonorgestrel-based ECP available over the counter in all states in India, including the state of Tamil Nadu. This was seen as a step toward promoting women's reproductive rights in India. However, in most states—including Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala—fringe organizations, such as Responsible Parents Forum, Swarna Bharat Trust, and some religious interest groups, protested against the move. The protest alone was not enough in any state to persuade the state administration to place a ban on over-the-counter sales of ECPs. As a result, even though ECPs had not yet gained popularity, they were easily available in Tamil Nadu until September 2006.
In March 2006, an ex-official of the Drugs Control Authority of Tamil Nadu moved the State High Court to remove the director of the Drugs Control Authority, arguing that he did not meet the educational qualifications required for the position (Subramani 2006). The petition supported the promotion of junior officials who met the eligibility criteria to the position. In light of support for the petition from the High Court, the Tamil Nadu State Department of Health removed the director and in June 2006, promoted and appointed Mr. N. Selvaraju as the new director of the Drugs Control Authority (Babu 2006). Among the important duties of the director are issuing approvals for the sale and distribution of various drugs in the state and enforcing the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the Drugs and Magical Remedies Act (Objectionable Advertisements) of 1954 (Selvaraju 2006). Within a few months of assuming office, citing moral reasons, Mr. Selvaraju placed a ban on over-the-counter sales of ECPs in the state under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and the Drugs and Magical Remedies Act. As he stated in an interview on the issue (Ravindran 2009):
We are not against women's rights, but this is a moral concern. The advertising of this drug will mean that women will think, “I can do anything and there is an easy way not to get pregnant.” We can't allow such an attitude to grow.
Against medical information and evidence, Selvaraju also claimed that ECPs are abortifacient and not contraceptives and thus cannot be made available over the counter. We argue that given the circumstances, the change in the administration of the Drug Control Authority was an exogenous one leading to the appointment of a supporter of the ban. We use normalized differences to perform balance tests using key baseline characteristics from the treatment and control groups and find no significant differences.2 If a normalized difference exceeds one-quarter, estimates from linear regression methods are classified as being sensitive to the specification. This anecdote provides evidence that the timing of the change in the law was random.
To show that enactment of the ban was not correlated with unobserved characteristics specific to Tamil Nadu, we use the first two rounds of the DLHS data to empirically test the parallel trends assumption. We find no significant differences in the rates of change in contraception use, STI prevalence, and so forth between the comparison states and Tamil Nadu. Finally, we also control for pretreatment years in the main regression estimates to empirically test for differences in outcome variables between treatment and control states before the policy change. Again, we find no statistically significant differences, thus lending further credibility to our assumption.
The first empirical method we use to estimate the impact of the policy change is a standard double-difference estimation for the full sample followed by the same estimation for a sample limited to border districts while trying multiple different model specifications. We then perform a double difference combined with propensity score matching to further check our estimates. We outline the empirical underpinnings of both our strategies, along with the underlying assumptions that we need to test for its validity.
## Double Difference
Before we perform the standard double-difference estimation, we check the validity of the underlying assumption of common trends between the treatment and control states in the pretreatment period. As an additional robustness check, we then limit our sample to border districts and perform the same tests.
Given that our assumption about common trends is valid, we estimate a regression model of the following form:
$Yist=β0+γs+δt+β1NonTNs×dt=3+β2NonTNs×dt=2+β3Xist+𝜀ist,$
(1)
where Yist is the outcome variable for individual i in state s in period t. We use γs as a set of state fixed effects and δt as a set of survey year fixed effects. Further, $NonTNS$ is a dummy variable for three states that did not have the ban, and dt=3 is a dummy variable for the after (treatment) period (the third round of DLHS). The estimated impact is β1. Our regression model also includes the interaction of dt=2 (a dummy variable for the second DLHS survey round conducted prior to the policy change), and $NonTNS$. The coefficient β2 on this interaction term that is statistically indistinguishable from zero provides further evidence for the lack of differential pre-trends between the treatment and control groups.
The main outcome variables of interest are rates of contraceptive use and the incidence of STIs. We restrict the analysis to contraceptives that are close substitutes for ECPs, such as condoms, regular oral contraceptives, the withdrawal method, and the rhythm or abstinence method. We do not compare any changes in the use of permanent methods of contraception (e.g., sterilization) or semipermanent methods (e.g., IUDs) because those are not close substitutes for over-the-counter ECPs, which are short-term methods whose use requires no planning, invasive medical procedure, or intervention from trained medical staff.
If ECP use is likely to substitute for other contraceptives, then coefficient β1 on the interaction of NonTN s × dt should be negative in Eq. (1) with contraceptive use as the outcome variable. Intuitively, this means that with increased access to ECPs, fewer women will tend to use other contraceptives compared with women in Tamil Nadu. This would be evidence for ECPs being used as a substitute for other contraceptives, such as condoms. Furthermore, if people are risk compensating in riskier sexual encounters, using the incidence of STIs as an outcome variable should result in a positive coefficient for β1 in Eq. (1). This would imply an increase in STI rates increased in states that had increased access to ECPs compared with Tamil Nadu.
Finally, we also control for a number of individual characteristics (Xist) that are likely to have an influence on the outcome variable. The set of individual characteristics used as control variables includes years of woman's education, years of husband's education, woman's age and age at marriage, religion, location (rural or urban), and some indicators of household wealth (such as type of house).
We replicate the model using only the observations from border districts in Tamil Nadu and the adjoining states because these districts are likely to share many common cultural features that would reduce any bias in the initial estimates. One of the concerns while analyzing only the border districts of these states would be the possible illicit trade of ECPs across the border. Note that Tamil Nadu faces a ban on not only ECP sales but also any advertising of the product. The ban on advertising since the launch of the product will affect both the awareness about and demand for the product. Nevertheless, some spillover may occur between border districts of treatment and control states. Any spillover of information accompanied by illegal sales across the border from treatment to control states would lead to an underestimation of the actual impact of the policy.
## Double Difference Using Propensity Score Matching (PSM-DiD)
We augment our analysis with a parametric difference-in-difference estimator incorporating propensity scores (PSM-DiD) for this analysis. We apply the PSM-DiD analysis, limiting our sample to the border districts and using only the last two rounds of survey data: DLHS Round 2 and DLHS Round 3. A number of studies have used PSM-DiD estimators, mostly in panel settings (Mu and van de Walle 2011). These studies used pretreatment variables to construct propensity scores and estimated the impact using a weighted regression in first differences (Khandker et al. 2009). However, integrating propensity score matching in difference-in-differences under a repeated cross-section setting is different owing to the fact that we effectively have four groups—treatment pre (G1), treatment post (G2), comparison pre (G3), and comparison post (G4)—as opposed to the binary treatment control under usual propensity score matching settings.
To implement propensity score matching in this setting, we follow the multiple group propensity score weighting methodology proposed by Stuart et al. (2014). Their method is similar to the inverse probability of treatment weighted estimator with multiple treatments. Stuart et al. proposed a weighting strategy in which the four groups are weighted to reflect the distribution of the individual covariates in the treatment group in the pre-policy change period. Following this method, we estimate a multinomial logistic model to predict the group in which an individual observation belongs to a function of covariates. We use individual age, education, age at marriage, fertility, and indicators for rural/urban, religion, caste, and housing conditions in the pre-policy change period. We allow for flexible functional forms using the levels of the covariates as well as a mixture of their interactions. The resulting multinomial model is used to predict four propensity scores for each observation. Following the notation in Stuart et al. (2014), the propensity scores are ek (Xi):
$ekXi=Pri∈gk, k=1,2,3,4$
$∑k=14ek(Xi)=1∀i.$
(2)
These predicted probabilities are then used to construct individual weights,wi:
$wi=e1XiegXi,$
(3)
where g is the group to which individual i belongs. By construction, all individuals in the treatment group in the pre-policy period receive a weight of 1. Individuals in other groups receive weights proportional to how similar they are to observations in Group 1 relative to individuals in their own group. We then estimate a difference-in-differences weighted linear regression.
## Results
Table 1 presents descriptive statistics for the three rounds of DLHS data for all the four states used for our analyses. As shown in the table, a large proportion of the population report awareness of STIs in the data set. The survey asks women whether they have heard about STIs, reproductive tract infections, AIDS, or HIV; and if the answer to any one of these is affirmative, the survey considers the woman as aware of STIs. Given the relatively high awareness of AIDS, owing largely to the efforts of the central government body National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), the survey registers a high overall awareness of STIs. We see a modest increase in the share of women who use any family planning method, from roughly 59% in the first round to nearly 65% in the third round.
One of the limitations of our data is the low rate of ECP adoption in the time frame for which data are available. Almost 36% of the sample in rural areas and 49% in urban areas report awareness of ECP as a method of contraception, but the adoption rates are much lower. Female sterilization remains the leading method of contraception among women in India: in the DLHS data, 36% of ever-married women have opted for sterilization, and 65% of ever-married women who use at least one method of contraception reported opting for sterilization. Male sterilization remains low, at less than 1%.3Figure 2 shows the percentage of current contraception use by ever-married women who are not sterilized and report using at least one method of family planning. Among this sample, the majority of women report using traditional methods, such as periodic abstinence or withdrawal method.
We now estimate a standard double difference. To ensure its validity, we perform cross-sectional balance tests for treatment and control states and then conduct empirical tests for common trends using the first two rounds of survey data. Panel A of Table 2 shows the sample means in the treatment and control states for individual and household characteristics that are likely to affect the outcome variables when we pool the observations from all three rounds of the DLHS data in the first two columns. Columns 3 and 4 show the p value from a t test for the difference in means and the normalized differences, respectively. Our estimates show no significant differences in most covariates between the treatment and control samples. In panel B of Table 2, using the data from only the two survey rounds prior to the policy change, we show that the differences between treatment and control states for the outcome variables and their subcategories are not statistically different in the period before the treatment. These cross-sectional comparisons make the case that before the policy change, the outcome variables in the treatment and control states were comparable, and this is further confirmed in the test for common trends that we perform.
Table 3 presents the results of the double-difference estimation. For brevity, the table displays the coefficient on the main variables of interest. The complete estimation results are available in the online appendix. In panel A of Table 3, we first present evidence for the validity of the common trends assumption, which is crucial for the use of a double-difference strategy. For this, we estimate a version of Eq. (1) using the data from only the two survey rounds prior to the policy change. As shown in the table, the interaction term between treatment state and pretreatment period has no significant impact on the outcome variables providing support for the common trend assumption.
Panel B of Table 3 presents the results of double-difference estimation on the impact of policy change on contraceptive use and STIs. Column 1 of the table presents the estimates for a regression in which the outcome variable takes the value 1 to indicate any non-ECP contraceptive use, including sterilization, intrauterine devices, condoms, oral contraceptives, and traditional methods. We examine this variable for each type of contraceptive in the subsequent columns (columns 2 to 5). Our coefficient of interest is the interaction between treatment states and the treatment period (β1). We also present the coefficient on β2, the interaction of the treatment with the second survey round (prior to the policy change). The coefficient on the pre-period interaction remains statistically insignificant across all the outcomes, thereby further bolstering the common trend assumption and lending validity to the double-difference estimates.
In column 1 of panel B, we find that the overall use of any non-ECP contraceptive use decreases by nearly 0.05 percentage points due to over-the-counter access to ECP. In column 2, we replace the outcome variable with condom use. We see that when given increased access to ECPs without counseling for proper use, condom use decreases significantly in the treatment states compared with the control state, Tamil Nadu, where ECPs are not easily available. Condom use decreased by more than 13% in the treatment states compared with the control state. The use of the abstinence method also significantly decreased by about 0.01 percentage points (column 4), although this decrease is significant only at the 10% level. Apart from these differences, we find no significant change in any of the other outcome variables (oral pill usage, withdrawal method, or STI symptoms). Thus, we find some evidence for substitution between ECPs, condoms, and abstinence but none for ECPs and other methods. We also find that increased access to ECPs did not result in an increase in the incidence of STIs.
As an additional check, we limit our sample to the border districts of the treatment and control states and perform the analysis again. These results are presented in Table 4. Similar to the previous estimates, we show a test for parallel trends using only the two pre-period survey rounds in panel A and present the impact estimates in panel B. The results from using the sample of border districts remain qualitatively consistent with the estimates resulting from using the full sample in the previous table. Panel A of Table 4 shows that the interaction term between treatment state and pre-treatment period has no significant impact on any of the outcome variables, thus supporting our assumption of parallel trends. Panel B of the same table presents the results of the double difference analysis and impact of the policy change when the sample is limited to border districts.4 The coefficients on the variable of interest—the interaction of treatment states with treatment period (β1)—are similar to those found using the full sample and continue to provide evidence for substitution between ECPs and other contraceptive methods. The magnitude of the coefficient on overall non-ECP contraceptive use in column 1 indicates a reduction of nearly 0.07 percentage points, slightly larger than the estimate of 0.05 found using the full sample. Similar to the results in Table 3, we find that this decline is driven by the shift away from condom and abstinence methods. The decrease in condom use is still statistically significant, with a 10% decrease in the states where ECP is easily available, also accompanied by an almost 35% decrease in abstinence method of contraception. Apart from these differences, we find no statistically significant change in any other method of contraception or the incidence of STIs.
We now turn to our second analysis strategy: a parametric difference-in-difference estimator combined with propensity scores (PSM-DiD). Table 5 presents a summary of the covariate means for observations in each group in the pre- and post-periods as well as the unweighted and weighted standardized difference in means. The weighted differences for almost all groupwise comparisons are less than 0.25, indicating that the weighted sample covariates are balanced across the four groups. This is crucial for the validity of PSM-DiD.
Table 6 presents the results of the weighted regression. For brevity, we present only the coefficient of interest for each estimation and suppress the coefficients on the other variables in the model. Overall, the pattern of impact that we see from the PSM-DiD results remains qualitatively similar to the findings from the standard double-difference models shown earlier. Consistent with the previous results, the use of non-ECP family planning methods decreased significantly overall in the states where ECP is easily available (column 1 of Table 6). The magnitude of 0.11 percentage point reduction is larger than the results from the previous double-difference estimate (about 0.07, using the border districts sample). Specifically, the use of condoms, abstinence, and withdrawal methods decreased significantly when ECP was available over the counter. Here again, we find no evidence for any change in STIs as a result of the increased availability of ECPs. Comparing our estimates with control group means to understand the effect size, we find that when ECPs were easily accessible, the use of overall non-ECP family planning methods decreased by 28%, compared with approximately 26% for condom use, 20% for abstinence, and 15% for the withdrawal method. Overall, the PSM-DiD estimates continue to provide support for the likelihood of risk compensation in terms of reduced non-ECP contraception use but provide no evidence for increased risk of STIs.
## Conclusion
Consumer demand models would suggest that a response to reduced risk would be an increase in consumption of a risky good, resulting in a higher than predicted level of risk-taking by the users. Risk compensation theory suggests a similar behavioral adaptation in which users of a risk-reducing technology adjust their behavior in response to the perceived level of risk, acting with less care when they feel safe given access to the technology. In this paper, we examine such compensatory behavior in the contraceptive choice among women in India. We test whether having increased access to ECPs accompanied by marketing campaigns led people to substitute away from other more effective methods of contraception, resulting in an increase in the risk of both unintended pregnancy and STIs. Using a unique policy experiment in India, we find that increased availability of ECPs along with advertisement campaigns by pharmaceutical companies led to substitution away from other types of contraception—mostly condoms—but had no impact on the rates of STIs. ECPs are less effective than any other regular ongoing method of contraception, thus increasing the risk of unintended pregnancies.
Because the policy change that we examine banned both over-the-counter sale as well as advertising of ECPs, a limitation of our study is that we cannot distinguish between the effect of a ban on selling ECPs over the counter from the effect of advertising campaigns in the states that did not have a ban. The impacts that we find on the substitution in contraceptive use are the combined result of increased availability and increased exposure to advertising campaigns of ECPs by pharmaceutical companies in the states that were not subject to the ban. However, any ECP product that is sold over the counter is likely to be accompanied by advertising and marketing campaigns. As a result, the net effect of both over-the-counter availability and advertising is more relevant from a policy perspective.
Research on the impact of increased ECP access on contraceptive choice comes largely from developed countries. In most of those studies, access to ECPs was accompanied by in-person counseling, information about effectiveness and proper use, and follow-up by healthcare professionals. When ECPs become available over the counter, women in developing countries who use ECPs do not necessarily have the same level of information about its effectiveness as the women in developed countries or receive adequate counseling from trained healthcare professionals. Another notable difference between the context in developed and developing countries is that the percentage of women using ECPs in developed countries such as the United Kingdom has decreased each year (Marston et al. 2005), a trend that is the opposite of what we see in India. Given these factors, it is important to examine the effect of ECP use on reproductive behavior among women in developing countries. However, evidence of the impact of increased access to ECPs on contraceptive choice in developing countries has been limited. Most of this information comes from small-sample focus group discussions and interviews of doctors, nurses, and pharmacists but rarely users. This study provides one of the first quantitative analyses of the impact of ECP availability on risk compensation and contraceptive choice using a large, nationally representative data set.
As Stillman et al. (2014) reported, in 2007–2008, approximately 21% of married women in India reported wanting to space or limit births but were not using any contraceptive method. The reported demand was higher among rural, low-income, and young women across the country. Given the widespread demand for contraception and the evidence that increased availability of ECPs has not resulted in increased rates of STI among women in India, making ECPs available over the counter and incorporating them in the national family planning and rural health programs is a step in the right direction. This study, however, makes a case for governments to sponsor comprehensive information campaigns to promote the proper use of ECPs, not as a regular contraceptive but as an emergency one. Another possible approach could be to mandate pharmaceutical companies to stress the emergency nature of ECPs in their advertising campaigns, as opposed to the currently advertised content, which is nearly indistinguishable from that of daily oral contraceptives. Between 2007 and 2010, the ECP sector grew by more than 245%, and the demand for ECPs continues to grow in India. In light of a survey of pharmacists who regularly dispense ECPs showing a low level of awareness of the proper use and effectiveness of ECPs (Saxena et al. 2016), information campaigns led either by the government or pharmaceutical companies may help promote more informed decision-making by potential contraception users.
Unsafe, self-administered abortions in India account for almost 29% of all abortions, and abortion-related deaths account for nearly 9% of all maternal mortality in India (Stillman et al. 2014). The unmet need for contraception, coupled with the poor availability of public reproductive healthcare services and prohibitive costs of private healthcare services, make a case for public-funded access to safe and subsidized methods of contraception as a critical input for women's health. Recent research lends more support to the hypothesis that modern contraception and abortions are substitutes (Miller and Valente 2016). Thus, access to ECPs accompanied by information about usage and effectiveness can be instrumental in lowering the health and human costs associated with failed regular use of non-ECP contraception.
Thus, even though we find evidence for risk compensation, our results do not justify a ban on ECPs given the lack of evidence for an increase in the prevalence of STIs. Even if people are risk compensating, policymakers should not eliminate mandatory safety regulations. For example, if seatbelts encourage reckless driving, then instead of banning seatbelts, policymakers educate people to reduce risk compensation in order to realize the full benefits of the risk-reducing technology. Similarly, there is conclusive evidence that increased control over one's reproductive cycle is empowering. A ban on ECPs, as in Tamil Nadu, is an expensive and unnecessary burden on women's health in an environment where the government fails to provide the required basic public healthcare support to women.
## Notes
1
In our analysis, we limit the Round 3 sample to currently married women to maintain consistency with observations from the previous two DLHS survey rounds.
2
We use normalized differences because they are less sensitive to misspecification and sample sizes than t statistics (Imbens and Wooldridge 2009).
3
Table A1 in the online appendix presents a summary of reported awareness among ever-married women on contraception methods from Round 1 to Round 3 for all four states. Table A2 of the online appendix shows the cross-sectional difference in ECP awareness for the treatment period. Respondents were not asked about ECP awareness in previous survey rounds. The cross-sectional regression results in Table A2 suggest that women in non–Tamil Nadu states had, on average, higher awareness about ECPs than women in Tamil Nadu.
4
The full table of estimates for the results in panel B is presented in the online appendix. The full set of estimates for panel A is available upon request.
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Evaluation of pharmacists' services for dispensing emergency contraceptive pills in Delhi, India: A mystery shopper study
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Stuart, E. A., Huskamp, H. A., Duckworth, K., Simmons, J., Song, Z., Chernew, M. E., & Barry, C. L. (
2014
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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
| 2023-03-26T17:40:44 |
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|
http://utmost-sage-cell.org/sage:gradients
|
Gradients
## Description
The gradient of a function $g(x, y)$ is defined as
(1)
\begin{align} \nabla g(x, y) = \left( \frac{\partial g}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial g}{\partial y} \right). \end{align}
The sage cell below calculates the gradient of the function $g(x,y)=xy + \sin(x^2)+e^{-x}$.
## Sage Cell
#### Code
x,y=var('x', 'y')
g(x,y)=x*y + sin(x^2) + e^(-x)
g.gradient()
## Options
#### Option
You can also use g.derivative() or diff(g) to calculate the gradient.
#### Code
x,y = var('x', 'y')
g(x,y) = x*y + sin(x^2) + e^(-x)
g.derivative()
## Tags
Primary Tags: Calculus - multivariable
Secondary Tags: Differentiation of multivariable functions: Directional derivatives and the gradient, Vector calculus: Derivatives
## Attribute
Permalink: http://www.gregorybard.com/Sage.html
Author: Gregory V. Bard, Sage for Undergraduates.
Date: 02 Oct 2018 05:57
Submitted by: James A Phillips
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
| 2019-07-20T04:00:34 |
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|
https://vspu.larc.nasa.gov/training-content/chapter-1-vspfundamentals/bodies-of-revolution/body-of-revolution-cross-sections/
|
Body of Revolution: Cross-Sections
Introduction
Cross-sections in a Body of Revolution define the profile that is rotated about the centerline axis. These settings will also determine the length of your component as well as other features such as thickness, camber, or height depending on the section type. For example, an airfoil cross-section will use chord to define the length (front to back) of the revolved body and the Camber or T/C will define the shape of the section. However, an ellipse will use Width to determine the length of the body and Height will determine the thickness.
| 2021-10-18T10:54:13 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10166285-process-yields-rapidly-accreting-white-dwarfs-from-multicycle-he-shell-flash-stellar-evolution-models-mixing-parametrizations-from-hydrodynamics-simulations
|
The i-process yields of rapidly accreting white dwarfs from multicycle He-shell flash stellar evolution models with mixing parametrizations from 3D hydrodynamics simulations
ABSTRACT We have modelled the multicycle evolution of rapidly accreting CO white dwarfs (RAWDs) with stable H burning intermittent with strong He-shell flashes on their surfaces for 0.7 ≤ MRAWD/M⊙ ≤ 0.75 and [Fe/H] ranging from 0 to −2.6. We have also computed the i-process nucleosynthesis yields for these models. The i process occurs when convection driven by the He-shell flash ingests protons from the accreted H-rich surface layer, which results in maximum neutron densities Nn, max ≈ 1013–1015 cm−3. The H-ingestion rate and the convective boundary mixing (CBM) parameter ftop adopted in the one-dimensional nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution models are constrained through three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic simulations. The mass ingestion rate and, for the first time, the scaling laws for the CBM parameter ftop have been determined from 3D hydrodynamic simulations. We confirm our previous result that the high-metallicity RAWDs have a low mass retention efficiency ($\eta \lesssim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$). A new result is that RAWDs with [Fe/H] $\lesssim -2$ have $\eta \gtrsim 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$; therefore, their masses may reach the Chandrasekhar limit and they may eventually explode as SNeIa. This result and the good fits of the i-process yields from the metal-poor RAWDs to the observed chemical more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10166285
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
488
Issue:
3
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
4258 to 4270
ISSN:
0035-8711
3. ABSTRACT Carbon enhanced metal poor (CEMP)-no stars, a subset of CEMP stars ($\rm [C/Fe]\ge 0.7$ and $\rm [Fe/H]\lesssim -1$) have been discovered in ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) galaxies, with $M_{\rm vir}\approx 10^8{\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot }$ and $M_{\ast }\approx 10^3-10^4{\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot }$ at z = 0, as well as in the halo of the Milky Way (MW). These CEMP-no stars are local fossils that may reflect the properties of the first (Pop III) and second (Pop II) generation of stars. However, cosmological simulations have struggled to reproduce the observed level of carbon enhancement of the known CEMP-no stars. Here, we present new cosmologicalmore »
5. Abstract Interactions between convective shells in evolved massive stars have been linked to supernova impostors, to the production of the odd-Z elements Cl, K, and Sc, and they might also help generate the large-scale asphericities that are known to facilitate shock revival in supernova explosion models. We investigate the process of ingestion of C-shell material into a convective O-burning shell, including the hydrodynamic feedback from the nuclear burning of the ingested material. Our 3D hydrodynamic simulations span almost 3 dex in the total luminosity $L_\rm {tot}$. All but one of the simulations reach a quasi-stationary state with the entrainment ratemore »
| 2022-08-18T21:02:53 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10351324-carnegie-supernova-project-first-homogeneous-sample-super-chandrasekhar-mass-like-type-ia-supernovae
|
Carnegie Supernova Project: The First Homogeneous Sample of Super-Chandrasekhar-mass/2003fg-like Type Ia Supernovae
Abstract We present a multiwavelength photometric and spectroscopic analysis of 13 super-Chandrasekhar-mass/2003fg-like Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). Nine of these objects were observed by the Carnegie Supernova Project. The 2003fg-like SNe have slowly declining light curves (Δ m 15 ( B ) < 1.3 mag), and peak absolute B -band magnitudes of −19 < M B < −21 mag. Many of the 2003fg-like SNe are located in the same part of the luminosity–width relation as normal SNe Ia. In the optical B and V bands, the 2003fg-like SNe look like normal SNe Ia, but at redder wavelengths they diverge. Unlike other luminous SNe Ia, the 2003fg-like SNe generally have only one i -band maximum, which peaks after the epoch of the B -band maximum, while their near-IR (NIR) light-curve rise times can be ≳40 days longer than those of normal SNe Ia. They are also at least 1 mag brighter in the NIR bands than normal SNe Ia, peaking above M H = −19 mag, and generally have negative Hubble residuals, which may be the cause of some systematics in dark-energy experiments. Spectroscopically, the 2003fg-like SNe exhibit peculiarities such as unburnt carbon well past maximum light, a large spread (8000–12,000 more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10351324
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
922
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
205
ISSN:
0004-637X
The abundance distribution in the ejecta of the peculiar slowly declining Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 1999aa is obtained by modelling a time series of optical spectra. Similar to SN 1991T, SN 1999aa was characterized by early-time spectra dominated by Fe iii features and a weak Si ii 6355 Å line, but it exhibited a high-velocity Ca ii H&K line and morphed into a spectroscopically normal SN Ia earlier. Three explosion models are investigated, yielding comparable fits. The innermost layers are dominated by ∼0.3 M⊙ of neutron-rich stable iron-group elements, mostly stable iron. Above that central region lies a 56Ni-dominated shell, extending to $v \approx 11\, 000$–$12\, 000$ km s−1, with mass ∼0.65 M⊙. These inner layers are therefore similar to those of normal SNe Ia. However, the outer layers exhibit composition peculiarities similar to those of SN 1991T: The intermediate-mass elements shell is very thin, containing only ∼0.2 M⊙, and is sharply separated from an outer oxygen-dominated shell, which includes ∼0.22 M⊙. These results imply that burning suddenly stopped in SN 1999aa. This is a feature SN 1999aa shares with SN 1991T, and explains the peculiarities of both SNe, which are quite similar in nature apart from the different luminosities. The spectroscopic path from normal to SN 1991T-like SNe Ia cannot be explained solely bymore »
5. ABSTRACT After correcting for their light-curve shape and colour, Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are precise cosmological distance indicators. However, there remains a non-zero intrinsic scatter in the differences between measured distance and that inferred from a cosmological model (i.e. Hubble residuals or HRs), indicating that SN Ia distances can potentially be further improved. We use the open-source relational data base kaepora to generate composite spectra with desired average properties of phase, light-curve shape, and HR. At many phases, the composite spectra from two subsamples with positive and negative average HRs are significantly different. In particular, in all spectra from 9 d before to 15 d after peak brightness, we find that SNe with negative HRs have, on average, higher ejecta velocities (as seen in nearly every optical spectral feature) than SNe with positive HRs. At +4 d relative to B-band maximum, using a sample of 62 SNe Ia, we measure a 0.091 ± 0.035 mag (2.7σ) HR step between SNe with Si ii λ6355 line velocities ($v_{Si\, rm{\small II}}$) higher/lower than −11 000 km s−1 (the median velocity). After light-curve shape and colour correction, SNe with higher velocities tend to have underestimated distance moduli relative to a cosmological model. The intrinsic scatter in our sample reduces from 0.094 to 0.082 mag after making thismore »
| 2022-12-07T00:24:14 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10304419-measurement-energy-dependence-e+e-overline-overline-ast-ast-overline-ast-exclusive-cross-sections
|
This content will become publicly available on June 1, 2022
Measurement of the energy dependence of the e+e− → $$B\overline{B}$$, $$B{\overline{B}}^{\ast }$$ and $${B}^{\ast }{\overline{B}}^{\ast }$$ exclusive cross sections
A bstract We report the first measurement of the exclusive cross sections e + e − → $$B\overline{B}$$ B B ¯ , e + e − → $$B{\overline{B}}^{\ast }$$ B B ¯ ∗ , and e + e − → $${B}^{\ast }{\overline{B}}^{\ast }$$ B ∗ B ¯ ∗ in the energy range from 10 . 63 GeV to 11 . 02 GeV. The B mesons are fully reconstructed in a large number of hadronic final states and the three channels are identified using a beam-constrained-mass variable. The shapes of the exclusive cross sections show oscillatory behavior with several maxima and minima. The results are obtained using data collected by the Belle experiment at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e + e − collider.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10304419
Journal Name:
Journal of High Energy Physics
Volume:
2021
Issue:
6
ISSN:
1029-8479
1. A bstract Using a data sample of 980 fb − 1 collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e + e − collider, we study the processes of $${\Xi}_c^0\to \Lambda {\overline{K}}^{\ast 0}$$ Ξ c 0 → Λ K ¯ ∗ 0 , $${\Xi}_c^0\to {\Sigma}^0{\overline{K}}^{\ast 0}$$ Ξ c 0 → Σ 0 K ¯ ∗ 0 , and $${\Xi}_c^0\to {\Sigma}^{+}{K}^{\ast -}$$ Ξ c 0 → Σ + K ∗ − for the first time. The relative branching ratios to the normalization mode of $${\Xi}_c^0\to {\Xi}^{-}{\pi}^{+}$$ Ξ c 0 → Ξ −more »
2. A bstract We present measurements of the branching fractions for the decays B → Kμ + μ − and B → Ke + e − , and their ratio ( R K ), using a data sample of 711 fb − 1 that contains 772 × 10 6 $$B\overline{B}$$ B B ¯ events. The data were collected at the ϒ(4 S ) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e + e − collider. The ratio R K is measured in five bins of dilepton invariant-mass-squared ( q 2 ): q 2 ∈ (0 . 1more »
3. A bstract We present a search for the dark photon A ′ in the B 0 → A ′ A ′ decays, where A ′ subsequently decays to e + e − , μ + μ − , and π + π − . The search is performed by analyzing 772 × 10 6 $$B\overline{B}$$ B B ¯ events collected by the Belle detector at the KEKB e + e − energy-asymmetric collider at the ϒ(4 S ) resonance. No signal is found in the dark photon mass range 0 . 01 GeV /c 2 ≤ m Amore »
4. A bstract A search for the exotic decay of the Higgs boson ( H ) into a b $$\overline{b}$$ b ¯ resonance plus missing transverse momentum is described. The search is performed with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using 139 fb − 1 of pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 13 TeV. The search targets events from ZH production in an NMSSM scenario where H → $${\overset{\sim }{\chi}}_2^0{\overset{\sim }{\chi}}_1^0$$ χ ~ 2 0 χ ~ 1 0 , with $${\overset{\sim }{\chi}}_2^0$$ χ ~ 2 0 → $$a{\overset{\sim }{\chi}}_1^0more » 5. Abstract The production of$$\pi ^{\pm }$$π ± ,$$\mathrm{K}^{\pm }$$K ± ,$$\mathrm{K}^{0}_{S}$$K S 0 ,$$\mathrm{K}^{*}(892)^{0}$$K ∗ ( 892 ) 0 ,$$\mathrm{p}$$p ,$$\phi (1020)$$ϕ ( 1020 ) ,$$\Lambda $$Λ ,$$\Xi ^{-}$$Ξ - ,$$\Omega ^{-}$$Ω - , and their antiparticles was measured in inelastic proton–proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of$$\sqrt{s}$$s = 13 TeV at midrapidity ($$|y|<0.5$$| y | < 0.5 ) as a function of transverse momentum ($$p_{\mathrm{T}} p T ) using the ALICE detector at the CERNmore »
| 2022-05-16T08:27:15 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10121812-bayesian-approach-matching-thermonuclear-ray-burst-observations-models
|
A Bayesian approach to matching thermonuclear X-ray burst observations with models
ABSTRACT
We present a new method of matching observations of Type-I (thermonuclear) X-ray bursts with models, comparing the predictions of a semi-analytic ignition model with X-ray observations of the accretion-powered millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658 in outburst. We used a Bayesian analysis approach to marginalize over the parameters of interest and determine parameters such as fuel composition, distance/anisotropy factors, neutron star mass, and neutron star radius. Our study includes a treatment of the system inclination effects, inferring that the rotation axis of the system is inclined $\left(69^{+4}_{-2}\right)^\circ$ from the observers line of sight, assuming a flat disc model. This method can be applied to any accreting source that exhibits Type-I X-ray bursts. We find a hydrogen mass fraction of $0.57^{+0.13}_{-0.14}$ and CNO metallicity of $0.013^{+0.006}_{-0.004}$ for the accreted fuel is required by the model to match the observed burst energies, for a distance to the source of $3.3^{+0.3}_{-0.2}\, \mathrm{kpc}$. We infer a neutron star mass of $1.5^{+0.6}_{-0.3}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and radius of $11.8^{+1.3}_{-0.9}\, \mathrm{km}$ for a surface gravity of $1.9^{+0.7}_{-0.4}\times 10^{14}\, \mathrm{cm}\, \mathrm{s}^{-2}$ for SAX J1808.4–3658.
Authors:
; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10121812
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
490
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
p. 2228-2240
ISSN:
0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. ABSTRACT
As part of the mm-Wave Interferometric Survey of Dark Object Masses (WISDOM), we present a measurement of the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the nearby early-type galaxy NGC 0383 (radio source 3C 031). This measurement is based on Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) cycle 4 and 5 observations of the 12CO(2–1) emission line with a spatial resolution of 58 × 32 pc2 (0.18 arcsec × 0.1 arcsec). This resolution, combined with a channel width of 10 km s−1, allows us to well resolve the radius of the black hole sphere of influence (measured as RSOI = 316 pc = 0.98 arcsec), where we detect a clear Keplerian increase of the rotation velocities.more »
2. ABSTRACT
Across black hole (BH) and neutron star (NS) low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), there appears to be some correlation between certain high- and low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). In a previous paper, we showed that for BH LMXBs, this could be explained by the simultaneous oscillation and precession of a hot, thick, torus-like corona. In the current work, we extend this idea to NS LMXBs by associating the horizontal branch oscillations (HBOs) with precession and the upper-kiloHertz (ukHz) QPO with vertical epicyclic motion. For the Atoll source 4U 1608-52, the model can match many distinct, simultaneous observations of the HBO andmore »
3. Abstract
The detection of GW170817, the first neutron star-neutron star merger observed by Advanced LIGO and Virgo, and its following analyses represent the first contributions of gravitational wave data to understanding dense matter. Parameterizing the high density section of the equation of state of both neutron stars through spectral decomposition, and imposing a lower limit on the maximum mass value, led to an estimate of the stars’ radii ofkm andkm (Abbottet al2018Phys. Rev. Lett.121161101). These values do not, however, take into account any uncertainty owed to the choice of the crust low-density equation of state, whichmore »
4. We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of the Type II supernova ASASSN-14jb, together with Very Large Telescope (VLT) Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) integral field observations of its host galaxy and a nebular-phase spectrum. This supernova, in the nearby galaxy ESO 467-G051 ( z = 0.006), was discovered and followed-up by the all-sky automated survey for supernovae (ASAS-SN). We obtained well-sampled las cumbres network (LCOGTN) B V g r i and Swift w 2 m 1 w 1 u b v optical, near-UV/optical light curves, and several optical spectra in the early photospheric phases. The transient ASASSN-14jb exploded ∼2 kpc abovemore »
5. Aims. We present a detailed visible and near-infrared spectro-interferometric analysis of the Be-shell star o Aquarii from quasi-contemporaneous CHARA/VEGA and VLTI/AMBER observations. Methods. We analyzed spectro-interferometric data in the H α (VEGA) and Br γ (AMBER) lines using models of increasing complexity: simple geometric models, kinematic models, and radiative transfer models computed with the 3D non-LTE code HDUST. Results. We measured the stellar radius of o Aquarii in the visible with a precision of 8%: 4.0 ± 0.3 R ⊙ . We constrained the circumstellar disk geometry and kinematics using a kinematic model and a MCMC fitting procedure. The emittingmore »
| 2022-08-12T14:36:43 |
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|
https://xgc.pppl.gov/xgca/html/todo.html
|
XGCa
Todo List
Subprogram dbc_mod::dbc_triangle (R, Z, RS, ZS, FS, n)
Right now I'm not aware of anything that should be improved.
Subprogram dbc_mod::dbc_weights (weights, R, Z, n, grid)
Right now I'm not aware of anything that should be improved.
Subprogram nintegrals_mod::nintegrals_gn (k, n)
Right now only $$-1 < k < 1$$ is can be handled. If k falls outside this range, one most probably encounters a segmentation fault.
| 2021-05-10T18:44:25 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/cgi-bin/reader/contribution.cgi?id=289/021
|
Volume 289 - VIII International Workshop On Charm Physics (CHARM2016) - CP Violation, Mixing and Nonleptonic Decays
Charm hadrons and lattice QCD
L. Riggio,* G. Salerno
*corresponding author
Full text: pdf
Published on: 2017 February 28
Abstract
We review two lattice calculations involving charm hadrons: a determination of the vector and scalar form factors of the semileptonic $D \to \pi \ell \nu$ decays, which are relevant for the extraction of the CKM matrix element $\lvert V_{cd} \rvert$ from experimental data, and a calculation of the matrix elements of four-fermion operators relevant to the description of the neutral D mixing in the Standard Model and its extensions. Both analyses are based on the gauge configurations produced by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration with $N_f = 2 + 1 + 1$ flavors of dynamical quarks. We simulated at three different values of the lattice spacing and with pion masses as small as 210 MeV.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.289.0021
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2018-07-21T23:25:03 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10204242-universal-sound-diffusion-strongly-interacting-fermi-gas
|
Universal sound diffusion in a strongly interacting Fermi gas
Transport of strongly interacting fermions is crucial for the properties of modern materials, nuclear fission, the merging of neutron stars, and the expansion of the early Universe. Here, we observe a universal quantum limit of diffusivity in a homogeneous, strongly interacting atomic Fermi gas by studying sound propagation and its attenuation through the coupled transport of momentum and heat. In the normal state, the sound diffusivity D monotonically decreases upon lowering the temperature, in contrast to the diverging behavior of weakly interacting Fermi liquids. Below the superfluid transition temperature, D attains a universal value set by the ratio of Planck’s constant and the particle mass. Our findings inform theories of fermion transport, with relevance for hydrodynamic flow of electrons, neutrons, and quarks.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10204242
Journal Name:
Science
Volume:
370
Issue:
6521
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
p. 1222-1226
ISSN:
0036-8075
Publisher:
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. Abstract
The low-temperature properties of a wide range of many-fermion systems spanning metals, quantum gases and liquids to nuclear matter are well understood within the framework of Landau’s theory of Fermi liquids. The low-energy physics of these systems is governed by interacting fermionic quasiparticles with momenta and energies near a Fermi surface in momentum space. Nonequilibrium properties are described by a kinetic equation for the distribution function for quasiparticles proposed by Landau. Quasiparticle interactions with other quasiparticles, phonons, or impurities lead to internal forces acting on a distribution of nonequilibrium quasiparticles, as well as collision processes that ultimately limit the transport of mass, heat, charge, and magnetization, as well as limiting the coherence times of quasiparticles. For Fermi liquids that are close to a second-order phase transition, e.g., Fermi liquids that undergo a superfluid transition, incipient Cooper pairs—long-lived fluctuations of the ordered phase—provide a new channel for scattering quasiparticles, as well as corrections to internal forces acting on the distribution of nonequilibrium quasiparticles. We develop the theory of quasiparticle transport for Fermi liquids in the vicinity of a BCS-type superfluid transition starting from Keldysh’s field theory for nonequilibrium, strongly interacting fermions. The leading corrections to Fermi-liquid theory for nonequilibrium quasiparticle transportmore »
2. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity is linked to the nature of the energy transport at a frequency ω , which is quantified by thermal diffusivity d ( ω ). Here we study d ( ω ) for a poorly annealed glass and a highly stable glass prepared using the swap Monte Carlo algorithm. To calculate d ( ω ), we excite wave packets and find that the energy moves diffusively for high frequencies up to a maximum frequency, beyond which the energy stays localized. At intermediate frequencies, we find a linear increase of the square of the width of the wave packet with time, which allows for a robust calculation of d ( ω ), but the wave packet is no longer well described by a Gaussian as for high frequencies. In this intermediate regime, there is a transition from a nearly frequency independent thermal diffusivity at high frequencies to d ( ω ) ∼ ω −4 at low frequencies. For low frequencies the sound waves are responsible for energy transport and the energy moves ballistically. The low frequency behavior can be predicted using sound attenuation coefficients.
3. Because Fermi liquids are inherently non-interacting states of matter, all electronic levels below the chemical potential are doubly occupied. Consequently, the simplest way of breaking the Fermi-liquid theory is to engineer a model in which some of those states are singly occupied, keeping time-reversal invariance intact. We show that breaking an overlooked1 local-in-momentum space ℤ2 symmetry of a Fermi liquid does precisely this. As a result, although the Mott transition from a Fermi liquid is correctly believed to arise without breaking any continuous symmetry, a discrete symmetry is broken. This symmetry breaking serves as an organizing principle for Mott physics whether it arises from the tractable Hatsugai–Kohmoto model or the intractable Hubbard model. Through a renormalization-group analysis, we establish that both are controlled by the same fixed point. An experimental manifestation of this fixed point is the onset of particle–hole asymmetry, a widely observed2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 phenomenon in strongly correlated systems. Theoretically, the singly occupied region of the spectrum gives rise to a surface of zeros of the single-particle Green function, denoted as the Luttinger surface. Using K-homology, we show that the Bott topological invariant guarantees the stability of this surface to local perturbations. Our proof demonstrates that the strongly coupled fixedmore »
4. Abstract
Quantum-mechanical fluctuations between competing phases induce exotic collective excitations that exhibit anomalous behavior in transport and thermodynamic properties, and are often intimately linked to the appearance of unconventional Cooper pairing. High-temperature superconductivity, however, makes it difficult to assess the role of quantum-critical fluctuations in shaping anomalous finite-temperature physical properties. Here we report temperature-field scale invariance of non-Fermi liquid thermodynamic, transport, and Hall quantities in a non-superconducting iron-pnictide, Ba(Fe1/3Co1/3Ni1/3)2As2, indicative of quantum criticality at zero temperature and applied magnetic field. Beyond a linear-in-temperature resistivity, the hallmark signature of strong quasiparticle scattering, we find a scattering rate that obeys a universal scaling relation between temperature and applied magnetic fields down to the lowest energy scales. Together with the dominance of hole-like carriers close to the zero-temperature and zero-field limits, the scale invariance, isotropic field response, and lack of applied pressure sensitivity suggests a unique quantum critical system unhindered by a pairing instability.
5. Abstract
Dirac and Weyl semimetals both exhibit arc-like surface states. However, whereas the surface Fermi arcs in Weyl semimetals are topological consequences of the Weyl points themselves, the surface Fermi arcs in Dirac semimetals are not directly related to the bulk Dirac points, raising the question of whether there exists a topological bulk-boundary correspondence for Dirac semimetals. In this work, we discover that strong and fragile topological Dirac semimetals exhibit one-dimensional (1D) higher-order hinge Fermi arcs (HOFAs) as universal, direct consequences of their bulk 3D Dirac points. To predict HOFAs coexisting with topological surface states in solid-state Dirac semimetals, we introduce and layer a spinful model of ansd-hybridized quadrupole insulator (QI). We develop a rigorous nested Jackiw–Rebbi formulation of QIs and HOFA states. Employing ab initio calculations, we demonstrate HOFAs in both the room- (α) and intermediate-temperature (α) phases of Cd3As2, KMgBi, and rutile-structure ($$\beta ^{\prime}$$${\beta }^{\prime }$-) PtO2.
| 2022-12-01T21:30:35 |
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|
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/comparing-means-of-payment-what-role-for-a-central-bank-digital-currency-20200813.htm
|
August 13, 2020
### Comparing Means of Payment: What Role for a Central Bank Digital Currency?
Paul Wong and Jesse Leigh Maniff1
#### Abstract
This paper looks at the potential benefit that a central bank digital currency (CBDC) could provide in the context of existing payment mechanisms. Central banks today provide the primary payment mechanisms for trade and commerce: cash, used by the public, and electronic payment services, used by eligible financial institutions. In recent years, there has been a growing conversation about whether central banks should offer a digital version of cash. A comparison of a general-purpose CBDC with existing means of payments across seven categories reveals how an appropriately designed CBDC could provide value in certain areas. These technological benefits could include a digital form of a bearer instrument, more cost-effective payment services, greater anonymity than current digital transactions, and a catalyst for greater innovation through programmable money.
#### Introduction
The concept of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) has sparked the imagination of many who envision a new means of payment that would revolutionize payments in much the same way the internet revolutionized the exchange of information. The introduction of a widely available CBDC has the potential to create new processes for end-to-end payments transactions, founded on newer technologies. Many hope that such a potential CBDC ecosystem could result in enhanced payments efficiency, greater financial inclusion, and payments innovation. Yet as discussions on a general-purpose CBDC progress, it is important to consider how this potential payment mechanism compares with existing ones offered by central banks. More simply put, what is the potential benefit of a CBDC as a means of payment?
#### Provision of central bank payment services
Today, central banks offer a number of payment mechanisms to facilitate trade and commerce; these systems are essential to the smooth functioning of an economy. Central banks typically issue money in the form of banknotes and bank deposits. Central bank money is a monetary instrument that is a liability of the central bank. Central banks typically have the lowest credit risk among financial institutions and are the source of liquidity in their currency of issue, and so central bank money is often the preferred instrument of payment in most countries.2 Central bank money complements commercial bank money, which is a liability of commercial banks and is commonly used by individual consumers when making electronic payments.3 Convertibility between commercial bank money and central bank money, within a jurisdiction, is typically at par.
Banknotes are the most visible form of central bank money because they are widely available to the public. The Federal Reserve note, which is the official currency of the United States, was first issued in 1914 with the establishment of the Federal Reserve.4 As of March 31, 2020, roughly $1.8 trillion in Federal Reserve notes were in circulation.5 According to one economic study, about half of US currency in circulation is held abroad.6 Contrary to popular reports on the "death of cash," end users continue to hold Federal Reserve notes even if cash usage for payment transactions may be declining.7 Graph 1 shows the growth in the value of outstanding Federal Reserve notes in circulation over the last two decades. ##### Graph 1. Value of currency in circulation, in billions as of December 31 of each year Bank deposits are the other form of central bank money. Eligible financial institutions are able to deposit funds at the central bank. As of March 31, 2020, the Federal Reserve had roughly$2.5 trillion in deposits made by commercial banks.8 Financial institutions are able to move these funds from one institution to another through central bank-operated payment services. The Federal Reserve maintains several services to facilitate wholesale and retail payments. These include a check-processing service; FedACH®, which is an automated clearinghouse service that supports credit transfers and direct debits; and the Fedwire® Funds and National Settlement Services, which support wholesale payments.9 On a typical day in 2019, these systems processed more than $3 trillion in transaction value.10 In August 2019, the Federal Reserve announced that it would develop the FedNowsm Service, a new interbank 24x7x365 real-time gross settlement (RTGS) service with integrated clearing functionality to support instant payments in the United States. The new service will provide interbank settlement and funds availability to payment recipients in near real time with finality, with potentially enormous implications for consumers: banks participating in the service will provide their customers immediate access to funds received through the FedNowsm Service including on nights, weekends, and holidays. In contrast, with today's retail payments, it can take as many as a few days for consumers to gain access to funds. #### Potential for central bank digital currency The rise of private digital currencies that operate without a central entity and financial intermediation has sparked interest in how value can be exchanged. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) has the potential to allow a broad range of participants to update a shared, synchronized ledger, a departure from traditional payment systems that rely on a single entity managing a centralized ledger.11 As a result, central bankers and others have begun to rethink the fundamentals of payment systems in light of DLT and other technologies.12 While central banks have researched DLT and CBDC for more than a decade, interest has escalated significantly over the last few years, in part because of an acceleration in declining cash use in some jurisdictions, further technological developments that have addressed some of the early limitations of DLT implementation, and, more recently, the emergence of privately issued global stablecoins (such as Facebook's proposed Libra).13 The COVID-19 pandemic has also led central banks to think further about potential enhancements to the general safety and efficiency of payment systems, including developing a digital currency, and to the conduct of monetary and fiscal actions.14 In addition, proponents of CBDC have highlighted its potential to address a number of other policy goals. For example, CBDC has been promoted as a way to lower transaction fees, help financial inclusion, facilitate cross-border payments, encourage innovation in the form of new services and features, improve the conduct of monetary policy, reduce financial crimes, and enhance privacy of digital transactions. The degree to which CBDC can in fact offer these benefits will largely depend on its design. Because no clear consensus exists on the key design characteristics of a CBDC, proponents of CBDC tend to envision a CBDC that can provide a long list of benefits. However, it is unlikely that all benefits of a CBDC will be able to co-exist in practice.15 #### Framework for comparing means of payment The benefits a CBDC could provide over existing means of payment can be considered in the context of contemporary payment systems, such as cash and RTGS systems. RTGS systems vary significantly in design–from wholesale payment use, such as the Fedwire® Funds Service, to retail payment use, such as the FedNowsm Service currently being built. The benefits of a CBDC should also be compared with the additional functionality that could be provided through enhancements that could be made to these RTGS systems. For the purpose of this note, such potential enhancements are considered to be "RTGS+" systems, meaning RTGS systems designed to maximize their full technological potential, including areas where RTGS systems have been limited for policy reasons (for example, a 24x7 RTGS system that allows nonbank participation). For the comparison conducted in this paper, a payment mechanism is measured along seven broad categories: accessibility, anonymity, bearer instrumentality, independence, operational efficiency, programmability, and service availability. These categories are not exhaustive and focus on the areas with the potential for greater differences.16 In some cases, there may be strong correlations between categories. For example, bearer instruments will likely have a stronger degree of "independence" as fewer intermediaries are needed. Other important categories are not considered because they represent a known difference (for example, central bank vs. commercial bank liability) or because technology plays a secondary role to legislative, regulatory, or policy solutions (for example, privacy).17 ##### Accessibility "Accessibility" in payments refers to consumer access to a payment mechanism. Cash is typically available to everyone, whereas access to an RTGS system is typically limited to eligible financial institutions. In the United States, cash is readily available thanks to a large bank branch network, automated teller machines, and near-universal retail store acceptance. RTGS systems that have achieved ubiquity remain limited to those with a bank account (up to 93.5% of U.S. households).18 The remaining 6.5%, or approximately 8.4 million U.S. households, are unbanked and therefore without access. If RTGS systems were extended to include the nonbank participants who currently offer prepaid cards, they would reach 95.2% of households. A CBDC that used either bank accounts or smartphones as an entry point could reach 96.7% of households. If the CBDC used bank accounts and ran over mobile networks without requiring the use of smartphones, it could reach 98% of households.19 ##### Anonymity20 Consumers often want the option to conduct anonymous private transactions when practical.21 Cash allows consumers to transact anonymously in the physical world. Most electronic payment systems, including RTGS, do not allow for anonymity because providers of these payment services must comply with rules and regulations, including AML, BSA, KYC, and electronic recordkeeping requirements. A CBDC would almost certainly need to comply with AML, BSA, and KYC regulations as well, making it unlikely that a CBDC would provide anonymity to the same degree as cash. Furthermore, as a digital payment system, a CBDC would maintain an electronic history of transactions. While technologies may exist to provide anonymity for CBDC, it is extremely unlikely that any central bank would embrace a fully anonymous instrument, given the potential for money laundering and other illicit financial activity. ##### Bearer Instrument In the physical world, a bearer instrument is an instrument that is "payable" to anyone in possession of it. Bearer instruments are "unique" in that whoever is holding the instrument has a direct claim with the issuer. Cash, and sometimes checks, are bearer instruments. Purely digital payment mechanisms, such as RTGS systems, rely on an accounting record maintained by a third party and are not considered bearer instruments. A CBDC could be designed to be a bearer instrument either through ownership of a digital object or ownership of a private key that allows for transfer of an object, allowing consumers to make payments simply by holding and transferring a valid instrument.22 If such an instrument were to have offline transaction capability, a CBDC could become functionally equivalent to cash or an endorsed check. ##### Independence Independence refers to the degree of intermediation needed to use a payment mechanism (that is, the greater the need for financial or operational intermediaries, the lower the degree of independence and vice versa) from the perspective of an end user. Cash has a high degree of independence because the exchange of paper currency requires a physical exchange between two parties. Electronic transfers, however, require some degree of intermediation. Electronic systems require the use of a physical device by the end user, such as a chip-embedded card or smartphone. RTGS systems also require the use of a financial institution to access the network. An RTGS+ system could expand participation to include nonfinancial institutions. A CBDC, as a digital payment system, would need some form of intermediation, such as a chip-embedded card, mobile device, mobile service provider, or digital wallet provider. #### Operational efficiency Operational efficiency is an important component of payment mechanisms. Two aspects of efficiency are considered in this analysis–central bank costs and other societal costs. Central bank costs associated with cash operations are significant. The Federal Reserve's currency budget was about$960 million in 2019.23 This amount includes the printing of banknotes, capital improvements to production facilities, and other support costs.24 In comparison, the budgeted 2020 total expense for the Federal Reserve's FedACH® service is roughly $155 million and for Fedwire® Funds Service is$140 million.25 These amounts include general operating costs for the service, technology modernization projects, other service investments, and allocated costs associated with maintaining the network to connect to these payment services. Broadly, central bank costs associated with the provision of an electronic payment service are roughly 15% of cash operation costs. A CBDC will likely have an operational cost structure that is more similar to that of an electronic system than cash operations.
Ultimately, however, a central bank's operating costs for a CBDC would depend greatly on its design. In some cases, these costs could be lower than that of an automated clearinghouse, instant payment system, or large value payment system if a decentralized arrangement involving the private sector were used to process transactions. In such arrangements, the private sector would maintain and operate some of the hardware used to settle and record transactions. Some implementations could have costs significantly higher than that of existing electronic systems. If the central bank were to service all households and businesses directly, the cost of doing so would be significant, as the central bank would need to add appropriate customer support services.
Any cost analysis needs to include other societal costs, which are never easy to quantify. Still, some conclusions can be drawn from market observations and data. For example, the cost of accepting and holding cash is so high for some businesses that they are considering going cashless altogether, even though accepting electronic payments incurs a cost as well.26 This indicates that cash may be more costly to businesses than electronic payments and as a result, a CBDC could be less costly than cash. Alternatively, studies have shown that consumers rate cash higher than payment cards with respect to perceived cost (possibly because there are no transactions costs for consumers using cash).27 Should the cost of a CBDC to a consumer be greater than zero, a CBDC might be considered more costly than cash. The societal cost of a CBDC, inclusive of costs associated with banks, service providers, merchants, and consumers are simply unknown.
##### Programmability
Programmability is a potential feature of digital money. A CBDC designed to allow for programmability, such as smart contracts, as part of the core platform could enable automated execution of certain operations, such as payment of interest. These contracts perform any number of actions depending on the platform's software protocol and may be designed to have certain constraints on automated code execution, such as time-based gating of certain payments. While current RTGS systems do not have the same level of programmability built into their platforms that some DLTs have, RTGS systems could achieve similar results through application programming interfaces (APIs).28 This design pattern requires the RTGS system operator to expose an API to external participants, who may themselves build additional API functionality for their own services. RTGS+ systems could also build partner APIs for customers.
##### Service availability
From an end-user perspective, a payment mechanism would function 24 hour days, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Historically, only cash has had this feature, whereas electronic payment systems have been subject to certain operating hours. The emergence of fast payments that can operate with continuous availability has eliminated the "service availability" gap that once existed between cash and electronic payments. A CBDC would likely also be designed with 24x7x365 availability. If the CBDC has offline capabilities, the system could come close to matching the "service availability" of cash. A key difference, however, is that an offline CBDC would still require a physical device to complete transactions.
#### Comparison of means of payment
Figure 1 provides a graphical depiction of how CBDC, cash, RTGS, and RTGS+ compare in each of the broad categories. The points on the radar chart represent the potential maximum value in a particular category for each payment mechanism; the points are illustrative of relative qualitative comparisons and not quantitative scores.29 In this assessment, CBDC scores higher than cash and RTGS on programmability because smart contracts can be built into a CBDC platform; it scores higher than cash and RTGS on potential operational efficiency; it scores lower than cash on anonymity and independence; and it scores close to RTGS and cash on service availability and accessibility. The points, however, do not consider tradeoffs between categories. A CBDC that is a bearer instrument designed with offline capability, for example, is less likely to have the same level of programmability than a CBDC that relies on a connected network.30
##### Figure 1. Comparison of central bank payment mechanisms
But the design of the CBDC involves tradeoffs that will change the shape of the chart above. A CBDC can broadly be designed along three archetypes: (a) a cash equivalent, (b) an account-based CBDC built on a new platform, and (3) a hybrid CBDC. A cash equivalent is one in which the CBDC is designed as a bearer instrument with offline capability.31 An account-based CBDC is the effective equivalent of providing the public with direct access to central bank accounts. A hybrid CBDC is one in which CBDC is distributed through third parties – similar to intermediated structures found in today's payment systems. Cash equivalent and account-based CBDC would likely be more accessible and require less intermediation than a hybrid CBDC. A hybrid CBDC and an account-based CBDC would likely be more programmable since they may not require offline capability.
The three types of CBDC are compared to existing means of payment below. The points on the charts are illustrative, use relative scaling, and are based on design assumptions inherent in that type of CBDC.
##### Cash equivalent CBDC
If appropriately designed, a CBDC could serve as a potential cash equivalent. As shown in Figure 2, the only categories where such a CBDC cannot fully match the features of cash are anonymity and independence.32 AML, BSA, and KYC requirements are likely to apply to a CBDC arrangement. This is crucial because there are concerns that some may want a cash equivalent CBDC to circumvent these requirements. In addition, because a CBDC involves a transfer of digital information, a CBDC will retain an electronic record somewhere in the ether. A CBDC cash equivalent would likely be more expensive to operate than an RTGS system given the operational complexities involved with decentralized systems with offline functionality, but it would likely be cheaper than cash operations. A CBDC cash equivalent could potentially have the same level of programmability as an RTGS system that allows for external APIs.
##### Account-based CBDC
In many cases, an account-based CBDC would be the effective equivalent of a central bank providing accounts directly to the public.33 This approach would also extend the digital perimeter of what RTGS systems could do. Relative to an RTGS system, a CBDC could support greater anonymity of electronic transactions (given fewer intermediaries in the settlement process that may be subject to AML/BSA requirements). If built on a new platform, a CBDC could expand programmability through smart contracts and, depending on the design, be more cost effective for a central bank to operate than cash or an RTGS system. As shown in Figure 3, an account-based CBDC would likely not be a good cash equivalent in terms of anonymity, bearer instrument, or degree of independence.
##### Hybrid CBDC
A CBDC can also be designed to have a tiered structure in which CBDC is issued by the central bank and intermediaries handle payments.34 Figure 4 highlights the potential benefits of this model. The key advantage of a hybrid CBDC over an RTGS system is the potential programmability of a CBDC instrument. A CBDC could allow for smart contracts, whereas an RTGS system would be limited to API programmability, which is not built into the platform itself. In other ways, a hybrid CBDC would be comparable to an RTGS+ system, which would be useful to a central bank if some of the work and costs of maintaining the ledger are shifted to participants, given that the model would make intermediaries responsible for enabling transactions.
#### Conclusion
While central banks and others think about CBDC and its potential design, it is critical to assess the benefits of such a new payment mechanism. Though a CBDC will never be able to fully replicate all characteristics of cash and RTGS simultaneously, in certain circumstances, it has the potential to be an improvement over both existing modes of payment. However, central banks will need to decide which features a CBDC should improve upon and choose the archetype that can best achieve these goals. Such decisions determine the value proposition of a CBDC as a means of payment and will likely determine whether a CBDC is a mere enhancement of existing payment mechanisms or a more revolutionary development.
#### Appendix A: Mapping of radar chart
The following appendix provides a rationale on how the points on the radar chart (Figure 1) were selected. The points are for illustrative purposes only and intended to show the relative strengths and weaknesses of the payment mechanisms in a particular category. Some of the radar scores are based on data (such as accessibility and service availability) and some are based on assigning scores to the sliding scale of options (such as anonymity, bearer instrument, independence, operational efficiency, and programmability). Actual strengths and weaknesses of a particular mechanism will depend on the design of the system. In some cases, the points will require tradeoffs that are not shown on the radar chart. For example, a programmable CBDC would likely need to live on the network vs an offline digital wallet.
##### Accessibility
Cash 5.0 (High) Accessible to everyone
CBDC 4.9 (High) Accessible to those with a mobile access, which is 98% of households
RTGS+ 4.8 (High) Accessible to those with a financial account, which is 95% of households
RTGS 4.7 (High) Accessible to those with a bank account, which is 94% of households
##### Anonymity
Cash 5 (High) Instrument is fully anonymous
CBDC 4 (Med/High) Technology allows for pseudo-anonymity (though policy decisions may likely lower this score)
RTGS+ 1 (Low) Electronic record subject to AML, BSA, and KYC requirements with transaction records accessible by the intermediaries
RTGS 1 (Low) Electronic record subject to AML, BSA, and KYC requirements with transaction records accessible by the intermediaries
##### Bearer instrument
Cash 5 (Yes) Ability to possess physical instrument
CBDC 5 (Yes) Ability to possess digital instrument or hold private key
RTGS+ 1 (No) No ability to possess digital instrument
RTGS 1 (No) No ability to possess digital instrument
##### Independence
Cash 5 (High) No intermediaries or equipment needed
CBDC 4 (Med/High) Requires, at a minimum, electronic equipment
RTGS+ 3 (Med) Requires an intermediary and electronic equipment
RTGS 1 (Low) Requires a bank and electronic equipment
##### Operational efficiency (as measured by costs)
Cash 1 (Low) High fixed costs and high variable costs
CBDC 5 (High) Potentially more cost-effective than other electronic payment systems depending on the design
RTGS+ 4 (Med/High) High fixed costs and low variable costs
RTGS 4 (Med/High) High fixed costs and low variable costs
##### Programmability
Cash 1 (Low) Not programmable
CBDC 5 (High) Potentially self-executing smart contracts
RTGS+ 4 (Med/High) Potential "programmability" using partner and external APIs
RTGS 3 (Med) Potential "programmability" using external APIs
##### Service availability
Cash 5 (High) Available 24/7; high operational resilience
CBDC 5 (High) Available 24/7 with offline capability; transfer requires tech equipment
RTGS+ 4.99 (High) Potentially available 24/7 with an assumed availability target of 99.9%
RTGS 4.99 (High) Potentially available 24/7 with an assumed availability target of 99.9%
#### Appendix B: Mapping of CBDC scenario
##### Figure 2: Cash-equivalent CBDC
Accessibility 4.9 Accessible to those with mobile access, which is 98% of households
Anonymity 4 Technology allows for pseudo-anonymity (though policy decisions may likely lower this score)
Bearer instrument 5 Digital instrument can be possessed
Independence 4 Requires, at a minimum, electronic equipment
Operational efficiency 3 Potentially higher than RTGS systems but lower than cash, depending on design
Programmability 3 Potential programmability using external APIs
Service availability 5 Available 24/7 with offline capability; transfer requires tech equipment
##### Figure 3: Account-based CBDC
Accessibility 4.9 Accessible to those with mobile access, which is 98% of households
Anonymity 3 AML, BSA, and KYC requirements with transaction records accessible by the central bank
Bearer instrument 1 Digital instrument cannot be possessed
Independence 4 Requires, at a minimum, electronic equipment
Operational efficiency 5 Potentially more cost-effective than other electronic payment systems
Programmability 5 Potentially self-executing smart contracts
Service availability 4.99 Potentially available 24/7 with an assumed availability target of 99.9%
##### Figure 4: Hybrid CBDC
Accessibility 4.8 Accessible to those with a financial account, which is 95% of households
Anonymity 1 AML, BSA, and KYC requirements with transaction records accessible by the intermediaries
Bearer instrument 1 Digital instrument cannot be possessed
Independence 3 Requires an intermediary and electronic equipment
Operational efficiency 5 Potentially more cost-effective than other electronic payment systems
Programmability 5 Potentially self-executing smart contracts
Service availability 4.99 Potentially available 24/7 with an assumed availability target of 99.9%
1. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Board of Governors or the staff of the Federal Reserve System. The authors would like to thank Francesca Carapella, Jacqueline Cremos, Jean Flemming, David Mills, Kirstin Wells, Krzysztof Wozniak, and Sarah Wright of the Federal Reserve Board; Anders Brownworth, Robert Bench, and Tyler Frederick of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston; Susan Zubradt of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City; Alexander Lee of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York; and Amy Burr of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco for their contributions and assistance towards this note. Return to text
2. See, for example, Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems, The role of central bank money in payment systems, August 2003. Return to text
3. Nonbanks may also issue their own forms of money, such as gift certificates and pre-paid store cards. Nonbank money is not covered in this discussion. Return to text
4. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions, October 2016. Return to text
5. See Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Banks Combined Quarterly Financial Report (Unaudited), March 31, 2020. Return to text
6. Judson, Ruth, "The Death of Cash? Not so fast: Demand for U.S. Currency at Home and Abroad, 1990-2016," International Cash Conference 2017 – War on Cash: Is there a Future for Cash? 25 - 27 April 2017, Island of Mainau, Germany. Return to text
7. Cash has been declining as a percentage of payments, in part due to the increase in total payments. See Kumar, Raynil and Shaun O'Brien, "2019 Findings from the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice," FedNotes, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, June 2019. Return to text
8. See Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Banks Combined Quarterly Financial Report (Unaudited), March 31, 2020. Return to text
11. See, for example, Mills et al., "Distributed ledger technology in payments, clearing and settlement," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2016-096, Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2016.095. Return to text
12. While an impetus for reimagining money, DLT is not required for a CBDC. Return to text
13. Stablecoins are a type of private digital currency that seek to stabilize the price by tying its value to that of an underlying asset. Return to text
14. Not all rationales for implementing a CBDC are payments-related, such as monetary or fiscal policy transmission. While potentially important considerations, these are outside the scope of this paper. Return to text
15. Maniff, Jesse Leigh, "Motives Matter: Examining Potential Tension in Central Bank Digital Currency Designs," Payments System Research Briefing, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, July 2020. Return to text
16. While this paper chooses to focus on these seven categories, others may choose to compare different aspects. Return to text
17. Privacy is distinguishable from anonymity: broadly, anonymity concerns identity whereas privacy concerns transaction information. Return to text
18. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, "2017 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households," October 2018. Return to text
19. Author calculations using Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, "2017 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households," October 2018. Return to text
20. The paper does not take a position on whether anonymity is a desirable attribute. It merely uses anonymity to help differentiate means of payment. As a result, more anonymity is not considered superior to less anonymity. Return to text
21. Research has found that one of the reasons consumers have adopted a private digital currency is that it allows them to make payments anonymously. See, for example, Schuh, Scott, and Oz Shy, "U.S. Consumers' Adoption and Use of Bitcoin and Other Virtual Currencies," DeNederlandsche Bank conference entitled "Retail payments: mapping out the road ahead," 2016. Return to text
22. Some consider recent private digital currencies to be bearer instruments because whoever holds a digital wallet's private key can spend its contents, just as whoever is holding a dollar bill can spend it. Return to text
23. Budget costs are offset by seigniorage and interest earned. Return to text
24. This number includes more than $400 million in fixed printing costs and$22 million in currency transportation. See https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2018-ar-federal-system-budgets.htm#xsystembudgetsoverview-25105c48. Return to text
27. Bagnall, John et al.,"Consumer cash usage: a cross-country comparison with payment diary survey data," ECB Working Paper, No. 1685, 2014. Return to text
28. APIs allow for interactions between multiple software intermediaries. Return to text
29. Appendix A provides more a detailed discussion of the selected points. Return to text
30. Presumably, certain checks with the network will be required of all self-executing contracts. Return to text
31. For this analysis, cash equivalent is meant to mimic properties of cash, especially its ability to function without a network. Technologists are still discussing whether this is entirely feasible, highlighting some of the problems associated with proposed solutions. See, for example, Allen et al. "Design Choices for Central Bank Digital Currency: Policy and Technical Considerations," Brookings Global Economy and Development Working Paper, No 140, July 2020. Return to text
32. Appendix B provides more a detailed discussion of the selected points. Return to text
33. While outside the scope of this analysis, there are concerns as to how an account-based CBDC would affect commercial banks. This would factor into any policy decision. Return to text
34. See, for example, Auer, Raphael and Rainer Böhme, "The technology of retail central bank digital currency," BIS Quarterly Review, March 2020. Return to text
| 2020-09-20T07:37:07 |
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|
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-aloha-e-na-makani-oluolu-we-welcome-return-tradewinds
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# Volcano Watch - Aloha e na makani oluolu; we welcome the return of the tradewinds
Release Date:
Residents of east Hawaii are finally getting some relief from nearly two months of intermittently poor air quality caused by sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas and acidic particles released from Kīlauea- and the southerly winds that kept these emissions in east Hawaii.
The spate of kona winds that brought the vog "home for the holidays" in December abated early last week. Undoubtedly, residents of the Hilo and Puna districts and parts of Kau on the Big Island had lighter hearts due to the clean air, just in time for Valentine's Day.
Those of us who work at the observatory were relieved, too, partly because we could all breathe a bit easier, since fume from Halemaumau and Puu Oo was no longer blowing into the observatory or our homes. HVO's scientists were also glad to be able to measure sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas emissions from the vents again. This is a task that is important for monitoring the eruption but is difficult or impossible when trade winds are absent.
We measure these emissions by driving underneath Kīlauea's volcanic plumes with a vertically directed spectrometer strapped to the side of a field vehicle. When trade winds blow, plumes from the summit and rift emission sources are opportunely blown across Crater Rim Drive and Chain of Craters Road, respectively, where they are easily quantified. When sluggish southerly or multi-directional winds take the place of the trades, the summit and rift emissions form a smeared plume that can not be accurately measured, but which often creates a pollution problem for nearby areas.
During December and January, we heard numerous complaints from residents and visitors who reported such symptoms as headache, itchy eyes, and breathing discomfort. During this period, due to the lack of trades, we could not measure the SO2 emission rate. This measure describes the amount of gas released over time and is often expressed in tonnes of SO2 emitted per day. However, other types of instruments did record high concentrations of this noxious gas, commonly reported in parts per million (ppm). As an example, the "recipe" for 10 ppm SO2 is 10 parts of SO2 mixed with 999,990 parts of air.
To further understand the difference between emission rate and concentration, we can look back to a time when bars in Hawaii were full of smokers. We can consider the emission rate of the bar to be the amount of smoke produced in the bar over a business day. The concentration is the amount of smoke in the room at a particular time that bar patrons will experience during their visit.
Similarly, high concentrations of irritating SO2 gas are experienced at, and near, Kīlauea when slow southerly winds blow the stagnant fume into populated areas. This can, and does, affect our respiratory comfort, but the true gauge of production from the volcano is expressed by the emission rate. At the summit of Kīlauea, about 100 tonnes of SO2 are emitted per day. Much more SO2 comes from the Puu Oo vent, which has averaged about 1,500 tonnes per day for the past several years. This emission rate increases commensurately with activity of the volcano.
The return of the trade winds last week was welcomed by those who live and work in east Hawai'i. On February 7, the first day we were able to measure SO2 emission rates again, we found that they had nearly doubled since our last measurements in December. During the next three days, they climbed to over 3,000 tonnes per day, a level we haven't seen since 2002.
This period of high SO2 emission rate corresponded to an increase in activity at the eruption site. The spatter from several cones within Puu Oo crater increased, and the East Pond Vent produced a small lava flow for the first time in more than 6 months. Activity at vents outside the crater increased, as well. Dome fountains were photographed by a time-lapse camera located on the south flank of Puu Oo, and the vigor of spattering from one of these vents was sufficient to destroy a seismic monitoring station located nearby.
In keeping with the ups and downs of living and working on an active volcano, we regret the loss of the monitoring equipment. However, we celebrate the return of the trade winds as we breathe more easily and measure Kīlauea's gas emission rates.
### Volcano Activity Update
Eruptive activity at Puu Oo continues. At least five of the vents inside Puu Oo crater have been spattering frequently since February 1, producing bright glow from the crater on clear nights. On the night of February 10, spattering activity inside the crater escalated, and one vent, on the eastern end of the crater, produced a small fan of Pāhoehoe on the crater floor. The same night, the MLK vent, at the southwest base of the cone, erupted a flow that extended 500 m from the vent. The heightened activity diminished by the morning of February 11.
The PKK flow continues to host substantial breakouts from the 2,300-ft elevation to the coastal plain. Lava is entering the ocean at both West Highcastle and at Kailiili. The closest activity to the end of Chain of Craters Road, in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, is at West Highcastle, 2.6 km (1.6 mi) from the ranger shed. Expect a 1-to-1.5-hour walk each way and remember to bring lots of water. Stay well back from the sea cliff, regardless of whether there is an active ocean entry or not. Heed the National Park warning signs.
During the week ending February 17, four earthquakes were felt on Hawaii Island. The first earthquake, at 3:28 a.m. on February 10, was a magnitude-3.1 located at a depth of 30 km (19 miles) about 9 km (5 miles) north of Honaunau that was felt in Captain Cook. A pair of earthquakes occurred 68 seconds apart just before 5 p.m. on Valentine's Day, February 14. They had magnitudes of 2.4 and 3.1, and occurred at depths of a little more than 1 km (0.6 miles), and were located between Kīlauea summit and Volcano. A magnitude-3.0 earthquake occurred at 8:05 a.m. on February 17 and was located at a depth of only a few hundred meters (feet) in the same area as the previous pair. These three earthquakes were felt within the National Park housing and Volcano.
These felt Kīlauea earthquakes are part of a swarm beneath Kīlauea summit that started in mid-January. The swarm accompanies accelerated inflation of Kīlauea summit, increasing from 8 cm/yr (3 inches/yr) to over 40 cm/yr (15 inches/yr).
Mauna Loa is not erupting. The summit region continues to inflate. Since July 2004, the rate of inflation and number of deep earthquakes has increased. Mauna Loa caldera is widening at an average rate of 6 cm/yr (2 inches/yr) while the flanks are widening at a faster rate of 20 cm/yr (8 inches/yr). Weekly earthquake counts have varied from 5 to over 150 in the last half of 2004 but have been less than 10 since the beginning of 2005. During the week ending February 16, six earthquakes were recorded beneath the summit area. Nearly all are 30 km (18 mi) or more deep, and most are the long-period type, with magnitudes less than 3.
| 2020-01-29T17:49:34 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10185328
|
Stochastic re-acceleration and magnetic-field damping in Tycho ’s supernova remnant
Context. Tycho ’s supernova remnant (SNR) is associated with the historical supernova (SN) event SN 1572 of Type Ia. The explosion occurred in a relatively clean environment, and was visually observed, providing an age estimate. This SNR therefore represents an ideal astrophysical test-bed for the study of cosmic-ray acceleration and related phenomena. A number of studies suggest that shock acceleration with particle feedback and very efficient magnetic-field amplification combined with Alfvénic drift are needed to explain the rather soft radio spectrum and the narrow rims observed in X-rays. Aims. We show that the broadband spectrum of Tycho ’s SNR can alternatively be well explained when accounting for stochastic acceleration as a secondary process. The re-acceleration of particles in the turbulent region immediately downstream of the shock should be efficient enough to impact particle spectra over several decades in energy. The so-called Alfvénic drift and particle feedback on the shock structure are not required in this scenario. Additionally, we investigate whether synchrotron losses or magnetic-field damping play a more profound role in the formation of the non-thermal filaments. Methods. We solved the full particle transport equation in test-particle mode using hydrodynamic simulations of the SNR plasma flow. The background magnetic more »
Authors:
; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10185328
Journal Name:
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Volume:
639
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
A124
ISSN:
0004-6361
2. We have performed two-dimensional hybrid simulations of non-relativistic collisionless shocks in the presence of pre-existing energetic particles (‘seeds’); such a study applies, for instance, to the re-acceleration of galactic cosmic rays (CRs) in supernova remnant (SNR) shocks and solar wind energetic particles in heliospheric shocks. Energetic particles can be effectively reflected and accelerated regardless of shock inclination via a process that we call diffusive shock re-acceleration. We find that re-accelerated seeds can drive the streaming instability in the shock upstream and produce effective magnetic field amplification. This can eventually trigger the injection of thermal protons even at oblique shocks that ordinarily cannot inject thermal particles. We characterize the current in reflected seeds, finding that it tends to a universal value $J\simeq en_{\text{CR}}v_{\text{sh}}$ , where $en_{\text{CR}}$ is the seed charge density and $v_{\text{sh}}$ is the shock velocity. When applying our results to SNRs, we find that the re-acceleration of galactic CRs can excite the Bell instability to nonlinear levels in less than ${\sim}10~\text{yr}$ , thereby providing a minimum level of magnetic field amplification for any SNR shock. Finally, we discuss the relevance of diffusive shock re-acceleration also for other environments, such as heliospheric shocks, galactic superbubbles and clusters of galaxies.
| 2023-01-28T09:21:16 |
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https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-expansion-alaskan-volcano-monitoring-program-continues
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# Volcano Watch - Expansion of Alaskan Volcano monitoring program continues
Release Date:
In one of the most ambitious volcano-monitoring efforts ever undertaken, scientists of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) are moving ahead with plans to increase the number of volcanoes they monitor with real-time geophysical instruments.
In the next few years, five more volcanoes in the westernmost Aleutian Islands will be rigged with new instruments using a ship as a base of operations--the first for mainland U.S. volcano observatories.
Alaska is home to one of the most formidable volcanic chains on Earth. More than 100 volcanoes extend westward 2,500 km (1,550 miles) from Cook Inlet near Anchorage to the Aleutian Islands and eastern Russia; 41 have erupted at least once in the past 240 years. The equivalent distance in Hawaii stretches from the Big Island to Midway and encompasses only four or five volcanoes, including submarine Loihi volcano, active during the same time.
In the past 15 years, many eruptions and periods of unrest at Alaskan volcanoes have affected cities and remote communities; the oil, power, and fishing industries; and, most importantly, commercial aircraft in the heavily traveled north Pacific air routes.
When AVO was established in 1988, only Augustine Volcano, 275 km (170 miles) southwest of Anchorage, was monitored well enough for scientists to provide effective warning of an impending eruption. Today, 23 volcanoes located as far as 2,050 km (1,275 miles) from Anchorage are monitored with 133 seismic stations.
AVO is a partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Alaska in Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys.
Why such a focused effort to monitor Alaskan volcanoes?
In 1989, volcanic ash from the eruption of Redoubt Volcano nearly downed a Boeing 747 jet carrying 231 passengers. On December 15, the plane unknowingly descended into an eruption cloud 240 km (150 miles) downwind from the volcano, losing power in all four engines as gritty ash and sulfurous gas filled the aircraft. After gliding powerless for eight frightening minutes and falling 4,450 m (14,600 feet) toward the rugged Talkeetna Mountains, disaster was barely averted when the pilots restarted the engines and landed safely in Anchorage. Repair costs of the jet exceeded \$ 80 million.
The impact of Redoubt's eruption on aircraft safety ushered in a new era of volcano monitoring in Alaska. Even though most of the volcanoes are remote, more than 15,000 air passengers and millions of dollars of cargo pass over them daily. Since 1989, AVO scientists have worked closely with other federal agencies and the aviation industry to help aircraft avoid volcanic ash that can drift high in the atmosphere far downwind from an erupting volcano.
The key to reducing risk to aircraft was for AVO to increase the number of monitored volcanoes so that reliable warnings of impending activity could be given and the status of an ongoing eruption accurately determined. In 1996, with Congressional funding provided through the Federal Aviation Administration, AVO scientists began an aggressive effort to expand the monitoring program to active volcanoes in the Aleutian Islands.
Because of the remote locations of these volcanoes, AVO scientists have also built a very successful remote-sensing program using non-military satellite sensors. All volcanoes in Alaska and Russia are analyzed at least twice daily for signs of activity using images from several satellites. AVO is the only observatory that routinely utilizes near-real-time satellite data to detect unrest and eruptions for so many volcanoes.
This year, along with new seismic installations, AVO will begin installing continuously recording tiltmeters and GPS receivers on some volcanoes for tracking deformation caused by moving magma and faulting, borrowing from experience of its sister observatories, including the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Also, many geologists will continue to decipher the eruptive histories and hazards of Alaska's potentially dangerous volcanoes.
The hard and often risky work of many people affiliated with AVO has proven that the remote and dangerous volcanoes in Alaska can indeed be successfully monitored to reduce risk to people and property. Today's challenging plans will make the monitoring program even more robust and improve our understanding of this awesome volcanic chain.
### Volcano Activity Update
The eruption of Kilauea Volcano continued unabated at the Puu Oo vent during the past week. Intermittent lava activity was observed within the Puu Oo crater on January 21 and 22. Lava moves away from the vent toward the ocean in a network of tubes. Two major breakouts of the tube system at the 2,220-ft and 2,080-ft elevations have built small shields topped with lava ponds, which supply short surface flows. Other breakouts from the tube system supply surface flows on the pali and in the coastal flats. Lava is now entering the ocean only at Kamoamoa. The ocean entry east of Kupapa`u was found inactive on January 22, and geophysical measurements indicate that the feeder tube was empty.
The public is reminded that the bench of the ocean entry is very hazardous, with possible collapses of the unstable new land. The steam clouds are extremely hot, highly acidic, and laced with glass particles. Swimming at the black sand beaches of the bench can be a blistering or even deadly venture.
One earthquake was reported felt during the week ending on January 24. Residents of nearly every district on the island felt the earthquake originating from the south flank of Kilauea at 1:18 a.m. on January 18. The magnitude-4.1 earthquake was located 11 km (6.6 mi) west of Kalapana at a depth of 9.1 km (5.5 mi).
| 2019-11-16T00:36:13 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10369624-comparison-between-nuclear-ring-star-formation-lirgs-normal-galaxies-very-large-array
|
A Comparison between Nuclear Ring Star Formation in LIRGs and in Normal Galaxies with the Very Large Array
Abstract Nuclear rings are excellent laboratories for studying intense star formation. We present results from a study of nuclear star-forming rings in five nearby normal galaxies from the Star Formation in Radio Survey (SFRS) and four local LIRGs from the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey at sub-kiloparsec resolutions using Very Large Array high-frequency radio continuum observations. We find that nuclear ring star formation (NRSF) contributes 49%–60% of the total star formation of the LIRGs, compared to 7%–40% for the normal galaxies. We characterize a total of 57 individual star-forming regions in these rings, and find that with measured sizes of 10–200 pc, NRSF regions in the LIRGs have star formation rate (SFR) and Σ SFR up to 1.7 M ⊙ yr −1 and 402 M ⊙ yr −1 kpc −2 , respectively, which are about 10 times higher than in NRSF regions in the normal galaxies with similar sizes, and comparable to lensed high- z star-forming regions. At ∼100–300 pc scales, we estimate low contributions (<50%) of thermal free–free emission to total radio continuum emission at 33 GHz in the NRSF regions in the LIRGs, but large variations possibly exist at smaller physical scales. Finally, using archival sub-kiloparsec resolution CO more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10369624
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
916
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
73
ISSN:
0004-637X
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. Abstract
We present the analysis of ∼100 pc scale compact radio continuum sources detected in 63 local (ultra)luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs;LIR≥ 1011L), using FWHM ≲ 0.″1–0.″2 resolution 15 and 33 GHz observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We identify a total of 133 compact radio sources with effective radii of 8–170 pc, which are classified into four main categories—“AGN” (active galactic nuclei), “AGN/SBnuc” (AGN-starburst composite nucleus), “SBnuc” (starburst nucleus), and “SF” (star-forming clumps)—based on ancillary data sets and the literature. We find that “AGN” and “AGN/SBnuc” more frequently occur in late-stage mergers and have up to 3 dex higher 33 GHz luminosities and surface densities compared with “SBnuc” and “SF,” which may be attributed to extreme nuclear starburst and/or AGN activity in the former. Star formation rates (SFRs) and surface densities (ΣSFR) are measured for “SF” and “SBnuc” using both the total 33 GHz continuum emission (SFR ∼ 0.14–13Myr−1, ΣSFR∼ 13–1600Myr−1kpc−2) and the thermal free–free emission from Hiiregions (median SFRth∼ 0.4Myr−1,$ΣSFRth∼44M⊙$yr−1kpc−2). These values are 1–2 dex higher than those measured for similar-sized clumps in nearby normal (non-U/LIRGs). The latter also have a much flatter median 15–33 GHz spectral index (∼−0.08) compared withmore »
2. Abstract
We report the discoveries of a nuclear ring of diameter 10″ (∼1.5 kpc) and a potential low-luminosity active galactic nucleus (LLAGN) in the radio continuum emission map of the edge-on barred spiral galaxy NGC 5792. These discoveries are based on the Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies—an Expanded Very Large Array (VLA) Survey, as well as subsequent VLA observations of subarcsecond resolution. Using a mixture of Hαand 24μm calibrations, we disentangle the thermal and nonthermal radio emission of the nuclear region and derive a star formation rate (SFR) of ∼0.4Myr−1. We find that the nuclear ring is dominated by nonthermal synchrotron emission. The synchrotron-based SFR is about three times the mixture-based SFR. This result indicates that the nuclear ring underwent more intense star-forming activity in the past, and now its star formation is in the low state. The subarcsecond VLA images resolve six individual knots on the nuclear ring. The equipartition magnetic field strengthBeqof the knots varies from 77 to 88μG. The radio ring surrounds a point-like faint radio core ofS6 GHz= (16 ± 4)μJy with polarized lobes at the center of NGC 5792, which suggests an LLAGN with an Eddington ratio of ∼10−5. This radio nuclear ring is reminiscentmore »
3. Exploiting the sensitivity of the IRAM NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) and its ability to process large instantaneous bandwidths, we have studied the morphology and other properties of the molecular gas and dust in the star forming galaxy, H-ATLAS J131611.5+281219 (HerBS-89a), at z = 2.95. High angular resolution (0 . ″3) images reveal a partial 1 . ″0 diameter Einstein ring in the dust continuum emission and the molecular emission lines of 12 CO(9−8) and H 2 O(2 02 − 1 11 ). Together with lower angular resolution (0 . ″6) images, we report the detection of a series of molecular lines including the three fundamental transitions of the molecular ion OH + , namely (1 1 − 0 1 ), (1 2 − 0 1 ), and (1 0 − 0 1 ), seen in absorption; the molecular ion CH + (1 − 0) seen in absorption, and tentatively in emission; two transitions of amidogen (NH 2 ), namely (2 02 − 1 11 ) and (2 20 − 2 11 ) seen in emission; and HCN(11 − 10) and/or NH(1 2 − 0 1 ) seen in absorption. The NOEMA data are complemented with Very Large Array data tracing the 12 CO(1 − 0) emission line, which provides a measurement ofmore »
4. Abstract We present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.2 mm continuum observations of a sample of 27 star-forming galaxies at z = 2.1–2.5 from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey with metallicity and star formation rate measurements from optical emission lines. Using stacks of Spitzer, Herschel, and ALMA photometry (rest frame ∼8–400 μ m), we examine the infrared (IR) spectral energy distributions (SED) of z ∼ 2.3 subsolar-metallicity (∼0.5 Z ⊙ ) luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs). We find that the data agree well with an average template of higher-luminosity local low-metallicity dwarf galaxies (reduced χ 2 = 1.8). When compared with the commonly used templates for solar-metallicity local galaxies or high-redshift LIRGs and ultraluminous IR galaxies, even in the most favorable case (with reduced χ 2 = 2.8), the templates are rejected at >98% confidence. The broader and hotter IR SED of both the local dwarfs and high-redshift subsolar-metallicity galaxies may result from different grain properties or a harder/more intense ionizing radiation field that increases the dust temperature. The obscured star formation rate (SFR) indicated by the far-IR emission of the subsolar-metallicity galaxies is only ∼60% of the total SFR, considerably lower than that of the local LIRGsmore »
5. Abstract
We present a measurement of the intrinsic space density of intermediate-redshift (z∼ 0.5), massive (M*∼ 1011M), compact (Re∼ 100 pc) starburst (ΣSFR∼ 1000Myr−1kpc−1) galaxies with tidal features indicative of them having undergone recent major mergers. A subset of them host kiloparsec-scale, > 1000 km s−1outflows and have little indication of AGN activity, suggesting that extreme star formation can be a primary driver of large-scale feedback. The aim for this paper is to calculate their space density so we can place them in a better cosmological context. We do this by empirically modeling the stellar populations of massive, compact starburst galaxies. We determine the average timescale on which galaxies that have recently undergone an extreme nuclear starburst would be targeted and included in our spectroscopically selected sample. We find that massive, compact starburst galaxies targeted by our criteria would be selectable for$∼148−24+27$Myr and have an intrinsic space density$nCS∼(1.1−0.3+0.5)×10−6Mpc−3$. This space density is broadly consistent with ourz∼ 0.5 compact starbursts being the most extremely compact and star-forming low-redshift analogs of the compact star-forming galaxies in the early universe, as well as them being the progenitors to a fraction of intermediate-redshift, post-starburst, andmore »
| 2023-03-31T06:41:59 |
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|
https://pos.sissa.it/336/120/
|
Volume 336 - XIII Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum (Confinement2018) - C: Heavy quarks
Precision spectroscopy of charmonium-like (exotic) XYZ states at PANDA/FAIR
F. Nerling*, K. Götzen, R. Kliemt, K. Peters on behalf of the PANDA Collaboration
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: September 12, 2019
Published on: September 26, 2019
Abstract
The PANDA experiment represents the central part of the hadron physics programme at the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) under construction at GSI/Darmstadt (Germany). The multi-purpose PANDA detector in combination with an intense and high-quality antiproton beam allows for coverage of a broad range of different aspects of QCD, and it is best suited for charmonium spectroscopy. We present a comprehensive PANDA Monte Carlo simulation study for precision resonance energy scan measurements, using the example of the charmonium-like $X(3872)$ state discussed to be exotic. Apart from the proof of principle for natural decay width and line-shape measurements of very narrow resonances, the achievable sensitivities are quantified for the concrete example of the $X(3872)$. The discussed measurement is uniquely possible with a $\bar{p}p$ annihilation experiment such as PANDA at FAIR.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.336.0120
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2023-02-09T11:35:42 |
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|
https://pavpanchekha.com/blog/frp-categories.html
|
## By Pavel Panchekha
### 28 November 2018
Share under CC-BY-SA.
# Categories for Reactive Programming
Functional reactive programming is a niche but interesting way of writing stateful programs, especially games and user interfaces. The basic idea is to implement the user interface as a purely functional program from the history of user inputs to a UI. That UI is recomputed every time user input occurs, automatically using caching to make things efficient. Modern formulations1 [1 I like the FRP Refactored paper at Haskell'16.] generally use some sort of type-theory machinery to ensure that you can only write programs that can be efficiently executed.
However, I think existing FRP formulations mistakenly focus on values instead of changes. Changes are a better basis for formalizing FRP, and lead to a nice category-theoretic description. In the future, I'm hoping to use this category-theoretic foundation to define distributed FRP programs.
## Why split events and behaviors?
Most FRP formulations have two fundamental types of things: behaviors and events.2 [2 I'm using language roughly mirroring early FRP work.] Behaviors represent values that change over time; for example, an Int behavior represents an integer state like a counter. Events represent things that happen, like a button being clicked. These two types of things mix in various ways. For example, you might use an event to switch from one behavior to another.
Splitting events from behaviors is a useful hack. In principle, you can do anything from one primitive behavior: the list of all user actions ever. But storing this list would be expensive,3 [3 It's probably a memory leak] and computing on it would be slow.4 [4 You'd need lots of clever caching.] Events give you piecemeal access to this hypothetical behavior, so parts of the history you don't need don't need to be stored.
However, splitting events and behaviors is ugly and makes most formulations of FPR overly specific.
## Programs on changes
Instead of having events and behaviors, I propose instead that FRP programs should be thought of as programs that compute not only over values, but also changes to those values. For example, a game needs to not only draw the screen but also to change it when the user moves their mouse (changes their mouse location) or clicks a button (changes the history of user inputs). Since programs only need to compute a change, not a new value, they can use less memory and avoid memory leaks.
Also, web applications better match this changes model than a values model. For native applications like games, the underlying machine really is computing, from scratch, a new screen state every frame. But for web applications, the browser is actually mutating a large piece of state (the DOM). Modern web applications5 [5 In, say, the Vue or React framework.] try to be functional by computing a new state every time an event occurs, diffing it with the old state, and inferring a list of changes to apply. It's more intuitive to directly produce the changes.
Change computation should be composable and automatic. For example, if mouse : Real × Real is a value whose changes are relative mouse movements, then fst mouse : Real is a value whose changes are increments and decrements, because the fst function automatically turns changes to the first coordinate of its input into changes to the output.
## Categorical framework
The notion of a value and changes to that value is nicely captured by a category. Different states are the objects of the category; its arrows are the changes. The categorical axioms—that no-op changes exist and that changes are closed under composition—seem natural.
So instead of thinking of a type as a set of possible values, let's think of a type as a category of possible values. This makes the universe of types much richer. For example, the type Real might be represented by the category whose objects are real numbers and whose changes are increments and decrements. Then the type Real × Real would be the product of that category with itself: its changes would allow independently incrementing or decrementing each coordinate. But another category, SwappablePair Real, might allow those changes and also allow swapping the two reals. Both types have the same objects, but one has changes that can't be represented in the other.
The notion of subtyping is also much richer. Normally, we say one type is a subtype of another when every value of the first type is a value of the second type. But in this framework, every value of the first type is a value of the second type, and every valid change of the first type is a valid change of the second type.
Change computation should be automatic, so functions need to map not only values but also changes. In other words, functions α → β need to define a functor between the category defining α and the category defining β.
## Category categories
To make a programming language out of this idea, we will need a consistent way (terms) to manipulate categories (types). In a weird twist of fate, consistent ways to manipulate types generally form a category, and since our types are categories themselves we are looking for a category of categories.
Luckily, the category of categories is really richly structured, so there is plenty of room to define complicated programming languages using this types-are-categories idea. As a simple example, the category of categories is cartesian closed, so simply typed lambda calculus can compute over changes.6 [6 It's also locally cartesian closed, so you can actually run quite complex dependent type systems as well.] The category of categories also contains a lot of rich constructions that can enable new types, like types to represent the history of an object, which I may get into in a later blog post.
For now, though, I am most excited about the possibility to work on finding special case categories that satisfy additional structure, like the concurrent categories I described in a previous post.
## Footnotes:
2
I'm using language roughly mirroring early FRP work.
3
It's probably a memory leak
4
You'd need lots of clever caching.
5
In, say, the Vue or React framework.
6
It's also locally cartesian closed, so you can actually run quite complex dependent type systems as well.
| 2023-02-07T20:49:00 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10085627-interplay-deformability-adhesion-localization-elastic-micro-particles-blood-flow
|
Interplay of deformability and adhesion on localization of elastic micro-particles in blood flow
The margination and adhesion of micro-particles (MPs) have been extensively investigated separately, due to their important applications in the biomedical field. However, the cascade process from margination to adhesion should play an important role in the transport of MPs in blood flow. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been explored in the past. Here we numerically study the margination behaviour of elastic MPs to blood vessel walls under the interplay of their deformability and adhesion to the vessel wall. We use the lattice Boltzmann method and molecular dynamics to solve the fluid dynamics and particle dynamics (including red blood cells (RBCs) and elastic MPs) in blood flow, respectively. Additionally, a stochastic ligand–receptor binding model is employed to capture the adhesion behaviours of elastic MPs on the vessel wall. Margination probability is used to quantify the localization of elastic MPs at the wall. Two dimensionless numbers are considered to govern the whole process: the capillary number $Ca$ , denoting the ratio of viscous force of fluid flow to elastic interfacial force of MP, and the adhesion number $Ad$ , representing the ratio of adhesion strength to viscous force of fluid flow. We systematically vary them numerically and a more »
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10085627
Journal Name:
Journal of Fluid Mechanics
Volume:
861
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
55 to 87
ISSN:
0022-1120
| 2022-12-02T05:51:06 |
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https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/UTNVUENHMUtKL3NWLzRrRk95K2o4UT09
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### Measurement of differential cross section and fragmentation of jets from tracks in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV with the ATLAS detectorMeasurement of differential cross section and fragmentation of jets from tracks in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
Access Restriction
Open
Source CERN Document Server Content type Text File Format PDF Date Created 2010-07-28 Language English
Learning Resource Type Article Publisher Date 2010-01-01 Rights License Preprint: (License: CC-BY-4.0)
| 2021-01-15T15:37:04 |
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# The macroeconomic impact of changes in economic bank capital buffers
Prepared by Derrick Kanngiesser, Reiner Martin, Diego Moccero and Laurent Maurin
How do changes in bank capital requirements affect bank lending, lending spreads and the broader macroeconomy? The answer to this question is important for calibrating and assessing macroprudential policies. There is, however, relatively little empirical evidence to answer this question in the case of the euro area countries. This article contributes to filling this gap by studying the effects of changes in economic bank capital buffers in the four largest euro area countries. We use bank-level data and macroeconomic information to estimate a bank-internal, target level of economic capital ratio, i.e. the capital ratio that a bank would like to hold considering its own characteristics (size, profitability, risk aversion of its creditors, risk exposure, etc.) and macroeconomic conditions (expected GDP growth, etc.). Economic bank capital buffers are then computed as the difference between the current and the target economic capital ratio. However, due to adjustment costs, banks cannot adjust the actual capital ratio to the target level instantaneously. As a result, a change in the target capital ratio will result in an instantaneous change in the economic capital buffer. These buffers are aggregated at the country level and included in a panel Bayesian vector auto regressive (VAR) model. With the VAR, it is then possible to compute the response of macroeconomic and banking variables to a change in the buffer. The idea is that changes in economic capital buffers mimic the effects a change in regulatory capital requirements would have on the economy. We find that a negative economic capital buffer shock, i.e. a decline in actual capital ratios below the target level, leads to a modest decline in output and prices and to a larger decline in bank lending growth. By affecting the difference between actual and target economic capital ratios, these findings suggest that countercyclical capital-based macroprudential policy measures can be useful to dampen the financial cycle.
## 1 Introduction
The global financial crisis revealed a need for macroprudential policy tools to mitigate the build-up of risk in the financial system and to enhance the resilience of financial institutions. Consequently, macroprudential policy has received increasing attention and macroprudential action has been taken in many jurisdictions, including the countries of the euro area. Many macroprudential measures take the form of capital-based instruments, aimed at increasing banks' resilience to macro-financial shocks and limiting procyclicality and excessive amplification of the financial cycle. Capital-based measures include the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB), the systemic risk buffer (SRB) and capital buffers for systemically important institutions (Kok et al., 2014).
Estimating the impact of shocks to bank capital ratios is important for calibrating and assessing macroprudential policies. The idea behind countercyclical capital buffers, in particular, is to impose a capital surcharge on banks in order to limit the excessive amplification of credit cycles and to incentivise banks to build up capital so that they are better prepared to withstand losses in an economic downturn. This leads to the questions of whether, and to what extent, changes in capital ratios affect bank lending, lending spreads and the broader macroeconomy. Answering these questions is not straightforward, given that capital ratios are endogenously determined and influenced by various factors including demand conditions, as well as by discretionary changes in policy (e.g. monetary policy, supervisory actions, etc.). Furthermore, the empirical evidence with the macroprudential use of CCyBs in the euro area is still relatively limited.[1]
This article estimates the impact of shocks to economic bank capital buffers on banking and macroeconomic variables in four large euro area countries (Germany, Spain, France and Italy).[2] As mentioned before, the limited use of the CCyB in euro area countries prevents the implementation of a proper time series econometric analysis to test its impact on bank lending and the economy. However, one can estimate the impact of changes in capital ratios based on the notion of the target economic capital ratio, i.e. the capital ratio that a bank would like to hold considering its own characteristics (size, profitability, risk aversion of its creditors, risk exposure, etc.) and macroeconomic conditions (expected GDP growth, etc.). The target economic capital can also be affected by capital requirements, as found for the United Kingdom by Francis and Osborn (2009).[3] Unfortunately, such series are available only over a very short period of time for the countries and banks under consideration, hence preventing its use in time series econometric analysis. In turn, an economic bank capital buffer can be computed as the difference between the actual and the target level of the economic capital ratio. In particular, we follow Mésonnier and Stevanovic (2017) and compute economic bank capital buffers for large stock-exchange listed euro area banks. Next, country-level aggregates are computed as a weighted average of the bank-level buffers. When economic capital buffers are positive and large, banks have room to finance the economy. However, when economic capital buffers are negative, banks may need to curtail lending and/or increase the pricing of loans for actual capital ratios to reach the target in the future. Country-level buffers are then included in a vector auto regressive (VAR) model, together with other macroeconomic (policy interest rate, growth in economic activity and rate of inflation) and banking sector variables (growth rates of bank lending to households and non-financial corporations and bank lending spreads) in order to identify the effects of exogenous changes in these capital buffers. The idea is that changes in economic capital buffers mimic the effects a change in regulatory capital requirements would have on the economy.
## 2 Challenges in estimating the impact of changes in bank capital buffers
Identifying the economic impact of changes in bank capital ratios is challenging because bank capital itself tends to respond to changes in bank lending and the macroeconomic environment. A large part of the variation in bank capital is likely to result from variations in macroeconomic variables (such as changes in economic activity and interest rate spreads), as well as from changes in economic policy per se. For example, changes in macroeconomic variables affect capital through operating income and asset valuation. The literature deals with this endogeneity issue in three ways.
A first strand of literature has tried to isolate “true” shocks to bank capital, e.g. those stemming from losses associated with declines in real estate prices or losses arising from exposures to third countries. For example, Bernanke and Lown (1991) find that a shortage of equity capital due to the bursting of a real estate bubble played a role during the credit crunch observed in the early 1990s in the United States. Peek and Rosengren (1997) found that Japanese bank branches’ lending to US non-financial corporations declined in response to heavy losses in their parents’ capital positions associated with the sharp decline in Japanese stock markets in the early 1990s. Watanabe (2007) also studied the case of Japan in the late 1990s and found that banks cut back on their lending supply in response to the large loss of bank capital associated with write-offs of non-performing loans in the real estate sector.
A second strand of the literature seeks to identify regulatory or supervisory shocks to bank capital, where banks are required by a regulatory or supervisory authority to hold higher capital ratios. Such shocks may be bank-specific or system-wide and are in some cases introduced over a transition period to allow for a smooth implementation and avoid unintended, short-term negative effects. Several studies have looked at the United Kingdom, where the regulators have imposed time-varying, bank-specific capital requirements since Basel I.[4] These studies show that more stringent capital requirements, while producing significant benefits such as greater financial stability and a lower probability of crisis events, may also have costs in terms of reduced loan supply, at least in the short term (Francis and Osborne, 2009; Aiyar et al., 2014; Bridges et al., 2014). In the euro area, Jiménez et al. (2017), looking at the experience with the Spanish dynamic provisioning framework, found that countercyclical dynamic provisioning helps to smooth credit supply cycles. Mésonnier and Monks (2015) and Gropp et al. (2016) find evidence suggesting that banks that had to increase capital ratios in the context of the 2011 EBA recapitalisation exercise increased their ratios by curtailing their lending supply, rather than by raising the level of capital.
A major drawback of the studies mentioned so far is that they tend to focus on specific, one-off events and neglect the dynamic interaction and feedback effects between banking variables and macroeconomic variables. Specific one-off events are difficult to generalise. Moreover, these studies are mainly based on single equation modelling frameworks, neglecting the dynamic interaction among banks’ asset categories, possibly assuming exogeneity across variables. Since the studies tend to focus on capital shocks to individual banks, they are ill-equipped to analyse the feedback loop between bank capital shocks and the macroeconomy. This feedback loop is, however, expected to play an important role when many banks face simultaneous and correlated changes in capital owing to regulatory changes, cyclical conditions, or the need to strengthen their capital base to regain market confidence.
As a result, a third strand of literature has estimated the impact of bank capital shocks by including aggregate bank ratios or buffers in macroeconometric models with a broader set of banking and macroeconomic variables. This strand of literature includes Hancock et al. (1995), Lown and Morgan (2006), Berrospide and Edge (2010), Kok et al. (2016), Noss and Toffano (2016), Meeks (2017) and Mésonnier and Stevanovic (2017) and Kanngiesser et al. (2017). All of these studies focus on the United States or the United Kingdom, with the exception of Kok et al. (2016) and Kanngiesser et al. (2017), who study European economies and the euro area, respectively. They find that shocks to bank capital tend to depress bank lending, increase lending spreads and hamper economic activity. This article follows this strand of literature and uses a capital buffer, rather than the actual capital ratio (as in Kok et al., 2016, and Kanngiesser et al., 2017), to identify the impact of shocks to bank capital in euro area countries.
## 3 Estimating economic bank capital buffers for euro area countries
The first step in the estimation of the impact of changes in economic banks’ capital buffers on banking variables and the macroeconomy is to estimate economic capital buffers per se. It is assumed that banks adjust their capital ratios towards a pre-specified or target level of economic capital ratio. The target level of economic capital ratio is the capital ratio that banks would like to hold considering their own characteristics and macroeconomic conditions.[5] However, owing to adjustment costs, a bank will adjust its actual capital ratio only slowly towards its desired target. See Box 1 for more details regarding the partial adjustment model used to estimate the target level of economic capital ratio.[6]
The target level of economic bank capital is assumed to fluctuate with banks’ characteristics and the business and financial cycle. Characteristics that affect the target level of economic capital in individual banks include banks’ total assets, their annual stock price growth rate and the volatility of each bank’s stock price. The first bank-level variable captures bank size, the second is a measure of bank profitability and the third reflects uncertainty to generate profits. These bank-level variables are standard determinants of bank capital ratios in the empirical literature.[7] At the same time, target capital ratios are assumed to be chosen for the purpose of absorbing expected future losses. As such, macroeconomic information relevant for assessing the probability of future losses is also considered in the regression. In particular, key macroeconomic variables that may affect how much capital a bank would like to hold to absorb future losses are the one-year ahead real GDP growth forecast for the country where the bank is located, the sovereign bond yield spread of that country and a euro area aggregate corporate bond high yield spread (the latter two variables reflect the opportunity cost of capital).
Economic bank capital buffers are a good indicator for capturing banks’ constraints in providing lending to the economy. Economic bank capital buffers are computed as the difference between the actual and the target economic capital ratio (country-level capital buffers are computed as a weighted average, using total assets, of the bank-level buffers). When actual capital ratios are above the target (positive buffer), banks have room to keep expanding and lending more to the economy. However, when the target capital ratio is above the actual ratio (negative buffer), banks may need to adjust lending (and the pricing of loans) in order to attain the target economic capital level.
Aggregate economic bank capital buffers for the four countries under consideration fluctuated considerably during the period covered in this article, namely between the first quarter of 2005 and the fourth quarter of 2018 (see Chart 1). The buffers started to decline during the period of economic expansion from 2005‑07 and declined strongly at the height of the international financial crisis (2009 and 2010). After recovering briefly, the buffers declined again during the euro area sovereign debt crisis in 2012. Subsequently, the buffers narrowed and turned positive towards the end of the review period. These developments are in line with the observed increase in actual bank capital ratios.
## 4 The macroeconomic impact of shocks to economic bank capital buffers
The evolution of bank lending volumes and spreads in the four countries under consideration suggests that economic bank capital buffers may have played an important role in shaping these variables (see Charts 1 and 2). In particular, mortgage and corporate lending decelerated substantially during the international financial crisis and then again during the euro area sovereign debt crisis. In both periods, bank lending spreads widened. As a result of the collapse in bank lending and soaring bank lending spreads, economic activity deteriorated. The concomitant decline in economic bank capital buffers, which capture constraints in the ability of banks to provide lending to the economy, offers prima facie evidence of the potential impact of changes in economic bank capital buffers on macroeconomic and banking variables.
However, the simple evolution of the variables in Charts 1 and 2 does not allow the disentangling of the particular drivers of bank lending and lending spreads. On the one hand, the drop in bank lending growth coincided with an economic downturn, pointing to demand factors affecting lending. On the other hand, it is likely that the decline in bank capital buffers led banks to curtail lending to households and corporations and to increase lending spreads. More expensive and less buoyant lending then contributed to the further slowdown observed in economic activity and inflation. As such, a macroeconometric model is needed to disentangle the impact of shocks to economic banks’ capital buffers from other sources of variation in bank lending and lending spreads.
We use a panel Bayesian VAR model to quantify the impact of changes in bank capital buffers on banking variables and the macroeconomy in the four euro area countries.[8] The starting point in the analysis is the standard VAR model used extensively in monetary policy analysis (including the monetary policy interest rate, economic activity and inflation), extended to include aggregate banking variables (bank lending volumes and spreads) on top of the country-level bank capital buffers.[9] Based on this model, it is possible to estimate the response of the variables to a negative shock in bank capital buffers, i.e. a decline in actual capital ratios below the target value.[10]
A negative capital buffer shock leads to a modest decline in output and prices and to a larger decline in bank lending growth (see Chart 3). The source of this shock could be an increase in capital requirements (e.g. the CCyB) that increases the target economic capital ratio of the banks.[11] As a result, the banks adjust their balance sheets (lending) in order for the actual capital ratio to converge to the target in the future. Indeed, the cumulative decline in corporate lending nine quarters after the shock (when the trough is reached) ranges from 0.4 percentage points in Germany to 2.6 percentage points in Italy and, for mortgage lending, from 0.5 to 3.6 percentage points, respectively. The impact on bank lending spreads peaks at three quarters after the shock but is very small or insignificant (smaller than 0.1 percentage points in all of the countries). The curtailing of lending has macroeconomic implications. The estimated cumulative impact on real GDP growth over nine quarters is very small in Germany (-0.07 percentage points), while it is strongest in Italy (-0.9 percentage points).
## 5 Conclusion
There is little empirical evidence on how shocks to bank capital buffers affect the banking sector and the macroeconomy in the euro area. We fill in this gap by computing a measure of economic bank capital buffer at the country level for the four largest euro area countries. We find that shocks to economic bank capital buffers affect bank lending and also real GDP growth in these countries. These findings are important for the calibration and assessment of capital-based macroprudential policy measures, which are likely to affect the target capital ratio. In the case of policies which are countercyclical in nature, these results suggest that they could be useful for limiting the procyclicality and excessive amplification of the financial cycle, on top of helping to build resilience in the banking sector.
## Box 1 A panel data econometric model to estimate economic bank capital buffers
It is assumed that banks adjust their capital ratios towards a pre-specified target economic capital ratio. However, owing to adjustment costs, a bank cannot adjust its actual capital ratio immediately. In particular, the change in the capital ratio in period t is assumed to depend on the gap between the target and the actual ratio in the previous period:
$T 1 C R i , t - T 1 C R i , t - 1 = γ T 1 C R i , t - 1 * - T 1 C R i , t - 1 + ε i , t$ (1)
where $T 1 C R i , t$ and $T 1 C R i , t - 1 *$ denote the observed and the target Tier 1 capital ratio respectively, $γ$ is the parameter driving the speed of adjustment and $ε i , t$ is a bank-specific shock. The target economic capital ratio is unobserved and assumed to be a linear combination of bank ( $B i , t$) and country-specific macroeconomic variables ( $M c , t$):
$T 1 C R i , t - 1 * = α i + θ B B i , t + θ M M c , t$ (2)
Since the target for the Tier 1 capital ratio is unobservable, it is not possible to estimate Equation (2) directly. Instead, the conjectured functional form (2) is substituted into Equation (1), as follows:
$T 1 C R i , t = γ α i + θ B B i , t - 1 + θ M M c , t - 1 - T 1 C R i , t - 1 - T 1 C R i , t - 1 + ε i , t$ (3)
Rewriting equation (3), it is possible to obtain:
$T 1 C R i , t = β 0 + β 1 B i , t - 1 + β 2 M c , t - 1 + β 3 T 1 C R i , t - 1 + ε i , t$ (4)
where $β 0 ≡ γ α i$, $β 1 ≡ γ θ B$, $β 2 ≡ γ θ M$ and $β 3 ≡ 1 - γ$. Equation (4) is then estimated with bank-level fixed effects to obtain its coefficient estimates and to recover and $θ M ^$. These estimates are then used to construct the bank’s target for its capital ratio:
$T 1 C R i , t * ^ = α i ^ + θ B ^ B i , t + θ M ^ M c , t$ (5)
With the individual target estimate, $T 1 C R i , t * ^$, it is possible to construct individual economic bank capital buffers:
$C B i , t = T I C R i , t - T 1 C R i , t * ^$ (6)
The buffers for the banks are then aggregated to obtain the aggregate economic bank capital buffer series for the euro area countries:
$C B c , t = ∑ i = 1 N ω i , t - 1 C B i , t$ (7)
where $ω i , t - 1$ denotes the share of bank i in the total assets at time t −1.
The calculation of the economic bank capital buffers is based on data from 18 systemically important euro area financial institutions. This is the largest number of financial institutions for which quarterly information on the Tier 1 capital ratio is available for a sufficiently long period of time. Stock price data are obtained from Bloomberg, while the Tier 1 ratio and total assets are obtained from Bloomberg, Bankscope, S&P CapitalIQ and SNL Financial. The source of the one-year ahead real GDP growth forecast is Consensus Economics, that of the sovereign bond yield spread is DataStream and that of the euro area aggregate corporate bond yield spread is the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The data spans the period from the first quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2018.
## 6 References
Aiyar, S., Calomiris, C.W. and Wieladek, T. (2014), “Does Macro-Prudential Regulation Leak? Evidence from a U.K. policy experiment”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 46 (1), p.p. 181‑2014.
Babić, D. and Fahr, S. (2019), “Shelter from the storm: recent countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) decisions”, Macroprudential Bulletin, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, March.
Bernanke, B.S. and Lown, C.S. (1991), “The Credit Crunch”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No 2, Brookings Institution, p.p. 205‑239.
Berrospide, J.M. and Edge, R.M. (2010), “The Effects of Bank Capital on Lending: What Do We Know, and What Does It Mean?”, International Journal of Central Banking, Vol. 6, p.p. 5‑54.
Brewer, E., Kaufman, G.G. and Wall, L.D. (2008), “Bank capital ratios across countries: Why do they vary?”, Working Paper, No 2008‑27, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
Bridges, J., Gregory, D., Nielsen, M., Pezzini, S., Radia, A. and Spaltro M. (2014), “The Impact of Capital Requirements on Bank Lending”, Working Papers, No 486, Bank of England.
Budnik, K., Balatti Mozzanica, M., Dimitrov, I., Groß, J., Jansen, I., di Iasio, G., Kleemann, M., Sanna, F., Sarychev, A., Siņenko, N. and Volk, M. (2019), “Macroprudential stress test of the euro area banking system”, Occasional Paper, No 226, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, July.
Darracq Pariès, M., Fahr, S. and Kok, C. (2019), “Macroprudential space and current policy trade-offs in the euro area”, Financial Stability Review, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, May.
Francis, W., and Osborne M. (2009), “Bank Regulation, Capital and Credit Supply: Measuring the Impact of Prudential Standards”, Occasional Paper Series, No 36, UK Financial Services Authority, London.
Gropp, R. and Heider, F. (2008), “The Determinants of Capital Structure: Some Evidence from Banks”, Discussion Paper, No 08‑015, Centre for European Economic Research.
Gropp, R., Mosk, T., Ongena, S. and Wix, C. (2016), “Bank Response to Higher Capital Requirements: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment”, SAFE Working Paper Series, No 156, Goethe University, Frankfurt.
Hancock, D., Laing, A.J. and Wilcox, J.A. (1995), “Bank Capital Shocks: Dynamic Effects on Securities, Loans, and Capital”, Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 19, p.p. 661‑677.
Jiménez, G., Ongena, S., Peydro, J.-L. and Saurina, J. (2017), “Macroprudential Policy, Countercyclical Bank Capital Buffers, and Credit Supply: Evidence from the Spanish Dynamic Provisioning Experiments”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 125, p.p. 2126‑2177.
Kanngiesser, D., Martin, R., Maurin, L. and Moccero, D. (2017), “Estimating the impact of shocks to bank capital in the euro area”, Working Paper Series, No 2077, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, March.
Kok, C, Martin, R. Moccero, D. and Sandström, M. (2014), “Recent experience of European countries with macro-prudential policy”, Financial Stability Review, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, May.
Kok, C., Gross, M. and Zochowski, D. (2016), “The impact of bank capital on economic activity – Evidence from a mixed-cross-section GVAR model”, Working Paper Series, No 1888, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, March.
Lown, C. and Morgan, D.P. (2006), “The Credit Cycle and the Business Cycle: New Findings Using the Loan Officer Opinion Survey”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 37(6), p.p. 1575‑1597.
Maurin, L. and Toivanen, M. (2012), “Risk, capital buffer and bank lending: A granular approach to the adjustment of euro area banks”, Working Paper Series, No 1499, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, November.
Meeks, R. (2017), “Capital Regulation and Macroeconomic Activity: Implications for Macroprudential Policy”, European Economic Review, Vol. 95, p.p. 125‑141.
Mésonnier, J.-S. and Monks, A. (2015), “Did the EBA Capital Exercise Cause a Credit Crunch in the Euro Area?”, International Journal of Central Banking, Vol. 11(3), p.p. 75‑117.
Mésonnier, J.-S. and Stevanovic, D. (2017), “The Macroeconomic Effects of Shocks to Large Banks’ Capital”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 79(4), p.p. 546‑569.
Noss, J. and Toffano, P. (2016), “Estimating the Impact of Changes in Aggregate Bank Capital Requirements During an Upswing”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 62, p.p. 15‑27.
Peek, J. and Rosengren, E.S. (1997), “The International Transmission of Financial Shocks: The Case of Japan”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 87(4), p.p. 495‑505.
Stolz, S. and Wedow, M. (2011), “Banks’ regulatory capital buffer and the business cycle: Evidence for Germany”, Journal of Financial Stability, Vol. 7, pp. 98‑110.
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1. See, for example, Babić and Fahr (2019) and Darracq Pariès et al. (2019).
2. An insufficient number of observations makes it difficult to conduct this analysis for smaller euro area countries with a smaller number of banks.
3. These authors find that a one percentage point increase in capital requirements leads to an increase of 0.65 percentage points in the target capital ratio.
4. The requirements were always equal or greater than the Basel minimum of 8% and reflected supervisory judgments about risks not captured in the Basel capital framework, including the quality of bank management, corporate governance and systems and controls.
5. As a result, target economic capital ratios are different from capital requirements, although the latter can affect the target capital ratio, as mentioned before.
6. The use of partial adjustment models is standard in the literature. See Hancock et al. (1995), Berrospide and Edge (2010), Stolz and Wedow (2011) and Mésonnier and Stevanovic (2017).
7. Size is argued to capture complexity and agency problems. Profits capture the ability of banks to generate internal capital, and stock market volatility captures bank’s riskiness. See Gropp and Heider (2008) and Brewer et al. (2008).
8. Estimates are implemented using the BEAR Toolbox. The technique allows for country-specific coefficients, enabling differentiation of the impact of shocks across countries, and is identified via contemporaneous restrictions.
9. The monetary policy rate is the EONIA rate. Economic activity and inflation are the quarter-on-quarter growth rates of real GDP and headline inflation respectively. Bank lending is computed as the quarter-on-quarter growth rate of an index of notional stocks. Finally, bank lending spreads are the difference between interest rates on new business loans and the monetary policy rate.
10. Budnik et al. (2019) develop a macroprudential stress test for 91 institutions located in 19 euro area countries, lifting the static balance sheet assumption of supervisory stress test and allowing for a feedback loop to the macroeconomy. The authors find that banks deleverage in order to meet capital requirements in an adverse scenario.
11. The economic capital buffer may also change for other reasons, for example, due to a decline in the actual capital ratio. In this case, the impact may be even stronger if the actual capital ratio falls below regulatory requirements, because this breach may trigger automatic restrictions on distribution of even liquidation.
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http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21
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# §8.21 Generalized Sine and Cosine Integrals
## §8.21(i) Definitions: General Values
With $\mathop{\gamma\/}\nolimits$ and $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits$ denoting here the general values of the incomplete gamma functions (§8.2(i)), we define
8.21.1 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)\pm i\mathop{% \mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=e^{\pm\frac{1}{2}\pi ia}\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,ze^{% \mp\frac{1}{2}\pi i}\right),$ Defines: $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized cosine integral and $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized sine integral Symbols: $e$: base of exponential function, $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter Referenced by: §8.21(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 8.21.2 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)\pm i\mathop{% \mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=e^{\pm\frac{1}{2}\pi ia}\mathop{\gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,ze^{% \mp\frac{1}{2}\pi i}\right).$ Defines: $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized cosine integral and $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized sine integral Symbols: $e$: base of exponential function, $\mathop{\gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: incomplete gamma function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter Referenced by: §8.21(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
From §§8.2(i) and 8.2(ii) it follows that each of the four functions $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, and $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ is a multivalued function of $z$ with branch point at $z=0$. Furthermore, $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ are entire functions of $a$, and $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ are meromorphic functions of $a$ with simple poles at $a=-1,-3,-5,\dots$ and $a=0,-2,-4,\dots$, respectively.
## §8.21(ii) Definitions: Principal Values
When $\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z=0$ (and when $a\neq-1,-3,-5,\dots$, in the case of $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, or $a\neq 0,-2,-4,\dots$, in the case of $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$) the principal values of $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, and $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ are defined by (8.21.1) and (8.21.2) with the incomplete gamma functions assuming their principal values (§8.2(i)). Elsewhere in the sector $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\pi$ the principal values are defined by analytic continuation from $\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z=0$; compare §4.2(i).
From here on it is assumed that unless indicated otherwise the functions $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$, and $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ have their principal values.
Properties of the four functions that are stated below in §§8.21(iii) and 8.21(iv) follow directly from the definitions given above, together with properties of the incomplete gamma functions given earlier in this chapter. In the case of §8.21(iv) the equation
8.21.3 $\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{a-1}e^{\pm it}dt=e^{\pm\frac{1}{2}\pi ia}\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(a\right),$ $0<\realpart{a}<1$,
(obtained from (5.2.1) by rotation of the integration path) is also needed.
## §8.21(iii) Integral Representations
8.21.4 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=\int_{z}^{\infty}t^{a-1}\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits tdt,$ $\realpart{a}<1$, Symbols: $dx$: differential of $x$, $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized sine integral, $\int$: integral, $\realpart{}$: real part, $\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits z$: sine function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter A&S Ref: 6.5.8 (This function is called $S(z,a)$ in AMS 55.) Referenced by: §8.21(iii), §8.21(iii), §8.21(v), §8.21(vii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 8.21.5 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=\int_{z}^{\infty}t^{a-1}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits tdt,$ $\realpart{a}<1$, Symbols: $\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits z$: cosine function, $dx$: differential of $x$, $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized cosine integral, $\int$: integral, $\realpart{}$: real part, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter A&S Ref: 6.5.7 (This function is called $C(z,a)$ in AMS 55.) Referenced by: §8.21(iii), §8.21(iii), §8.21(v), §8.21(vii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 8.21.6 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=\int_{0}^{z}t^{a-1}\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits tdt,$ $\realpart{a}>-1$, 8.21.7 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=\int_{0}^{z}t^{a-1}\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits tdt,$ $\realpart{a}>0$.
In these representations the integration paths do not cross the negative real axis, and in the case of (8.21.4) and (8.21.5) the paths also exclude the origin.
## §8.21(iv) Interrelations
8.21.8 $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)=\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!% \left(a\right)\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\pi a\right)-\mathop% {\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right),$ $a\neq-1,-3,-5,\dots$,
8.21.9 $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)=\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!% \left(a\right)\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\pi a\right)-\mathop% {\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right),$ $a\neq 0,-2,-4,\dots$.
## §8.21(v) Special Values
8.21.10 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(0,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=-\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right),$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(0,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=-\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right),$
8.21.11 $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(0,z\right)=\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(z\right).$
For the functions on the right-hand sides of (8.21.10) and (8.21.11) see §6.2(ii).
8.21.12 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,\infty\right)$ $\displaystyle=\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(a\right)\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\pi a\right),$ $a\neq-1,-3,-5,\dots$, 8.21.13 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,\infty\right)$ $\displaystyle=\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(a\right)\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\pi a\right),$ $a\neq 0,-2,-4,\dots$.
## §8.21(vi) Series Expansions
### Power-Series Expansions
8.21.14 $\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)=z^{a}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}% \frac{(-1)^{k}z^{2k+1}}{(2k+a+1)(2k+1)!},$ $a\neq-1,-3,-5,\dots$,
8.21.15 $\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)=z^{a}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}% \frac{(-1)^{k}z^{2k}}{(2k+a)(2k)!},$ $a\neq 0,-2,-4,\dots$.
### Spherical-Bessel-Function Expansions
8.21.16 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=z^{a}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\left(2k+\frac{3}{2}\right)\left(1% -\frac{1}{2}a\right)_{k}}{\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}a\right)_{k+1}}\mathop{% \mathsf{j}_{2k+1}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right),$ $a\neq-1,-3,-5,\dots$, 8.21.17 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=z^{a}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\left(2k+\frac{1}{2}\right)\left(% \frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2}a\right)_{k}}{\left(\frac{1}{2}a\right)_{k+1}}\mathop{% \mathsf{j}_{2k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right),$ $a\neq 0,-2,-4,\dots$.
For $\mathop{\mathsf{j}_{n}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ see §10.47(ii). For (8.21.16), (8.21.17), and further expansions in series of Bessel functions see Luke (1969b, pp. 56–57).
## §8.21(vii) Auxiliary Functions
8.21.18 $\displaystyle f(a,z)$ $\displaystyle=\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits z-\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits z,$ Defines: $f(a,z)$: auxiliary function (locally) Symbols: $\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits z$: cosine function, $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized cosine integral, $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized sine integral, $\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits z$: sine function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter A&S Ref: 5.2.6 (This generalizes the form in AMS 55.) Referenced by: §8.21(vii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E18 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 8.21.19 $\displaystyle g(a,z)$ $\displaystyle=\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits z+\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits z.$ Defines: $g(a,z)$: auxiliary function (locally) Symbols: $\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits z$: cosine function, $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized cosine integral, $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: generalized sine integral, $\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits z$: sine function, $z$: complex variable and $a$: parameter A&S Ref: 5.2.7 (This generalizes the form in AMS 55.) Referenced by: §8.21(vii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E19 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 8.21.20 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=f(a,z)\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits z+g(a,z)\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits z,$ 8.21.21 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ $\displaystyle=-f(a,z)\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits z+g(a,z)\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits z.$
When $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\pi$ and $\realpart{a}<1$,
8.21.22 $f(a,z)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits t}{(t+z)^{1-a}}dt,$ Symbols: $dx$: differential of $x$, $\int$: integral, $\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits z$: sine function, $z$: complex variable, $a$: parameter and $f(a,z)$: auxiliary function A&S Ref: 5.2.12 (This generalizes the form in AMS 55.) Referenced by: §8.21(vii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E22 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
8.21.23 $g(a,z)=\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits t}{(t+z)^{1-a}}dt.$ Symbols: $\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits z$: cosine function, $dx$: differential of $x$, $\int$: integral, $z$: complex variable, $a$: parameter and $g(a,z)$: auxiliary function A&S Ref: 5.2.13 (This generalizes the form in AMS 55.) Referenced by: §8.21(vii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.21.E23 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
When $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|<\frac{1}{2}\pi$,
8.21.24 $f(a,z)=\frac{z^{a}}{2}\int_{0}^{\infty}\left((1+it)^{a-1}+(1-it)^{a-1}\right)e% ^{-zt}dt,$
8.21.25 $g(a,z)=\frac{z^{a}}{2i}\int_{0}^{\infty}\left((1-it)^{a-1}-(1+it)^{a-1}\right)% e^{-zt}dt.$
## §8.21(viii) Asymptotic Expansions
When $z\to\infty$ with $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\pi-\delta$ ($<\pi$),
8.21.26 $\displaystyle f(a,z)$ $\displaystyle\sim z^{a-1}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{k}\left(1-a\right)_{2k% }}{z^{2k}},$ 8.21.27 $\displaystyle g(a,z)$ $\displaystyle\sim z^{a-1}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{k}\left(1-a\right)_{2k% +1}}{z^{2k+1}}.$
For the corresponding expansions for $\mathop{\mathrm{si}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathrm{ci}\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$ apply (8.21.20) and (8.21.21).
| 2015-11-26T06:54:17 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10370869-ray-morphology-cluster-mass-haloes-self-interacting-dark-matter
|
X-ray morphology of cluster-mass haloes in self-interacting dark matter
ABSTRACT
We perform cosmological zoom-in simulations of 19 relaxed cluster-mass haloes with the inclusion of adiabatic gas in the cold dark matter (CDM) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) models. These clusters are selected as dynamically relaxed clusters from a parent simulation with $M_{\rm 200} \simeq (1\!-\!3)\times 10^{15}{\, \rm M_\odot }$. Both the dark matter and the intracluster gas distributions in SIDM appear more spherical than their CDM counterparts. Mock X-ray images are generated based on the simulations and are compared to the real X-ray images of 84 relaxed clusters selected from the Chandra and ROSAT archives. We perform ellipse fitting for the isophotes of mock and real X-ray images and obtain the ellipticities at cluster-centric radii of $r\simeq 0.1\!-\!0.2R_{\rm 200}$. The X-ray isophotes in SIDM models with increasing cross-sections are rounder than their CDM counterparts, which manifests as a systematic shift in the distribution function of ellipticities. Unexpectedly, the X-ray morphology of the observed non-cool-core clusters agrees better with SIDM models with cross-section $(\sigma /m)= 0.5\!-\!1\, {\rm cm}^2\, {\rm g}^{-1}$ than CDM and SIDM with $(\sigma /m)=0.1\, {\rm cm}^2\, {\rm g}^{-1}$. Our statistical analysis indicates that the latter two models are disfavoured at the $68{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence level (as conservative more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10370869
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
516
Issue:
1
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
p. 1302-1319
ISSN:
0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
1. ABSTRACT It has been proposed that gravothermal collapse due to dark matter self-interactions (i.e. self-interacting dark matter, SIDM) can explain the observed diversity of the Milky Way (MW) satellites’ central dynamical masses. We investigate the process behind this hypothesis using an N-body simulation of a MW-analogue halo with velocity-dependent SIDM (vdSIDM) in which the low-velocity self-scattering cross-section, $\sigma _{\rm T}/m_{\rm x}$, reaches 100 cm2 g−1; we dub this model the vd100 model. We compare the results of this simulation to simulations of the same halo that employ different dark models, including cold dark matter (CDM) and other, less extreme SIDM models. The masses of the vd100 haloes are very similar to their CDM counterparts, but the values of their maximum circular velocities, Vmax, are significantly higher. We determine that these high Vmax subhaloes were objects in the mass range [5 × 106, 1 × 108] M⊙ at z = 1 that undergo gravothermal core collapse. These collapsed haloes have density profiles that are described by single power laws down to the resolution limit of the simulation, and the inner slope of this density profile is approximately −3. Resolving the ever decreasing collapsed region is challenging, and tailored simulations will be required to model the runaway instability accurately atmore »
ABSTRACT We present the first set of cosmological baryonic zoom-in simulations of galaxies including dissipative self-interacting dark matter (dSIDM). These simulations utilize the Feedback In Realistic Environments galaxy formation physics, but allow the dark matter to have dissipative self-interactions analogous to standard model forces, parametrized by the self-interaction cross-section per unit mass, (σ/m), and the dimensionless degree of dissipation, 0 < fdiss < 1. We survey this parameter space, including constant and velocity-dependent cross-sections, and focus on structural and kinematic properties of dwarf galaxies with $M_{\rm halo} \sim 10^{10-11}{\, \rm M_\odot }$ and $M_{\ast } \sim 10^{5-8}{\, \rm M_\odot }$. Central density profiles (parametrized as ρ ∝ rα) of simulated dwarfs become cuspy when $(\sigma /m)_{\rm eff} \gtrsim 0.1\, {\rm cm^{2}\, g^{-1}}$ (and fdiss = 0.5 as fiducial). The power-law slopes asymptote to α ≈ −1.5 in low-mass dwarfs independent of cross-section, which arises from a dark matter ‘cooling flow’. Through comparisons with dark matter only simulations, we find the profile in this regime is insensitive to the inclusion of baryons. However, when $(\sigma /m)_{\rm eff} \ll 0.1\, {\rm cm^{2}\, g^{-1}}$, baryonic effects can produce cored density profiles comparable to non-dissipative cold dark matter (CDM) runs but at smaller radii. Simulated galaxies withmore »
3. ABSTRACT A possibility of DM being multicomponent has a strong implication on resolving decades-long known cosmological problems on small scale. In addition to elastic scattering, the model allows for inelastic interactions, which can be characterized by a ‘velocity kick’ parameter. The simplest 2cDM model with cross-section $0.01\lesssim \sigma /m\lt 1\, \textrm {cm}^{2}{ \rm g}^{-1}$ and the kick velocity $V_{\mathrm{ k}}\simeq 100\, \rm {km\, s}^{-1}$ have been shown to robustly resolve the missing satellites, core-cusp, and too-big-to-fail problems in N-body cosmological simulations tested on Milky Way (MW)-like haloes of a virial mass ${\sim}5 \times 10^{11}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$ (Papers I & II). With the aim of further constraining the parameter space available for the 2cDM model, we extend our analysis to dwarf and galaxy cluster haloes with their virial mass of ∼107−108 and ${\sim}10^{13} - 10^{14}\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$, respectively. We find that σ0/m ≳ 0.1 cm2g−1 is preferentially disfavoured for both dwarfs and galaxy cluster haloes in comparison with observations, while σ0/m = 0.001 cm2g−1 causes little perceptible difference from that of the CDM counterpart for most of the cross-section’s velocity dependence studied in this work. Our main result is that within the reasonable set of parameters, the 2cDM model can successfully explain themore »
4. ABSTRACT Core formation and runaway core collapse in models with self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) significantly alter the central density profiles of collapsed haloes. Using a forward modelling inference framework with simulated data-sets, we demonstrate that flux ratios in quadruple image strong gravitational lenses can detect the unique structural properties of SIDM haloes, and statistically constrain the amplitude and velocity dependence of the interaction cross-section in haloes with masses between 106 and 1010 M⊙. Measurements on these scales probe self-interactions at velocities below $30 \ \rm {km} \ \rm {s^{-1}}$, a relatively unexplored regime of parameter space, complimenting constraints at higher velocities from galaxies and clusters. We cast constraints on the amplitude and velocity dependence of the interaction cross-section in terms of σ20, the cross-section amplitude at $20 \ \rm {km} \ \rm {s^{-1}}$. With 50 lenses, a sample size available in the near future, and flux ratios measured from spatially compact mid-IR emission around the background quasar, we forecast $\sigma _{20} \lt 11\rm {\small {--}}23 \ \rm {cm^2} \rm {g^{-1}}$ at $95 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ CI, depending on the amplitude of the subhalo mass function, and assuming cold dark matter (CDM). Alternatively, if $\sigma _{20} = 19.2 \ \rmmore » 5. (Ed.) ABSTRACT We present a suite of baryonic cosmological zoom-in simulations of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) haloes within the ‘Feedback In Realistic Environment’ (FIRE) project. The three simulated haloes have virial masses of$\sim 10^{12}\, \text{M}_\odot$at z = 0, and we study velocity-independent self-interaction cross sections of 1 and 10${\rm cm^2 \, g^{-1}}\$. We study star formation rates and the shape of dark matter density profiles of the parent haloes in both cold dark matter (CDM) and SIDM models. Galaxies formed in the SIDM haloes have higher star formation rates at z ≤ 1, resulting in more massive galaxies compared to the CDM simulations. While both CDM and SIDM simulations show diverse shape of the dark matter density profiles, the SIDM haloes can reach higher and more steep central densities within few kpcs compared to the CDM haloes. We identify a correlation between the build-up of the stars within the half-mass radii of the galaxies and the growth in the central dark matter densities. The thermalization process in the SIDM haloes is enhanced in the presence of a dense stellar component. Hence, SIDM haloes with highly concentrated baryonic profiles are predicted to have higher central dark matter densities thanmore »
| 2023-02-03T17:11:39 |
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|
https://scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/bills/5084.htm
|
South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
H. 5084
STATUS INFORMATION
House Resolution
Document Path: l:\council\bills\rm\1437ahb08.doc
Introduced in the House on April 24, 2008
Adopted by the House on April 24, 2008
Summary: Charlie Bullington
HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS
Date Body Action Description with journal page number
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4/24/2008 House Introduced and adopted HJ-8
View the latest legislative information at the LPITS web site
VERSIONS OF THIS BILL
(Text matches printed bills. Document has been reformatted to meet World Wide Web specifications.)
A HOUSE RESOLUTION
TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR CHARLIE BULLINGTON, FOUNDING MEMBER OF THE WESTVIEW-FAIRFOREST FIRE DEPARTMENT IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, UPON THE OCCASION OF THE DEPARTMENT'S FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY, AND TO THANK HIM FOR HIS MANY YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE TO THE DEPARTMENT.
Whereas, it is with great pleasure that the House of Representatives recognizes individuals who are dedicated to the protection of South Carolina's communities; and
Whereas, Charlie Bullington, founding member of the Westview-Fairforest Fire Department, stands among their number as an outstanding public benefactor, one much admired for his role in establishing a critical part of his community's protective services; and
Whereas, in 1957, Charlie Bullington, along with other men of like mind, began investigating what it would take to provide fire protection for their rural residential neighborhood. By 1958, residents of the area had voted to form the new Westview-Fairforest Fire District with its volunteer fire department, which has served the community effectively ever since and is now celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of its founding; and
Whereas, as a committed founding volunteer, Charlie Bullington served the Westview-Fairforest Fire Department as assistant chief for six years and as chief for twenty-five years. He and the other members of the Westview-Fairforest Fire Department through the years have demonstrated an unwavering sense of duty and unparalleled courage as they selflessly have undertaken to protect the citizens of their community from the perils and tragedies of fire; and
Whereas, having made his mark and set the bar of achievement high, Charlie Bullington is remembered with affection and gratitude by his fellow firefighters, as well as by the surrounding community, which continues to benefit from his work in founding the Westview-Fairforest Fire Department fifty years ago. Now, therefore,
Be it resolved by the House of Representatives:
That the members of the South Carolina House of Representatives, by this resolution, recognize and honor Charlie Bullington, founding member of the Westview-Fairforest Fire Department in Spartanburg County, upon the occasion of the department's fiftieth anniversary, and thank him for his many years of dedicated service to the department.
Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be presented to Charlie Bullington.
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This web page was last updated on Wednesday, December 2, 2009 at 3:48 P.M.
| 2022-10-04T16:44:11 |
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http://maururu.net/bstdatabase/faq.html
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What is the LaTeX Bibliography Styles Database?
LaTeX is a professional document preparation system. It allows the insertion of bibliographic references through a companion program called BibTeX. The couple LaTeX+BibTeX is very efficient in producing high quality reports and articles. Nevertheless, formatting of the references is still difficult because of the very specific needs of each journal. It requires to link a style file (in bst or sometimes sty formats) to your LaTeX document. This database is a community effort to store this kind of files for some journals (hopefully many) in a common place in order to avoid you the need to write them.
Is it free?
Yes, LaTeX, BibTeX and this database are free.
I, Jean-Olivier Irisson, started it. As a PhD student in France, I needed something like this. I was a complete PHP/MySQL newbie so my friend Eric Falconnier helped me with that. But expanding the database is now up to you.
I want to write an article for journal X. How can I get the associated style(s)?
Just search the database with the name of your journal. If the name does not show up, please consider helping us to add it to the database.
How do I use a bst file?
In your LaTeX document, insert the lines:
\bibliography{/path/to/your/bib_file} \bibliographystyle{name_of_the_bst_file}
before \end{document}. Please note that neither the .bib extension of the bibtex file nor the .bst extension of the style file have to be written.
How do I use a sty file?
In your LaTeX document, insert the line:
\usepackage{name_of_the_sty_file} before \begin{document}. Here also the .sty extension has to be omitted.
How do I use a cls file?
At the complete top of your LaTeX document, insert the line:
\documentclass{name_of_the_cls_file} Here again the .cls extension has to be omitted.
It is said that my style file is for use with natbib (or amsrefs, or jurabib or...). What does this mean?
It means that an additional LaTeX package is necessary to use the style. You have to download the package. Natbib, AMSrefs, Jurabib and such are standard packages and are probably already in your distribution. If not, check our useful links. Then you have to insert the insert the line:
\usepackage{name_of_the_additional_file} before \begin{document}, omitting the .sty extension.
I downloaded a style and I am not happy with it: it is not exactly what journal X wants. Who do I blame?
This database is build by the contributions of many people, spending part of their time creating style files. All of them are probably not perfect. Some comments associated with the style can help you improve its output. If this does not suffice, you can email the author of the style when the address is available and ask him/her (kindly) to improve it in regard of your problems. Nonetheless, the more productive way to solve the problem is probably to improve the style file yourself and re-submit it here in order to help future authors of journal X. We provide more information on how to do this.
I downloaded a style and it is a complete mess. Who do I yell at?
Nobody. But if you really think that there is a problem with the style (if it is completely different from the journal's requirements for example) you can send a gentle email to [email protected] and tell us which style is wrong.
Where does the nice illustration in the top left corner comes from?
This is an image found in the Open Clipart Library by searching with the keyword "book". The Open Clipart Library provides free of charge, patent free, painful-licenses-free images. This one was release under a Creative Commons license.
| 2013-06-19T05:06:59 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10298023-adaptive-denoising-via-gaintuning
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Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image denoising are usually trained on large datasets. These models achieve the current state of the art, but they have difficulties generalizing when applied to data that deviate from the training distribution. Recent work has shown that it is possible to train denoisers on a single noisy image. These models adapt to the features of the test image, but their performance is limited by the small amount of information used to train them. Here we propose "GainTuning", in which CNN models pre-trained on large datasets are adaptively and selectively adjusted for individual test images. To avoid overfitting, GainTuning optimizes a single multiplicative scaling parameter (the "Gain") of each channel in the convolutional layers of the CNN. We show that GainTuning improves state-of-the-art CNNs on standard image-denoising benchmarks, boosting their denoising performance on nearly every image in a held-out test set. These adaptive improvements are even more substantial for test images differing systematically from the training data, either in noise level or image type. We illustrate the potential of adaptive denoising in a scientific application, in which a CNN is trained on synthetic data, and tested on real transmission-electron-microscope images. In contrast to the existing more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10298023
Journal Name:
ArXivorg
Volume:
2107.12815
ISSN:
2331-8422
3. Fluorescence microscopy imaging speed is fundamentally limited by the measurement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To improve image SNR for a given image acquisition rate, computational denoising techniques can be used to suppress noise. However, common techniques to estimate a denoised image from a single frame either are computationally expensive or rely on simple noise statistical models. These models assume Poisson or Gaussian noise statistics, which are not appropriate for many fluorescence microscopy applications that contain quantum shot noise and electronic Johnson–Nyquist noise, therefore a mixture of Poisson and Gaussian noise. In this paper, we show convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on mixed Poisson and Gaussian noise images to overcome the limitations of existing image denoising methods. The trained CNN is presented as an open-source ImageJ plugin that performs real-time image denoising (within tens of milliseconds) with superior performance (SNR improvement) compared to conventional fluorescence microscopy denoising methods. The method is validated on external datasets with out-of-distribution noise, contrast, structure, and imaging modalities from the training data and consistently achieves high-performance ($><#comment/>8dB$) denoising in less time than other fluorescence microscopy denoising methods.
| 2023-02-06T19:44:58 |
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https://atap.gov.au/framework/prioritisation-program-development/appendix-a-ranking-by-benefit-cost-ratio.aspx
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# Appendix A Ranking by benefit-cost ratio
Chapter 3 suggested a broad initial prioritisation of initiatives (e.g. priorities A, B and C) for program development. It also pointed to several possible approaches that could assist jurisdictions if they choose to undertake more detailed prioritisation. Ranking by benefit–cost ratio (BCR) was one of those techniques. BCR is the ratio of economic benefit to economic cost of a proposed initiative.
If the BCR accounts for all benefits and costs, economic efficiency (i.e. net economic benefit to society, where net benefit is benefits less costs) is maximised by undertaking initiatives in descending order of BCR until the budget is exhausted. This approach identifies the package of initiatives that yields the maximum combined net benefit out of all the possible packages of initiatives that fit within the budget constraint. Objectives other than economic efficiency will be advanced if they are consistent with economic efficiency.
This appendix discusses some issues related to ranking initiatives by BCR.
## A. 1 Combinations of initiatives
Ranking by BCR is not guaranteed to give the best economic efficiency outcome if initiatives are large relative to the budget constraint and, after funding the last initiative that can be afforded, there are still some funds left over. To demonstrate this: consider an example where after funding higher-BCR initiatives, there is $100 million left in the budget. The next three proposals in the BCR order of merit are A (cost$50 million, BCR 4.0), B (cost $100 million, BCR 3.5) and C (cost$50 million, BCR 2.0).
After funding initiative A, the remaining $50 million is insufficient to pay for initiative B. Initiative C, however, could be included. The total benefits from implementing initiatives A and C together would be [$50m × 4.0] + [$50 million × 2.0] =$300 million. However, if the $100 million were used instead to fund initiative B, the total benefits would be$100 × 3.5 = $350 million. Different combinations may have to be tested to find the best (maximum net present value) combination out of all possible combinations that fit within the budget constraint. ## A. 2 Borrowed funds and marginal BCR Under a budget-constrained approach, government agencies should seek to shift funds through time by borrowing or lending at the discount rate to fund projects where the BCR for the marginal initiative (or the cut-off point) is consistent over time. To demonstrate this, say that the marginal BCR is 2.0 this year and will be 3.0 next year. If$1 of capital spending was shifted from this year’s budget to next year’s budget, society would forgo $2 in benefits. The$1 could be invested elsewhere for the year so it would be worth $1 × (1 + r) next year, where r is the discount rate. The benefit from investing this amount in next year’s initiatives would be$3 × (1 + r), which is worth $3 when discounted back to this year. The net gain to society is$1 in benefit in present value terms. As more funds are shifted from this year to next year, the marginal BCR this year will rise and the marginal BCR next year will fall. When the point is reached at which the marginal BCRs are equal, no further gains can be made by shifting funds through time.
The implication for governments is that investment budgets should be expanded in times when there is a strong demand for funds (expressed in greater numbers of initiatives with high BCRs) and contracted in times when demand is weak, with a view to maintaining a fairly constant cut-off BCR over the long term.
## A. 3 Incremental BCR and staged initiatives
A further source of complexity is staged initiatives. There may be a choice to delay a stage or stages of an initiative until a later period. For ranking in the present period, subsequent stages of the initiative may be treated as separate initiatives with the incremental BCR used for ranking.
## A. 4 Combining BCR and SMT results
A government might give a more (or less) strategically meritorious initiative a higher (or lower) score (or ranking) than the initiative would receive from consideration of the BCR alone. Such decisions might be facilitated by having multiple levels of pass for the SMT. For example, there could be a ‘high pass’ and a ‘low pass’. An initiative with a ‘high pass’ on the SMT could be accorded preference over an initiative with a higher BCR but a ‘low pass’ on the SMT. For proposals where non-monetised factors are likely to play a greater role in decision-making, having multiple levels of pass for the SMT is a useful method.
The advantage of multiple levels of pass for the SMT is that this approach can be used to highlight initiatives that score particularly well on achieving government objectives. Examples include small initiatives or initiatives in less-populous areas that cannot be accepted on the basis of the CBA alone. Multiple levels of pass for the SMT can also increase the transparency and consistency of the assessment process.
An enhancement is to link SMT pass levels with BCR hurdle levels. However, if the number of levels of SMT pass is set far above 2, the assessment process may become overly complicated, with considerable subjectivity introduced in determining ratings of initiatives.
## A. 5 BCR hurdles
The use of hurdles for BCRs is optional. A decision has to be made about whether to employ a hurdle ratio and, if so, whether initiatives with a BCR below the hurdle ratio should be rejected.
When BCR hurdles are used, a ratio of 1.0 implies that uneconomic initiatives (i.e. initiatives with negative net present value) should be rejected. When funds are scarce relative to the supply of initiatives with BCRs above 1.0, the hurdle ratio should be set well above 1.0 if it is to be an economically efficient rationing mechanism.
It is important to decide whether the assessment process should include the flexibility to accept initiatives that are assessed to be poor on economic efficiency grounds, whether in absolute terms (that is, BCR<1.0) or relative to other initiatives. Presumably, those initiatives would be attractive on other grounds if they were to be accepted. The trade-off of greater flexibility to accept less efficient initiatives is that the program will be tilted in a way that gives less weight to the economic efficiency objective. BCR hurdles provide a safeguard against this.
There are several ways to use a BCR hurdle, with at least five options being available:
• Hurdle BCR: A hurdle BCR is specified and any proposal that falls below the hurdle is rejected outright. It might be decided to set a higher hurdle ratio for the rapid CBA than for the detailed CBA, because of the greater likelihood of optimism bias in projections of costs and benefits for the rapid CBA. A lower hurdle ratio might be set for off-network initiatives in low-demand regional areas.
• Hurdle BCR = 1.0: No uneconomic initiatives will be accepted.
• Multiple hurdle ratios: This option is linked with the idea of having multiple levels of pass for the SMT. For example, under a two-tier system, there would be a lower hurdle ratio for initiatives that achieve a high pass on the SMT and a higher ratio for initiatives with a low pass. Table A.1 illustrates the concept.
• No hurdle ratio: Governments may accept low-BCR initiatives, including uneconomic initiatives, in preference to high-BCR initiatives where they are considered to have high strategic merit or perform well on the adjusted CBA or are particularly effective in meeting certain objectives favoured by the decision-maker.
• Quota system: An upper limit could be imposed on the percentage of funds applied to initiatives with BCRs below the hurdle ratio (1.0 if the quota is to prevent economically inefficient initiatives). Some jurisdictions impose a percentage target (e.g. 95 per cent) for funds spent on economically justified initiatives (BCR above 1.0).
Some of these options allow equity considerations to be injected into the decision-making process.
Table 1: Two-tier Strategic Merit Test pass - BCR hurdle system
SMT
BCR Fail Low pass High pass
Below lower BCR hurdle Reject Reject Reject
Between lower and upper BCR hurdle Reject Reject Accept
Above upper BCR hurdle Reject Accept Accept
| 2017-11-24T07:35:51 |
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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Adaubechies.ingrid-c
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# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Daubechies, Ingrid Chantal
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: daubechies.ingrid-c Published as: Daubechies, I.; Daubechies, Ingrid; Daubechies, Ingrid C. Homepage: https://math.duke.edu/people/ingrid-daubechies External Links: Women in Mathematics · MGP · Wikidata · ORCID · dblp · GND · MacTutor
Documents Indexed: 126 Publications since 1978, including 5 Books Biographic References: 2 Publications
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
25 single-authored 14 Cohen, Albert 7 DeVore, Ronald A. 7 Sweldens, Wim 5 Klauder, John Rider 5 Lagarias, Jeffrey C. 4 Rudin, Cynthia 4 Schapire, Robert E. 4 Yin, Rujie 3 Cornelis, Bruno 3 De Mol, Christine 3 Güntürk, Cemalettin Sinan 3 Guskov, Igor 3 Han, Bin 3 Kutyniok, Gitta 3 Lipman, Yaron 3 Loris, Ignace 3 Rauhut, Holger 3 Strohmer, Thomas 3 Wu, Hau-Tieng 2 Aerts, Diederik Emiel 2 Alaifari, Rima 2 Balan, Radu V. 2 Calderbank, Arthur Robert 2 Dahmen, Wolfgang A. 2 Defrise, Michel 2 Fornasier, Massimo 2 Gilbert, Anna C. 2 Grohs, Philipp 2 Huang, Ying 2 Jaffard, Stéphane 2 Journé, Jean-Lin 2 Lieb, Elliott H. 2 Lu, Jianfeng 2 Maes, Stéphane H. 2 Meyer, Yves F. 2 Ocon, Noelle 2 Paul, Thierry 2 Ron, Amos 2 Runborg, Olof 2 Teschke, Gerd 2 Vaishampayan, Vinay Anant 2 Vial, Pierre 2 Yang, Haizhao 2 Yılmaz, Özgür 2 Zou, Jing 1 Al-Aifari, Reema 1 Anthoine, Sandrine 1 Beylkin, Gregory 1 Bourguignon, Jean-Pierre 1 Brodie, Joshua 1 Cahill, Jameson 1 Casazza, Peter George 1 Clemens, C. Herbert 1 Coifman, Ronald Raphaël 1 Cvetković, Zoran 1 Deligiannis, Nikos 1 Donoho, David Leigh 1 Douma, H. 1 Drakakis, Konstantinos 1 Dunson, David Brian 1 Feauveau, Jean-Christophe 1 Flandrin, Patrick 1 Fodor, Gábor 1 Gao, Tingran 1 Giannone, Domenico 1 Goodfriend, Alex 1 Grossman, A. G. 1 Grossmann, Alex 1 Guleryuz, Onur G. 1 Hou, Thomas Yizhao 1 Huang, Norden E. 1 Janssen, Augustus Josephus Elizabeth Maria 1 Jawerth, Björn David 1 Kerkyacharian, Gérard 1 Khovanova, Tanya 1 Kim, Myunghwan 1 Landau, Henry Jacob 1 Landau, Zeph A. 1 Logan, Benjamin F. 1 Lu, Yu 1 Mallat, Stephane Georges 1 Mota, João F. C. 1 Nolet, Guust 1 Park, Youngah 1 Picard, Dominique B. 1 Pierpaoli, Elena 1 Planchon, Fabrice 1 Plonka, Gerlind 1 Puente, Javier 1 Raphael, Louise A. 1 Regone, C. 1 Roberts, Stephen J. 1 Rodrigues, Miguel R. D. 1 Roussos, Evangelos 1 Ruskai, Mary Beth 1 Schröder, Peter 1 Shen, Zuowei 1 Strauss, Martin J. 1 Thakur, Gaurav S. 1 Unser, Michael A. ...and 8 more Co-Authors
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#### Serials
11 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 9 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 8 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 7 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 6 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 6 Constructive Approximation 5 Journal of Mathematical Physics 4 Letters in Mathematical Physics 3 Communications in Mathematical Physics 3 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 3 Oberwolfach Reports 2 Inverse Problems 2 Journal of Computational Physics 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 2 SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences 2 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 Mathematics of Computation 1 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 The Annals of Statistics 1 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 Traitement du Signal 1 Applied Mathematics Letters 1 IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Série I 1 Notices of the American Mathematical Society 1 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Physical Review Letters 1 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 1 Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR) 1 Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 1 Internet Mathematics 1 CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics 1 Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics 1 Inverse Problems and Imaging 1 Advances in Adaptive Data Analysis 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. Series B
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#### Fields
66 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 41 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 32 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 18 Functional analysis (46-XX) 17 Computer science (68-XX) 16 Quantum theory (81-XX) 11 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 9 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 9 Operator theory (47-XX) 6 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 6 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 5 Statistics (62-XX) 4 History and biography (01-XX) 4 Real functions (26-XX) 3 Measure and integration (28-XX) 3 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 3 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 3 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 3 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 2 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Combinatorics (05-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
108 Publications have been cited 7,841 times in 5,537 Documents Cited by Year
Ten lectures on wavelets. Zbl 0776.42018
Daubechies, Ingrid
1992
Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Zbl 0644.42026
Daubechies, Ingrid
1988
An iterative thresholding algorithm for linear inverse problems with a sparsity constraint. Zbl 1077.65055
Daubechies, Ingrid; Defrise, Michel; De Mol, Christine
2004
The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization and signal analysis. Zbl 0738.94004
Daubechies, Ingrid
1990
Painless nonorthogonal expansions. Zbl 0608.46014
Daubechies, Ingrid; Grossmann, A.; Meyer, Y.
1986
Biorthogonal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Zbl 0776.42020
Cohen, A.; Daubechies, Ingrid; Feauveau, J.-C.
1992
Framelets: MRA-based constructions of wavelet frames. Zbl 1035.42031
Daubechies, Ingrid; Han, Bin; Ron, Amos; Shen, Zuowei
2003
Wavelets on the interval and fast wavelet transforms. Zbl 0795.42018
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Vial, Pierre
1993
Two-scale difference equations. II: Local regularity, infinite products of matrices, and fractals. Zbl 0788.42013
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1992
Sets of matrices all infinite products of which converge. Zbl 0746.15015
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1992
Two-scale difference equations. I: Existence and global regularity of solutions. Zbl 0763.42018
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1991
Iteratively reweighted least squares minimization for sparse recovery. Zbl 1202.65046
Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald; Fornasier, Massimo; Güntürk, C. Sinan
2010
Time-frequency localization operators: A geometric phase space approach. Zbl 0672.42007
Daubechies, Ingrid
1988
Sparse and stable Markowitz portfolios. Zbl 1203.91271
Brodie, Joshua; Daubechies, Ingrid; De Mol, Christine; Giannone, Domenico; Loris, Ignace
2009
Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps. Zbl 0913.42027
Daubechies, Ingrid; Sweldens, Wim
1998
Non-separable bidimensional wavelet bases. Zbl 0792.42021
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Gabor time-frequency lattices and the Wexler-Raz identity. Zbl 0888.47018
Daubechies, Ingrid; Landau, H. J.; Landau, Zeph
1995
Pairs of dual wavelet frames from any two refinable functions. Zbl 1055.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid; Han, Bin
2004
Synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms: an empirical mode decomposition-like tool. Zbl 1213.42133
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lu, Jianfeng; Wu, Hau-Tieng
2011
A stability criterion for biorthogonal wavelet bases and their related subband coding scheme. Zbl 0784.42022
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid
1992
Regularity of refinable function vectors. Zbl 0914.42025
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Plonka, Gerlind
1997
Approximating a bandlimited function using very coarsely quantized data: a family of stable sigma-delta modulators of arbitrary order. Zbl 1058.94004
Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald
2003
Harmonic analysis of the space BV. Zbl 1044.42028
Cohen, Albert; Dahmen, Wolfgang; Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald
2003
A new technique to estimate the regularity of refinable functions. Zbl 0879.65102
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid
1996
A simple Wilson orthonormal basis with exponential decay. Zbl 0754.46016
Daubechies, Ingrid; Jaffard, Stéphane; Journé, Jean-Lin
1991
Tree approximation and optimal encoding. Zbl 0992.65151
Cohen, Albert; Dahmen, Wolfgang; Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald
2001
Frames in the Bargmann Hilbert space of entire functions. Zbl 0632.30049
Daubechies, Ingrid; Grossman, A.
1988
An uncertainty principle for fermions with generalized kinetic energy. Zbl 0946.81521
Daubechies, Ingrid
1983
Variational image restoration by means of wavelets: Simultaneous decomposition, deblurring, and denoising. Zbl 1079.68104
Daubechies, I.; Teschke, G.
2005
Data compression and harmonic analysis. Zbl 1125.94311
Donoho, David L.; Vetterli, Martin; DeVore, R. A.; Daubechies, Ingrid
1998
Time-frequency localisation operators - a geometric phase space approach: II. The use of dilations. Zbl 0701.42004
Daubechies, Ingrid; Paul, Thierry
1988
Iteratively solving linear inverse problems under general convex constraints. Zbl 1123.65044
Daubechies, Ingrid; Teschke, Gerd; Vese, Luminita
2007
Accelerated projected gradient method for linear inverse problems with sparsity constraints. Zbl 1175.65062
Daubechies, Ingrid; Fornasier, Massimo; Loris, Ignace
2008
Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. II: Variations on a theme. Zbl 0792.42018
Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Regularity of irregular subdivision. Zbl 0957.42022
Daubechies, I.; Guskov, I.; Sweldens, W.
1999
Multiresolution analysis, wavelets and fast algorithms on an interval. Zbl 0768.42015
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Jawerth, Bjorn; Vial, Pierre
1993
Normal multiresolution approximation of curves. Zbl 1051.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid; Runborg, Olof; Sweldens, Wim
2004
Wavelet transforms that map integers to integers. Zbl 0941.42017
Calderbank, A. R.; Daubechies, Ingrid; Sweldens, Wim; Yeo, Boon-Lock
1998
On the stability of arbitrary biorthogonal wavelet packets. Zbl 0792.42020
Cohen, A.; Daubechies, I.
1993
One-electron relativistic molecules with Coulomb interaction. Zbl 0946.81522
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lieb, Elliott H.
1983
Corrigendum/addendum to: Sets of matrices all infinite products of which converge. Zbl 0978.15024
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
2001
A nonlinear squeezing of the continuous wavelet transform based on auditory nerve models. Zbl 0848.92003
Daubechies, Ingrid; Maes, Stéphane
1996
The canonical dual frame of a wavelet frame. Zbl 1013.42023
Daubechies, Ingrid; Han, Bin
2002
On the thermodynamic formalism for multifractal functions. Zbl 0843.58091
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1994
On the distributions corresponding to bounded operators in the Weyl quantization. Zbl 0451.47059
Daubechies, Ingrid
1980
On the importance of combining wavelet-based nonlinear approximation with coding strategies. Zbl 1061.94004
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Guleryuz, Onur G.
2002
Two theorems on lattice expansions. Zbl 0764.42018
Daubechies, I.; Janssen, A. J. E. M.
1993
Wavelets and their applications. Zbl 0782.00087
Ruskai, Mary Beth (ed.); Beylkin, Gregory (ed.); Coifman, Ronald (ed.); Daubechies, Ingrid (ed.); Mallat, Stephane (ed.); Meyer, Yves (ed.); Raphael, Louise (ed.)
1992
Quantum-mechanical path integrals with Wiener measure for all polynomials Hamiltonians. II. Zbl 0979.81517
Daubechies, Ingrid; Klauder, John R.
1985
Phase retrieval in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Zbl 1380.46015
Cahill, Jameson; Casazza, Peter G.; Daubechies, Ingrid
2016
Commutation for irregular subdivision. Zbl 0994.42019
Daubechies, Ingrid; Guskov, Igor; Sweldens, Wim
2001
Capturing ridge functions in high dimensions from point queries. Zbl 1318.62286
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald; Kerkyacharian, Gerard; Picard, Dominique
2012
A/D conversion with imperfect quantizers. Zbl 1231.94036
Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald A.; Güntürk, C. Sinan; Vaishampayan, Vinay A.
2006
On the approximation power of convolution-based least squares versus interpolation. Zbl 0879.94005
Unser, Michael; Daubechies, Ingrid
1997
Wavelets on irregular point sets. Zbl 0945.42019
Daubechies, Ingrid; Guskov, Igor; Schröder, Peter; Sweldens, Wim
1999
Two recent results on wavelets: Wavelet bases for the interval, and biorthogonal wavelets diagonalizing the derivative operator. Zbl 0829.42021
Daubechies, Ingrid
1994
Continuity statements and counterintuitive examples in connection with Weyl quantization. Zbl 0541.44001
Daubechies, Ingrid
1983
ConceFT: concentration of frequency and time via a multitapered synchrosqueezed transform. Zbl 1353.42031
Daubechies, Ingrid; Wang, Yi; Wu, Hau-tieng
2016
Wiener measures for path integrals with affine kinematic variables. Zbl 0615.58008
Daubechies, Ingrid; Klauder, John R.; Paul, Thierry
1987
Quantum mechanical path integrals with Wiener measures for all polynomials Hamiltonians. Zbl 0979.81518
Klauder, John R.; Daubechies, Ingrid
1984
Conformal Wasserstein distances: comparing surfaces in polynomial time. Zbl 1217.53026
Lipman, Y.; Daubechies, I.
2011
The analysis and design of windowed Fourier frame based multiple description source coding schemes. Zbl 0998.94011
Balan, Radu; Daubechies, Ingrid; Vaishampayan, Vinay
2000
Coherent states and projective representation of the linear canonical transformations. Zbl 0453.22012
Daubechies, Ingrid
1980
Sparsity-enforcing regularisation and ISTA revisited. Zbl 1402.65048
Daubechies, Ingrid; Defrise, Michel; De Mol, Christine
2016
One or two frequencies? The synchrosqueezing answers. Zbl 1234.94018
Wu, Hau-Tieng; Flandrin, Patrick; Daubechies, Ingrid
2011
The pros and cons of democracy. Zbl 1061.94014
Calderbank, A. R.; Daubechies, I.
2002
A decay theorem for refinable functions. Zbl 0851.42027
Daubechies, I.; Huang, Y.
1994
A characterization of subsystems in physics. Zbl 0451.03025
Aerts, Dirk; Daubechies, Ingrid
1979
The Golden ratio encoder. Zbl 1366.94231
Daubechies, Ingrid; Güntürk, Sinan; Wang, Yang; Yılmaz, Özgür
2010
A sparse spectral method for homogenization multiscale problems. Zbl 1152.65099
Daubechies, Ingrid; Runborg, Olof; Zou, Jing
2007
Theoretical and experimental analysis of a randomized algorithm for sparse Fourier transform analysis. Zbl 1085.65128
Zou, Jing; Gilbert, Anna; Strauss, Martin; Daubechies, Ingrid
2006
Stable phase retrieval in infinite dimensions. Zbl 1440.94010
Alaifari, Rima; Daubechies, Ingrid; Grohs, Philipp; Yin, Rujie
2019
Reconstructing real-valued functions from unsigned coefficients with respect to wavelet and other frames. Zbl 1380.42024
Alaifari, Rima; Daubechies, Ingrid; Grohs, Philipp; Thakur, Gaurav
2017
Robust and practical analog-to-digital conversion with exponential precision. Zbl 1231.94037
Daubechies, Ingrid; Yılmaz, Özgür
2006
Ten lectures on wavelets. Transl. from the English by E. V. Mishchenko, ed. by A. P. Petukhov. Zbl 1006.42030
Daubechies, Ingrid
2001
A mathematical condition for a sublattice of a propositional system to represent a physical subsystem, with a physical interpretation. Zbl 0451.03026
Aerts, Dirk; Daubechies, Ingrid
1979
Continuous Procrustes distance between two surfaces. Zbl 1276.68157
Al-Aifari, Reema; Daubechies, Ingrid; Lipman, Yaron
2013
Using Fredholm determinants to estimate the smoothness of refinable functions. Zbl 0927.42016
Daubechies, Ingrid
1995
A tale of two bases: local-nonlocal regularization on image patches with convolution framelets. Zbl 1375.94029
Yin, Rujie; Gao, Tingran; Lu, Yue M.; Daubechies, Ingrid
2017
Conformal Wasserstein distance: II. Computational aspects and extensions. Zbl 1281.65034
Lipman, Y.; Puente, J.; Daubechies, I.
2013
Single-bit oversampled A/D conversion with exponential accuracy in the bit rate. Zbl 1231.94041
Cvetkovic, Zoran; Daubechies, Ingrid; Logan, Benjamin F.
2007
The dynamics of adaboost: cyclic behavior and convergence of margins. Zbl 1222.68293
Rudin, Cynthia; Daubechies, Ingrid; Schapire, Robert E.
2004
Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps. Zbl 0963.65154
Daubechies, Ingrid; Sweldens, Wim
2000
How does truncation of the mask affect a refinable function? Zbl 0874.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid; Huang, Ying
1995
Wavelet transforms and orthonormal wavelet bases. Zbl 0802.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. III: Better frequency resolution. Zbl 0792.42019
Cohen, A.; Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Wiener measures for quantum mechanical path integrals. Zbl 0496.60066
Klauder, John R.; Daubechies, Ingrid
1982
Recursive diffeomorphism-based regression for shape functions. Zbl 1381.65104
Xu, Jieren; Yang, Haizhao; Daubechies, Ingrid
2018
An iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm for sparse regularization. Zbl 1392.65074
Voronin, Sergey; Daubechies, Ingrid
2017
Nonlinear regularization techniques for seismic tomography. Zbl 1182.86003
Loris, I.; Douma, H.; Nolet, G.; Daubechies, I.; Regone, C.
2010
Optimal stochastic encoding and approximation schemes using Weyl-Heisenberg sets. Zbl 1033.94001
2003
Erratum: A simple Wilson orthonormal basis with exponential decay. Zbl 0794.46008
Daubechies, Ingrid; Jaffard, Stéphane; Journé, Jean-Lin
1991
Removal of canvas patterns in digital acquisitions of paintings. Zbl 1409.94095
Cornelis, Bruno; Yang, Haizhao; Goodfriend, Alex; Ocon, Noelle; Lu, Jianfeng; Daubechies, Ingrid
2017
Harmonic analysis, wavelets and applications. Zbl 0931.42017
Daubechies, Ingrid C.; Gilbert, Anna C.
1999
How smooth is the smoothest function in a given refinable space? Zbl 0901.46024
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Ron, Amos
1996
Wavelets and other phase space localization methods. Zbl 0845.42012
Daubechies, Ingrid
1995
Orthogonal bases of wavelets with finite support – connection with discrete filters. Zbl 0850.42013
Daubechies, I.
1989
Measures for more quadratic path integrals. Zbl 0521.60078
Daubechies, Ingrid; Klauder, John R.
1983
Directional wavelet bases constructions with dyadic quincunx subsampling. Zbl 1409.42029
Yin, Rujie; Daubechies, Ingrid
2018
Adaptive data analysis: theory and applications. Theme issue. Zbl 1354.00073
Huang, Norden E. (ed.); Daubechies, Ingrid (ed.); Hou, Thomas Y. (ed.)
2016
Stable phase retrieval in infinite dimensions. Zbl 1440.94010
Alaifari, Rima; Daubechies, Ingrid; Grohs, Philipp; Yin, Rujie
2019
Recursive diffeomorphism-based regression for shape functions. Zbl 1381.65104
Xu, Jieren; Yang, Haizhao; Daubechies, Ingrid
2018
Directional wavelet bases constructions with dyadic quincunx subsampling. Zbl 1409.42029
Yin, Rujie; Daubechies, Ingrid
2018
Reconstructing real-valued functions from unsigned coefficients with respect to wavelet and other frames. Zbl 1380.42024
Alaifari, Rima; Daubechies, Ingrid; Grohs, Philipp; Thakur, Gaurav
2017
A tale of two bases: local-nonlocal regularization on image patches with convolution framelets. Zbl 1375.94029
Yin, Rujie; Gao, Tingran; Lu, Yue M.; Daubechies, Ingrid
2017
An iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm for sparse regularization. Zbl 1392.65074
Voronin, Sergey; Daubechies, Ingrid
2017
Removal of canvas patterns in digital acquisitions of paintings. Zbl 1409.94095
Cornelis, Bruno; Yang, Haizhao; Goodfriend, Alex; Ocon, Noelle; Lu, Jianfeng; Daubechies, Ingrid
2017
Phase retrieval in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Zbl 1380.46015
Cahill, Jameson; Casazza, Peter G.; Daubechies, Ingrid
2016
ConceFT: concentration of frequency and time via a multitapered synchrosqueezed transform. Zbl 1353.42031
Daubechies, Ingrid; Wang, Yi; Wu, Hau-tieng
2016
Sparsity-enforcing regularisation and ISTA revisited. Zbl 1402.65048
Daubechies, Ingrid; Defrise, Michel; De Mol, Christine
2016
Adaptive data analysis: theory and applications. Theme issue. Zbl 1354.00073
Huang, Norden E. (ed.); Daubechies, Ingrid (ed.); Hou, Thomas Y. (ed.)
2016
Continuous Procrustes distance between two surfaces. Zbl 1276.68157
Al-Aifari, Reema; Daubechies, Ingrid; Lipman, Yaron
2013
Conformal Wasserstein distance: II. Computational aspects and extensions. Zbl 1281.65034
Lipman, Y.; Puente, J.; Daubechies, I.
2013
Capturing ridge functions in high dimensions from point queries. Zbl 1318.62286
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald; Kerkyacharian, Gerard; Picard, Dominique
2012
Synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms: an empirical mode decomposition-like tool. Zbl 1213.42133
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lu, Jianfeng; Wu, Hau-Tieng
2011
Conformal Wasserstein distances: comparing surfaces in polynomial time. Zbl 1217.53026
Lipman, Y.; Daubechies, I.
2011
One or two frequencies? The synchrosqueezing answers. Zbl 1234.94018
Wu, Hau-Tieng; Flandrin, Patrick; Daubechies, Ingrid
2011
Iteratively reweighted least squares minimization for sparse recovery. Zbl 1202.65046
Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald; Fornasier, Massimo; Güntürk, C. Sinan
2010
The Golden ratio encoder. Zbl 1366.94231
Daubechies, Ingrid; Güntürk, Sinan; Wang, Yang; Yılmaz, Özgür
2010
Nonlinear regularization techniques for seismic tomography. Zbl 1182.86003
Loris, I.; Douma, H.; Nolet, G.; Daubechies, I.; Regone, C.
2010
Sparse and stable Markowitz portfolios. Zbl 1203.91271
Brodie, Joshua; Daubechies, Ingrid; De Mol, Christine; Giannone, Domenico; Loris, Ignace
2009
Accelerated projected gradient method for linear inverse problems with sparsity constraints. Zbl 1175.65062
Daubechies, Ingrid; Fornasier, Massimo; Loris, Ignace
2008
Iteratively solving linear inverse problems under general convex constraints. Zbl 1123.65044
Daubechies, Ingrid; Teschke, Gerd; Vese, Luminita
2007
A sparse spectral method for homogenization multiscale problems. Zbl 1152.65099
Daubechies, Ingrid; Runborg, Olof; Zou, Jing
2007
Single-bit oversampled A/D conversion with exponential accuracy in the bit rate. Zbl 1231.94041
Cvetkovic, Zoran; Daubechies, Ingrid; Logan, Benjamin F.
2007
Precise statements of convergence for AdaBoost and arc-gv. Zbl 1141.68722
Rudin, Cynthia; Schapire, Robert E.; Daubechies, Ingrid
2007
Analysis of boosting algorithms using the smooth margin function. Zbl 1132.68827
Rudin, Cynthia; Schapire, Robert E.; Daubechies, Ingrid
2007
A/D conversion with imperfect quantizers. Zbl 1231.94036
Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald A.; Güntürk, C. Sinan; Vaishampayan, Vinay A.
2006
Theoretical and experimental analysis of a randomized algorithm for sparse Fourier transform analysis. Zbl 1085.65128
Zou, Jing; Gilbert, Anna; Strauss, Martin; Daubechies, Ingrid
2006
Robust and practical analog-to-digital conversion with exponential precision. Zbl 1231.94037
Daubechies, Ingrid; Yılmaz, Özgür
2006
Two approaches for the simultaneous separation and deblurring; application to astrophysical data. Zbl 1245.94013
Anthoine, S.; Pierpaoli, E.; Daubechies, I.
2006
Variational image restoration by means of wavelets: Simultaneous decomposition, deblurring, and denoising. Zbl 1079.68104
Daubechies, I.; Teschke, G.
2005
An iterative thresholding algorithm for linear inverse problems with a sparsity constraint. Zbl 1077.65055
Daubechies, Ingrid; Defrise, Michel; De Mol, Christine
2004
Pairs of dual wavelet frames from any two refinable functions. Zbl 1055.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid; Han, Bin
2004
Normal multiresolution approximation of curves. Zbl 1051.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid; Runborg, Olof; Sweldens, Wim
2004
The dynamics of adaboost: cyclic behavior and convergence of margins. Zbl 1222.68293
Rudin, Cynthia; Daubechies, Ingrid; Schapire, Robert E.
2004
Boosting based on a smooth margin. Zbl 1078.68724
Rudin, Cynthia; Schapire, Robert E.; Daubechies, Ingrid
2004
Framelets: MRA-based constructions of wavelet frames. Zbl 1035.42031
Daubechies, Ingrid; Han, Bin; Ron, Amos; Shen, Zuowei
2003
Approximating a bandlimited function using very coarsely quantized data: a family of stable sigma-delta modulators of arbitrary order. Zbl 1058.94004
Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald
2003
Harmonic analysis of the space BV. Zbl 1044.42028
Cohen, Albert; Dahmen, Wolfgang; Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald
2003
Optimal stochastic encoding and approximation schemes using Weyl-Heisenberg sets. Zbl 1033.94001
2003
The canonical dual frame of a wavelet frame. Zbl 1013.42023
Daubechies, Ingrid; Han, Bin
2002
On the importance of combining wavelet-based nonlinear approximation with coding strategies. Zbl 1061.94004
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Guleryuz, Onur G.
2002
The pros and cons of democracy. Zbl 1061.94014
Calderbank, A. R.; Daubechies, I.
2002
Daubechies, Ingrid; Planchon, Fabrice
2002
Tree approximation and optimal encoding. Zbl 0992.65151
Cohen, Albert; Dahmen, Wolfgang; Daubechies, Ingrid; DeVore, Ronald
2001
Corrigendum/addendum to: Sets of matrices all infinite products of which converge. Zbl 0978.15024
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
2001
Commutation for irregular subdivision. Zbl 0994.42019
Daubechies, Ingrid; Guskov, Igor; Sweldens, Wim
2001
Ten lectures on wavelets. Transl. from the English by E. V. Mishchenko, ed. by A. P. Petukhov. Zbl 1006.42030
Daubechies, Ingrid
2001
The analysis and design of windowed Fourier frame based multiple description source coding schemes. Zbl 0998.94011
Balan, Radu; Daubechies, Ingrid; Vaishampayan, Vinay
2000
Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps. Zbl 0963.65154
Daubechies, Ingrid; Sweldens, Wim
2000
Regularity of irregular subdivision. Zbl 0957.42022
Daubechies, I.; Guskov, I.; Sweldens, W.
1999
Wavelets on irregular point sets. Zbl 0945.42019
Daubechies, Ingrid; Guskov, Igor; Schröder, Peter; Sweldens, Wim
1999
Harmonic analysis, wavelets and applications. Zbl 0931.42017
Daubechies, Ingrid C.; Gilbert, Anna C.
1999
Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps. Zbl 0913.42027
Daubechies, Ingrid; Sweldens, Wim
1998
Data compression and harmonic analysis. Zbl 1125.94311
Donoho, David L.; Vetterli, Martin; DeVore, R. A.; Daubechies, Ingrid
1998
Wavelet transforms that map integers to integers. Zbl 0941.42017
Calderbank, A. R.; Daubechies, Ingrid; Sweldens, Wim; Yeo, Boon-Lock
1998
Regularity of refinable function vectors. Zbl 0914.42025
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Plonka, Gerlind
1997
On the approximation power of convolution-based least squares versus interpolation. Zbl 0879.94005
Unser, Michael; Daubechies, Ingrid
1997
From the original framer to present-day time-frequency and time-scale frames. Zbl 0903.42013
Daubechies, Ingrid
1997
A new technique to estimate the regularity of refinable functions. Zbl 0879.65102
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid
1996
A nonlinear squeezing of the continuous wavelet transform based on auditory nerve models. Zbl 0848.92003
Daubechies, Ingrid; Maes, Stéphane
1996
How smooth is the smoothest function in a given refinable space? Zbl 0901.46024
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Ron, Amos
1996
Gabor time-frequency lattices and the Wexler-Raz identity. Zbl 0888.47018
Daubechies, Ingrid; Landau, H. J.; Landau, Zeph
1995
Using Fredholm determinants to estimate the smoothness of refinable functions. Zbl 0927.42016
Daubechies, Ingrid
1995
How does truncation of the mask affect a refinable function? Zbl 0874.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid; Huang, Ying
1995
Wavelets and other phase space localization methods. Zbl 0845.42012
Daubechies, Ingrid
1995
On the thermodynamic formalism for multifractal functions. Zbl 0843.58091
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1994
Two recent results on wavelets: Wavelet bases for the interval, and biorthogonal wavelets diagonalizing the derivative operator. Zbl 0829.42021
Daubechies, Ingrid
1994
A decay theorem for refinable functions. Zbl 0851.42027
Daubechies, I.; Huang, Y.
1994
Wavelets on the interval and fast wavelet transforms. Zbl 0795.42018
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Vial, Pierre
1993
Non-separable bidimensional wavelet bases. Zbl 0792.42021
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. II: Variations on a theme. Zbl 0792.42018
Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Multiresolution analysis, wavelets and fast algorithms on an interval. Zbl 0768.42015
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid; Jawerth, Bjorn; Vial, Pierre
1993
On the stability of arbitrary biorthogonal wavelet packets. Zbl 0792.42020
Cohen, A.; Daubechies, I.
1993
Two theorems on lattice expansions. Zbl 0764.42018
Daubechies, I.; Janssen, A. J. E. M.
1993
Wavelet transforms and orthonormal wavelet bases. Zbl 0802.42025
Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. III: Better frequency resolution. Zbl 0792.42019
Cohen, A.; Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Wavelets on the interval. Zbl 0925.42017
Daubechies, Ingrid
1993
Different perspectives on wavelets. American Mathematical Society short course on wavelets and applications, held in San Antonio, TX (USA), January 11-12, 1993. Zbl 0782.00059
Daubechies, Ingrid (ed.)
1993
Ten lectures on wavelets. Zbl 0776.42018
Daubechies, Ingrid
1992
Biorthogonal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Zbl 0776.42020
Cohen, A.; Daubechies, Ingrid; Feauveau, J.-C.
1992
Two-scale difference equations. II: Local regularity, infinite products of matrices, and fractals. Zbl 0788.42013
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1992
Sets of matrices all infinite products of which converge. Zbl 0746.15015
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1992
A stability criterion for biorthogonal wavelet bases and their related subband coding scheme. Zbl 0784.42022
Cohen, Albert; Daubechies, Ingrid
1992
Wavelets and their applications. Zbl 0782.00087
Ruskai, Mary Beth (ed.); Beylkin, Gregory (ed.); Coifman, Ronald (ed.); Daubechies, Ingrid (ed.); Mallat, Stephane (ed.); Meyer, Yves (ed.); Raphael, Louise (ed.)
1992
Two-scale difference equations. I: Existence and global regularity of solutions. Zbl 0763.42018
Daubechies, Ingrid; Lagarias, Jeffrey C.
1991
A simple Wilson orthonormal basis with exponential decay. Zbl 0754.46016
Daubechies, Ingrid; Jaffard, Stéphane; Journé, Jean-Lin
1991
Erratum: A simple Wilson orthonormal basis with exponential decay. Zbl 0794.46008
Daubechies, Ingrid; Jaffard, Stéphane; Journé, Jean-Lin
1991
The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization and signal analysis. Zbl 0738.94004
Daubechies, Ingrid
1990
Orthogonal bases of wavelets with finite support – connection with discrete filters. Zbl 0850.42013
Daubechies, I.
1989
Orthonormal bases of compactly supported wavelets. Zbl 0644.42026
Daubechies, Ingrid
1988
Time-frequency localization operators: A geometric phase space approach. Zbl 0672.42007
Daubechies, Ingrid
1988
Frames in the Bargmann Hilbert space of entire functions. Zbl 0632.30049
Daubechies, Ingrid; Grossman, A.
1988
Time-frequency localisation operators - a geometric phase space approach: II. The use of dilations. Zbl 0701.42004
Daubechies, Ingrid; Paul, Thierry
1988
Wiener measures for path integrals with affine kinematic variables. Zbl 0615.58008
Daubechies, Ingrid; Klauder, John R.; Paul, Thierry
1987
Painless nonorthogonal expansions. Zbl 0608.46014
Daubechies, Ingrid; Grossmann, A.; Meyer, Y.
1986
Quantum-mechanical path integrals with Wiener measure for all polynomials Hamiltonians. II. Zbl 0979.81517
Daubechies, Ingrid; Klauder, John R.
1985
Quantum mechanical path integrals with Wiener measures for all polynomials Hamiltonians. Zbl 0979.81518
Klauder, John R.; Daubechies, Ingrid
1984
An uncertainty principle for fermions with generalized kinetic energy. Zbl 0946.81521
Daubechies, Ingrid
1983
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#### Cited by 6,855 Authors
68 Shen, Zuowei 48 Han, Bin 44 Li, Yunzhang 38 Daubechies, Ingrid Chantal 37 Sun, Wenchang 36 Gröchenig, Karlheinz 35 Christensen, Ole 32 Jørgensen, Palle E. T. 31 Sun, Qiyu 30 Chui, Charles Kam-tai 28 Chesneau, Christophe 27 Amat, Sergio P. 26 Han, Deguang 26 Li, Song 25 Kutyniok, Gitta 24 Dahlke, Stephan 24 Shah, Firdous Ahmad 22 Yang, Shouzhi 21 Jiang, Qingtang 20 Dong, Bin 20 Grohs, Philipp 20 Guo, Xunxiang 20 Heil, Christopher E. 20 Kim, Hong Oh 19 Cohen, Albert 19 Dahmen, Wolfgang A. 19 Dutkay, Dorin Ervin 19 Fornasier, Massimo 19 Wang, Yang 18 Benedetto, John J. 18 Ji, Hui 18 Li, Dengfeng 18 Liandrat, Jacques 18 Liu, Youming 17 Ben Slimane, Mourad 17 Charina, Maria 17 Chen, Dirong 17 Chen, Qingjiang 17 Cheng, Zhengxing 17 Jia, Rong-Qing 17 Plonka, Gerlind 17 Protasov, Vladimir Yu. 17 Xu, Yuesheng 17 Zhou, Xingwei 17 Zhuang, Xiaosheng 16 Antoine, Jean-Pierre 16 Goh, Say Song 16 Kim, Rae Young 16 Zhou, Dingxuan 15 Huang, Yongdong 15 Kaushik, Shiv Kumar 15 Li, Linyuan 15 Maass, Peter 15 Nielsen, Morten 15 Skopina, Maria A. 15 Vashisht, Lalit Kumar 14 Casazza, Peter George 14 Cordero, Elena 14 Gabardo, Jean-Pierre 14 Lemvig, Jakob 14 Maleknejad, Khosrow 14 Powell, Alexander M. 14 San Antolín, Angel 14 Walter, Gilbert G. 14 Wong, Man Wah 13 Antoniadis, Anestis 13 Balazs, Peter 13 Bownik, Marcin 13 DeVore, Ronald A. 13 Dyn, Nira 13 Guglielmi, Nicola 13 Mejjaoli, Hatem 13 Osher, Stanley Joel 13 Schneider, Reinhold 13 Shen, Lixin 13 Shi, Xianliang 13 Stöckler, Joachim 13 Toda, Hirosi 12 Abreu, Luís Daniel 12 Cai, Jian-Feng 12 Cattani, Carlo 12 Klauder, John Rider 12 Mehra, Mani 12 Trillo, Juan Carlos 12 Zhang, Zhihua 12 Zhang, Zhong 11 Aràndiga, Francesc 11 Averbuch, Amir Z. 11 Ayache, Antoine 11 Bertoluzza, Silvia 11 Cai, Tony Tony 11 Feng, Xiangchu 11 Fu, Chuli 11 Harbrecht, Helmut 11 Huang, Ting-Zhu 11 Kozyakin, Viktor Sergeevich 11 Lieb, Elliott H. 11 Lim, Jae Kun 11 Peng, Lizhong 11 Ron, Amos ...and 6,755 more Authors
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#### Cited in 595 Serials
456 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 281 International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 171 The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 126 Applied Mathematics and Computation 118 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 115 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 107 Journal of Approximation Theory 98 Linear Algebra and its Applications 98 Advances in Computational Mathematics 84 Journal of Mathematical Physics 80 Journal of Computational Physics 64 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 59 Journal of Functional Analysis 54 The Annals of Statistics 50 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 47 Mathematics of Computation 46 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 45 Constructive Approximation 44 Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 41 Applicable Analysis 40 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 39 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 39 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 38 Journal of Scientific Computing 38 Pattern Recognition 38 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 36 Inverse Problems 33 Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 33 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 32 Results in Mathematics 31 Statistics & Probability Letters 30 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 30 SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences 29 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 29 Numerical Algorithms 28 Journal of the Franklin Institute 27 Applied Numerical Mathematics 26 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 26 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 26 Abstract and Applied Analysis 25 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 25 Physica D 24 Physica A 24 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 24 Computational Optimization and Applications 24 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 23 Applied Mathematics Letters 23 Inverse Problems and Imaging 23 Electronic Journal of Statistics 22 Numerische Mathematik 22 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 22 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 21 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 21 Monatshefte für Mathematik 21 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 21 Science China. Mathematics 21 Journal of Pseudo-Differential Operators and Applications 20 Communications in Mathematical Physics 19 Computer Aided Geometric Design 19 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 19 Foundations of Computational Mathematics 19 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 18 Mathematical Notes 18 Automatica 18 Information Sciences 18 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 18 Analysis and Applications (Singapore) 18 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 17 Advances in Mathematics 17 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 17 International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 Applied Mathematical Modelling 17 Mathematical Programming. Series A. Series B 16 Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing 15 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 15 Journal of Complexity 15 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 15 Journal of Nonparametric Statistics 14 BIT 14 Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. (English Edition) 14 Signal Processing 14 Applied Mathematics. Series B (English Edition) 13 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 13 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 13 Journal of Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems 13 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 12 Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 12 Journal of Time Series Analysis 12 Science in China. Series A 12 Quantitative Finance 12 Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 12 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 12 Journal of Function Spaces 12 International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics 11 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 11 Journal of Geometry and Physics 11 Communications in Statistics. Simulation and Computation 11 Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 10 Computer Physics Communications ...and 495 more Serials
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#### Cited in 61 Fields
2,562 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1,874 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 984 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 741 Statistics (62-XX) 502 Functional analysis (46-XX) 486 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 407 Computer science (68-XX) 397 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 356 Operator theory (47-XX) 274 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 248 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 215 Quantum theory (81-XX) 181 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 167 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 146 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 145 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 127 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 125 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 111 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 110 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 95 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 93 Measure and integration (28-XX) 90 Integral equations (45-XX) 86 Real functions (26-XX) 82 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 58 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 58 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 58 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 56 Special functions (33-XX) 55 Number theory (11-XX) 52 Geophysics (86-XX) 49 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 42 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 37 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 31 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 26 Combinatorics (05-XX) 22 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 22 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 20 Differential geometry (53-XX) 16 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 15 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 14 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 12 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 12 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) 11 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 10 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 10 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 10 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 10 Potential theory (31-XX) 8 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 8 General topology (54-XX) 7 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 5 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 5 Geometry (51-XX) 5 Mathematics education (97-XX) 4 History and biography (01-XX) 4 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 4 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 3 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.
| 2021-04-16T21:31:14 |
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https://indico.fnal.gov/event/13616/
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Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
# 2017 IOTA/FAST COLLABORATION MEETING
June 6, 2017
OTE (IARC)
US/Central timezone
### Support
FNAL is completing construction of the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. In Spring-Summer 2016, its photoinjector was commissioned and several beam experiments with 50 MeV electrons had been carried out. In 2017, the 1.3 GHz SRF cryomodule (CM2) will boost the energy further to 150-300 MeV range, as needed for injection in the IOTA ring. The 300 MeV beam commissioning will again be followed by a period of beam studies. Installation of the ring itself progresses fast and the first circulating electron beam in IOTA is expected in early 2018. That will make IOTA available for the first advanced nonlinear dynamics studies on integrable optics and other critical one-of-a-kind unique quantum optical experiments. Commissioning of the IOTA RFQ-based 70 MeV/c proton/ion injector in 2019 will open the era of the advanced experiments and studies of beam dynamics in high-intensity proton beams, including the space-charge effects and space-charge compensation.
The Fermilab team has taken great care in a flexible design of the IOTA ring allowing mounting of very special and characteristically unique experiments that will demand flexibility of optics and rapid re-configuration of its set-up as demanded by experiments. Many external collaborators from the academic and national laboratory communities within US and internationally joined us in shaping the accelerator R&D program where this special community will have a vested interest and will direct and own the experimental program.
This annual meeting - 5th in series - will allow the participants to review
the status of the facility, share the results of the first studies and tests,
evaluate the progress toward key advanced beam physics experiments at FAST/IOTA and to develop further the scientific program of the facility with full synergistic support from the community, helping and enhancing the national and international developments collaboratively. Fermilab and associated partnering universities and groups are motivated and committed to work hard to generate the necessary collaborative support to ensure the success of the program.
Other events happening at Fermilab:
##### June 7: 50th Anniversary Symposium and Reception
This daylong symposium will highlight 50 years of discovery made possible by Fermilab’s facilities, technology and people. It will also look ahead to the lab’s bright future at the forefront of physics and innovation. The day will conclude with a special reception.
##### June 8: 50th Annual Users Meeting
For 50 years, Fermilab’s users and employees have converged at the lab annually to discuss the latest physics results from the laboratory’s experimental and theory programs. Topics to be covered at the Users Meeting include the state of the laboratory, collider physics, astroparticle physics, neutrino physics and muon physics. The presentation of the URA Thesis Award and a young scientists’ poster sesion will round out the meeting.
Starts
Ends
US/Central
OTE (IARC)
LECTURE HALL
OFFICE, TECHNICAL & EDUCATION BUILDING (IARC)
Related events: New Perspectives and Festa Italiana The Fermilab 50th Anniversary Symposium and Users Meeting will be preceded on June 5 and 6 by the New Perspectives workshop, organized by the Fermilab Student and Postdoc Association. Also on June 6 is the annual Festa Italiana. http://50.fnal.gov/50years/. To connect remotely: Topic: 2017 IOTA/FAST Collaboration Meeting Time: Jun 6, 2017 8:00 AM Central Time (US and Canada) Join from PC, Mac, Linux, iOS or Android: https://fnal.zoom.us/j/105897316 Or iPhone one-tap (US Toll): +14086380968,105897316# or +16465588656,105897316# Or Telephone: Dial: +1 408 638 0968 (US Toll) or +1 646 558 8656 (US Toll) Meeting ID: 105 897 316 International numbers available: https://fnal.zoom.us/zoomconference?m=O6NKl7bk3AFWHJJ51KSjqkBfcyjp6Kbf Or an H.323/SIP room system: H.323: 162.255.37.11 (US West) 162.255.36.11 (US East) 221.122.88.195 (China) 115.114.131.7 (India) 213.19.144.110 (EMEA) 202.177.207.158 (Australia) 209.9.211.110 (Hong Kong) Meeting ID: 105 897 316 SIP: [email protected]
| 2021-05-16T16:11:09 |
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https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GEDR3/Data_processing/chap_cu3ast/sec_cu3ast_prop/ssec_cu3ast_prop_orbit.html
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# 4.2.3 The Gaia orbit
Author(s): Sergei Klioner
An important part of Gaia data processing is the Gaia ephemeris allowing one to compute Gaia position and velocity in the BCRS for any moment of time covered by observations. Clearly, the accuracy of Gaia ephemeris is crucial for the project. The required accuracy of Gaia velocity is driven by the aberration of light: 1 $\mu$as in direction corresponds to about 1 mm s${}^{-1}$ in velocity. The requirements for the accuracy of Gaia position comes from the paralactic effect for the near-Earth objects (NEOs) and was assumed to be 150 m. The latter requirement is only important for data releases that include solar-system data.
The Gaia ephemeris is provided by the European Space Operation Centre (ESOC). The original ESOC ephemeris is based on the same INPOP10e ephemeris that is used in the Gaia DPAC data processing. The ephemeris is based on radiometric observations of the spacecraft (radio ranging and Doppler pseudo-ranging data) and is constructed using standard orbit reconstruction procedures that include fitting a dynamical model to the observational data.
The standard ESOC orbit ORB1 is delivered once per week in the form of an OEM orbit file (OEM – Orbit Exchange Message). The orbit file contain three time segments of different nature: (1) final reconstructed orbit – the orbit is fitted to all available data and may change in the future only when new sort of data (e.g. DDOR – Delta-Differential One-Way Range, an observational technique giving high-accuracy directional positions of the spacecraft – or optical tracking, Section 4.2.2); this part starts with the launch and ends about 1 week before the date of delivery; (2) preliminary reconstructed orbit – the orbit is preliminary fitted to observations; this part of the orbit that starts about 1 week before the delivery and ends at the date of delivery will change in the next delivery; (3) predicted orbit – the orbit is not fitted to the data, but obtained from dynamical modelling with best known parameters of the satellite, its orbit and planned manoeuvres; this part covers from approximately date of delivery to the planned end of mission. The ORB1 ephemerides are used in the daily processing.
Approximately once per year ESOC delivers a more sophisticated version of Gaia orbit that is called ORB2 and based on both radiometric and DDOR data. The ORB2 orbits are valid till certain time in the past and in general have better accuracy than the ORB1 orbits. The astrometric solution (AGIS) of Gaia EDR3 is based on the ORB2 ephemeris valid till early 2019.
The delivered ESOC ephemerides are geocentric and parametrized by TDB. They are converted to barycentric using INPOP10e and re-parametrized (and rescaled) to TCB when importing into DPAC software environment. The import process results into a set of Chebyshev polynomials for the barycentric Gaia orbit in TCB. The parameters of those Chebyshev polynomials are chosen so that the difference between the delivered OEM orbit file and the Chebyshev representation is negligible compared to the required accuracy of the orbit mentioned above.
In the delivered OEM files the $6\times 6$ variance–covariance matrix of 3 components of the position and 3 components of the velocity is delivered with a step of 30 seconds. This gives realistic estimates of the actual uncertainties of the Gaia orbit.
The Gaia orbit determination satisfies the accuracy requirements imposed by Gaia EDR3: the uncertainty of the BCRS velocity of Gaia is believed to be below a few mm s${}^{-1}$ giving uncertainties in individual astrometric observations at the level below a few $\mu$as.
The effect of an error in Gaia velocity in the astrometric solution (AGIS) is, to first order, equivalent to that of a specific small variation of the basic angle and an additional small variation of the Gaia attitude. The variation of attitude has no further consequences on the scientific parameters of the solution. In Gaia EDR3 possible effects of basic angle variations are calibrated in AGIS using a simple model of periodic variations parametrized by the heliotropic phase of the satellite (see Section 4.3.7). This basic angle calibration not only improves our knowledge of the physical basic angle variations, but also diminish possible effects of Gaia ephemeris errors. For future releases, this sort of calibration will be more sophisticated.
| 2021-07-26T15:29:52 |
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https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10193742
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Optical interferometry and Gaia measurement uncertainties reveal the physics of asymptotic giant branch stars
Context. Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are cool luminous evolved stars that are well observable across the Galaxy and populating Gaia data. They have complex stellar surface dynamics, which amplifies the uncertainties on stellar parameters and distances. Aims. On the AGB star CL Lac, it has been shown that the convection-related variability accounts for a substantial part of the Gaia DR2 parallax error. We observed this star with the MIRC-X beam combiner installed at the CHARA interferometer to detect the presence of stellar surface inhomogeneities. Methods. We performed the reconstruction of aperture synthesis images from the interferometric observations at different wavelengths. Then, we used 3D radiative hydrodynamics (RHD) simulations of stellar convection with CO5BOLD and the post-processing radiative transfer code O PTIM 3D to compute intensity maps in the spectral channels of MIRC-X observations. Then, we determined the stellar radius using the average 3D intensity profile and, finally, compared the 3D synthetic maps to the reconstructed ones focusing on matching the intensity contrast, the morphology of stellar surface structures, and the photocentre position at two different spectral channels, 1.52 and 1.70 μ m, simultaneously. Results. We measured the apparent diameter of CL Lac at two wavelengths (3.299 ± 0.005 mas more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10193742
Journal Name:
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Volume:
640
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
A23
ISSN:
0004-6361
Westerlund 1 (Wd1) is potentially the largest star cluster in the Galaxy. That designation critically depends upon the distance to the cluster, yet the cluster is highly obscured, making luminosity-based distance estimates difficult. Using Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) parallaxes and Bayesian inference, we infer a parallax of $0.35^{+0.07}_{-0.06}$ mas corresponding to a distance of $2.6^{+0.6}_{-0.4}$ kpc. To leverage the combined statistics of all stars in the direction of Wd1, we derive the Bayesian model for a cluster of stars hidden among Galactic field stars; this model includes the parallax zero-point. Previous estimates for the distance to Wd1 ranged from 1.0 to 5.5 kpc, although values around 5 kpc have usually been adopted. The Gaia DR2 parallaxes reduce the uncertainty from a factor of 3 to 18 per cent and rules out the most often quoted value of 5 kpc with 99 per cent confidence. This new distance allows for more accurate mass and age determinations for the stars in Wd1. For example, the previously inferred initial mass at the main-sequence turn-off was around 40 M⊙; the new Gaia DR2 distance shifts this down to about 22 M⊙. This has important implications for our understanding of the late stages of stellar evolution, including the initial massmore »
| 2022-11-27T15:00:28 |
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https://wiki.bnl.gov/TECHQM/index.php?title=Shear_stress_tensor_profiles_at_specific_time
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# Shear stress tensor profiles at specific time
Shear stress tensor profile along x-axis at ${\displaystyle \tau }$=1.6fm/c (HS+UH, VISH2+1 with full I-S eqns.):
The curves are labelled by the grid sizes used in the numerical calculation. For example, ${\displaystyle 0.1-0.04}$ means ${\displaystyle \Delta x=\Delta y=0.1}$ fm, ${\displaystyle \Delta \tau =0.04}$ fm/c.
This figure was updated by H.S. on 09/08/2008 after correcting a small coding error in VISH2+1; it now uses totally identical initializations for the H&S and R&R equations. The old figure and discussion (posted by H.S. on 08/04/2008) can be found at Note for Shear stress tensor profiles at specific time.
Shown is a comparison between the following different versions of the "full I-S" eqns.:
• full I-S eqn-(R&R): ${\displaystyle \Delta _{j}^{m}\Delta _{k}^{n}{\dot {\pi }}^{jk}=-{\frac {1}{\tau _{\pi }}}(\pi ^{mn}{-}2\eta \sigma ^{mn})+{\frac {1}{2}}\pi ^{mn}\left(5D(\ln T)-\partial _{k}u^{k}\right)}$
• full I-S eqn-(S&H):${\displaystyle \Delta _{j}^{m}\Delta _{k}^{n}{\dot {\pi }}^{jk}=-{\frac {1}{\tau _{\pi }}}(\pi ^{mn}{-}2\eta \sigma ^{mn})-{\frac {1}{2}}\pi ^{mn}{\frac {\eta T}{\tau _{\pi }}}d_{k}\left({\frac {\tau _{\pi }}{\eta T}}u^{k}\right)}$
For an ideal gas of massless gluons (as used here) these two equations are mathematically identical. Any differences are thus due to coding inefficiencies or rounding errors. The coincidence of the black and orange lines shows that, after correcting the previous coding error, the S&H and R&R forms of the equations give identical results, as they should. In this figure, we also investigate the effects of rounding errors, by showing two different choices for evaluating the last term in S&H eqn. The red lines are for directly using ${\displaystyle {\frac {\eta T}{\tau _{\pi }}}d_{k}\left({\frac {\tau _{\pi }}{\eta T}}u^{k}\right)}$; this develops large rounding errors near the edge of the fireball, due to a very small value of ${\displaystyle {\frac {\eta T}{\tau _{\pi }}}}$. This problem is fixed by changing ${\displaystyle {\frac {\eta T}{\tau _{\pi }}}d_{k}\left({\frac {\tau _{\pi }}{\eta T}}u^{k}\right)}$ to ${\displaystyle (d_{k}u^{k}+Dln\left({\frac {\tau _{\pi }}{\eta T}}\right))}$, shown by the dashed orange lines for the same grid spacing. One also sees that for ${\displaystyle \Delta x=\Delta y=0.1}$ fm, ${\displaystyle \Delta \tau =0.04}$ fm/c (orange and black) we still have small discretization errors, which disappear when the grid spacing is reduced by another factor 2 (purple and green).
Other formats and data tables for this figure can be downloaded here: Au-global-0508.tar
| 2023-03-25T16:26:07 |
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https://pdglive.lbl.gov/Fit.action?node=S013&init=0&home=sumtabM
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CONSTRAINED FIT INFORMATION show precise values?
An overall fit to mean life,15 branching ratios uses 27 measurements and one constraint to determine 11 parameters. The overall fit has a $\chi {}^{2}$ = 37.4 for 17 degrees of freedom.
The following off-diagonal array elements are the correlation coefficients <$\mathit \delta$x$_{i}$~$\delta$x$_{j}$> $/$ ($\mathit \delta$x$_{i}\cdot{}\delta$x$_{j}$), in percent, from the fit to parameters ${{\mathit p}_{{i}}}$, including the branching fractions, $\mathit x_{i}$ =$\Gamma _{i}$ $/$ $\Gamma _{total}$. The fit constrains the ${{\mathit x}_{{i}}}$ whose labels appear in this array to sum to one.
x1 100 x2 100 x6 100 x7 100 x8 100 x9 100 x13 100 x14 100 x17 100 x19 100 Γ 100 x1 x2 x6 x7 x8 x9 x13 x14 x17 x19 Γ
Mode Rate (s${}^{-1}$) Scale factor Γ1 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}{{\mathit e}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}$ $0.4055$ $\pm0.0011$ 1.7 Γ2 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$ $0.2704$ $\pm0.0007$ 1.1 Γ6 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ 3 ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ $0.1952$ $\pm0.0012$ 1.6 Γ7 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ $0.1254$ $\pm0.0005$ Γ8 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ $0.001967$ $\pm0.000010$ 1.5 Γ9 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}$ ($8.64$ $\pm0.06$) $\times 10^{-4}$ 1.8 Γ13 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ ($4.15$ $\pm0.15$) $\times 10^{-5}$ 2.8 Γ14 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ (DE) ($2.84$ $\pm0.11$) $\times 10^{-5}$ 2.0 Γ17 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ 2 ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ ($5.47$ $\pm0.04$) $\times 10^{-4}$ 1.1 Γ19 ${{\mathit K}_L^0}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ ($9.4$ $\pm0.4$) $\times 10^{-6}$ 2.0
| 2021-09-20T03:01:23 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10131007-search-optical-counterpart-gw170814-gravitational-wave-event-vlt-survey-telescope
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Search for the optical counterpart of the GW170814 gravitational wave event with the VLT Survey Telescope
ABSTRACT
We report on the search for the optical counterpart of the gravitational event GW170814, which was carried out with the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) by the GRAvitational Wave Inaf TeAm. Observations started 17.5 h after the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo alert and we covered an area of 99 deg2 that encloses $\sim 77{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $\sim 59{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the initial and refined localization probability regions, respectively. A total of six epochs were secured over nearly two months. The survey reached an average limiting magnitude of 22 AB mag in the r band. After assuming the model described in Perna, Lazzati & Farr, that derives as possible optical counterpart of a BBH (binary black hole) event a transient source declining in about one day, we have computed a survey efficiency of about $5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. This paper describes the VST observational strategy and the results obtained by our analysis pipelines developed to search for optical transients in multi-epoch images. We report the catalogue of the candidates with possible identifications based on light-curve fitting. We have identified two dozens of SNe, nine AGNs, and one QSO. Nineteen transients characterized by a single detection were not more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10131007
Journal Name:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume:
492
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
p. 1731-1754
ISSN:
0035-8711
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
| 2022-09-24T23:50:00 |
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|
https://ikariam.fandom.com/wiki/Building:Forester%27s_House
|
FANDOM
1,968 Pages
Forester House
Function:
Increases production
Requirements:
Improved Resource Gathering ()
Expansion requirements:
and
Use requirements:
Have workers in the Saw mill
Description
The strong lumberjacks can chop down even the largest trees. But they also know, that a forest must be cultivated and new trees must be planted, so that we can continue to use only the best woods for our houses.
Note:
Expansion Details
The time (in seconds) it takes to upgrade to the next level is determined by the following formula: ${ \text{Building time (seconds)} = \left \lbrack \cfrac{72,000}{11} \times 1.1^\text{Level} - 6,120\right \rbrack }$
The accumulative time (in seconds) it takes to upgrade up to the next level is determined by the following formula: ${ \text{Accumulative building time (seconds)} = \left \lbrack 72,000 \times \left (\ 1.1^\text{Level} -\ 1\ \right ) - 6,120 \times \text{Level}\right \rbrack}$
Other Production Buildings
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-08-07T15:37:57 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10330921-physical-constraints-extended-interstellar-medium-quasar-j1148+5251-ii-ii-observations
|
This content will become publicly available on March 1, 2023
Physical Constraints on the Extended Interstellar Medium of the z = 6.42 Quasar J1148+5251: [C ii] 158 μm , [N ii] 205 μm , and [O i] 146 μm Observations
Abstract We report new Northern Extended Millimeter Array observations of the [C ii ] 158 μ m , [N ii ] 205 μ m , and [O i ] 146 μ m atomic fine structure lines (FSLs) and dust continuum emission of J1148+5251, a z = 6.42 quasar, which probe the physical properties of its interstellar medium (ISM). The radially averaged [C ii ] 158 μ m and dust continuum emission have similar extensions (up to θ = 2.51 − 0.25 + 0.46 arcsec , corresponding to r = 9.8 − 2.1 + 3.3 kpc , accounting for beam convolution), confirming that J1148+5251 is the quasar with the largest [C ii ] 158 μ m -emitting reservoir known at these epochs. Moreover, if the [C ii ] 158 μ m emission is examined only along its NE–SW axis, a significant excess (>5.8 σ ) of [C ii ] 158 μ m emission (with respect to the dust) is detected. The new wide-bandwidth observations enable us to accurately constrain the continuum emission, and do not statistically require the presence of broad [C ii ] 158 μ m line wings that were reported in previous studies. We also report the first detection more »
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10330921
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Volume:
927
Issue:
2
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
152
ISSN:
0004-637X
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. Abstract
With ΣSFR∼ 4200Myr−1kpc−2, SPT 0346–52 (z= 5.7) is the most intensely star-forming galaxy discovered by the South Pole Telescope. In this paper, we expand on previous spatially resolved studies, using ALMA observations of dust continuum, [Nii] 205μm, [Cii] 158μm, [Oi] 146μm, and undetected [Nii] 122μm and [Oi] 63μm emission to study the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) in SPT 0346–52. We use pixelated, visibility-based lens modeling to reconstruct the source-plane emission. We also model the source-plane emission using the photoionization codecloudyand find a supersolar metallicity system. We calculateTdust= 48.3 K andλpeak= 80μm and see line deficits in all five lines. The ionized gas is less dense than comparable galaxies, withne< 32 cm−3, while ∼20% of the [Cii] 158μm emission originates from the ionized phase of the ISM. We also calculate the masses of several phases of the ISM. We find that molecular gas dominates the mass of the ISM in SPT 0346–52, with the molecular gas mass ∼4× higher than the neutral atomic gas mass and ∼100× higher than the ionized gas mass.
2. We present a multiline survey of the interstellar medium (ISM) in two z > 6 quasar host galaxies, PJ231−20 ( z = 6.59) and PJ308−21 ( z = 6.23), and their two companion galaxies. Observations were carried out using the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimeter Array (ALMA). We targeted 11 transitions including atomic fine-structure lines (FSLs) and molecular lines: [NII] 205 μm , [CI] 369 μm , CO ( J up = 7, 10, 15, 16), H 2 O 3 12 − 2 21 , 3 21 − 3 12 , 3 03 − 2 12 , and the OH 163 μm doublet. The underlying far-infrared (FIR) continuum samples the Rayleigh-Jeans tail of the respective dust emission. By combining this information with our earlier ALMA [CII] 158 μm observations, we explored the effects of star formation and black hole feedback on the ISM of the galaxies using the CLOUDY radiative transfer models. We estimated dust masses, spectral indexes, IR luminosities, and star-formation rates from the FIR continuum. The analysis of the FSLs indicates that the [CII] 158 μm and [CI] 369 μm emission arises predominantly from the neutral medium in photodissociation regions (PDRs). We find that line deficits agree with those of local luminous IR galaxies. The CO spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs) reveal significant high- J COmore »
3. ABSTRACT
We present 10 main-sequence ALPINE galaxies (log (M/M⊙) = 9.2−11.1 and ${\rm SFR}=23-190\, {\rm M_{\odot }\, yr^{-1}}$) at z ∼ 4.5 with optical [O ii] measurements from Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy and Subaru/MOIRCS narrow-band imaging. This is the largest such multiwavelength sample at these redshifts, combining various measurements in the ultraviolet, optical, and far-infrared including [C ii]158 $\mu$m line emission and dust continuum from ALMA and H α emission from Spitzer photometry. For the first time, this unique sample allows us to analyse the relation between [O ii] and total star-formation rate (SFR) and the interstellar medium (ISM) properties via [O ii]/[C ii] and [O ii]/H α luminosity ratios at z ∼ 4.5. The [O ii]−SFR relation at z ∼ 4.5 cannot be described using standard local descriptions, but is consistent with a metal-dependent relation assuming metallicities around $50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ solar. To explain the measured dust-corrected luminosity ratios of $\log (L_{\rm [OII]}/L_{\rm [CII]}) \sim 0.98^{+0.21}_{-0.22}$ and $\log (L_{\rm [OII]}/L_{\rm H\alpha }) \sim -0.22^{+0.13}_{-0.15}$ for our sample, ionization parameters log (U) < −2 and electron densities $\log (\rm n_e / {\rm [cm^{-3}]}) \sim 2.5-3$ are required. The former is consistent with galaxies at z ∼ 2−3, however lower than at z > 6. The latter may be slightly higher than expected given the galaxies’ specific SFR. Themore »
4. ABSTRACT
We present new [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] 88-$\mu \mathrm{{m}}$ observations of five bright z ∼ 7 Lyman-break galaxies spectroscopically confirmed by ALMA through [${\rm C\, {\small II}}$] 158 $\mu \mathrm{{m}}$, unlike recent [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] detections where Lyman α was used. This nearly doubles the sample of Epoch of Reionization galaxies with robust (5σ) [${\rm C\, {\small II}}$] and [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] detections. We perform a multiwavelength comparison with new deep HST images of the rest-frame UV, whose compact morphology aligns well with [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] tracing ionized gas. In contrast, we find more spatially extended [${\rm C\, {\small II}}$] emission likely produced in neutral gas, as indicated by an [${\rm N\, {\small II}}$] 205-$\mu \mathrm{{m}}$ non-detection in one source. We find a correlation between the optical ${[{\rm O\, {\small III}}]}+ {\mathrm{H\,\beta }}$ equivalent width and [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$]/[${\rm C\, {\small II}}$], as seen in local metal-poor dwarf galaxies. cloudy models of a nebula of typical density harbouring a young stellar population with a high-ionization parameter adequately reproduce the observed lines. Surprisingly, however, our models fail to reproduce the strength of [${\rm O\, {\small III}}$] 88-$\mu \mathrm{{m}}$, unless we assume an α/Fe enhancement and near-solar nebular oxygenmore »
5. We investigate the molecular gas content of z ∼ 6 quasar host galaxies using the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique Northern Extended Millimeter Array. We targeted the 3 mm dust continuum, and the line emission from CO(6–5), CO(7–6), and [C I ] 2−1 in ten infrared–luminous quasars that have been previously studied in their 1 mm dust continuum and [C II ] line emission. We detected CO(7–6) at various degrees of significance in all the targeted sources, thus doubling the number of such detections in z ∼ 6 quasars. The 3 mm to 1 mm flux density ratios are consistent with a modified black body spectrum with a dust temperature T dust ∼ 47 K and an optical depth τ ν = 0.2 at the [C II ] frequency. Our study provides us with four independent ways to estimate the molecular gas mass, M H2 , in the targeted quasars. This allows us to set constraints on various parameters used in the derivation of molecular gas mass estimates, such as the mass per luminosity ratios α CO and α [CII] , the gas-to-dust mass ratio δ g/d , and the carbon abundance [C]/H 2 . Leveraging either on the dust, CO, [C I ], ormore »
| 2023-02-08T12:51:30 |
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|
https://wiki.cosmos.esa.int/planckpla/index.php?title=Compact_Source_catalogues&oldid=8056
|
# Compact Source catalogues
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
## Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources
The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS) is a sample of reliable sources, both Galactic and extragalactic, extracted directly from the Planck nominal maps. The first public version of the PCCS is derived from the data acquired by Planck between August 13 2009 and November 26 2010. The PCCS consists of nine lists of sources, extracted independently from each of Planck's nine frequency channels. It is fully described in Planck-2013-XXVIII[1].
### Detection procedure
The Mexican Hat Wavelet 2[2] (MHW2) is the base algorithm used to produce the single channel catalogues of the PCCS. Although each has is own implementation of this algorithm (IFCAMEX and -MHW), the results are compatible at least at the statistical uncertainty level. Additional algorithms are also implemented, like the multi-frequency Matrix Multi-filters[3] (MTXF) and the Bayesian PowellSnake[4], but for the current version of the PCCS they are used just for the validation of the results obtained by the MHW2.
The full-sky maps are divided into a sufficient number of overlapping flat patches in such a way that 100% of the sky is covered. Each patch is then filtered by the MHW2 with a scale that is optimised to provide the maximum signal-to-noise ratio in the filtered maps. A sub-catalogue of objects is produced for each patch and then, at the end of the process, all the sub-catalogues are merged together, removing repetitions.
The driving goal of the was reliability greater than 90%. In order to increase completeness and explore possibly interesting new sources at fainter flux density levels, however, the initial overall reliability goal of the PCCS was reduced to 80%. The S/N thresholds applied to each frequency channel have been determined, as far as possible, to meet this goal. The reliability of the catalogues has been assessed using the internal and external validation described below.
At 30, 44, and 70 GHz, the reliability goal alone would permit S/N thresholds below 4. A secondary goal of minimizing the upward bias on flux densities led to the imposition of an S/N threshold of 4.
At higher frequencies, where the confusion caused by the Galactic emission starts to become an issue, the sky has been divided into two zones, one Galactic (52% of the sky) and one extragalactic (48% of the sky). At 100, 143, and 217 GHz, the S/N threshold needed to achieve the target reliability is determined in the extragalactic zone, but applied uniformly on sky. At 353, 545, and 857 GHz, the need to control confusion from Galactic cirrus emission led to the adoption of different S/N thresholds in the two zones. The extragalactic zone has a lower threshold than the Galactic zone. The S/N thresholds are given in Table 1.
Bandfilling is the process by which flux density estimates at specific bands are generated based on source positions defined in another band. For the current PCCS release we compute the flux density at 217, 353, and 545 GHz at the positions of each source detected at 857 GHz, using aperture photometry. Bandfilling is not attempted at other frequencies due to the variation in spatial resolution across the bands, which makes multifrequency associations challenging, especially in crowded regions such as the Galactic Plane.
### Photometry
In addition of the native flux density estimation provided by the detection algorithm, three additional measurements are obtained for each of the source in the parent samples. These additional flux density estimations are based on aperture photometry, PSF fitting and Gaussian fitting (see Planck-2013-XXVIII[1] for a detailed description of these additional photometries). The native flux density estimation is the only one that is obtained directly from the filtered maps while for the others the flux density estimates has a local background subtracted. The flux density estimations have not been colour corrected. Colour corrections are available in Table 15 of LFI Appendix and HFI spectral response pages.
### Validation process
The PCCS, its sources and the four different estimates of the flux density, have undergone an extensive internal and external validation process to ensure the quality of the catalogues. The validation of the non-thermal radio sources can be done with a large number of existing catalogues, whereas the validation of thermal sources is mostly done with simulations. These two approaches will be discussed below. Detections identified with known sources have been appropriately flagged in the catalogues.
#### Internal validation
The catalogues for the channels have primarily been validated through an internal Monte-Carlo quality assessment process that uses large numbers of source injection and detection loops to characterize their properties. For each channel, we calculate statistical quantities describing the quality of detection, photometry and astrometry of the detection code. The detection is described by the completeness and reliability of the catalogue: completeness is a function of intrinsic flux, the selection threshold applied to detection (S/N) and location, while reliability is a function only of the detection S/N. The quality of photometry and astrometry is assessed through direct comparison of detected position and flux density parameters with the known inputs of matched sources. An input source is considered to be detected if a detection is made within one beam of the injected position.
#### External validation
At the three lowest frequencies of Planck, it is possible to validate the PCCS source identifications, completeness, reliability, positional accuracy and flux density accuracy using external data sets, particularly large-area radio surveys. Moreover, the external validation offers the opportunity for an absolute validation of the different photometries, directly related with the calibration and the knowledge of the beams.
At higher frequencies, surveys as the South-Pole Telescope (SPT), the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and H-ATLAS or HERMES form Herschel will also be very important, although only for limited regions of the sky. In particular, the Herschel synergy is crucial to study the possible contamination of the catalogues caused by the Galactic cirrus at high frequencies.
### Cautionary notes
We list here some cautionary notes for users of the PCCS.
• Variability: At radio frequencies, many of the extragalactic sources are highly variable. A small fraction of them vary even on time scales of a few hours based on the brightness of the same source as it passes through the different Planck horns Planck-2013-II[5]Planck-2013-VI[6]. Follow-up observations of these sources might show significant differences in flux density compared to the values in the data products. Although the maps used for the PCCS are based on 2.6 sky coverages, the PCCS provides only a single average flux density estimate over all Planck data samples that were included in the maps and does not contain any measure of the variability of the sources from survey to survey.
• Contamination from CO: At infrared/submillimetre frequencies (100 GHz and above), the Planck bandpasses straddle energetically significant CO lines (see Planck-2013-XIII[7]). The effect is the most significant at 100 GHz, where the line might contribute more than 50% of the measured flux density. Follow-up observations of these sources, especially those associated with Galactic star-forming regions, at a similar frequency but different bandpass, should correct for the potential contribution of line emission to the measured continuum flux density of the source.
• Photometry: Each source has multiple estimates of flux density, DETFLUX, APERFLUX, GAUFLUX and PSFFLUX, as defined above. The appropriate photometry to be used depends on the nature of the source. For sources which are unresolved at the spatial resolution of Planck, APERFLUX and DETFLUX are most appropriate. Even in this regime, PSF fits of faint sources fail and consequently these have a PSFFLUX value of NaN (‘Not a Number’). For bright resolved sources, GAUFLUX might be most appropriate although GAUFLUX appears to overestimate the flux density of the sources close to the Galactic plane due to an inability to fit for the contribution of the Galactic background at the spatial resolution of the data. For the 353–857 GHz channels, the complex native of the diffuse emission and the relative undersampling of the beam produces a bias in DETFLUX, so we recommend that APERFLUX is used instead.
• Cirrus/ISM: A significant fraction of the sources detected in the upper bands could be associated with Galactic interstellar medium features or cirrus. The 857 GHz brightness proxy described in Sect. 3.4), can be used as indicator of cirrus contamination. Alternately, the value of CIRRUS N in the catalogue can be used to flag sources which might be clustered together and thereby associated with ISM structure. Candidate ISM features can also be selected by choosing objects with EXTENDED = 1 although nearby Galactic and extragalactic sources which are extended at Planck spatial resolution will meet this criterion too.
## Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich catalogue
The Planck catalogue is a nearly full-sky list of detections obtained from the Planck data. It is fully described in Planck-2013-XXIX[8]. The catalogue is derived from the frequency channel maps after masking and filling the bright point sources (SNR >= 10) from the PCCS catalogues in those channels. Three detection pipelines were used to construct the catalogue, two implementations of the matched multi-filter (MMF) algorithm and PowellSnakes (PwS), a Bayesian algorithm. All three pipelines use a circularly symmetric pressure profile, the non-standard universal profile from[9], in the detection.
• MMF1 and MMF3 are full-sky implementations of the MMF algorithm. The matched filter optimizes the cluster detection using a linear combination of maps, which requires an estimate of the statistics of the contamination. It uses spatial filtering to suppress both foregrounds and noise, making use of the prior knowledge of the cluster pressure profile and thermal spectrum.
• PwS differs from the MMF methods. It is a fast Bayesian multi-frequency detection algorithm designed to identify and characterize compact objects in a diffuse background. The detection process is based on a statistical model comparison test. Detections may be accepted or rejected based on a generalized likelihood ratio test or in full Bayesian mode. These two modes allow quantities measured by PwS to be consistently compared with those of the MMF algorithms.
A union catalogue is constructed from the detections by all three pipelines. A mask to remove Galactic dust, nearby galaxies and point sources (leaving 83.7% of the sky) is applied a posteriori to avoid detections in areas where foregrounds are likely to cause spurious detections.
## Early Release Compact Source Catalogue
The is a list of high reliability (>90%) sources, both Galactic and extragalactic, derived from the data acquired by Planck between August 13 2009 and June 6 2010. The consists of:
• nine lists of sources, extracted independently from each of Planck's nine frequency channels
• two lists extracted using multi-channel criteria: the Early Cold Cores catalogue (ECC), consisting of Galactic dense and cold cores, selected mainly on the basis of their temperature ; and the Early Sunyaev-Zeldovich catalogue (ESZ), consisting of galaxy clusters selected by the spectral signature of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect.
The is also accessible via the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive.
## References
1. Planck 2013 results: The Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources, Planck Collaboration XXVIII, A&A, in press, (2014).
2. The Mexican hat wavelet family: application to point-source detection in cosmic microwave background maps, J. González-Nuevo, F. L. Argüeso, M. López-Caniego, MNRAS, 369, 1603-1610, (2009).
3. A novel multifrequency technique for the detection of point sources in cosmic microwave background maps, D. Herranz, M. López-Caniego, J. L. Sanz, J. González-Nuevo, MNRAS, 394, 510-520, (2009).
4. A fast Bayesian approach to discrete object detection in astronomical data sets - PowellSnakes I, P. Carvalho, G. Rocha, M. P. Hobson, MNRAS, 393, 681-702, (2009).
5. Planck 2013 results: The Low Frequency Instrument data processing, Planck Collaboration 2013 II, A&A, in press, (2014).
6. Planck 2013 results: High Frequency Instrument Data Processing, Planck Collaboration 2013 VI, A&A, in press, (2014).
7. Planck 2013 results: Galactic CO emission as seen by Planck, Planck Collaboration XIII, A&A, in press, (2014).
8. Planck 2013 results: The Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich sources, Planck Collaboration XXIX, A&A, in press, (2014).
9. The universal galaxy cluster pressure profile from a representative sample of nearby systems (REXCESS) and the Y$_{SZ}$ - M$_{500}$ relation, M. Arnaud, G. W. Pratt, R. Piffaretti, H. Böhringer, J. H. Croston, E. Pointecouteau, ApJ, 517, A92, (2010).
| 2018-03-24T17:23:13 |
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|
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/dealer-inventory-constraints-in-the-corporate-bond-market-during-the-covid-crisis-20210715.htm
|
July 15, 2021
Dealer Inventory Constraints in the Corporate Bond Market during the COVID Crisis
Craig A. Chikis and Jonathan Goldberg1
Overview and Main Results
Beginning in late February 2020, market liquidity for corporate bonds dried up and corporate bond credit spreads soared amid broad financial market dislocations related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The causes of this liquidity dry-up and the spike in corporate bond spreads remain subjects of debate. One question is whether the liquidity dry-up was driven by reduced liquidity supply by dealers, increased liquidity demand by investors, or both. Dealers have a central role in the corporate bond market and use their balance sheets to provide liquidity to corporate bond investors. Thus, one potential explanation of the liquidity dry-up is a reduction in dealers' balance-sheet capacity, or liquidity supply. Another potential explanation of the liquidity dry-up is a rise in liquidity demand, for example, due to investor redemptions at corporate-bond mutual funds.2 Whether liquidity supply or liquidity demand was a key driver of the liquidity dry-up is important for understanding the COVID crisis and how Federal Reserve policy actions affected investor welfare and dealer profits. There is also debate regarding the effectiveness of Federal Reserve policy actions during the COVID crisis and whether these actions affected dealers' liquidity supply.3
To address these questions, we study the price and quantity of liquidity in the corporate bond market and use these measures to disentangle shifts in liquidity supply and demand. Our measures of the price and quantity of liquidity were developed in Goldberg and Nozawa (2021), which studied the data from 2002 to 2016.
Our main results are the following:
• The price of liquidity declined notably after the March 23 announcement of the Primary Market Corporate Credit Facility (PMCCF) and the Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF) and the April 9 announcement expanding the size and scope of the corporate credit facilities (CCFs).
• The evolution of the liquidity price for bonds with differing eligibilities for the CCFs provides suggestive evidence that the CCF announcements were important causal drivers of the improvement in market liquidity in late March and April.4
• We parse the evolution of liquidity supply and demand using Goldberg and Nozawa's (2021) model. The model attributes the liquidity dry-up during the COVID crisis about equally to lower liquidity supply and higher liquidity demand. Our liquidity supply index reached a trough on March 20, after the Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) announcement.
• Our analysis suggests that roughly one-fourth of the decline in the value of corporate bonds between February 28 and March 20 was due to reduced dealer balance sheet capacity. Between February 28 and March 20, corporate bonds fell in value with a return of negative 13.5 percent, as measured by the ICE Bank of America U.S. Corporate Total Return Index. Applying the estimates in Goldberg and Nozawa (2021), the decline in dealers' balance sheet capacity between February 28 and March 20 increased the expected one-year-ahead excess return on corporate bonds by 3.4 percentage points.5 In contrast, increases in liquidity demand have historically been associated with quantitatively small increases in expected excess returns.
• The evolution of the price and quantity of market liquidity differed markedly from the 2007–09 crisis. The liquidity price peak was 90 basis points during the 2007–09 crisis and about double the peak in the COVID crisis. The rise in the liquidity price was also much more persistent. Strikingly, the quantity of liquidity provided by dealers plunged during the 2007–09 crisis, whereas it fell much more modestly during the COVID crisis. Correspondingly, our supply-and-demand model attributes the liquidity dry-up during the 2007–09 financial crisis primarily to fluctuations in liquidity supply, whereas the COVID liquidity dry-up is attributed roughly equally to liquidity supply and demand.
Price and Quantity of Market Liquidity
In many asset classes, dealers use their balance sheets to make markets and provide immediacy to investors. When dealers' inventory capacity is strained, assets in dealer-intermediated markets can trade at prices away from their fundamental values. In theories of liquidity with inventory frictions, temporary price deviations—or noise in prices—reflect the expected return for providing liquidity.6 A well-known measure of such price deviations is Treasury noise—deviations of individual Treasury yields from a smooth fitted yield curve. Goldberg and Nozawa (2021) measures noise instead in the corporate bond market.7 Each day, we fit a smooth yield curve using bond-level yields for each large issuer of corporate bonds. Specifically, we fit a Svensson (1994) yield curve to the individual yields on each issuer's bonds. We limit the sample to dollar-denominated publicly offered bonds with fixed coupons and no embedded options other than make-whole call provisions and issuers with at least seven issues outstanding.8
Our noise measure is the average, across all bonds in our sample, of the divergence between a bond's market yield and the yield curve of its issuer. A key advantage of our noise measure is that all issuer-specific information is absorbed by the fitted yield curve and thus the measure is not affected by asymmetric information about issuers. We use this noise measure as our liquidity price.
We begin our discussion of the results by describing the evolution of the noise measure, with a particular focus on the COVID crisis. The top panel of Figure 1 provides a historical perspective covering January 1997 to June 2020. The bottom panel shows the evolution of aggregate noise in the corporate bond market during the first half of 2020, which includes the COVID crisis in financial markets. Historically, the average level of noise is 14 basis points.9 At the start of 2020, corporate bond noise was about 11 basis points. Noise rose only a bit in late February and early March amid steep declines in equity markets. However, noise spiked beginning in mid-March, amid signs of large corporate bond sales by investors (Haddad, Moreira, and Muir (forthcoming)). On March 17, the Federal Reserve announced that it would establish a Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) to address dealers' funding needs. The PDCF would offer loans to primary dealers with a term of up to 90 days, collateralized by a broad range of investment-grade (IG) debt securities. However, noise increased significantly even after the announcement of the PDCF. The PDCF began operations on March 20. Noise reached a peak of 50 basis points on March 23.
On March 23, the Federal Reserve announced the establishment of the CCFs. The PMCCF would purchase new debt from issuing corporations and the SMCCF would purchase corporate debt from investors in the secondary market. After the CCFs were announced, noise declined quickly, reaching 25 basis points in early April. After the announcement on April 9 that CCF eligibility would include some high-yield (HY) bonds, noise declined further, reaching 17 basis points in early May. There was little change in noise around the start of SMCCF purchases. Since then, noise has declined slightly, on balance, averaging 14 basis points in January 2021.
Figure 1: Noise in the corporate bond market
Next, we compare the evolution of noise during the COVID crisis and during previous episodes of fixed income market stress. The spike in noise during the COVID crisis was
• significantly smaller and less persistent than the spike in noise during the 2007–09 financial crisis. During the 2007–09 crisis, noise approached 20 basis points in September 2008, peaked at 90 basis points in December 2008, and only returned to its May 2007 level in January 2018, one decade later.
• somewhat smaller than the spike in noise during the 1998 Long-Term Capital Management crisis but slightly larger than the spike following the WorldCom default in 2002, which had a large effect on fixed income markets.
Figure 2, top panel, shows the evolution of noise during the COVID crisis for IG bonds and, separately, for HY bonds. Noise for IG bonds peaked on March 20—after the PDCF announcement, on the same day as the PDCF entered operation, and before the original CCF announcement on March 23. IG noise then declined rapidly. In contrast, HY noise continued to rise after the March 23 announcement, peaking on April 9, the day of the announcement describing the extension of the SMCCF to include some HY bonds, after which HY noise declined notably. While many factors might have differentially affected IG and HY liquidity over this period, these different time patterns of IG and HY noise point to the CCF announcement as a key explanation for the improvement in market liquidity in late March and in April.10
Figure 2: Noise, by credit rating and remaining time to maturity
To provide further evidence regarding the effects of the CCFs, Figure 2, bottom panel, shows the evolution of noise for bonds with less than five years remaining maturity and bonds with more than five years remaining maturity. Eligibility for the SMCCF was restricted to bonds with less than five years remaining maturity.11 Notably, noise for sooner-maturing bonds (bonds with less than five years remaining maturity) initially increased much more rapidly than noise for bonds with longer maturities. However, after the first CCF announcement, noise declined much more rapidly for bonds with lower maturity. Noise for such bonds also declined more over the weeks following the second CCF announcement. These results provide further evidence pointing to the CCF announcements as contributing to improved liquidity during the COVID crisis. Nonetheless, this pattern could also be consistent with, for example, other news or announcements differentially affecting sooner-maturing and later-maturing bonds. Indeed, at times of stress such as the 2007–09 financial crisis, the spike and then recovery of noise was sharper for shorter-maturity bonds than for longer-maturity bonds. Figure 3 shows the liquidity price for securities with less than five years remaining maturity, and for securities with more than five years remaining maturity, during the COVID crisis (left panel) and the Global Financial Crisis (right panel). The liquidity price in Figure 3 is z-score standardized to facilitate comparisons across and within each panel.
Figure 3: Noise, by remaining time to maturity: Comparing the Global Financial Crisis and COVID crises
We complement this analysis of the price of liquidity by examining the quantity of liquidity primary dealers provided using their balance sheets. To absorb the demand imbalances that give rise to noise, dealers take long positions in bonds that investors want to sell and short positions in bonds investors want to buy. Thus, we measure the quantity of liquidity as the sum of dealers' gross long and gross short positions. We calculate this quantity using transaction data from the Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (TRACE). The procedure to convert transaction data into dealer positions is based on cumulating weekly flows to estimate each dealer's net position in each bond, as described in detail in Goldberg and Nozawa (2021). Our quantity measure is the sum of the absolute value of primary dealer positions in each bond.
Figure 6: Evolution of liquidity supply and demand indexes
Although the dry-up of liquidity was thus roughly equally driven by lower liquidity supply and higher liquidity demand, the implications for risk premiums of the fluctuations in liquidity supply and demand are quite different. Applying the estimates in Goldberg and Nozawa (2021), the decline in liquidity supply between February 28 and March 20 increased the expected one-year-ahead excess return on corporate bonds 3.4 percentage points.14 In contrast, increases in liquidity demand are associated with quantitatively small increases in expected excess returns, which are not statistically significant.
This evolution of the liquidity supply and demand indexes differed markedly from the 2007–09 financial crisis. During the 2007–09 crisis, liquidity supply fell even more dramatically and the decline was much more persistent. Liquidity supply declined from a pre-crisis peak of $60 billion in early 2007 to a low of$13 billion in December 2008. Liquidity supply recovered to $40 billion only in March 2010 and to$50 billion only in March 2011. In addition, liquidity demand did not show a systematic response to stress events during the crisis, sometimes rising and sometimes declining or remaining little changed.
Conclusion
This note studied dealers' liquidity supply and investors' liquidity demand in the corporate bond market during the COVID crisis, using Goldberg and Nozawa's (2021) model of market liquidity. The evolution of the liquidity price for bonds with differing eligibilities for the Federal Reserve's corporate credit facilities (CCFs) provides suggestive evidence that the CCF announcements were important causal drivers of the improvement in market liquidity in late March and April. The model attributes the liquidity dry-up during the COVID crisis about equally to lower liquidity supply and higher liquidity demand. Our analysis suggests that roughly one-fourth of the large decline in value of corporate bonds between February 28 and March 20 was due to reduced dealer balance sheet capacity.
References
Boyarchenko, Nina, Anna Kovner, and Or Shachar (2020). "It's What You Say and What You Buy: A Holistic Evaluation of the Corporate Credit Facilities," Staff Reports 935. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, July (revised November 2020).
Brunnermeier, Markus K., and Lasse Heje Pedersen (2009). "Market Liquidity and Funding Liquidity," Review of Financial Studies, vol. 22 (6), pp. 2201–38.
Duffie, Darrell (2010). "Presidential Address: Asset Price Dynamics with Slow‐Moving Capital," Journal of Finance, vol. 65 (4), pp. 1237–67.
Falato, Antonio, Itay Goldstein, and Ali Hortaçsu (2020). "Financial Fragility in the COVID-19 Crisis: The Case of Investment Funds in Corporate Bond Markets," NBER Working Paper Series 27559. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, July (revised May 2021).
Gilchrist, Simon, Bin Wei, Vivian Z. Yue, and Egon Zakrajšek (2020). "The Fed Takes on Corporate Credit Risk: An Analysis of the Efficacy of the SMCCF," NBER Working Paper Series 27809. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, September.
Goldberg, Jonathan (2020a). "Dealer Inventory Constraints during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the Treasury Market and Broader Implications," FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, July 17, 2020.
Goldberg, Jonathan (2020b). "Liquidity Supply by Broker-Dealers and Real Activity," Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 136 (3), pp. 806–27.
Goldberg, Jonathan, and Yoshio Nozawa (2021). "Liquidity Supply in the Corporate Bond Market," Journal of Finance, vol. 76 (2), pp. 755–96.
Gromb, Denis, and Dimitri Vayanos (2018). "The Dynamics of Financially Constrained Arbitrage," Journal of Finance, vol. 73 (4), pp. 1713–50.
Grossman, Sanford J., and Merton H. Miller (1988). "Liquidity and Market Structure," Journal of Finance, vol. 43 (3), pp. 617–33.
Haddad, Valentin, Alan Moreira, and Tyler Muir (2020). "When Selling Becomes Viral: Disruptions in Debt Markets in the COVID-19 Crisis and the Fed's Response," NBER Working Paper Series 27168. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, May.
He, Zhiguo, Stefan Nagel, and Zhaogang Song (2020). "Treasury Inconvenience Yields during the Covid-19 Crisis," NBER Working Paper Series 27416. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, June (revised November 2020).
Infante, Sebastian, and Zack Saravay (2020). "What Drives Treasury Re-use? (PDF)" Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2020-103. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, October.
Kondor, Péter, and Dmitri Vayanos (2019). "Liquidity Risk and the Dynamics of Arbitrage Capital," Journal of Finance, vol. 74, pp. 1139–73.
Kargar, Mahyar, Benjamin R. Lester, David Lindsay, Shuo Liu, Pierre-Olivier Weill, and Diego Zúñiga (2020). "Corporate Bond Liquidity During the Covid-19 Crisis," NBER Working Paper Series 27355. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, June (revised May 2021).
Liang, J. Nellie (2020). "Corporate Bond Market Dysfunction during COVID-19 and Lessons from the Fed's Response (PDF)," Hutchinson Center Working Paper 69. Washington: The Brookings Institution, October.
Nozawa, Yoshio, and Yancheng Qiu (forthcoming). "Corporate Bond Market Reactions to Quantitative Easing during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Journal of Banking and Finance.
O'Hara, Maureen, and Xing (Alex) Zhou (forthcoming). "Anatomy of a Liquidity Crisis: Corporate Bonds in the COVID-19 Crisis," Journal of Financial Economics.
Sharpe, Steven A., and Alex X. Zhou (2020). "The Corporate Bond Market Crises and the Government Response," FEDS Notes. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, October 7.
Svensson, Lars E.O. (1994). "Estimating and Interpreting Forward Interest Rates: Sweden 1992-1994," NBER Working Paper Series 4871. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, September.
Vayanos, Dimitri, and Jiang Wang (2013). "Market Liquidity—Theory and Empirical Evidence," in George M. Constantinides, Milton Harris, and Rene M. Stulz, eds., Handbook of the Economics of Finance, Vol. 2B. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp 1289–1361.
1. We thank Andrea Ajello, Giovanni Favara, Don Kim, and Steve Sharpe for helpful comments. We also thank FINRA for providing transaction data. FINRA screening was limited to whether there is sufficient aggregation such that no particular dealer is identified. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Reserve Board or its staff. Return to text
2. Regarding corporate bond mutual funds, see Falato, Goldstein, and Hortaçsu (2020) and Ma, Xiao, and Zeng (2020). Regarding Federal Reserve interventions, see Boyarchenko, Kovner, and Shachar (2020), Gilchrist et al. (2020), O'Hara and Zhou (2020), Sharpe and Zhou (2020), and Haddad, Moreira, and Muir (forthcoming). An additional question is to what extent the liquidity dry-up and the spike in corporate bond spreads are related (e.g., Nozawa and Qiu (forthcoming)). Return to text
3. Regarding the connections between welfare, dealer profits, and liquidity supply and demand, see Kargar et al. (2020). Liang (2020) reviews the literature and discusses potential reforms. Return to text
4. The differences in eligibility related to credit rating and remaining maturity. Return to text
5. Risk premiums are high when dealers' balance-sheet capacity is low not only because investors value market liquidity (the ability to transact in large quantities at low cost) but, perhaps more importantly, because dealers act as a marginal investor and provider of secured financing to investors. For a quantitative equilibrium model, see Goldberg and Nozawa (2021). See also, among others, Gromb and Vayanos (2018), Kondor and Vayanos (2019), He, Nagel and Song (2020), and Infante and Saravay (2020). Return to text
7. Many common measures of liquidity such as bid-ask spreads and price-impact measures are also affected by dealer inventory constraints but "contaminated" by other factors such as asymmetric information about issuers. See Vayanos and Wang (2013) for a review of liquidity measures and the factors driving them. This note focuses on liquidity measures from Goldberg and Nozawa (2021) that have been empirically and theoretically connected to dealer inventory constraints. Return to text
8. For issuers with between 7 and 15 issues outstanding, we fit a four-parameter version of the Svensson (1994) yield-curve model, and for issuers with more than 15 issues outstanding, we fit the full 6-parameter Svensson model. Return to text
9. As expected, noise in the corporate bond market is generally much higher than in the Treasury market, for which noise averages 2.3 basis points over the same period (Goldberg (2020a)). Return to text
10. Many factors might have differentially affected IG and HY liquidity over this period, highlighting the need for caution in attributing the evolution of our measures to specific announcements. In particular, the PMCCF and SMCCF were announced concurrently with announcements regarding purchases of Treasury and commercial mortgage-backed securities, the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility, and other measures; these announcements, while not directly bearing on the corporate bond market, could nonetheless have affected IG and HY liquidity differently. Return to text
11. Eligibility for the PMCCF was restricted to bonds with less than four years remaining maturity. Return to text
12. Goldberg (2020b) performs a similar analysis for the Treasury market, rather than the corporate bond market, finding that liquidity supply shifts have been associated with persistent changes in aggregate liquidity across asset classes and changes in corporate financing conditions. In contrast, liquidity demand shifts have historically been associated with only transitory changes in market liquidity and little, if any, change in corporate financing conditions. Goldberg (2020a) extends this analysis to the COVID crisis. Return to text
13. Goldberg and Nozawa (2021) makes sense of this surprising result using an equilibrium model in which dealers provide liquidity and serve as a marginal investor in the corporate bond market. Negative liquidity supply shocks capture tight dealer inventory constraints, which affect the willingness of dealers both to provide liquidity and to bear aggregate risk not directly related to liquidity (such as aggregate default risk). Indeed, in the quantitative equilibrium model, most of the liquidity supply risk premium arises through the latter channel. The liquidity supply risk premium also reflects that liquidity supply shocks are estimated to have very persistent effects on the price and quantity of liquidity, whereas liquidity demand shocks have fairly transitory effects. Return to text
14. We obtain the estimated increase in the one-year-ahead expected excess return by multiplying (1) the sum of liquidity supply shocks between February 28 and March 20; (2) the percentage change on impact of dealer gross positions, in response to a liquidity supply shock, from Figure 3, panel A of Goldberg and Nozawa (2021); (3) the estimated coefficient on log dealer gross positions for liquidity-supply-dominated periods in table VII, panel C2, "without crisis" column for 52-week horizon. This estimate is a reasonable one because liquidity supply shocks have quite persistent effects on liquidity supply and the time horizon over which we are summing shocks (less than one month) is relatively short. Fully accounting for the dynamic response of positions implies an estimated increase in the expected one-year-ahead excess return on corporate bonds of 3.6 percentage points. Note that the aggregate return forecasting exercise reported in table VII, panel C2 controls for variables considered informative about expected returns: the term spread, the dividend-price ratio, the variance risk premium, and an option-based skewness measure. Return to text
| 2021-07-23T22:27:23 |
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https://runescapeclassic.fandom.com/wiki/Defense
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## FANDOM
4,013 Pages
For information on training this skill, see the Melee training article.
Stats Quests The RuneScape Classic Wiki Skills Fletching Attack Fishing Defense Firemaking Strength Crafting Hits Smithing Ranged Mining Prayer Herblaw Magic Agility Cooking Thieving Woodcut Quest Points Fatigue Equipment Status Armour Magic WeaponAim Prayer WeaponPower Overall levels Skill total Combat level
Defense is a combat skill in RuneScape Classic. This skill, when raised to higher levels, will decrease the chance of an attack inflicting damage on the player. Defense does NOT decrease the amount of damage a player takes from attacks. To increase pure damage survivability, one should instead raise their Hits level.
Defense can be trained in combat with either the Controlled or Defensive buttons on the combat window selected in a fight.
The amount of defense experience gained while in Defensive stance can be found using this formula: $XP = H \times 3$
While in Controlled stance, the experience is divided between the three skills (Attack, Strength, and Defense), so you instead use this formula: $XP = H$
In both cases, H = the amount of Hits experience received from the kill. This is different for each opponent, and unlike in RuneScape 2, is unrelated to the opponents' Hits.
## Armour
There are eight general armour types in RSC, each requiring a specific defense level to equip. As players raise their defense levels, they are able to equip better armour that offer a higher Armour bonus. A higher Armour bonus does NOT reduce the damage taken, rather it reduces the chance of being inflicted damage. Some players, more commonly referred to as Pures, choose to have a lower level in Defense (and often Prayer and Magic) in order to have a much higher Hits level with a far lower combat. Doing this is a way to avoid being killed in three hits, and also to increase their potential to defeat a balanced character.
Image Armour Defense Level
Bronze 1
Iron 1
Steel 5
Black 10
Mithril 20
Adamantite 30
Rune 40
Dragon 60
## Boosts
Item/Prayer Boost/Harm Visibility
Super defense Potion +15% + 5 levels Visible
Steel skin +15% Invisible
Defense Potion +10% + 3 levels Visible
Rock skin +10% Invisible
Thick skin +5% Invisible
Draynor Cabbage +1 Visable
Potion of Zamorak -12.5% Visible
## Quests
The following quests give Defense experience rewards:
## Trivia
• "Zonghui" is the first known player to reach level 99 Defense.
• When a player consumes a Potion of Zamorak, it is recommended to take a drink of Stat restoration Potion to compensate the decrease in defense.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
| 2020-03-28T21:47:09 |
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http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj07/20070123.htm
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South Carolina General Assembly
117th Session, 2007-2008
Journal of the Senate
Tuesday, January 23, 2007
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 12:00 noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
"...those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not be faint." (Isaiah 40:31, NIV)
Tonight, O Lord, our nation will hear an address from President George Bush. Inspire, lead, and strengthen him during these challenging days in which we find ourselves. Give us all great hope. And fill the members of this Senate with particular courage. Help them all-whatever the challenge-to "soar like eagles." In your name we pray.
Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
The following was received and referred to the appropriate committee for consideration:
Document No. 3083
Agency: Department of Health and Environmental Control
SUBJECT: Air Pollution Control Regulations and Standards, and the South Carolina Air Quality Implementation Plan (SIP)
Received by Lieutenant Governor January 22, 2007
Referred to Medical Affairs Committee
Legislative Review Expiration May 22, 2007
Doctor of the Day
Senator SETZLER introduced Dr. Thomas Rowland of Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
At 1:00 P.M., Senator O'DELL requested a leave of absence for the balance of the week.
S. 263 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Leatherman: A BILL TO REPEAL SECTION 11-5-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE OFFICE HOURS OF THE STATE TREASURER.
On motion of Senator CAMPSEN, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator CAMPSEN was added as a co-sponsor of S. 263.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 303 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Rankin and Elliott: A SENATE RESOLUTION RECOGNIZING AND CONGRATULATING MEGAN RADVANSKY OF MYRTLE BEACH ON BEING CROWNED MISS SUN FUN 2007 AND WISHING HER MUCH SUCCESS IN HER REIGN AND IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
l:\council\bills\gjk\20078sd07.doc
S. 304 (Word version) -- Senator Short: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY UPON THE DEATH OF DOUGLAS LOGAN TINSLEY OF CHESTER COUNTY AND TO CONVEY DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
l:\council\bills\bb\180000ahb07.doc
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
S. 305 (Word version) -- Senator Short: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 525 OF 1982, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF THE CHESTER COUNTY COUNCIL AND THE CHESTER COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT MEMBERS OF THE CHESTER COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD OF TRUSTEES MUST BE ELECTED IN A NONPARTISAN ELECTION HELD AT THE SAME TIME AS THE GENERAL ELECTION AND PROVIDE FOR FILING REQUIREMENTS AND SUPERVISION OF THE ELECTIONS.
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Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar.
S. 306 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Grooms, Hutto, Courson, Drummond, Land, Lourie, Martin, Sheheen and McConnell: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 200 OF 2002 ESTABLISHING THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK ACT AND PROVIDING SOURCES OF REVENUE FOR THE BANK, SO AS TO INCREASE FROM TWENTY-FIVE CENTS TO FORTY-FIVE CENTS THE PORTION OF EACH ONE-DOLLAR THIRTY-CENTS STATE DEED RECORDING FEE THAT MUST BE CREDITED TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK TRUST FUND.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 307 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 9-1-1790, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA RETIREMENT SYSTEM, SO AS TO REQUIRE A RETIRED MEMBER OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA POLICE OFFICERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM WHO IS REEMPLOYED UNDER THE SOUTH CAROLINA RETIREMENT SYSTEM TO MAKE EMPLOYEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA RETIREMENT SYSTEM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 9-11-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA POLICE OFFICERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM, SO AS TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT A RETIRED MEMBER OF SOUTH CAROLINA POLICE OFFICERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM WHO IS REEMPLOYED IN THE SAME SYSTEM MAKE EMPLOYEE CONTRIBUTIONS.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 308 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Reese, Thomas, Ford, Verdin, Malloy, Ritchie, Richardson, Ryberg, Short, McConnell, Jackson, Peeler, Lourie, Mescher, McGill, Martin, Vaughn, Rankin, Fair, Sheheen, Alexander, Grooms, Anderson, Bryant, Hutto, Pinckney, Moore, Gregory, Hayes, Hawkins and Scott: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 23, TITLE 8 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE STATE EMPLOYEE'S DEFERRED COMPENSATION PROGRAM, BY ADDING SECTION 8-23-25, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEFERRED COMPENSATION PROGRAM MUST PROVIDE PARTICIPANTS THE OPTION TO DESIGNATE ALL OR A PORTION OF THEIR DEFERRED COMPENSATION AS AFTER TAX ROTH 401(K) OR 403(B) CONTRIBUTIONS; TO AMEND CHAPTER 20, TITLE 9, RELATING TO THE STATE OPTIONAL RETIREMENT PROGRAM, TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE OPTIONAL RETIREMENT PLAN MUST PROVIDE PARTICIPANTS THE OPTION TO DESIGNATE SOME OR ALL OF THEIR PERSONAL CONTRIBUTIONS AS AFTER TAX ROTH 401(K) OR ROTH 403(B) CONTRIBUTIONS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-1120 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE COMPUTATION OF AND MODIFICATIONS TO TAXABLE INCOME, TO PROVIDE THAT AFTER TAX CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEFERRED COMPENSATION PROGRAM OR THE STATE OPTIONAL RETIREMENT PROGRAM PURSUANT TO THIS ACT ARE INCLUDED IN THE CALCULATION OF THE TAXPAYERS GROSS INCOME IN THE YEAR THAT THE CONTRIBUTION IS MADE BUT NOT IN THE YEAR THAT A QUALIFIED DISTRIBUTION IS MADE.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 309 (Word version) -- Senator Short: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3360, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO JOB TAX CREDITS, SO AS TO PROHIBIT THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE FROM CHANGING A COUNTY'S DESIGNATION TO RESULT IN THE AMOUNT OF JOB TAX CREDITS AVAILABLE TO A TAXPAYER IN THE COUNTY TO BE LOWERED BY MORE THAN ONE TIER THAN IN THE PREVIOUS YEAR.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 310 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes and Setzler: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF SALES OR SALES PRICE OF DURABLE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND RELATED MEDICAL SUPPLIES ELIGIBLE FOR MEDICARE OR MEDICAID REIMBURSEMENT AND WHICH ARE SOLD BY WRITTEN PRESCRIPTION OR CERTIFICATE OF MEDICAL NECESSITY.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance.
S. 311 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 20-7-2723 SO AS TO REQUIRE ALL GROUP CHILDCARE HOMES AND FAMILY CHILDCARE HOMES THAT DO NOT CARRY LIABILITY INSURANCE TO OBTAIN STATEMENTS FROM EACH PARENT OR GUARDIAN OF A CHILD ENROLLED IN THE CHILDCARE FACILITY INDICATING THAT THE PARENT HAS RECEIVED NOTICE FROM THE FACILITY THAT THE FACILITY DOES NOT CARRY LIABILITY INSURANCE, TO REQUIRE A GROUP CHILDCARE HOME OR FAMILY CHILDCARE HOME WHOSE LIABILITY INSURANCE LAPSES OR IS CANCELED AND NOT REPLACED TO OBTAIN A STATEMENT FROM THE PARENT OR GUARDIAN OF A CHILD ENROLLED IN THAT CHILDCARE FACILITY, TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO INFORM EACH GROUP CHILDCARE HOME AND FAMILY CHILDCARE HOME OF THIS REQUIREMENT, AND TO PROVIDE THAT COMPLIANCE WITH THIS SECTION IS A CONDITION OF LICENSURE.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 312 (Word version) -- Senators Martin, Hayes, Drummond, Thomas, Verdin, Vaughn, Mescher, Cromer, Elliott, Anderson, Sheheen, Reese, O'Dell, Alexander and Short: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 6-23-20, 6-23-30, AND 6-23-40, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE JOINT MUNICIPAL ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITIONS BY DELETING THE DEFINITION OF "AREA GENERALLY SERVED BY THE SAME ELECTRIC SUPPLIER", BY DELETING THAT THE "MUNICIPALITY" MUST HAVE OWNERSHIP OF A SYSTEM OR FACILITIES FOR THE GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY FOR AT LEAST TEN YEARS, TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT ALL MEMBERS OF A JOINT AGENCY MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN THE AREA GENERALLY SERVED BY THE SAME ELECTRIC SUPPLIER, AND TO DELETE THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE ACQUISITION OF A PROJECT BE BY PURCHASE FROM AN ELECTRIC SUPPLIER GENERALLY SERVING THE AREA IN WHICH THE MEMBERS ARE LOCATED.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 313 (Word version) -- Senators Fair, Bryant, Verdin, Hayes, O'Dell, Thomas, McGill, Vaughn and Ryberg: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 1, CHAPTER 1, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNMENT, BY ADDING ARTICLE 5 SO AS TO ENACT THE "RIGHT TO LIFE ACT OF SOUTH CAROLINA" WHICH ESTABLISHES THAT THE RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND THE RIGHT TO EQUAL PROTECTION VEST AT FERTILIZATION.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 314 (Word version) -- Senator Martin: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 56 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-146, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO IS CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME MUST SURRENDER HIS DRIVER'S LICENSE OR SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD TO THE COURT WHICH MUST TRANSMIT IT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES TOGETHER WITH NOTICE OF THE CRIME, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DRIVER'S LICENSE OR SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD IS CONSIDERED REVOKED AND MUST NOT BE RETURNED TO THE PERSON UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-148, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME MUST HAVE A SPECIAL CODE AFFIXED TO THE REVERSE SIDE OF HIS DRIVER'S LICENSE OR SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD THAT IDENTIFIES THE PERSON AS HAVING BEEN CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME, TO PROVIDE A FEE TO BE CHARGED FOR AFFIXING THE CODE AND FOR ITS DISTRIBUTION, AND TO PROVIDE A PROCESS FOR REMOVING THE CODE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-80, RELATING TO THE CONTENTS OF A DRIVER'S LICENSE APPLICATION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE APPLICATION MUST CONTAIN A STATEMENT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE APPLICANT HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME, AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-3350, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE APPLICATION FOR A SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD MUST CONTAIN A STATEMENT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE APPLICANT HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME.
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Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation.
S. 315 (Word version) -- Senators Moore, Setzler and Ryberg: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE UPON THE DEATH OF MARINE CORPORAL MATT DILLON OF AIKEN COUNTY WHO DIED WHILE SERVING HIS COUNTRY IN IRAQ, AND TO CONVEY DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS.
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S. 316 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE SOUTH CAROLINA YOUTH CORPS AND ITS DIRECTOR FOR THEIR INNOVATIVE AND OUTSTANDING LEADERSHIP TRAINING PROGRAM FOR NINTH AND TENTH GRADE STUDENTS IN RICHLAND AND LEXINGTON COUNTIES AND TO WISH THE PROGRAM MUCH CONTINUED SUCCESS.
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S. 317 (Word version) -- Senator Drummond: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR GRACE ELIZABETH DARRAGH HINTON OF GREENWOOD COUNTY ON THE HAPPY OCCASION OF HER ONE HUNDRED SECOND BIRTHDAY AND TO WISH HER ALL THE BEST IN THE COMING YEAR.
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REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator FAIR from the Committee on Corrections and Penology submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 181 (Word version) -- Senators Fair, Richardson and Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 24-13-210 AND 24-13-230, BOTH AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO GOOD BEHAVIOR, WORK, AND ACADEMIC CREDITS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS TO DEVELOP POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES TO ALLOW CERTAIN PRISONERS TO RECEIVE A REDUCTION IN THEIR SENTENCES AND TO REVISE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF TIME THAT MAY BE REDUCED FROM A SENTENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 24-27-200, RELATING TO THE FORFEITURE OF WORK, EDUCATION, OR GOOD CONDUCT CREDITS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A REDUCTION IN THESE CREDITS MAY BE IMPLEMENTED PURSUANT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE'S RECOMMENDATION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 30-4-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MATTERS EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN ARCHITECTURAL PLANS, DRAWINGS, OR SCHEMATICS OR LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES WHOSE DISCLOSURE WOULD REASONABLY BE USED TO FACILITATE AN ESCAPE FROM LAWFUL CUSTODY MAY BE EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator FAIR from the Committee on Corrections and Penology submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 182 (Word version) -- Senators Fair, Campsen, Richardson, Hayes and Elliott: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 24-1-285 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SHALL DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN A MARKETING PLAN TO ATTRACT PRIVATE SECTOR BUSINESSES FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF INMATES THROUGH THE PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM; AND BY ADDING SECTION 24-1-290 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS SHALL DEDUCT CERTAIN AMOUNTS FROM THE GROSS EARNINGS OF THE INMATES ENGAGED IN PRISON INDUSTRY SERVICE WORK.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
HOUSE CONCURRENCE
S. 292 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen, Malloy and Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE HONORABLE GRADY L. PATTERSON, JR. OF RICHLAND COUNTY FOR HIS MANY YEARS OF OUTSTANDING AND DEDICATED SERVICE TO THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AS STATE TREASURER, AND TO WISH HIM MUCH SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS.
Returned with concurrence.
S. 302 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SADNESS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY ON THE DEATH OF STEPHEN POTTS BATES OF COLUMBIA AND EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY, MANY FRIENDS.
Returned with concurrence.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives:
S. 152 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, McConnell, Leatherman, Campsen, Vaughn, Ryberg, Richardson, Hayes, Mescher, Knotts, Elliott, Cleary and Fair: A BILL TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 16, ARTICLE X OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO BENEFITS AND FUNDING OF PUBLIC EMPLOYEE PENSION PLANS IN THIS STATE, INVESTMENTS ALLOWED FOR FUNDS OF THE VARIOUS STATE-OPERATED RETIREMENT SYSTEMS, AND THE STATE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS INVESTMENT PANEL, SO AS TO DELETE THE RESTRICTIONS LIMITING SUCH INVESTMENTS TO AMERICAN-BASED CORPORATIONS REGISTERED ON AN AMERICAN NATIONAL EXCHANGE AS PROVIDED IN THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR QUOTED THROUGH THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SECURITIES DEALERS AUTOMATIC QUOTATION SYSTEM; AND TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 16, ARTICLE X, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE STATE RETIREMENT SYSTEMS INVESTMENT PANEL.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 46; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campsen Cleary Courson
Cromer Drummond Elliott
Fair Ford Gregory
Grooms Hawkins Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin
Matthews McConnell McGill
Mescher Moore O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Richardson
Ritchie Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Short
Thomas Vaughn Verdin
Williams
Total--46
NAYS
Total--0
Having received the requisite number of votes, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives.
On motion of Senator SETZLER, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator SETZLER was added as a co-sponsor of S. 152.
S. 153 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Leatherman, Campsen, Vaughn, Ryberg, Richardson, Hayes, Knotts, Elliott, Cleary, Alexander and Fair: A BILL TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 29, ARTICLE III OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT TAXES UPON REAL PROPERTY MUST BE ASSESSED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE METHODS AS PROVIDED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN ARTICLE X OF THE STATE CONSTITUTION; AND TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 6 OF ARTICLE X, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL ESTABLISH A METHOD OF VALUATION FOR ASSESSMENT OF REAL PROPERTY WITHIN THE STATE; AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY BY LAW SHALL PROVIDE FOR THE TERMS, CONDITIONS, AND PROCEDURES TO IMPLEMENT THE ABOVE PROVISIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 42; Nays 4
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campsen Cleary Courson
Cromer Drummond Elliott
Fair Ford Gregory
Grooms Hawkins Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Lourie
Martin Matthews McConnell
McGill Mescher Moore
O'Dell Patterson Peeler
Rankin Reese Richardson
Ritchie Ryberg Scott
Setzler Short Thomas
Vaughn Verdin Williams
Total--42
NAYS
Leventis Malloy Pinckney
Sheheen
Total--4
Having received the requisite number of votes, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives.
S. 154 (Word version) -- Senators Hawkins, Campsen, Vaughn, Ryberg, Hayes, Knotts, Elliott, Alexander, Verdin and Fair: A BILL TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE XVII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS, BY ADDING SECTION 15 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT MARRIAGE BETWEEN ONE MAN AND ONE WOMAN IS THE ONLY LAWFUL DOMESTIC UNION THAT IS VALID OR RECOGNIZED IN THIS STATE AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE OR ITS POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS MAY NOT CREATE ANY OTHER DOMESTIC UNION AND MAY NOT RECOGNIZE A DOMESTIC UNION CREATED BY ANOTHER JURISDICTION.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 45; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campsen Cleary Courson
Cromer Drummond Elliott
Fair Gregory Grooms
Hawkins Hayes Hutto
Jackson Knotts Land
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin Matthews
McConnell McGill Mescher
Moore O'Dell Patterson
Peeler Pinckney Rankin
Reese Richardson Ritchie
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Sheheen Short Thomas
Vaughn Verdin Williams
Total--45
NAYS
Ford
Total--1
Having received the requisite number of votes, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives.
S. 155 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, McConnell, Leatherman, Gregory, Elliott, Rankin, Vaughn, Ryberg, Courson, Richardson, Hayes, Mescher, Ritchie, Knotts, Cleary, Alexander and Fair: A BILL TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 13, ARTICLE I OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE TAKING OF PRIVATE PROPERTY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT PRIVATE PROPERTY MUST NOT BE CONDEMNED BY EMINENT DOMAIN FOR ANY PURPOSE OR BENEFIT INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE PURPOSE OR BENEFIT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, UNLESS THE CONDEMNATION IS FOR PUBLIC USE; EXCEPT THAT IN THE INSTANCE OF THE EXERCISE OF EMINENT DOMAIN FOR THE LIMITED PURPOSE OF REMEDYING BLIGHT, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MAY PROVIDE FOR THE PRIVATE USE OF CONDEMNED PROPERTY UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS; AND TO RATIFY AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 17, ARTICLE I, AND SECTION 5, ARTICLE XIV, RELATING TO TREASON AND THE EXERCISE OF THE POWERS OF EMINENT DOMAIN BY OR WITHIN SUMTER, CHEROKEE, SPARTANBURG, YORK, FLORENCE, GREENVILLE, CHARLESTON, RICHLAND, AND LAURENS COUNTIES, SO AS TO DELETE THOSE PROVISIONS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 46; Nays 0
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campsen Cleary Courson
Cromer Drummond Elliott
Fair Ford Gregory
Grooms Hawkins Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Malloy Martin
Matthews McConnell McGill
Mescher Moore O'Dell
Patterson Peeler Pinckney
Rankin Reese Richardson
Ritchie Ryberg Scott
Setzler Sheheen Short
Thomas Vaughn Verdin
Williams
Total--46
NAYS
Total--0
Having received the requisite number of votes, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives.
S. 156 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, McConnell, Leatherman, Vaughn, Courson, Hayes, Richardson, Ritchie, McGill, Knotts, Elliott, Alexander, Verdin and Fair: A BILL TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 9, ARTICLE III OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO SESSIONS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT, AFTER THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY CONVENES ON THE SECOND TUESDAY IN JANUARY OF EACH YEAR, THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MAY RECEDE FOR A TIME PERIOD NOT TO EXCEED THIRTY CALENDAR DAYS BY A MAJORITY VOTE OF THE RECEDING BODY OR FOR MORE THAN THIRTY DAYS BY A TWO-THIRDS VOTE OF THE RECEDING BODY, TO PROVIDE THAT EACH BODY MAY PROVIDE FOR MEETINGS DURING THE LEGISLATIVE SESSION AS IT CONSIDERS APPROPRIATE AND TO AUTHORIZE AN ORGANIZATIONAL SESSION FOLLOWING THE ELECTION OF SENATORS; AND TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE III BY DELETING SECTION 21, WHICH PROVIDES THAT NEITHER HOUSE, DURING THE SESSION OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, SHALL WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE OTHER ADJOURN FOR MORE THAN THREE DAYS, NOR TO ANY OTHER PLACE THAN THAT IN WHICH IT SHALL BE AT THE TIME SITTING.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 45; Nays 1
AYES
Alexander Anderson Bryant
Campsen Cleary Courson
Cromer Drummond Elliott
Fair Ford Gregory
Grooms Hawkins Hayes
Hutto Jackson Knotts
Land Leatherman Lourie
Malloy Martin Matthews
McConnell McGill Mescher
Moore O'Dell Patterson
Peeler Pinckney Rankin
Reese Richardson Ritchie
Ryberg Scott Setzler
Sheheen Short Thomas
Vaughn Verdin Williams
Total--45
NAYS
Leventis
Total--1
Having received the requisite number of votes, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives.
OBJECTIONS
S. 284 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS OF THIS STATE, SO AS TO DELETE THE ADJUTANT GENERAL FROM THE LIST OF STATE OFFICERS WHICH THE CONSTITUTION REQUIRES TO BE ELECTED AND PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE ADJUTANT GENERAL MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A TERM COTERMINOUS WITH THE GOVERNOR; AND PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 4, ARTICLE XIII, RELATING TO THE ADJUTANT GENERAL AND HIS STAFF OFFICERS, SO AS TO UPDATE REFERENCES TO THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S TITLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE ADJUTANT GENERAL MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A TERM COTERMINOUS WITH THE GOVERNOR.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
S. 285 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS OF THIS STATE, SO AS TO DELETE THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL FROM THE LIST OF STATE OFFICERS WHICH THE CONSTITUTION REQUIRES TO BE ELECTED AND PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL SHALL BE NOMINATED BY THE GOVERNOR, APPROVED BY UNANIMOUS VOTE OF THE GOVERNOR, THE STATE TREASURER, THE CHAIRMAN OF THE WAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, AND THE CHAIRMAN OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE OF THE SENATE, AND SUBJECT TO THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
S. 286 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS OF THIS STATE, SO AS TO DELETE THE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE LIST OF STATE OFFICERS WHICH THE CONSTITUTION REQUIRES TO BE ELECTED AND PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A TERM COTERMINOUS WITH THE GOVERNOR; AND PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 1, ARTICLE XI, RELATING TO THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, SO AS TO ABOLISH THE BOARD EFFECTIVE UPON THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION BEING APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
S. 287 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS OF THIS STATE, SO AS TO DELETE THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE FROM THE LIST OF STATE OFFICERS WHICH THE CONSTITUTION REQUIRES TO BE ELECTED AND PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A TERM COTERMINOUS WITH THE GOVERNOR.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
S. 288 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS OF THIS STATE, SO AS TO DELETE THE SECRETARY OF STATE FROM THE LIST OF STATE OFFICERS WHICH THE CONSTITUTION REQUIRES TO BE ELECTED AND PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE SECRETARY OF STATE MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A TERM COTERMINOUS WITH THE GOVERNOR.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
S. 101 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Courson, Martin, Campsen, Richardson, Cleary, Leatherman and Alexander: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE III OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, BY ADDING SECTION 37, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE SENATE MUST ELECT FROM AMONG ITS MEMBERS A PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE TO PRESIDE OVER THE SENATE AND TO PERFORM OTHER DUTIES AS PROVIDED BY LAW; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 8, ARTICLE IV, RELATING TO THE ELECTION, QUALIFICATIONS, AND TERM OF THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE JOINT ELECTION OF THE GOVERNOR AND LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE IV, RELATING TO THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE, SO AS TO DELETE SECTION 9 WHICH PROVIDES THAT THE SENATE MUST CHOOSE A PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE AND WHICH ALSO PROVIDES THAT A MEMBER OF THE SENATE ACTING AS LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR VACATES HIS SEAT AND ANOTHER PERSON IS ELECTED IN HIS STEAD; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE IV, RELATING TO THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR AS PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE, BY DELETING SECTION 10 WHICH PROVIDES THAT THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR IS THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 12, ARTICLE IV, RELATING TO THE DISABILITY OF THE GOVERNOR, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IF BOTH THE ATTORNEY GENERAL AND THE STATE TREASURER TRANSMIT TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A WRITTEN DECLARATION THAT THE GOVERNOR IS UNABLE TO DISCHARGE THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF HIS OFFICE, THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR MUST ASSUME THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE OFFICE AS ACTING GOVERNOR; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 15, ARTICLE V, RELATING TO THE QUALIFICATIONS OF JUSTICES AND JUDGES, SO AS TO DELETE AN OBSOLETE PARAGRAPH WHICH PROVIDES FOR CERTAIN QUALIFICATIONS OF SITTING JUSTICES AND JUDGES; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 18, ARTICLE V, RELATING TO VACANCIES IN THE SUPREME COURT, COURT OF APPEALS, OR CIRCUIT COURT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A VACANCY MAY BE FILLED BY THE GOVERNOR WITH THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE; PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 5, ARTICLE VI, RELATING TO THE OATH OF OFFICE FOR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, SO AS TO DELETE MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FROM THE SECTION AND TO MAINTAIN OATHS FOR MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY UNDER ARTICLE III, SECTION 26.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
COMMITTED TO THE LOCAL DELEGATION
S. 278 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO DIRECT THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL TO RELEASE PROPERTY TAX REIMBURSEMENTS FOR THE ALLENDALE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT FOR THE 2005-06 FISCAL YEAR THAT ARE CURRENTLY BEING WITHHELD BECAUSE OF THE FAILURE OF THE ALLENDALE COUNTY GOVERNMENT TO SUBMIT AUDITED FINANCIAL REPORTS FOR THE 2004-05 FISCAL YEAR, WITH THE AMOUNT RELEASED TO BE BASED UPON THE DISTRICT'S PORTION OF THE TOTAL PROPERTY TAX MILLAGE FOR THE COUNTY, WHICH IS 57.9646 PERCENT, MULTIPLIED BY THE TOTAL AMOUNT WITHHELD FOR THE COUNTY.
Senator HUTTO made the motion to commit the Joint Resolution to the Allendale Delegation.
There was no objection.
The Resolution was committed to the local delegation.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
H. 3213 (Word version) -- Reps. Delleney, W.D. Smith and F.N. Smith: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO FIX 12:00 NOON ON WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 2007, AS THE TIME TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE COURT OF APPEALS, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE COURT OF APPEALS, SEAT 4, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE NINTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE TENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE FIRST JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE THIRD JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE THIRD JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE FOURTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE SIXTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE EIGHTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE EIGHTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE NINTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE NINTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 4, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE TENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE TENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE ELEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE ELEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE TWELFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE TWELFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE THIRTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE FIFTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 1, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE SIXTEENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007; AND TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT, SEAT 2, WHOSE TERM EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2007.
Senator McCONNELL moved to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Judiciary.
The Concurrent Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary.
Senator RITCHIE asked unanimous consent to take up the Resolution for immediate consideration.
There was no objection and the Resolution was taken up for immediate consideration.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House.
S. 236 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie and Williams: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 39-5-31 SO AS TO MAKE IT AN UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICE FOR A MOTOR VEHICLE GLASS REPAIR BUSINESS THAT ADMINISTERS INSURANCE CLAIMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE GLASS REPAIRS TO HAVE AN INSURED'S GLASS REPAIR BUSINESS REFERRED TO ITSELF OR TO USE INFORMATION TO SOLICIT BUSINESS.
On motion of Senator KNOTTS, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator KNOTTS was added as a co-sponsor of S. 236.
S. 129 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Courson, Elliott, Hayes, Gregory and Setzler: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3515, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE STATE INCOME TAX CREDIT ALLOWED FOR DONATIONS OF A GIFT OF LAND FOR CONSERVATION OR A QUALIFIED CONSERVATION CONTRIBUTION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE CREDIT EQUALS TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE TOTAL VALUE OF THE GIFT RATHER THAN TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE CHARITABLE DEDUCTION FOR THE GIFT ALLOWED ON THE TAXPAYER'S FEDERAL INCOME TAX RETURN, TO INCREASE THE MAXIMUM ANNUAL CREDIT ALLOWED A TAXPAYER FROM $52,500 TO$150,000, AND TO ADJUST THE MAXIMUM ANNUAL CREDIT FOR INCREASES IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, AND TO DELETE OBSOLETE PROVISIONS.
On motion of Senator GROOMS, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator GROOMS was added as a co-sponsor of S. 129.
S. 70 (Word version) -- Senators Rankin, McConnell, Vaughn, Knotts and Fair: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 13 OF TITLE 16 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO FORGERY, LARCENY, EMBEZZLEMENT, FALSE PRETENSES AND CHEATS, BY ADDING SECTION 16-13-245, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON TO OBTAIN AN ADVANCE OF MONEY OR OTHER PERSONAL PROPERTY FOR A PROMISE OR AGREEMENT TO PERFORM WORK OR LABOR FOR ANOTHER PERSON WHEN THE PERSON OBTAINING THE ADVANCE WILFULLY FAILS TO COMMENCE OR COMPLETE THE WORK OR LABOR THAT HE PROMISED OR AGREED TO DO, AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION.
On motion of Senator BRYANT, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator BRYANT was added as a co-sponsor of S. 70.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE CONTESTED STATEWIDE AND LOCAL CALENDAR.
CARRIED OVER
S. 277 (Word version) -- Senator Verdin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 57-23-830 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MAY MOW BEYOND THIRTY FEET FROM THE PAVEMENT ROADSIDE VEGETATION ADJACENT TO THE PORTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 385 IN LAURENS COUNTY BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 7 AND 11.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Bill was carried over.
CARRIED OVER
S. 157 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Vaughn, Campsen, Courson, Richardson, Hayes, Mescher, McGill, Knotts, Elliott, Cleary, Leatherman, Alexander, Verdin and Fair: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA TEACHER PROTECTION ACT OF 2007", BY ADDING SECTION 59-25-900, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A TEACHER MAY BRING A CIVIL ACTION AGAINST A STUDENT WHO COMMITS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE AGAINST THE TEACHER IF THE OFFENSE OCCURS ON SCHOOL GROUNDS OR AT A SCHOOL-RELATED EVENT, OR IF THE OFFENSE IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE TEACHER'S PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES, AND TO PROVIDE THAT NO TEACHER HAS CIVIL LIABILITY TO A STUDENT OR TO A PARTY ACTING IN THE INTEREST OF THE STUDENT FOR AN ACT OR OMISSION BY THE TEACHER THAT OCCURS WHILE THE TEACHER IS ACTING ON BEHALF OF THE SCHOOL; AND TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-612, RELATING TO THE OFFENSE OF A STUDENT COMMITTING ASSAULT AND BATTERY AGAINST A PERSON AFFILIATED WITH A SCHOOL IN AN OFFICIAL CAPACITY, SO AS TO REDEFINE INTO THREE OFFENSES WITH SEPARATE PENALTIES FOR EACH, INCLUDING ESTABLISHING THE MOST SERIOUS OFFENSE AS A FELONY.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill.
On motion of Senator MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Bill was carried over.
DEBATE INTERRUPTED
S. 284 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 7, ARTICLE VI OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS OF THIS STATE, SO AS TO DELETE THE ADJUTANT GENERAL FROM THE LIST OF STATE OFFICERS WHICH THE CONSTITUTION REQUIRES TO BE ELECTED AND PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE ADJUTANT GENERAL MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A TERM COTERMINOUS WITH THE GOVERNOR; AND PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 4, ARTICLE XIII, RELATING TO THE ADJUTANT GENERAL AND HIS STAFF OFFICERS, SO AS TO UPDATE REFERENCES TO THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S TITLE AND TO PROVIDE THAT UPON THE EXPIRATION OF THE TERM OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL SERVING IN OFFICE ON THE DATE OF THE RATIFICATION OF THIS PROVISION, THE ADJUTANT GENERAL MUST BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR UPON THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE FOR A TERM COTERMINOUS WITH THE GOVERNOR.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the second reading of the Joint Resolution.
Senator McCONNELL spoke on the Resolution.
Senator LEVENTIS spoke contra to the second reading of the Resolution.
Senator GREGORY argued in favor of the second reading of the Resolution.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, debate was interrupted.
| 2014-07-31T13:42:06 |
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|
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?desig=&node=S004BTP&init=0&parCode=S004BTP&cl=T
|
#### $\beta {{}^\prime}/\mathit A$
Zero if $\mathit T$ invariance holds.
VALUE ($10^{-3}$) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN CHG COMMENT
$\bf{ 2 \pm7}$ OUR AVERAGE
$-0.5$ $\pm7.8$ $\pm1.8$ 30M
2005
CNTR + $7 - 53$ MeV ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$
$17$ $\pm17$ $\pm6$ 5.3M 1
1985 B
CNTR + 9$-$53 MeV ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$
• • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • •
$-1.3$ $\pm3.5$ $\pm0.6$ 30M 2
2005
CNTR + $7 - 53$ MeV ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$
$1.5$ $\pm6.3$ 3
1985 B
FIT
1 Previously we used the global fit result from BURKARD 1985B in OUR AVERAGE, we now only include their actual measurement. BURKARD 1985B measure ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ polarizations P$_{T_{1}}$ and P$_{T_{2}}$ versus ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ energy.
2 $\alpha$ = $\alpha {{}^\prime}$ = 0 assumed.
3 Global fit to all measured parameters. The fit correlation coefficients are given in BURKARD 1985B.
Conservation Laws:
TIME REVERSAL ($\mathit T$) INVARIANCE
References:
DANNEBERG 2005
PRL 94 021802 Muon Decay: Measurement of the Transverse Polarization of the Decay Positrons and its Implications for the Fermi Coupling Constant and Time Reversal Invariance
BURKARD 1985B
PL 160B 343 Muon Decay: Measurement of the Transverse Positron Polarization and General Analysis
Also
PR D24 2004 Measurement of the Positron Longitudinal Polarization in Muon Decay
Also
PL 129B 260 Does the Positron from Muon Decay have Transverse Polarization?
| 2022-12-07T20:14:51 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/1.7
|
# §1.7 Inequalities
## §1.7(i) Finite Sums
In this subsection and are positive constants.
### ¶ Cauchy–Schwarz Inequality
1.7.1
Equality holds iff , ; .
Conversely, if for all such that , then .
### ¶ Hölder’s Inequality
For , , , ,
1.7.2
Equality holds iff , ; .
Conversely, if for all such that , then .
### ¶ Minkowski’s Inequality
For , , ,
1.7.3
The direction of the inequality is reversed, that is, , when . Equality holds iff , ; .
## §1.7(ii) Integrals
In this subsection and () are real constants that can be , provided that the corresponding integrals converge. Also and are constants that are not simultaneously zero.
### ¶ Cauchy–Schwarz Inequality
1.7.4
Equality holds iff for all .
### ¶ Hölder’s Inequality
For , , , ,
1.7.5
Equality holds iff for all .
### ¶ Minkowski’s Inequality
For , , ,
1.7.6
The direction of the inequality is reversed, that is, , when . Equality holds iff for all .
## §1.7(iii) Means
For the notation, see §1.2(iv).
1.7.7
with equality iff .
1.7.8
with equality iff , or and some .
1.7.9,
with equality iff , or and some .
## §1.7(iv) Jensen’s Inequality
For integrable on , , and convex on 1.4(viii)),
1.7.10
For and see §4.2.
| 2013-05-19T19:22:05 |
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|
http://dlmf.nist.gov/help/vrml/aboutcolor
|
Surface visualizations in the DLMF represent functions of the form $z=f(x,y)$ by the height $z$ or the magnitude, $|z|$, for complex functions, over the $x\times y$ plane. We use color to augment these vizualizations, either to reinforce the recognition of the height, or to convey an extra dimension to represent the phase of complex valued functions.
## § Height Mapping
To provide an easily interpreted encoding of surface heights, a rainbow-like mapping of height to color is used. The following figure illustrates the piece-wise linear mapping of the height to each of the color components red, green and blue, written as $\left\langle R,\;G,\;B\right\rangle$.
Mathematically, we scale the height to $h$ lying in the interval $[0,4]$ and the components are computed as follows
$\left\langle R,\;G,\;B\right\rangle=\begin{cases}\left\langle 0,\;h,\;1\right% \rangle&\text{if 0\leq h<1}\\ \left\langle 0,\;1,\;2-h\right\rangle&\text{if 1\leq h<2}\\ \left\langle h-2,\;1,\;0\right\rangle&\text{if 2\leq h<3}\\ \left\langle 1,\;4-h,\;0\right\rangle&\text{if 3\leq h\leq 4}\end{cases}$
## § Phase Mappings
By painting the surfaces with a color that encodes the phase, $\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits f$, both the magnitude and phase of complex valued functions can be displayed. We offer two options for encoding the phase.
### § Four Color Phase Mapping
The four color scheme quickly indicates in which quadrant $z$ lies: the colors blue, green, red and yellow are used to indicate the first, second, third and fourth quadrants, respectively. As a mnemonic, the colors are sorted alphabetically.
### § Continuous Phase Mapping
For the continuous phase mapping, we map the phase continuously onto the hue, as both are periodic. In doing this, however, we would like to place the mathematically significant phase values, specifically the multiples of $\pi/2$ correponding to the real and imaginary axes, at more immediately recognizable colors.
The conventional CMYK color wheel (not to be confused with the traditional Artist’s color wheel) places the additive colors (red, green, blue) and the subtractive colors (yellow, cyan, magenta) at multiples of 60 degrees. In particular, the colors at 90 and 180 degrees are some vague greenish and purplish hues.
We therefore use a piecewise linear mapping as illustrated below, that takes phase $0$ to red, $\pi/2$ to yellow, $\pi$ to cyan and $3\pi/2$ to blue.
Specifically, by scaling the phase angle in $[0,2\pi)$ to $q$ in the interval $[0,4)$, the hue (in degrees) is computed as
$\mathrm{hue}=60\begin{cases}q&\mbox{if 0\leq q<1}\\ 2q-1&\mbox{if 1\leq q<2}\\ q+1&\mbox{if 2\leq q<3}\\ 2(q-1)&\mbox{if 3\leq q<4}\end{cases}$
| 2016-07-27T17:17:08 |
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|
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S060T&home=BXXX045
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# ${{\boldsymbol \Xi}_{{b}}}$ MEAN LIFE
OUR EVALUATION'' is an average using rescaled values of the data listed below. The average and rescaling were performed by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFLAV) and are described at http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/hflav/. The averaging/rescaling procedure takes into account correlations between the measurements and asymmetric lifetime errors.
# ${{\boldsymbol \Xi}_{{b}}}$ MEAN LIFE INSPIRE search
VALUE ($10^{-12}$ s) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$1.48$ ${}^{+0.40}_{-0.31}$ $\pm0.12$ 1
2005 C
DLPH ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}^{0}}$
$1.35$ ${}^{+0.37}_{-0.28}$ ${}^{+0.15}_{-0.17}$ 2
1996 T
ALEP ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit Z}}$
$1.5$ ${}^{+0.7}_{-0.4}$ $\pm0.3$ 3
1995 V
DLPH Repl. by ABDALLAH 2005C
1 Used the decay length of ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}$ accompanied by a lepton of the same sign.
2 Excess ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$ , impact parameters.
3 Excess ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}{{\mathit \ell}^{-}}$ , decay lengths.
References:
ABDALLAH 2005C
EPJ C44 299 Production of ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$ and ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{b}}}$ in ${{\mathit Z}}$ Decays and Lifetime Measurement of ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{b}}}$
BUSKULIC 1996T
PL B384 449 Strange ${{\mathit b}}$ Baryon Production and Lifetime in ${{\mathit Z}}$ Decays
ABREU 1995V
ZPHY C68 541 Production of Strange ${{\mathit B}}$ Baryons Decaying into ${{\mathit \Xi}^{\pm}}−{{\mathit \ell}^{\mp}}$ Pairs at LEP
| 2020-04-05T19:26:11 |
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|
http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Chemistry---Second-Edition/r13/section/4.3/
|
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1; url=/nojavascript/"> Atomic Structure | CK-12 Foundation
You are reading an older version of this FlexBook® textbook: CK-12 Chemistry - Second Edition Go to the latest version.
# 4.3: Atomic Structure
Created by: CK-12
## Lesson Objectives
The student will:
• identify the three major subatomic particles and their charges, masses, and location in the atom.
• briefly describe the discovery of the neutron.
• define atomic number.
• describe the size of the nucleus in relation to the size of the atom.
• explain what is meant by the atomic mass of an element and describe how atomic masses are related to carbon-12.
• define mass number.
• explain what isotopes are and how isotopes affect an element’s atomic mass.
• determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
• calculate the atomic mass of an element from the masses and relative percentages of the isotopes of the element.
## Vocabulary
• atomic mass
• atomic mass unit
• atomic number
• dalton
• isotopes
• mass number
• neutron
• strong nuclear force
## Introduction
Dalton’s atomic theory explained a lot about matter, chemicals, and chemical reactions. Nevertheless, it wasn’t entirely accurate because, contrary to what Dalton believed, atoms can in fact be broken apart into smaller subunits or subatomic particles. The first type of subatomic particle to be found in an atom was the negatively charged electron. Since atoms are neutral, though, they must also contain positive material. In his gold foil experiment, Rutherford proved that the positive substance in an atom was concentrated in a small area at the center of the atom, leaving most the rest of the atom as empty space. In this lesson, we’ll examine the subatomic particles making up the atom a little more closely.
This video gives basic information about the nucleus of atoms including comparative sizes of atom vs nucleus (1e), see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tfy0sIVfVOY (2:03).
## Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
Electrons have a negative charge. As a result, they are attracted to positive objects and repelled from negative objects, including other electrons (illustrated below). To minimize repulsion, each electron is capable of staking out a “territory” and “defending” itself from other electrons.
Protons are another type of subatomic particle found in atoms. They have a positive charge, so they are attracted to negative objects and repelled from positive objects. Again, this means that protons repel each other (illustrated below). However, unlike electrons, protons are forced to group together into one big clump, even though they repel each other. Protons are bound together by what are termed strong nuclear forces. These forces are responsible for binding the atomic nuclei together, allowing the protons to form a dense, positively charged center.
There is a third subatomic particle known as a neutron. Rutherford proposed the existence of a neutral particle along with the approximate mass of a proton, but it wasn't until years later that someone proved the existence of the neutron. A physicist named James Chadwick observed that when beryllium was bombarded with alpha particles, it emitted an unknown radiation that had approximately the same mass as a proton, but the radiation had no electrical charge. Chadwick was able to prove that these beryllium emissions contained a neutral particle – Rutherford’s neutron.
As you might have already guessed from its name, the neutron is neutral. In other words, it has no charge and is therefore neither attracted to nor repelled from other objects. Neutrons are in every atom (with one exception), and they’re bound together with other neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus. Again, the binding forces that help to keep neutrons fastened into the nucleus are known as strong nuclear forces.
Since neutrons are neither attracted to nor repelled from objects, they don’t really interact with protons or electrons beyond being bound into the nucleus with the protons. Protons and electrons, however, do interact. Using what you know about protons and electrons, what do you think will happen when an electron approaches a proton? Will the two subatomic particles be attracted to each other or repelled from each other? Here’s a hint: “opposites attract, likes repel.” Since electrons and protons have opposite charges (one negative, the other positive), you’d expect them to be attracted to each other, as illustrated below.
Even though electrons, protons, and neutrons are all types of subatomic particles, they are not all the same size. When comparing the masses of electrons, protons, and neutrons, you will find that electrons have an extremely small mass compared to the masses of either protons or neutrons (see Figure below). On the other hand, the masses of protons and neutrons are fairly similar, with the mass of a neutron being slightly greater than the mass of a proton. Because protons and neutrons are so much more massive than electrons, almost all of the atomic mass in any atom comes from the nucleus, which is where all of the neutrons and protons are located.
Electrons are much smaller than protons or neutrons. How much smaller? If an electron was the size of a penny, a proton or a neutron would have the mass of a large bowling ball!
Table below gives the properties and locations of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The third column shows the masses of the three subatomic particles in grams. The second column, however, shows the masses of the three subatomic particles in amu, or atomic mass units. An atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom (a carbon that has 6 protons and 6 neutrons). Atomic mass units are useful because, as you can see, the mass of a proton and the mass of a neutron are almost exactly $1.0$ in this unit system. The dalton is equivalent to the atomic mass unit, with the two terms being different names for the same measure. The two terms are often used interchangeably, and both will be used throughout this text.
Subatomic Particles, Properties, and Location
Particle Relative Mass (amu) Mass in Grams (g) Electric Charge Location
electron $\frac {1} {1840}$ $9.109383 \times 10^{-28}$ $-1$ outside nucleus
proton $1$ $1.6726217 \times 10^{-24}$ $+1$ nucleus
neutron $1$ $1.6749273 \times 10^{-24}$ $0$ nucleus
In addition to mass, another important property of subatomic particles is the charge. The fourth column in Table above shows the charges of the three subatomic particles. You already know that neutrons are neutral and thus have no charge at all. Therefore, we say that neutrons have a charge of zero. What about electrons and protons? Electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged, but the positive charge on a proton is exactly equal in magnitude (magnitude means “absolute value”) to the negative charge on an electron. You may recall that Millikan discovered that the magnitude of the charge on a single electron is $1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ C (coulomb), which means that the magnitude of the charge on a proton is also $1.6 \times 10^{-19}$ C. In other words, a neutral atom must have exactly one electron for every proton. If a neutral atom has 1 proton, it must have 1 electron. If a neutral atom has 2 protons, it must have 2 electrons. If a neutral atom has 10 protons, it must have 10 electrons. Do you get the idea?
For a short animation demonstrating the properties of the electron using a cathode ray tube (1h), see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QAzu6fe8rE video (3:46).
## Atomic Number and Mass Number
Scientists can distinguish between different elements by counting the number of protons. If an atom has only one proton, we know it’s an atom of the element hydrogen. An atom with two protons is always an atom of the element helium. When scientists count four protons in an atom, they know it’s a beryllium atom. An atom with three protons is a lithium atom, an atom with five protons is a boron atom, an atom with six protons is a carbon atom… the list goes on (see Figure below for more examples).
How would you distinguish these three elements? You can’t really distinguish between sulfur and gold based on color because both are yellowish. You could try to distinguish elements based on another parameter, such as shininess, but then how would you tell the difference between gold and silicon? Each element, however, does have a unique number of protons. Sulfur has 16 protons, silicon has 14 protons, and gold has 79 protons.
Since an atom of one element can be distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of protons in the nucleus, scientists are always interested in this number and how this number differs between different elements. Therefore, scientists give this number a special name and a special symbol. An element’s atomic number (Z) is equal to the number of protons in the nuclei of any of its atoms. The periodic table gives the atomic number of each element. The atomic number is a whole number usually written above the chemical symbol of each element in the table. The atomic number for hydrogen is Z = 1 because every hydrogen atom has 1 proton. The atomic number for helium is Z = 2 because every helium atom has 2 protons. What is the atomic number of carbon? (Answer: Carbon has 6 protons, so the atomic number for carbon is Z = 6.)
Since neutral atoms have to have one electron for every proton, an element’s atomic number also tells you how many electrons are in a neutral atom of that element. For example, hydrogen has atomic number Z = 1. This means that an atom of hydrogen has one proton and, if it’s neutral, one electron. Gold, on the other hand, has atomic number Z = 79, which means that a neutral atom of gold has 79 protons and 79 electrons.
The mass number (A) of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. Why do you think that the mass number includes protons and neutrons, but not electrons? You know that most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus and that the mass of an electron is very, very small compared to the mass of either a proton or a neutron (like the mass of a penny compared to the mass of a bowling ball). By counting the number of protons and neutrons, scientists will have a very close approximation of the total mass of an atom.
mass number A = (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)
An atom’s mass number is very easy to calculate once you know the number of protons and neutrons in the atom. Notice that the mass number is not the same as the mass of the atom. You can easily relate the mass number to the mass by recalling that both protons and neutrons have a relative mass of 1 amu.
Example:
What is the mass number of an atom that contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons?
(number of protons) = $3$
(number of neutrons) = $4$
mass number A = (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)
mass number A = $(3) + (4) = 7$
Example:
What is the mass number of an atom of helium that contains $2$ neutrons?
(number of protons) = $2$ (Remember that an atom of helium always has 2 protons.)
(number of neutrons) = $2$
mass number A = (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)
mass number A = $(2) + (2)= 4$
This video summarizes the concept of the atom and to the organization of the periodic table (1a, 1e): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xSQlwWGT8M (21:05).
## Isotopes and Atomic Mass
Unlike the number of protons, which is always the same for all atoms of the same element, the number of neutrons can be different. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes. Since the isotopes of any given element all contain the same number of protons, they have the same atomic number. However, since the isotopes of a given element contain different numbers of neutrons, different isotopes have different mass numbers. The following two examples should help to clarify this point.
Example:
What is the atomic number (Z) and the mass number (A) of an isotope of lithium containing 3 neutrons? A lithium atom contains 3 protons in its nucleus.
atomic number Z = number of protons = $3$
number of neutrons = $3$
mass number A = (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)
mass number A = $(3) + (3) = 6$
Example:
What is the atomic number (Z) and the mass number (A) of an isotope of lithium containing $4$ neutrons? A lithium atom contains $3$ protons in its nucleus.
atomic number Z = number of protons = $3$
number of neutrons = $4$
mass number A = (number of protons) + (number of neutrons)
mass number A = $(3) + (4) = 7$
Notice that because the lithium atom always has $3$ protons, the atomic number for lithium is always Z = $3$. The mass number, however, is A = $6$ for the isotope with $3$ neutrons, and A = $7$ for the isotope with $4$ neutrons. In nature, only certain isotopes exist. For instance, lithium exists as an isotope with $3$ neutrons and as an isotope with $4$ neutrons, but it doesn’t exists as an isotope with $2$ neutrons or as an isotope with $5$ neutrons.
This whole discussion of isotopes brings us back to Dalton’s atomic theory. According to Dalton, atoms of a given element are identical. But if atoms of a given element can have different numbers of neutrons, then they can have different masses as well. How did Dalton miss this? It turns out that elements found in nature exist as uniform mixtures with a constant ratio of their naturally occurring isotopes. In other words, a piece of lithium always contains both types of naturally occurring lithium (the type with $3$ neutrons and the type with $4$ neutrons). Moreover, it always contains the two in the same relative amounts (or “relative abundances”). In a chunk of lithium, 93% will always be lithium with $4$ neutrons, while the remaining 7% will always be lithium with $3$ neutrons.
Unfortunately, Dalton always experimented with large chunks of an element – chunks that contained all of the naturally occurring isotopes of that element. As a result, when he performed his measurements, he was actually observing the averaged properties of all the different isotopes in the sample. Luckily, aside from having different masses, most other properties of different isotopes are similar.
Knowing about the different isotopes is important when it comes to calculating atomic mass. The atomic mass (sometimes referred to as atomic weight) of an element is the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element. Atomic mass is typically reported in atomic mass units. You can calculate the atomic mass of an element, provided you know the relative abundances the element’s naturally occurring isotopes and the masses of those different isotopes. The examples below show how this calculation is done.
Example:
Boron has two naturally occurring isotopes. In a sample of boron, 20% of the atoms are B-10, which is an isotope of boron with 5 neutrons and a mass of 10 amu. The other 80% of the atoms are B-11, which is an isotope of boron with 6 neutrons and a mass of 11 amu. What is the atomic mass of boron?
Solution:
To do this problem, we will calculate 20% of the mass of B-10, which is how much the B-10 isotope contributes to the “average boron atom.” We will also calculate 80% of the mass of B-11, which is how much the B-11 isotope contributes to the “average boron atom.”
Step One: Convert the percentages given in the question into their decimal forms by dividing each percentage by 100%:
Decimal form of $20\% = 0.20$
Decimal form of $80\% = 0.80$
Step Two: Multiply the mass of each isotope by its relative abundance (percentage) in decimal form:
20% of the mass of B-10 $= 0.20 \times 10 \ \mathrm{amu} = 2.0 \ \mathrm{amu}$
80% of the mass of B-11 $= 0.80 \times 11 \ \mathrm{amu} = 8.8 \ \mathrm{amu}$
Step Three: Find the total mass of the “average atom” by adding together the contributions from the different isotopes:
Total mass of average atom $= 2.0 \ \mathrm{amu} + 8.8 \ \mathrm{amu} = 10.8 \ \mathrm{amu}$
The mass of an average boron atom, and thus boron’s atomic mass, is 10.8 amu.
Example:
Neon has three naturally occurring isotopes. In a sample of neon, 90.48% of the atoms are Ne-20, which is an isotope of neon with 10 neutrons and a mass of 19.99 amu. Another 0.27% of the atoms are Ne-21, which is an isotope of neon with 11 neutrons and a mass of 20.99 amu. The final 9.25% of the atoms are Ne-22, which is an isotope of neon with 12 neutrons and a mass of 21.99 amu. What is the atomic mass of neon?
Solution:
To do this problem, we will calculate 90.48% of the mass of Ne-20, which is how much Ne-20 contributes to the “average neon atom.” We will also calculate 0.27% of the mass of Ne-21 and 9.25% of the mass of Ne-22, which are how much the Ne-21 and the Ne-22 isotopes contribute to the “average neon atom” respectively.
Step One: Convert the percentages given in the question into their decimal forms by dividing each percentage by 100%:
Decimal form of $90.48\% = 0.9048$
Decimal form of $0.27\% = 0.0027$
Decimal form of $9.25\% = 0.0925$
Step Two: Multiply the mass of each isotope by its relative abundance (percentage) in decimal form:
90.48% of the mass of Ne-20 $= 0.9048 \times 20.00 \ \mathrm{amu} = 18.10 \ \mathrm{amu}$
0.27% of the mass of Ne-21 $= 0.0027 \times 21.00 \ \mathrm{amu} = 0.057 \ \mathrm{amu}$
9.25% of the mass of Ne-22 $= 0.0885 \times 22.00 \ \mathrm{amu} = 2.04 \ \mathrm{amu}$
Step Three: Find the total mass of the “average atom” by adding together the contributions from the different isotopes:
Total mass of average atom $= 18.10 \ \mathrm{amu} + 0.057 \ \mathrm{amu} + 2.04 \ \mathrm{amu} = 20.20 \ \mathrm{amu}$
The mass of an average neon atom, and thus neon’s atomic mass, is 20.20 amu.
The periodic table gives the atomic mass of each element. The atomic mass is a number that usually appears below the element’s symbol in each square. Notice that atomic mass of boron (symbol B) is 10.8 and the atomic mass of neon (symbol Ne) is 20.18, both which are very close to what we calculated in our examples. Take time to notice that not all periodic tables have the atomic number above the element’s symbol and the atomic mass below it. If you are ever confused, remember that the atomic number should always be the smaller of the two and will be a whole number, while the atomic mass should always be the larger of the two. (The atomic mass must include both the number of protons and the average number of neutrons.)
## Lesson Summary
• Electrons are a type of subatomic particle with a negative charge, so electrons repel each other but are attracted to protons.
• Protons are a type of subatomic particle with a positive charge, so protons repel each other but are attracted to electrons. Protons are bound together in an atom’s nucleus as a result of strong nuclear forces.
• Neutrons are a type of subatomic particle with no charge (they’re neutral). Like protons, neutrons are bound into the atom’s nucleus as a result of strong nuclear forces.
• Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass and are both much more massive than electrons (approximately 2,000 times as massive as an electron).
• The positive charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the negative charge on an electron. As a result, a neutral atom must have an equal number of protons and electrons.
• Each element has a unique number of protons. An element’s atomic number (Z) is equal to the number of protons in the nuclei of any of its atoms.
• The mass number (A) of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the atom
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei.
• An element’s atomic mass is the average mass of one atom of that element. An element’s atomic mass can be calculated provided the relative abundances of the element’s naturally occurring isotopes and the masses of those isotopes are known.
• The periodic table is a convenient way to summarize information about the different elements. In addition to the element’s symbol, most periodic tables will also contain the element’s atomic number and the element’s atomic mass.
This website has a video called “Atomic Structure: The Nucleus” available.
## Review Questions
1. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.
1. The nucleus of an atom contains all of the protons in the atom.
2. The nucleus of an atom contains all of the neutrons in the atom.
3. The nucleus of an atom contains all of the electrons in the atom.
4. Neutral atoms of a given element must contain the same number of neutrons.
5. Neutral atoms of a given element must contain the same number of electrons.
2. Match the subatomic property with its description in Table below.
Table for Problem 2
Subatomic Particle Characteristics
i. electron a. has an atomic charge of $+1 \ e$
ii. neutron b. has a mass of $9.109383 \times 10^{-28}$ grams
iii. proton c. is neither attracted to nor repelled from charged objects
1. Arrange the electron, proton, and neutron in order of decreasing mass.
2. Indicate which of the following statements is true or false.
1. An element’s atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nuclei of any of its atoms.
2. The symbol for an element’s atomic number is A.
3. A neutral atom with $Z = 4$ must have $4$ electrons.
4. A neutral atom with $A = 4$ must have $4$ electrons.
5. An atom with $7$ protons and $7$ neutrons will have $A = 14$.
6. An atom with $7$ protons and $7$ neutrons will have $Z = 14$.
7. A neutral atom with $7$ electrons and $7$ neutrons will have $A = 14$.
3. Use the periodic table to find the symbol for the element with:
1. $44$ electrons in a neutral atom.
2. $30$ protons.
3. $Z = 36$.
4. an atomic mass of $14.007 \ \mathrm{amu}$.
4. When will the mass number (A) of an atom be:
1. bigger than the atomic number (Z) of the atom?
2. smaller than the atomic number (Z) of the atom?
3. equal to the atomic number (Z) of the atom?
5. In Table below, Column 1 contains data for five different elements. Column 2 contains data for the same five elements but with different isotopes of those elements. Match the columns by connecting isotopes of the same element.
Table for Problem 7
Column 1 Column 2
a. an atom with $2$ protons and $1$ neutron i. a C (carbon) atom with $6$ neutrons
b. a Be (beryllium) atom with $5$ neutrons ii. an atom with $2$ protons and $2$ neutrons
c. an atom with $Z = 6$ and $A = 13$ iii. an atom with $Z = 7$ and $A = 15$
d. an atom with $1$ proton and $A = 1$ iv. an atom with $A = 2$ and 1 neutron
e. an atom with $Z = 7$ and 7 neutrons v. an atom with $Z = 4$ and 6 neutrons
1. Match the following isotopes with their respective mass numbers in Table below.
Table for Problem 8
Column 1 Column 2
(a) an atom with $Z = 17$ and 18 neutrons i. $35$
(b) an H atom with no neutrons ii. $4$
(c) A He atom with $2$ neutrons iii. $1$
(d) an atom with $Z = 11$ and 11 neutrons iv. $23$
(e) an atom with $11$ neutrons and $12$ protons v. $22$
1. Match the following isotopes with their respective atomic numbers in Table below.
Table for Problem 9
Column 1 Column 2
(a) a B (boron) atom with $A = 10$ i. $8$
(b) an atom with $A = 10$ and 6 neutrons ii. $2$
(c) an atom with $3$ protons and $3$ neutrons iii. $3$
(d) an oxygen atom iv. $4$
(e) an atom with $A = 4$ and 2 neutrons v. $5$
1. What’s the mass number of an atom that contains $13$ protons and $13$ neutrons?
2. What’s the mass number of an atom that contains $24$ protons and $30$ neutrons?
1. What’s the mass number of the isotope of manganese (Mn) containing $28$ neutrons?
2. What’s the mass number of the isotope of calcium (Ca) containing $20$ neutrons?
1. What’s the atomic number of an atom that has $30$ neutrons, and a mass number of $A = 70$?
2. What’s the atomic number of an atom with $14$ neutrons, if the mass number of the atom is $A = 28$?
1. What’s the mass number of a neutral atom that contains $7$ protons and $7$ neutrons?
2. What’s the mass number of a neutral atom that contains $7$ electrons and $7$ neutrons?
3. What’s the mass number of a neutral atom that contains $5$ protons, $5$ electrons, and $6$ neutrons?
4. What’s the mass number of a neutral atom that contains $3$ electrons and $4$ neutrons?
1. What element has $32$ neutrons in an atom with mass number $A = 58$?
2. What element has $10$ neutrons in an atom with mass number $A = 19$?
6. Copper has two naturally occurring isotopes. $69.15\%$ of copper atoms are Cu-63 and have a mass of $62.93 \ \mathrm{amu}$. The other $30.85\%$ of copper atoms are Cu-65 and have a mass of $64.93 \ \mathrm{amu}$. What is the atomic mass of copper?
All images, unless otherwise stated, are created by the CK-12 Foundation and are under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC-SA.
Feb 23, 2012
Nov 26, 2014
| 2014-11-27T16:32:59 |
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10196128
|
Real-time degradation dynamics of hydrated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the presence of excess electrons
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals that are harmful to both the environment and human health. Using self-interaction-corrected Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations, we provide the first real-time assessment of PFAS degradation in the presence of excess electrons. In particular, we show that the initial phase of the degradation involves the transformation of an alkane-type C–C bond into an alkene-type CC bond in the PFAS molecule, which is initiated by the trans elimination of fluorine atoms bonded to these adjacent carbon atoms.
Authors:
; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10196128
Journal Name:
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Volume:
22
Issue:
13
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
6804 to 6808
ISSN:
1463-9076
| 2022-08-14T19:11:54 |
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https://cds.cern.ch/record/2704560?ln=en
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# CERN Accelerating science
Article Report number arXiv:1912.06561 ; CERN-TH-2019-218 ; CP3-19-59 Title Diagrammatic Coaction of Two-Loop Feynman Integrals Author(s) Abreu, Samuel (Louvain U., CP3) ; Britto, Ruth (Hamilton Math. Inst., Dublin ; Trinity Coll., Dublin ; IPhT, Saclay) ; Duhr, Claude (CERN) ; Gardi, Einan (U. Edinburgh, Higgs Ctr. Theor. Phys. ; Edinburgh U., Inst. Astron.) ; Matthew, James (U. Edinburgh, Higgs Ctr. Theor. Phys.) Imprint 10 p. In: PoS RADCOR2019 (2019) 065 In: 14th International Symposium on Radiative Corrections : Application of Quantum Field Theory to Phenomenology, Avignon, France, 8 - 13 Sep 2019, pp.065 DOI 10.22323/1.375.0065 Subject category hep-th ; Particle Physics - Theory Abstract It is known that one-loop Feynman integrals possess an algebraic structure encoding some of their analytic properties called the coaction, which can be written in terms of Feynman integrals and their cuts. This diagrammatic coaction, and the coaction on other classes of integrals such as hypergeometric functions, may be expressed using suitable bases of differential forms and integration contours. This provides a useful framework for computing coactions of Feynman integrals expressed using the hypergeometric functions. We will discuss examples where this technique has been used in the calculation of two-loop diagrammatic coactions. Copyright/License preprint: (License: arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0)publication: © 2020 The Authors (License: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0)
Corresponding record in: Inspire
| 2020-05-30T05:02:06 |
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https://pos.sissa.it/396/623/
|
Volume 396 - The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2021) - Oral presentation
Flavor number dependence of QCD at finite density by the complex Langevin method
Y. Namekawa*, Y. Asano, Y. Ito, T. Kaneko, H. Matsufuru, J. Nishimura, A. Tsuchiya, S. Tsutsui and T. Yokota
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: May 16, 2022
Published on:
Abstract
We discuss the flavor number dependence of QCD at low temperature and high density by the complex Langevin method.
In our previous work, the complex Langevin method is confirmed to satisfy the criterion for correct convergence in certain regions, such as $\mu_{\rm q} / T = 5.2-7.2$ on $8^3 \times 16$ and $\mu_{\rm q} / T = 1.6-9.6$ on $16^3 \times 32$ using $N_{\rm f} = 4$ staggered fermion at $\beta = 5.7$.
We extend this study to more realistic flavor cases, $N_{\rm f} = 2, 2 + 1, 3$, using Wilson fermions.
We present the flavor number dependence of the validity regions of the complex Langevin method and the quark number.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.396.0623
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Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
| 2022-06-28T00:23:18 |
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