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http://jde27.uk/blog/what-is-qft.html	# What is a quantum field? [2017-09-24 Sun] As a mathematician trying to learn QFT, a question that always bothered me was "what is a quantum field?". In mathematics, we like to have a precise idea of what kind of objects we are working with (is it a set? is it a function? is it a topological space?). In QFT, the analytical difficulties in making the definition precise for even the simplest nontrivial theories are substantial; as a result, there are two standard attitudes to the question which are implicit in the way people write books about the subject: • The first, completely reasonable, attitude is: "We will introduce the formalism and show you how to perform computations: that's what's important. What you do with the formalism in the privacy of your own room is your business." • The second, also completely reasonable, attitude is: "We have thought long and hard about this, and the following is the cleanest and most beautiful axiomatisation of the subject we could find; we wish you the best of luck unpicking this." Below, I will try and explain that the question does have a reasonable, intuitive answer, which you can explain without going too deeply into the analytical details. The moral is that there is actually no difference between quantisation in ordinary quantum mechanics and in QFT: there should be a Hilbert space of wavefunctions and some operators, the only difference is that the wavefunctions are defined on an infinite-dimensional space of field configurations (so we call them "wavefunctionals"). I will start by reviewing quantisation in ordinary quantum mechanics, before moving on to the simplest QFT (the Klein-Gordon field) and explaining the wavefunctional picture. Hopefully, once you have seen this intuition, the abstract frameworks built by books like Glimm-Jaffe or Streater-Wightman will make more sense. ## Review of quantisation When we quantise, we start with a classical system and try to construct a quantum mechanical system which reduces to this classical system in the $$\hbar\to 0$$ limit. Of course, it's not clear that there is an answer, let alone a unique answer, or that there will be some prescriptive way to find the answer for an arbitrary classical system, even if it exists. Nonetheless, let's review the basic set-up: • A classical mechanical system comprises a phase space (symplectic manifold $$(M,\omega)$$) of positions and momenta; observable quantities are functions on this phase space. There is a distinguished function $$H$$ called the Hamiltonian which governs time evolution of the system. Explicitly, the Hamiltonian generates a Hamiltonian vector field $$X_H$$ on the phase space via Hamilton's equations $$\omega(X_H,-)=-dH$$ and integrating this vector field gives a flow $$\phi_H^t\colon M\to M$$ which is the time evolution of the system. • A quantum mechanical system comprises a Hilbert space together with a collection of operators whose spectrum (eigenstates/eigenvalues) you want to compute. There is a distinguished operator $$H$$ called the Hamiltonian which governs time evolution of the system. In the Schrödinger picture, this time evolution works as follows. The Hamiltonian generates a one-parameter family of unitary transformations $$U_t$$ satisfying the Schrödinger equation $\frac{dU_t}{dt}=\frac{i}{\hbar}HU_t.$ (Unitarity of the transformation is equivalent to $$H$$ being Hermitian). For example, if $$H$$ is time-independent then $$U_t=e^{iHt/\hbar}$$. If the system is in the state $$\psi$$ at time $$0$$ then at time $$t$$ it will be in the state $$U_t\psi$$. ## Canonical quantisation of the free particle The most basic classical system is a particle living in a 1-dimensional space with coordinate $$q$$. The phase space keeps track of the position $$q$$ but also the momentum $$p$$, so it is $$\mathbf{R}^2$$ with coordinates $$p,q$$ and symplectic form $$\omega=dp\wedge dq$$. We want to turn this into a quantum system by finding a suitable Hilbert space and turning functions of $$q,p$$ into operators on this Hilbert space. We take our Hilbert space to be the space of square-integrable wavefunctions/ of $$q$$, written $$L^2(\mathbf{R})$$. The two most famous wavefunctions, whose physical interpretation is clear, actually don't live in this space (but can be closely approximated by wavefunctions in $$L^2$$): • Fix a point $$q_0\in\mathbf{R}$$. The delta function $$\delta(q-q_0)$$ should represent something like a particle localised at the point $$q_0$$. Delta functions are not really functions at all, let alone square-integrable, but one can approximate a delta function arbitrarily closely by a strongly peaked Gaussian. • Fix a frequency $$\omega$$. The function $$e^{i2\pi\omega q}$$ is a wave with pure frequency $$\omega$$. This should represent a particle (like a photon) whose momentum is $$\omega$$. To see why, recall: • De Broglie's formula $$E=h\omega$$ ($$h=2\pi$$ in our units) relating the energy and frequency of matter waves, • the fact that a light wave has energy equal to its momentum (up to a factor of $$c=1$$) since its energy-momentum vector lives on the null-cone in spacetime. Again, this wavefunction is not square-integrable, but you could cut it off outside a large ball to get a reasonably good approximation. We want these wavefunctions to be eigenfunctions of the operators $$\hat{q}$$ and $$\hat{p}$$ corresponding to position and momentum, with eigenvalues $$q_0$$ and $$p=2\pi\omega$$ respectively. The wavefunction $$\delta(x-q_0)$$ is the unique $$q_0$$-eigenfunction of the operator $$(\hat{q}\psi)(q)=q\psi(q)$$. The wavefunction $$e^{ipx}$$ is the unique $$p$$-eigenfunction of the operator $$\hat{p}\psi=-i\partial_q\psi$$. The standard guess at a quantisation of this phase space is therefore to replace $$q$$ and $$p$$ by the operators $$\hat{q}$$ and $$\hat{p}$$ defined above, acting on the Hilbert space of $$L^2$$-functions of $$q$$. If $$P$$ is a polynomial in $$p$$ and $$q$$ then we can try replacing $$P$$ by the corresponding polynomial in the operators $$\hat{p}$$ and $$\hat{q}$$. Alas, the operators $$\hat{p}$$ and $$\hat{q}$$ no longer commute, indeed, we have $[\hat{q},\hat{p}]=i,$ so there are many choices of how to order the operators in the polynomial $$P$$. For an example of how one quantises a particular quadratic Hamiltonian $$H=\frac{1}{2}p^2+\omega^2q^2$$, see my pre-QFT post on the simple harmonic oscillator. ## Quantum field theory Let us now turn to the problem of finding a quantum system to replace the classical Klein-Gordon field. The Klein-Gordon field is a complex-valued function $$\phi(x)$$. The classical Hamiltonian associated to this field is $\frac{1}{2}\int d^3x\left(\pi^2+\|\nabla\phi\|^2+m^2\phi^2\right).$ The quantity $$\pi$$ is the analogue of "momentum" for a field: in the case of the Klein-Gordon field, it is just the time-derivative of $$\phi$$ (just as momentum is related to the time derivative of $$q$$). When we quantised a free particle, our Hamiltonian was a function on the space of possible positions and momenta of the particle. Now we are quantising a field, the Hamiltonian is a function on the space of possible configurations and momenta of the field. When we quantised a free particle, we took as our Hilbert space the space of wavefunctions on $$\mathbf{R}^3$$, where $$\mathbf{R}^3$$ is the space of possible configurations (positions) of our particle. Now we are quantising a field, we will take as our Hilbert space the space of wavefunctions on $$\mathcal{F}$$, the space of possible configurations of the field. A configuration of the field is just a complex-valued function on $$\mathbf{R}^3$$. In other words, $$\mathcal{F}$$ is a suitable space of functions $$\phi(x)$$. A wavefunction will be a map $$\Psi\colon\mathcal{F}\to\mathbf{C}$$; something which eats a function $$\phi$$ and outputs a number, for example: $\Psi(\phi)=\int d^3x\phi(x).$ To distinguish the functions $$\phi\colon\mathbf{R}^3\to\mathbf{C}$$ from the wavefunctions $$\Psi\colon\mathcal{F}\to\mathbf{C}$$, we will call $$\Psi$$ a wavefunctional. The suffix -al denotes a function which eats functions and outputs numbers. Just as a wavefunction in quantum mechanics describes some kind of superposition of particles at different points, the wavefunctional in QFT describes a superposition of field configurations. I am not going to address the questions "which wavefunctionals do we allow?" or "what is the inner product making them into a Hilbert space?", nor will I talk about normalising wavefunctionals; therein lie some analytical issues. Instead, here are some examples of wavefunctionals. • Given a function $$f\in\mathcal{F}$$, there is a delta-functional $$\delta(\phi-f)$$ concentrated at $$f$$ (which vanishes unless $$\phi\equiv f$$). This probably shouldn't be allowed in the rigorous theory, in the same way that the delta function $$\delta(q-q_0)$$ is not an $$L^2$$-function; nonetheless, it's a convenient storytelling device. You can imagine this as a QFT state where the field has a definite value $$f(x)$$ at each point $$x$$ (in the same way that the delta function $$\delta(q-q_0)$$ is a quantum mechanical state where the particle has definite position $$q_0$$). • Given a function $$\lambda(x)$$, the wavefunctional $$\Psi(\phi)=\exp(i\int d^3x\lambda(x)\phi(x))$$ is going to be a QFT state where the field has definite "momentum" $$\pi=\lambda$$. This is analogous to the quantum mechanical "plane wave" state $$\psi(x)=e^{ipx}$$, which has momentum $$p$$. Here are some examples of classical observables for fields and the corresponding QFT operators. The function $$ev_x\colon\mathcal{F}\to\mathbf{C}$$ ("evaluation at $$x$$") is defined by $$ev_x\phi=\phi(x)$$. This is the field theory analogue of the position function $$q$$ for a free particle. What is the operator associated to $$ev_x$$ in QFT? When we quantised $$q$$ we used $$(\hat{q}\psi)(x)=x\psi(x)$$. Consider the operator $$\widehat{ev_x}$$ defined by $(\widehat{ev_x}\Psi)(\phi)=\phi(x)\Psi.$ The wavefunctional $$\Psi$$ is a $$\lambda$$-eigenstate of $$\widehat{ev_x}$$ if and only if $$\phi(x)\Psi(\phi)=\lambda\Psi(\phi)$$ for all $$\phi\in\mathcal{F}$$. This means that $$\Psi$$ must vanish on $$\phi$$ unless $$\phi(x)=\lambda$$. For example, we see that, if $$f\in\mathcal{F}$$ is a function, the delta-functional $$\Psi(\phi)=\delta(\phi-f)$$ is a simultaneous eigenstate for $$\widehat{ev_x}$$ for all $$x$$, with eigenvalues $$f(x)$$. This operator is usually called $$\phi(x)$$ in QFT textbooks. There are also classical field observables $$ev_g(\phi)=\int d^3xg(x)\phi(x)$$ defined for any "smearing function" $$g$$, which averages the values of $$\phi$$ over the support of $$g$$, weighted by $$g$$. The corresponding operator should be $(\widehat{ev_g}\Psi)(\phi)=\left(\int d^3xg\phi\right)\Psi(\phi).$ For example, the operator $$\widehat{ev_x}$$ we already defined corresponds to $$g=\delta_x$$, the delta function at $$x$$. The map sending $$g$$ to the operator $$\widehat{ev_g}$$ is, I think what people mean when they talk about a quantum field as being an operator-valued distribution. There should be an operator corresponding to the momentum $$\pi$$, and, by analogy with usual quantum mechanics, it should be $$-i\partial$$. However, now $$\partial$$ means differentiation in the space $$\mathcal{F}$$ of functions. Given a wavefunctional $$\Psi\colon\mathcal{F}\to\mathbf{C}$$ and functions $$f,\phi\in\mathcal{F}$$, we define the directional derivative $$(d_\phi\Psi)(f)$$ of $$\Psi$$ at $$\phi$$ in the $$f$$-direction to be $\left.\frac{d}{dt}\right\|_{t=0}\Psi(\phi+tf).$ When $$f(x)=\delta(x-x_0)$$ is the delta function at $$x_0$$, this is often written as $\frac{\delta\Psi}{\delta\phi(x_0)}.$ The operator corresponding to field momentum at $$x$$ will be $$-i\frac{\delta}{\delta\phi(x)}$$. The state $\Psi(\phi)=e^{i\int d^3x\phi(x)\lambda(x)}$ is a simultaneous eigenstate for all these momentum operators, with eigenvalues $$\lambda(x)$$. To see this, note that \begin{align} \lim_{t\to 0} \frac{e^{i\int d^3x(\phi(x)+t\delta(x))\lambda(x)}-e^{i\int d^3x\phi(x)\lambda(x)}}{t} &=e^{i\int d^3x\phi(x)\lambda(x)}\lim_{t\to 0}\frac{e^{it\int d^3x\delta(x)\lambda(x)}-1}{t}\\ &=e^{i\int d^3x\phi(x)\lambda(x)}i\lambda(x), \end{align} so $-i\frac{\delta\Psi}{\delta\phi(x)}(\phi)=\lambda(x)\Psi(\phi).$ Finally, we turn to the most important operator in the theory of the Klein-Gordon field, the Hamiltonian. We can rewrite the classical Hamiltonian $H=\frac{1}{2}\int d^3x\left(\pi^2+\|\nabla\phi\|^2+m^2\phi^2\right)$ as $H=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}\int d^3k a(k)^\dagger a(k),$ where \begin{align} a(k)&=\int d^3x e^{ik\cdot x}\left(\omega_k\phi(x)-i\pi(x)\right)\\ a(k)^{\dagger}&=\int d^3x e^{-ik\cdot x}\left(\omega_k\phi(x)+i\pi(x)\right)\\ \omega_k&=\sqrt{\|k\|^2+m}. \end{align} We have $\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}a(k)^\dagger a(k)=\int\int\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}d^3xd^3ye^{ik\cdot(x-y)}\left(\omega_k\phi(x)-i\pi(x)\right)\left(\omega_k\phi(x)+i\pi(x)\right)$ Multiplying out gives four terms: • The terms $$\int\int\int d^3kd^3xd^3e^{ik\cdot(x-y)}yi\pi(y)\omega_k\phi(x)$$ and $$-\int\int\int d^3kx^3xd^3ye^{ik\cdot(x-y)}i\pi(x)\omega_k\phi(y)$$ cancel. To see this, take the second term, switch $$x\leftrightarrow y$$ and change $$k\leftrightarrow -k$$. The integrand becomes the integrand in the first term, the volume form $$d^3kd^xd^3y$$ is invariant, so the terms cancel because one appears with a minus sign. • The term $\int\int\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}d^3xd^3ye^{ik\cdot(x-y)}\pi(x)\pi(y),$ becomes $\int d^3x\pi(x)^2,$ using the identity $\delta(x-y)=\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}e^{ik\cdot(x-y)}.$ • The term $\int\int\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}d^3xd^3ye^{ik\cdot(x-y)}\left(\|k\|^2+m^2\right)\phi(x)\phi(y),$ becomes $\int d^3x\left(\|\nabla\phi\|^2+m^2\right)\phi^2,$ using the standard trick in Fourier theory of exchanging derivatives for factors of $$k$$. When we quantise, we turn $$a(k)$$ and $$a(k)^\dagger$$ into operators $\widehat{a(k)}=\int d^3xe^{ik\cdot x}\left(\omega_k\phi(x)+\frac{\delta}{\delta\phi(x)}\right),\qquad \widehat{a(k)}^\dagger=\int d^3xe^{-ik\cdot x}\left(\omega_k\phi(x)-\frac{\delta}{\delta\phi(x)}\right).$ This notation has been chosen to suggest a formal similarity with the simple harmonic oscillator system, reviewed in another blog post. As with that system, there is a lowest-energy (or vacuum) state $$\Psi_0$$ which is annihilated by the operator $$\widehat{a(k)}$$, and therefore satisfies $\hat{H}\Psi_0=\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}a(k)^\dagger a(k)\Psi_0=0.$ One can generate other states by acting on the vacuum with $$\widehat{a(k)^\dagger}$$, $$\widehat{ev_x}$$ or combinations of these operators. The state $\widehat{a(k)}^\dagger\Psi_0$ has the interpretation of a single particle with momentum $$k$$. The state $$\widehat{ev_x}\Psi_0$$ has the interpretation of a single particle at $$x$$. The wavefunctional $\Psi_0(\phi)=\exp\left(-\int\int\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}d^3xd^3y e^{ik\cdot(x-y)}\frac{\omega_k}{2}\phi(x)\phi(y)\right)$ is a vacuum state of the quantised Klein-Gordon theory (i.e. it is annihilated by $$\widehat{a(k)}$$ for all $$k$$). We have \begin{align} \frac{\delta\Psi_0}{\delta\phi(z)}(\phi)&= -\int\int\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}d^3x d^3y e^{ik\cdot(x-y)}\frac{\omega_k}{2} \left(\delta(x-z)\phi(y)+\phi(x)\delta(y-z)\right)\Psi_0(\phi)\\ &=-\omega_k\phi(z)\Psi_0(\phi), \end{align} so if we apply $$\widehat{a(k)}$$ to $$\Psi_0$$, we obtain \begin{align} \widehat{a(k)}\Psi_0&= \int d^3z e^{ik\cdot z}\left(\omega_k\phi(z)+\frac{\delta}{\delta\phi(z)}\right)\Psi_0\\ &=\int d^3z(\omega_k\phi(z)-\omega_k\phi(z))\\ &=0. \end{align} Note that this wavefunctional is even nicer if you write it in terms of the Fourier transform $$\tilde{\phi}(k)$$ of $$\phi(x)$$: $\Psi_0(\phi)=\exp\left(-\int\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{\omega_k}{2}\tilde{\phi}(k)^2\right),$ where we have used the fact that $$\tilde{\phi}(k)=\tilde{\phi}(-k)$$ since $$\phi$$ is real. ## Conclusion The aim of all this was to show that, if you understand quantum mechanics, you can also understand quantum field theory (in principle!). The ideas are the same, but the wavefunctionals of QFT are on a different plane of difficulty: they are functions on the infinite-dimensional space of field configurations. To solve an eigenvalue problem in this context means solving an infinite-dimensional differential equation (like $$\widehat{a(k)}\Psi_0=0$$ in the final theorem). For more on this, there is an excellent physics textbook which covers this material (thereby taking neither of the attitudes described in the first paragraph). Chapter 10 covers the material I described above: • Hatfield "The quantum field theory of point particles and strings." Frontiers in Physics, Perseus, 1998. The classic book by Glimm and Jaffe also covers this from a mathematical standpoint (and addresses issues which we glossed over regarding integration of wavefunctionals); Chapter 6 covers the material I described above: • Glimm and Jaffe, "Quantum physics: a functional integral point of view", Springer Verlag, 1987. For completeness, the other resources I have found most helpful for learning about QFT are: • David Tong's lecture notes on QFT. • Peskin and Schroeder, "An introduction to quantum field theory", Avalon, 1995. • Ryder, "Quantum field theory", Cambridge University Press, Second Edition 1996. Comments, corrections and contributions are very welcome; please drop me an email at j.d.evans at lancaster.ac.uk if you have something to share. CC-BY-SA 4.0 Jonny Evans.	2020-09-24T06:55:05	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8914474248886108, "perplexity": 245.36181695373503}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400214347.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924065412-20200924095412-00663.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10233623-guts-volume-skein-modules-manifolds	Guts, Volume and skein modules of 3-manifolds We consider hyperbolic links that admit alternating projections on surfaces in compact, irreducible 3-manifolds. We show that, under some mild hypotheses, the volume of the complement of such a link is bounded below in terms of a Kauffman bracket function defined on link diagrams on the surface. In the case that the 3-manifold is a thickened surface, this Kauffman bracket function leads to a Jones-type polynomial that is an isotopy invariant of links. We show that coefficients of this polynomial provide 2-sided linear bounds on the volume of hyperbolic alternating links in the thickened surface. As a corollary of the proof of this result, we deduce that the twist number of a reduced, twist reduced, checkerboard alternating link projection with disk regions, is an invariant of the link. Authors: ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10233623 Journal Name: Fundamenta Mathematicae ISSN: 1730-6329	2023-02-08T09:45:09	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8218430280685425, "perplexity": 480.10243911004534}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500758.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208092053-20230208122053-00595.warc.gz"}
https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/1437/4671	Performance Evaluation of Exponential Discriminant Analysis with Feature Selection for Steganalysis The performance of supervised learning-based seganalysis depends on the choice of both classifier and features which represent the image. Features extracted from images may contain irrelevant and redundant features which makes them inefficient for machine learning. Relevant features not only decrease the processing time to train a classifier but also provide better generalisation. Linear discriminant classifier which is commonly used for classification may not be able to classify in better way non-linearly separable data. Recently, exponential discriminant analysis, a variant of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), is proposed which transforms the scatter matrices to a new space by distance diffusion mapping. This provides exponential discriminant analysis (EDA) much more discriminant power to classify non-linearly separable data and helps in improving classification accuracy in comparison to LDA. In this paper, the performance of EDA in conjunction with feature selection methods has been investigated. For feature selection, Kullback divergence, Chernoff distance measures and linear regression measures are used to determine relevant features from higher-order statistics of images. The performance is evaluated in terms classification error and computation time. Experimental results show that exponential discriminate analysis in conjunction with linear regression significantly performs better in terms of both classification error and compilation time of training classifier. Steganography is the science of embedding hidden message in one of the cover multimedia, i.e. texts, images, audio, video files. The goal of steganalysis is to detect hidden information from observed data with little or no information about the steganography algorithm. Steganalysis has drawn attention of research community in last few years since detection of hidden messages can lead to the prevention of devastating security incidents. Steganalysis1-6 is a very challenging field because of the scarcity of information about the specific characteristics of the cover multimedia that can be exploited to hide information and detect the same. Detection of hidden message becomes more difficult as the approaches adopted for steganalysis also sometimes depend on the underlying steganography algorithm(s) used. Several steganalysis approaches6-9 have been proposed which can broadly be classified into four categories: Supervised learning-based steganalysis10,11, blind identification-based steganalysis7, parametric statistical steganalysis9,12,13 and hybrid techniques7. Supervised learning-based steganalysis techniques involve two phases: (a) training phase and (b) testing phase. In the training phase, examples of both stego and non-stego are provided to a statistical classifier. The learning classifier determines the best classification rule using these examples. In the testing phase, unknown images are given as input to the trained classifier to decide whether image contains a secret message or not. Blind identification methods7 pose the steganalysis problem as a system identification problem. Some statistical properties such as independence of host and secret message etc. are exploited. The embedding algorithm is represented as a channel and the goal is to invert this channel to identify the hidden message. Parametric statistical steganalysis9,12,13 approaches tend to assume a certain parametric statistical model for the cover image, stego image and the hidden message. Steganalysis is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem, namely, H0: no message present (null hypothesis) and H1: message present (alternate hypothesis). A statistical detection algorithm is then designed to test between the two hypotheses. Hybrid techniques7 involve more than one of the above approaches. Fridrich14, et al. propose a technique for estimating the unaltered histogram to find the number of changes and length of the secret message. The process involves cropping the JPEG image by four columns and then applying a quantization table to re-compress the image. The resulting discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient histogram will be a close estimate of the original. Avcibas10, et al. use a set of image quality metrics (IQMs) to build up a discriminator algorithm that differentiates cover images from stego images. IQMs are ranked based on their F-scores using analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test to identify the embedded message. The success of the approach lies in the recognition of IQMs that are susceptible to steganography and whose changes as a result of message embedding can be measured in better way. To increase the probability of a successful detection of hidden message, several IQMs are normally employed to measure the distortions at different levels of sensitivity. The mean square values for the human visual system (HVS)-weighted errors demonstrate more sensitivity to pure blur; while the gradient measure responds to changes in the texture and the image periphery10. The message embedding steganography algorithms differ in the changes brought to the different IQMs. Farid1,5, et al. proposed the use of higher order statistics in the generic steganalysis techniques vis-à-vis the first-order statistics (such as the histogram DCT coefficients) employed by the specific steganalysis techniques. Steganalysis techniques fail that employs the changes in the first-order statistics for detecting the presence of hidden messages if a steganography algorithm keeps the first-order statistics intact. Farid, et al. propose the use of quadratic mirror filters (QMF) to decompose an image into sub-bands and then evaluate higher-order statistics metrics such as the mean, variance, kurtosis and skewness to each of the sub-bands obtained. However, the resultant features may contain noisy, irrelevant or redundant features which make them inefficient for machine learning. In fact, the presence of irrelevant and redundant features may deteriorate the performance of the classifier and requires high computation time and other resources for training and testing the data. Another important component of supervised based Steganalysis is the choice of classifier which distinguishes two different types of images. Many classification techniques have been proposed by machine learning, data mining and pattern recognition community. Each one of them is associated with some advantages and disadvantages. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is one of the commonly used classifier which is simple to implement, understand and computationally less expensive. However, it is not able to classify well non-linearly separable data. Recently, exponential discriminant analysis (EDA)15 is proposed which is a variant of LDA. Exponential discriminant analysis is based on matrix approach that maps the data in such a way that the margin between different classes is much more than the margin between different classes in the original space. This provides EDA much more discriminant power to classify non-linearly separable data and helps in improving classification accuracy in comparison to LDA. Performance of EDA in conjunction with feature selection methods were investigated in this paper. For feature selection, Kullback divergence, Chernoff distance measures, and linear regression measures are used to determine relevant features from higher-order statistics of images. The performance is evaluated in terms of classification accuracy and computation time. Although the human eye is most often not able to detect the presence of embedded message, but it may nevertheless changes the statistics of an image. The resultant distortions cause due to embedding in the cover image can be analysed by comparing the statistical properties of both cover and stegoimages8,13. Several techniques are available to detect such changes based on first order statistical distributions of intensity or transform coefficients13,16. However, the shortcoming of this investigation is that simple counter-measures that match first order statistics are likely to spoil detection of embedding message in cover image. The research works1,5 has pointed out that steganalysis-based on higher-order statistical models may distinguish stegoimages and cover images. It has been observed across a large number of natural images that there exist strong higher-order statistical regularities within a wavelet-like decomposition. The embedding of a message may significantly change the statistics of image and thus becomes measures to detect stegoimages. The decomposition of image is possible by using separable QMFs. Thus, the frequency space is divided into multiple scales and orientations. This can be accomplished by applying separable lowpass and highpass filters along the image axes generating a vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and lowpass subband. The diagonal, horizontal, and vertical subband at scale i = 1, 2, ..., n are represented as and ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}\right)$ respectively. Subsequent scales are obtained by recursively filtering the lowpass subband. The research works1,5 pointed out that using above decomposition the statistical model containing the mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of the subband coefficients for each orientation and scales can be obtained for i = 1 to n. This characterises the basic coefficient distributions statistically. The second set of statistics is based on the errors in an optimal linear predictor of coefficient magnitude. It is pointed out1,5 that the subband coefficients of the image are correlated to their spatial, orientation and scale neighbours. Taking this into account, ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}\right)\mathrm{,}$ a vertical band at scale i , can be represented in terms of neighbouring pixels in spatial domain as: ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}\right)\mathrm{}={\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{1}}{\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\mathrm{}-\mathrm{1}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}\right)\mathrm{}+{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}+\mathrm{}\mathrm{1}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}\right)\mathrm{}+{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{3}}{\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}\mathrm{}-\mathrm{1}\right)\mathrm{}+{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{4}}{\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}+\mathrm{}\mathrm{1}\right)$ $+{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{5}}\mathit{V}_{\mathit{i}}{}_{\mathrm{+}\mathrm{1}}\left(\mathit{x}/\mathrm{2}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}/\mathrm{2}\right)\mathrm{}+{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{6}}{\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{i}}\left(\mathit{x}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}\right)\mathrm{}+{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{7}}\mathit{D}_{\mathit{i}}{}_{\mathrm{+}\mathrm{1}}\left(\mathit{x}/\mathrm{2}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{y}/\mathrm{2}\right)$ (1) where wk denotes scalar weighting values. In more compact form, it can be expressed as: V = Qw (2) where $\mathit{w}=\mathrm{}{\left({\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathrm{.........,}{\mathit{w}}_{\mathrm{7}}\right)}^{\mathit{t}}$ the vector V contains the coefficient magnitudes of Vi(x, y) strung into a column vector and the columns of the matrix Q contain the neighbouring coefficient magnitudes as specified in (1) also strung out in column vectors. To determine coefficients magnitudes, quadratic error function is defined1,5 as (3) This error function E(w) can be minimised by differentiating Eqn (3) and substituting it equal to zero yields: $\mathit{w}=\mathrm{}\left({\mathit{Q}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathit{Q}\right)^{\mathrm{-}}{}^{\mathrm{1}}{\mathit{Q}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathit{V}$ (4) From the above, order statistics such as the mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis can be evaluated. Similarly, the above procedure can be repeated to get the subbands Hi(x, y), Di(x, y). Since, there are four statistics and linear predictor for three subband are computed for (n −1) levels, we have total 12(n−1) error statistics and 12(n−1) coefficient statistics. Thus, these 24(n−1) statistics altogether will form a feature vector of the image. Feature selection is used to remove noisy, irrelevant, and redundant features. There are two major approaches to feature selection: filter and wrapper approach11,17,18. Most filter methods employ statistical characteristics of data for feature selection which requires less computation time. It independently measures the importance of features without involving any classifier. Since, the filter approach does not take into account the learning bias introduced by the final learning algorithm, it may not be able to select the most relevant set of features for the learning algorithm. On the other hand, wrapper methods tend to find features better suited to the predetermined learning algorithm resulting in better performance. But, it tends to be computationally more expensive since the classifier must be trained for each candidate subset. Feature ranking approaches have been widely and commonly investigated for feature selection19-21. However, disadvantage associated with feature ranking methods is that they ignore the correlation present among the features because of their univariate approach. Hence the selected features subset may possess low discriminatory capacity and increased redundancy. A forward/backward feature selection method or its combinations are used to remove redundancy and select relevant and non redundant features with a suitable measure. Among the most widely used filter methods4 for feature selection, there are techniques based on statistical separability measures which allow one to select a suitable subset of features by assigning the degree of interclass separability associated with each subset considered. In particular, Kullback divergence, Chernoff distance measures, and linear regression are commonly employed by research community20,22,23. To obtain a quantitative measure of how separable are two classes, a distance measure can be easily extracted from some parameters of the data. A very important aspect of probabilistic distance measures is that a number of these criteria can be analytically simplified in the case when the class conditional p.d.f.s p(Xi \| Ci) follows multivariate normal distribution. For multivariate normal distribution for two classes, KD and CD measures are given as follows20,23: $\begin{array}{c}{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{d}}=\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{2}}-{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{\right)}}^{\mathit{t}}\left({\left({\Sigma }_{\mathrm{1}}\right)}^{\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}}+{\left({\Sigma }_{\mathrm{2}}\right)}^{\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{2}}-{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{\right)}\hfill \\ +\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{2}}\mathit{tr}\left({\left({\Sigma }_{\mathrm{1}}\right)}^{\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}}{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{2}}+{\left({\Sigma }_{\mathrm{2}}\right)}^{\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}}{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{1}}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\hfill \end{array}$ (5) $\begin{array}{c}{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}=\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{\beta }\mathrm{\left(}\mathrm{1}-\mathrm{\beta }\mathrm{\right)\left(}{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{2}}-{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{\right)}}^{\mathit{t}}{\left[\mathrm{\left(}\mathrm{1}-\mathrm{\beta }\mathrm{\right)}{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{2}}+\mathrm{\beta }\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{1}}\right]}^{\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}}\hfill \\ \mathrm{\left(}{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{2}}-{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{\right)}+\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{log}\frac{\mathrm{\|\left(}\mathrm{1}-\mathrm{\beta }\mathrm{\right)}{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{1}}+\mathrm{\beta }{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{\|}}{\mathrm{\|}{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{1}}{\mathrm{\|}}^{\mathrm{1}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{\beta }}\mathrm{\|}{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathrm{\|}}^{\mathrm{\beta }}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.33em}{0ex}}\hfill \end{array}$ (6) where ${\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathit{k}}^{\mathit{i}}$ is a mean vector and ${\sum }_{\mathit{k}}^{\mathit{i}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}$ is a covariance matrix of k-dimensional data for class Ci, i = 1, 2 . ${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{i}}\mathrm{,}\mathit{i}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{1}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{2}\mathrm{}\mathrm{.}$ The regression analysis considers the relations between the selected features which minimise redundancy. While using regression analysis for data a multiple regression model is considered because there can be many features which could affect the presence or absence of stegoimage. A multiple regression model with a target variable y and multiple variables X is given by22: $\mathit{y}={\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathrm{0}}+{\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathrm{1}}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathrm{1}\mathit{i}}+{\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathrm{2}}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathrm{2}\mathit{i}}+\mathrm{·}\mathrm{· ·}+{\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathit{n}}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{ni}}+{\mathrm{\xi }}_{\mathit{i}}\mathrm{,}$ $\mathit{i}=\mathrm{}\mathrm{1}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{2}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathrm{...,}\mathrm{}\mathit{n}$ (7) where ${\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathrm{0}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}{\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathrm{....,}\mathrm{}{\mathrm{\beta }}_{\mathit{n}}$ are constants estimated by observed values of X and class label y and is estimated by normal distribution having mean zero and a variance σ2. The sum of squares error (SSE) which is sum of the squared residuals is given by SSE= $\underset{\mathit{i}=\mathrm{0}}{\overset{\mathit{n}}{\sum }}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i}}-{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i}}^{\mathit{p}}\mathrm{\right)}$ (8) where y and yp are observed and predicted values, respectively. A large value of SSE signifies that the regression is predicted poorly. The total sum of squares is given by SSTO= $\underset{\mathit{i}\mathrm{=}\mathrm{0}}{\overset{\mathit{n}}{\sum }}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathit{y}}_{\mathit{i}}-\stackrel{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}}{\stackrel{¯}{\mathit{y}}}\mathrm{\right)}$ (9) where $\overline{y}$ is the average of yi. In a regression model, the choice of features which best explains the class label depends on the value of R2 and is given by R2 = 1 $\frac{\mathit{SSE}}{\mathit{SSTO}}$ (10) Linear discriminant analysis based on statistical method is most commonly and widely used for feature extraction and pattern classification. The objective of LDA is to determine an optimal projection matrix W by maximising the ratio of between-class scatter Sb to within-class scatter Sw as follows: $\mathrm{arg}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{max}\\ \mathit{W}\end{array}\left\|\frac{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\mathit{W}}{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{W}}\mathit{W}}\right\|$ (11) where ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}=\left({\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{2}}-{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{1}}\right){\left({\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{2}}-{\mathrm{\mu }}_{\mathit{k}}^{\mathrm{1}}\right)}^{\mathit{k}}$ ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}=\underset{\mathit{i}\mathrm{=}\mathrm{1}}{\overset{\mathit{c}}{\sum }}{\sum }_{\mathit{k}}^{\mathit{i}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}$ It is shown that a vector W that maximises J(.) must satisfy ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\mathit{W}=\mathrm{\lambda }{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}\mathit{W}$ (12) for some constant λ, which is a generalised eigenvalue problem. If Sw is non singular, we can obtain a conventional eigenvalue problem by rewriting Eqn. (12) as: ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}^{\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}}{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\mathit{W}=\mathrm{\lambda }\mathit{W}$ (13) The classical LDA criterion can be rewritten as: $\mathit{J}\mathrm{\left(}\mathit{W}\mathrm{\right)}=\mathrm{arg}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{max}\\ \mathit{W}\end{array}\left\|\frac{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{\left(}{\Phi }_{\mathit{b}}^{\mathit{T}}{\Lambda }_{\mathit{b}}\mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{\left(}{\Phi }_{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}{\Lambda }_{\mathit{W}}\mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}\right\|$ (14) where ${\Phi }_{\mathit{b}}=\left({\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathit{b}\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}{\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathit{b}\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}{\mathrm{\phi }}_{\mathit{bn}}\right)$ and are the eigenvector matrix of between class scatter S b and with-in class scatter S w that corresponds to eigenvalues and ${\Lambda }_{\mathit{w}}=\mathit{diag}\left({\mathrm{\lambda }}_{\mathit{w}\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}{\mathrm{\lambda }}_{\mathit{w}\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}{\mathrm{\lambda }}_{\mathit{wn}}\right)$ respectively. Generally, the matrix S w is not a full rank matrix in the under-sampled case. However, the discriminant information corresponding to the zero eigenvalues of Sw have the most discriminative power. But, LDA can extracts discriminant information only from the principal subspace of Sw. Zhang15, et al. have proposed another approach based on the matrix exponential and is known as exponential discriminant analysis (EDA)15. To extract this kind of discriminative information, they had replaced the eigenvalues of ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}\mathit{i}\mathrm{.}{\mathit{el}}_{\mathit{wi}}\mathrm{,}\mathrm{}\mathit{by}\mathrm{}\mathit{exp}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathit{l}}_{\mathit{wi}}\mathrm{\right)}$ and λbi i.e, the eigenvalue of Sb, by exp(λbi) and represent Then the LDA criterion is modified as below: $\mathit{J}\mathrm{\left(}\mathit{W}\mathrm{\right)}=\mathrm{arg}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{max}\\ \mathit{W}\end{array}\left\|\frac{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{\left(}{\Phi }_{\mathit{b}}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\left(}{\Lambda }_{\mathit{b}}\mathrm{\right)}\Phi \mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{\left(}{\Phi }_{\mathit{w}}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\left(}{\Lambda }_{\mathit{w}}\mathrm{\right)}\Phi \mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}\right\|$ $=\mathrm{arg}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{max}\\ \mathit{W}\end{array}\left\|\frac{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}\mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}\right\|$ (16) The matrix exp (Sw) is always a full-rank matrix; and hence the discriminative information which was contained in the null space of Sw can be extracted using Eqn (16), even though the small sample-size problem is involved. As it is known that orthogonality is of utmost importance to discriminant analysis, because redundant features can be combined back to the same number of variables through orthogonal transformation of the measurement space. The benefit of employing orthogonal transformation is that the correlations among candidate features are decomposed so that the significance of individual features can independently be evaluated. Hence they have defined the EDA criterion by enforcing the projection matrix W in Eqn (16) to be orthogonal as follows: In EDA, similar to the kernel method, there exists a non-linear mapping function Φ such that the scatter matrices are mapped in to a new space, i.e., $\mathit{J}\mathrm{\left(}\mathit{W}\mathrm{\right)}=\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{arg}\\ {\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\end{array}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{max}\\ \mathit{W}=\mathrm{1}\end{array}\left\|\frac{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}{{\mathit{W}}^{\mathit{T}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{\left(}{\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}\mathrm{\right)}\mathit{W}}\right\|$ (17) $\Phi \mathrm{}\mathrm{:}{\mathit{R}}^{\mathit{n}}\to \mathit{F}$ (18) Such that ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\to \mathrm{}\Phi \left({\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\right)=\mathit{exp}\left({\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{b}}\right)$ ${\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}\to \mathrm{}\Phi \left({\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}\right)=\mathit{exp}\left({\mathit{S}}_{\mathit{w}}\right)$ It is shown15 that with the help of the mapping Φ, there is a difference in diffusion scale between the within- and between-class distances, and the diffusion scale to the between–class distance is larger than the within-class distance. Hence, the margin between different classes under such mapping is much more than the margin between different classes in the original space. This provides EDA more discriminant power which helps in improving classification accuracy in comparison to LDA. To investigate the efficacy of the EDA for classification of stegoimages and non-stego images, we prepared a database of 1500 natural images taken from different sources i.e., www.1000pictures.com, www.1000wallpapers.co. All the images were originally in JPEG format. The original image resolutions were ranging from 800 × 600 to 1600 × 1200. We first resized each one of these images to 640 × 480 pixels images and embedded message images of six different resolutions 256 × 256, 128 × 128, 64 × 64, 32 × 32, 16 × 16, and 8 × 8 into cover image using OUTGUESS13. 1000 non-stego images and 1000 stego images were created. Features are extracted from each one of the grey images using Haar wavelet. Each image is represented in terms of 72 statistics from four levels wavelet decomposition. To remove redundancy from the selected pool of features, three feature selection measures are investigated23: Kullback divergence measure, Chernoff distance measure and linear regression. For Chernoff distance measure, features are selected using 3 different values ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 with an increment of 0.4. We have used naive bayes classifier (Naivebc), Fisher linear classifier (Fisherc), and exponential discriminant classifier (EDA to evaluate the performance of the feature selection methods. The average classification error is computed using ten cross-validations. All the simulations are done using matlab. Tables 1, 2 and 3 show the minimum classification error achieved with different classifiers along with the number of features for different measures. For chernoff distance measure, the minimum classification error achieved for optimal value of β is also shown in Tables 1,2 and 3. The best results in each category are indicated in bold. Table 1.Comparative results of classification error and minimum number of features for 8 × 8, 16 × 16 Table 2.Comparative results of classification error and minimum number of features for sizes 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 Table 3.Comparative results of classification error and minimum number of features for size 128 × 128 and 256 × 256 We observe the following from Tables 1, 2 and 3: (a) The performance of exponential discriminant analysis is significantly better in comparison to naive bayesian and fisher discriminant analysis in terms of classification error for all sizes of embedding used in experiments. (b) The minimum classification error is achieved with linear regression for all classifiers and for different size of embedding. (c) The number of features required to obtain minimum classification error is significantly smaller using linear regression in comparison to baseline, kullback divergence measure and chernoff distance measure using all classifiers and different size of embedding. (d) The number of features required to obtain minimum classification error is significantly smaller using linear regression in comparison to other feature selection methods. Hence, the computation time by all the learning methods will be significantly less with features selected using linear regression method. (e) For each feature selection method, the number of features which achieves minimum classification error with EDA is less than Fisher discriminant analysis and more than naive Bayesian classifier. However, the classification error is significantly less with EDA in comparison to both Fisher discriminant analysis and naive Bayesian classifier. Figure 1 shows the variation in computation time of different classifiers using different feature measures to achieve minimum classification accuracy for embedding size 8 x 8. The computation time required by each classifier for different measures without feature selection (baseline) is also shown in Fig 1. It can be observed from Fig 1 that the computation time required will be significantly less with linear regression in comparison to baseline, and less in comparison to kullback divergence measure and chernoff distance measure for a given classifier. Similar observations are also made for other embedding size. The performance of supervised learning-based steganalysis depends on the choice of features to represent the image and classification method used to distinguish stego from non stego image. Features based on higher order statistics are extracted from stego and non-stego images using wavelet decompositions. Feature extracted from image may contain irrelevant and redundant features which makes them inefficient for machine learning. LDA is commonly and widely used for classification. However, LDA is not able to classify well non-linearly seaparable data. Recently, Exponential discriminant analysis is proposed which maps the data in such a way that the margin between different classes is much more than the margin between different classes in the original space. This provides EDA much more discriminant power to classify non-linearly separable data and helps in improving classification accuracy in comparison to classical LDA. Performance of exponential discriminant analysis in conjunction with different feature selection methods were investigated in this paper. For feature selection, Kullback Divergence, Chernoff distance measures and linear regression measures are used to determine relevant features from higher-order statistics of images. The performance of steganalysis is compared and evaluated in terms of classification error and computation time of training classifier. Experimental results show that the performance of exponential discriminant analysis is significantly better in comparison to naive bayesian and fisher discriminant analysis in terms of classification error for all sizes of embedding used in experiments. The minimum classification error is achieved with linear regression for all classifiers and for different size of embedding. Also, the number of features required to obtain minimum classification error is significantly smaller using linear regression in comparison to baseline, kullback divergence measure and chernoff distance measure using all classifiers and different size of embedding. Hence, exponential discriminant analysis in conjunction with linear regression outperforms other combination in terms of both classification error and computation time. 1. Farid, H. Detecting hidden messages using higher-order statistical models. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, New York 2002, 2, pp. 905-08. 2. Johanson, N. & Jajodia, S. Exploring steganography: Seeing the unseen. IEEE Computer, 1998, 26-34. 3. Kahn, D. The history of steganography. In Anderson, R. (ed.) IH 1996. LNCS, 1174. Springer, Heidelberg, 1996. 4. Lie, W.N. & Lin, G.S. A Feature-based classification technique for blind image steganalysis. Proc. IEEE Trans. Multimedia, 2005, 7(6). 5. Lyu, S. & Farid, H. Steganalysis using higher-order image statistics. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, 2006, 1(1), 111-19. 6. Mehrabi, M.A.; Faez, K. & Bayesteh, A.R. Image steganalysis on statistical moments of wavelet subband histograms in different frequencies and support vector machine. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Natural Computation, August 2007. pp. 24-27. 7. Chandramouli, R. A mathematical framework for active steganalysis. ACM Multimedia Systems, 2003, 9(3), 303-11. 8. Pevn´y, T. & Fridrich, J. Determining stego algorithm for JPEG images. IEEE Proc. Iinf. Security, 2006, 153(3). 9. Westfeld, A. & Pfitzmann, A. Attacks on steganographic systems. In: Pfitzmann, A. (ed.) IH 1999. LNCS, 1768, Springer, Heidelberg, 2000. pp. 61–75. 10. Avcibas, I.; Memon, N. & Sankur, B. Steganalysis using image quality metrics. IEEE Trans. Image Proc., 2003, 12(2), 221-29. 11. Guyon, I. & Elisseeff, A. An Introduction to Variable and feature Selection. J. Machine Learning Res., 2003, 3, 1157-182. 12. Harmsen, J. & Pearlman, W. Steganalysis of additive noise modelable information hiding. In Proceedings of SPIE Electronic Imaging, 2003. 13. Provos, N. & Honeyman, P. Detecting steganographic content on the internet. ISOC NDSS’02, San Diego, CA, February, 2002. August 2001, CITI Techreport. 14. Fridrich, J.; Du, R. & Long, M. Steganalysis of lsb encoding in color images, IEEE ICME, 2000. 15. Zhang, T; Fang, B.; Tang, Y.; Shang, Z. & Xu, B. Generalised discriminant analysis: A matrix exponential approach. IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, Cybernetics- Pt B, 2010, 40(1), 186-97. 16. Wang, Y. Optimised Feature Extraction for Learning-Based Image Steganalysis. IEEE Trans. Infor. Forensics Security, 2007, 1. 17. Kohavi, R. & John, G. Wrapper for feature subset selection. Artificial Intelligence, 1997, 1-2, 273-24. 18. Ruiz, R.; Riquelmea, José C. & Aguilar-Ruizb, Jesús S. Incremental wrapper based gene selection from microarray data for cancer classification. Pattern Recognition, 2006, 39(12), 2383-392. 19. Guyon, I.; Weston, Jason; Barnhill, Stephen & Vapnik, Vladimir. Gene selection for cancer classification using support vector machine. Machine Learning, 2003, 46, 263-68. 20. Pierre, A.D. & Kittler, J. Pattern recognition: A statistical approach. PHI, 1982. 21. Tibsrani, R.; Hastie, Trevor; Narasimhan, B. & Chu, Gilbert. Diagnosis of multiple cancer types by shrunken centriods of gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA., 2002, 99, 6567-572. 22. Han-Saem, P.; Yoo, Si-Ho & Cho, Sung-Bae Forward selection Method with regression analysis for optimal gene selection in cancer classification. Int. J. Comp. Math., 2007, 84(5), 653-68. 23. Rajput, G.K. & Agrawal R. K. Evaluation of feature selection measures for steganalysis. PReMI 2009, LNCS 5909 Springer, 2009. pp. 432-439. Mr Gaurav Rajput received MSc (Math) from Aligarh Muslim University and MTech from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Currently he is pursuing PhD from School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Her current area of research are Steganography and Steganalysis. Dr R.K. Agrawal obtained MTech (Computer Application) from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi and PhD (Computational Physics) from University of Delhi, Delhi. Presently, he is working as an Associate Professor at the School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. His current research areas are: Classification, feature extraction and selection for pattern recognition problems in domains of image processing, security, and bioinformatics. Ms Namita Aggarwal received BSc (Math) from University of Delhi, Delhi and MCA from Delhi University, Delhi. Currently she is pursuing PhD from School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Her current area of research is pattern recognition.	2019-10-17T07:58:53	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 33, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6553173661231995, "perplexity": 1518.132555697455}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986673250.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017073050-20191017100550-00064.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10278874-origin-metal-poor-stars-prograde-disc-orbits-fire-simulations-milky-way-mass-galaxies	The origin of metal-poor stars on prograde disc orbits in FIRE simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies ABSTRACT In hierarchical structure formation, metal-poor stars in and around the Milky Way (MW) originate primarily from mergers of lower mass galaxies. A common expectation is therefore that metal-poor stars should have isotropic, dispersion-dominated orbits that do not correlate strongly with the MW disc. However, recent observations of stars in the MW show that metal-poor ($\rm {[Fe/H]}\lesssim -2$) stars are preferentially on prograde orbits with respect to the disc. Using the Feedback In Realistic Environments 2 (FIRE-2) suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations of MW/M31-mass galaxies, we investigate the prevalence and origin of prograde metal-poor stars. Almost all (11 of 12) of our simulations have metal-poor stars on preferentially prograde orbits today and throughout most of their history: we thus predict that this is a generic feature of MW/M31-mass galaxies. The typical prograde-to-retrograde ratio is ∼2:1, which depends weakly on stellar metallicity at $\rm {[Fe/H]}\lesssim -1$. These trends predicted by our simulations agree well with MW observations. Prograde metal-poor stars originate largely from a single Large/Small Magellanic Cloud (LMC/SMC)-mass gas-rich merger $7\!-\!12.5\, \rm {Gyr}$ ago, which deposited existing metal-poor stars and significant gas on an orbital vector that sparked the formation of and/or shaped the orientation of a long-lived stellar disc, giving more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10278874 Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Volume: 505 Issue: 1 Page Range or eLocation-ID: 921 to 938 ISSN: 0035-8711 National Science Foundation ##### More Like this 1. ABSTRACT We use FIRE-2 simulations to examine 3D variations of gas-phase elemental abundances of [O/H], [Fe/H], and [N/H] in 11 MW and M31-mass galaxies across their formation histories at z ≤ 1.5 ($t_{\rm lookback} \le 9.4 \, \rm {Gyr}$), motivated by characterizing the initial conditions of stars for chemical tagging. Gas within $1 \, \rm {kpc}$ of the disc mid-plane is vertically homogeneous to $\lesssim 0.008 \, \rm {dex}$ at all z ≤ 1.5. We find negative radial gradients (metallicity decreases with galactocentric radius) at all times, which steepen over time from $\approx \! -0.01 \, \rm {dex}\, \rm {kpc}^{-1}$ atmore » 2. ABSTRACT Carbon enhanced metal poor (CEMP)-no stars, a subset of CEMP stars ($\rm [C/Fe]\ge 0.7$ and $\rm [Fe/H]\lesssim -1$) have been discovered in ultra-faint dwarf (UFD) galaxies, with $M_{\rm vir}\approx 10^8{\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot }$ and $M_{\ast }\approx 10^3-10^4{\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot }$ at z = 0, as well as in the halo of the Milky Way (MW). These CEMP-no stars are local fossils that may reflect the properties of the first (Pop III) and second (Pop II) generation of stars. However, cosmological simulations have struggled to reproduce the observed level of carbon enhancement of the known CEMP-no stars. Here, we present new cosmologicalmore » 3. ABSTRACT In this work, we combine spectroscopic information from the SkyMapper survey for Extremely Metal-Poor stars and astrometry from Gaia DR2 to investigate the kinematics of a sample of 475 stars with a metallicity range of $-6.5 \le \rm [Fe/H] \le -2.05$ dex. Exploiting the action map, we identify 16 and 40 stars dynamically consistent with the Gaia Sausage and Gaia Sequoia accretion events, respectively. The most metal poor of these candidates have metallicities of $\rm [Fe/H]=-3.31\, \mathrm{ and }\, -3.74$, respectively, helping to define the low-metallicity tail of the progenitors involved in the accretion events. We also find, consistentmore » 4. ABSTRACT Surveys of the Milky Way (MW) and M31 enable detailed studies of stellar populations across ages and metallicities, with the goal of reconstructing formation histories across cosmic time. These surveys motivate key questions for galactic archaeology in a cosmological context: When did the main progenitor of an MW/M31-mass galaxy form, and what were the galactic building blocks that formed it? We investigate the formation times and progenitor galaxies of MW/M31-mass galaxies using the Feedback In Realistic Environments-2 cosmological simulations, including six isolated MW/M31-mass galaxies and six galaxies in Local Group (LG)-like pairs at z = 0. We examine main progenitormore » 5. ABSTRACT We study stellar-halo formation using six Milky-Way-mass galaxies in FIRE-2 cosmological zoom simulations. We find that $5{-}40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the outer (50–300 kpc) stellar halo in each system consists of in-situ stars that were born in outflows from the main galaxy. Outflow stars originate from gas accelerated by superbubble winds, which can be compressed, cool, and form co-moving stars. The majority of these stars remain bound to the halo and fall back with orbital properties similar to the rest of the stellar halo at z = 0. In the outer halo, outflow stars are more spatially homogeneous, metal-rich, and alpha-element-enhancedmore »	2022-08-18T20:28:41	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7181838750839233, "perplexity": 3610.4250109168997}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00296.warc.gz"}
https://finalfantasy.fandom.com/wiki/Currency	## FANDOM 36,783 Pages Cid Pollendina: Oh, shut up and help me remodel the Currency page! Please expand this article into a full one. The following tasks need to be completed:This request can be discussed on the associated discussion page. Remove this notice upon completion. Currency is a recurring feature in the Final Fantasy series. Aside from the popular Gil, which has seen an appearance in every game and is the currency most often used, there are also several other alternative forms of currency, which can appear in specific areas or regions, used either for a specific purpose, or as that region's currency. ## Appearances Edit ### Final Fantasy VII Edit #### GP Edit GP is used as a form of currency in the Gold Saucer. GP is most often won through games in the Wonder Square, or races in the Chocobo Square. It can also be bought from a man who sometimes appears at the entrance to the Gold Saucer, at an exchange rate of 100 Gil to 1 GP. GP can be used to play certain games, rest at the Inn in the Ghost Square, fight battles at the Battle Square, and can also be exchanged for prizes with a woman in the Wonder Square. Item exchange rates are as follows: Name Cost Potion 1 GP Ether 20 GP X-Potion 80 GP Turbo Ether 100 GP Gold Ticket 300 GP Carob Nut 500 GP Gil Up Materia* 1,000 GP Exp Up Materia* 2,000 GP Only one available. #### Battle Points Edit Battle Points, also known as BP, are obtained through winning fights in the Battle Square. Fights cost 10 GP to participate, and players are awarded BP based on the amount and difficulty of handicaps received, and the number and difficulty of opponents defeated. The BP is lost if the player leaves the Battle Arena without expending all points. Below is a list of items that can be exchanged for BP: ##### Disc 1 - before acquiring Tiny Bronco Edit Name Cost Potion 80 BP Phoenix Down 160 BP Shrapnel 320 BP Ether 640 BP Mimett Greens 1,280 BP Fury Ring 2,560 BP Enemy Lure Materia 5,120 BP Pre-Emptive Materia 10,240 BP Speed Plus Materia 20,480 BP Champion Belt 40,960 BP ##### Disc 1 - after acquiring Tiny Bronco Edit Name Cost Phoenix Down 100 BP Remedy 200 BP Mimett Greens 400 BP Enemy Lure Materia 800 BP Bird Wing 1,600 BP S-mine 3,200 BP Pre-Emptive Materia 6,400 BP Speed Plus Materia 12,800 BP Championship Belt 25,600 BP Omnislash 51,200 BP ##### Disc 2/3 - after acquiring Highwind Edit Name Cost Remedy 100 BP Enemy Lure Materia 250 BP Right Arm 500 BP Pre-Emptive Materia 1,000 BP Reagan Greens 2,000 BP Speed Plus Materia 4,000 BP Stardust 8,000 BP Championship Belt 16,000 BP Omnislash 32,000 BP W-Summon Materia 64,000 BP ### Final Fantasy XI Edit Beastcoins Beastcoins are a currency used by Beastmen. They are minted by the Quadav in gold, Goblins in silver, and Yagudo in bronze form. Beastcoins can be dropped or stolen from Beastmen, especially Goblins. Although beastcoins have no immediately noticeable use for the Enlightened Races of Vana'diel, Blacksmiths can melt the beastcoins down to their base metals, allowing for them to be used as materials in smithing. While circulated mainly only among Beastmen, sometimes during quests or missions, Beastmen or even enlightened individuals request beastcoins from players. Conquest Points Conquest Points are earned through defeating opponents in areas subject to Conquest while under the Signet status. The formula for calculating CP earned is as follows: $(EXP/10) Regional Modifier$ Regional Modifier is 1 if the area is under the player's nation's control, or 1.5 if under another nation's or Beastmen control. Conquest Points can be exchanged for a variety of rewards, depending on what Nation the player serves and their Rank within them. Tabs Tabs are earned in Fields of Valor and Grounds of Valor. They can be used to purchase Field Support (status enhancements and teleportation services) and Advanced Training (access to Notorious Monsters that allow players to augment their equipment). Kinetic Units Kinetic units are used to power waypoint and proto-waypoint teleportation throughout Vana'diel. They can be obtained by completing certain quests and by trading crystals to waypoints and proto-waypoints. Different elemental crystals are worth differing amounts of kinetic units. Sparks of Eminence Sparks of Eminence are earned by completing the many Records of Eminence. They cap at 99,999. They can be exchanged for items and equipment at A.M.A.N. NPCs. #### Final Fantasy XI: Rise of the Zilart Edit Ancient Currency A substantial amount of ancient currency is required for players wishing to forge Relic Weapons. It can be found in Dynamis and in Campaign Battles. There are three types of Ancient Currency, one for each nation—Byne Bills for Bastok, "Pieces" (coins) for San d'Oria, Shells for Windurst. Each is available in (and can be converted among) three denominations: 1-unit, 100-unit, 10,000-unit. All types and denominations are stackable to 99. #### Final Fantasy XI: Chains of Promathia Edit Ancient Beastcoins Ancient beastcoins are used to purchase certain items related to Limbus. It can be obtained in Apollyon and Temenos. #### Final Fantasy XI: Treasures of Aht Urhgan Edit Imperial Currency Imperial Currency is a form of currency used in Aht Urhgan in order to buy certain goods and services. While most areas take gil as readily as imperial currency, imperial currency is required for certain things, such as passing into the Alzadaal Undersea Ruins or creating Blue Mage armor. Imperial Standing can be traded for Imperial Currency, at a rate of 20 for a Bronze Piece, 100 for a Silver Piece, 200 for a Mythril Piece, and 1,000 for a Gold Piece. Imperial Standing Imperial Standing is earned by defeating enemies in Aht Urhgan areas. The rate of earned experience is: $(EXP/10)$ With certain conditions, such as the Astral Candescence present in Al Zahbi, boosting the rate of Imperial Standing earned. Imperial Standing can be exchanged for things such as maps of Near Eastern areas and equipment of Aht Urhgan. Therion Ichor Players will receive ampoules of Therion Ichor depending on the number and type of enemies they defeat in the chamber during Einherjar battles. These can be used to purchase various valuable items from Kilusha in Nashmau. Assault Points Assault points are earned for participating in Assault missions that take place in Mamool Ja Training Grounds, Periqia, Ilrusi Atoll, Lebros Cavern, and Leujaoam Sanctum. Missions staged on Nyzul Isle do not award assault points. Nyzul Tokens Nyzul Tokens are used to teleport to previously cleared levels in Nyzul Isle Investigation. They can also be used to get items from a vending box in the lobby of Nyzul Isle Investigation prior to selecting a floor. Alexandrite Alexandrite are used in the "Duties, Tasks, and Deeds" quest. They can be traded to Paparoon in Nashmau when the quest is flagged. He will then tell the player the remaining number of gems needed for the quest. Alexandrite traded to Paparoon can never be retrieved. Zeni Chocobucks Chocobucks are won from competing in Free Runs or from turning in Chocobuck Slips obtained from the Chocobo Hot and Cold Game. They can be used as an entry fee into official races, or to buy a variety of items useful in raising Chocobos. #### Final Fantasy XI: Wings of the Goddess Edit Allied Notes Allied Notes are used for teleporting from an Allied nation to a field area and switching nations. They are also used to purchase items. Moblin Marbles Moblin Marbles are the standard currency of Moblin Maze Mongers obtained exclusively through Moblin Mazes. They can be used to purchase rare and exclusive items, an additional Maze Tabula, an additional Maze Voucher, and additional Maze Runes from Chatnachoq. #### Final Fantasy XI: Vision/Scars/Heroes of Abyssea Edit Cruor Cruor is the currency used in Abyssea, as a substitute for gil. Cruor is more than an ornamental currency, as it is used to power objects like the Veridical Conflux. It is earned by defeating monsters in the realm, and also as a reward from some chests and some quests. Resistance Credits Resistance Credits are obtained by taking part in Bastion or Resistance Ops. Resistance can be used to obtain items, empyrean armor, and temporary items from a Bastion Prefect. Temporary items obtained with Resistance Credits can be used at any time in any Abyssea zone (even without pennant status) and are not lost upon changing zones or disconnecting. Dominion Notes Dominion Notes can be obtained by taking part in Dominion Ops. They can be used to obtain items, and empyrean armor from a Dominion Tactician. #### Final Fantasy XI: Seekers of Adoulin Edit Bayld Bayld is the standard currency of Adoulin. It can be obtained by killing certain monsters, participating in Reives, and completing Adoulin Quests and Coalition Assignments. They can be used to purchase various items from many vendors. ### Final Fantasy XIII-2 Edit Casino Coins are used as currency in Serendipity and can be purchased at the exchange desk in the house with the card tables and the slot machines, or won by playing Serendipity's minigames. The player can exchange their coins for various prizes. ### Final Fantasy XIV Edit #### Guild Marks Edit Guild Marks was currency used in most of the Guilds. the currency was used exclusively at the guild of its origin, often in order to trade for Discipline-specific abilities or Crystals. Guild Marks could be earned by completing certain Guildleves as the Discipline the Mark belongs to. Guild marks were abolished in patch 1.20 but could still be used to purchase materia until A Realm Reborn was released. #### Faction Points Edit Faction Points were earned by completing regional guildleves, and are used to participate in faction levequests, which are harder than regular levequests but give more experience, gil, items and sometimes access to unique gear or Notorious Monsters. This has been phased out with A Realm Reborn. #### Company Seals Edit Company Seals are currency used in the Grand Companies of Eorzea to acquire unique equipment, advance in company ranks or buy special items such as a Chocobo License. #### Allagan Tomestones Edit An unusual "currency", Allagan Tomestones are artifacts of an ancient civilization that can be traded to an antiquities dealer named Rowena for various endgame equipment and miscellaneous items. #### Venture Tokens Edit Introduced in Patch 2.2, Venture Tokens are special coins players pay their retainers to undertake tasks called Ventures. ### Final Fantasy XV Edit Medals can be earned by betting on monsters in the Totomostro minigame in Altissia, which can then be spent on various prizes. In the Adventurer from Another World quest, the player can expend Allagan Tomestones at Y'jhimei's trading post. The tomestones are found scattered about the Perpetouss Keep and earned from fighting Garuda. ### Final Fantasy Type-0 Edit SPP Points amassed by accepting support personnel during missions is used to buy items and equipment in the SPP Post in the Central Command room in Akademeia. Support personnel accumulate SPP just by being present, but lose the points if they die. Amassing SPP also unlocks new items for purchase in the SPP Post, and raises the SP rank in certain intervals. ### Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera OmniaEdit This article or section is a stub in Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it. ### Bravely Second: End LayerEdit While playing the minigame Chompcraft, the player earns cp. This cp can be exchanged for pg in Chompshire. It also can be used to upgrade each characters tools in order to increase the amount of cp gained through the minigame. Upon reaching a certain cp goal, musical themes are unlocked which can then be played during the minigame. ### World of Final FantasyEdit Arma Gems are rare items that are used for taking on Intervention quests and purchasing Champion Medals and Ability Seeds from the Girl Who Forgot Her Name. They are rewarded from most boss battles, but they can also be obtained from some enemies in the post-game optional dungeons. Clearing all quests allows Gems to be used to purchase Ability Seeds from the Girl Who Forgot Her Name, as well as her selling gems for 50,000 gil each. In the Maxima version, some battles in the Coliseum reward Arma Gems. They can additionally be used to purchase Champion Jewels from the Girl Who Forgot Her Name after clearing Chapter 10. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2019-10-14T20:08:25	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18419761955738068, "perplexity": 11596.687284324593}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655310.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014200522-20191014224022-00321.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/29.14	# §29.14 Orthogonality Lamé polynomials are orthogonal in two ways. First, the orthogonality relations (29.3.19) apply; see §29.12(i). Secondly, the system of functions is orthogonal and complete with respect to the inner product where Each of the following seven systems is orthogonal and complete with respect to the inner product (29.14.2): In each system ranges over all nonnegative integers and . When combined, all eight systems (29.14.1) and (29.14.4)–(29.14.10) form an orthogonal and complete system with respect to the inner product 29.14.11 with given by (29.14.3).	2013-05-19T11:58:25	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8619398474693298, "perplexity": 1077.925428885618}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697442043/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094402-00099-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/49285	## Coherent photo-induced phonon emission in the charge-density-wave state of K0.3MoO3 • We report on the observation of coherent terahertz (THz) emission from the quasi-one-dimensional charge-density wave (CDW) system, blue bronze (K0.3MoO3), upon photo-excitation with ultrashort near-infrared optical pulses. The emission contains a broadband, low-frequency component due to the photo-Dember effect, which is present over the whole temperature range studied (30–300 K), as well as a narrow-band doublet centered at 1.5 THz, which is only observed in the CDW state and results from the generation of coherent transverse-optical phonons polarized perpendicular to the incommensurate CDW b-axis. As K0.3MoO3 is centrosymmetric, the lowest-order generation mechanism which can account for the polarization dependence of the phonon emission involves either a static surface field or quadrupolar terms due to the optical field gradients at the surface. This phonon signature is also present in the ground-state conductivity, and decays in strength with increasing temperature to vanish above $T\sim 100\,{\rm{K}}$, i.e. significantly below the CDW transition temperature. The temporal behavior of the phonon emission can be well described by a simple model with two coupled modes, which initially oscillate with opposite polarity. Author: Kaneez Rabia, Fanqi MengORCiD, Mark David Thomson, Maxim Bykov, Roberto Merlin, Sander van Smaalen, Hartmut RoskosORCiDGND urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-492854 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aaf81f 1367-2630 New journal of physics Dt. Physikalische Ges. ; IOP [Bad Honnef] ; [London] Article English 2019 2019/01/18 Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg 2019/03/05 blue bronze; charge density wave; coherent emission; phonon; terahertz; time-resolved 21 Art. 013013 13 1 12 Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. 448056631 Physik / Physik 5 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / 53 Physik / 530 Physik Universitätspublikationen Physik Creative Commons - Namensnennung 3.0	2023-04-01T01:32:19	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35379764437675476, "perplexity": 5970.859228590343}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949694.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401001704-20230401031704-00070.warc.gz"}
https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess119_2011-2012/sj12/20120410.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 119th Session, 2011-2012 Journal of the Senate Tuesday, April 10, 2012 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: The Psalmist writes: "O Lord, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the earth. You have set your glory above the heavens." (Psalm 8:1) Let us pray: Holy God, Easter weekend has now concluded, Passover is currently unfolding for many of our friends, and we continue to find ourselves surrounded by the incredible beauty of late Springtime here in South Carolina. How truly blessed all of us are, and how thankful, Lord, are we to You for Your rich gifts. Yet we know that Your glory transcends all other blessings. So we ask that, in Your mercy, You enable each member and every staff person of this Senate to honor You by the work that is done here in this place. In Your loving name we pray, O Lord. Amen. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. Point of Quorum At 12:04 P.M., Senator THOMAS made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present. Call of the Senate Senator PEELER moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call: Alexander Anderson Campbell Campsen Courson Cromer Hayes Hutto Knotts Leatherman Leventis Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Nicholson Peeler Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Thomas A quorum was not present. Call of the Senate At 12:09 P.M., Senator LARRY MARTIN moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call: Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Courson Cromer Hayes Hutto Knotts Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Nicholson Peeler Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Thomas Williams A quorum being present, the Senate resumed. Recorded Presence Senators COLEMAN, MATTHEWS, PINCKNEY, RYBERG, McGILL, LAND, FAIR, REESE, GREGORY and CLEARY recorded their presence subsequent to the Call of the Senate. REGULATION WITHDRAWN AND RESUBMITTED Document No. 4257 Agency: State Board of Financial Institutions - Consumer Finance Division Chapter: 15 Statutory Authority: 1976 Code Sections 37-22-110 et seq., particularly Section 37-22-260 SUBJECT: Mortgage Lending Received by Lieutenant Governor February 2, 2012 Referred to Banking and Insurance Committee Legislative Review Expiration June 1, 2012 Withdrawn and Resubmitted March 30, 2012 Doctor of the Day Senator SHOOPMAN introduced Dr. Jay Motley of Greenville, S.C., Doctor of the Day. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator BRYANT, at 12:00 P.M., Senator DAVIS was granted a leave of absence until 1:00 P.M. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator BRYANT, at 12:00 P.M., Senator VERDIN was granted a leave of absence until 3:00 P.M. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator CAMPBELL, at 12:00 P.M., Senator GROOMS was granted a leave of absence until 1:30 P.M. Leave of Absence At 12:05 P.M., Senator SHANE MARTIN requested a leave of absence beginning on Thursday, April 12, 2012, and lasting until 3:00 P.M. on Tuesday, April 17, 2012. Expression of Personal Interest Senator MALLOY rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. S. 1220 (Word version) Sen. Ford S. 1260 (Word version) Sen. Ford S. 1307 (Word version) Sen. Ford S. 1361 (Word version) Sen. Ford S. 1376 (Word version) Sens. Cromer, Coleman, Setzler S. 1386 (Word version) Sen. Ford The following co-sponsor was removed as a sponsor of the respective Bill: S. 1380 (Word version) Sen. Anderson INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 1400 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Courson, McGill, Cromer, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Cleary, Coleman, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Grooms, Gregory, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR CHRISTINA MARIE MCGREGOR FOR HER DEDICATION TO PROTECTING AND PRESERVING THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE PALMETTO STATE THROUGH HER ADVOCACY BEFORE THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. l:\s-res\gec\007chri.mrh.gec.docx S. 1401 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR ERIC L. FOWLER OF WEST COLUMBIA FOR HIS OUTSTANDING COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC SERVICE TO THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. l:\council\bills\rm\1519htc12.docx S. 1402 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE THE SOUTH CAROLINA HONORS COLLEGE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA ON BEING NAMED THE TOP HONORS PROGRAM IN AMERICA IN A REVIEW OF FIFTY PUBLIC UNIVERSITY HONORS PROGRAMS AND TO COMMEND THE COLLEGE ON ITS CONTINUED ENVIRONMENT OF EXCELLENCE. l:\council\bills\rm\1518ahb12.docx S. 1403 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-19-117 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO SCHOOL TRUSTEES AND EMPLOYEES, TO REQUIRE ATHLETIC OFFICIALS, REFEREES, AND COACHES TO UNDERGO A CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECK PRIOR TO WORKING WITH STUDENTS. l:\s-res\mtr\022refb.rem.mtr.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education. S. 1404 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-215 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE APPEAL OF A PROPERTY ASSESSMENT VALUE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE APPEAL MUST BE BASED ON THE MARKET VALUES AS OF DECEMBER THIRTY-FIRST OF THE TAX YEAR UNDER APPEAL; TO AMEND SECTION 12-60-2510, RELATING TO A PROPERTY TAX ASSESSMENT NOTICE, TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST OCCURS DUE TO A CONVEYANCE, IF THE ASSESSOR DETERMINES THAT FAIR MARKET VALUE IS MORE THAN THE PURCHASE PRICE, THE ASSESSOR SHALL STATE WITH PARTICULARITY THE BASIS FOR THE ASSESSMENT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE TAXPAYER HAS AT MINIMUM THIRTY DAYS OF RECEIPT OF THE TAX NOTICE TO APPEAL, AND TO REQUIRE THE ASSESSOR TO INCLUDE A PROPERTY TAX REFUND ASSIGNMENT CONTRACT IN CERTAIN CASES; TO AMEND SECTION 12-60-2530, RELATING TO AN APPEAL TO THE COUNTY BOARD OF ASSESSMENT APPEALS, TO PROVIDE THAT IN THE CASE OF A TIE VOTE, THE ASSESSOR'S DETERMINATION IS OVERTURNED; TO ADD SECTION 12-60-2570 TO PROVIDE THAT THE COUNTY ASSESSOR SHALL HAVE THE BURDEN OF PROOF IN A PROPERTY TAX APPEAL; AND TO ADD SECTION 12-60-2580 TO ALLOW A TAXPAYER TO APPEAL ONCE EVERY FIVE YEARS AND TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS. l:\s-res\mtr\021prop.rem.mtr.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1405 (Word version) -- Senator Sheheen: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 33 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CORPORATIONS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND ASSOCIATIONS, BY ADDING CHAPTER 38 TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA BENEFIT CORPORATION ACT" WHICH PERMITS A CORPORATION TO ELECT AS A CORPORATE PURPOSE THE PROVIDING OF CERTAIN PUBLIC BENEFITS WITHOUT SUBJECTING THE CORPORATION OR ITS DIRECTORS TO LIABILITY OR DERIVATIVE SUIT EXCEPT FOR SPECIFIED REASONS AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE POWERS, DUTIES, RESPONSIBILITIES, REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, AND OBLIGATIONS OF BENEFIT CORPORATIONS. l:\s-res\vas\006bcor.kmm.vas.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1406 (Word version) -- Senator Massey: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 67, TITLE 15 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE RECOVERY OF REAL PROPERTY, BY ADDING ARTICLE 4 TO ABOLISH THE DOCTRINE OF ADVERSE POSSESSION; AND TO REPEAL SECTIONS 15-67-210 THROUGH 15-67-260 AND ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 3 OF TITLE 15. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1407 (Word version) -- Senators Bright, Davis, Ryberg, Verdin, Rose, Shoopman, Hutto, Knotts, Fair, Thomas, Campsen and Gregory: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 43-35-14 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A FACILITY CONSIDERING THE ADMITTANCE OF A PERSON AS A RESIDENT OF THE FACILITY SHALL DETERMINE WHETHER THE PERSON IS A REGISTERED SEX OFFENDER BY FOLLOWING CERTAIN PROCEDURES, AND THAT IF THE FACILITY DETERMINES THE PERSON IS A REGISTERED SEX OFFENDER IT MUST PROVIDE CERTAIN NOTICE TO THE OTHER RESIDENTS OF THE FACILITY OR, IF APPLICABLE, THEIR LEGAL GUARDIANS, AND THAT FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH EITHER OF THESE REQUIREMENTS CONSTITUTES A KNOWING AND WILFUL NEGLECT OF THE SAFETY OF THE VULNERABLE ADULTS RESIDING IN THE FACILITY; AND TO AMEND SECTION 43-35-85, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE ADULTS, SO AS TO INCLUDE CRIMINAL AND CIVIL PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTION 43-35-14. l:\council\bills\nbd\12306ab12.docx Senator BRIGHT spoke on the Bill. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. S. 1408 (Word version) -- Senators Bryant and Bright: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CONSTITUTIONAL CARRY ACT OF 2012", TO AMEND SECTION 16-23-20, RELATING TO OFFENSES INVOLVING WEAPONS, TO CHANGE THE OFFENSE OF UNLAWFULLY CARRYING A HANDGUN TO CARRYING A HANDGUN WITH INTENT TO COMMIT A CRIME; TO REPEAL SECTION 16-22-460, RELATING TO THE OFFENSE OF CARRYING A CONCEALED WEAPON; TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-220, RELATING TO SIGNS AND THE RIGHT TO ALLOW OR PERMIT CONCEALED WEAPONS UPON PREMISES, TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO CONCEALED WEAPONS PERMITS AND TO ALLOW A PRIVATE EMPLOYER OR OWNER TO ALLOW OR PROHIBIT ANYONE FROM CARRYING A WEAPON UPON HIS PREMISES BY PROVIDING NOTICE WITH A SIGN; TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-225, RELATING TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS INTO RESIDENCES OR DWELLINGS, TO REMOVE REFERENCES TO CONCEALED WEAPONS PERMITS AND TO PROHIBIT ANY PERSON FROM ENTERING A RESIDENCE OR DWELLING OF ANOTHER WITH A WEAPON WITHOUT PERMISSION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-240, RELATING TO PERSONS WHO ARE ALLOWED TO CARRY A WEAPON ANYWHERE IN THE STATE WHILE ON DUTY, TO INCLUDE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. l:\s-res\klb\017open.rem.klb.docx Senator BRYANT spoke on the Bill. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1409 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 6-34-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR REHABILITATION EXPENSES, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THE CREDIT MAY BE TAKEN AGAINST FRANCHISE TAXES ON BANKS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-4-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, SO AS TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT TO GRANT RELIEF PERIODS GRANTED BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-50, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE SECTIONS SPECIFICALLY NOT ADOPTED, SO AS TO NOT ADOPT SECTION 7508; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-590, RELATING TO THE TREATMENT OF "S" CORPORATIONS FOR TAX PURPOSES, SO AS TO IMPOSE A TAX ON CERTAIN INCOME IF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE IMPOSES A SIMILAR TAX; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3360, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE JOBS TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO AMEND THE DEFINITION OF "NEW JOB"; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3535, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR REHABILITATION EXPENSES, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THE CREDIT MAY BE TAKEN AGAINST FRANCHISE TAXES ON BANKS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3630, RELATING TO INCOME TAX CREDITS FOR HYDROGEN RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THE CREDIT MAY BE TAKEN AGAINST FRANCHISE TAXES ON BANKS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-4910, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT TO FILE AN INCOME TAX RETURN, SO AS TO INCREASE THE STANDARD DEDUCTION FOR INDIVIDUALS OVER SIXTY-FIVE AS PROVIDED IN THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO CORRECT A CROSS-REFERENCE; TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-260, RELATING TO COUNTIES WILFUL FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL MAKE A DETERMINATION THAT IS SUBJECT TO REVIEW BY THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT; TO AMEND SECTION 12-44-110, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO FEE IN LIEU OF TAX, SO AS TO UPDATE A TERM; TO AMEND SECTION 12-54-240, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE DISCLOSURE OF RECORDS FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IN ORDER FOR A CONVICTION FOR UNLAWFULLY DIVULGING RECORDS, A PERSON MUST WILFULLY DIVULGE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT PRIOR TO DISMISSING AN EMPLOYEE FOR A VIOLATION, THE EMPLOYEE MUST BE CONVICTED; TO AMEND SECTION 12-60-50, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE OCCURRENCE OF A FILING PERIOD ENDING ON A HOLIDAY, SO AS TO RECOGNIZE A HOLIDAY RECOGNIZED BY THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE; TO AMEND SECTION 12-60-90, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE TAX PROCESS, SO AS TO CORRECT CROSS-REFERENCES AND FURTHER DEFINE TERMS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-65-30, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CREDIT FOR EXPENSES RELATED TO THE REHABILITATION OF A TEXTILE MILL, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THE CREDIT MAY BE TAKEN AGAINST FRANCHISE TAXES ON BANKS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 44-43-1360, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES FOR DONATE LIFE SOUTH CAROLINA, SO AS TO CORRECT A CROSS-REFERENCE. l:\council\bills\nbd\12319dg12.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1410 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CLARIFY AND AFFIRM THAT THE SAVANNAH RIVER MARITIME COMMISSION IS THE SOLE AUTHORITY THAT MAY TAKE ANY ACTION PERTAINING TO THE NAVIGABILITY, DEPTH, DREDGING, WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL, AND RELATED COLLATERAL ISSUES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA PORTION OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER AND CONCERNING THE SAVANNAH HARBOR EXPANSION PROJECT; TO ESTABLISH VOTING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA DELEGATION TO THE JOINT PROJECT OFFICE; TO PROVIDE THAT SOUTH CAROLINA APPOINTEES TO THE JOINT PROJECT OFFICE ARE SUBJECT TO THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE; AND TO PROVIDE THAT ANY EXPENDITURE OF STATE FUNDS THROUGH THE JOINT PROJECT OFFICE MUST BE UPON THE APPROVAL OF A MAJORITY OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REPRESENTATIVES ON THE JOINT PROJECT OFFICE. l:\s-res\lkg\007mari.mrh.lkg.docx Senator GROOMS spoke on the Joint Resolution. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. S. 1411 (Word version) -- Senators L. Martin, Knotts and Nicholson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO FIX NOON ON WEDNESDAY, MAY 23, 2012, AS THE TIME TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE TENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 2, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2016; AND TO ELECT A SUCCESSOR TO A CERTAIN JUDGE OF THE FAMILY COURT FOR THE ELEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SEAT 3, TO FILL THE UNEXPIRED TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2013, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FULL TERM THAT EXPIRES JUNE 30, 2019. l:\s-jud\bills\l. martin\jud0178.js.docx On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was adopted and ordered sent to the House. S. 1412 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Campbell and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 518 OF 1982, RELATING TO BERKELEY COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION AS THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF BERKELEY COUNTY, SO AS TO REAPPORTION THE SPECIFIC ELECTION DISTRICTS FROM WHICH MEMBERS OF THE BERKELEY COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION SHALL BE ELECTED BEGINNING WITH SCHOOL BOARD ELECTIONS IN 2012, AND TO PROVIDE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THESE NEWLY DRAWN ELECTION DISTRICTS. l:\council\bills\dka\4061sd12.docx Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar. S. 1413 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 587 OF 1992, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CHEROKEE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT 1, SO AS TO REAPPORTION THE SPECIFIC ELECTION DISTRICTS FROM WHICH MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNING BODY OF CHEROKEE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT 1 MUST BE ELECTED BEGINNING WITH SCHOOL TRUSTEE ELECTIONS IN 2012, AND TO PROVIDE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THESE NEWLY DRAWN ELECTION DISTRICTS. l:\council\bills\dka\4060sd12.docx Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar. S. 1414 (Word version) -- Senator Thomas: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE MONTH OF APRIL 2012 AS "ZERO TOLERANCE FOR LITTER MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO ASK ALL OF OUR CITIZENS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS TO WORK TOGETHER THIS MONTH AND THROUGHOUT THE YEAR FOR A CLEANER COMMUNITY, THUS PRESERVING THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF OUR COMMUNITY, OUR STATE, AND OUR COUNTRY. l:\council\bills\gm\25012ac12.docx The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Invitations. S. 1415 (Word version) -- Senator Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-11-440, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE USE OF DEADLY FORCE AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON WHO UNLAWFULLY ENTERS A RESIDENCE, OCCUPIED VEHICLE, OR PLACE OF BUSINESS, SO AS TO DELETE THE REFERENCE TO THE AUTHORIZED USE OF DEADLY FORCE IN ANOTHER LOCATION, INCLUDING A PLACE OF BUSINESS. l:\council\bills\swb\5259htc12.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1416 (Word version) -- Senators L. Martin and Campbell: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO RECODIFY SECTION 33-44-303 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE LIABILITY OF MEMBERS AND MANAGERS OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES, AND TO EXPRESS THAT IT IS THE CLEAR AND UNAMBIGUOUS INTENT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO SHIELD A MEMBER OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY FROM PERSONAL LIABILITY FOR ACTIONS TAKEN IN THE ORDINARY COURSE OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY'S BUSINESS. l:\s-res\lam\010liab.mrh.lam.docx Senator LARRY MARTIN spoke on the Resolution. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1417 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 108 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF "SOUTH CAROLINA TENNIS PATRONS FOUNDATION" SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES. l:\council\bills\swb\5256cm12.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. S. 1418 (Word version) -- Senator Ford: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERSECTION LOCATED AT THE JUNCTURE OF UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 17 AND MAGNOLIA ROAD IN CHARLESTON COUNTY "JAMES J. FRENCH INTERSECTION" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERSECTION THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "JAMES J. FRENCH INTERSECTION". l:\council\bills\swb\5260cm12.docx The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation. S. 1419 (Word version) -- Senator Thomas: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 45, TITLE 38, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO INSURANCE BROKERS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE, SO AS TO DEFINE TERMS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE REVENUE COLLECTED FROM THE BROKER'S PREMIUM TAX RATE MUST BE CREDITED TO A SPECIAL EARMARKED FUND, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE FUND MAY BE USED AND DISBURSED, TO AUTHORIZE THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO CONDUCT EXAMINATIONS OF BROKER RECORDS, TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO PROMULGATE REGULATIONS NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT THE CHAPTER, TO PROVIDE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE NONADMITTED AND REINSURANCE REFORM ACT OF 2010 MAY BE IMPLEMENTED; AND TO AMEND SECTION 38-7-160, RELATING TO MUNICIPAL LICENSE FEES AND TAXES, SO AS TO DISALLOW A MUNICIPALITY FROM CHARGING AN ADDITIONAL LICENSE FEE OR TAX BASED UPON A PERCENTAGE OF PREMIUMS FOR PURPOSES OF SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE. l:\council\bills\nbd\12317dg12.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Banking and Insurance. S. 1420 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE UPON THE PASSING OF JACK SMYSER FOLLINE OF RICHLAND COUNTY, AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS LARGE AND LOVING FAMILY AND HIS MANY FRIENDS. l:\council\bills\gm\25015dg12.docx S. 1421 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND AND CONGRATULATE THE IRMO POLICE DEPARTMENT ON BEING CERTIFIED BY THE SOUTH CAROLINA LAW ENFORCEMENT ACCREDITATION, INC. l:\council\bills\gm\25019zw12.docx S. 1422 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND AND CONGRATULATE THE LEXINGTON POLICE DEPARTMENT ON BEING RECERTIFIED BY THE COMMISSION ON ACCREDITATION FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES, INC. l:\council\bills\rm\1520sd12.docx S. 1423 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Gregory, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McGill, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO COMMEND AND CONGRATULATE THE LEXINGTON COUNTY COMMUNICATIONS CENTER ON BEING CERTIFIED BY THE COMMISSION ON ACCREDITATION FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES, INC. l:\council\bills\rm\1516ac12.docx THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives: S. 1329 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 24-21-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE APPOINTMENT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES, AND THE MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE MEMBER OF THE BOARD WHO IS APPOINTED ON AN AT-LARGE BASIS MUST BE SELECTED FROM ONE OF THE CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS AND AT LEAST ONE APPOINTEE SHALL POSSESS THE QUALIFICATIONS THAT THE AT-LARGE APPOINTEE FORMERLY MET. S. 168 (Word version) -- Senators Shoopman, Verdin and Leventis: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-11-580, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR CUTTING, REMOVING, OR TRANSPORTING TIMBER PRODUCTS WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE LANDOWNER, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PENALTY FROM FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS TO FIFTEEN HUNDRED DOLLARS IF THE VALUE OF THE TIMBER IS ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR LESS AND TO ESTABLISH MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM PENALTIES FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS VALUED AT MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS BUT LESS THAN FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS AND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS VALUED AT FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS OR MORE. S. 1354 (Word version) -- Senators Bryant, Thomas, Rose, Bright, Cromer, Fair, Ford and L. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 35-1-604 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO SECURITIES VIOLATIONS, TO REQUIRE ALL CEASE AND DESIST ORDERS ISSUED BY THE SECURITIES COMMISSIONER TO BE PUBLIC DOCUMENTS AND TO REQUIRE PUBLICATION ON THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S WEBSITE. S. 1004 (Word version) -- Senators Cromer and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-17-445 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE REGULATION OF UNSOLICITED CONSUMER TELEPHONE CALLS, TO PROVIDE THAT TELEPHONE SOLICITORS MUST INCLUDE ACCURATE IDENTIFYING INFORMATION ON CALLER IDENTIFICATION DISPLAYS. S. 1167 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 31-6-85 SO AS TO ALLOW A MUNICIPALITY AND ONE OR MORE TAXING DISTRICTS TO PROVIDE BY INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT FOR PARTIAL OR MODIFIED PARTICIPATION IN A REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 31-6-80, SO AS TO CLARIFY AN AMENDMENT TO THE TAX INCREMENT FINANCING LAW. S. 1167--Recorded Vote Senator BRIGHT desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Bill. H. 4632 (Word version) -- Rep. Battle: A BILL TO FORM ALL SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN MARION COUNTY INTO A SINGLE SCHOOL DISTRICT ENTITLED THE "MARION COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT" ON JULY 1, 2012, TO PROVIDE THAT THERE MUST BE NO ELECTED COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION FOR MARION COUNTY WITH ALL POWERS AND DUTIES OF THIS OFFICE DEVOLVED UPON THE MARION COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION WHICH MUST BE THE GOVERNING BODY OF THE MARION SCHOOL DISTRICT, TO PROVIDE FOR THE MANAGERIAL AND OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF FOR THE DISTRICT, TO PROVIDE FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH CONTRACTS OF EMPLOYMENT FOR TEACHERS AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL OF THE DISTRICT MUST BE OFFERED, TO PROVIDE FOR THE FISCAL AUTHORITY AND AFFAIRS OF THE DISTRICT, INCLUDING THE MANNER IN WHICH AD VALOREM TAXES FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DISTRICT MUST BE LEVIED FOR OPERATING AND GENERAL OBLIGATION DEBT PURPOSES, AND TO PROVIDE FOR OTHER RELATED PROVISIONS TO EFFECTUATE THIS FORMATION ON JULY 1, 2012. Senator WILLIAMS asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar. H. 4632--Ordered to a Third Reading On motion of Senator WILLIAMS, H. 4632 was ordered to receive a third reading on Wednesday, April 11, 2012. H. 4983 (Word version) -- Reps. Pope, King, Norman, Simrill, Delleney, Long and D.C. Moss: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-870, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO BIRD SANCTUARIES AND THE USE OF FIREARMS WITHIN THEIR BORDERS, SO AS TO REVISE THE BOUNDARIES OF CERTAIN BIRD SANCTUARIES IN YORK COUNTY. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 37; Nays 3 AYES Alexander Anderson Campbell Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Fair Ford Gregory Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey Matthews McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Thomas Williams Total--37 NAYS Bright Bryant Martin, Shane Total--3 The Bill was read the second time and ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar. S. 1351 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 44-1-157 SO AS TO SPECIFY THE NUMBER OF LIFEGUARDS, BASED ON THE SQUARE FOOTAGE AND NUMBER OF PATRONS, A TYPE "A" PUBLIC SWIMMING POOL OPERATED BY THE STATE, OR A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION OF THE STATE, MUST HAVE AS A CONDITION OF OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING AN OPERATING PERMIT AND TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR APPLYING FOR A VARIANCE; AND TO REQUIRE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL APPROVAL OF LIFEGUARD COVERAGE PLANS FOR TYPE "E" PUBLIC SWIMMING POOLS. Senator FAIR asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Medical Affairs. The Committee on Medical Affairs proposed the following amendment (S-1351-1) , which was adopted. Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. Chapter 55, Title 44 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 44-55-2390. (A) As a condition of obtaining and maintaining an operating permit, all Type 'A' public swimming pools, as defined in Regulation 61-51, shall provide lifeguards, as defined in Regulation 61-51, in accordance with the following: (1) A public swimming pool of three thousand square feet or fewer must have: (a) one lifeguard for one through twenty-five patrons; (b) two lifeguards for twenty-six through fifty patrons; (c) three lifeguards for fifty-one through one hundred fifty patrons; (d) four lifeguards for one hundred fifty-one through two hundred fifty patrons; (e) one additional lifeguard for each one hundred patrons greater than two hundred fifty patrons. (2) A public swimming pool of three thousand one square feet through six thousand square feet must have: (a) two lifeguards for one through twenty-five patrons; (b) three lifeguards for twenty-six through fifty patrons; (c) four lifeguards for fifty-one through one hundred fifty patrons; (d) five lifeguards for one hundred fifty-one through two hundred fifty patrons; (e) one additional lifeguard for each one hundred patrons greater than two hundred fifty patrons. (3) A public swimming pool of six thousand one square feet through nine thousand square feet must have: (a) two lifeguards for one through twenty-five patrons; (b) three lifeguards for twenty-six through fifty patrons; (c) five lifeguards for fifty-one through one hundred fifty patrons; (d) six lifeguards for one hundred fifty-one through two hundred fifty patrons; (e) one additional lifeguard for each one hundred patrons greater than two hundred fifty patrons. (4) A public swimming pool of greater than nine thousand square feet must have: (a) three lifeguards for one through twenty-five patrons; (b) four lifeguards for twenty-six through fifty patrons; (c) six lifeguards for fifty-one through one hundred fifty patrons; (d) seven lifeguards for one hundred fifty-one through two hundred fifty patrons; (e) one additional lifeguard for each one hundred patrons greater than two hundred fifty patrons. (B) All Type 'E' public swimming pools, as defined in Regulation 61-51, shall submit to the Department of Health and Environmental Control a lifeguard coverage plan. Upon approval by the department, Type 'E' public swimming pools shall provide lifeguards in accordance with their approved plan. (C) A public swimming pool, as defined in this chapter, required to have only one lifeguard shall, at all times, have at least one additional pool staff employee present and available to make an emergency call if necessary. (D) Any request for a variance from these provisions must be made in writing and must include a site-specific evaluation that demonstrates proof of equivalency with these provisions. The Department of Health and Environmental Control will consider the variance request and will provide written notice of its decision." SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLEARY explained the committee amendment. The question then was second reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 41; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Fair Ford Gregory Grooms Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Matthews McGill Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Shoopman Thomas Williams Total--41 NAYS Total--0 There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. COMMITTEE AMENDMENT AMENDED CARRIED OVER AS AMENDED S. 1269 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler and Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 18 TO CHAPTER 71, TITLE 38 SO AS TO PROVIDE THE RIGHTS OF A PHARMACY WHEN UNDERGOING AN AUDIT CONDUCTED BY A MANAGED CARE COMPANY, INSURANCE COMPANY, THIRD-PARTY PAYER, OR AN ENTITY RESPONSIBLE FOR PAYMENT OF CLAIMS FOR HEALTH CARE SERVICES; TO REQUIRE THE AUDITING ENTITY TO ESTABLISH AN APPEALS PROCESS; AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE RECOUPMENT OF FUNDS UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Medical Affairs. Senator BRYANT proposed the following amendment (S-1269-BRYANT), which was adopted: Amend the committee amendment, as and if amended, page [1269-4], by striking lines 18-21 and inserting: / Section 38-71-1840. This article does not apply to an audit, review, or investigation that involves alleged insurance fraud, or other fraud or misrepresentation; and, this article does not apply to any audit, review, or investigation conducted by or on behalf of the state Medicaid agency in the performance of its duties under Titles XIX and XXI of the Social Security Act." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator BRYANT explained the perfecting amendment and the Bill. On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Bill was carried over, as amended. CARRIED OVER S. 781 (Word version) -- Senators Thomas and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 97 TO TITLE 38 SO AS TO ENACT THE "PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE ACT", TO PROVIDE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS RELATED TO PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO THE SALE OF PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE CERTAIN DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS OF A VENDOR OF PORTABLE ELECTRONICS INSURANCE TO THE PROSPECTIVE CONSUMER OF THIS INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR A VIOLATION, AND TO PROVIDE LICENSURE FEES AND SURCHARGES. On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over. S. 1042 (Word version) -- Senator Anderson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-29-65 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT BEGINNING WITH SCHOOL YEAR 2012-2013, ALL MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOLS OF THIS STATE SHALL PROVIDE AT LEAST THREE HOURS OF INSTRUCTION EACH YEAR TO ITS STUDENTS IN EACH GRADE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SCHOOL YEAR ABOUT CRIMINAL CONDUCT OR OTHER ACTIONS MOST COMMONLY COMMITTED BY OR INVOLVING SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN OR YOUNG ADULTS THAT COULD RESULT IN INCARCERATION IN A FEDERAL, STATE, OR LOCAL PRISON OR DETENTION FACILITY WHETHER THE CONDUCT OR ACTIONS ARE COMMITTED AS A JUVENILE OR AS AN ADULT, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PROCEDURES AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS TO IMPLEMENT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION. On motion of Senator RYBERG, the Bill was carried over. S. 1210 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes, Land and Lourie: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTIONS 60-15-100 AND 60-15-110 SO AS TO PROVIDE AN ANNUAL TRANSFER TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA ARTS COMMISSION OF AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO FIFTEEN PERCENT OF THE GENERAL FUND PORTION OF STATE ADMISSIONS TAX REVENUES IN THE PREVIOUS YEAR AFTER OTHER TRANSFERS REQUIRED FROM THE REVENUE AND TO REQUIRE THE COMMISSION TO EXPEND AT LEAST SEVENTY PERCENT OF ITS STATE APPROPRIATED FUNDS ON GRANTS FOR CHILDREN'S AND COMMUNITY PROGRAMS. Senator HAYES explained the Bill. On motion of Senator HAYES, the Bill was carried over. H. 3083 (Word version) -- Reps. Pitts, Daning, Toole, G.M. Smith, Clyburn, Bingham, J.R. Smith, Huggins, Young, Taylor, Long, H.B. Brown, Ryan, Whipper and R.L. Brown: A BILL TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK REAUTHORIZATION ACT" BY AMENDING ACT 200 OF 2002, WHICH ENACTED THE "SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK ACT" AND PROVIDED FOR ITS FUNDING, SO AS TO DELETE THE SUNSETTING OF THAT ACT OTHERWISE EFFECTIVE JULY 1, 2013, AND TO MAKE VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THAT ACT PERMANENT LAW BY DESIGNATING SECTIONS 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, AND 11 OF ACT 200 OF 2002, RELATING RESPECTIVELY TO THE PORTION OF THE DEED RECORDING FEE DEDICATED TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK TRUST FUND, THE SUSPENSION OF DEED RECORDING FEE REVENUE IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, CONSERVATION EASEMENTS, BIENNIAL REPORTS TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, USE OF CONSERVATION BANK FUNDS FOR BEACH CONSERVATION, AND USE OF CONSERVATION BANK FUNDS TO ACQUIRE LAND FOR STATE PARKS AS SECTIONS 12-24-96, 48-59-65, 27-8-37, 48-59-150, 48-59-160, AND 48-59-170, ALL OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976. On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Bill was carried over. H. 3163 (Word version) -- Reps. Tallon, Cole, Allison, G.R. Smith, Taylor, McCoy, Forrester, Murphy, Hixon and Patrick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-130, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM "MOTOR VEHICLE" SO AS TO INCLUDE "MOPEDS" IN THE TERM'S DEFINITION. On motion of Senator KNOTTS, the Bill was carried over. S. 1220 (Word version) -- Senators Campbell, Hayes and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 48-2-50, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO FEES IMPOSED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THE SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PROGRAM, WHICH ARE DEPOSITED INTO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FUND FOR ADMINISTRATION OF THESE PROGRAMS, SO AS TO ENUMERATE THE FEES FOR SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL APPLICATIONS AND PERMITS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE HAVE BEEN REPEALED JANUARY 1, 2013; BY ADDING SECTION 49-4-175 SO AS TO REIMPOSE THE FEES THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MAY CHARGE FOR SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL AND APPLICATIONS AND PERMITS AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL RETAIN THESE FEES TO IMPLEMENT AND OPERATE THE SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PROGRAM; AND TO AMEND ACT 247 OF 2010, BY REPEALING PROVISIONS THAT PROSPECTIVELY REPEAL THE IMPOSITION OF SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PERMIT FEES. Senator CAMPBELL asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill. Senator CAMPBELL explained the Bill. On motion of Senator SETZLER, the Bill was carried over. OBJECTIONS S. 163 (Word version) -- Senators Shoopman, Rose, Verdin and Fair: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 61-4-95 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSES OF UNLAWFULLY PROVIDING BEER OR WINE TO A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF TWENTY-ONE WHEN GREAT BODILY INJURY OR DEATH RESULTS TO THE PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF TWENTY-ONE OR TO ANOTHER PERSON AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES; AND BY ADDING SECTION 61-6-4083 SO AS TO CREATE THE OFFENSES OF UNLAWFULLY PROVIDING ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS TO A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF TWENTY-ONE WHEN GREAT BODILY INJURY OR DEATH RESULTS TO THE PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF TWENTY-ONE OR TO ANOTHER PERSON AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES. Senator SHEHEEN objected to the Bill. S. 148 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Rose, Verdin, McConnell and Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "HOME INVASION PROTECTION ACT", BY ADDING SECTION 16-11-320 TO ESTABLISH THE OFFENSE OF HOME INVASION, AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY; TO AMEND SECTION 16-1-60, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO VIOLENT OFFENSES, SO AS TO INCLUDE HOME INVASION; AND TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-20, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PUNISHMENT FOR MURDER, SO AS TO INCLUDE AS A SEPARATE STATUTORY AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCE WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED IN THE DETERMINATION OF WHETHER THE DEATH PENALTY SHOULD BE IMPOSED, A MURDER COMMITTED WHILE IN THE COMMISSION OF THE OFFENSE OF HOME INVASION. Senator REESE objected to the Bill. S. 1168 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 44-37-60 SO AS TO REQUIRE HOSPITALS TO PROVIDE PARENTS OF NEWBORNS, PRIOR TO DISCHARGE, EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION ON PERTUSSIS DISEASE AND TO REQUIRE THIS INFORMATION TO INCLUDE THE CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL'S RECOMMENDATION THAT PARENTS RECEIVE THE TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, AND PERTUSSIS VACCINE DURING POST PARTUM TO PROTECT NEWBORNS FROM THE TRANSMISSION OF PERTUSSIS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT HOSPITALS ARE NOT REQUIRED TO PROVIDE OR PAY FOR A VACCINATION AGAINST PERTUSSIS. Senator REESE objected to the Bill. Senator REESE objected to the Bill. S. 1324 (Word version) -- Senator Ryberg: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-57-40, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL ESTATE COMMISSION, TO ADD A COMMISSIONER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 40-59-10, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA RESIDENTIAL BUILDERS COMMISSION, TO ADD A MEMBER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; TO AMEND SECTION 40-81-50, RELATING TO THE STATE ATHLETIC COMMISSION, TO ADD A COMMISSIONER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 41-43-30, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA JOBS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, TO ADD A COMMISSIONER TO BE APPOINTED FROM THE SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. Senator REESE objected to the Bill. S. 1380 (Word version) -- Senators Matthews, Courson, Setzler, Hayes, Scott, Williams, Nicholson and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-127-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, SO AS TO REVISE THE NUMBER OF BOARD MEMBERS AND THE MANNER IN WHICH MEMBERS OF THE BOARD ARE ELECTED TO, AMONG OTHER PROVISIONS, ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT, AND TO REVISE VARIOUS OTHER PROVISIONS RELATING TO TERMS OF BOARD MEMBERS. Senator ANDERSON objected to the Bill. S. 1394 (Word version) -- Medical Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, RELATING TO CERTIFICATION OF NEED FOR HEALTH FACILITIES AND SERVICES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4181, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Senator REESE objected to the Resolution. S. 1398 (Word version) -- Education Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL AREAS OF CERTIFICATION, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4207, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Senator REESE objected to the Resolution. S. 1399 (Word version) -- Education Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, RELATING TO CREDENTIAL CLASSIFICATION, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4206, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Senator REESE objected to the Resolution. H. 3028 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons, Taylor, Clyburn and Long: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-26-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO INDUCTION, ANNUAL, AND CONTINUING CONTRACTS FOR TEACHERS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE INDUCTION CONTRACT PERIOD FROM ONE YEAR TO FIVE YEARS. Senator REESE objected to the Bill. H. 4690 (Word version) -- Reps. Owens, J.M. Neal, Patrick, Willis, Daning, Erickson and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT THE "JASON FLATT ACT" BY ADDING SECTION 59-26-110 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL REQUIRE TWO HOURS OF TRAINING IN YOUTH SUICIDE AWARENESS AND PREVENTION AS A REQUIREMENT FOR THE RENEWAL OF CREDENTIALS FOR INDIVIDUALS EMPLOYED IN MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND HIGH SCHOOLS; TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING AND MATERIALS THAT MAY BE USED BY SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND TO PROVIDE THAT SCHOOL DISTRICTS MAY APPROVE TRAINING MATERIALS FOR TRAINING THEIR EMPLOYEES; TO PROVIDE THAT THIS TRAINING REQUIREMENT MAY BE SATISFIED THROUGH SELF REVIEW OF SUICIDE PREVENTION MATERIALS; AND TO PROVIDE THAT NO CAUSE OF ACTION RESULTS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS ACT. Senator REESE objected to the Bill. H. 3508 (Word version) -- Reps. Gambrell, Sandifer, Harrell, Erickson, Limehouse, Weeks, H.B. Brown, Agnew, Allison, Anthony, Bales, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bingham, Brady, Brannon, G.A. Brown, Cole, Crosby, Forrester, Hardwick, Harrison, Hayes, Hiott, Hixon, Horne, Lowe, Lucas, McCoy, D.C. Moss, Owens, Parker, Pinson, Pitts, Skelton, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, Sottile, Tallon, Vick, White, Taylor, Hamilton, Battle, Allen, Dillard, Alexander, Cooper, Mack and Bowen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO RETITLE ARTICLE 23, CHAPTER 9, TITLE 58, RELATING TO GOVERNMENT-OWNED TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDERS AS "GOVERNMENT-OWNED COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDERS"; BY ADDING SECTION 58-9-2660 SO AS TO PROVIDE A GOVERNMENT-OWNED COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER MAY PETITION THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION TO DESIGNATE ONE OR MORE AREAS AS AN "UNSERVED AREA", TO SPECIFY THE PROCEDURE FOR MAKING AND PROTESTING THIS PETITION, TO PROVIDE FOR A HEARING OF A PROTEST TO A PETITION, TO PROVIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF LAW TO AN UNSERVED AREA, AND TO PROVIDE A PROCESS FOR PETITIONING FOR A DETERMINATION THAT AN AREA HAS CEASED TO BE AN UNSERVED AREA; TO AMEND SECTION 58-9-10, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING TELEPHONE COMPANIES, SO AS TO MODIFY THE DEFINITION OF "BROADBAND SERVICE"; TO AMEND SECTION 58-9-2600, RELATING TO THE PURPOSE OF ARTICLE 23, CHAPTER 9, TITLE 58, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES AND CLARIFY THE SCOPE OF THE ARTICLE; TO AMEND SECTION 58-9-2610, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING GOVERNMENT-OWNED TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDERS, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES AND ADD CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 58-9-2620, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DUTIES, RESTRICTIONS, RATE COMPUTATIONS, AND ACCOUNTING REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNMENT-OWNED TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDERS, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES, TO GIVE THE OFFICE OF REGULATORY STAFF JURISDICTION TO INVESTIGATE THE COMPLIANCE OF A GOVERNMENT-OWNED COMMUNICATIONS PROVIDER WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CHAPTER, TO PROVIDE THE COMMISSION MAY ENFORCE THE COMPLIANCE OF A GOVERNMENT-OWNED COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CHAPTER, AND TO CLARIFY THAT THIS SECTION DOES NOT EXPAND OR LIMIT THE JURISDICTION OF THE COMMISSION OR OFFICE OF REGULATORY STAFF WITH RESPECT TO ANY SERVICE PROVIDER OTHER THAN A GOVERNMENT-OWNED COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER; TO AMEND SECTION 58-9-2630, RELATING TO CERTAIN TAX COLLECTIONS AND PAYMENTS, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 58-9-2650, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO LIABILITY INSURANCE RATES FOR COMMUNICATIONS OPERATIONS, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES. Senator RANKIN asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. Senator HUTTO objected to consideration of the Bill. H. 3720 (Word version) -- Reps. Cooper, Henderson and Patrick: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3360, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF THE JOBS TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO REVISE THE REQUIREMENTS OF A QUALIFYING SERVICE-RELATED FACILITY AND A TECHNOLOGY INTENSIVE FACILITY; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3411 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A CORPORATION ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS OR EXPANDING OR ADDING TO AN EXISTING NATIONAL CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS IN THIS STATE, WHICH IN CONNECTION THEREWITH ADDS AT LEAST FIFTY NEW FULL-TIME JOBS SHALL BE EXEMPT FROM PAYING STATE CORPORATE INCOME TAXES FOR A PERIOD OF TEN YEARS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-20-105, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR PROVIDING INFRASTRUCTURE, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MAXIMUM AGGREGATE CREDIT TO FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS ANNUALLY; TO AMEND SECTIONS 4-12-30, 4-29-67, AND 12-44-90, ALL AS AMENDED, RELATING TO FEE IN LIEU OF TAXES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A COUNTY AUDITOR OR COUNTY ASSESSOR MAY REQUEST AND OBTAIN ANY FINANCIAL BOOKS AND RECORDS FROM A SPONSOR THAT SUPPORT THE SPONSOR'S TAX FORM OR RETURN TO VERIFY THE CALCULATIONS OF THE FEE IN LIEU OF TAXES TAX FORM OR RETURN; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT COMPUTERS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT, COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PURCHASES FOR A DATACENTER AND ELECTRICITY USED BY A DATACENTER. Senator O'DELL asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. Senator LEVENTIS objected to consideration of the Bill. S. 1260 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander and Ford: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DECLARE MAY 22, 2012, AS FREE CLINIC AWARENESS DAY IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 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https://open.library.okstate.edu/musictheory/back-matter/glossary/	'hidden' fifths and octaves two parts begin any interval apart and move in the same direction to a perfect fifth or octave. 12-bar blues progression Comprised of three (typically) four-bar phrases. The first phrase is entirely tonic harmony (I). The second phrase contains two bars of subdominant (IV) and two bars of tonic (I). The final phrase begins with one bar of dominant (V) followed by one bar of subdominant (IV) and two bars of tonic (I). The third phrase may or may not end with a turnaround. 16-bar blues progression A variation on the 12-bar blues progression. Composed of four (typically) four-bar phrases, usually two iterations of tonic, followed by subdominant and dominant. The final phrase may or may not end with a turnaround. Dux The first part in a pair of imitative voices (compare comes). AABA form Also called 32-bar song form. AABA consists of at least four sections. It begins by repeating two strophes, moving to a contrasting bridge section, and then repeating the primary strophe again. AABA forms typically then include another repetition of BA, making the entire form AABABA. absent tonic The tonic is never actually sounded as a harmony during the song, but is still implied through the melody or through the use of conventional harmonic progressions. absolute Existing on its own, without reference to another system. For example, "absolute pitch" refers to the phenomenon of being able to sing a pitch without referencing an instrument or another pitch. accelerando Increase in speed (tempo) accent A stress or emphasis on a note accidental One of many symbols (the sharp (♯), flat (♭), and natural (♮) among others) that alter a pitch acoustic collection a seven-note collection similar to the mixolydian mode but with fi (↑4̂); corresponds roughly to the lowest partials of the harmonic series acoustics The physical science of sound. active note In tonal music, a note that has a tendency to move to a specific note in the following chord, usually a step up or down. Also called a "tendency tone." Additive rhythm A compositional device that begins with a small rhythmic unit and gradually adds length to the durations aeolian A diatonic mode that follows the pattern WHWWHWW. This is like the natural minor scale. This scale can also be found by playing the white notes of the piano starting on A. aeolian cadence ♭VI–♭VII–i, or A♭–B♭–Cm in C minor. This schema implies the aeolian mode. Very frequently, the i chord is altered to be major, yielding a sequence of three major chords related by steps in the same direction. This progression, especially with a major I chord, is often associated with heroic themes in video games and movies. aeolian shuttle i–♭VII–♭VI–♭VII. This progression can be understood as a shuttle between i and ♭VI, with the intermediate ♭VIIs acting as passing chords. after-beat fifths or octaves Two consecutive weak-beat fifths or octaves in fourth species counterpoint; e.g., from two successive 9–8 suspensions. all-interval row A 12-tone row that contains all 11 ordered pitch-class intervals. alternative path A technique of internal phrase expansion. It occurs when new material causes a phrase to deviate from its expected trajectory toward the cadence. These deviations may be permanent ("reroutes") or temporary ("detours"). alto The second-highest voice part in SATB style, written in the treble clef staff with a down-stem; its generally accepted range is G3–D5. alto clef Also known as a "C" clef, an alto clef designates the lowest line of a staff as the pitch F3. American Standard Pitch Notation (ASPN) Designates specific musical frequencies by combining a note name (such as "C") with an octave designation (such as "4") creating a bipartite label ("C4") Ametric music Music that does not have any perceivable meter anacrusis The notes before the first measure of a musical work Answer A repetition of the fugue's subject, transposed to another pitch level. May be a "real" answer (a literal transposition) or a "tonal" answer (an inexact transposition). antecedent A phrase comprised of a basic idea followed by a contrasting idea that ends with a weak cadence. Anticipation A two-note embellishing tone gesture in which a chord tone is heard early as a non-chord tone antiphony applied chord A chord from another key inserted into a new key, in order to tonicize another diatonic chord other than I. appoggiatura Embellishing tone that is approached by leap and left by step in the opposite direction Arabic numerals The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 archetype Phrases that are "archetypal" or that follow an archetype are related to the sentence, the period, or one of the hybrid phrase-level forms. arpeggiating 6/4 A 6/4 chord that results from an arpeggiated bass line (e.g., if the bass line alternates between the root and fifth of the same chord). arpeggio A melodic, "horizontal" statement of a triadic harmony; in other words, each note of a triadic harmony played in succession (rather than simultaneously). Also referred to as a "broken chord." articulation Refers to both a note's length and the accent level of its attack ASPN A method of specifying musical pitches by combining note names with octave designations Asymmetrical meter A meter in which contains measures which are divided into unequal groupings of beats or divisions, creating an uneven metrical pulse atonal An adjective describing music that lacks any sense of tonal center. attack Refers to the "front" of a note--how loud or soft it is played or sung audiate To imagine hearing a sound in one's mind Augmented intervals Intervals that are one half-step larger than a perfect or major interval augmented triad A triad whose third is major and fifth is augmented aural Auditory; related to hearing authentic In church modes, authentic modes are those which range from final to final. authentic cadence A cadence with the harmonies V–I. The harmonies are typically in root position. Authentic cadences can be further distinguished by their melody note in the I chord: an authentic cadence ending on scale-degree 1 in the melody is a perfect authentic cadence, while one with 3 or 5 in the melody is an imperfect authentic cadence. auxiliary section (song form) Auxiliary modules help frame the core modules, introducing them, providing temporary relief from them, or winding down from them. Auxiliary Sections (classical form) Sections that introduce, follow, or come between a work's core sections (A, B, primary & secondary themes, refrains, episodes, and developments/digressions/contrasting middles). Auxiliary sections are either external or internal. External Auxiliary Sections either introduce a piece/section (prefix) or follow the piece's/section's generic conclusion (suffix). Prefixes and suffixes come in small and large varieties. Internal auxiliary sections (connective sections) function to connect two core sections. Transitions generally help lead away from the piece's main section toward a contrasting section (B, secondary theme, episodes, developments/digressions/contrasting middles), and retransitions generally help to lead back to the piece's main section (usually A or a sonata form’s primary theme). backbeat An accent on beats 2 and 4 of a quadruple meter. Backbeats are common in jazz and pop styles. Balanced Binary Form Balanced is a term used to describe an aspect of a binary form (either simple or rounded). It means that the tail end of the first reprise, returns at the tail end of the second reprise. That return will be in the piece's home key even if it was in another key in the first reprise. In order to be considered a return, there needs to a crux point, that is a particular moment where the restatement begins at the tail end of the second reprise. This restatement is the point at which there is a direct bar-for-bar mapping of measures between the tail end of both reprises. Importantly, this excludes rounded binary examples where the entire first reprise is repeated verbatim in the second reprise because there is no crux point at the tail end of the second reprise. bar lines Vertical lines that create measures basic idea Basic ideas are short units that are typically associated with beginnings. They don't usually end with cadences, and they often establish tonic. They are they first units we hear in a presentation, an antecedent, a consequent, and a compound basic idea. bass (instrument) Any one of several bass-range string instruments, including the double bass (upright bass, string bass, contrabass, acoustic bass) or the bass guitar (electric or acoustic). bass (voice) The lowest voice in SATB style, written in the bass clef staff with a down-stem; its generally accepted range is F2-D4 bass clef Also known as the "F" clef, a bass clef designates the lowest line of a staff as the pitch G2 bass line The lowest part (or "voice") of a composition. beam The horizontal lines that connect certain groups of notes together beat A pulse in music to which one can tap or clap along beat unit Which note value gets the beat Becoming ⇒ (the process of) The process of becoming is an analytical phenomenon that captures an in-time, analytical reinterpretation regarding a formal/phrasal unit's function. In this situation, a formal/phrasal label at first seemed fitting, but as that unit continues in time, a different label seems fitting. Even upon re-listening, this process of conversion is likely to still be experienced. The rightwards-double arrow symbol (⇒) is often used to denote this process. Examples include, primary theme ⇒ transition, continuation ⇒ cadential, suffix ⇒ transition, and any number of other combinations. beginning One of three formal functions (with the other two being middle and ending). Beginnings are often signaled by: establishment of a new melody, or repetition of the beginning of a previously heard melody, emphasis on tonic harmony (especially root position), a melody that opens up musical space by ascending, statement of a motive that is developed through the remainder of the phrase. Binary Form In the context of musical form, the term binary means a formal type that has two main parts often called reprises because each main part is typically repeated. There are three types of binary form: rounded, balanced, and simple. Binary forms are common in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries and they were used heavily in dance music. Binary form is typically one of the shorter forms and because of that, they are often embedded within larger, compound, forms like compound ternary form. Block Chords Chordal homorhythm blue notes Notes whose exact pitch sounds somewhere between the flat and regular versions a scale degree, particularly scale-degree 3 and 7. breath mark Indicates a breath (for wind instrumentalists and vocalists) or a pause (for percussionists and string players) bridge Bridges tend to play a transitional role (neither the point from which to depart, nor the point of arrival) in the formal cycle, generating high expectation for the return of the primary section by contrasting with it and temporarily withholding it. Bridge sections tend to emphasize non-tonic harmonies and commonly end on dominant harmony. cadence A melodic and harmonic goal. In classical tonal music, cadence types include Perfect Authentic (PAC), Imperfect Authentic (IAC), and Half (HC). cadential One of the three common ending types. Its distinguishing characteristic is its bass line: M-F-S-D, which may be elaborated with chromaticism. cadential 6/4 A common embellishment of the cadential V chord, in which the fifth of the V chord (re, 2̂) is replaced with the sixth (mi/me, 3̂) and the third (ti, 7̂) is replaced with the fourth (do, 1̂). The sixth and fourth form a 6/4 chord, hence its label. The cadential 6/4 resembles a I6/4 in its pitch content. caesura Indicates a break and/or a cutoff caesura fill Caesura fill is when a single voice of the musical texture bridges what would otherwise be a gap between two sections. call-and-response A feature of musical phrasing that features a simulated dialogue between two instruments or groups of instruments. cantus firmus literally meaning 'fixed' voice or melody, this is a pre-exisiting melodic line that serves as the basis for a new counterpoint exercise or other composition. cardinality The number of elements in a set or other grouping. caret Angled bracket placed above Arabic numerals to indicate scale degrees change of register In counterpoint, a type of consonant weak beat that steps in the opposite direction following a large leap. Changing meter Any change of meter in a piece chord Any combination of three or more pitch classes that sound simultaneously chord construction Chords should contain the correct notes and accidentals, and should not be missing any notes chord loops Repeated chord progressions, often four bars long, that are repeated throughout a portion or all of a song. chord substitution Replacing a standard chord (i.e., within a harmonic schema) with a different chord. The substituted chord is typically identical in harmonic function to the standard chord, and often shares at least two notes with the standard chord. chord symbol A system of naming chords that specifies the note name of the root, chord quality, and any alterations chord symbols A system of naming chords that specifies the note name of the root, chord quality, and any alterations. Some basic symbols are given below as a quick reference, but for more detail, see the Chord Symbols chapter. [table id=67 /] chordal 7th Refers to the 7th of a chord. For example, V7 in the key of C is spelled G-B-D-F. The note F is the chordal 7th. We say chordal 7th to distinguish it from the leading-tone (Ti, $\hat{7}$). chordal seventh The note of a seventh chord a seventh above the root chorus Chorus sections are lyric-invariant and contain the primary lyrical material of the song. Chorus function is also typified by heightened musical intensity relative to the verse, including features like “a more dense or active instrumental texture; prominent background vocals; and/or a higher register melody” (Summach 2012, p. 106). Choruses most frequently (but not exclusively) begin on-tonic. Chorus sections are distinct from refrains primarily by virtue of their being sections in and of themselves, where refrains are contained within a section. chorusification A process where modules are stripped away from the formal cycle until only the chorus module (C) remains. chromatic Relating in some sense to the chromatic scale. The term may be used to refer to notes that are outside the given key. chromatic scale A collection of notes which consists of twelve half-steps circle of fifths A graphic that shows the relationship between major (and/or minor) key signatures, by placing the key signatures around a circle in order of number of accidentals. class In set theory, a class is a group whose members are all equivalent in some sense—transposition, inversion, octave, enharmonic, etc. clausula vera A contrapuntal cadence in which a perfect octave or unison is approached through contrary motion by step. One line will have re–do (2̂– 1̂) while the other has ti–do (7̂-1̂). This results in the sequence of harmonic intervals 6th–8ve, 10th–8ve, or 3rd–1. clef A symbol placed on the left side of a staff, which indicates which notes are assigned to different lines and spaces closed spacing A chord spacing in which the chord fits within one octave. Closed vs Open endings (a.k.a. sectional and continuous) An important factor in influencing the stability of a section is how the section closes harmonically. If the section closes with an authentic cadence (either PAC or IAC) in the home key, the section is harmonically closed but any other close is considered harmonically open. Examples of open harmonic endings are half cadences and any type of cadence involving a modulation, that is, a PAC in the key of the dominant is still harmonically open because of the modulation. closing rhetoric Closing rhetoric involves common patterns and techniques that signal that the end of the song is likely coming soon. Closing Section A large suffix in sonata-form works. The closing section is usually very stable and often consists of many V–I or IV–I motions confirming the local tonic. coda A coda is a song-ending section that presents new material. Like outros, codas exhibit closing rhetoric. Coda (classical) A type of suffix (external auxiliary section). Codas are usually of the large variety (a phrase or longer), and they occur at the end of a work (or end of a movement within a multi-movement work) after the PAC that ends the piece proper. The word coda is Italian for “tail” because they are found at the tail end of a work. Sometimes composers communicate the location of the coda by writing the word in the score but this is not necessary to identify a section as a coda. Like all suffixes, codas are considered an expansion technique and therefore the are not essentially to the structural content of the work and it is often said that the work would still make complete syntactic sense if it were removed entirely. codetta A type of suffix (external expansion). Codettas are usually medium length (for example, between 4-8 measures), they often occur at the end of a section within a piece, and they often feature repeated units. They may or may not contain a full phrase. collection A group of pitches being used as the basis for a composition. This term is more neutral than "key," which may imply a hierarchy. color note For modes in pop music, the color note is the pitch that distinguishes a mode from major (in the case of mixolydian/lydian) or from minor (in the case of dorian/phrygian). Comes The second (following) part in a pair of imitative voices (compare dux). common practice A periodization of Western music utilized by music theorists and musicologists encompassing c. 1600-1900 common tone A tone that is present in more than one chord. common tone diminished seventh chords Abbreviated ctº7. A diminished 7th chord that, instead of having dominant function, is a neighbor chord that embellishes the chord that comes after it. The ctº7 has a common tone with the root of the following chord. All the other notes of the ctº7 are a step away from a note in the following chord. This creates the characteristic neighboring motion of the ctº7. complement mod 12 An integer x's complement mod 12 is the number y that would sum to 12. For example, 11's complement mod 12 is 1. complementary set The set which, together with an original set, will make the complete twelve-tone collection. Complements are literal when referring to pitch class sets and abstract when referring to set classes. compound basic idea A compound basic idea (c.b.i.) is an antecedent without a cadence. It consists of a basic idea followed by a contrasting idea. The reason it's called "compound" is that it often forms the basic idea for a large sentence, one in which the presentation is 8 measures long and consists of two four-measure c.b.i. units as stand-ins for the archetypal two-measure b.i.s compound form Occurs when one form is comprised of other smaller forms. For example, a period may be comprised of two sentences, or one or more of a ternary form's sections may be comprised of a binary form. compound interval An interval that is larger than an octave Compound Meters Meters in which the beat divides into three, and then further subdivides into six Compound Ternary Form A type of ternary form where at least one of the form's parts (A, B, or the second A section) is comprised of its own complete form (typically a binary form). The term "compound" can also be used to clarify that a single section contains a complete form. Compare with simple ternary form. conducting patterns Establish a meter and tempo for musicians conductor The director of a choir, band, or orchestra connective auxiliary sections A category of formal sections that connect two core sections; for example, transitions and retransitions. consequent A phrase comprised of a basic idea followed by a contrasting idea that ends with a strong cadence. It usually forms the second half of a phrase-level form. consonant A quality in an interval or chord that, in a traditional tonal context, is stable; this stability is the result of its perceived independence from a need to resolve consonant passing tone Passing motion that does not involve dissonance. continuation A subphrase that features a mix of any of the following: fragmentation, increase in harmonic rhythm, increase in surface rhythm, or sequences. Continuations end with a cadence and are usually found in the second half of a theme. contour lines Lines that indicate whether pitch moves up, down, or stays the same contraction Contraction refers to the process of making a phrase shorter than we expect. It always occurs within a phrase. Contraction (of a motive) making the durations of a motive shorter than the original Contrary motion When two voices move melodically in opposite directions—that is, one voice moves up and the other moves down. contrasting beginning The contrasting beginning is like an antecedent without a cadence. It is a beginning part of a phrase-level form that's comprised of a basic idea followed by a contrasting idea, and it doesn't end with a cadence. contrasting idea A small unit that contrasts with the material that came immediately before it, usually in terms of contour. It's featured in the antecedent and the compound basic idea. Contrasting section A core section that provides contrast with the main section. May be stable or unstable. core bass pattern A core bass pattern is the basic series of notes that defines a common progression. This series of notes may be embellished with other, less important notes, but the pattern is still recognizable because the basic series is still present. core section Core sections comprise the main musical and poetic content of a song. Core sections include strophe (AABA and strophic form only), bridge, verse, chorus, prechorus, and postchorus. core section (classical) A core section is formal category including both main sections (e.g., A, primary theme, refrain) and contrasting sections (e.g., B, C, D, secondary theme, episode, contrasting middle, development, digression). In contrast to auxiliary sections, core sections present the main musical material of a work and generally represent the bulk of a composition. counterpoint A general term for music that involves multiple simultaneous and independent melodic lines. The term comes from the idea that each note (point) has another note against (counter to) it. A musical line written added to a cantus firmus. countersubject A melodic line that is consistently sounded with (and complements) the subject/answer of a fugue. crescendo Italian verb meaning "to grow" Crux The moment that the tail end of the first reprise returns at the tail end of the second reprise of a binary or sonata form. This moment is the beginning of a series of corresponding measures between those two formal locations. If the first reprise contained a modulation, then the corresponding measures of the second reprise will now be transposed to the home key. The term crux was coined by James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy in their book Elements of Sonata Theory. cycles A cycle is a grouping of contains one or more sections, typically in the same order. Sometimes one or more sections are omitted in the repetition of a cycle, especially toward the end of a song. dance chorus An intensified version of the chorus that retains the same harmony and contains the hook of the song, which increases memorability for the audience, and encourages dancing. Deceptive motion A cadence-like resolution from V to a non-tonic harmony. The most common deceptive motion is V–vi; next most common is V–IV6. decrescendo Italian verb meaning "to diminish" delay of melodic progression In counterpoint, a type of consonant weak beat that skips by third and then steps into the following downbeat. dependent transition A sonata form transition that reuses motivic material from the primary theme. detour A type of alternative path. A detour creates a temporary deviation from a phrase's expected trajectory toward a cadence. Detours are initiated by a diversion onto the detour and they end with a resumption of rhetoric from earlier in the phrase. Development A section of a sonata form that is unstable, and which may or may not explore thematic material established in the exposition. diatonic 1. A scale, mode, or collection that follows the pattern of whole and half steps WWHWWWH, or any rotation of that pattern. 2. Belonging to the local key (as opposed to "chromatic"). diatonic harmony Harmony that is based in a diatonic scale, such as the white notes of the piano. Diatonic harmony uses only chords within the scale, and is usually labeled with Roman numerals. diatonic mode A scale made up of the notes of the diatonic collection. Dictation Translating a rhythm, melody, chord progression, or some other aural sound that you've never before seen or played/sung into staff notation Diminished intervals Intervals that are one half-step smaller than a perfect or minor interval diminished seventh chord Another name for a fully diminished seventh chord, a seventh chord with a diminished triad and a diminished seventh diminished triad A triad whose third is minor and fifth is diminished diminuendo Italian meaning "to diminish" direct fifths or octaves Similar motion into a fifth or octave. Also called "hidden" fifths or octaves. Displacement (of a motive) Changing the metric position of the motive relative to its original statement. dissonant A quality in an interval or chord that, in a traditional tonal context, is unstable; this instability is the result of its perceived dependence on a need to resolve division unit Which note gets the division dominant function A category of chords that provides a sense of urgency to resolve toward the tonic chord. This cateogry of chords includes V and viio (in minor: V and viio). dominant lock Extensive prolongation of the V chord. Also known as "standing on the dominant." Often involves a pedal point on sol (5̂). dominant seventh chord A seventh chord in which the triad quality is major and the seventh quality is minor. For example: C–E–G–B♭ doo-wop schema 𝄆I – VI – IV – V 𝄇, or C – Am – F – G in C major. Common alterations: substituting ii for IV; rotation. dorian A diatonic mode that follows the pattern WHWWWHW. This is like the natural minor scale, but with a raised scale-degree 6. This scale can also be found by playing the white notes of the piano starting on D. dorian shuttle IV–i, or F–Cm in C minor. This shuttle implies the dorian mode. It can sound like ii–V to someone who is not used to the dorian mode. dot Increases a note or rest value by half dot grid A "grid" of dots that represent beats and measures double flat Lowers a note by two half-steps double neighbor An embellishment that surrounds a note with its upper and lower neighbor. The note being embellished may or may not be articulated between the two neighbor tones. Some examples of double neighbor figures embellishing the note C might be C–D–B–C, C–B–D–C, or C–D–C–B–C. double plagal schema ♭VII–IV–I, or B♭–F–C in C major. The term comes from duplicating the plagal relationship (IV–I) by applying it to IV as well (IV/IV–IV, or ♭VII–IV). double sharp Raises a note by two half-steps double whole note Divides into two whole notes doubling Duplicating some notes of a chord in multiple parts doubly augmented interval An interval a half-step larger than an augmented interval doubly diminished interval An interval a half-step smaller than a diminished interval downbeat Beat 1 of a measure which is conducted in a downwards motion Duple Meters Meters in which beats are grouped into twos duplet A tuplet that involves dividing a beat in compound meter into two parts Dynamics Indicate volume (amount of loudness or softness) eighth note Divides into two sixteenth notes eighth rest Divides into two sixteenth rests Elision (phrase/form) An elision is the overlapping of two phrases that functions as the ending of one phrase and the simultaneous beginning of the next. embellishing harmony A harmony whose function is to prolong another harmony, rather than to advance the phrase toward its cadential goal. Embellishing harmonies are often said to be passing or neighboring. embellishing tones Notes that decorate other, more structurally important notes. Embellishing tones are often not part of the prevailing chord. Most are 3-note gestures where the first and third notes are consonant and the 2nd note is the embellishing tone. The embellishing tone may be consontant or dissonant. Types of embellishing tones include: passing tones, neighbor tones, appoggiaturas, escape tones, pedal tones, suspensions, and anticipations. emergent tonics "The tonic chord is initially absent yet deliberately saved for a triumphant arrival later in the song, usually at the onset of the chorus." (Mark Spicer, "Fragile, Absent, and Emergent Tonics in Pop and Rock Songs," 2017). energy gain A quality in a passage of music that heightens the "energy" of the passage. This can be through more active rhythmic activity, faster harmony changes, thicker texture, expanded range, crescendo, or drive toward a cadence or goal. enharmonic Having a different letter name but sounding the same (e.g. f-sharp and g-flat) enharmonic equivalence Notes, intervals, or chords that sound the same but are spelled differently Enlargement (of a motive) Making the durations of a motive last longer than the original. Episode A term used when describing the sections of a rondo form that are not the main theme (a.k.a. A or refrain). Episodes provide contrast with the main theme through changes in multiple domains, primarily key and melodic/rhythmic/harmonic material. escape tone An embellishing tone that is approached by step and left by leap in the opposite direction essential expositional cadence (EEC) The goal of the S area. The EEC is the first satisfactory PAC that is followed by new material (not based on S). Evaded cadence Refers to any situation where a composer sets up the expectation for a cadence, then avoids cadencing. Deceptive motion, for instance, is a kind of evaded cadence. Other ways to evade a cadence can include: inverting the dominant or tonic (e.g. V6/4-V4/2-I6) and omitting an essential voice such as the bass note of the tonic chord or the soprano note of the tonic chord. expansion Expansion refers to the process of making a phrase longer than we expect. This lengthening might occur within the phrase ("internal expansion") or outside of the phrase ("external expansion"). Exposition The first large section in a sonata form work. It usually establishes the main themes of a work and sets up a conflict that is later resolved in the work. This conflict often takes the form of differing key centers (such as when the primary theme of a sonata is in tonic and the secondary theme is in the dominant) Exposition (fugue) The first part of a fugue, during which each of the voices enter with the subject or answer. extended cadential ending An extended cadential ending is like a continuation , but it always harmonizes the core bass pattern M-F-S-D. extension (harmony) Adding additional thirds on top of the triad. Most commonly refers to 9ths, 11ths, or 13ths rather than 7ths, although 7ths are also extensions. external auxiliary section A category of auxiliary sections including prefixes (which introduce a piece/section) and suffixes (which follow the generic conclusion of a piece/section). external expansion Lengthening a phrase by adding extra material to it either before it's begun ("prefix") or after it's cadenced ("suffix") Feathered beaming A gradual change in the speed of notes within a single beam fermata A half-circle surrounding a dot that indicates one should hold a note ficta Musica ficta are editorial accidentals added to Renaissance music. In this era, composers did not necessarily notate accidentals, yet competent performers would know to add them in appropriate places. In modern editions of Renaissance music, ficta are often provided by the editor, or agreed upon by a performing ensemble. figured bass Arabic numerals and symbols that indicate intervals above a bass note. These are realized into chords and non-chord tones by musicians final In church modes, the final loosely corresponds to the modern notion of "tonic," in that it is a melodic goal. However, the final may not always be emphasized in the way a tonic is. Finals are named by the fact that the last note of a Gregorian chant will always be the final of the mode. first inversion A triadic harmony with the third in the bass Fixed Do Do is always the pitch class C, Re the pitch class D, etc. regardless of scale flag A curved line placed at the end of a stem flat Lowers a note by a half-step Foot A combination of two or three syllables: typically one stressed syllable, and one or two unstressed syllables. form Refers to the structure of a passage or piece. Form can be understood as a hierarchical grouping of units, and we often speak of form at one or of two levels: phrase-level form (referring to motives, ideas, subphrases, or phrases) or composition-level form (referring to sections, movements, or whole pieces). forte Italian for "loud" Forte number A nomenclature for set classes developed by Forte. The first number refers to the cardinality of the set, and the second number is semi-arbitrary, but generally proceeds from the most compact to the most expanded set. fragile tonic The tonic chord is present, but weakened. Usually, the weakening comes from using the tonic chord in inversion, or otherwise from placing the tonic chord in a metrically unstable mid-phrase position (versus a more typical usage where the tonic is a stable point of arrival or departure). This term comes from Mark Spicer, "Fragile, Absent, and Emergent Tonics in Pop and Rock Songs" (2017). Fragmentation Making unit sizes smaller than the previously established size. For example, if units had previously been 2 measures long, fragments might be 1 measure long. free atonal music Music that is atonal, avoiding a traditional pitch center and harmonic hierarchy, but is not serial. Free counterpoint Contrapuntal writing without any specific thematic content. frequency How often a sound wave repeats. fully diminished seventh chord A seventh chord whose triad is diminished and whose seventh is diminished function The role that a musical element plays in the creation of a larger musical unit. gap-fill A principle of melody writing suggesting that any large leaps that open up a new register ought to be filled in afterward with stepwise motion. generic interval The number of scale steps between notes of a collection or scale grand staff Two staves placed one above the other, connected by a brace. The top staff has a treble clef, while the bottom staff has a bass clef. graphic notation A notational technique where pitch and durations are specified by nonstandard symbols ground bass A repeated bass pattern that formed be foundation for a set of variations, not unlike the cyclical progressions of pop/rock songs. hairpins Slang for a crescendo or decrescendo symbol half cadence (HC) A kind of inconclusive cadence that occurs when a phrase ends on V. Occasionally, particularly in Romantic music, the final chord of a half cadence will be V7. half note Divides into two quarter notes half rest Divides into two quarter rests half-diminished seventh chord A seventh chord in which the triad quality is diminished and the seventh quality is minor. For example: B–D-F-A. half-step Generally considered to be smallest interval in Western musical notation harmonic elision The suppression of an expected chord. Two kinds of elision are a leading-tone elision, in which the expected triad is replaced by the dominant seventh chord with the same root or by a functionally equivalent diminished seventh chord, and raised-root elision, kin which root of the expected chord is raised to become a leading tone (or applied leading tone). Harmonic function Refers to three cateogories of chords: tonic, predominant, and dominant. A chord's membership within a category indicates something about how that chord typically behaves in tonal harmonic progressions in Western classical music. For example, tonic function chords are stable and tend to represent points of resolution or repose. harmonic intervals The interval is played or sung together (both notes at the same time) harmonic major A major scale with le (↓6̂) instead of la (6̂): do–re–mi–fa–sol–le–ti–do (1̂–2̂–3̂–4̂–5̂–↓6̂–7̂–1̂). harmonic minor An ordered collection of half- and whole-steps with the ascending succession W-H-W-W-H-3Hs-H harmonic rhythm The rate at which chords change, usually expressed in chords per measure. A common rate of chord change in 18th-century classical music is 1 chord per measure, for example. harmonic series A series of notes whose frequencies follow a certain pattern of mathematical proportions: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, etc. Starting with the pitch C2, this would result in the series of pitches C2, C3, G3, C4, E4, G4, B♭4, C5, etc. harmonically Notes played or sung all together at the same time harmonically closed A phrase or module is harmonically closed when it ends with tonic harmony (I in root position). harmonically open A phrase or module is harmonically open when it ends on a harmony other than tonic. harmonics An overtone of a complex sound that occurs at a whole-number ratio to the fundamental. harmony A vertical sonority. head refrain A refrain that is the first line or so of the section's text. Hertz A measurement of the frequency of a sound. Frequency is another word for the number of cycles of peaks and valleys there are per second (frequency) in a waveform. Heterophony A musical texture with multiple, simultaneous variants on a single melodic line. hexachord A 6-note collection. In serial music, "hexachord" is typically used to refer to either the first 6 notes of a 12-tone row or the last 6 notes of the row. Hexachordal combinatoriality A property of a row in which combining one hexachord from a version of a row with a hexachord from another version of a row creates the chromatic collection. hexatonic scale A six-note collection that alternates between half steps and minor thirds, such as C–C♯–E–F–G♯–A. Hexpole (H) transformation A Neo-Riemannian transformation that connects a triad to its modal opposite a third away by moving each voice by a single semitone (e.g., connecting C major and A♭ minor). hierarchical Arranged according to rank Home Key A term used to describe a piece's overall tonic. If a movement is in the key of A major, then the home key is A major. The term is used to distinguish itself from local keys. Homophony A musical texture indicating the special status of one melodic part (usually the top-most) which may or may not participate in rhythmic unison with the other parts. Homorhythm A type of Homophony in which all parts move together (usually in chords). hopscotch schema IV–V–vi–I. This four-chord schema has become increasingly common in pop music since 2010. hybrid form A hybrid form is one that combines aspects of the sentence and the period into one phrase-level form. Hypermeter Groupings of measures into different patterns of accentuation hypermetrical numbers Numbers that show the accentuation pattern of a hypermeter; they are placed above measures, centered iamb A poetic foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable. idea The smallest unit of music identified by a segmentation analysis. Ideas need not end with cadences, and they may combine to form subphrases or phrases. Examples include: basic idea, contrasting idea, unit, cadential idea, and fragments. ii–V–I ii7–V7–I∆7 in major, or iiø7–V7–i7 in minor. A fundamentally important progression in traditional jazz. imitation Imitation sees two or more parts enter separately with (versions of) the same melody. imperfect authentic cadence (IAC) A V–I cadence in which V, I, or both harmonies are inverted, and/or Do (scale-degree 1) is not in the soprano over the tonic triad. Additionally, IACs are often used to evade a cadence. Please see the chapter on cadences for a more thorough discussion. Imperfect consonance Thirds or sixths with major or minor quality. incomplete neighbor A type of embellishing tone that is approached by step and left by leap or vice-versa. The name comes from the idea that it functions as a neighbor tone on only one side of its embellishment. Incomplete neighbors may be called appoggiaturas or escape tones. independent transition A sonata-form transition that introduces new motivic material (as opposed to reusing material from the primary theme). index number In a transformation (Tn or In), n is the index number. n represents the interval of transposition in semitones. inflected Chromatically altered from the typical version. integer notation A system of naming pitch classes that treats C as 0, C♯ as 1, D as 2, etc. internal expansion Making a phrase last longer than we expect by lengthening it after it's begun, but before it's cadenced. interval The distance between two notes interval class The smallest possible distance between two pitch classes. The largest interval class is 6, because if order is disregarded, the tritone is the largest possible interval. A P5 can be inverted to a smaller P4, m6 to M3, and so on. interval subdivision In counterpoint, a type of consonant weak beat that divides a larger consonant leap (from downbeat to downbeat) into two smaller leaps. Intervallic inversion Occurs when two notes (such as C and E) are flipped; C (on bottom) with E (above) is an inversion of E (on bottom) with C (above) intro Introduction (classical form) A section of music that occurs before the start of the musical form proper. In faster movements, introductions tend to have noticeably slower tempi. Introduction can range considerably in length, ranging from less than a single phrase (small prefix) to one or more phrases (large prefix). In the 18th century, introductions often contained independent musical material that doesn't appear in the rest of the work proper, but in the 19th century, composers tended to explore the integration of the introduction's material with the rest of the work. introduction (song form) Introduction sections transition from the unmetered silence that precede the song to the musical activity of the first core section. They tend to be short and untexted (i.e., instrumental) and tend to present musical material from one or more core sections to come. Invariance In serial music, invariance refers to keeping a property of a row the same. For example, when a retrograde version of a row contains the same ordered pitch classes as a prime version of the row we would call it "retrograde invariant" to mean that the order of pitch classes doesn't change when the row is reversed and transposed. inversion The act of mirroring pitch content "horizontally"; i.e., so that motion down becomes up and up becomes down. Inversion often preserves intervallic content. Inversion (of a motive) Changing the direction of the motive (e.g. instead of going up, it goes down) inverted Chords that do not have their root in the bass voice Ionian A diatonic mode that follows the pattern WWHWWWH. This is like a major scale. issimo Italian suffix which means "extremely" jazz blues The jazz blues incorporates several alterations to the 12-bar blues to blend together blues harmony and jazz harmony. In the eighth bar, instead of remaining on tonic, there is an applied ii–V that leads to the ii chord in bar 9. And in the third phrase, the V–IV–I of the standard blues is replaced with a ii–V–I more common to jazz. key signature Accidentals placed at the beginning of a work which apply throughout the work (and which imply a particular tonic) key signatures Accidentals (sharps or flats) in a certain combination that imply a particular note as tonic kinesthetically Relating to movement of parts of the body Lament bass progression (classical) A lament-bass progression refers to a variety of harmonic progressions that harmonize a descending bassline from Do down to Sol. The simplest diatonic version uses the bass notes Do-Te-Le-Sol and is harmonized by the progression i v6 iv6 V. Chromatic alternatives are common, many of which use the notes between the simple diatonic version (Do-Ti-Te and Te-La-Le). Le is sometimes harmonized by augmented sixth chords, and Te is sometimes harmonized by V42/iv. More elaborate versions harmonize all available notes between Do and Sol: Do-Ti-Te-La-Le-Sol. lament schema A harmonization of a descending upper tetrachord (1–7–6–5) in the bass. lead sheet A type of jazz/pop score that typically notates only the melody and the chord symbols (written above the staff). leading tone Scale-degree 7 that is one half-step below scale-degree 1. The leading tone is diatonic in major keys, but requires an accidental in minor keys. leading-tone chord The triad or seventh chord built on ti ($\hat{7}$). Leading-Tone Exchange (L) A Neo-Riemannian transformation that preserves the minor third in the triad, and moves the remaining note by semitone (e.g., relating C major and E minor). leap A melodic interval of a third or greater. Note that some refer to thirds as "skips" rather than leaps. ledger lines Small lines written above or below a staff to extend the staff's range of notes Legato To play or sing smoothly or connected Lied A German solo song form that reached an artistic apex in the 19th century. link (fugue) A passage of a fugue that does not contain a subject statement in any voice. Locrian A diatonic mode that follows the pattern HWWHWWW. This is like the natural minor scale, but with a lowered scale-degree 2 and lowered scale-degree 5. This scale can also be found by playing the white notes of the piano starting on B. Loose Formal Organization (Caplin) This is William Caplin's terms that he defines as, "A formal organization characterized by nonconventional thematic structures, harmonic-tonal instability (modulation, chromaticism), an asymmetrical grouping structure, phrase-structural extension and expansion, form-functional redundancy, and a diversity of melodic-motivic material (compare tight-knit)." (Quoted from Caplin's 2011 book, Analyzing Classical Form, p. 709) lydian A diatonic mode that follows the pattern WWWHWWH. This is like the major scale, but with a raised scale-degree 4. This scale can also be found by playing the white notes of the piano starting on F. lydian shuttle I–II♯, or C–D in C major. This progression can easily be confused with IV-V in major or ♭VII–I in mixolydian, so one should be careful when referencing this progression. It implies the lydian mode. lyric-invariant A module or phrase is lyric-invariant if each time it appears it brings (mostly) the same lyrics. Lyric invariance tends to come at points of formal closure (tail refrains at the ends of strophes, choruses at the end of a verse-chorus song’s formal cycle). lyric-variant A module or phrase is lyric-variant if each time it appears it brings (mostly) different lyrics. Main section A section that presents the work's primary musical ideas. Usually, the main section is the first core section of the work. Examples include primary themes, refrains, expositions, choruses, or strophes. major pentatonic scale A scale that proceeds M2–M2–m3–M2–m3. For example, starting on C, the C major pentatonic scale is C–D–E–G–A. major scale An ordered collection of half-steps (H) and whole-steps) as follows (ascending): W-W-H-W-W-W-H major seventh chord Another name for a major-major seventh chord, a seventh chord with a major triad and a major seventh major triad A triad whose third is major and fifth is perfect major-major seventh chord A seventh chord whose triad is major and whose seventh is major major-minor seventh chord A seventh chord whose triad is major and whose seventh is minor Marcato To play with a more forceful accent or emphasis Matrix In twelve-tone music, the matrix is a 12-by-12 grid that sets out all 48 forms of a row class. measures Created by bar lines, a measure (or bar) is equivalent to one beat grouping medial caesura The cadence that is the goal of the TR and marks the boundary between TR and S. Usually a HC, in I, V, or the secondary key; sometimes an authentic cadence in the secondary key; rarely, it could be an AC in the tonic key. Some features are commonly present with the MC: Chromatic approach: the dominant of the MC is often approached chromatically from s4. Dominant lock: After s4, V is prolonged. Energy gain: the material leading up to the MC will be high-energy and forte. Hammer blows: The MC will repeat the V chord; often there will be 3 hammer blows. Caesura: A pause follows the cadence—this is where the “caesura” part of the term “medial caesura” comes from. Sometimes the pause is “filled in” with decorative notes (caesura fill), to carry over and smoothly connect to the S area. melodic interval The interval is played or sung separately (one note after another) melodic minor An ordered collection of half- and whole-steps with the ascending succession W-H-W-W-W-W-H and the descending succession W-W-H-W-W-H-W melodically Notes played or sung one at a time; also known as arpeggiating Mélodie A French solo song form that reached an artistic apex in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Melody and Accompaniment A type of Homophony where one can clearly distinguish between melodic and supporting voices, usually with differing rhythms between them. meter A recurring pattern of accents that occur over time; meters are notated with a time signature Metric modulation A means of smoothing out abrupt tempo changes by introducing subdivisions or groups of beats in the first tempo that match durations in the new tempo metronome marking Usually indicated in beats per minute (BMP) mezzo Italian for "moderately" microtone A microtone is a tone that exists outside of the 12-tone equal tempered scale (for example, quarter tones). mid-song introduction Mid-song intros function similarly to introductions, but in the middle of the song. They usually introduce the first section in the formal cycle. “Livin’ on a Prayer” has a brief mid-song introduction at 1:48, which sets up the arrival of the second cycle (beginning with Verse 2). A more extended mid-song introduction comes at 1:57 of “Pride (In the Name of Love)” by U2, which sets up the verse that begins the final cycle. middle C C4; the C near the middle of the piano keyboard, written on the first ledger line below the treble clef staff or the first ledger line above the bass clef staff milieu A physical and/or social setting minor 7th chord Another name for a minor minor seventh chord, a seventh chord with a minor triad and a minor seventh minor blues The minor blues differs from the standard 12-bar blues by having minor seventh chords on the i and iv chords, and replacing the V–IV–I cadence with a ii–V–I cadence. minor iv schema Use of a minor iv chord in a major key. This creates a semitone descent between scale-degrees ♭6 and 5. It is common to precede iv with IV (major), creating a descent 6–♭6–5. minor pentatonic scale A pentatonic scale with the intervals m3–M2–M2–m3–M2. For example, starting on A, the minor pentatonic would be A-C-D-E-G. minor seventh chord A seventh chord in which the triad quality is minor and the seventh quality is also minor. For example: C–E♭–G–B♭. minor triad A triad whose third is minor and fifth is perfect minor-minor seventh chord A seventh chord whose triad is minor and whose seventh is minor mixolydian A diatonic mode that follows the pattern WWHWWHW. This is like the major scale, but with a lowered scale-degree 7. This scale can also be found by playing the white notes of the piano starting on G. mnemonic device A technique used to aid memorization mod-12 Mod-12 is short for modulo 12, where numbers wrap around upon reaching 12. Arithmetic in mod-12 is most familiar through clock time: after 12-o-clock, the time becomes 1-o-clock again. Modal brightness "Bright" refers to a more major sound, while "dark" refers to a more minor sound mode mixture The intermixing of major and minor versions of scale-degrees 3, 6, and/or 7 within a composition. modulation A change of key. In the Classical-era of western, classical music—which spans the middle to the end of the 18th century—there were a specific set of standard modulation schemes that were used within a section of music. These are summarized below: [table id=14 /] Monophony A musical texture with a single, unaccompanied melodic line. Monotonality A piece that has one governing tonic, that is, it starts and ends in the same key and contains a single tonic that gives the impression of being the primary key of the work. This term is used to distinguish between works that present progressive tonality. motive A regularly recurring unit of music that's smaller than an idea, and which is typically transformed across a work. The word "motive" usually refers to pitch material, but other kinds of motives such as rhythmic or contour also exist. motor rhythm Persistent rapid note values, especially sixteenth notes. Common in Baroque music. Movable Do Do is the first scale degree in a scale; this is in contrast to Fixed Do, when Do is always the pitch class C music-invariant A module or phrase is music-invariant if each time it appears it brings (mostly) the same music. music-variant A module or phrase is music-variant if each time it appears it brings (mostly) different music. musicologists Music historians natural Cancels a prior accidental, such as a sharp or flat natural minor An ordered collection of half- and whole-steps with the ascending succession W-H-W-W-H-W-W Neapolitan sixth A ♭II6 chord. Nebenverwandt transformation (N) A Neo-Riemannian transformation that moves both members of the minor third in a triad by semitone, and again changes the mode (e.g., relating C major and F minor). neighbor tones (NTs) Embellishing tones are approached by step and left by step in the opposite direction. neighboring A type of motion where a chord tone moves by step to another tone, then moves back to the original chord tone. For example, C-D-C above a C major chord would be an example of neighboring motion, in which D can be described as a neighbor tone. Entire harmonies may be said to be neighboring when embellishing another harmony, when the voice-leading between the two chords involves only neighboring and common-tone motion (as in the common-tone diminished seventh chord). neighboring 6/4 A kind of 6/4 chord that embellishes a harmony with neighbor motion. This is usually labeled with figures, e.g. with 5-6-5 in one voice and 3-4-3 in another. Normal order The most compressed way to write a given collection of pitch classes. nota cambiata A five-note species counterpoint embellishment that may occur in one of two different forms: Down by step, down by third, up by step, up by step Up by step, up by third, down by step, down by step note Includes both a pitch and rhythmic component; may include a stem, beam, and/or flag notehead The elliptical part of the note that can be either filled in (black) or outlined (white) Oblique motion When one voice moves melodically while another voice remains on the same pitch. octatonic collection The octatonic collection is built with an alternation of whole steps and half steps, leading to a total of 8 distinct pitches. One example is C–C♯–D♯–E–F♯–G–A–B♭. Jazz musicians refer to this as the diminished scale. octave Two pitches with the same letter name (e.g. "C"), twelve half-steps apart octave equivalence The assumption that pitches separated by one or more octaves are musically equivalent (e.g. an octave above "A" is "A") octave equivalent Pitches that are spelled the same but are one more more octaves apart octaves A series of eight notes (such as C to C) off-beat A rhythmic or note value that does not fall on a beat (1, 2, 3, etc.) off-tonic A phrase or module is off-tonic when it begins on a harmony other than tonic. on-tonic A phrase or module is on-tonic when it begins with tonic harmony (I in root position). one-more-time A technique of internal phrase expansion. Coined by Janet Schmalfeldt, the technique involves three steps: (1) the music tries to cadence, (2) the attempted cadence is evaded, and (3) the music retries the cadence. one-more-time technique open spacing Notes of a chord are spaced out beyond their closest possible position operations (set theory) In set theory, "operations" refers to transposition and inversion. ordered pitch interval The distance between two pitches measured in semitones, with a plus or minus symbol to indicate ascending or descending, respectively. For example: C4 to E5 would be an ordered pitch interval of +16. ordered pitch-class intervals The distance between pitch classes from lowest to highest. In other words, pitch class intervals are measured on the clockface, always going clockwise. ordered set A group of things that appear in a specified sequence. An ordered pitch set, for example, appears in a consistent order within a piece of music. Compare against a pitch class set, where the pitches are unordered, meaning they can appear in any order in the piece of music. Ostinato A repeated rhythmic or pitched musical idea outro Outros function as a transition from song back to silence, and thus decrease energy. Often this is accomplished in the recording studio by way of a fadeout. pandiatonic Pandiatonicism uses the notes of a diatonic collection without imparting a sense of pitch center. parallel fifths two parts start an perfect fifth apart and both move in the same direction by the same interval to also end a perfect fifth apart parallel major Shares a tonic with its parallel minor Parallel minor Shares a tonic with its parallel major parallel modes Modes are said to be parallel if they share a tonic pitch. For example, C major and C minor are parallel modes. Parallel motion When two voices move melodically in the same direction and by the same interval—for example, both voices move upward by a melodic second. (Note: the quality of the interval may vary, and it still counts as parallel motion.) By definition, two voices moving in parallel motion will also maintain the same harmonic interval between them. parallel octaves two parts start an octave apart and both move in the same direction by the same interval to also end an octave apart. parallel relationship When a major and minor key/scale share the same tonic Parallel transformation (P) A Neo-Riemannian transformation that preserves the perfect fifth in the triad, and moves the remaining note by semitone (e.g., relating C major and C minor). partial A component frequency within a complex tone's set of overtones. passing A type of motion where a chord tone moves by step to another tone, then resolves by step in the same direction. For example, C-D-E above a C major chord would be an example of neighboring motion, in which D can be described as a passing tone. Entire harmonies may be said to be passing when embellishing another harmony, when the voice-leading between the two chords involves mainly passing tones (as in the passing 6/4 chord). passing 6/4 A 6/4 chord built on a passing tone in the bass. It's most commonly found prolonging tonic or pre-dominant harmonies. Importantly, the chords on both sides of the passing 6/4 are always the same function. pedal tones Pedal tones are often found in the bass. They consist of a series of static notes over top of which chord changes occur that do not include the bass. pentatonic collection A pitch collection built with the interval pattern M2–M2–m3–M2–m3. This collection can also be generated by using scale-degrees 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 only of the major scale. penultimate Second-to-last. perceived versus notated meter The meter written in the score may not be the meter that the listener perceives percussion clef A clef used by non-pitched percussion instruments, where each line or space is dedicated to a different sound perfect authentic cadence (PAC) A V-I cadence in which both harmonies are in root position and in which Do (scale-degree 1) is in the soprano over the tonic chord. Perfect consonance Perfect octaves (twelve semitones), perfect unisons (zero semitones), and perfect fifths (seven semitones). Perfect fourths (five semitones) are sometimes considered a perfect consonance, sometimes a dissonance; this depends on the context. period A phrase-level form that consists of two phrases: an antecedent and a consequent. periodize To divide time into different periods Phrase A relatively complete musical thought that exhibits trajectory toward a goal. In much music, that goal is a cadence; so we might also say that a phrase is a relatively complete musical thought that ends with a cadence. Phrase Expansion The lengthening of a phrase, whether internally or externally, beyond its expected duration resulting from a "play" with grouping units.“Expected duration” is defined contextually, and it may rely on such factors as: era, genre, pre-established models (i.e., projection) “Play” may occur either within a single group (stretching) or by stringing together additional groups (adding). Stretching and Adding can also occur at the same time. phrase model Indicates the typical order and flow of harmonic functions in a phrase: T-PD-D-(T). phrase-level form Refers to the various ways in which a phrase may be constructed of subphrases, ideas, and motives. Examples of phrase-level forms include sentences, periods, repeated phrases, hybrid forms, etc. phrasing the way a passage might be shaped in performance (where to push and pull time, where and how to change dynamic levels, etc.) phrygian A diatonic mode that follows the pattern HWWWHWW. This is like the natural minor scale, but with a lowered scale-degree 2. This scale can also be found by playing the white notes of the piano starting on E. Phrygian half cadence The phrygian half cadence (PHC) is a special kind of cadential phrase ending that occurs only in minor and which involves the progression iv6–V. It's called “phrygian” because of the half step that occurs when Le ($\downarrow\hat{6}$) moves to Sol ($\hat{5}$) in the bass, a sound that’s similar to when $\hat{2}$ moves to $\hat{1}$ in the phrygian mode. piano Italian for "soft" picardy third Substituting a major I chord for a minor I chord (for example, using C major instead of C minor in a piece that is in C minor overall). pitch A discrete tone with an individual frequency. pitch class All pitches that are equivalent enharmonically and which exhibit octave equivalence pitch class set A group of pitch classes. pitch interval A type of interval that is measured in semitones. For example, the pitch interval 2 is two semitones; the pitch interval 7 is seven semitones. pitch-class intervals The distance from one pitch-class to another. Since pitch-classes are collections of all pitches related enharmonically and by octave equivalence, we need to define how to calculate this distance: if the ordering of pitch classes (pcs) matters, calculate the distance from pc 1 to pc2 in semitones as if you're going up to pc2, regardless of whether the actual pitch of pc 2 is higher or lower then pc1. Calculate the size within an octave. If the order of the pcs doesn't matter, then just calculate the closest distance between the two pcs in semitones. pivot chord A chord used to modulate between two keys that is diatonic in both. plagal A mode with a range of a fifth above and fourth below its tonic plagal cadence A plagal cadence uses the harmonies IV–I. plagal motion Occurs when IV (or IV6) moves to I (or I6). Sometimes people have called this "plagal cadence," but we find that term too restrictive since plagal motion more often serves to prolong tonic than to create a cadence. The term "plagal motion" is more inclusive of the variety of contexts in which IV moves to I. Polymeter When two or more meters happen simultaneously Polyphony A musical texture which emphasizes the separateness of the parts involved. Quintessential examples include imitative genres like fugues and canons. post-cadential extension (p.c.e.) A type of suffix (external expansion). Post-cadential extensions are usually short, they often occur at the ends of phrases within a section, and they typically prolong the final chord of the cadence or re-state the two chords that created the cadence. postchorus A short section that follows a chorus and serves only to close the cycle—does not to introduce or transition to the beginning of the next cycle (Mark Spicer 2011, par. 9). prechorus Prechorus function is most significantly typified in energy gain. Prechorus sections often use motivic fragmentation, acceleration of harmonic rhythm, movement away from tonic harmony, and harmonic openness. predominant function Predominant function chords are those that transition away from tonic function toward dominant function. It's best to split this category into two groups: (1) Strong predominants are those that signal a dominant function chord is imminent. These are IV and ii (in minor: iv and iio). (2) Weak predominants are those that transition away from tonic, typically moving to a stronger predominant. These are iii and vi (in minor: VII, III, and VI). prefix An external expansion that occurs before the beginning of a phrase. Prefixes are usually introductions, and they may be small, as when the accompaniment for a lied begins before the singer, or they may be large, as when a symphony begins with a slow introduction. presentation A subphrase consisting of a basic idea and its repetition. Presentations don't usually end with cadences. Primary Theme (P theme) The main section of a sonata-form work, in the tonic key. P themes are usually stable. prime form A name for a set class. The prime form is the version of the set class that is most compact to the left and transposed to begin on 0. Prime symbol Prime symbol: This small symbol (look similar to an apostrophe) is used in the analysis of phrases and forms to indicate that some repeated material has changed, in some way, from its initial statement. For example, A would be the symbol for the first section but A′ would be used to represent the return of the A section with some element(s) of change. Progressive Tonality Progressive tonality - A piece that starts and ends with different tonics. This concept is used to distinguish itself from monotonality which is the default harmonic plan in most tonal works from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. prolongation “Prolongation” just means that a given harmony’s influence lasts longer than a single chord. Usually this is accomplished by alternating the prolonged chord with other, less important chords. Protonotation A system of musical notation stripped of complicating elements, and focusing only on basic elements of meter, rhythm, and scale degree Quadruple Meters Meters in which beats are grouped into fours quality When applied to an interval, the term "quality" modifies the size descriptor in order to be more specific about the exact number of semitones in the interval When applied to triadic harmony, "quality" refers to the size of the different intervals that make up the harmony quarter note Divides into two eighth notes quarter rest Divides into two eighth rests quatrain A group of lyrics that is four lines long. range The span of notes a voice or instrument can sing or play real answer A fugue subject transposed by fourth/fifth, stated in a second voice in response to the first voice's subject statement. realizing The process of turning figured bass symbols into chords Recapitulation A section of a sonata form work that beings back themes from the exposition and which resolves the conflict established in the exposition. Refrain (rondo form) In a rondo form, a refrain refers to the work's primary theme. It is often referred to as a refrain because of its recurrent nature. In most rondos, the refrain is stated at the beginning, restated after each contrasting episode, and then one more time as the last form sectional, though a coda may follow. Refrain (song form) A lyric-invariant passage within a section that is otherwise lyric-variant. A refrain is too short to form its own section—typically a phrase or less. refrains relative Considered in relation to some other system. For example, modes are said to be relative if their scales share all the same notes (like C major and A minor). Or, relative pitch describes the ability to sing certain pitches after being given other pitches. relative major Shares a key signature with its relative minor relative minor Shares a key signature with its relative major relative relationship When a major and minor key/scale share the same key signature Relative transformation (R)j A Neo-Riemannian transformation which preserves the major third in the triad, and moves the remaining note by whole tone (e.g., relating C major and A minor). Repeat signs Indicate a section of music is repeated repeated phrase Two phrases where the second one is a repetition of the first. The repetition is always written out (repeat signs don't signify a repeated phrase), and usually the repetition is a variation on the initial statement. repetition A technique of internal phrase expansion. Sometimes a composer repeats material to create extra length in a phrase. Such repetitions may be exact or varied. Reprise A section of a work that bears repeat signs like either of the parts of a binary form. Each reprise is typically referred to by number (i.e., reprise 1, reprise 2, or 1st reprise, 2nd reprise). reroute A type of alternative path. A reroute involves a permanent change of a phrase's trajectory toward the cadence. Reroutes are initiated by a diversion. rests The duration of silences in music retardation An embellishing tone that is approached by static note and left by step up. The retardation is on a stronger part of the beat Retransition A retransition is very similar to a transition but its location and function are different. Retransitions come between two sections where the upcoming section is the initiation of a large-scale return. In most cases, retransitions help prepare the return of the piece’s main section. In a ternary form this would be the A section, in a sonata form this would be the restatement of the primary theme at the onset of the recapitulation, and in a rondo this would be the return of the refrain (a.k.a. the A section). A retransition often drives toward attaining the dominant chord of the home key and will often prolong the dominant once attained, usually in the form of a suffix. Retransitions may have a clear half-cadential ending (possibly followed by a suffix), or they may have an elided ending that coincides with the initiation of the following section. Retrograde Describes when a theme, row form, or motive is played in reverse in comparison to an initial (or original) statement. rhythm The duration of musical sounds and rests in time rhythm dot A notational symbol indicating that the affected note should be held 1.5 times as long. rhythm section In jazz, the piano, guitar, bass, and percussion. rhythmic solmization A system that pairs rhythmic values with particular syllables rhythmic values Represent the relative values of notes ritardando Decrease in speed (tempo) Roman Numeral Analysis An analytical process where musicians label chords with Roman numerals to identify chords within the context of key signatures Roman numerals A series of numeric symbols originating in ancient Rome root The lowest note of a triad or seventh chord when the chord is in root position root motion The distance between roots (NB: not basses!) of adjacent chords. For example, "root motion by step" refers to the distance between two chords that are only one step apart, such as I and ii, IV and V, etc. root position Ordering the notes of a chord so that it is entirely stacked in thirds. The root of the chord is on the bottom. Root-Position Dominant - Common Versions A root-position dominant will often take the form of any one of the following options and each provide an essentially equivalent overall harmonic effect: V V7 V64-53 V864-753 rotation (pop schemas) Beginning a harmonic schema on a different chord within the schema, but proceeding through the harmonies in the same order. In other words, if the schema is 1-2-3-4, a rotation of the schema would be 3-4-1-2. Something like 1-3-2-4 would not be a rotation, because the chords appear in a different order than in the schema. Rounded Binary Form A type of binary form where the material at the start of reprise 1 returns somewhere near the middle of reprise 2. Both appearances of that repeated music are expected to be in the home key. row AKA series. Refers to the ordered elements in a serial composition. These elements are often pitches, but could be other things such as durations or dynamics. row class A collection of all forms of a given row. Most row classes contain 48 versions of a row, but some contain fewer due to duplications of row forms. For example, a prime version of a row may be equivalent to a retrograde version of the row. row form A version of a particular row in serial music. For example, any transposed version of the original row is considerd a form of the row. The same is true of inversions, retrogrades, and retrograde-inversions SATB A musical texture with four independent musical lines; the four parts are referred to as the soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T), and bass (B). scale An ordered collection of half- and whole-steps scale degree A single step within a scale; usually referenced by either an Arabic numeral or solfège syllable Scale Degree Names A movable system of names for scale degrees Scale Degrees The relative number of a note in a scale relative to the first note of that scale schema A schema is a mental representation of a stock pattern. In music theory, the term "schema" usually refers to a prototypical chord progression or formal structure. Significantly, schemas can appear with variations while still being recognized as an instantiation of that schema. We understand an individual pattern in the music (exemplar) as a version of an ideal general pattern (prototype), and that relationship helps us understand how that pattern is functioning within a particular passage of music. Schemas are often give names, like "Meyer" or "double plagal." Schemas can have both internal defining characteristics and normative placements within a series of musical events. • Internal characteristics may describe a schema’s melodic features, harmonic features, and metric features. • A schema’s normative placement describes it temporal location. For example, we will normally find a closing schema like the “Prinner” at a close of a phrase. second inversion A triadic harmony with the fifth in the bass secondary dominant A chromatic chord that temporarily tonicizes another key besides the tonic key, by taking on a dominant function in that new key. secondary key A temporary key within a piece that is overall in a different key. For example, a piece in A major may temporarily modulate to E major; E major is a secondary key within A major. secondary leading-tone A leading-tone chord that makes a non-tonic chord temporarily sound like tonic. Most often secondary leading-tone chords are fully diminished, though occasionally they are half-diminished. Secondary Theme (S theme) The contrasting section of a sonata-form work. The S theme begins and ends in a contrasting key (usually V in major-mode sonatas and either III or v in minor-mode sonatas). S themes are usually stable. section In musical form, this refers to the highest-level division of the overall form of the piece. Examples include the exposition in sonata form, the first part of a binary form, or the chorus of a pop song. segment A portion of a row. Segments of a row can be any number of elements (for example, in a 12-tone row, it's common to look at 3-note segments or 4-note segments). segmentation The process of dividing a passage or piece of music into its component parts. Most commonly, we show the idea level on a score using square brackets above the staff. For a discussion of the hierarchy of these "component parts" see Phrase-Level Forms 1. sentence A special kind of phrase consisting of a presentation and a continuation. sentential A phrase that differs substantially from the archetypal sentence while still exhibiting some traits of a sentence-structure phrase. Sequence A pattern that is repeated and transposed by some consistent interval. Usually the term "sequence" refers to both the melody and harmony being transposed by the same interval, but we can also speak of "melodic sequences" or "harmonic sequences" where only one domain participates. sequence copy The segment of a sequence that repeats and transposes the material from the model. sequence model The segment of music that establishes the pattern for a sequence. In other words, it's the segment that gets copied in a sequence. serialism A strategy of putting elements in a particular order. The elements can be any dimension of music: pitch, duration, dynamics, etc.... Non-musical elements can also be serialized, such as the episodes in a television series. series Refers to the ordered elements in a serial composition. These elements are often pitches, but could be other things such as durations or dynamics. set In set theory, a set is a group whose members are not necessarily related. set class A group of pitch class sets related by transposition or inversion. Set classes are named by their prime forms. E.g., (012) is a set class. set theory A methodology for analyzing pitch in atonal music. Pitch classes are given an integer name (0–11, where C is 0, C♯ is 1, etc.). Groups of pitches are considered together as "sets." Sets may be related by inversion or transposition. seventh chord A four-note chord whose pitch classes can be arranged as thirds sharp Raises a note by a half-step sight counting Counting at "sight" (i.e. having never before seen or heard the rhythm) Sight singing Singing music at "sight" (i.e. having never seen it before) Similar motion When two voices move melodically in the same direction—that is, both move upward, or both move downward. Simple Binary Form A type of binary form that does not contain the types of material returns found in rounded and balanced binary. Simple Duple A meter with two beats, each of which divides into two simple intervals Intervals with a size an octave or smaller Simple meters Meters in which the beat divides into two (subdivides into four) Simple Quadruple A meter with four beats, each of which divides into two Simple Ternary Form A ternary form whose sections are each made up of one or more phrases but not complete forms. The term "simple" can also be used to clarify that a single section does not contain a complete form. Compare with compound ternary form. Simple Triple A meter with three beats, each of which divides into two simultaneity A general term for two or more sound events occurring at the same time singer/songwriter schema I–V–vi–IV in major, or III–VII–i–VI in minor (C–G–Am–F, for example). This chord progression often loops throughout a pop song. Frequently, this progression begins on the vi/i chord instead of the I/III chord. sixteenth notes Divides into two thirty-second notes sixteenth rest Divides into two thirty-second rests size Interval size is written with Arabic numbers (2, 3, 4, etc.); it is the distance between two notes on a staff skip Voice leading movement by third. skipped passing tone In counterpoint, this is a type of consonant weak beat motion that is approached by skip (third) and left by step in the same direction. slash notation An abbreviated form of musical rhythmic notation, that involves dashes to indicate articulations, horizontal lines to indicate a sustained note, and circles to indicate rests Slide transformation (S) A Neo-Riemannian transformation that moves the two pitches that form the perfect fifth in a triad by semitone, and changes the mode of the triad (e.g., relating C major and C♯ minor). slur A curved line placed over notes to indicated they should be played or sung without separation Solfège The application of solemnization syllables (Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, etc.) to notes within the context of scales solmization A system that pairs each note of a scale with a particular syllable Sonata Form Sonata form gets is name by association with the form that most multi-movement works had in the Classic era. It is one of the more complex forms and can be understood as an elaborate version of rounded binary form that features a balanced component. Because of its prevalence in classical music in general, it has been given very specific names for each part of its larger and smaller organization. The larger level names are as follows: Exposition (≈A), Development (≈B), and Recapitulation (≈A′). In general terms, the exposition contains two main sections separated by a transition (internal auxiliary section) and the exposition usually ends with a suffix (typically the large variety). The specific names for each section of the exposition are as follows: Primary Theme (main section 1) Transition (internal auxiliary section) Secondary Theme (main section 2) Closing Section (suffix) These sections are often referred to with capitalized initials: P, T, S, C. soprano The highest part in SATB style, written in the treble clef staff with an up-stem; its generally accepted range is C4-G5 sound wave An acoustic wave (energy vibration) that is perceived as sound. spacing There should be no more than an octave between upper voices (soprano and alto, alto and tenor); there should be no more than a twelfth between the tenor and bass Species counterpoint A step-by-step way of learning to write melodies and to combine them. specific A combination of size and quality to describe an interval spondee A poetic foot consisting of two stressed syllables in a row. srdc A four-part phrase structure in popular music: statement, restatement, departure, and conclusion. An srdc structure shares many features with the Classical sentence. Stability - Form A relative sense of stability in a work is a common means of delineating form, and is an important dramatic concern for creating momentum and engaging a listener's expectation about what might happen in a work, given the listener's familiarity with how other pieces in a given genre behave. Much like story telling, music often expresses the sense of beginning, middle, and end and listeners have the ability to pay attention to that aspect of music which typically engages their interest because once they feel the sense of being in the middle, for example, they can project an expectation that the middle will lead to an end at some, undetermined point in the future. The sense of expectation is something that composers regularly manipulate by establishing models (or relying on models established by other works and composers) and then altering those models which can give the listener a sense of having an expectation, an implicit prediction, and then an emotional response depending on whether or not their expectation came true. This balance between stability and instability can generally be associated with beginnings, middles, and ends. Beginnings can be expected to be relatively stable and middles can be expected to be relatively unstable. Endings typically involve instability but also the promise of an arrival at which point the instability will come to a close, creating a sense of relative stability that helps to bring a section or work to a satisfying close. Common features for each might include some combination of the following features • Stability: tonic expansions, regular hypermeter, no modulation, diatonic melody, and diatonic harmony (among other things) • Instability: increased chromaticism (tonicization), increased rhythmic activity, modulation, sustained dominant, sequences (especially chromatic ones), and irregular hypermeter, and irregular phrase lengths (among other things) Staccato To play or sing a note shorter than its usual duration staff Five horizontal lines that are evenly spaced on which notes are placed Standard, Classical-Era Cadence Types In the Classical-era of western, classical music—which spans the middle to the end of the 18th century—there were a specific set of standard cadence types that were used to close phrases. They were the perfect authentic cadence (PAC), the half cadence (HC), and the imperfect authentic cadence (IAC). stanza In lyrics, a stanza is a group of lines of lyrics. In music notation, a stanza is a group of staves that are played simultaneously. stem The vertical line that originates at the notehead stem direction On a grand staff in SATB style, the soprano and tenor are up-stemmed, while the alto and bass are down-stemmed straight eighth notes Eighth notes that are equal, as opposed to swung eighths (which are unequal). Straight syncopation Taking a series of notes of equal durations, cutting the duration of the first note in half, and shifting the rest early by that half duration stretching A technique of internal phrase expansion. It occurs when a composer lengthens a harmony or melody by increasing its duration so that it lasts longer than expected. When that happens, we say that the unit that contains the harmony or melody has been stretched. string instruments An instrument that produces sound via one or more vibrating strings strophe A basic multi-phrase unit. In pop music, a strophe is a focal module within strophic-form and AABA-form songs. strophic form A large-scale song structure, in which the same basic multi-phrase unit is repeated throughout (AAA). The basic unit that is repeated is called a strophe. Strophic form is more common in early rock-and-roll (1950s–1960s) than in the 1970s and beyond. structural features Musical features that pertain to section divisions and form subdominant A harmonic function that may either lead toward a dominant-function chord or back to a tonic-function chord. Subdominant function is most typically associated with the IV chord, otherwise known as the subdominant chord, and the II chord, otherwise known as the supertonic chord. subject A short melody which forms the melodic basis of a fugue and recurs throughout. subphrase The unit of music that need not end with a cadence and which is one level smaller than a phrase, but one level larger than an idea. Subphrases do not exist in all phrase-level forms. Periods, for example, do not contain subphrases. Sentences contain two subphrases: a presentation and a continuation. subset A set that is entirely contained within another larger set. substitution In counterpoint, a substitution is a type of consonant weak beat that involves the leap of a fourth followed by a step in the opposite direction. The name implies that this motion substitutes for a more common passing-tone motion. subtonic shuttle ♭VII–I, or B♭–C in C major. This shuttle can imply mixolydian if the tonic chord is major, or aeolian if it is minor. In this shuttle, the ♭VII chord has dominant function. subversion of a cadence Occurs when a potential cadence point is declined by the material that follows it. A common strategy is for a composer to write music that proposes a cadence, but then to "back up" in the phrase and try the cadence again. See also "One-more-time" technique in the chapter on phrase expansion. suffix A type of external expansion that occurs after the end of a phrase. There are three terms we commonly use to describe suffixes, ranging in size from smaller to larger: post-cadential extension, codetta, and coda. superscript In typesetting, superscript characters appear higher on the page than the regular characters—like an exponent in math. For example, in the chord symbol C7, the 7 is superscript. superset A larger set that contains other smaller sets. For example, a superset of (037) is the diatonic collection, (013568t). supersets A larger set that contains some other set. suspension An embellishing tone that is approached via static note and left by step down. The suspension is on a strong part of the beat. swing eighths A performance practice in which two notated eighth notes are performed unequally, in about a 2:1 proportion. syncopation A rhythmic phenomenon in which the hierarchy of the underlying meter is contradicted through surface rhythms. Syncopation is usually created through accents and/or longer durations. syntax the norms or principles according to which musical elements are combined into meaningful and stylistically appropriate successions tail refrain A refrain that is the last line or so of a section's text. tempo How fast or slow a work is to be performed; most tempi are in Italian or another non-English language temporal Relating to time tenor The second lowest part in SATB style, written in the bass clef staff with an up-stem; its generally accepted range is C3-G4 tenor (church modes) Related to the word "tenuto," the tenor of a mode is the pitch frequently sustained in a chant melody using that mode. tenor clef Also known as a "C" clef, a tenor clef designates the lowest line of a staff as the pitch D3 tenuto A type of articulation marking used to indicate legato, indicated by small horizontal lines above or below the notes. Ternary form A musical form consisting of three distinct sections, in an ABA (not ABC) formal structure. The B section typically contains contrasting material in a new key. Repeat signs around each section are common. tetrachord A four-note collection Texture The density of and interaction between voices in a work. the fifth The note of a triad or seventh chord a fifth above the root the third The note of a triad or seventh chord a third above the root third inversion A triadic harmony with the chordal seventh in the bass Through Composed An attribute of a musical form where no sections of music return. For example, a form with sections A B C. Similar motivic material may be present in different sections, but the sections would each be considered distinct. A piece that doesn't have any clear sections and seems like a continuous churning of musical ideas can also be described as through composed. tie Connects two or more notes of the same pitch; do not rearticulate any "tied to" notes Tight-knit (Caplin) This is William Caplin's terms that he defines as, "A formal organization characterized by conventional theme types, harmonic-tonal stability, a symmetrical grouping structure, form-functional efficiency, and unity of melodic-motivic material (compare loose)." (Quoted from Caplin's 2011 book, Analyzing Classical Form, p. 714) time signatures In simple meters: specifies how many beats are contained in each measure, and which note value is equivalent to a beat. In compound meters: specifies how many divisions are contained in each measure, and which note value is equivalent to a division. Timeline notation A contemporary metric technique that uses seconds as the measure of time, rather than traditional bar lines and meters tonal An adjective used to describe music that adheres to the Western system of functional harmony. tonal ambiguity A property of certain chord progressions, where the progression does not inherently imply a single chord as the tonic chord. tonal answer An imitative repetition of a subject that is not an exact transposition of the subject (i.e., a real answer) but modifies the intervals to fit within the same key as the original subject. A common modification is to change a perfect fifth do–sol (1̂– 5̂) in the subject to a perfect fourth sol–do (5̂– 1̂) in the answer. The term "tonal answer" refers to the fact that this preserves the tonal relationships (e.g., between do and sol) instead of preserving intervallic relationships. tone cluster A chord/harmony composed entirely of seconds (major or minor), rather than thirds or any larger interval. tonic The home note or home chord of a scale, or something with the function of that home note. tonic function A category of chords that sound stable, providing a sense of home or center. In Western classical music, the only chord that belongs to this cateogory is I (in minor: i). tonicization The process by which a non-tonic triad is made to sound like a temporary tonic. It involves the use of secondary dominant or leading-tone chords. Transition Generally, a section of music that functions to connect two thematic sections. In particular, a transition comes between two sections where the upcoming section is not the initiation of a large-scale return (e.g., transitions are commonly found between an A and B sections, or between the Primary and Secondary themes in a sonata). Transitions usually help to lead away from the piece's main section toward a contrasting section. Often a modulation is introduced to help prepare a section in a new key, though a modulation is not required. Transitions are a type of auxiliary section and they come in small and large varieties. Large transitions contain at least one complete phrase and small transitions don't contain complete phrases. transposition The act of moving pitch content by a certain interval. treatment of the chordal 7th 1. Approach the chordal 7th by step or common tone 2. Resolve the chordal 7th down by step Reminder: we say "chordal 7th" to distinguish it from the leading tone, which is different. treatment of the chordal seventh treble Also known as the "G" clef, a treble clef designates the lowest line of a staff as the pitch E4 tresillo A division a unit (one beat, two beats, one measure, etc.) into three almost-equal groups: for example, dividing a half note into two dotted eighth notes and an eighth note (3+3+2) triads A three-note chord whose pitch classes can be arranged as thirds trichord A collection of three notes. Triple Meters Meters in which beats are grouped into threes Triplets A tuplet that involves dividing a beat in simple meter into three parts triply augmented interval An interval a half-step larger than a doubly augmented interval triply diminished interval An interval a half-step smaller than a doubly diminished interval tritone An augmented fourth or diminished fifth. The name reflects that the two notes of a tritone are three (tri-) whole steps (tones) apart. trochee A poetic foot consisting of one stressed followed by one unstressed syllable. tuplet A rhythm that involves dividing the beat into a different number of subdivisions from that usually implied by the time signature turn An embellishment that indicates to decorate a note with its upper and lower neighbor, in that order. (The opposite order would be an "inverted" turn.) For example, a turn on C would be performed C–D–C–B–C. This embellishment is a specific kind of double neighbor. turnaround Broadly speaking, a turnaround is the use of a non-tonic chord (usually dominant) at the end of a harmonically closed unit to transition into the beginning of the following on-tonic unit. In jazz, the term "turnaround" often refers to the progression vi–ii–V–I. The exact qualities of these chords is highly variable, and one or more of the chords may be substituted with a different, related chord. typical writing procedure 1. Write the entire bass 2. Write the entire soprano to make a smooth melody that interacts well with the bass. Choose active notes for the soprano above dominant-function chords, and remember you need not write left to right always. 3. Write the inner voices by asking "what notes do I already have? What notes do I still need? Considering spacing and resolution, what note placement would give me the smoothest motion?" unit A segment of music that expresses whatever the prevailing higher-level grouping expresses. For example, if a unit is contained within a continuation, it expresses continuation function. We often apply the term "unit" to ideas that aren't easily categorized using terms such as basic idea, contrasting idea, or cadential idea. Unordered pitch intervals The distance between two pitches, measured in semitones. C4 to E5 would be an unordered pitch interval of 16. unvoiced Spelling chords stacked in thirds or in closed position, within a single staff, usually for abstract or theoretical purposes, rather than for performance. upbeat The last beat of a measure which is conducted with an upwards motion verse Verse sections are lyric-variant and often contain lyrics thatadvance the narrative. Until the 1960s, verse sections tended to be harmonically closed. Beginning in the 1960s, verse sections became more and more likely to be harmonically open (Summach, p. 114). Verses (like strophes) tend to begin on-tonic. verse-chorus form The most common form of pop songs today. The song is built of lyric-variant verses and lyric- and music-invariant choruses that deliver the primary narrative material of the song. voice (musical line) An independent, monophonic part within a piece of music (instrumental or vocal). Each voice may be played by a different instrument, or multiple voices may be played by one instrument (especially in polyphonic instruments like keyboard or guitar). voice crossing The ranges of voices should not cross; the soprano must always be higher than the alto, the alto must always be higher than the tenor, the tenor must be higher than the bass voice leading The way a specific voice within a larger texture moves when the harmonies change. For example, in a choir with four parts, soprano/alto/tenor/bass, one might discuss the voice leading in the tenor part as the entire choir moves from I to V. voice overlap In a multi-voice texture, when one voice leaps beyond the previous note in another voice. voicing Distribution of notes in a chord into idiomatic registers for performance. wavelength The distance between two peaks of a sound wave. Western Concerning European and European-colonized countries whole note Divides into two half notes whole rest Divides into two half rests whole tone collection A pitch collection composed entirely of whole steps. There are six whole steps in a whole tone collection. There are only two possible whole tone scales: C–D–E–F♯–G♯–A♯, or C♯–D♯–F–G–A–B. whole-step Two half-steps whole-tone collection ## License OPEN MUSIC THEORY by Mark Gotham; Kyle Gullings; Chelsey Hamm; Bryn Hughes; Brian Jarvis; Megan Lavengood; and John Peterson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.	2022-09-24T22:14:53	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5175248980522156, "perplexity": 4343.2685391100395}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030333541.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220924213650-20220925003650-00011.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10280413-conjugate-energy-based-models	Conjugate Energy-Based Models In this paper, we propose conjugate energy-based models (CEBMs), a new class of energy-based models that define a joint density over data and latent variables. The joint density of a CEBM decomposes into an intractable distribution over data and a tractable posterior over latent variables. CEBMs have similar use cases as variational autoencoders, in the sense that they learn an unsupervised mapping from data to latent variables. However, these models omit a generator network, which allows them to learn more flexible notions of similarity between data points. Our experiments demonstrate that conjugate EBMs achieve competitive results in terms of image modelling, predictive power of latent space, and out-of-domain detection on a variety of datasets. Authors: ; ; ; Editors: ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10280413 Journal Name: Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning Volume: 139 Page Range or eLocation-ID: 11228--11239 While conventional Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) cosmology analyses rely primarily on rest-frame optical light curves to determine distances, SNe Ia are excellent standard candles in near-infrared (NIR) light, which is significantly less sensitive to dust extinction. An SN Ia spectral energy distribution (SED) model capable of fitting rest-frame NIR observations is necessary to fully leverage current and future SN Ia data sets from ground- and space-based telescopes including HST, LSST, JWST, and RST. We construct a hierarchical Bayesian model for SN Ia SEDs, continuous over time and wavelength, from the optical to NIR (B through H, or $0.35{-}1.8\, \mu$m). We model the SED as a combination of physically distinct host galaxy dust and intrinsic spectral components. The distribution of intrinsic SEDs over time and wavelength is modelled with probabilistic functional principal components and the covariance of residual functions. We train the model on a nearby sample of 79 SNe Ia with joint optical and NIR light curves by sampling the global posterior distribution over dust and intrinsic latent variables, SED components and population hyperparameters. Photometric distances of SNe Ia with NIR data near maximum obtain a total RMS error of 0.10 mag with our BayeSN model, compared tomore »	2023-04-01T01:31:15	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5023035407066345, "perplexity": 2661.935030481619}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949694.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401001704-20230401031704-00767.warc.gz"}
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/source/bcs/NeumannBC.html	NeumannBC Imposes the integrated boundary condition , where is a constant, controllable value. Description NeumannBC is the simplest type of IntegratedBC, and is used for imposing flux boundary conditions on systems of partial differential equations (PDEs). This class is appropriate to use for PDEs of the form (1) where is the domain, and is its boundary. In this case, a NeumannBC object is used to impose the condition (3) on the subset of the boundary denoted by . The value parameter corresponds to the constant , and the user must define one or more sidesets corresponding to the boundary subset . The normal derivative notation is , where is the outward unit normal to . Example Input Syntax [./right] type = NeumannBC variable = u boundary = right value = 2 [../] (test/tests/bcs/1d_neumann/1d_neumann.i) Input Parameters • variableThe name of the variable that this boundary condition applies to C++ Type:NonlinearVariableName Options: Description:The name of the variable that this boundary condition applies to • boundaryThe list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies Required Parameters • displacementsThe displacements C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The displacements • value0The value of the gradient on the boundary. Default:0 C++ Type:double Options: Description:The value of the gradient on the boundary. Optional Parameters • enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject. Default:True C++ Type:bool Options: Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject. • save_inThe name of auxiliary variables to save this BC's residual contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.) C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The name of auxiliary variables to save this BC's residual contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.) • use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used. Default:False C++ Type:bool Options: Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used. • control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic. C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic. • seed0The seed for the master random number generator Default:0 C++ Type:unsigned int Options: Description:The seed for the master random number generator • diag_save_inThe name of auxiliary variables to save this BC's diagonal jacobian contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.) C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The name of auxiliary variables to save this BC's diagonal jacobian contributions to. Everything about that variable must match everything about this variable (the type, what blocks it's on, etc.) • implicitTrueDetermines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form Default:True C++ Type:bool Options: Description:Determines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form • vector_tagsnontimeThe tag for the vectors this Kernel should fill Default:nontime C++ Type:MultiMooseEnum Options:nontime time Description:The tag for the vectors this Kernel should fill • extra_vector_tagsThe extra tags for the vectors this Kernel should fill C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The extra tags for the vectors this Kernel should fill • matrix_tagssystemThe tag for the matrices this Kernel should fill Default:system C++ Type:MultiMooseEnum Options:nontime system Description:The tag for the matrices this Kernel should fill • extra_matrix_tagsThe extra tags for the matrices this Kernel should fill C++ Type:std::vector Options: Description:The extra tags for the matrices this Kernel should fill	2019-02-17T07:26:35	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2951775789260864, "perplexity": 3516.9925441914606}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481766.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217071448-20190217093448-00208.warc.gz"}
https://ru.overleaf.com/articles/ibm-computation-time/srwxjmjwtjyr	Skip to content Author Patrick Chabrier License Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 AbstractA very preliminary study of the vle.extension.ibm package of vle in terms of computation time.	2021-09-23T00:24:51	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 1, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2696540951728821, "perplexity": 11859.816049303821}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057403.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922223752-20210923013752-00655.warc.gz"}
https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/methodology/meteorology/pressure/	# Surface Pressure¶ In this section, MERRA-2 surface pressure is compared to observations reported to the National Center for Environmental Information (NCEI – formerly National Climatic Data Center). Selected surface sites from the NCEI Integrated Surface Database (ISD) files are used for the hourly MERRA-2 comparisons. Global "Summary of the Day" (GSOD) files are used for the comparison to the daily mean MERRA-2 surface pressure. Because of the difference in the grid box topography of MERRA-2 and the site elevation, the MERRA-2 surface pressure is adjusted by the difference. See the info box below on the hypsometric equation. ## Hourly¶ Density plot of the 2-D histograms comparing MERRA-2 hourly adjusted surface pressure with station observations from the selected NCEI ISD files for the years 2001 - 2019. Darker reds indicate a higher number of matched pairs within the 2-D histogram. The hourly validation for the adjusted surface pressure shows good agreement with clustering around the 1:1 correlation line, especially for values above 700 hPa. ## Daily Average¶ The daily mean surface pressure is taken directly from the re-gridded MERRA-2 and represents estimates of the atmospheric pressure at 2 m above the local surface averaged from the original source spatial resolution. Density plot of the 2-D histograms comparing MERRA-2 daily adjusted surface pressure with station observations from the NCEI GSOD files for 1981 – 2020. Hypsometric Equation for Adjustment of Surface Pressure The elevation of the MERRA-2 grid box is the mean elevation of the earth’s surface under the grid. In complex terrain one might expect to see a difference between the MERRA-2 elevation and that of the surface site resulting in a difference between the MERRA-2 pressure and that reported by the surface site. The Surface Pressure (Hypsometric Equation) scatter plot illustrates the improvements in the agreement between the MERRA-2 estimates of pressure and observational data by adjusting the MERRA-2 pressure using the hypsometric equation. The hypsometric equation, relates the thickness (h) between two isobaric surfaces to the mean temperature (T) of the layer as: \begin{align}\ h = z_2 – z_1 = (RT/g) \times ln(p_1/p_2) \end{align} \begin{align} Where: \\ z_1: & \text{ elevation of the MERRA-2 grid. } \\ z_2: & \text{ elevation of the reporting surface site. } \\ p_1: & \text{ MERRA-2 surface pressure. } \\ p_2: & \text{ Surface site pressure. } \\ R: & \text{ Gas constant for dry air. } \\ g: & \text{ Gravitational constant. } \\ T: & \text{ Temperature at mid-point between $z_1$ and $z_2$. } \\ \end{align} Solving the hypsometric equation for p1 and substituting the known values for z1, z2, p1, R, and g, gives the adjusted MERRA-2 surface pressure (p1) at the elevation of the NCEI surface site.	2023-02-03T17:45:59	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 4, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9983369708061218, "perplexity": 3786.9642525743657}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500058.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203154140-20230203184140-00674.warc.gz"}
http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/latex/ltx-245.html	## Hypertext Help with LaTeX ### \include \include{file} The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly command for selective inclusion of files. The file argument is the first name of a file, denoting file.tex. If the file is also in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to ``` \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage ``` except that if the file file.tex does not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another \include command.	2015-07-06T17:49:38	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9227724075317383, "perplexity": 2165.222272475476}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375098685.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031818-00296-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/eros-avhrr-help-kansas-remote-sensing-program-tell-country-s-vegetation-story	# EROS, AVHRR Help Kansas Remote Sensing Program Tell Country’s Vegetation Story Release Date: In the spring of 1996, the Kansas Applied Remote Sensing (KARS) program on the campus of Kansas University started chronicling the greening and browning of America. Kansas Applied Remote Sensing (KARS) Program GreenReport® for April 23-May 6, 2019. Where was new plant life emerging from the fading winter? Where were the corn, the soybeans, and the wheat sprouting in the fields? As March turned to April, then May, how robust and vibrant did those greening fields become? And when summer arrived, how healthy did the plants remain in places where rain was sporadic, and where the sun baked the landscape? All those questions KARS tried to answer—and does so yet today—in a series of maps called the GreenReport® that it puts out with assistance from the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. To measure vegetation conditions across the United States—not only mapping the location and amount of plant biomass but comparing that information as well to the relative norm, to the previous week and year, or to a 30-year average—KARS relies on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images compiled at EROS from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery. KARS puts its greenness and change maps on a website that provides weekly updates on vegetation health and plant stress and are available to anyone. It also uses the AVHRR images in concert with historic satellite and weather data for bi-weekly forecasts of district, state, and national-level crop yields for eight major crops in the U.S. Those forecasts are distributed by KARS’ business partner, Berwyn, PA-based Planalytics, to help clients better understand how weather and crop yield forecasts can affect their bottom lines. Planalytics’ expertise is business weather intelligence, says Jude Kastens, a research associate professor at KARS. The company works with hundreds of retail clients to assess and address how weather may impact their businesses so they can predict such things as when to order more umbrellas, or to have seed available to plant, or to stock enough tractors to sell for the coming growing season. Planalytics has a Life Sciences sector that works with people in agriculture as well, Kastens said, “and that’s where we come in with supplying information they can use.” That KARS can do what it does was made possible when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) decided in 1978 to launch the AVHRR sensor aboard the first in a series of polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. AVHRR’s mandate was to monitor clouds and to measure the thermal emission of the Earth. But it turns out the data are good for other things, too. With its red and near-infrared bands, AVHRR can monitor vegetation health and change on a daily basis. Data Management and Information Distribution (DMID) at EROS has put together AVHRR composites since 1988. Using a strategy called Maximum Value NDVI, DMID staff can pull out the greenest pixels during a seven- or 14-day time period, said Research Geographer Jess Brown at the Center. Understanding that clouds decrease signals from the sensor, the greenest pixels are assumed to be the most cloud free. EROS then combines those greenest pixels into weekly and bi-weekly composites that clearly show vegetation health and stress. “The value of long-term NDVI time series is just phenomenal,” Kastens said. “We can’t say enough about how interesting and useful those data have been to us that EROS distributes.” Here’s where a slight hitch comes into the conversation now for KARS. It has relied almost entirely on AVHRR since it started its GreenReport® and crop yield forecasting. But the days of AVHRR data are growing short as the aging satellite platform carrying the current AVHRR nears its end. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) sensors aboard NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites have continued AVHRR’s land-imaging legacy, but those are both aging as well. And the next generation sensor—the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite, or VIIRS, aboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership and NOAA-20 weather satellites—is close but not exactly a carbon copy of AVHRR. “There are differences,” Brown said. “If your history is based on one sensor, and then your new data for monitoring is based on another, that introduces some error, and scientists need to quantify that. We have started research to look at the relationship between MODIS and VIIRS, but bringing three sensors into that study would be quite difficult.” She has suggested that the KARS folks switch to MODIS for now. A small team at EROS is now testing the ability to make regular greenness composite products from VIIRS, Brown said, adding, “because there’s no telling how much longer we will have these data, we are trying to prepare for the time when both AVHRR and MODIS are no longer available.” MODIS NDVI is also a current input to VegDRI and QuickDRI products developed at EROS. Kastens said he understands all that. His office has used MODIS data when there were hiccups with AVHRR, such as when it was unavailable during the government shutdown in October 2013, or during transition periods when the primary AVHRR sensor fails and EROS has to switch to a different one. He did indicate that the KARS staff “has done some work cross-walking the two datasets ... and they map up sufficiently for what we do.” Still, there are fundamental differences between MODIS and AVHRR, Kastens added. “We do less gymnastics if we just maintain our AVHRR dataset because what we get now is still very consistent with what we’ve received in the past,” he said. “If we go fully on to MODIS, we just have to make sure that things are behaving well. It’s a little more of an effort because it’s a little different data stream. So really, the main reason we haven’t switched yet is because of the record. The historical record can’t be beat for AVHRR.” They want to continue the GreenReport® and crop yield forecasting as long as they can, Kastens said. Since the two MODIS sensors have already exceeded their lifetimes, if AVHRR goes away and the data products they need become available on VIIRS, “I imagine we would make the jump to that sensor right off the bat,” Kastens said. Of course, to do so likely would require some assistance from an old friend, he added. “We’re really counting on EROS,” Kastens said, “for whatever direction we take in the future.” ## Related Content Filter Total Items: 4 Date published: November 29, 2018 Status: Active ### NDVI from AVHRR The sensor responsible for the longest running series of NDVI products used for large-area phenology studies is carried aboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar-orbiting weather satellites (see Table 1). This sensor, known as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), has a daily repeat cycle and, despite its name, a 1-km resolution (an AVHRR image pixel... Contacts: Jesslyn Brown Date published: September 7, 2018 Status: Active ### Drought Monitoring Climate change is expected to alter precipitation patterns worldwide, potentially increasing chances for drought in places where rainfall decreases over extended periods. Currently, droughts are responsible for $6 to$8 billion in losses each year in the United States alone. Accurate monitoring of drought conditions is vital in helping to mitigate drought impacts, both now and in the future.... Date published: July 31, 2018 Status: Active ### Remote Sensing Phenology Phenology is the study of plant and animal life cycles in relation to the seasons. EROS maintains a set of nine annual phenological metrics for the conterminous United States, all curated from satellite data. Taken together, the metrics represent a powerful tool for documenting life cycle trends and the impacts of climate change on ecosystems. Contacts: Jesslyn Brown Date published: July 10, 2018 Status: Active ### USGS EROS Archive - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) - 1KM Global Scaling AVHRR 1KM Global Scaling Filter Total Items: 1 Date published: February 28, 2019 ### Remote Sensing Phenology Revised Metrics for 2003 - 2017 Released A revised set of phenology metrics have been released for 2003 – 2017. This suite of phenology metrics was derived from time-series Collection 6 Aqua eMODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data.	2019-11-18T11:01:04	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19011995196342468, "perplexity": 7087.167409160306}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669755.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118104047-20191118132047-00521.warc.gz"}
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/15949/contributions/34781/	Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/ #### This search is only for public events. Restricted events are not available. IMPORTANT! Indico has been upgraded. Please let us know as soon as possible if you find any issues and email [email protected] # 36th Annual International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory 22-28 July 2018 Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center EST timezone ## Fate of a recent conformal fixed point and beta-function in the SU(3) BSM gauge theory with ten massless flavors Jul 25, 2018, 3:00 PM 20m 104 (Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center) ### 104 #### Kellogg Hotel and Conference Center 219 S Harrison Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824 Physics Beyond the Standard Model ### Speaker We report new results on the beta-function of an important BSM gauge theory with ten massless fermion flavors in the fundamental representation of the SU(3) color gauge group. The existence of an infrared fixed point (IRFP) was reported in [PoS LATTICE2016 (2017) 228] at $g^2 \sim 7.0$ of the renormalized gauge coupling. We find a positive and rapidly increasing beta-function in the extended gauge coupling range $5 < g^2 < 8.5$ ruling out the reported IRFP with high statistical significance. Our results also disagree at strong coupling with a much smaller and downward trending beta-function of the ten-flavor model in [EPJ Web Conf. 175 (2018) 03006] but extended only to $g^2 = 6$. It would be misguided to interpret the origin of the disagreements as non-universal staggered fermion discretization of the ten-flavor model in our work.	2021-06-23T15:03:05	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.33752378821372986, "perplexity": 3596.5386192086353}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539480.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623134306-20210623164306-00170.warc.gz"}
https://www.oreilly.com/content/the-truth-about-mapreduce-performance-on-ssds/	# The truth about MapReduce performance on SSDs Cost-per-performance is approaching parity with HDDs. July 12, 2015 Photo by Jérémy Lelièvre (source: Flickr) Karthik Kambatla co-authored this post. It is well-known that solid-state drives (SSDs) are fast and expensive. But exactly how much faster — and more expensive — are they than the hard disk drives (HDDs) they’re supposed to replace? And does anything change for big data? ## Learn faster. Dig deeper. See farther. Join the O'Reilly online learning platform. Get a free trial today and find answers on the fly, or master something new and useful. I work on the performance engineering team at Cloudera, a data management vendor. It is my job to understand performance implications across customers and across evolving technology trends. The convergence of SSDs and big data does have the potential to broadly impact future data center architectures. When one of our hardware partners loaned us a number of SSDs with the mandate to “find something interesting,” we jumped on the opportunity. This post shares our findings. As a starting point, we decided to focus on MapReduce. We chose MapReduce because it enjoys wide deployment across many industry verticals — even as other big data frameworks such as SQL-on-Hadoop, free text search, machine learning, and NoSQL gain prominence. We considered two scenarios: first, when setting up a new cluster, we explored whether SSDs or HDDs, of equal aggregate bandwidth, are superior; second, we explored how cluster operators should configure SSDs, when upgrading an HDDs-only cluster. ## SSDs vs HDDs of equal aggregate bandwidth For our measurements, we used the storage configuration in the table below. The machines were Intel Xeon 2-socket, 8-core, 16-thread systems, with 10Gbps Ethernet and 48GB RAM. Setup Storage Capacity Sequential R/W bandwidth Price HDD 11 HDDs 22 TB 1300 MBps $4,400 SSD 1 SSD 1.3 TB 1300 MBps$14,000 A common but incomplete mental model assumes that MapReduce contains only large, sequential read and writes. MapReduce does exhibit large, sequential IO when reading input from and writing output to HDFS. The intermediate shuffle stage, in contrast, involves smaller read and writes. The output of each map task is partitioned across many reducers in the job, and each reduce task fetches only its own data. In our customer workloads, this led to each reduce task accessing as little as a few MBs from each map task. By their physical design, SSDs avoid the large seek overhead of small, random IO for HDDs. SSDs do perform much better for shuffle-heavy MapReduce jobs. In the graph below, “terasort” is a common benchmark with 1:1:1 ratio between input:shuffle:output sizes; “shuffle” is a shuffle-only job that we wrote in-house to purposefully stress only the shuffle part of MapReduce. SSDs offer as much as 40% lower job duration, which translates to 70% higher performance. To our initial surprise, we learned that SSDs also benefit MapReduce jobs that involve only HDFS reads and writes, despite HDDs having the same aggregate sequential bandwidth according to hardware specs. In the graph below, “teragen” writes data to HDFS with three-fold replication, “teravalidate” reads the output of terasort and checks if they are in sorted order, and “hdfs data write” is a job we wrote in-house and writes data to HDFS with single-fold replication. SSDs again offer up to 40% lower job duration, equating to 70% higher performance. It turns out that our SSDs have an advantage for sequential workloads because they deliver higher sequential IO size — 2x larger than the HDDs in our test setup. To write the same amount of data, SSDs incur half the number of IOs. This difference may be a vendor-specific characteristic, as other SSDs or HDDs likely offer different default configurations for sequential IO sizes. There is another kind of MapReduce job — one that is dominated by compute rather than IO. When the resource bottleneck is not the IO subsystem, the choice of storage media makes no difference. In the graph below, “wordcount” is a job that involves high CPU load parsing text and counting word frequencies; “shuffle compressed” is the shuffle-only job from earlier, except with MapReduce shuffle compression enabled. Enabling this configuration shifts load from IO to CPU. The advantage from SSDs decreases considerably compared with the uncompressed “shuffle” from earlier. Ultimately, we learned that SSDs offer considerable performance benefit for some workloads, and at worst do no harm. The decision on whether to use SSDs would then depend on any premium cost to obtain higher performance. We’ll return to that discussion later. ## Configuring a hybrid HDD-SSD cluster Almost all existing MapReduce clusters use HDDs. There are two ways to introduce SSDs: 1) buy a new SSD-only cluster, or 2) add SSDs to existing HDD-only machines (some customers may prefer the latter option for cost and logistical reasons). Therefore, we found it meaningful to figure out a good way to configure a hybrid HDD-SSD cluster. We setup clusters with the following storage configurations: Setup Storage Capacity Sequential R/W bandwidth Price HDD-baseline 6 HDDs 12 TB 720 MBps $2,400 HDD-11 11 HDDs 22 TB 1300 MBps$4,400 Hybrid 6 HDDs + 1 SSD 13.3 TB 2020 MBps $16,400 We started with a low-IO-bandwidth cluster of six HDDs. With default configurations, adding a single SSD leads to higher performance, about the same improvement we get by adding five HDDs. This is an undesirable result, because the single additional SSD has double the bandwidth than the additional five HDDs. A closer look at HDFS and MapReduce implementations reveals a critical insight: both the HDFS DataNode and the MapReduce NodeManager write to local directories in a round-robin fashion. A typical setup would mount each piece of storage hardware as a separate directory, e.g., /mnt/disk-1, /mnt/disk-2, /mnt/ssd-1. With each of these directories mounted as a HDFS and MapReduce local directory, they each receive the same amount of data. Faster progress on the SSD does not accelerate slower progress on the HDDs. So, to fully utilize the SSD, we need to split the SSD into multiple directories to maintain equal bandwidth per local directory. In our case, SSDs should be split into 10 directories. The SSDs would then receive 10x the data directed at each HDD, written at 10x the speed, and complete in the same amount of time. When the SSD capacity accommodates the 10x data size written, performance is much better than the default setup. ## Price per performance vs price per capacity We found that for our tests and hardware, SSDs delivered up to 70 percent higher performance, for 2.5x higher$-per-performance (average performance divided by cost). Each customer can decide whether the higher performance is worth the premium cost. This decision employs the $-per-performance metric, which differs from the$-per-capacity metric that storage vendors more frequently track. The SSDs we used hold a 50x premium for $-per-capacity — a gap far larger than the 2.5x premium for$-per-performance. The primary benefit of SSD is high performance, rather than high capacity. Storage vendors and customers should also consider $-per-performance, and develop architectures to work-around capacity constraints. The table below compares the$-per-performance and $-per-capacity between HDDs and SSDs. We also include some updated data we received from different hardware partners earlier this year. The$-per-performance gap is approaching parity even as the $-per-capacity gap remains wide. Setup Unit cost Capacity Unit BW US$ per TB US$per MBps HDD circa 2013$400 2 TB 120 MBps 200 (2013 baseline) 3.3 (2013 baseline) SSD circa 2013 $14,000 1.3 TB 1300 MBps 10,769 (54x 2013 baseline) 10.8 (2.5x 2013 baseline) HDD circa 2015$250 4 TB 120 MBps 62.5 (2015 baseline) 2.1 (2015 baseline) SSD circa 2015 \$6,400 2 TB 2000 MBps 3,200 (51x 2015 baseline) 3.2 (1.5x 2015 baseline) ## SSD economics — exploring the trade-offs Overall, SSD economics involve the interplay between ever-improving software and hardware as well as ever-evolving customer workloads. The precise trade-off between SSDs, HDDs, and memory deserves regular re-examination over time. We encourage members of the community to extend our work and explore how SSDs benefit SQL-on-Hadoop, free text search, machine learning, NoSQL, and other big data frameworks. More extended versions of this work appeared on the Cloudera Engineering Blog and at the Large Installation System Administration Conference (LISA) 2014. Cropped image on article and category pages by Brian Reynolds on Flickr, used under a Creative Commons license. 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https://googology.wikia.org/wiki/User_blog:Koteitan/Definition_of_Dimensional_BMS_and_its_correspondence_to_Y_sequence	10,974 Pages Dimensional BMS (DBMS) is the notation which has quite similar features to Bashicu Matrix System (BMS) and it forms like ((0),(1),(2,1),(3,2,1)) and so on. # Conventional Study Ecl1psed, the discord user, posted "Dimensional BMS" named notation and its correspondence to some ordinals and the expansion result examples[1] on bashicu-matrix channel [2] in Googology Server[3] of discord[4] on Sep. 14,2019. Though Ecl1psed said that he was "might not have been the first person to come up with this idea"[5], the earliest record of the seemds to be the post above. On the other hand, Yukito[6] said that he invented a notation named YBM which has the equivalent to this DBMS independently to Ecl1psed, and the expansion rule of YBM and DBMS formed (0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4,3,2,1)... are identical to the rule of BM4 $${\rm expand(X[n])}$$, and he also said YBM and DBMS are correspond to Y sequence under Y(1,3). AxiomaticSystem, the discord user, created an expansion program of Pointer-BMS, which is the expansion system which is identical to the one of DBMS and posted it to discord on June 3, 2020[7]. In second, AxiomaticSystem also posted the program which translate Pointer-BMS and DBMS and Y sequence each other to the Repl.it, the program posting site and published on July 7, 2020[8]. With that, it is clarified that DBMS and Y sequence can be transpose each other. # Proposition At first, I'm going to redefine DBMS with mathematical equation in this article. In second, though that equals to the result by AxiomaticSystem, in the other aspect from that, I try to redefine Y sequence by the correspondence to DBMS. # Notation I define sets $$T_\seq$$ of formal strings consisting of the natural numbers, $$($$ and $$)$$, and also define a function $$\rows(s)$$ on $$T_\seq \mapsto \nat$$ recursively in the followings: 1. $$() \in T_\seq$$. 2. $$\rows(())=0$$. 3. $$\left( s\frown (n) \in T_\seq \right) \leftarrow \left( s \in T_\seq \land n \in \nat \right)$$. 4. $$\left( \rows(s\frown (n))=\rows(s)+1 \right) \leftarrow \left( s \in T_\seq \land n \in \nat \right)$$. Where $$\frown$$ is a binary operator on $$\nat^2 \rightarrow \nat$$ and $$(a_0,a_1,\cdots,a_{k_a}) \frown (b_0,b_1,\cdots,b_{k_b})$$ $$= (a_0,a_1,\cdots,a_{k_a},b_0,b_1,\cdots,b_{k_b})$$ when $$a_0,a_1,\cdots,a_{k_a},b_0,b_1,\cdots,b_{k_b} \in \nat$$. I define sets $$T$$ of formal strings consisting of $$T_\seq$$, $$($$ and $$)$$, and also define a function $$\cols(s)$$ on $$T \mapsto \nat$$ recursively in the followings: 1. $$(()) \in T$$. 2. $$\cols((()))=0$$. 3. $$\left( m\frown (s) \in T \right) \leftarrow \left( m \in T \land s \in T_\seq \right)$$. 4. $$\left( \cols(m)=\cols(m)+1 \right) \leftarrow \left( m \in T \land s \in T_\seq \right)$$. Where $$\frown$$ is a binary operator on $$T_\seq^2 \rightarrow \nat$$ and $$(a_0,a_1,\cdots,a_{k_a}) \frown (b_0,b_1,\cdots,b_{k_b})$$ $$= (a_0,a_1,\cdots,a_{k_a},b_0,b_1,\cdots,b_{k_b})$$ when $$a_0,a_1,\cdots,a_{k_a},b_0,b_1,\cdots,b_{k_b} \in T_\seq$$. -informal plaza- $$T_\seq$$ is the finite sequence and it corresponds to a column of a DBMS, and $$T$$ is a finite sequence of the finite sequences and it corresponds to a matrix of a DBMS. By the convention, the trailing zeros in $$T_\seq$$ are often omitted, for example, (3,0,0)=(3,0)=(3). By the convention, the commas in $$T$$ and the parenthesis which covers whole $$T$$ are often ommited, for example, ((0,0,0),(1,1,1))=(0,0,0)(1,1,1). $$\rows(y)$$ is the function returning the number of the row(=elements) of $$y$$. $$\cols(x)$$ is the function $$\cols(x)$$ returning the number of the columns of $$x$$. # Lexicographical ordered sets I define $$x\lexseqlt y, ~x\lexseqgt y$$ which is 2-arities relation on $$T_\seq^2$$ as followings. ($$x,y,z \in T_\seq$$, $$a,b \in \nat$$, $$x\neq(),y\neq()$$,$$z\neq()$$)： 1. $$() \lexseq x$$. 2. $$x\frown z \lexseq y \leftarrow x \lexseq y$$. 3. $$x \lexseq y\frown z \leftarrow x \lexseq y$$. 4. $$z\frown (a) \lexseq z\frown (b) \leftrightarrow a \lt b$$. 5. $$x \lexseqgt y \leftrightarrow y \lexseqlt x$$. I define $$x\lexlt y, ~x\lexgt y$$ which is 2-arities relation on $$T^2$$as followings. ($$x,y,z \in T$$,$$a,b \in T_\seq$$, $$x\neq(()),y\neq(())$$,$$z\neq(())$$： 1. $$(()) \lex x$$. 2. $$x \lex y \rightarrow x\frown z \lex y$$. 3. $$x \lex y \rightarrow x \lex y\frown z$$. 4. $$z\frown (a) \lex z\frown (b) \leftrightarrow a \lexseq b$$. 5. $$y \lexlt x \leftrightarrow x \lexgt y$$. -Informal plaza- With both $$\lex$$ and $$\lexseq$$, the rule is correspond to that repeating comparison of the elements 1 by 1 from left-end and going left if they are the same. For example, about the comparison for (4,3,2,0) and (4,3,1,1), 4=4, 3=3, 2>1, so (4,3,2,0) $$\lexseqgt$$ (4,3,1,1). about the comparison for (0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4) and (0)(1)(2,1)(3,2)(4,3), (0)=(0), (1)=(1), (2,1)=(2,1), (3,2,1)$$\lexseqgt$$(3,2)=(3,2,0) then ((0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)) $$\lexgt$$ ((0)(1)(2,1)(3,2)(4,3)). 1. means that empty sequence is grater than the sequences which has the elements. 2. and 3. means it is less if its head is less. 4. means that comparison is done with the following elements if the first element is equivarent. 5. means that the opposite of $$\lex$$ is $$\lexgt$$. # Linear order sets I define $$LT_\seq \subset T_\seq$$ as the following: 1. $$() \in LT_\seq$$. 2. $$(0) \in LT_\seq$$. 3. $$(a_0,a_1) \in LT_\seq \leftarrow \left( a_0,a_1 \in \nat \land a_0 \gt a_1 \right)$$. 4. $$a \frown (a_0,a_1) \in LT_\seq \\ \leftarrow \left( a, \in LT_\seq \land a_0,a_1 \in \nat \land a_1 \lt a_0 \right)$$. I define $$LT \subset T$$ as the following: 1. $$(()) \in LT$$. 2. $$((0)) \in LT$$. 3. $$a\frown ((0)) \in LT \leftarrow a \in LT$$. 4. $$a \frown (b_0\frown b)\frown c \frown(d_0\frown d) \leftarrow \left( \\ a \in LT \\ (b\frown b_0) \in T \land \\ c \in T \land \\ (d\frown d_0) \in T \land \\ a \frown (b_0\frown b)\frown c \in LT \land \\ b,d \in LT_\seq \land \\ b_0,d_0 \in \nat \land \\ d_0 \leq b_0+1 \\ \right)$$. -Informal plaza- $$LT$$ is the set which gathers $$T$$ accespting only the sequence which meets the following condition. (condition 1.) The value in a row should be reduced. For example, (5,4,3),(5,4,2),(5,4,1),(5,4,0) are allowed but (5,4,5) is increased from 4 to 5 and (5,4,4) is not decrease and it keep 4 to 4, so that they are not allowed. (condition 2.) When you add the new column in the matrix, the first value in a new column should be less than or equal to (the heading number on a row in the previous matrix +1), or 0. For example, the accepted columns to add into the right of (0)(1)(2,1)(2,1) are less than and equal to 0+1=1, 1+1=2, 1+1=2, 2+1=3. In other words, (0)(1)(2,1)(2,1)(0), (0)(1)(2,1)(2,1)(2,1), (0)(1)(2,1)(2,1)(3) and (0)(1)(2,1)(2,1)(3,2,1) can be accepted but (0)(1)(2,1)(2,1)(4) is not allowed. This $$LT$$ should be the linear ordered sets because the lexicographical order $$\lex$$ has linearity. On the contrary to that, $$LT$$ isn't necessary to be well-ordered set because if the expansion rule is harmful and if it has infinite loop for the calculation, it doesn't have the well-ordered feature. After I add proper expansion fundamental sequence, it will gain well-ordered feature. # Fundamental sets I define $$FT \in LT$$ as the followings: 1. $$(()) \in FT$$. 2. $$((0)) \in FT$$. 3. $$x\frown y \in FT \leftarrow \left(\\ x \in FT \land \\ y = \max_{\lex}\{y'\| x\frown y' \in LT \land \cols(y')=1 \} \\\right)$$ -Informal plaza- Fundamental sets $$FT$$ are $$LT$$ which has the $$\lex$$-maximum column in the matrices whose number of the column is the same. They form (0), (0)(1), (0)(1)(2,1), (0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1) and $$(0)(1)(2,1)\cdots(x,x-1,x-2,\cdots,2,1,0)\cdots$$. They are the similar matrices of (0),(0,0)(1,1),(0,0,0)(1,1,1),...,(0…0)(1…1) in Bashicu matrices and (1),(1,2),(1,2,4),(1,2,4,8),...,(1,2,...,2^x,...) in the Y sequnces. # Standard notation I define Dimensional BMS (DBMS) $$OT \in FT$$ as the followings: 1. $$X \in OT \leftarrow X \in FT$$. 2. $$\forall k \in \nat~\forall n0\cdots n_k \in \nat~X \in OT \\ \leftarrow {\rm expand}(X)[n0]\cdots[n_k] \in FT$$. -Informal plaza- The definition of standard notation needs the following definition of the expansion function $$\cdot[\cdot]$$. The way to define standard notation can be said that the standard notations are defined as all the fundamental and all the expansion of them. Though There is no proof, $$(OT,\lex)$$ is expected to be an ordinal notation. # Fundamental sequence I define the function $$\cdot[\cdot]$$ on $$OT \times \nat \mapsto OT$$ as the followings. \begin{eqnarray} S[n]&=&\left\{\begin{array}{ll} (()) & {\rm if}~S=(()) \\ S_0 \frown S_1 \frown \cdots \frown S_{\cols(S)-2} & {\rm if~}\forall yS_{\cols(S)-1y}=0\\ G \frown B^{(0)} \frown B^{(1)} \frown \cdots \frown B^{(n)} & {\rm otherwise} \end{array}\right.\\ \mathrm{Matrix:}~S&=&(S_0,S_1,\cdots, S_{\cols(S)-1})\in OT\\ \mathrm{Column:}~S_x&=&(S_{x0},S_{x1},\cdots,S_{x(\rows(S_x)-1)})\in T_\seq\\ \mathrm{Good part:}~G&=&(S_0,S_1,\cdots,S_{r-1})\\ \mathrm{Bad part:}~B^{(a)}&=&(B_0^{(a)},B_1^{(a)},\cdots,B_{\cols(S)-2-r}^{(a)})\in T\\ \mathrm{Bad part columns:}~B_x^{(a)}&=&(B_{x0}^{(a)},B_{x1}^{(a)},\cdots,B_{x(\rows(S_x)-1)}^{(a)})\in T_\seq\\ \mathrm{Bad part elements:}~B_{xy}^{(a)}&=&S_{(r+x)y}+a\Delta_{y}A_{xy}\in \nat\\ \mathrm{Ascension amount:}~\Delta_{y}&=&\left\{\begin{array}{ll} S_{(\cols(S)-1)y}-S_{ry}&(\mathrm{if}~y\lt t)\\ 0 &(\mathrm{if}~y\geq t) \end{array}\right.\in \nat\\ \mathrm{Ascension matrix:}~A_{xy}&=&\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 &(\mathrm{if}~ \exists a( r=(P_{y})^a(r+x)))\\ 0 &(\mathrm{otherwise}) \end{array}\right.\in \nat\\ \mathrm{Lowermost nonzero:}~t&=&\max\{y\|S_{(\cols(S)-1)y}\gt 0\}\in \nat\\ \mathrm{bad root:}~r &=& P_t(\cols(S)-1)\in \nat\\ \mathrm{parent of~}S_{xy}:~P_{y}(x)&=&\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \max\{p\|p\lt x \land S_{py} \lt S_{xy} \land \exists a( p=(P_{y-1})^a(x))\} & (\mathrm{if}~y\gt 0)\\ \max\{p\|p\lt x \land S_{py} \lt S_{xy} \} & (\mathrm{if}~y=0)\\ \end{array}\right.\in \nat\\ \end{eqnarray} -Informal plaza- Where $$S, S_x, S_{xy}, G, B^{(k)}, B_x^{(k)}, B_{xy}^{(k)}, \Delta_y, A_{xy}, t, r, P_y(x)$$ are the similar definition as the article about BM4[9]. In $$X'[b]={\rm expand}(X[b])$$ of BMS, its output is a natural number. On the contrary to that, $$\cdot[\cdot]$$ of DBMS, its output is a matrix. $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are replaced into $$\cols(S)$$ and $$\rows(S)$$. # Fast Growing Hierarchy I defined the function $$f_X(n)$$ on $$OT \times \nat \mapsto \nat$$ as the following: 1. $$f_{X\frown((0))}(n)=g(n)$$ 2. $$f_{X}(n)=f_{X[g(n)]}(g(n)) \leftarrow \not\exists X'~(X=X' \frown (0))$$ 3. $$g(n)=n^2$$ # Large number Using DBMS, its estimated the following large numbers: 1. [Primitive_Sequence_Number] is equal to $$f^{10}_{(0)(1)(2,1)}(9)$$. 2. [Pair_Sequence_Number] is equal to $$f^{10}_{(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)}(9)$$. 3. [Bashicu_Matrix_System\|Trio Sequence Number] is equal to $$f^{10}_{(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4,3,2,1)}(9)$$. 4. [Bashicu_Matrix_System\|Bashicu Matrix System] is represented by using the function $$\bm{BM}(n)$$ on $$\nat\mapsto\nat$$ as $${\bm BM}^{10}(9)$$. 1. $$\bm{BM}(n)=f_{X}(n) \leftarrow X=\max_{\lex}\{X'\|\cols(X)\leq n\}$$ # The correspondence to Y-Sequence In the followings, I denote Y sequence as $$Y(s_0,s_1,s_2,\cdots,s_k)$$ and denote DBMS X as DBMS(X), and made 1-to-1 correspondence of them and redefine Y sequence from that: 1. $${\rm Y}()={\rm DBMS}(((())))$$ 2. $${\rm Y}(1)={\rm DBMS}(((0)))$$ 3. $${\rm Y}(Y\frown (y))=({\rm DBMS}(X\frown (x))$$<br\>$$\leftarrow (x=$$ (the $$y$$ th smallest elements which meets the condition that $$(y\in \nat \land x \in T_\seq \land$$ $$Y \in T_\seq \land$$ <br\>$$X\in OT\land$$<br\> $${\rm Y}(Y)={\rm DBMS}(X) \land$$<br\> $$\rows(X\frown x)=\rows({\rm DBMS}(X))+1$$).) -Informal plaza- There is no proof which prove it correspond to existing rules. with the DBMS defined here and the definition of BM4 which defined by the programs and mathematical equation, it can be said that it gives a one of definition of Y sequence under Y(1,3). On the contrary to that Axiomatic System gives the new value of the column of the new added child by the differential seuqnce with its parents arr[i][-1]-arr[i-nex[i][-1]][-2], it equals to that[10], on my proposal, the fact that DBMS is created by adding k-th smallest column in the columns which can put in the right of the original matrices corresponding to the original Y sequence can be the one of new discovery. You can understand clearly if you see the following correspondence results. ## Examples of the correspondence to Y-Sequences I show the correspondence example based on the construction of Y(1,2,4,8,9,8): 1. Y()=DBMS(()). 2. Y((1)) = DBMS((0)). 3. Y(1,1) = (1st DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)=Y(1)) = DBMS(0)(0). 4. Y(1,2) = (2nd DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)=Y(1)) = DBMS(0)(1). 5. Y(1,2,1) = (1st DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)=Y(1,2)) = DBMS(0)(1)(0). 6. Y(1,2,2) = (2nd DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)=Y(1,2)) = DBMS(0)(1)(1). 7. Y(1,2,3) = (3rd DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)=Y(1,2)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2). 8. Y(1,2,4) = (4th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)=Y(1,2)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1). 9. Y(1,2,4,1) = (1st DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(0). 10. Y(1,2,4,2) = (2nd DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(1). 11. Y(1,2,4,3) = (3rd DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(2). 12. Y(1,2,4,4) = (4th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(2,1). 13. Y(1,2,4,5) = (5th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3). 14. Y(1,2,4,6) = (6th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,1). 15. Y(1,2,4,7) = (7th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2). 16. Y(1,2,4,8) = (8th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)=Y(1,2,4)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1). 17. Y(1,2,4,8,1) = (1st DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(0). 18. Y(1,2,4,8,2) = (2nd DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(1). 19. Y(1,2,4,8,3) = (3rd DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(2). 20. Y(1,2,4,8,4) = (4th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(2,1). 21. Y(1,2,4,8,5) = (5th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(3). 22. Y(1,2,4,8,6) = (6th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(3,1). 23. Y(1,2,4,8,7) = (7th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(3,2). 24. Y(1,2,4,8,8) = (8th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(3,2,1). 25. Y(1,2,4,8,9) = (9th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)=Y(1,2,4,8)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4). 26. Y(1,2,4,8,9,1) = (1th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(0). 27. Y(1,2,4,8,9,2) = (2th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(1). 28. Y(1,2,4,8,9,3) = (3th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(2). 29. Y(1,2,4,8,9,4) = (4th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(2,1). 30. Y(1,2,4,8,9,5) = (5th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(3). 31. Y(1,2,4,8,9,6) = (6th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(3,1). 32. Y(1,2,4,8,9,7) = (7th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(3,2). 33. Y(1,2,4,8,9,8) = (8th DBMS made by putting in the right of DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)=Y(1,2,4,8,9)) = DBMS(0)(1)(2,1)(3,2,1)(4)(3,2,1). # Others DBMS is, originally, made to construct the Bashicu matrix system with the elements in the multiple dimensional space with the expansion using "doubled comma" and "tripled comma" like (0)(1)(2,1,,1) and said that it can be extended on the limit of (0)(1)(2,1,,1,,,1,,,,1,,,,,1...)[11] Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2021-08-05T20:38:58	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9346300959587097, "perplexity": 3062.155707047394}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046157039.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805193327-20210805223327-00679.warc.gz"}
https://www.iti.gov.nt.ca/en/services/oil-and-gas-gis-data/oil-gas-grid-reference-system	# Oil and Gas Grid Reference System The following figure illustrates how oil and gas land parcels are divided up in the Northwest Territories. Land parcels are divided up in three consecutively smaller blocks: grids, sections and units. ## NWT Oil and Gas Grid Reproduction Thumbnail Grids vary in size in miles or kilometres on the ground as one moves north and south and there are a variable number of grids in each 1° of latitude by 1° of longitude in slice of the earth (see reference figure). There are 24 grids per 1° of latitude by 1° of longitude between 60° north latitude and 70° north latitude. Between 70° north latitude and 85° north latitude there are 12 grids per 1° of latitude by 1° of longitude. Between 60° and 68° north latitude there are 80 sections per grid area, between 68° and 70° north latitude there are 60 sections per grid area, between 70° and 75° north latitude there are 100 sections per grid area, between 75° and 78° north latitude there are 80 sections per grid area, between 75° and 85° north latitude there are 60 sections per grid area (see reference figure). Sections contain 16 units Labeled from “A” to “P”, however the actual area on the ground varies in size at various latitudes (see reference figure). Oil and gas grids, sections and unit boundaries in a GIS format (Esri SHP files) that can be found and downloaded from an FTP site link here	2023-03-28T22:20:51	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8255986571311951, "perplexity": 2343.3463150687076}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00496.warc.gz"}
https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess122_2017-2018/sj17/20170425.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 122nd Session, 2017-2018 Journal of the Senate Tuesday, April 25, 2017 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 11:45 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: I Kings 20:28 "A man of God came and spoke to the King of Israel, and said, 'Thus says the Lord: Because the Syrians have said, The Lord is God of the hills, but He is not God of the valleys, therefore I will deliver all this great multitude into your hand, and you shall know that I am the Lord.' " Let us pray. Eternal and loving God, how often we acknowledge you as "a mountain top experience" when clearly you are the God of the valleys as well. For it is apparent that in the valleys of life, you test us and forge our faith. Many of us expect You to give us trouble free lives of peace and unity. But You have a different agenda: You want to use the valleys of our lives to shape and mold our concept of salvation and eternal life. Without these core beliefs our lives will become meaningless. As we struggle with the highs and lows of daily life, help us to remember that You are the God of eternity and that Your plan for us is only just beginning. And now O God, may we all draw strength from your promises and may your servant Senator WILLIAMS find comfort in his loss, knowing that his mother Thelma Williams is now fulfilling Your plan for her in eternity. In Your holy name we pray, Amen. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Senate agreed to recede at 11:50 A.M. for the purpose of attending the Joint Assembly and at the conclusion of the Joint Assembly, the Senate would reconvene at 2:00 P.M. Committee to Escort The PRESIDENT appointed Senators RANKIN, BENNETT, SHEALY, SETZLER, MALLOY and M.B. MATTHEWS and the Speaker appointed Representatives B. Newton, Hiott, Spires, Cobb-Hunter, Bernstein and J. Smith to escort the University of South Carolina Womens Head Basketball Coach Dawn Staley and members of her party to the House Chamber for the Joint Assembly. RECESS At 11:55 A.M., on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Senate receded from business for the purpose of attending the Joint Assembly. JOINT ASSEMBLY Address by Dawn Staley, National Champion Women's Basketball Coach for the University of South Carolina At 12:00 Noon, the Senate appeared in the Hall of the House. The PRESIDENT of the Senate called the Joint Assembly to order and announced that it had convened under the terms of a Concurrent Resolution adopted by both Houses. Dawn Staley was escorted to the rostrum by Senators RANKIN, BENNETT, SHEALY, SETZLER, MALLOY and M.B. MATTHEWS and Representatives B. Newton, Hiott, Ballentine, Bernstein, J. Smith and Rutherford. The PRESIDENT of the Senate introduced Dawn Staley and the Lady Gamecocks of the University of South Carolina. Representative Rutherford introduced the Lady Gamecocks and officials from the University of South Carolina. Senator MALLOY introduced Coach Dawn Staley. Ms. Dawn Staley addressed the Joint Assembly. The purposes of the Joint Assembly having been accomplished, the PRESIDENT declared it adjourned, whereupon the Senate returned to its Chamber and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. The Senate resumed at 2:10 P.M. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE The following appointment was transmitted by the Honorable HUGH K. LEATHERMAN on behalf of the Senate: Statewide Appointment Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Ethics Commission, with the term to commence April 1, 2017, and to expire March 31, 2022 Senate - Minority: Donald Gist, 511 Oakbrook Drive, Columbia, SC 29223 Referred to the Committee on Judiciary. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE The following appointment was withdrawn by the Honorable HUGH K. LEATHERMAN on behalf of the Senate: Withdrawal of Statewide Appointment Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Ethics Commission, with the term to commence April 1, 2017, and to expire March 31, 2022 Senate - Minority: McKinley Washington, P. O. Box 247, Ravenel, SC 29470 On motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Senate acceded to the request and the Clerk was directed to return the appointment. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Henry Dargan McMaster: Local Appointments Initial Appointment, Richland County Part-Time Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2017, and to expire April 30, 2021 Eleanor Duffy Cleary, 201 Glenbrooke Circle, Columbia, SC 29204 Initial Appointment, Darlington County Part-Time Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2015, and to expire April 30, 2019 Cheveron T. Scott, 434 West Broad Street, Darlington, SC 29532 VICE: James Edward Thomas Doctor of the Day Senator REESE introduced Dr. T. John Burrell of Irmo, S.C., Doctor of the Day. Leave of Absence At 3:34 P.M., Senator MALLOY requested a leave of absence from 3:34 P.M. - 5:00 P.M. S. 547 (Word version) Sen. Rice INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 649 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-13-10(A) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE STATE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY, TO PROVIDE THAT THE BOARD IS COMPOSED OF NINE MEMBERS, TO PROVIDE THAT ONE MEMBER MUST BE A REPRESENTATIVE FROM A COSMETOLOGY SCHOOL LICENSED IN THIS STATE, TO PROVIDE THAT ONE MEMBER MUST BE A PERSON WHO IS APPROVED BY THE BOARD TO PROVIDE CONTINUING EDUCATION TO COSMETOLOGISTS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE MEMBER WHO IS A SCHOOL REPRESENTATIVE AND THE MEMBER WHO PROVIDES CONTINUING EDUCATION MAY NOT REPRESENT THE SAME ENTITY. l:\s-res\tca\021cosm.dmr.tca.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. S. 650 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 14 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 14-1-250, TO PREVENT A COURT OR OTHER ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY FROM ENFORCING FOREIGN LAW IN THIS STATE FROM A FORUM OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES OR ITS TERRITORIES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. l:\s-res\lkg\026shar.sp.lkg.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 651 (Word version) -- Senators Grooms, Bennett, Campbell, J. Matthews and Sabb: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-120 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, TO ADD CARNES CROSS ROAD 3, PIMLICO 1, AND PIMLICO 2 PRECINCTS; AND TO REDESIGNATE THE MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE REVENUE AND FISCAL AFFAIRS OFFICE. l:\s-res\lkg\025berk.sp.lkg.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 652 (Word version) -- Senators Nicholson and Gambrell: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DECLARE THE MONTH OF MAY 2017 AS "TEEN PREGNANCY PREVENTION MONTH" THROUGHOUT THE STATE AND TO ENCOURAGE ALL SOUTH CAROLINIANS TO WORK TOGETHER TO REDUCE AND PREVENT TEEN PREGNANCY FOR THE FUTURE SUCCESS OF OUR YOUNG PEOPLE. l:\council\bills\rt\17151sa17.docx The Senate Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. S. 653 (Word version) -- Senator Gambrell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO HONOR COACH GARY ADAMS FOR THE IMPACTFUL CONTRIBUTIONS HE HAS MADE ON THE LIVES OF THOSE IN HIS COMMUNITY AND TO CONGRATULATE HIM ON HIS PHENOMENAL WIN RECORD. l:\council\bills\rt\17152sd17.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 654 (Word version) -- Senator Shealy: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES NAME THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES' FIELD OFFICE LOCATED AT 509 LIBERTY STREET IN BATESBURG-LEESVILLE "CORPORAL KYLE CARPENTER FIELD OFFICE" AND TO ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS LOCATION THAT CONTAIN THIS DESIGNATION. l:\s-res\ks\035kyle.kmm.ks.docx The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation. S. 655 (Word version) -- Senator Shealy: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERSECTION OF THE 12TH STREET EXTENSION (SC-35) AND I-77 IN CAYCE "NOEL K. YOBS INTERSECTION" AND TO ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS LOCATION CONTAINING THIS DESIGNATION. l:\s-res\ks\034noel.kmm.ks.docx The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation. S. 656 (Word version) -- Senator Shealy: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR SHUMPERT'S IGA FOR ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF SERVING THE PELION COMMUNITY AND TO CONGRATULATE THE OWNERS, MANAGERS, AND EMPLOYEES AS THEY CONTINUE THIS NOTEWORTHY LEGACY. l:\s-res\ks\036shum.kmm.ks.docx S. 657 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE INEZ HOLMES SMITH ON THE OCCASION OF HER ONE HUNDREDTH BIRTHDAY AND TO WISH HER A JOYOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION AND MUCH HAPPINESS IN THE DAYS AHEAD. l:\s-res\ngs\018inez.kmm.ngs.docx S. 658 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO HONOR AND RECOGNIZE DR. SARAH JANE BYARS OF LEXINGTON COUNTY UPON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT, TO COMMEND HER FOR HER FORTY-FOUR YEARS OF FAITHFUL SERVICE TO THE LEXINGTON SCHOOL DISTRICT TWO PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM, AND TO WISH HER MUCH HAPPINESS AND FULFILLMENT IN HER RETIREMENT. l:\s-res\ngs\019sara.kmm.ngs.docx S. 659 (Word version) -- Senator Senn: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE UPON THE PASSING OF JAMES "JIM" LEVENTIS OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS. l:\s-res\ss\013jame.kmm.ss.docx S. 660 (Word version) -- Senator Senn: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE UPON THE PASSING OF JAMES LEIGH "JAMIE" LEVENTIS OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS. l:\s-res\ss\012jame.kmm.ss.docx S. 661 (Word version) -- Senator J. Matthews: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE ELLA MAE GAINES-PHILLIPS OF ORANGEBURG COUNTY ON THE OCCASION OF HER SEVENTY-FIFTH BIRTHDAY AND TO WISH HER A JOYOUS BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION AND MUCH HAPPINESS IN THE DAYS AHEAD. l:\council\bills\rm\1168wab17.docx S. 662 (Word version) -- Senators J. Matthews and Hutto: A BILL TO CONSOLIDATE THE SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN ORANGEBURG COUNTY INTO ONE SCHOOL DISTRICT TO BE KNOWN AS THE ORANGEBURG COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT; TO PROVIDE FOR THE ORDERLY TRANSITION TO A SINGLE SCHOOL DISTRICT; TO PROVIDE FOR THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES, ITS ELECTION, POWERS, AND DUTIES; TO PROVIDE THAT A DISTRICT SUPERINTENDENT IS THE CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER OF THE DISTRICT AND IS RESPONSIBLE TO THE BOARD FOR THE PROPER ADMINISTRATION OF ALL AFFAIRS OF THE DISTRICT AND SUBJECT TO ALL OTHER PROVISIONS OF LAW RELATING TO HIS DUTIES. l:\s-res\jwm\003sd c.kmm.jwm.docx Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar. H. 3549 (Word version) -- Rep. Cobb-Hunter: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-6-120, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO A PERMIT ISSUED FOR ON-PREMISES CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUOR IN PROXIMITY TO A CHURCH, SCHOOL, OR PLAYGROUND, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DECISION-MAKING BODY OF THE LOCAL SCHOOL MUST AFFIRMATIVELY STATE THAT IT DOES NOT OBJECT TO THE ISSUANCE OF A LICENSE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3667 (Word version) -- Reps. Clyburn and Forrest: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-480, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN SALUDA COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE THE MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE REVENUE AND FISCAL AFFAIRS OFFICE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 3926 (Word version) -- Rep. Spires: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA PHARMACY PRACTICE ACT, SO AS TO DEFINE ADDITIONAL TERMS; TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-86, RELATING TO COMPOUNDING PHARMACIES, SO AS TO REVISE MINIMUM GOOD COMPOUNDING PRACTICES, TO PROVIDE A PHARMACIST MUST PERFORM A FINAL CHECK ON A PREPARATION COMPOUNDED BY A PHARMACY TECHNICIAN, TO MODIFY REQUIREMENTS FOR AN AREA USED FOR COMPOUNDING IN A PHARMACY, TO PROVIDE PHARMACISTS SHALL ENSURE CERTAIN EXPECTED FEATURES OF INGREDIENTS USED IN A FORMULATION, TO PROVIDE A MEANS FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM BEYOND-USE DATE OF AN EXCESS AMOUNT OF A SPECIFIC COMPOUND IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, TO REQUIRE CERTAIN WRITTEN POLICIES AND PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO A COMPOUNDING AREA, AND TO PROVIDE THAT MATERIAL DATA SAFETY MUST BE READILY ACCESSIBLE TO PHARMACY PERSONNEL WHO WORK WITH DRUG SUBSTANCES OR BULK CHEMICALS, AND TO DELETE OBSOLETE LANGUAGE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-88, RELATING TO THE HANDLING OF STERILE PREPARATION BY PHARMACIES, SO AS TO REVISE ASSOCIATED STANDARDS AND TO BROADEN THE APPLICATION OF THESE STANDARDS TO INCLUDE OTHER FACILITIES PERMITTED BY THE BOARD, AMONG OTHER THINGS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. H. 4119 (Word version) -- Reps. G. M. Smith, Spires and Cobb-Hunter: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 40-43-75 SO AS TO PROVIDE RENAL DIALYSIS FACILITIES MAY DELIVER LEGEND DRUGS OR DEVICES TO PATIENTS IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, AND TO PROVIDE THESE PROVISIONS DO NOT WAIVE OTHER NECESSARY CREDENTIALING REQUIREMENTS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND FACILITIES. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. H. 4131 (Word version) -- Regulations and Administrative Procedures Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION, RELATING TO CHAPTER REVISIONS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4735, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4133 (Word version) -- Regulations and Administrative Procedures Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, RELATING TO SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION APPROVAL OF ACTIONS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4684, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4134 (Word version) -- Regulations and Administrative Procedures Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, RELATING TO COMMISSION APPROVAL OF ACTIONS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4685, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4135 (Word version) -- Regulations and Administrative Procedures Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, RELATING TO EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF TAX TO VARIOUS CHARGES IMPOSED BY HOTELS, MOTELS, AND OTHER FACILITIES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4665, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 4136 (Word version) -- Regulations and Administrative Procedures Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA HUMAN AFFAIRS COMMISSION, RELATING TO INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4678, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. H. 4137 (Word version) -- Regulations and Administrative Procedures Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE CLEMSON UNIVERSITY - STATE CROP PEST COMMISSION, RELATING TO PLANT NURSERY REGULATIONS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4655, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. H. 4138 (Word version) -- Regulations and Administrative Procedures Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION - BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY, RELATING TO SANITARY AND SAFETY RULES FOR SALONS AND SCHOOLS, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4720, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. H. 4142 (Word version) -- Reps. Knight, Arrington, Bennett, Jefferson, Mack, Murphy and Whipper: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERSECTION LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF LEGARE ROAD AND JIM BILTON BOULEVARD IN DORCHESTER COUNTY "CLAUDE MAJOR, JR. INTERSECTION" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERSECTION CONTAINING THIS DESIGNATION. The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4158 (Word version) -- Reps. Cobb-Hunter, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Bernstein, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Forrester, Fry, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Yow: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE APRIL 28, 2017, AS "WORKERS' MEMORIAL DAY" IN TRIBUTE TO THE WORKING MEN AND WOMEN WHO HAVE LOST THEIR LIVES BECAUSE OF WORKPLACE INJURIES AND ILLNESSES. The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. H. 4172 (Word version) -- Reps. Funderburk, Bales, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Bernstein, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Forrester, Fry, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Yow: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO HONOR WEYLCHEM U.S. INC., OF ELGIN AT THE CELEBRATION OF ITS FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY AND TO CONGRATULATE THE COMPANY ON HALF A CENTURY OF OUTSTANDING SUCCESS AND RECOGNIZE THE COMPANY'S SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT IN THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. H. 4173 (Word version) -- Reps. Bernstein, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Forrester, Fry, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Yow: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE THURSDAY, MAY 4, 2017, "SOUTH CAROLINA TEEN PREGNANCY PREVENTION DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND HONOR THE VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CAMPAIGN TO PREVENT TEEN PREGNANCY, THEIR PARTNERS WITHIN LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND ORGANIZATIONS, PARENTS, EDUCATORS, AND TRUSTED ADULTS. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. H. 4176 (Word version) -- Reps. Forrester, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Bernstein, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Fry, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Yow: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE MAY 2017 "ELECTRICAL SAFETY MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND ENCOURAGE ALL CITIZENS TO ESTABLISH AND PRACTICE ELECTRICAL SAFETY HABITS IN THE HOME, SCHOOL, AND WORKPLACE TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ELECTRICALLY-RELATED FIRES, INJURIES, AND DEATHS. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3132 (Word version) -- Reps. G.M. Smith and B. Newton: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 71, TITLE 44, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO HOSPICE PROGRAMS, SO AS TO ADD DEFINITIONS; TO ESTABLISH CERTAIN LICENSING REQUIREMENTS; TO PROVIDE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF MULTIPLE OFFICE LOCATIONS OF LICENSED HOSPICES; TO PROVIDE FOR EXPANSION OF HOSPICE SERVICE AREAS; TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO APPROVE APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION OF MULTIPLE OFFICE LOCATIONS AND FOR EXPANSION OF HOSPICE SERVICE AREAS, WITH EXCEPTIONS; AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3349 (Word version) -- Reps. Erickson and B. Newton: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 15, CHAPTER 33, TITLE 40, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE NURSE LICENSURE COMPACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE PROVISIONS OF THE COMPACT TO REFLECT CHANGES MANDATED FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE COMPACT. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable report on: H. 3487 (Word version) -- Reps. Ridgeway, Govan, Duckworth, Hardee and Douglas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 44-78-15, 44-78-20, 44-78-30, 44-78-45, ALL AS AMENDED, 44-78-50, AND SECTION 44-78-60, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DO NOT RESUSCITATE ORDERS, SO AS TO ALLOW A PARENT OR LEGAL GUARDIAN OF A PATIENT WHO IS A CHILD TO REQUEST AND REVOKE A DO NOT RESUSCITATE ORDER FOR EMERGENCY SERVICES FOR THE CHILD. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3587 (Word version) -- Reps. Henderson, Knight and Felder: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE "SEIZURE SAFETY IN SCHOOLS STUDY COMMITTEE" TO EXAMINE ISSUES RELATED TO EPILEPSY AND SEIZURE SAFETY AWARENESS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE STUDY COMMITTEE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE STUDY COMMITTEE'S TERMINATION. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator MARTIN from the Committee on Corrections and Penology submitted a favorable report on: H. 3742 (Word version) -- Rep. Pitts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 24-21-230 AND 24-21-280, BOTH AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE EMPLOYMENT, DUTIES, AND POWERS OF DEPARTMENT OF PROBATION, PAROLE AND PARDON SERVICES' AGENTS, HEARING OFFICERS, AND STAFF, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT MAY EMPLOY OFFENDER SUPERVISION SPECIALISTS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT SHALL PROMULGATE REGULATIONS REGARDING THE QUALIFICATIONS FOR THESE EMPLOYEES, AND PROCEDURES FOR CLASSIFYING OFFENDERS AS STANDARD AND LOW-RISK, AND TO PROVIDE THE DUTIES AND AUTHORITY OF AN OFFENDER SUPERVISION SPECIALIST. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3817 (Word version) -- Reps. Bedingfield, Fry, Henderson, Huggins, Johnson, Hewitt, Crawford, Duckworth, Arrington, Allison, Tallon, Hamilton, Elliott, Jordan, B. Newton, Martin, G.M. Smith, Yow, D.C. Moss, Wheeler, Erickson, V.S. Moss, Long, G.R. Smith, Magnuson, Bradley, Weeks, Taylor, Putnam, Cogswell, Collins, King and Henegan: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 44-53-362 SO AS TO ALLOW PHARMACIES AND OTHER ENTITIES TO REGISTER AS A COLLECTOR TO RECEIVE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES AS PART OF LAW ENFORCEMENT CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE TAKE-BACK EVENTS AND OPERATE CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE MAIL-BACK PROGRAMS AND TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TO FACILITATE AND ENCOURAGE REGISTRATION AND PARTICIPATION. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3824 (Word version) -- Reps. Henderson, Bedingfield, Fry, Huggins, Johnson, Hewitt, Crawford, Duckworth, Allison, Arrington, Forrester, Tallon, Hamilton, Felder, Elliott, Jordan, B. Newton, Martin, Erickson, Jefferson, Cobb-Hunter, Govan, Long, Putnam, Cogswell and Collins: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 44-53-1645 SO AS TO REQUIRE HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS TO REVIEW A PATIENT'S CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE PRESCRIPTION HISTORY, AS MAINTAINED IN THE PRESCRIPTION DRUG MONITORING PROGRAM, BEFORE PRESCRIBING A SCHEDULE II CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE, WITH EXCEPTIONS; TO AMEND SECTION 44-53-1630, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PRESCRIPTION DRUG MONITORING PROGRAM, SO AS TO ADD A DEFINITION OF "PRACTITIONER"; TO AMEND SECTION 44-53-1640, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PRESCRIPTION DRUG MONITORING PROGRAM, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 44-53-1680, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO PENALTIES FOR VIOLATING REQUIREMENTS OF THE PRESCRIPTION DRUG MONITORING PROGRAM, SO AS TO ESTABLISH A PENALTY IF A PRACTITIONER OR AUTHORIZED DELEGATE FAILS TO REVIEW A PATIENT'S CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE PRESCRIPTION HISTORY, AS MAINTAINED IN THE PRESCRIPTION DRUG MONITORING PROGRAM, BEFORE PRESCRIBING A SCHEDULE II CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE; BY ADDING SECTION 40-15-145 SO AS TO ESTABLISH EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DENTISTS ADDRESSING THE PRESCRIPTION AND MONITORING OF CERTAIN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 40-37-240, 40-47-965, AS AMENDED, AND 40-51-140, RELATING TO CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTAIN HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS, SO AS TO ADD REQUIREMENTS ADDRESSING THE PRESCRIPTION AND MONITORING OF CERTAIN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-43-130, RELATING TO CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR PHARMACISTS, SO AS TO ADD REQUIREMENTS ADDRESSING CERTAIN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator PEELER from the Committee on Medical Affairs submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3885 (Word version) -- Reps. Bannister, Bedingfield, G.R. Smith, Loftis and Hamilton: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 44-7-3420, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE LEWIS BLACKMAN HOSPITAL PATIENT SAFETY ACT, SO AS TO ADD DEFINITIONS FOR "HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER" AND "HEALTH CARE FACILITY"; AND BY ADDING SECTION 44-7-3435 SO AS TO REQUIRE HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS TO WEAR IDENTIFICATION BADGES DISPLAYING CERTAIN INFORMATION. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator SHEALY from the General Committee submitted a favorable report on: H. 3997 (Word version) -- Reps. Bernstein, Rutherford, J.E. Smith, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Forrester, Fry, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Yow: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE MAY 2017 "AMERICAN JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE HISTORY OF JEWISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR GREAT STATE. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator SHEALY from the General Committee submitted a favorable report on: H. 4073 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons, Yow, J.E. Smith, Williams, Fry, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Bernstein, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Forrester, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, White, Whitmire and Willis: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE JULY 16, 2017, AS ATOMIC VETERANS DAY IN SOUTH CAROLINA. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator SHEALY from the General Committee submitted a favorable report on: H. 4074 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons, Yow, J.E. Smith, Williams, Fry, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Bernstein, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Forrester, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thayer, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, White, Whitmire and Willis: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS AND URGE THEM TO PASS H.R. 2747, THE "ATOMIC VETERANS SERVICE MEDAL ACT". Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Appointments Reported Senator MARTIN from the Committee on Corrections and Penology submitted a favorable report on: Statewide Appointment Initial Appointment, South Carolina Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon Services, with the term to commence March 15, 2017, and to expire March 15, 2023 7th Congressional District: Kimberly H. Frederick, 110 North Oak Dr., Surfside Beach, SC 29575 VICE Marvin Stevenson Senator SHEALY from the General Committee submitted a favorable report on: Statewide Appointments Reappointment, South Carolina Foster Care Review Board, with the term to commence June 30, 2016, and to expire June 30, 2020 5th Congressional District: Martha W. Brock, 154 Hidden Acres Dr., Gaffney, SC 29341 Reappointment, South Carolina Foster Care Review Board, with the term to commence June 30, 2017, and to expire June 30, 2021 2nd Congressional District: Margaret Jo B. Hecker, 409 Longtown Rd. West, Blythewood, SC 29016 Reappointment, South Carolina Commission for the Blind, with the term to commence May 19, 2017, and to expire May 19, 2021 2nd Congressional District: Judith E. Johnson, 317 Ballentine Estates Road, Irmo, SC 29063 Initial Appointment, Board of Trustees for the Veterans' Trust Fund of South Carolina, with term coterminous with Governor At-Large: John D. "J.D." Wilcox, Jr., Post Office Box 3, Union, SC 29379 VICE Bernard Chapman (resigned) Reappointment, South Carolina Foster Care Review Board, with the term to commence June 30, 2017, and to expire June 30, 2021 6th Congressional District: Andrea B. McCoy, 334 Teague Park Court, Columbia, SC 29209 INVITATIONS ACCEPTED On motion of Senator DAVIS, with unanimous consent, the following invitations were polled favorably from the Committee on Invitations and ordered placed on the Calendar: Tuesday, May 2, 2017 - 12:00pm-2:00pm Members of the Senate, Luncheon, State House Grounds, by the SC TIRE MANUFACTURERS COUNCIL Tuesday, May 2, 2017 - 6:00pm-8:00pm Members of the Senate, Reception, the Oak Table, by the SOUTH CAROLINA POULTRY FEDERATION Wednesday, May 3, 2017 - 8:00am-10:00am Members and Staff, Breakfast, Room 112, Blatt Building, by the SOUTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION OF COMMUNITY ACTION PARTNERSHIPS Wednesday, May 3, 2017 - 12:00pm-2:00pm Members and Staff, Luncheon, State House Grounds, by the PALMETTO CONSERVATION FOUNDATION Wednesday, May 3, 2017 - 6:00pm-9:00pm Members and Staff, Reception, Columbia Convention Center, by SC FUTURE MINDS, "TEACHER OF THE YEAR AWARD" Wednesday, May 3, 2017 - 7:00pm-9:00pm Members and Staff, Reception, 1208 Washington Place, by the SOUTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATION FOR JUSTICE Tuesday, May 9, 2017 - 12:00pm-2:00pm Members and Staff, Luncheon, State House Grounds, by BOEING, BMW, NORTH AMERICA, GE, AND SCMA Tuesday, May 9, 2017 - 5:00pm-7:00pm Members and Staff, Reception, the Capital City Club, by the INDUCTION OF JUSTICE GEORGE C. JAMES Thursday, May 11, 2017 - 8:00am-10:00am Members and Staff, Breakfast, State House Grounds, by the AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, SC Poll of the Invitations Committee Polled 11; Ayes 11; Not Voting 0 AYES Davis Alexander Reese Campsen Cromer Malloy Johnson Nicholson Hembree Young Goldfinch Total--11 NAYS Total--0 Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., April 25, 2017 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: H. 3792 (Word version) -- Reps. Thayer, Funderburk and Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-23-245 SO AS TO PROVIDE MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR THE NUMBERS OF TOILETS AND LAVATORIES AVAILABLE FOR MEN AND WOMEN AT MIDDLE SCHOOL FOOTBALL STADIUMS AND HIGH SCHOOL FOOTBALL STADIUMS, AND TO PROVIDE THESE STANDARDS APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING OTHERWISE APPLICABLE BUILDING CODES AND PLUMBING CODES, AMONG OTHER THINGS. and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., April 25, 2017 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: H. 3999 (Word version) -- Reps. Quinn, Atwater and Huggins: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES RENAME THE "HOPE FERRY LANDING" ON THE SALUDA RIVER THE "J. B. BARKER BOAT LANDING" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE SIGNS OR MARKERS AT THIS LOCATION THAT CONTAIN THIS DESIGNATION. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., April 25, 2017 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: H. 3221 (Word version) -- Reps. Allison, Collins, Felder, Daning, Govan, Taylor, Knight and Anderson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 59-20-90 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION TO DEVELOP AND ADOPT A STATEWIDE PROGRAM FOR IDENTIFYING FISCAL PRACTICES AND BUDGETARY CONDITIONS THAT, IF UNCORRECTED, COULD COMPROMISE THE FISCAL INTEGRITY OF A SCHOOL DISTRICT AND FOR ADVISING THE DISTRICT ON HOW TO TAKE APPROPRIATE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS, TO ESTABLISH THREE LEVELS OF FISCAL AND BUDGETARY CONCERNS WITH CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH, AND TO DIRECT THE DEPARTMENT TO PROMULGATE REGULATIONS TO CARRY OUT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION; AND BY ADDING SECTION 59-20-95 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE STATE AUDITOR TO ADOPT THE STATEWIDE PROGRAM CREATED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION IN SECTION 59-20-90 AND USE IT TO IDENTIFY FISCAL PRACTICES AND BUDGETARY CONDITIONS THAT, IF UNCORRECTED, COULD COMPROMISE THE FISCAL INTEGRITY OF A STATE AGENCY THAT IS ALSO A LOCAL EDUCATION AGENCY AND TO ADVISE THE STATE AGENCY THAT IS ALSO A LOCAL EDUCATION AGENCY ON HOW TO TAKE APPROPRIATE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS, AND TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS TO ENABLE THE STATE AUDITOR TO DIRECT THE DEPARTMENT TO IMMEDIATELY ASSUME EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF THE STATE AGENCY THAT IS ALSO A LOCAL EDUCATION AGENCY FOR WHICH IT HAS MADE A DECLARATION OF FISCAL CAUTION OR FISCAL EMERGENCY, TO CONTINUE THIS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF THE LOCAL EDUCATION AGENCY UNTIL THE STATE AUDITOR RELEASES THE STATE AGENCY THAT IS ALSO A LOCAL EDUCATION AGENCY FROM THE DECLARATION OF FISCAL CAUTION OR FISCAL EMERGENCY, AS APPLICABLE, AND TO DIRECT THE STATE AUDITOR TO PROMULGATE REGULATIONS TO CARRY OUT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION. and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., April 25, 2017 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has requested and was granted Free Conference Powers and has appointed Reps. Hiott, Clary and Collins to the Committee of Free Conference on the part of the House on: H. 3346 (Word version) -- Reps. Collins, Clary and Hiott: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 260 OF 1981, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PICKENS COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF BOARD MEMBERS FROM SIX TO SEVEN AND TO PROVIDE FOR SEVEN SINGLE-MEMBER DISTRICTS BEGINNING WITH THE 2018 GENERAL ELECTION; AND TO PROVIDE FOR A PROCEDURE FOR CLOSING A SCHOOL WITHIN THE DISTRICT. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., April 25, 2017 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has adopted the Report of the Committee of Free Conference on: H. 3346 (Word version) -- Reps. Collins, Clary and Hiott: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 260 OF 1981, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PICKENS COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF BOARD MEMBERS FROM SIX TO SEVEN AND TO PROVIDE FOR SEVEN SINGLE-MEMBER DISTRICTS BEGINNING WITH THE 2018 GENERAL ELECTION; AND TO PROVIDE FOR A PROCEDURE FOR CLOSING A SCHOOL WITHIN THE DISTRICT. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House H. 3346--REPORT OF COMMITTEE OF FREE CONFERENCE ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION The Report of the Committee of Free Conference having been adopted by both Houses, ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act, and the Act enrolled for Ratification. A message was sent to the House accordingly. HOUSE CONCURRENCES S. 487 (Word version) -- Senator Jackson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGE LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS 126 AND 26 IN RICHLAND COUNTY "MILTON KIMPSON INTERCHANGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERCHANGE CONTAINING THIS DESIGNATION. Returned with concurrence. S. 611 (Word version) -- Senators Corbin, Alexander, Allen, Bennett, Campbell, Campsen, Climer, Cromer, Davis, Fanning, Gambrell, Goldfinch, Gregory, Grooms, Hembree, Hutto, Jackson, Johnson, Kimpson, Leatherman, Malloy, Martin, Massey, J. Matthews, M.B. Matthews, McElveen, McLeod, Nicholson, Peeler, Rankin, Reese, Rice, Sabb, Scott, Senn, Setzler, Shealy, Sheheen, Talley, Timmons, Turner, Verdin, Williams and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE APRIL 2017 AS "HOMESCHOOL RECOGNITION MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA, TO RECOGNIZE THE DILIGENT EFFORTS OF HOMESCHOOLING PARENTS AND THE ACADEMIC SUCCESS OF THEIR STUDENTS, AND TO EXPRESS SINCERE APPRECIATION FOR THEIR FOCUS ON THE WELL-BEING AND OVERALL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THEIR CHILDREN. Returned with concurrence. S. 627 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE LAING MIDDLE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MT. PLEASANT ON BEING NAMED NUMBER ONE STEM MIDDLE SCHOOL IN THE NATION AND TO WISH THE STUDENTS, TEACHERS, AND ADMINISTRATION CONTINUED SUCCESS IN ALL THEIR FUTURE ENDEAVORS. Returned with concurrence. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. SENT TO THE HOUSE The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives: S. 446 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Setzler, Williams and Campbell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-3585, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP FUND TAX CREDIT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE AGGREGATE ANNUAL CREDIT AMOUNT. S. 499 (Word version) -- Senator Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-148 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE IDENTIFYING CODE AFFIXED TO THE DRIVER'S LICENSE OF A PERSON CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES, TO REMOVE THE FIFTY DOLLAR FEE ASSOCIATED WITH PLACING THE IDENTIFYING CODE ON A DRIVER'S LICENSE. S. 637 (Word version) -- Senators Talley, Martin, Peeler, Reese and Corbin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-490 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, TO ADD ANDERSON MILL BAPTIST, D. R. HILL MIDDLE SCHOOL, HOPE, LYMAN ELEMENTARY, AND TRINITY PRESBYTERIAN PRECINCTS; TO REMOVE THE FRIENDSHIP BAPTIST PRECINCT; AND TO REDESIGNATE THE MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THESE PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE REVENUE AND FISCAL AFFAIRS OFFICE. The following Bill, having been read the second time, was ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar: H. 3936 (Word version) -- Reps. Whipper, Gilliard, Mack and Brown: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-140, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN CHARLESTON COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE THE MAP NUMBER ON WHICH THE NAMES OF THE CHARLESTON COUNTY VOTING PRECINCTS MAY BE FOUND AND MAINTAINED BY THE REVENUE AND FISCAL AFFAIRS OFFICE, AND TO STRIKE OBSOLETE REFERENCES TO THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS. REMOVED FROM CONSENT CALENDAR S. 169 (Word version) -- Senators Shealy and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 25, TITLE 16 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, BY ADDING ARTICLE 8, TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF TEEN DATING VIOLENCE, TO PROVIDE A PENALTY, TO ALLOW VICTIMS TO SEEK ORDERS OF PROTECTION OR RESTRAINING ORDERS UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, TO PROHIBIT A PERSON WHO VIOLATES THE PROVISIONS OF THE ARTICLE FROM PARTICIPATING IN A PRETRIAL INTERVENTION PROGRAM, AND TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-755 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO SEXUAL BATTERY WITH A STUDENT, TO REVISE THE STRUCTURE OF THE OFFENSE TO PROVIDE THE SAME PENALTY FOR PERSONS WHO COMMIT THE OFFENSE WHEN THE VICTIM IS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER AND TO PROVIDE A MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCE OF ONE YEAR FOR A CONVICTION, NO PART OF WHICH MAY BE SUSPENDED NOR PROBATION GRANTED. On motion of Senator CORBIN, the Bill was moved to the Statewide Second Reading Calendar. REMOVED FROM CONSENT CALENDAR S. 324 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler, Hutto and McElveen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 23-31-240, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PERSONS ALLOWED TO CARRY A CONCEALABLE WEAPON WHILE ON DUTY, SO AS TO INCLUDE PERSONS WHO ARE RETIRED FROM CERTAIN OFFICES AND CLERKS OF COURT IN THE PURVIEW OF THE STATUTE. On motion of Senator HEMBREE, the Bill was moved to the Statewide Second Reading Calendar. REMOVED FROM CONSENT CALENDAR S. 639 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO DIRECT THE PIONEER RURAL WATER DISTRICT TO CEASE ACTIVITY RELATED TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A WATER TREATMENT PLANT UNTIL A COURT MAKES A FINAL DETERMINATION WHETHER OR NOT PIONEER RURAL WATER DISTRICT HAS THE AUTHORITY TO CONSTRUCT A WATER TREATMENT PLANT. On motion of Senator GAMBRELL, the Resolution was moved to the Statewide Second Reading Calendar. POINT OF ORDER CARRIED OVER H. 3289 (Word version) -- Reps. G.R. Smith and Knight: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-1930, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DISTANCE THAT MUST BE MAINTAINED BETWEEN VEHICLES TRAVELING ALONG A HIGHWAY, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SECTION DOES NOT APPLY TO THE OPERATOR OF ANY NONLEADING VEHICLE TRAVELING IN A PROCESSION OF VEHICLES IF THE SPEED OF EACH VEHICLE IS AUTOMATICALLY COORDINATED. Point of Order Senator SCOTT raised a Point of Order under Rule 24A that the amendment was out of order inasmuch as it was not germane to the Bill. The PRESIDENT took the Point of Order under advisement. On motion of Senator SCOTT, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER H. 4033 (Word version) -- Reps. Hixon, Taylor, Blackwell, Clyburn, Allison, Daning, Yow, Erickson, B. Newton, Bennett, Arrington, Murphy, Crawford and Clemmons: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-1535, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SPEEDING IN WORK ZONES AND PENALTIES ASSOCIATED WITH SPEEDING IN WORK ZONES, SO AS TO DELETE THIS PROVISION AND PROVIDE A DEFINITION FOR THE TERMS "HIGHWAY WORK ZONE" AND "HIGHWAY WORKER", TO CREATE THE OFFENSE OF "ENDANGERMENT OF A HIGHWAY WORKER", AND TO PROVIDE A PENALTY FOR THIS OFFENSE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-720, RELATING TO THE POINT SYSTEM ESTABLISHED FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE DRIVING RECORD OF PERSONS OPERATING MOTOR VEHICLES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE OFFENSE OF ENDANGERMENT OF A HIGHWAY WORKER RESULTING IN NO INJURY IS A TWO POINT VIOLATION, THE OFFENSE OF ENDANGERMENT OF A HIGHWAY WORKER IN WHICH INJURY OCCURS IS A FOUR POINT VIOLATION, AND THE OFFENSE OF ENDANGERMENT OF A HIGHWAY WORKER IN WHICH GREAT BODILY INJURY OCCURS IS A SIX POINT VIOLATION; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 56-5-1536 RELATING TO DRIVING IN TEMPORARY WORK ZONES AND PENALTIES FOR UNLAWFUL DRIVING IN TEMPORARY WORK ZONES. On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over. S. 109 (Word version) -- Senator McElveen: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 7, CHAPTER 11, TITLE 16 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO TRESPASSES AND THE UNLAWFUL USE OF THE PROPERTY OF OTHERS, BY ADDING SECTION 16-11-605, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO OPERATE AN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE WITHIN A CERTAIN DISTANCE OF A STATE OR FEDERAL MILITARY INSTALLATION AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLATION. On motion of Senator SHEALY, the Bill was carried over. OBJECTION H. 3886 (Word version) -- Reps. Crawford, Ryhal, Hamilton, Sandifer, Fry, Putnam, Clemmons, Yow, Anderson, Johnson, Hardee, Huggins, Hewitt, Duckworth, Bowers, Sottile, Crosby, Felder, Bennett, Thigpen, Whipper, Brown, Hixon, Taylor, King, Daning, Spires, Henderson, Pitts, Kirby, White, McCravy, Hill, Gagnon, West, Wheeler, Davis, Murphy, Hayes, Ott, V.S. Moss, Lowe, Jordan and McKnight: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 30 TO TITLE 27 SO AS TO ENTITLE THE CHAPTER "HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATIONS"; TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS; TO REQUIRE OWNERS OF PROPERTY SUBJECT TO A HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION TO DISCLOSE THE ASSOCIATION'S GOVERNING DOCUMENTS TO PROSPECTIVE OWNERS, TO PROVIDE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATIONS SHALL PROVIDE HOMEOWNERS WITH PRINTED OR ELECTRONIC COPIES OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND THE GOVERNING DOCUMENTS OF THE ASSOCIATION UPON REQUEST AT NO CHARGE, TO PROVIDE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION BOARDS MAY NOT TAKE ACTION TO ADD OR INCREASE FEES AND THE LIKE WITHOUT GIVING CERTAIN NOTICE TO HOMEOWNERS AND TO PROVIDE HOMEOWNERS MAY ATTEND MEETINGS AT WHICH SUCH ACTIONS ARE TO BE TAKEN, TO INSTRUCT THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL ESTATE COMMISSION TO OFFER AN ONLINE INSTRUCTIONAL COURSE COVERING THE BASICS OF HOMEOWNERS' ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT AND THE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HOMEOWNERS, TO GRANT CONCURRENT CIVIL JURISDICTION IN CERTAIN ACTIONS BETWEEN HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATIONS AND HOMEOWNERS, AND TO CREATE THE OFFICE OF HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION OMBUDSMAN IN THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, TO PROVIDE QUALIFICATIONS, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF THE OMBUDSMAN, AMONG OTHER THINGS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 27-50-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO MANDATORY DISCLOSURE STATEMENTS SELLERS OF REAL PROPERTY MUST PROVIDE PURCHASERS, SO AS TO INCLUDE PROVISIONS CONCERNING DISCLOSURES OF PROPERTY SUBJECT TO HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION GOVERNANCE. Senator TURNER objected to consideration of the Bill. S. 498 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DESIGNATE THE MONTH OF MAY 2017 AS "MENTAL HEALTH MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA IN ORDER TO RAISE AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE NEED FOR APPROPRIATE AND ACCESSIBLE SERVICES FOR ALL PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS. The Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 522 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE AUGUST 14-21, 2017, AS "IMMUNIZATION WEEK" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO SEEK TO INCREASE THE POPULATION'S AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF RECEIVING VACCINATIONS. The Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 638 (Word version) -- Senator Alexander: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE APRIL 27, 2017, AS "DONATED DENTAL SERVICES RECOGNITION DAY" AND TO HONOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA DENTAL ASSOCIATION, THE DENTAL LIFELINE NETWORK OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND THE HUNDREDS OF DENTISTS AND DENTAL LABORATORIES THAT VOLUNTEER FOR THE DONATED DENTAL SERVICES PROGRAM. The Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. H. 4122 (Word version) -- Reps. Thayer, White, Alexander, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Arrington, Atkinson, Atwater, Bales, Ballentine, Bamberg, Bannister, Bedingfield, Bennett, Bernstein, Blackwell, Bowers, Bradley, Brown, Burns, Caskey, Chumley, Clary, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cogswell, Cole, Collins, Crawford, Crosby, Daning, Davis, Delleney, Dillard, Douglas, Duckworth, Elliott, Erickson, Felder, Finlay, Forrest, Forrester, Fry, Funderburk, Gagnon, Gilliard, Govan, Hamilton, Hardee, Hart, Hayes, Henderson, Henegan, Herbkersman, Hewitt, Hill, Hiott, Hixon, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Jefferson, Johnson, Jordan, King, Kirby, Knight, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Magnuson, Martin, McCoy, McCravy, McEachern, McKnight, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, V.S. Moss, Murphy, B. Newton, W. Newton, Norrell, Ott, Parks, Pitts, Pope, Putnam, Quinn, Ridgeway, M. Rivers, S. Rivers, Robinson-Simpson, Rutherford, Ryhal, Sandifer, Simrill, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stringer, Tallon, Taylor, Thigpen, Toole, Weeks, West, Wheeler, Whipper, Whitmire, Williams, Willis and Yow: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE MONTH OF APRIL 2017 AS "DONATE LIFE MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO ENCOURAGE ALL SOUTH CAROLINIANS TO REGISTER AS ORGAN DONORS. The Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. Privilege of the Chamber On motion of Senator DAVIS, on behalf of Senator ALLEN, the Privilege of the Chamber, to that area behind the rail, was extended to Henry N. Tisdale, President of Claflin University. Remarks by Senator ALLEN Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT, members of the general assembly, the Senate, it is my pleasure to be joined by Senator JOHN MATTHEWS -- have been requesting his presence all day and I figured out why -- Senator PEELER -- this great university is housed in Orangeburg. Today at the dome is "Claflin University Day at the Dome". Some 50 to 60 students have been going around today meeting with the Governor and with the Lieutenant Governor of this great State of South Carolina, and also meeting with many of you. Members of the Senate, what "U.S. News & World Report" has been talking about year after year is that Claflin is one of the top ten HBCU's in the nation -- right here in Orangeburg, South Carolina. This is the institution that created the LearnitFirst justice and a chief justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court. This institution has a student body that hails from 24 states and 18 countries. This is an institution, a university that is on the move and making South Carolina proud. In 2016 to 2017, they had a record freshman class and they just finished a $105 million campaign. They are one of three HBCU's in the nation to raise over$100 million. As I prepare to conclude, I want us to allow them to stand behind the rail, the President of Claflin University, Dr. Henry Tisdale, who is accompanied in the balcony today by the provost, Karl Wright; Vice President of Institutional Advancement, Whitaker Middleton; and trustee, Janice Marshall. What these great individuals are doing in this great State of South Carolina is teaching young minds to critically think to have analytical acting, and most of all, Senator NICHOLSON, to aim high and don't miss the mark. So today, we are trying to display what they know as "Claflin Confidence." I questioned them about what "Claflin Confidence" means and the motto is, "It's hard to define it, but you know it when you see it." It is my pleasure to be joined by my colleagues in the South Carolina Senate to welcome Dr. Tisdale, the administration, and the students of this outstanding university serving South Carolina since 1869. Members of the Senate, if you would join me in welcoming Dr. Tisdale and Claflin University. On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator ALLEN, were ordered printed in the Journal. THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. At 2:38 P.M., on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the balance of the Motion Period. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF THE VETOES. CARRIED OVER (R2, S310 (Word version)) -- Senator Sheheen: AN ACT TO PERMIT THE TOWN OF CAMDEN TO ANNEX CERTAIN REAL PROPERTY BY ORDINANCE UPON FINDING THAT THE PROPERTY IS BLIGHTED. On motion of Senator MASSEY, the veto was carried over. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE INTERRUPTED DEBATE. AMENDED, DEBATE INTERRUPTED The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill. Amendment No. 8A Senators CORBIN and DAVIS proposed the following amendment (3516R066.SP.TDC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 7, by striking lines 10-20 and inserting: / 2013. The secretary shall submit all projects proposed to be financed pursuant to subsection (B) to the Joint Bond Review Committee, as provided in Section 11-43-180, before approving a project for financing. (3) Following consideration by the Joint Bond Review Committee, the secretary shall approve the projects to be financed. Upon approval, the Department of Transportation shall identify each project selected, the amount of non-tax revenue that must be transferred to the bank for financing each project, a schedule for the transfers, and any other information necessary to carrying out the financing of each project./ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 26, line 32, by inserting: / D. Section 57-1-430(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-430. (A) The secretary is charged with the affirmative duty to carry out the policies of the commission, to must administer the day-to-day affairs of the department, to; direct the development and implementation of the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program and the Statewide Mass Transit Plan,; and to ensure the timely completion of all projects undertaken by the department, and routine operation and maintenance requests, and emergency repairs; operate and administer the State Infrastructure Bank as provided in Article 1, Chapter 43, Title 11 of the 1976 Code; and ensure that the department's functions and purposes as provided by law are carried out in a timely, efficient manner. He must represent the department in its dealings with other state agencies, local governments, special districts, and the federal government. The secretary must prepare an annual budget for the department that must be approved by the commission before becoming effective." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 28, line 6, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION __. A. Section 11-43-120(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B) The bank is governed administered by a board of directors the Secretary of the Department of Transportation as provided in this chapter." B. Section 11-43-130 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-130. As used in this chapter unless the context clearly indicates otherwise: (1) 'Bank' means the South Carolina Transportation Infrastructure Bank. (2) 'Board' means the board of directors of the bank. Reserved. (3) 'Bonds' means bonds, notes, or other evidence of indebtedness except as otherwise provided in Article 3 of this chapter. (4) 'Department of Transportation' means the South Carolina Department of Transportation and its successors. (5) 'Eligible cost' means as applied to a qualified project to be financed from the federal accounts, the costs that are permitted under applicable federal laws, requirements, procedures, and guidelines in regard to establishing, operating, and providing assistance from the bank. As applied to a qualified project to be financed from the state highway account, these costs include the costs of preliminary engineering, traffic and revenue studies, environmental studies, right-of-way acquisition, legal and financial services associated with the development of the qualified project, construction, construction management, facilities, and other costs necessary for the qualified project. As applied to any qualified project to be financed from the state transit account, eligible project costs are limited to capital expenditures for transit equipment and facilities. (6) 'Eligible project' means a highway, including bridges, or transit project which provides public benefits by either enhancing mobility and safety, promoting economic development, or increasing the quality of life and general welfare of the public. 'Eligible project' also includes mass transit including, but not limited to, monorail and monobeam mass transit systems. (7) 'Federal accounts' means collectively, the separate account for federal highway funds and federal transit funds. (8) 'Financing agreement' means any agreement entered into between the bank and a qualified borrower pertaining to a loan or other financial assistance. This agreement may contain, in addition to financial terms, provisions relating to the regulation and supervision of a qualified project, or other provisions as the board Secretary of the Department of Transportation may determine. The term 'financing agreement' includes, without limitation, a loan agreement, trust indenture, security agreement, reimbursement agreement, guarantee agreement, bond or note, ordinance or resolution, or similar instrument. (9) 'Government unit' means a municipal corporation, county, special purpose district, special service district, commissioners of public works, or another public body, instrumentality or agency of the State including combinations of two or more of these entities acting jointly to construct, own, or operate a qualified project, and any other state or local authority, board, commission, agency, department, or other political subdivision created by the General Assembly or pursuant to the Constitution and laws of this State which may construct, own, or operate a qualified project. (10) 'Loan' means an obligation subject to repayment which is provided by the bank to a qualified borrower for all or a part of the eligible cost of a qualified project. A loan may be disbursed in anticipation of reimbursement for or direct payment of eligible costs of a qualified project. (11) 'Loan obligation' means a bond, note, or other evidence of an obligation issued by a qualified borrower. (12) 'Other financial assistance' means, but is not limited to, grants, contributions, credit enhancement, capital or debt reserves for bonds or debt instrument financing, interest rate subsidies, provision of letters of credit and credit instruments, provision of bond or other debt financing instrument security, and other lawful forms of financing and methods of leveraging funds that are approved by the board Secretary of the Department of Transportation, and in the case of federal funds, as allowed by federal law. (13) 'Private entity' means a private person or entity that has entered into a contract with a government unit to design, finance, construct, and operate a highway, bridge, tunnel, or approach that is within the jurisdiction of the government unit that is responsible for complying with applicable federal requirements. (14) 'Project revenues' means all rates, rents, fees, assessments, charges, and other receipts derived or to be derived by a qualified borrower from a qualified project or made available from a special source, and, as provided in the applicable financing agreement, derived from any system of which the qualified project is a part of, from any other revenue producing facility under the ownership or control of the qualified borrower including, without limitation, proceeds of grants, gifts, appropriations and loans, including the proceeds of loans made by the bank, investment earnings, reserves for capital and current expenses, proceeds of insurance or condemnation and proceeds from the sale or other disposition of property and from any other special source as may be provided by the qualified borrower. (15) 'Qualified borrower' means any government unit or private entity which is authorized to construct, operate, or own a qualified project. (16) 'Qualified project' means an eligible project which has been selected by the bank to receive a loan or other financial assistance from the bank to defray an eligible cost. (17) 'Revenues' means, when used with respect to the bank, any receipts, fees, income, or other payments received or to be received by the bank including, without limitation, receipts and other payments deposited in the bank and investment earnings on its funds and accounts. (18) 'Secretary' means the Secretary of the Department of Transportation. (18)(19) 'State accounts' means, collectively, the separate account for state highway funds and state transit funds." C. Section 11-43-140 of the 1976 Code, relating to the membership, terms, and vacancies of the board of directors, is repealed. D. Section 11-43-150(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-150. (A) In addition to the powers contained elsewhere in this chapter, the bank has all power necessary, useful, or appropriate to fund, operate, and administer the bank, and to perform its other functions including, but not limited to, the power to: (1) have perpetual succession; (2) adopt, promulgate, amend, and repeal bylaws, not inconsistent with provisions in this chapter for the administration of the bank's affairs and the implementation of its functions including the right of the board secretary to select qualifying projects and to provide loans and other financial assistance; (3) sue and be sued in its own name; (4) have a seal and alter it at its pleasure, although the failure to affix the seal does not affect the validity of an instrument executed on behalf of the bank; (5) make loans to qualified borrowers to finance the eligible costs of qualified projects and to acquire, hold, and sell loan obligations at prices and in a manner as the board secretary determines advisable; (6) provide qualified borrowers with other financial assistance necessary to defray eligible costs of a qualified project; (7) enter into contracts, arrangements, and agreements with qualified borrowers and other persons and execute and deliver all financing agreements and other instruments necessary or convenient to the exercise of the powers granted in this chapter; (8) enter into agreements with a department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States or of this State or another state for the purpose of planning and providing for the financing of qualified projects; (9) establish: (a) policies and procedures for the making and administering of loans and other financial assistance; and (b) fiscal controls and accounting procedures to ensure proper accounting and reporting by the bank, government units, and private entities; (10) acquire by purchase, lease, donation, or other lawful means and sell, convey, pledge, lease, exchange, transfer, and dispose of all or any part of its properties and assets of every kind and character or any interest in it to further the public purpose of the bank; (11) procure insurance, guarantees, letters of credit, and other forms of collateral or security or credit support from any public or private entity, including any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States or this State, for the payment of any bonds issued by it, including the power to pay premiums or fees on any insurance, guarantees, letters of credit, and other forms of collateral or security or credit support; (12) collect or authorize the trustee under any trust indenture securing any bonds to collect amounts due under any loan obligations owned by it, including taking the action required to obtain payment of any sums in default; (13) unless restricted under any agreement with holders of bonds, consent to any modification with respect to the rate of interest, time, and payment of any installment of principal or interest, or any other term of any loan obligations owned by it; (14) borrow money through the issuance of bonds and other forms of indebtedness as provided in this chapter; (15) expend funds to obtain accounting, management, legal, financial consulting, and other professional services necessary to the operations of the bank; (16) expend funds credited to the bank as the board secretary determines necessary for the costs of administering the operations of the bank; (17) establish advisory committees as the board secretary determines appropriate, which may include individuals from the private sector with banking and financial expertise; (18) procure insurance against losses in connection with its property, assets, or activities including insurance against liability for its acts or the acts of its employees or agents or to establish cash reserves to enable it to act as a self-insurer against any and all such losses; (19) collect fees and charges in connection with its loans or other financial assistance; (20) apply for, receive and accept from any source, aid, grants, and contributions of money, property, labor, or other things of value to be used to carry out the purposes of this chapter subject to the conditions upon which the aid, grants, or contributions are made; (21) enter into contracts or agreements for the servicing and processing of financial agreements; and (22) do all other things necessary or convenient to exercise powers granted or reasonably implied by this chapter." E. Section 11-43-160(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-160. (A) The following sources may be used to capitalize the bank and for the bank to carry out its purposes: (1) an annual contribution set by the board secretary of an amount not to exceed revenues produced by one cent a gallon of the tax on gasoline imposed pursuant to Section 12-28-310; (2) federal funds made available to the State; (3) federal funds made available to the State for the bank; (4) contributions and donations from government units, private entities, and any other source as may become available to the bank including, but not limited to, appropriations from the General Assembly; (5) all monies paid or credit to the bank, by contract or otherwise, payments of principal and interest on loans or other financial assistance made from the bank, and interest earnings which may accrue from the investment or reinvestment of the bank's monies; (6) proceeds from the issuance of bonds as provided in this chapter; (7) other lawful sources as determined appropriate by the board secretary; and (8) loans from the Department of Transportation to the bank to be repaid from revenues committed to the bank for the following year." F. Section 11-43-167(C) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(C)(1) The Department of Transportation shall identify bridge and road projects to be financed utilizing non-tax revenue transferred to the bank by the Department of Transportation in an amount equal to the financing requirements related to projects selected pursuant to this section. (2) Funds transferred to the bank pursuant to this section may not be used to finance projects approved by the bank before July 1, 2013. The bank secretary shall submit all projects proposed to be financed pursuant to subsection (B) to the Joint Bond Review Committee as provided in Section 11-43-180, prior to approving a project for financing. (3) Following consideration by the Joint Bond Review Committee, the bank secretary shall approve the projects to be financed. Upon approval, the bank shall provide the Department of Transportation with written notice that identifies shall identify each project selected, the amount of non-tax revenue that must be transferred to the bank for financing each project, a schedule for the transfers, and any other information necessary to carrying out the financing of each project. (4) Upon receipt of the notice provided in item (3) approval of the projects to be financed, the Department of Transportation shall transfer non-tax revenue to the bank in the amounts and upon the schedule provided in the notice. The department shall take any other action identified in the notice that is necessary for financing each project. (5) Projects financed utilizing funds transferred pursuant to this subsection shall not require a local match." G. Section 11-43-170(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B) For necessary and convenient administration of the bank, the board secretary shall direct the State Treasurer to establish federal and state accounts and subaccounts within the bank necessary to meet any applicable federal law requirements or as the bank shall determine necessary or desirable in order to implement the provisions of this chapter." H. Section 11-43-180 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-180. (A) The bank may provide loans and other financial assistance to a government unit or private entity to pay for all or part of the eligible cost of a qualified project. Prior to providing a loan or other financial assistance to a qualified borrower, the board must obtain the review and approval of the Joint Bond Review Committee must review the terms of the proposed loan or other financial assistance. The term of the loan or other financial assistance must not exceed the useful life of the project. The bank may require the government unit or private entity to enter into a financing agreement in connection with its loan obligation or other financial assistance. The board secretary shall determine the form and content of loan applications, financing agreements, and loan obligations including the term and rate or rates of interest on a financing agreement. The terms and conditions of a loan or other financial assistance from federal accounts shall comply with applicable federal requirements. (B) The board secretary shall determine which projects are eligible projects and then select from among the eligible projects those qualified to receive from the bank a loan or other financial assistance. Preference must be given to eligible projects which have local financial support. In selecting qualified projects, the board secretary shall consider the projected feasibility of the project and the amount and degree of risk to be assumed by the bank. The board secretary also may consider, but must not be limited to, the following criteria in making its determination that an eligible project is a qualified project: (1) the local support of the project, expressed by resolutions by the governing bodies in the areas in which the project will be located, and the financial or in-kind contributions to the project; (2) maximum economic benefit, enhancement of mobility, enhancement of public safety, acceleration of project completion, and enhancement of transportation services; (3) the ability of the applicant to repay a loan according to the terms and conditions established pursuant to this chapter, consideration of which may include, at the option of the bank board secretary, the existence of current investment grade rating on existing debt of the applicant secured by the same revenues to be pledged to secure repayment under the loan repayment agreement; (4) the financial or in-kind contributions to the project; (5) greater weighting in recommending priorities for eligible projects to areas of the State experiencing high unemployment; and (6) whether the governing bodies of the county or the incorporated municipality in which the project is to be located provides to the bank a resolution which makes a finding that the project is essential to economic development in the political subdivisions, or the bank receives a resolution or certificate from the Advisory Coordinating Council for Economic Development of the Department of Commerce that the project is essential to economic development in the State, or both, at the option of the board secretary. (C) The bank may not provide any loans or other financial assistance, including bond proceeds, to any project unless the eligible costs of the project are at least twenty-five million dollars." I. Section 11-43-220 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-220. Neither the board secretary nor any officer, employee, or committee of the bank acting on behalf of it, while acting within the scope of this authority, is subject to any liability resulting from carrying out any of the powers given in this chapter." J. Section 11-43-250 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-250. Following the close of each state fiscal year, the bank secretary shall submit an annual report of its the bank's activities for the preceding year to the Governor and to the General Assembly. The bank secretary also shall submit an annual report to the appropriate federal agency in accordance with requirements of any federal program. An independent certified public accountant shall perform an audit of the books and accounts of the bank at least once in each state fiscal year." K. Section 11-43-510 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: (1) 'Board' means the Board of Directors of the South Carolina Transportation Infrastructure Bank. 'Secretary' means the Secretary of the Department of Transportation. (2) 'State board' means the governing board of the State Fiscal Accountability Authority. (3) 'Transportation infrastructure bonds' means all general obligation bonds of this State designated as transportation infrastructure bonds, which are now outstanding and which may hereafter be issued pursuant to the authorizations of this article." L. Section 11-43-520 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-520. Whenever it shall become necessary that monies be raised for qualified projects, including monies to be used to refund any transportation infrastructure bonds then outstanding, the board secretary may make a request to the state board for the issuance of transportation infrastructure bonds pursuant to this article. This request may be in the form of a resolution adopted at any regular or special meeting of the board. The request shall set forth on the face thereof or by schedules attached thereto: (1) the amount then required for qualified projects; (2) a tentative time schedule setting forth the period of time during which the sum requested will be expended; and (3) a debt service table showing the annual principal and interest requirements for all the transportation infrastructure bonds then outstanding." M. Section 11-43-540 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-540. The issuance of transportation infrastructure bonds is subject to the limitations contained in Section 13(6)(c), Article X of the Constitution of this State. Within such limitations, transportation infrastructure bonds may be issued for qualified projects or to refund transportation infrastructure bonds from time to time under the conditions prescribed by this article. The review and approval of the Joint Bond Review Committee must be obtained prior to the issuance of any transportation infrastructure bonds. No transportation infrastructure bonds may be issued unless the board secretary has a source of revenues to pay the principal and interest on the bonds." N. Section 11-43-550 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-550. For the payment of the principal of and interest on all transportation infrastructure bonds, whether or not outstanding or hereafter issued, as they come due, there is pledged the full faith, credit, and taxing power of this State, and in accordance with the provisions of Section 13(4), Article X of the Constitution of this State, the General Assembly authorizes the allocation on an annual basis of sufficient tax revenues to provide for the punctual payment of the principal and interest on transportation infrastructure bonds. In addition to the full faith, credit, and taxing power, there also is pledged such revenue as may be available to the board secretary, and the State Treasurer is authorized to use such revenue when pledged, without further action of the board secretary, for the payment of the principal and interest on transportation infrastructure bonds as the bonds respectively mature. If the revenues so pledged prove insufficient to meet the payments of the interest on and principal of the transportation infrastructure bonds in the fiscal year, then the State Treasurer shall set aside from the general tax revenues received in the fiscal year so much of the general tax revenues as are needed for the purpose and shall apply these revenues to the punctual payment of the interest on and principal of transportation infrastructure bonds due or to become due in the fiscal year." O. Section 11-43-560 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 11-43-560. The board secretary is authorized to request the state board to issue transportation infrastructure bonds. In order to effect the issuance of bonds pursuant to this article, the state board may adopt a resolution providing for the issuance of transportation infrastructure bonds, upon written request by the board secretary, and may transmit a certified copy thereof to the Governor and to the State Treasurer, with the request that they issue and deliver transportation infrastructure bonds in accordance with the terms and conditions of such resolution. This resolution must set forth: (1) the amount, denomination, and numbering of transportation infrastructure bonds to be issued; (2) the date as of which the same shall be issued; (3) the maturity schedule for the retirement of the transportation infrastructure bonds; (4) the redemption provisions, if any, applicable to the bonds; (5) the maximum rate or rates of interest the bonds shall bear; (6) the purposes for which the bonds are to be issued; (7) the occasion on which bids shall be received for the sale of the bonds; (9) the form of the bonds of the particular issue; and (10) such other matters as may be considered necessary in order to effect the sale, issuance, and delivery thereof." P. Chapter 43, Title 11 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "ARTICLE 7 Dissolution of the Transportation Infrastructure Bank Section 11-43-700. The South Carolina Infrastructure Bank shall not accept applications for new projects after March 1, 2017. Applications for projects submitted prior to this date shall be considered pursuant to Section 11-43-180. The bank may service outstanding bonds issued for projects submitted before March 1, 2017 and may not service any new bonds after this date. Section 11-43-710. Upon the dissolution of the South Carolina Infrastructure Bank, all funding streams dedicated to the payment of outstanding bonding indebtedness incurred by the bank shall be applied to the State Highway Fund pursuant to Section 57-11-20. Section 11-43-720. The South Carolina Infrastructure Bank shall be dissolved when all outstanding bonds are satisfied. The Department of Transportation shall collect and disburse fees pursuant to Section 11-43-167 upon dissolution of the bank. Any remaining property, assets, or liabilities of the bank will be transferred to the Department of Transportation upon dissolution." Q. The Code Commissioner is directed to change or correct all references to the State Infrastructure Bank Board in the 1976 Code to reflect the elimination of the board and to change all references to the board to the Secretary of the Department of Transportation. References to the board in the 1976 Code or other provisions of law are considered to be and must be construed to mean appropriate references. R. This SECTION takes effect on approval of the Governor. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator DAVIS spoke on the amendment. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES Senator CROMER assumed the Chair. Senator DAVIS continued speaking on the amendment. PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 3:10 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair. Senator DAVIS continued speaking on the amendment. Senator SETZLER spoke on the amendment. Senator GROOMS spoke on the amendment. Senator GROOMS moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 29; Nays 12 AYES Alexander Allen Bennett Campbell Campsen Cromer Fanning Gambrell Goldfinch Gregory Grooms Hembree Hutto Jackson Kimpson Leatherman Massey Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Rankin Sabb Scott Senn Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--29 NAYS Climer Corbin Davis Martin Peeler Rice Shealy Talley Timmons Turner Verdin Young Total--12 The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 9D Senators GROOMS, SHEHEEN, LEATHERMAN, GREGORY, CAMPBELL, SABB, GOLDFINCH, CROMER, RANKIN, MATTHEWS, GAMBRELL, SETZLER and SCOTT proposed the following amendment (3516R090.SP.LKG), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, line 10 by adding: / Whereas, this act is a comprehensive approach to address the effect that the deteriorating transportation infrastructure system has on our State and its residents, tourists, and economy; and Whereas, our transportation infrastructure system has begun to deteriorate, causing safety and economic problems. It is time to focus the resources of our State in an efficient, effective manner to stop that deterioration and to set our State on the path toward building a first-class road network that is the envy of the nation; and This act will provide the Department of Transportation with the resources it needs to effectively and immediately address the highway, road, and bridge maintenance and construction needs and to enable the department to provide safe and high-quality infrastructure for the decades ahead; and Whereas, the hazardous road conditions found throughout our State endanger residents and visitors alike. This act recognizes that safety is a paramount concern to drivers traversing the State and must also be a priority when the Department of Transportation identifies projects to undertake; and Whereas, this act makes necessary reforms to the Department of Transportation's operational footprint to provide a more effective, efficient delivery of services free from conflicts of interest that undermine the public's confidence that the taxes that they pay are being applied in a fair, even-handed manner across the State; and Whereas, the revenue generated by this act will provide the Department of Transportation with additional resources, but it will also place an additional financial burden on the State's taxpayers. This act strikes an appropriate balance between the needs of our transportation infrastructure and the needs of the taxpayers by providing targeted tax relief that will stimulate economic growth, which, in turn, will generate revenue growth from the sales of motor vehicles, from the sale of fuel for motor vehicles, and from other provisions contained in this act; and Whereas, this act allocates to the Department of Transportation adequate resources to build and maintain a safe highway system for the residents of our State while preserving for taxpayers the means to engage in commerce and other daily activities that provide the Department of Transportation with those resources. Now, therefore, / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 3, by striking lines 22-29 and inserting: / (2) The provisions of item (E)(1) must be suspended by the Director of the Department of Revenue if they result in the motor fuel user fee exceeding the same in any North Carolina county bordering South Carolina or any Georgia county bordering South Carolina. The suspension must remain in place until such time as the motor fuel user fees in all North Carolina counties bordering South Carolina and all Georgia counties bordering South Carolina are greater than South Carolina's motor fuel user fee."/ Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 16, by striking lines 39-40 and inserting: / Section 12-37-2870. The distribution of the fee revenues required to be distributed pursuant to Section 12-37-2865 for / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding appropriately numbered new SECTIONS to read: / SECTION __. Section 12-28-2740 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(H)(1) For purposes of this subsection, 'donor county' means a county that contributes to the 'C' fund an amount in excess of what it receives under the allocation formula as stated in subsection (A). In addition to the allocation to the counties pursuant to subsection (A), the Department of Transportation annually shall transfer from the state highway fund to the donor counties an amount equal to nine and one-half seventeen million dollars in the ratio of the individual donor county's contribution in excess of 'C' fund revenue allocated to the county under subsection (A) to the total excess contributions of all donor counties. (2) A county is eligible for an additional allocation from the Department of Transportation if the county contributed to the 'C' fund an amount in excess of what it receives under the allocation formula as stated in subsection (A) plus what it receives under item (1). The Department of Transportation annually shall transfer to the eligible counties an amount up to three and one-half million dollars in the ratio of the individual eligible county's contribution to the 'C' fund in excess of the eligible county's total allocations under subsection (A) and item (1) to the total excess contributions of all eligible counties remaining after all allocations under subsection (A) and item (1) have been made. Under no circumstances can an allocation under this item result in an eligible county receiving total allocations in excess of what the county contributed to the 'C' fund." SECTION __. Article 3, Chapter 1, Title 57 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 57-1-380. The Department shall prepare a Transportation Asset Management Plan which includes objectives and performance measures for the preservation and improvement of the State Highway System. In addition, the Transportation Asset Management Plan shall include objectives, performance measures and innovative approaches to address high risk rural roads that are functionally classified as a rural Primary or Federal Aid Secondary roads. High risk rural roads shall include roads in which the accidents resulting in fatalities and incapacitating injuries exceeds the statewide average, including roadway departures, for those functional classes of roadway. The Transportation Asset Management Plan shall be approved by the Commission and is to establish fiscally constrained performance goals, including $50 million for high risk rural roads, for transportation infrastructure assets such as pavements and bridges. The Department shall provide an annual update on achieving the Transportation Asset Management Plan performance goals to the General Assembly as well as publishing the results for the public to view." SECTION __. Section 12-28-2740 of the 1976 Code is further amended by adding an appropriately lettered subsection at the end to read: "( ) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (A), on July 1, 2018 and each July first thereafter until after July 1, 2021, the amount of proceeds of the user fee on gasoline only as levied for in this chapter that must be deposited with the State Treasurer and expended for the purposes of this section must be increased by .3325 cents a gallon, until such time as the total amount equals three and ninety-nine one-hundredths cents a gallon. Any increase in proceeds resulting from the provisions of this subsection must be used exclusively for repairs, maintenance, and improvements to the state highway system." SECTION __. Section11-43-167(B)(2) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(2) The Department of Transportation shall reduce the allocation to the state-funded resurfacing program required in item (1) in proportion to the amounts transferred to the South Carolina Transportation Infrastructure Bank pursuant to subsection (C) and in proportion to the amounts required by the Department of Transportation to fund repairs, maintenance, and improvements to the existing transportation system." SECTION __. A. Article 31, Chapter 28, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "ARTICLE 31 Motor Fuel Tax Credit Section 12-28-3110. (A)(1) A taxpayer is allowed a refundable credit against the motor fuel user fees imposed pursuant to this chapter for preventative maintenance on a private passenger motor vehicle as defined in Section 56-3-630, including motorcycles, registered in this State during the appropriate year, subject to other limitations contained in this section. The total amount claimed for a vehicle may not exceed one hundred fifty percent of the resident's actual motor fuel user fee increase incurred for that motor vehicle as a result of increases in the motor fuel user fee pursuant to Section 12-28-310(D). To claim the credit contained in this section, a taxpayer shall provide an itemized list of the vehicle maintenance and motor fuel expenditures incurred within this State during the immediately preceding year in a manner, on a form prescribed by the Department of Revenue, with a South Carolina income tax return, and with necessary documentation to include proof of purchases. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a taxpayer may claim the credit for up to five private passenger motor vehicles, with the credit being calculated separately for each vehicle. For the purposes of this section, 'preventative maintenance' includes costs incurred within this State for new tires, oil changes, regular vehicle maintenance, and the like. In addition, 'motor fuel expenditures' are purchases of motor fuel within this State to which the motor fuel user fee imposed pursuant to Section 12-28-310(D) applies. (2) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section: (a) For tax year 2018, the credit allowed by this section may not exceed one hundred sixty million dollars. (b) For tax year 2019, the credit allowed by this section may not exceed two hundred forty million dollars. (c) For tax year 2020, the credit allowed by this section may not exceed three hundred twenty million dollars. (d) For tax year 2021, the credit allowed by this section may not exceed three hundred ninety million dollars. (e) For all tax years after 2021, the credit allowed by this section may not exceed four hundred sixty-five million dollars. On or before September 30, 2018 and by September thirtieth of each year thereafter, the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office shall estimate the number of taxpayers expected to claim the credit for the current tax year and the total amount expected to be claimed. In the event that the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office estimates that the total amount of credits claimed will exceed the maximum amount of aggregate credit allowed pursuant to this item, the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office shall certify to the Department of Revenue a pro rata adjustment to the credit otherwise provided. (B)(1) In order to offset the credit allowed by the section, on or before January 31, 2019 and by January thirty-first of each year thereafter, the Department of Transportation shall transfer to the Department of Revenue an amount equal to the total amount of credits estimated by the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office to be claimed for the applicable tax year, not to exceed one hundred fifty million dollars. If the credit claimed by all taxpayers in a tax year is less than one hundred fifty million dollars, then the excess shall revert back from the Department of Revenue to the Department of Transportation as soon as practicable within the same year that the transfer occurred. (2) If the transferred funds pursuant to item (B)(1) are not sufficient to completely offset the credit and if balances in the Capital Reserve Fund are available for appropriation by the General Assembly, then it is the intent of the General Assembly to offset the remaining credit amount from the Capital Reserve Fund as the first order of priority in appropriation from the Capital Reserve Fund." B. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years after tax year 2017. SECTION __. A. Article 25, Chapter 6, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 12-6-3632. There is allowed as a nonrefundable credit against the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-6-510 on a full-year resident individual taxpayer an amount equal to two hundred and fifty percent of the federal earned income tax credit (EITC) allowed the taxpayer pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 32." B. Notwithstanding Section 12-6-3632 as added by this SECTION, the percentage of the federal earned income tax credit, for which the credit allowed by Section 12-6-3632 is based, must be phased-in in six equal installments of forty-one and sixty seven hundredths of a percent each tax year until it is fully phased-in in tax year 2023, with the first forty-one and sixty seven hundredths of a percent applying in tax year 2018. C. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2017. SECTION __. A. Section 12-6-3330(B)(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(1) thirty fifty thousand dollars; or" B. Notwithstanding the increased multiplier of fifty thousand dollars in Section 12-6-3330(B)(1) as amended in this SECTION, the increase must be phased-in in six equal installments of three thousand three hundred thirty three dollars each tax year until it is fully phased-in in tax year 2023, with the first increase occurring in tax year 2018. C. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2017. SECTION __. A. Section 12-6-3385(A)(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 12-6-3385. (A)(1)(a) A student is allowed a refundable individual income tax credit equal to twenty-five percent, not to exceed eight hundred fifty dollars in the case of both four-year institutions and twenty-five percent, not to exceed three hundred fifty dollars in the case of two-year institutions, for tuition paid an institution of higher learning or a designated institution as provided in this section, during a taxable year. The amount of the tax credit claimed up to the limits authorized in this section for any taxable year may not exceed the amount of tuition paid during that taxable year. The maximum amount of credits allowed by this section for all taxpayers may not exceed seven million dollars in tax year 2018, fourteen million dollars in tax year 2019, twenty-one million dollars in tax year 2020, twenty-eight million dollars in tax year 2021, thirty-five million dollars in tax year 2022, and forty million dollars in tax year 2023. For all tax years after 2023, the maximum amount of credits for all taxpayers may not exceed the maximum amount in tax year 2023, plus a cumulative amount equal to the percentage increase in the Higher Education Price Index, not to exceed more than three percent a year. If the total amount of credits claimed in a tax year exceeds the maximum amount, then the amount of each credit must be reduced proportionately. (b)(i) In tax year 2018, the amount of the credit is equal to thirty-five percent of the tuition paid, not to exceed one thousand five hundred dollars. (ii) In tax year 2019, the amount of the credit is equal to forty-five percent of the tuition paid, not to exceed one thousand seven hundred dollars. (iii) In tax year 2020, the amount of the credit is equal to fifty-five percent of the tuition paid, not to exceed one thousand nine hundred dollars. (iv) In tax year 2021, the amount of the credit is equal to sixty-five percent of the tuition paid, not to exceed two thousand one hundred dollars. (v) In tax year 2022, the amount of the credit is equal to seventy percent of the tuition paid, not to exceed two thousand three hundred dollars. (vi) In all tax years after 2022, the amount of the credit is equal to seventy-five percent of the tuition paid, not to exceed two thousand five hundred dollars. (c) In addition to the credit allowed pursuant to subitem (a), a student, including a student who is a dependent of a taxpayer as provided in item (3), that claims the earned income tax credit (EITC) allowed, pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 32, and attends a two-year institution may add an additional twenty-five percent to the percentage allowed in subitem (a), subject to the maximum amounts set forth in subitems (a) and (b). (d) In addition to the credit allowed pursuant to subitems (a) and (c), an eligible student attending a four-year institution who is at least a sophomore and who is majoring in a science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) related discipline, as those terms are defined by the Commission on Higher Education pursuant to Section 59-149-15, may claim a credit of up to one thousand two hundred fifty dollars, not to exceed the cost of tuition paid and subject to the maximum amount set forth in subitem (a). (e) In addition to the credit allowed pursuant to subitems (a) and (c), an eligible student attending a two-year institution who has earned enough credits to be considered a second year student and who is pursuing an associate degree in a STEM-related discipline, as those terms are defined by the Commission on Higher Education pursuant to Section 59-149-15, may claim an additional credit of up to one thousand two hundred fifty dollars, not to exceed the cost of tuition paid and subject to the maximum amount set forth in subitem (a). (f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office annually shall estimate a maximum credit that may be permitted under this section for a taxable year based on the number of taxpayers expected to claim the credit and the expected amount claimed. The Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office shall certify the maximum credit to the Department of Revenue, and for the applicable taxable year, the maximum credit amount must not exceed the lesser of the certified estimate or the maximum amount set forth in subitem (a). If the certified estimate exceeds the maximum amount set forth in subitem (a), then the credits set forth in subitems (b), (c), (d), and (e) each must be reduced by the same percentage that the certified estimate exceeds the maximum set forth in subitem (a). (g) The Commission on Higher Education, the State Board for Technical and Comprehensive Education, and each public institution of higher learning, as defined in Section 59-103-5, must develop a plan to notify each student of the tax credit allowed by this section and shall promote resources that may be available on campus, or in the community, that would assist students in applying for the tax credit as applicable." B. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2017. SECTION __. A. Section 12-37-220(B) of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an item at the end to read: "(52)(a) nineteen and five one-hundredths percent of the property tax value of manufacturing property assessed for property tax purposes pursuant to Section 12-43-220(a)(1). For purposes of this item, if the exemption is applied to real property, then it must be applied to the property tax value as it may be adjusted downward to reflect the limit imposed pursuant to Section 6, Article X of the South Carolina Constitution, 1895; (b) nine and one-half percent of the property tax value of business personal property required to be reported and returned annually to the Department of Revenue or county auditors assessed for property tax purposes pursuant to Section 12-43-220(f); (i) The revenue loss resulting from the exemption allowed by this item must be reimbursed and allocated to the political subdivisions of this State, including school districts, in the same manner as the Trust Fund for Tax Relief, not to exceed eighty-five million dollars per year. In calculating estimated state individual and corporate income tax revenues for a fiscal year, the Board of Economic Advisors shall deduct amounts sufficient to account for the reimbursement required by this item. (ii) Notwithstanding the exemption allowed by this item, in any year in which reimbursements are projected by the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office to exceed the reimbursement cap in sub-item (i), the exemption amounts shall be proportionally reduced so as not to exceed the reimbursement cap. (iii) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, property exempted from property taxes in the manner provided in this item is considered taxable property for purposes of bonded indebtedness pursuant to Section 15, Article X of the Constitution of this State." B. Notwithstanding the exemption amount allowed pursuant to item (52)(a) added pursuant to subsection A of this SECTION, the percentage exemption amount is phased in in two equal and cumulative percentage installments, pursuant to subsection (B), applicable for property tax years beginning after 2018. C. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and first applies to property tax years beginning after 2018. SECTION __. Section 57-1-460 of the 1976 Code, relating to the Department of Transportation Secretary's evaluation and approval of routine operation, maintenance, and emergency repairs, is repealed. SECTION __. Section 57-1-470 of the 1976 Code, relating to the Department of Transportation Commission's review of routine maintenance and emergency repair requests approved by the Secretary, is repealed. SECTION __. Section 57-1-310(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-310. (A) The congressional districts of this State are constituted and created Department of Transportation Districts of the State, designated by numbers corresponding to the numbers of the respective congressional districts. The Commission of the Department of Transportation shall be composed of one member from each transportation district and one member from the State at large, all appointed by the Governor, upon the advice and consent of the Senate, subject to the provisions of Section 57-1-325. In making appointments to the commission, the Governor shall take into account race, gender, and other demographic factors, such as residence in rural or urban areas, so as to represent, to the greatest extent possible, all segments of the population of the State; however, consideration of these factors in making an appointment in no way creates a cause of action or basis for an employee grievance for a person appointed or for a person who fails to be appointed. The members of the commission shall represent the transportation needs of the State as a whole and may not subordinate the needs of the State to those of any particular area of the State." SECTION __. Section 57-1-350 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-350. (A) The commission may adopt an official seal for use on official documents of the department. (B) The commission shall elect a chairman and adopt its own rules and procedures and may select such additional officers to serve such terms as the commission may designate. (C) Commissioners must be reimbursed for official expenses as provided by law for members of state boards and commissions as established in the annual general appropriations act. (D) All commission members are eligible to vote on all matters that come before the commission. (E) The commission shall hold a minimum of six regular meetings annually, and other meetings may be called by the chair upon giving at least one week's notice to all members and the public. Emergency meetings may be held with twenty-four hours' notice. Meeting materials for the regularly scheduled meetings shall be published at least twenty-four hours in advance of the meeting. (F) The commission or a member thereof may not enter into the day-to-day operations of the department, except in an oversight role with the secretary, and is specifically prohibited from taking part in: (1) the awarding of contracts; (2) the selection of a consultant or contractor or the prequalification of any individual consultant or contractor; (3) the selection of a route for a specific project; (4) the specific location of a transportation facility; (5) the acquisition of rights-of-way or other properties necessary for a specific project or program; and (6) the granting, denial, suspension, or revocation of any permit issued by the department. (G) A member of the commission may not have any interest, direct or indirect, in any contract, franchise, privilege, or other benefit granted or awarded by the department during the term of his appointment and for one year after the termination of the appointment." SECTION __. Section 57-1-360(B) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B)(1) The chief internal auditor must be a Certified Public Accountant and possess any other experience the State Auditor may require. The chief internal auditor must establish, implement, and maintain the exclusive internal audit function of all departmental activities. The State Auditor shall set the salary for the chief internal auditor as allowed by statute or applicable law. (2) The audits performed by the chief internal auditor must comply with recognized governmental auditing standards. The department and any entity contracting with the department must fully cooperate with the chief internal auditor in the discharge of his duties and responsibilities and must timely produce all books, papers, correspondence, memoranda, and other records considered necessary in connection with an internal audit. All final audit reports must be submitted to the commission and the Chairman of the Senate Transportation Committee, the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, the Chairman of the House of Representatives Education and Public Works Committee, and the Chairman of the House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee before being made public. All final audit reports shall be published on the department's and the State Auditor's websites. (3) The State Auditor is vested with the exclusive management and control of the chief internal auditor." SECTION __. Section 57-1-430 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-430. (A) The secretary is charged with the affirmative duty to carry out the policies of the commission, to administer the day-to-day affairs of the department, to direct the implementation of the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program and the Statewide Mass Transit Plan, and to ensure the timely completion of all projects undertaken by the department, and routine operation and maintenance requests, and emergency repairs. He must represent the department in its dealings with other state agencies, local governments, special districts, and the federal government. The secretary must prepare an annual budget for the department that must be approved by the commission before becoming effective. (B) For each division, the secretary may employ such personnel and prescribe their duties, powers, and functions as he considers necessary and as may be authorized by statute and for which funds have been authorized in the annual general appropriations act. (C) The secretary shall prepare and publish on the department's website an annual report outlining the department's annual expenditures. The report must include a statewide summary and a detailed expenditure report for each county. (D) The secretary shall prepare and publish on the department's website an annual report that includes a list of all companies doing business with the department and the amount spent on these contracts."/ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator GROOMS spoke on the amendment. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES Senator CROMER assumed the Chair. Senator GROOMS continued speaking on the amendment. Point of Quorum At 7:33 P.M., Senator MALLOY made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present. Call of the Senate Senator GROOMS moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call: Alexander Allen Bennett Campbell Campsen Climer Corbin Cromer Davis Fanning Gambrell Gregory Grooms Hembree Hutto Kimpson Leatherman Malloy Martin Massey Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Peeler Reese Rice Sabb Scott Senn Setzler Shealy Sheheen Talley Timmons Turner Verdin Williams Young A quorum being present, the Senate resumed. Senator GROOMS continued speaking on the amendment. Senator MASSEY moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 16; Nays 26 AYES Bennett Campsen Climer Corbin Davis Hembree Martin Massey Peeler Rice Shealy Talley Timmons Turner Verdin Young Total--16 NAYS Alexander Allen Campbell Cromer Fanning Gambrell Goldfinch Gregory Grooms Hutto Kimpson Leatherman Malloy Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Rankin Reese Sabb Scott Senn Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--26 The Senate refused to table the amendment. Recorded Vote Senator JACKSON desired to be recorded as voting against the motion to table the amendment. The question then was the adoption of the amendment. The amendment was adopted. Amendment No. 14 Senator CORBIN proposed the following amendment (3516R043.SP.TDC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read: / SECTION __. Article 2, Chapter 3, Title 57 is amended by adding: "Section 57-3-205. The department must utilize all new revenue generated pursuant to Section 12-28-310(D) and (E) in a county for road and bridge maintenance and resurfacing projects within that county until conditions have reached a standard sufficient to provide for safe and efficient transit. The Department of Revenue shall report quarterly point-of-sale taxes generated by the motor fuel user fee by county to the department so that the department may appropriately allocate these funds." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CORBIN spoke on the amendment. The question then was the adoption of the amendment. Senator CAMPBELL moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 26 Senators CLIMER, MASSEY, RICE and DAVIS proposed the following amendment (3516R077.DR.WC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION at the end to read: / SECTION ___. A. Section 1-30-10(B)(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(B)(1) The governing authority of each department shall be: (i) a director or a secretary, who must be appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate, subject to removal from office by the Governor pursuant to provisions of Section 1-3-240(B); or (ii) a board to be appointed and constituted in a manner provided for by law; or (iii) in the case of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Education, the State Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Superintendent of Education, respectively, elected to office under the Constitution of this State; or. (iv) in the case of the Department of Transportation, a seven member commission constituted in a manner provided by law, and a Secretary of Transportation appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the Governor." B. Section 57-1-10 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-10. For the purposes of this title, the following words, phrases, and terms are defined as follows: (1) 'Commission' means the administrative and governing authority of the Department of Transportation. (2)(1) 'Department' means the Department of Transportation (DOT). (3)(2) 'Secretary of Transportation' means the Chief Administrative Officer of the Department of Transportation appointed by the Governor as provided in Section 1-30-10(B)(1)(i)." C. Section 57-1-20 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-20. The Department of Transportation is established as an administrative agency of state government which is comprised of a the Division of Intermodal and Freight Programs, a the Division of Construction Engineering and Planning, and a the Division of Finance and Administration, and other divisions established by the Secretary pursuant to Section 57-3-10(B). Each division of the Department of Transportation shall have such functions and powers as provided for by law." D. Section 57-1-40 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-40. (A) It is unlawful for a member of the commission or an engineer, agent, or other employee, acting for or on behalf of the department or commission, to accept or agree to accept, receive or agree to receive, or ask or solicit, either directly or indirectly, with the intent to have his decision or action on any question, matter, cause, or proceeding which at the time may be pending or which by law may be brought before him in his official capacity or in his place of trust or profit influenced, any: (1) money; (2) contract, promise, undertaking, obligation, gratuity, or security for the payment of money or for the delivery or conveyance of anything of value; (3) political appointment or influence, present, or reward; (4) employment; or (5) other thing of value. A person violating the provisions of subsection (A) is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than five years and is disqualified forever from holding any office of trust or profit under the Constitution or laws of this State. (B) It is unlawful for a person to give or offer to give, promise, or cause or procure to be promised, offered, or given, either directly or indirectly, to a member of the commission or an engineer, agent, or other employee acting for or on behalf of the commission or department with the intent to have his decision or action on any question, matter, cause, or proceeding which at the time may be pending or which by law may be brought before him in his official capacity or in his place of trust or profit influenced, any: (1) money; (2) contract, promise, undertaking, obligation, gratuity, or security for the payment of money or for the delivery or conveyance of anything of value; (3) political appointment or influence, present, or reward; (4) employment; or (5) other thing of value. A person violating the provisions of subsection (B) is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than five years and is disqualified forever from holding any office of trust or profit under the Constitution or laws of this State. (C) The members and department's employees of the commission and employees of the department are subject to the provisions of Chapter 13, Title 8, the State Ethics Act, and the provisions of Chapter 78, Title 15, the South Carolina Tort Claims Act." E. Section 57-1-90(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-90. (A) In formulating transportation policy, promulgating regulations, allocating funds, and planning, designing, constructing, equipping, operating and maintaining transportation facilities, no action of the South Carolina Transportation Commission, or the South Carolina Department of Transportation taken by the department shall have the effect of discriminating against motorcycles, motorcycle operators, or motorcycle passengers. No regulation or action of the commission, or department shall have the effect of enacting a prohibition or imposing a requirement that applies only to motorcycles or motorcyclists, and the principal purpose of which is to restrict or inhibit access or motorcycles and motorcyclists to any highway, bridge, tunnel, or other transportation facility." F. Article 3, Chapter 1 of Title 57, relating to the Commission of the Department of Transportation, is repealed. G. Section 57-1-410 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-410. The commission Governor shall appoint, with the advice and consent of the Senate, a Secretary of Transportation who shall serve at the pleasure of the commission Governor. A person appointed to this position shall possess practical and successful business and executive ability and be knowledgeable in the field of transportation. The Secretary of Transportation shall receive such compensation as may be established under the provisions of Section 8-11-160 and for which funds have been authorized in the general appropriations act." H. Section 57-1-430 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-430. (A) The secretary is charged with the affirmative duty to carry out the policies of the commission, to must administer the day-to-day affairs of the department, to; direct the development and implementation of the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program and the Statewide Mass Transit Plan,; and to ensure the timely completion of all projects undertaken by the department, and routine operation and maintenance requests, and emergency repairs; and ensure that the department's functions and purposes as provided by law are carried out in a timely, efficient manner. He must represent the department in its dealings with other state agencies, local governments, special districts, and the federal government. The secretary must prepare an annual budget for the department that must be approved by the commission General Assembly before becoming effective. (B) For each division, the secretary may employ such personnel and prescribe their duties, powers, and functions as he considers necessary and as may be authorized by statute and for which funds have been authorized in the annual general appropriations act." I. Section 57-1-460 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-460. (A)(1) For purposes of this section 'routine operation and maintenance' includes, but is not limited to, signage of routes, pavement marking, replacement and installation of guard rails, repair and installation of signals, 'chip seal' of existing roads, enhancement projects such as streetscaping, adopt an interchange, bike lanes, curb cuts, installation of overhead message boards and cameras, research projects funded with federal aid, and pavement management system mapping. (2) For purposes of this section 'emergency repairs' means, but is not limited to, unforeseen deterioration of roads, bridges, or equipment due to accidents, natural disasters, or other causes that could not have been expected or that pose an immediate danger to the public. (B) The secretary is charged with evaluating and approving the routine operation and maintenance requests or emergency repairs that are needed for existing roads and bridges that are not included in the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program. However, requests made for resurfacing, installation of new signals, curb cuts on primary roads, bike lanes, or construction projects under ten million dollars must be approved by the commission pursuant to Section 57-1-370(N). (A) The State Auditor shall employ an individual to serve as the chief internal auditor of the department and other professional, administrative, technical, and clerical personnel as the State Auditor determines to be necessary. The State Auditor also must provide professional, administrative, technical, and clerical personnel, as the State Auditor determines to be necessary, in order for the chief internal auditor to properly discharge his duties and responsibilities authorized by the State Auditor or provided by law. Except as otherwise provided, any employees hired pursuant to this section shall serve at the pleasure of the State Auditor. (B)(1) The chief internal auditor must be a Certified Public Accountant and possess any other experience the State Auditor may require. The chief internal auditor must establish, implement, and maintain the exclusive internal audit function of all departmental activities. The State Auditor shall set the salary for the chief internal auditor as allowed by statute or applicable law. (2) The audits performed by the chief internal auditor must comply with recognized governmental auditing standards. The department and any entity contracting with the department must fully cooperate with the chief internal auditor in the discharge of his duties and responsibilities and must timely produce all books, papers, correspondence, memoranda, and other records considered necessary in connection with an internal audit. All final audit reports must be submitted to the Governor, the Chairman of the Senate Transportation Committee, the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, the Chairman of the House of Representatives Education and Public Works Committee, and the Chairman of the House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee before being made public. (3) The State Auditor is vested with the exclusive management and control of the chief internal auditor. (C) The department, at its own expense, must provide appropriate office space within its headquarters, building, and facility service, including janitorial, utility and telephone services, computer and technology services, and related supplies, for the chief internal auditor and his support staff." J. Section 57-1-470 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-470. (A) At each commission meeting the secretary must provide a detailed written report of all: (1) requests that he has received since the last commission meeting for routine operation and maintenance or emergency repairs, his decision concerning those requests, and a status report on all approved requests; and (2) pending projects approved by the commission pursuant to Section 57-1-370(N) and the status of those projects, if there has been any material change in the status since the last commission meeting. (B) The commission must review the report and make findings as to whether the requests approved by the secretary meet the needs of the public based upon objective and quantifiable factors. (C) The commission may question the secretary concerning the approval or denial of any request and the process the secretary employed to reach his decision. The commission also may request additional information concerning any request and further investigate any request, approval, or denial of a project by the secretary. The secretary must fully cooperate with any request made of him or his office by the commission regarding any further investigation undertaken by the commission. (D) The text of the secretary's written report and the findings made by the commission must be included in the commission meeting minutes. A list of all projects approved by the commission at its last meeting, together with its explanation of the objective and quantifiable factors used to justify its approval, also must be included in the commission meeting minutes. (A) The department must develop the long-range Statewide Transportation Plan, with a minimum twenty-year forecast period at the time of adoption, which provides for the development and implementation of the multimodal transportation system for the State. The plan must be developed in a manner consistent with all federal laws or regulations and in consultation with all interested parties, particularly the metropolitan planning organizations and the nonmetropolitan planning organization area local officials. The plan may be revised from time to time as permitted by and in the manner required by federal laws or regulations. (B) Concerning the development, content, and implementation of the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program, the department must: (1) develop a process for consulting with nonmetropolitan local officials, with responsibility for transportation, that provides an opportunity for their participation in the development of the long-range Statewide Transportation Plan and the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program; (2) approve the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program and ensure that it is developed pursuant to federal laws and regulations and approve an updated Statewide Transportation Improvement Program from time to time as permitted by and in the manner required by federal laws or regulations; (3) develop and revise the transportation plan for inclusion in the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program, for each nonmetropolitan planning area in consultation with local officials with responsibility for transportation; (4) work in consultation with each metropolitan planning organization to develop and revise a transportation improvement program for each metropolitan planning area; (5) select from the approved Statewide Transportation Improvement Program the transportation projects undertaken in nonmetropolitan areas in consultation with the affected nonmetropolitan local officials with responsibility for transportation; (6) select projects to be undertaken, in consultation with each metropolitan planning organization, from the metropolitan planning organization's approved transportation improvement plan in metropolitan areas not designated as a transportation management area; (7) consult with each metropolitan planning organization, in metropolitan areas designated as transportation management areas, concerning the projects selected to be undertaken from the approved transportation improvement program and in accordance with the priorities approved by the transportation improvement program; and (8) when selecting projects to be undertaken from nontransportation management area metropolitan planning organizations' transportation improvement programs, or selecting the nonmetropolitan area projects to be undertaken that are included in the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program, and when consulting with metropolitan planning organizations designated as transportation management areas, the department shall establish a priority list of projects to the extent permitted by federal laws or regulations, taking into consideration at least the following criteria: (a) financial viability including a life cycle analysis of estimated maintenance and repair costs over the expected life of the project; (b) public safety; (c) potential for economic development; (d) traffic volume and congestion; (e) truck traffic; (f) the pavement quality index; (g) environmental impact; (h) alternative transportation solutions; and (i) consistency with local land use plans. (C)(1) To the extent that state funds are available to address the needs of the state highway system, the department must develop a comprehensive plan specifying objectives and performance measures for the preservation and improvement of the existing system. The projects included in this plan must be supported solely by state funds including the Non-Federal Aid Highway Fund or other state revenue source. When developing the plan required by this subsection, the department must consider, but is not limited to, considering the criteria in subsection (B)(8). (2) When state funding is programmed for a project selected from the plan to be undertaken, the department may use federal law, regulations, or guidelines relevant to the type of project being undertaken in order to be eligible for federal matching funds." K. Section 57-1-490 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-490. (A) The department shall be audited by a certified public accountant or firm of certified public accountants once each year to be designated by the State Auditor. The designated accountant or firm of accountants shall issue audited financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and such financial statements must be made available annually by October fifteenth to the General Assembly. The costs and expenses of the audit must be paid by the department out of its funds. (B) The Materials Management Office of the State Fiscal Accountability Authority annually must audit the department's internal procurement operation to ensure that the department has acted properly with regard to the department's exemptions contained in Section 11-35-710. The audit must be performed in accordance with applicable state law, including, but not limited to, administrative penalties for violations found as a result of the audit. The results of the audit must be made available by October fifteenth to the Department of Transportation Secretary Commission, the State Auditor, the Governor, the Chairmen of the Senate Finance and Transportation Committees, and the Chairmen of the House of Representatives Ways and Means and Education and Public Works Committees. The costs and expenses of the audit must be paid by the department out of its funds. (C) The Legislative Audit Council shall contract for an independent performance and compliance audit of the department's finance and administration division, mass transit division, and construction engineering and planning division. This audit must be completed by January 15, 2010. The Legislative Audit Council may contract for follow-up audits or conduct follow-up audits as needed based upon the audit's initial findings. The costs of these audits, including related administrative and management expenses of the Legislative Audit Council, are an operating expense of the department. The department shall pay directly to the Legislative Audit Council the cost of the audits. (D) Copies of every audit conducted pursuant to this section must be made available to the Department of Transportation Commission Secretary, the State Auditor, the Governor, the Chairmen of the Senate Finance and Transportation Committees, and the Chairmen of the House of Representatives Ways and Means and Education and Public Works Committees." L. Article 7, Chapter 1 of Title 57, relating to the Commission of the Department of Transportation, is repealed. M. Section 57-3-20 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-3-20. The responsibilities and duties of the following division deputy directors must include, but not be limited to, the following: (1) division deputy director for finance and administration: (a) financial planning and management; (b) accounting systems necessary to comply with all federal and/or state laws and/or regulations as well as all policies established by the Comptroller General; and (c) administrative functions, including recording proceedings of the commission and developing policy and procedures to ensure compliance with these policies and procedures; (2) division deputy director for construction, engineering, and planning: (a) develop statewide strategic highway plans; and (b) direct highway engineering activities, including construction, design, construction oversight, and maintenance of state highways; (3) division deputy director for intermodal and freight programs: (a) develop a statewide public transit system; (b) coordinate the preservation and revitalization of existing rail corridors; (c) develop and coordinate a statewide passenger and freight rail system, including the development of a comprehensive state rail plan for passenger and freight railroads and rail infrastructure services; (d) plan, develop, and coordinate a comprehensive intermodal transportation program for the movement of passengers and freight through integrated highway, railroad, port, airport, and other transit systems; (e) financial management of funding from federal, state, and local transit, rail, and other intermodal sources; and (f) manage the Office of Railroads and the Office of Public Transit." N. Section 57-3-50 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-3-50. The commission department may establish such highway districts as in its opinion shall be necessary for the proper and efficient performance of its duties. The commission department, every ten years, must review the number of highway districts and the territory embraced within the districts and make such changes as may be necessary for the proper and efficient operation of the districts." O. Section 57-3-210(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(A) The department is authorized to utilize public transit funds to contract directly with private operators of public transit systems to provide service to the general public, provided that the private operators have established a plan of service that has been approved by the local governmental entity that has jurisdiction over the area to be served, the department, the commission, and the federal government." P. Section 57-3-700 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-3-700. With the approval of the commission department, the county officials may designate the department, acting through its agents and employees, as agents of the county in securing necessary rights-of-way and other lands." Q. The Code Commissioner is directed to change or correct all references to the "Commission," "Department of Transportation Commission," or the like in the 1976 Code to "Department of Transportation," "Secretary," or "Secretary of Transportation," as appropriate, to reflect that the Commission's authority is devolved upon the Secretary of Transportation unless otherwise provided. References to the Commission in the 1976 Code or other provisions of law are considered to be and must be construed to mean the Secretary unless otherwise provided. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLIMER spoke on the amendment. Senator DAVIS spoke on the amendment. PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 8:05 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair. Senator DAVIS continued speaking on the amendment. Senator SHEHEEN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 23; Nays 18 AYES Alexander Allen Campbell Cromer Fanning Gambrell Goldfinch Grooms Hutto Kimpson Leatherman Malloy Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Rankin Reese Sabb Scott Sheheen Williams Total--23 NAYS Bennett Campsen Climer Corbin Davis Gregory Hembree Martin Massey Peeler Rice Senn Shealy Talley Timmons Turner Verdin Young Total--18 The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 31 Senator CLIMER proposed the following amendment (3516R053.DR.WC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 2. A, Section 12-28-310, by striking subsections (E)(1) and (2). Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 2. B. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLIMER spoke on the amendment. Senator CAMPBELL moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 26; Nays 17 AYES Alexander Allen Campbell Cromer Fanning Gambrell Goldfinch Gregory Grooms Hutto Jackson Kimpson Leatherman Malloy Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Rankin Reese Sabb Scott Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--26 NAYS Bennett Campsen Climer Corbin Davis Hembree Martin Massey Peeler Rice Senn Shealy Talley Timmons Turner Verdin Young Total--17 The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 32 Senator CLIMER proposed the following amendment (3516R054.DR.WC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 4 in its entirety. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLIMER spoke on the amendment. Senator SCOTT moved to lay the amendment on the table. The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 33 Senators CLIMER and BENNETT proposed the following amendment (3516R055.DR.WC): Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTIONS 5 and 7 in their entirety. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLIMER spoke on the amendment. Motion Adopted On motion of Senator CLIMER, under Rule 18, Amendment No. 33 was divided. Amendment No. 33 - Part A Senators CLIMER and BENNETT proposed the following amendment (3516R055.DR.WC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 5 in its entirety. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLIMER spoke on the amendment. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES Senator CROMER assumed the Chair. Senator CLIMER continued speaking on the amendment. Senator SHEHEEN moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 28; Nays 15 AYES Alexander Allen Campbell Campsen Cromer Fanning Goldfinch Gregory Grooms Hutto Jackson Kimpson Leatherman Malloy Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Rankin Reese Sabb Scott Senn Setzler Sheheen Talley Williams Total--28 NAYS Bennett Climer Corbin Davis Gambrell Hembree Martin Massey Peeler Rice Shealy Timmons Turner Verdin Young Total--15 The amendment was laid on the table. PRESIDENT PRESIDES The PRESIDENT assumed the Chair. Amendment No. 33 - Part B Senators CLIMER and BENNETT proposed the following amendment (3516R055.DR.WC), which was withdrawn: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTIONS 7 in its entirety. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. On motion of Senator CLIMER, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. 33-Part B was withdrawn. Amendment No. 34 Senators CLIMER and DAVIS proposed the following amendment (3516R056.DR.WC), which was carried over: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 9 in its entirety. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLIMER spoke on the amendment. On motion of Senator GROOMS, the amendment was carried over. Amendment No. 36A Senator BENNETT proposed the following amendment (3516R093.SP.SB), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. Section 57-11-20(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-11-20. (A)(1) All state revenues and state monies dedicated by statute to the operation of the department must be deposited into either the 'State Highway Fund,' or the 'State Non-Federal Aid Highway Fund,'. or the 'Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund.' Both All funds must be held and managed by the State Treasurer separate and distinct from the general fund, except as to monies utilized by the State Treasurer for the payment of principal or interest on state highway bonds as provided by law. Interest income from the State Highway Fund must be deposited to the credit of the State Highway Fund. Interest income from the Non-Federal Aid Highway Fund must be deposited to the credit of the Non-Federal Aid Highway Fund. Interest income from the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund must be deposited to the credit of the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund. The commission may commit up to the maximum annual debt service provided in Article X, Section 13 of the South Carolina Constitution into a special fund to be used for the sole purpose of paying the principal and interest, as it comes due, on bonds issued for the construction or maintenance of state highways, or both. This special account will be designated as the State Highway Construction Debt Service Fund. (2) The Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund must be used exclusively for the repairs, maintenance, and improvements to the existing transportation system." SECTION 2. A. Section 12-28-310 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding subsections at the end to read: "(D) On July 1, 2017, and each July first thereafter until after July 1, 2022, the department shall permanently increase the amount of the user fee imposed pursuant to subsection (A) by two cents, for a total of twelve cents. All of the funds raised by the increase in the motor fuel user fee imposed by this subsection must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund. (E)(1) The department shall increase the amount of the motor fuel user fee imposed pursuant to subsections (A) and (D) on an annual basis by an inflation factor equal to the annual average percentage adjustment over the last ten completed calendar years of the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers as published by the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, but not to exceed two percent. Upon determining the increase, the department shall round the price to the nearest one-tenth of a cent. If the increase is exactly between two-tenths of a cent, the department must round the price up to the higher of the two. The department determines the increase in the motor fuel user fee by March thirty-first of each year, and the increase takes effect the following July first. The department must notify affected taxpayers of the motor fuel user fee to be in effect for the coming July first to June thirtieth period. (2) The provisions of item (E)(1) must be suspended by the Director of the Department of Revenue if they result in the motor fuel user fee exceeding the same in North Carolina and the Georgia county with the highest cumulative motor fuel user fee. The suspension must remain in place until such time the motor fuel user fees in North Carolina and the Georgia county with the highest cumulative motor fuel user fee are greater than or equal to that of South Carolina. (F)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, beginning with the February 15, 2018, forecast by the Board of Economic Advisors of annual general fund revenue for the upcoming fiscal year, and annually thereafter, the scheduled July first user fee increase provided in subsection (D) takes effect only if general fund revenues are projected to increase by at least three percent. The next scheduled increase does not take effect until the February fifteenth forecast meets the requirements for an increase, mutatis mutandis. If the February fifteenth forecast meets the requirement for an increase, the Executive Director of the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office, or his designee, promptly shall certify this result in writing to the Department of Revenue. On the July first that the increase required by this subsection is fully implemented, the provisions of this item no longer apply. (2) For purposes of this subsection, the percentage increase in general funds must be determined by the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office by comparing the current fiscal year's recurring general fund expenditure base with the Board of Economic Advisors' February fifteenth forecast of recurring general fund revenue for the upcoming fiscal year. The February fifteenth forecast is considered the final forecast for purposes of making the growth determination. The Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office determines the current fiscal year's recurring general fund expenditure base, and determine any projected increase in general fund revenues. (3) For purposes of this subsection: (a) 'Recurring general fund revenue' means the forecast of recurring general fund revenues pursuant to Section 11-9-880 after the amount apportioned to the Trust Fund for Tax Relief, as required in Section 11-11-150, is deducted, and after any projected revenue loss resulting from amendments to Sections 12-6-510 and 12-37-220(B)(52)(a) contained within the South Carolina Infrastructure and Economic Development Reform Act is deducted. (b) 'Recurring general fund expenditure base' means the total recurring general fund appropriations authorized in the current general appropriations act less any reduced appropriations mandated by the General Assembly or the Executive Budget Office pursuant to Section 11-9-890B, and less any projected revenue loss resulting from amendments to Sections 12-6-510 and 12-37-220(B)(52)(a) contained within the South Carolina Infrastructure and Economic Development Reform Act." B. The first CPI adjustment made pursuant to this SECTION takes effect July 1, 2020, or the July first after the provisions of Section 12-28-310(D) are fully implemented, whichever occurs later. SECTION 3. A. Section 56-11-410 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 56-11-410. (A) A road tax for the privilege of using the streets and highways in this State is imposed upon every motor carrier. The tax is equivalent to sixteen cents a gallon the user fee imposed pursuant to Section 12-28-310, calculated on the amount of gasoline or other motor fuel used by the motor carrier in its operations within this State. Except as credit for certain taxes as provided for in this chapter, taxes imposed on motor carriers by this chapter are in addition to taxes imposed upon the carriers by any other provision of law. (B) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all of the road tax funds collected in excess of sixteen cents a gallon after accounting for the credit provided in Section 56-11-450, must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund." B. Section 56-11-450(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 56-11-450. (A) Every motor carrier subject to the tax imposed under this chapter is entitled to a credit on the tax equivalent to sixteen cents per gallon the user fee imposed pursuant to Section 12-28-310 on all gasoline or other motor fuel purchased by the carrier within this State for use in operations either within or without this State and upon which gasoline or other motor fuel the tax imposed by the laws of this State has been paid by the carrier. Evidence of the payment of the tax in such form as may be required by or is satisfactory to the Department of Motor Vehicles must be furnished by each carrier claiming the credit." SECTION 4. A. Section 56-3-620 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 353 of 2008, is further amended to read: "Section 56-3-620. (A) For persons sixty-five years of age or older or persons who are handicapped, as defined in Section 56-3-1950, the biennial registration fee for every private passenger motor vehicle, excluding trucks, is twenty thirty-six dollars. (B) Beginning July 1, 1987, For persons under the age of sixty-five years the biennial registration fee for every private passenger motor vehicle, excluding trucks, is twenty-four forty dollars. (C) For persons sixty-five years of age or older, the biennial registration fee for a property-carrying vehicle with a gross weight of six thousand pounds or less is thirty forty-six dollars. (D) For persons who are sixty-four years of age, the biennial registration fee for a private passenger motor vehicle, excluding trucks, is twenty-two thirty-eight dollars. (E) Applicable truck fees, established by Section 56-3-660, are not negated by this section. (F) Annual license plate validation stickers which are issued for nonpermanent license plates on certified South Carolina public law enforcement vehicles must be issued without charge. (G) From each biennial registration and license fee collected, sixteen dollars must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund." B. This SECTION takes effect January 1, 2018. SECTION 5. A. Article 5, Chapter 3, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 56-3-627. (A) In order to account for the necessary road maintenance caused by each item traversing the roads of this State, in addition to the registration fees imposed by this chapter, the owner of each vehicle or other item that is required to be registered pursuant to this chapter must pay an infrastructure maintenance fee upon first registering the vehicle or other item. Also, the owner of each trailer or semi-trailer must pay the fee upon first registering the trailer or semi-trailer. The Department of Motor Vehicles may not issue a registration until the infrastructure maintenance fee has been collected. The infrastructure maintenance fee must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund. (B) If upon purchasing or leasing the item from a dealer, the owner first registers the item in this State, then the fee equals five percent, not to exceed five hundred dollars, of the gross proceeds of sales, or sales price, as those terms are defined in Chapter 36, Title 12. If the dealer holds a South Carolina retail license or offers to license and register the item, then the dealer must collect the fee and remit it to the Department of Motor Vehicles. (C)(1) If upon purchasing or leasing the item from a person other than a dealer, the owner first registers the item in this State, then the fee equals five percent, not to exceed five hundred dollars, of the fair market value of the item. (2) Excluded from the fee imposed pursuant to this subsection are: (a) items transferred: (i) to members of the immediate family; (ii) to a legal heir, legatee, or distributee; (iii) from an individual to a partnership upon formation of a partnership, or from a stockholder to a corporation upon formation of a corporation; (iv) to a licensed motor vehicle or motorcycle dealer for the purpose of resale; (v) to a financial institution for the purpose of resale; (vi) as a result of repossession to any other secured party, for the purpose of resale; (b) the fair market value of an item transferred to the seller or secured party in partial payment; (c) gross proceeds of transfers of items specifically exempted by Section 12-36-2120 from the sales or use tax; (d) items where a sales or use tax has been paid on the transaction necessitating the transfer. (3) The Department of Motor Vehicles shall require every applicant for a certificate of title to supply information it considers necessary as to the time of purchase, the purchase price, and other information relative to the determination of fair market value. If the fee is based upon total purchase price as defined in this subsection, the department shall require a submission of a bill of sale and the signature of the owner subject to the perjury statutes of this State. (4) For purposes of this subsection: (a) 'Fair market value' means the total purchase price less any trade-in, or the valuation shown in a national publication of used values adopted by the department, less any trade-in. (b) 'Immediate family' means spouse, parents, children, sisters, brothers, grandparents, and grandchildren. (c) 'Total purchase price' means the price of an item agreed upon by the buyer and seller with an allowance for a trade-in, if applicable. (D) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (B) and (C), the maximum fee of five hundred dollars must be increased by fifty dollars on July 1, 2018, and on July 1, 2019, until the maximum fee equals six hundred dollars. (E)(1) If upon purchasing or leasing the item, the owner first registers the item in another state, and subsequently registers the item in this State, then the fee equals two hundred fifty dollars. On July 1, 2018, the department shall permanently increase the amount of the user fee imposed pursuant to this subsection by fifty dollars, and the department shall continue to increase the fee permanently on each July first thereafter by fifty dollars until the total fee equals six hundred dollars. (2) This subsection does not apply if the owner of the item is serving on active duty in the armed forces of the United States. The exclusion allowed by this item also extends to items owned by the spouse or dependent of a person serving on active duty in the armed forces of the United States. (F)(1)(a) The Department of Motor Vehicles shall transfer eighty percent of every fee collected on motor vehicles pursuant to subsections (B) and (C), but not to exceed two hundred forty dollars, to the Department of Transportation to be allocated to the state-funded resurfacing program. The Department of Transportation shall develop and implement a needs-based methodology to distribute revenue within the state-funded resurfacing program, which shall include consideration of pavement condition on a county-by-county basis, to ensure that each county in the State is guaranteed funding for resurfacing. (b) The Department of Motor Vehicles shall transfer twenty percent of every fee collected on motor vehicles pursuant to subsections (B) and (C), but not to exceed sixty dollars, to the South Carolina Education Improvement Act of 1984 Fund. (2) The Department of Transportation shall reduce the allocation to the state-funded resurfacing program required in item (1) in proportion to the amounts transferred to the South Carolina Transportation Infrastructure Bank pursuant to subsection (G) and in proportion to the amounts required by the Department of Transportation to fund repairs, maintenance, and improvements to the existing transportation system. (G)(1) The Department of Transportation shall identify bridge and road projects to be financed utilizing nontax revenue transferred to the bank by the Department of Transportation in an amount equal to the financing requirements related to projects selected pursuant to this section, provided that: (a) Fifty million dollars in revenue utilized by the bank shall be used to finance bridge replacement, rehabilitation projects, and expansion and improvements on existing roads in the State Highway System. (b) Funds in excess of fifty million dollars utilized by the bank shall be used to finance expansion and improvements to existing mainline interstates. (2) Funds transferred to the bank pursuant to this section may not be used to finance projects approved by the bank before July 1, 2013. The bank shall submit all projects proposed to be financed pursuant to subsection (B) to the Joint Bond Review Committee as provided in Section 11-43-180, before approving a project for financing. (3) Following consideration by the Joint Bond Review Committee, the bank shall approve the projects to be financed. Upon approval, the bank shall provide the Department of Transportation with written notice that identifies each project selected, the amount of nontax revenue that must be transferred to the bank for financing each project, a schedule for the transfers, and any other information necessary to carrying out the financing of each project. (4) Upon receipt of the notice provided in item (3), the Department of Transportation shall transfer nontax revenue to the bank in the amounts and upon the schedule provided in the notice. The department shall take any other action identified in the notice that is necessary for financing each project. (5) Projects financed utilizing funds transferred pursuant to this subsection do not require a local match. (H) The Secretary of Transportation shall apply funds supplanted by the operation of this section to prioritized bridge and resurfacing needs. (I) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, any transaction exempt pursuant to Section 12-36-2120(25), is also exempt from the infrastructure maintenance fee." B. This SECTION takes effect on July 1, 2017. SECTION 6. A. Chapter 3, Title 56 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 56-3-645. (A) In addition to the registration fees imposed by this chapter, the owner of motor vehicles that are powered: (1) exclusively by electricity, hydrogen, or any fuel other than motor fuel, as defined in Section 12-28-110(39), that are not subject to motor fuel user fees imposed by Chapter 28, Title 12 shall pay a biennial road use fee of one hundred twenty dollars; and (2) by a combination of motor fuel subject to motor fuel user fees imposed by Chapter 28, Title 12 and electricity, hydrogen, or any fuel other than motor fuel that is not subject to motor fuel user fees imposed by Chapter 28, Title 12 shall pay a biennial road use fee of sixty dollars. (B) All of the fees collected pursuant to this section must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund. (C) The Department of Motor Vehicles shall collect this fee at the same time as the vehicle subject to the fee is registered." B. This SECTION takes effect January 1, 2018. SECTION 7. A. Section 12-36-2110(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 12-36-2110. (A)(1) The maximum tax imposed by this chapter is three hundred dollars for each sale made after June 30, 1984, or lease executed, after August 31, 1985, of each: (1)(a) aircraft, including unassembled aircraft which is to be assembled by the purchaser, but not items to be added to the unassembled aircraft; (2)(b) motor vehicle; (3)(c) motorcycle; (4)(d) boat; (5)(e) trailer or semitrailer, pulled by a truck tractor, as defined in Section 56-3-20, and horse trailers, but not including house trailers or campers as defined in Section 56-3-710 or a fire safety education trailer; (6)(f) recreational vehicle, including tent campers, travel trailer, park model, park trailer, motor home, and fifth wheel; or (7)(g) self-propelled light construction equipment with compatible attachments limited to a maximum of one hundred sixty net engine horsepower. (2) In the case of a lease, the total tax rate required by law this section applies on each payment until the total tax paid equals three hundred dollars. Nothing in this section prohibits a taxpayer from paying the total tax due at the time of execution of the lease, or with any payment under the lease. To qualify for the tax limitation provided by this section, a lease must be in writing and specifically state the term of, and remain in force for, a period in excess of ninety continuous days. (3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, after June 30, 2017, the maximum tax imposed pursuant to this chapter on the sale, lease, or registration of an item enumerated in item (1) only applies to items not subject to the fee pursuant to Section 56-3-627. (4) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, after June 30, 2017, the maximum tax imposed pursuant to this chapter on the sale, lease, or registration of an item enumerated in item (1) is increased from three hundred dollars to five hundred dollars, mutatis mutandis. Further, the maximum tax of five hundred dollars must be increased by fifty dollars on July 1, 2018, and on July 1, 2019, until the maximum fee equals six hundred dollars. Notwithstanding Section 59-21-1010, or any other provision of law, any revenue resulting from the increase contained in this item must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund. (5) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, revenues resulting from the maximum tax imposed pursuant to this chapter on the sale, lease, or registration of an item enumerated in item (1) which would be subject to the fee set forth in Section 56-3-627 but for the state in which it is registered, must be collected by and remitted to the Department of Motor Vehicles. Upon collection, the Department of Motor Vehicles must transfer all the revenues to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund." B. Section 12-36-2120 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 256 of 2016, is further amended by adding an appropriately numbered item to read: "( ) any item subject to the fee set forth in Section 56-3-627." C. Section 12-36-1710(A) through (D) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 12-36-1710. (A) In addition to all other fees prescribed by law there is imposed an excise tax for the issuance of every certificate of title, or other proof of ownership, for every motor vehicle, motorcycle, boat, motor, or airplane, required to be registered, titled, or licensed. The tax is five percent of the fair market value of the motor vehicle, motorcycle, airplane, boat, and motor. (B) Excluded from the tax are: (1) motor vehicles, motorcycles, boats, motors, or airplanes: (a) transferred to members of the immediate family; (b) transferred to a legal heir, legatee, or distributee; (c) transferred from an individual to a partnership upon formation of a partnership, or from a stockholder to a corporation upon formation of a corporation; (d) transferred to a licensed motor vehicle or motorcycle dealer for the purpose of resale; (e) transferred to a financial institution for the purpose of resale; (f) transferred as a result of repossession to any other secured party, for the purpose of resale; (2) the fair market value of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, boat, motor, or airplane, transferred to the seller or secured party in partial payment; (3) gross proceeds of transfers of motor vehicles, motorcycles, or airplanes specifically exempted by Section 12-36-2120 from the sales or use tax; (4) motor vehicles, motorcycles, boats, motors, or airplanes, where a sales or use tax has been paid on the transaction necessitating the transfer. (C) 'Fair market value' means the total purchase price less any trade-in, or the valuation shown in a national publication of used values adopted by the department, less any trade-in. (D) 'Total purchase price' means the price of a motor vehicle, motorcycle, boat, motor, or airplane agreed upon by the buyer and seller with an allowance for a trade-in, if applicable." D. Section 12-36-2647 of the 1976 Code is repealed. E. The Code Commissioner is directed to change or correct all references to the sales tax on vehicles and other such items to reflect the provisions of Section 56-3-627 as added by this act. References to the sales tax on vehicles and other such items in the 1976 Code or other provisions of law are considered to be and must be construed to mean appropriate references. SECTION 8. A. Article 23, Chapter 37, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "ARTICLE 23 Motor Carriers Section 12-37-2810. As used in this article, unless the context requires otherwise: (A) 'Motor carrier' means a person who owns, controls, operates, manages, or leases a commercial motor vehicle, or bus for the transportation of property or persons in intrastate or interstate commerce except for scheduled intercity bus service and farm vehicles using FM tags as allowed by the Department of Motor Vehicles. A motor carrier is defined further as being a South Carolina-based International Registration Plan registrant or owning or leasing real property within this State used directly in the transportation of freight or persons. (B) 'Commercial motor vehicle' means a motor propelled vehicle used for the transportation of property on a public highway with a gross vehicle weight of greater than twenty-six thousand pounds, except for farm vehicles using FM tags as allowed by the Department of Motor Vehicles. (C) 'Large commercial motor vehicle' means a commercial motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of greater than twenty-six thousand pounds that is registered under the International Registration Plan or used on a highway for the transportation of property. (D) 'Small commercial motor vehicle' means a commercial motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight of less than or equal to twenty-six thousand pounds that is registered under the International Registration Plan or used on a highway for the transportation of property. (C)(E) 'Highway' means all public roads, highways, streets, and ways in this State, whether within a municipality or outside of a municipality. (D)(F) 'Person' means any individual, corporation, firm, partnership, company or association, and includes a guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or a person acting in a fiduciary capacity. (E)(G) 'Semitrailers' means every vehicle with or without motive power, other than a pole trailer, designed for carrying property and for being drawn by a motor vehicle and constructed so that a part of its weight and of its load rests upon or is carried by another vehicle. (F)(H) 'Trailers' means every vehicle with or without motive power, other than a pole trailer, designed for carrying property and for being drawn by a motor vehicle and constructed so that no part of its weight rests upon the towing vehicle. (G)(I) 'Bus' means every motor vehicle designed for carrying more than sixteen passengers and used for the transportation of persons, for compensation, other than a taxicab or intercity bus. (J) 'South Carolina apportionment factor' means the ratio of miles operated by a fleet of vehicles in South Carolina to the miles operated by the fleet of vehicles everywhere, which is used to apportion the registration fees of the fleet under the International Registration Plan. Section 12-37-2815. The provisions contained in this article do not apply to small commercial motor vehicles that must be licensed, registered, and pay ad valorem taxes as otherwise provided by law. Section 12-37-2820. (A) The Department of Revenue Motor Vehicles annually shall assess, equalize, and apportion the valuation of all large commercial motor vehicles and buses of motor carriers registered for use in this State under the International Registration Plan or otherwise pursuant to Section 56-3-190. The valuation must be based on fair market value for the motor vehicles and an assessment ratio of nine and one-half percent as provided by Section 12-43-220(g). Fair market value is determined by depreciating the gross capitalized cost of each motor carrier's large commercial motor vehicle, or bus by an annual percentage depreciation allowance down to ten percent of the cost as follows: (1) Year One -- .90 (2) Year Two -- .80 (3) Year Three -- .65 (4) Year Four -- .50 (5) Year Five -- .35 (6) Year Six -- .25 (7) Year Seven -- .20 (8) Year Eight -- .15 (9) Year Nine -- .10 (B) 'Gross capitalized cost', as used in this section, means the original cost upon acquisition for income tax purposes, not to include taxes, interest, or cab customizing. Section 12-37-2830. The value of a motor carrier's large commercial motor vehicles and buses subject to property taxes road use fees in this State must be determined based on the ratio of total mileage operated within this State during the preceding calendar year to the total mileage of its fleet operated within and without this State during the same preceding calendar year according to the South Carolina apportionment factor for the fleet of which the commercial vehicle is a part. Section 12-37-2840. (A) Motor carriers must file an annual property tax return with the Department of Revenue no later than June 30 for the preceding calendar year and remit one-half of the tax due or the entire tax due as stated on the return. If the motor carrier fails to pay either one-half of the tax due or the entire tax due as of June 30, the department must issue a proposed assessment for the entire tax to the motor carrier. The tax as shown in the proposed assessment must be paid in full by cashier's check, money order, or cash within thirty days of the issuance of the proposed assessment, or the taxpayer may appeal the proposed assessment within thirty days using the procedures provided in subarticle 1, Article 5, Chapter 60 of this title. (B)(1) If one-half of the tax is remitted on or before June 30, the remaining one-half of the tax due must be paid to the Department of Revenue on or before December 31 of that year. If the motor carrier fails to remit the remaining tax due pursuant to this section, the department shall issue a proposed assessment to the motor carrier. (2) The tax shown in the proposed assessment must be paid in full by cashier's check, money order, or cash or appealed within thirty days of the issuance of the proposed assessment. The taxpayer may appeal the proposed assessment using the procedures provided in subarticle 1, Article 5, Chapter 60 of this title. (C) If a motor carrier fails to timely file the return as required by this section, the department shall issue a proposed assessment which assumes all mileage of the motor carrier's fleet was driven within this State. A taxpayer may appeal this proposed assessment using the procedures provided in subarticle 1, Article 5, Chapter 60 of this title. (D) A twenty-five percent penalty must be added to the property tax due if the motor carrier fails to file a return or pay any tax due, including the one-half of the tax due on June 30, as required by this section. The penalty must be applied the day after the date that the return was due to be filed or the tax was due to be paid. This penalty is instead of all other penalties and interest required by law, except those provided in Section 12-54-44. (E) If the motor carrier fails to remit the tax due within thirty days of receipt of the proposed assessment and the taxpayer fails to appeal the proposed assessment as provided in subsection (B), the department shall assess the tax. Tax due pursuant to this section is subject to the collection procedures provided in Chapter 54, of this title, except that the penalty provisions of Section 12-54-43 do not apply A motor carrier registering a large commercial motor vehicle or bus must pay the road use fee due on the vehicle at the time and in the manner the person pays the registration fees on the vehicle pursuant to Section 56-3-660. A person choosing to pay registration fees on a large commercial motor vehicle or bus in quarterly installments pursuant to Section 56-3-660 also must pay the road use fee on the vehicle in the same quarterly installments. Section 12-37-2842. (A) The Department of Motor Vehicles, at the time of first registration by a motor carrier as defined in this article, shall notify the registrant of the Department of Revenue's registration and filing requirements and supply the required registration forms. (B) The motor carrier must register with the Department of Revenue within thirty days following the year in which the vehicle or bus was first registered for operation in South Carolina. (C) A motor carrier must notify the Department of Revenue, on forms supplied by the department, of a motor vehicle or bus that is disposed of before December 31. Section 12-37-2850. Beginning on January 1, 2019, the Department of Revenue Motor Vehicles shall assess annually the taxes road use fee due on large commercial motor vehicles and buses based on the value determined in Section 12-37-2820 and an average millage for all purposes statewide for the preceding calendar year and shall publish the average millage for the preceding year by June 1 July first of each year. The Department of Revenue, in consultation with the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office, shall calculate the millage to be used to calculate the road use fee by June first of each year for the following calendar year. The taxes road use fee assessed must be paid to the Department of Revenue no later than December 31 of each year and may be made in two equal installments Motor Vehicles, in addition to the registration fees required pursuant to Sections 56-3-660 and 56-3-670, at the time and in the manner that the registration fees on the vehicle are paid pursuant to Sections 56-3-660 and 56-3-670. Distribution of the taxes fees paid must be made by the State Treasurer's Office of the State Treasurer based on the distribution formula contained provided in Section 12-37-2870 Sections 12-37-2865 and 12-37-2870. Section 12-37-2860. (A) In addition to the property tax exemptions allowed pursuant to Section 12-37-220, one hundred percent of the fair market value of semitrailers and trailers as defined in Section 12-37-2810, and commonly used in combination with a large commercial motor vehicle, as defined pursuant to Section 12-37-2810, is exempt from property tax. (B) Instead of the any property taxes tax and the registration requirements contained provided in Sections 56-3-110 and 56-3-700 on semitrailers and trailers of motor carriers as defined in Section 12-37-2810, and commonly used in combination with a large commercial motor vehicle, a one-time fee payable to the Department of Motor Vehicles in the amount of eighty-seven dollars is due imposed on all semitrailers and trailers currently registered and subsequently on each semitrailer and trailer before being placed in service. (C) The fee imposed pursuant to subsection (B) and the registration requirements of this article are in lieu of any local road use fee, registration fees, or any other vehicle related fee imposed by a political subdivision of this State on a trailer or semitrailer. (B)(D) Twelve dollars of the one-time fee must be distributed to the Department of Revenue Motor Vehicles and may be retained by the Department of Revenue Motor Vehicles and expended in budgeted operations to record and administer the fee. The remaining seventy-five dollars of the fee must be distributed based on the distribution formula contained provided in Section Sections 12-37-2865 and 12-37-2870, and must occur by the fifteenth day of the month following the month in which the fees are collected. (C) The fee required by this section is due on or before March 31, 1998, for the initial registration. (D)(E) The Department of Motor Vehicles shall design a permanent tag for display on the exterior of the rear of the trailer or semitrailer in a conspicuous place. (F) If the apportioned registration fees of a large commercial motor vehicle or bus and the road use fees for large commercial motor vehicles required under this chapter are equal to or exceed four hundred dollars, the fees may be remitted to the Department of Motor Vehicles quarterly provided that each installment is made online. A motor carrier who fails to make a quarterly payment on a timely basis may no longer make installment payments and must remit to the department the balance of the fees owed for any previous calendar year before the Department of Motor Vehicles will renew registration for the current calendar year. A motor carrier that opts out of installment payments must make full payment of fees at the time of registration. Section 12-37-2865. Seventy-five percent of the revenues from the road use fee assessed pursuant to Section 12-37-2850, and the one-time fee assessed pursuant to Section 12-37-2860 must be distributed by the State Treasurer as provided in Section 12-37-2870. Distributions must be made by the last day of the next month succeeding the month in which the fee is paid. The remaining twenty-five percent must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund to be used to finance expansion and improvements to existing mainline interstates. Section 12-37-2870. The distribution of the fee revenues required to be distributed pursuant to Section 12-37-2865 for each county must be determined on the ratio of total federal and state highway miles within each county during the preceding calendar year to the total federal and state highway miles within all counties of this State during the same preceding calendar year. The county must distribute the revenue from the payment-in-lieu of taxes received pursuant to this section within thirty days of its receipt to every governmental entity levying a property tax in the manner set forth below. For each governmental entity levying a property tax, the entire assessed value of the taxable property within its boundaries and the county area must be multiplied by the millage rate imposed by the governmental entity. That figure constitutes the numerator for that governmental entity. The total of the numerators for all property tax levying entities within the county area constitutes the denominator. The numerator for each governmental entity must be divided by the denominator. The resulting percentage must be multiplied by the payment-in-lieu of tax fee revenue received pursuant to this section and that amount distributed to the general fund of the appropriate governmental entity. The distribution of taxes and fees paid must be made by the last day of the next month succeeding the month in which the taxes and fees were paid. Section 12-37-2880. (A) In addition to the property tax exemptions allowed pursuant to Section 12-37-220, one hundred percent of the fair market value of all large commercial motor vehicles and buses registered for use in this State under the International Registration Plan or otherwise pursuant to Section 56-3-190, is exempt from property tax and is instead subject to the road use fee imposed pursuant to this article. (B) The ad valorem taxes authorized road use fee imposed by this article are is in lieu of all other ad valorem taxes upon the large commercial motor vehicles or buses of motor carriers, and any road use or other vehicle-related fees imposed by a political subdivision of this State if registered for use in this State under the International Registration Plan. The fee-in-lieu of property taxes and registration requirements authorized by this article are in lieu of all other ad valorem taxes upon trailers and semitrailers of motor carriers. Section 12-37-2890. (A) Upon request by the Department of Revenue, and after the time period for all appeals of tax due is exhausted, the Department of Motor Vehicles shall suspend the driver's license and vehicle registration of a person that fails to file or pay a motor carrier property tax on a vehicle, pursuant to this article. The request to suspend must be an electronic notification from the Department of Revenue to the Department of Motor Vehicles. Before notification is sent to the Department of Motor Vehicles, the Department of Revenue shall notify the delinquent taxpayer by certified letter of the pending suspension and of the steps necessary to prevent the suspension from being entered on the taxpayer's driving and registration records. The department shall allow thirty days for payment of taxes before notifying the Department of Motor Vehicles to suspend the driver's license and vehicle registration. (B) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 56-1-460 and 56-9-500, a charge of driving under suspension when the suspension is solely for failure to file or pay a motor carrier property tax or the reinstatement fee required for the property tax does not require proof of financial responsibility. A person is not subject to a custodial arrest solely for being under suspension pursuant to this section. Upon conviction of a violation of this section, the taxpayer is subject to: (1) for a first offense a fine not to exceed fifty dollars; (2) for a second offense a fine not to exceed two hundred fifty dollars; and (3) for a third or subsequent offense under this section, the penalty is a fine not to exceed five hundred dollars or imprisonment not to exceed thirty days, or both. (C) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (A) and (B) of this section or the provisions of Section 56-1-460, a charge of driving under suspension issued solely as a result of this section must be dismissed if the taxpayer provides proof on the taxpayer's court date that the personal property taxes on the vehicle which resulted in the charge being issued have been paid. (D) Before the reinstatement of a driver's license or vehicle registration suspended due to a violation of this section, a fee of fifty dollars must be paid to the Department of Motor Vehicles. The Department of Motor Vehicles may retain revenues generated by payment of the reinstatement fees pursuant to this section for use in defraying costs associated with suspension and reinstatement actions pursuant to this section Fees collected in excess of actual departmental direct costs related to suspension and reinstatement actions pursuant to this section must be deposited to the credit of the general fund of the State at the end of each fiscal year." B. Section 56-3-376 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 56-3-376. (A) All vehicles except those vehicles designated in Section 56-3-780 are designated as distinct classifications and must be assigned an annual registration period as follows: (1) Classification (1). Vehicles for which the biennial registration fee is one-hundred sixty dollars or more. The Department of Motor Vehicles may register and license a vehicle for which the biennial registration fee is one-hundred sixty dollars or more or for a semiannual or one-half year upon application to the department by the owner and the payment of one-fourth of the specified biennial fee. Biennial registrations and licenses expire at midnight on the last day of the twenty-fourth month for the period for which they were issued. Semiannual or half-year registrations and licenses expire at midnight of the sixth month for the period for which they were issued and no person shall drive, move, or operate a vehicle upon a highway after the expiration of the registration and license until the vehicle is registered and licensed for the then current period. Trucks, truck tractors, or road tractors with an empty or unloaded weight of over five thousand pounds or less, or gross vehicle weight of eight thousand pounds or less also must be placed in this classification but may not be registered for less than a full biennial period. (2) Classification (2). Other vehicles. All other vehicles except those vehicles described in classification (1) and (3) of this section are assigned a staggered biennial registration which expires on the last day of the month for the period for which they were issued. (3) Classification (3). Large commercial motor vehicles and buses registered by motor carriers, as defined in Section 12-37-2810, are assigned a staggered annual registration which expires on the last day of the month for the period for which they were issued. (B) Notwithstanding the registration periods provided in this section, upon appropriate notice, the department may revise the established renewal dates to allow renewals to be assigned an expiration date pursuant to a staggered monthly basis." C. Section 56-3-120(5) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(5) a trailer or semitrailer of a motor carrier commonly used in combination with a large commercial motor vehicle, as defined in Section 12-37-2810, for which trailer or semitrailer the fee-in-lieu of taxes and registration requirements has been paid fee imposed pursuant to Section 12-37-2860 is paid and applicable registration requirements provided pursuant to Article 23, Chapter 37, Title 12, are met, and a distinctive permanent plate has been issued pursuant to Section 12-37-2860." D. Section 56-3-610 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 56-3-610. (A) Except as provided in subsection (B), the owner of every motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer, pole trailer, and special mobile equipment vehicle required to be registered and licensed under this chapter shall pay to the Department of Motor Vehicles at the time of registering and licensing the vehicle and biennially after that time registration and license fees as set forth in this article. (B) A large commercial motor vehicle or bus on which is imposed the road use fee provided pursuant to Article 23, Chapter 37, Title 12 is required to be registered and licensed annually pursuant to this chapter and the scheduled fees adjusted as provided pursuant to Section 56-3-660(E)." E. Section 56-3-660(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 56-3-660. (A) The determination of gross vehicle weight to register and license self-propelled property carrying vehicles is the empty weight of the vehicle or combination of vehicles and the heaviest load to be transported by the vehicle or combination of vehicles as declared by the registered owner. All determinations of weight must be made in units of one thousand pounds or major fraction of one thousand pounds. The declared gross vehicle weight applies to all self-propelled property carrying vehicles operating in tandem with trailers or semitrailers except that the gross weight of a trailer or semitrailer is not required to be included when the operation is to be in tandem with a self-propelled property carrying vehicle licensed for six thousand pounds or less gross weight, and the gross vehicle weight of the combination does not exceed nine thousand pounds. The Department of Motor Vehicles may register and license a vehicle of this classification small commercial motor vehicle, as defined in Section 12-37-2810, for which the biennial registration and license fee is one-hundred and sixty dollars or more for an annual or one-year period beginning on April first and ending on March thirty-first of the next year upon application to the department by the owner and the payment of one-half the specified biennial fee or for a semiannual or one-half year beginning on April first and ending on September thirtieth of the same year upon application to the department by the owner and the payment of the appropriate fees. The registration and license fee for small commercial motor vehicles in this classification which are registered for the remaining twenty-four months or less of the twenty-four month biennial period or for the eleven months or less of the twelve-month year ending on March thirty-first or the remaining five months or less for the one-half period ending on September thirtieth is the proportionate part of the specified biennial fee for the remainder of the twenty-four month period or year or one-half year based on one twenty-fourth of the specified twenty-four-month fee for each month or part of a month remaining in the biennial registration period or license year or one-half year. No An proportionate fee may not be reduced lower than ten dollars. A person making application for a registration and license for a motor vehicle of this classification shall declare the true unloaded or empty weight of the vehicle." F. Section 56-3-660 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately lettered subsection to read: "( ) Fees for licensing and registration, and fees imposed pursuant to Article 23, Chapter 37, Title 12, may be credited or prorated as prescribed by the Department of Motor Vehicles." G. Section 56-3-660(E) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(E) The department may register an apportionable a large commercial motor vehicle, as defined in Section 12-37-2810, for the payment of one-half of this State's portion of the license and road fee for a vehicle whose portion of the license and road fee owed to this State exceeds eight four hundred dollars. The department may require any information necessary to complete the transaction." H. Section 58-23-620 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 58-23-620. (A) No city, town, A municipality or county in this State shall may not impose a license fee or license tax upon a holder of a certificate A or a certificate B, and no city, town, a municipality or county shall may not impose a license fee or license tax on the holder of a certificate E or a certificate F, Certificate of Compliance, or a common or contract motor carrier of property, except the city or town municipality of such the carrier's residence or the location of his the carrier's principal place of business. However, the fee required of a holder of a certificate C is in addition to any license tax or license fee charged by a municipality. (B) If a municipality or county imposes a license fee or license tax pursuant to subsection (A), the fee or tax in the case of any certificate holder or common or contract motor carrier of property which operates its vehicles both within and without this State, must be apportioned in the ratio that the miles traveled by the vehicles operated by the certificate holder in this State bears to miles traveled by those vehicles in all states." I. Article 21, Chapter 37, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 12-37-2600. Motor carriers, as defined in Section 12-37-2810, are exempt from ad valorem taxes imposed pursuant to this chapter on large commercial motor vehicles and buses." J. Section 12-37-2610 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 87 of 2015, is further amended to read: "Section 12-37-2610. The tax year for licensed motor vehicles begins with the last day of the month in which a registration required by Section 56-3-110 is issued and ends on the last day of the month in which the registration expires or is due to expire. No A registration may not be issued for motor vehicles until the ad valorem tax is paid for the year for which the registration is to be issued. Motor vehicles registered under the International Registration Plan may pay ad valorem property taxes on a semiannual basis Large commercial motor vehicles and buses, as defined in Section 12-37-2810, must pay road use fees pursuant to Article 23, Chapter 37, Title 12 in lieu of ad valorem property taxes. The provisions of this section do not apply to the transfer of motor vehicle registrations as specified in Section 12-37-2675 or to sales of motor vehicles by a licensed motor vehicle dealer. Notice of the sales must be furnished to the Department of Motor Vehicles by the dealer, along with other documents necessary for the registration and licensing of the vehicle concerned. The notice must be received by the Department of Motor Vehicles as a prerequisite to the registration and licensing of the vehicle and must include the name and address of the purchaser, the vehicle identification number, and the year and model of the vehicle. The notice must be an original and one copy, and the copy must be provided by the department to the auditor of the county in which the vehicle is taxable. All ad valorem taxes on a vehicle are due and payable one hundred twenty days from the date of purchase. The notice and the time in which to pay the tax applies to motor vehicles that are serviced and delivered by a licensed motor vehicle dealer for the benefit of an out-of-state dealer." K. The first paragraph of Section 12-37-2650 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 12-37-2650. The auditor shall prepare a tax notice of all vehicles owned by the same person and licensed at the same time for each tax year within the two-year licensing period. A notice must describe the motor vehicle by name, model, and identification number. The notice must set forth the assessed value of the vehicle, the millage, the taxes due on each vehicle, and the license period or tax year. The notice must be delivered to the county treasurer who must collect or receive payment of the taxes. One copy of the notice must be in the form of a bill or statement for the taxes due on the motor vehicle and, when practical, the treasurer shall mail that copy to the owner or person having control of the vehicle. When the tax and all other charges included on the tax bill have been paid, the treasurer shall issue the taxpayer a paid receipt. The receipt or a copy may be delivered by the taxpayer to the Department of Motor Vehicles with the application for the motor vehicle registration. A record of the payment of the tax must be retained by the treasurer. The auditor shall maintain a separate duplicate for motor vehicles. No A registration may not be issued by the Department of Motor Vehicles unless the application is accompanied by the receipt, a copy of the notification required by Section 12-37-2610 or notice from the county treasurer, by other means satisfactory to the Department of Motor Vehicles, of payment of the tax. Motor vehicles registered under the International Registration Plan may pay ad valorem property taxes on a semiannual basis, and a proportional receipt must be issued by the treasurer subject to penalties in Section 12-37-2730. Large commercial motor vehicles and buses, as defined in Section 12-37-2810, must pay road use fees pursuant to Article 23, Chapter 37, Title 12 in lieu of ad valorem property taxes. The treasurer, tax collector, or other official charged with the collection of ad valorem property taxes in each county may delegate the collection of motor vehicle taxes to banks or banking institutions, if each institution assigns, hypothecates, or pledges to the county, as security for the collection, federal funds or federal, state, or municipal securities in an amount adequate to prevent any loss to the county from any cause. Each institution shall remit the taxes collected daily to the county official charged with the collections. The receipt given to the taxpayer, in addition to the information required in this section and by Section 12-45-70, must contain the name and office of the treasurer or tax collector of the county and must also show the name of the banking institution to which payment was made." L. (1) Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary within this SECTION, a person who registers a vehicle for use in this State pursuant to Article 23, Chapter 37, Title 12, as amended by this act, must register his vehicle during calendar year 2019 and is required to pay the road fees calculated based on the fair market value of the vehicle as specified in Sections 12-37-2820 and 12-37-2850 at the time the vehicle's registration fees are paid. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions in Section 12-37-2865(B) and (C), as contained in this SECTION, to the contrary, during calendar year 2019 the first four hundred thousand dollars of fee revenue collected pursuant to Section 12-37-2865 must be retained by the Department of Motor Vehicles to defray programming costs. (3) The initial millage required by Section 12-37-2850 must be calculated on or before June 1, 2018. M. This SECTION takes effect January 1, 2019, except that the Department of Revenue, in consultation with the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office, shall calculate the millage to be used to calculate the road use fee provided in Section 12-37-2850 by July 1, 2018. SECTION 9. Section 56-1-140 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 275 of 2016, is further amended to read: "Section 56-1-140. (A) Upon payment of a fee of twelve twenty-five dollars and fifty cents for a license that is valid for five years, or twenty-five fifty dollars for a license that is valid for ten years, the Department of Motor Vehicles shall issue to every qualified applicant a driver's license as applied for by law. The license must bear on it a distinguishing number assigned to the licensee, the full name, date of birth, residence address, a brief description and laminated colored photograph of the licensee, and a facsimile of the signature of the licensee, or a space upon which the licensee shall write his usual signature with pen and ink immediately upon receipt of the license. No A license is not valid until it has been so signed by the licensee. The license authorizes the licensee to operate only those classifications of vehicles as indicated on the license. (B) An applicant for a new, renewed, or replacement South Carolina driver's license may apply to the Department of Motor Vehicles to obtain a veteran designation on the front of his driver's license by providing: (1) a United States Department of Defense discharge certificate, also known as a DD Form 214, that shows a characterization of service, or discharge status of 'honorable' or 'general under honorable conditions' and establishes the person's qualifying military service in the United States Armed Forces; and (2) payment of a one dollar fee that must be retained collected by the department and placed by the Comptroller General into the State Highway Fund as established by Section 57-11-20, to be distributed as provided in Section 11-43-167. The Department of Motor Vehicles may determine the appropriate form of the veteran designation on the driver's license authorized pursuant to this section. (C) The fees collected pursuant to this section must be credited to the Department of Transportation State Non-Federal Aid Highway Fund. All of the fees collected pursuant to this section must be credited to the Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund." SECTION 10. The first paragraph in Section 12-28-2355(C), before the first colon, is amended to read: "(C) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, of the fees collected pursuant to subsection (A) of this section, ten percent must be transmitted by the Department of Revenue to the Department of Agriculture beginning upon the effective date of this act for use as provided in Section 39-41-70 and the remainder of the fees must be credited to the Department of Transportation State Non-Federal Aid Highway Fund as provided in the following schedule:" SECTION 11. Section 12-28-2740 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding an appropriately numbered subsection at the end to read: "( ) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (A), on July 1, 2018, and each July first thereafter until after July 1, 2021, the amount of proceeds of the user fee on gasoline only as levied for in this chapter that must be deposited with the State Treasurer and expended for the purposes of this section must be increased by .3325 cents a gallon, until such time as the total amount equals three and ninety-nine one-hundredths cents a gallon. Any increase in proceeds resulting from the provisions of this subsection must be used exclusively for the repairs, maintenance, and improvements to the state highway secondary system." SECTION 12. Section 12-28-530 of the 1976 Code is repealed. SECTION 13. A. Section 12-6-510 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 12-6-510. (A) For taxable years beginning after 1994, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520: Not over$2,220 2.5 percent of taxable income Over $2,220 but not over$4,440 $56 plus 3 percent of the excess over$2,220; Over $4,440 but not over$6,660 $123 plus 4 percent of the excess over$4,440; Over $6,660 but not over$8,880 $212 plus 5 percent of the excess of$6,660; Over $8,880 but not over$11,100 $323 plus 6 percent of the excess over$8,880; Over $11,100$456 plus 7 percent of the excess over $11,100. (B) Notwithstanding subsection (A), for tax year 2018, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520: BUT NOT OVER OVER --0--$ 0 $2,970 0.00% Times the amount 2,970 5,940 2.90% Times the amount less$86 5,940 8,910 4.00% Times the amount less $205 8,910 11,880 5.00% Times the amount less$354 11,880 14,850 6.00% Times the amount less $532 14,850 6.90% Times the amount less$737 (C) Notwithstanding subsection (A), and subject to subsection (F), for tax year 2019, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520: BUT NOT OVER OVER --0-- $0$ 3,300 0.00% Times the amount 3,300 6,600 2.90% Times the amount less $96 6,600 9,900 4.00% Times the amount less$228 9,900 13,200 5.00% Times the amount less $393 13,200 16,500 6.00% Times the amount less$591 16,500 6.90% Times the amount less $819 (D) Notwithstanding subsection (A), and subject to subsection (F), for tax year 2020, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520: BUT NOT OVER OVER --0--$ 0 $3,600 0.00% Times the amount 3,600 7,200 2.90% Times the amount less$105 7,200 10,800 4.00% Times the amount less $249 10,800 14,400 5.00% Times the amount less$429 14,400 18,000 6.00% Times the amount less $645 18,000 6.90% Times the amount less$893 (E) Notwithstanding subsection (A), and subject to subsection (F), for taxable years beginning after 2021, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520: BUT NOT OVER OVER --0-- $0$ 3,750 0.00% Times the amount 3,750 7,500 2.90% Times the amount less $109 7,500 11,250 4.00% Times the amount less$259 11,250 15,000 5.00% Times the amount less $447 15,000 18,750 6.00% Times the amount less$672 18,750 6.90% Times the amount less $931 (F) Notwithstanding subsection (A), and subject to subsection (F), for taxable years beginning after 2022, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520: BUT NOT OVER OVER --0--$ 0 $3,890 0.00% Times the amount 3,890 7,780 2.90% Times the amount less$113 7,780 11,670 4.00% Times the amount less $269 11,670 15,560 5.00% Times the amount less$464 15,560 19,450 6.00% Times the amount less $697 19,450 6.90% Times the amount less$965 (G) Notwithstanding subsection (A), and subject to subsection (F), for taxable years beginning after 2023, a tax is imposed on the South Carolina taxable income of individuals, estates, and trusts and any other entity except those taxed or exempted from taxation under Sections 12-6-530 through 12-6-550 computed at the following rates with the income brackets indexed in accordance with Section 12-6-520: BUT NOT OVER OVER --0-- $0$ 4,150 0.00% Times the amount 4,150 8,300 2.90% Times the amount less $120 8,300 12,450 4.00% Times the amount less$286 12,450 16,600 5.00% Times the amount less $494 16,600 20,750 6.00% Times the amount less$743 20,750 6.90% Times the amount less \$1,029 (H)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the provisions of subsection (C) shall not apply until forecasted general fund growth meets the requirements of subsection (G), the provisions of subsection (D) shall not apply until forecasted general fund growth meets the requirements of subsection (G) twice, and the provisions of subsection (E) shall not apply until forecasted general fund growth meets the requirements of subsection (G) three times. (2) Once income tax brackets and rates are applicable in a tax year, the same brackets and rates shall continue to apply until general fund growth meets the requirements of this subsection (G) causing new tax brackets and rates to be applicable. In any tax year in which new tax brackets and rates are not applicable, the department shall adjust the income tax brackets in accordance with Section 12-6-520. In the first year income tax brackets and rates become applicable, the income tax brackets must be at least as large as the previous tax year. (3) The provisions of this subsection no longer apply once the provisions of subsection (E) are applicable; however, an amended return must use the applicable tax brackets and rates of the year for which the return was filed. (I)(1) Forecasted general fund growth meets the requirements of this section if, beginning with the February 15, 2019 forecast by the Board of Economic Advisors of annual general fund revenue for the upcoming fiscal year, and annually thereafter, general fund revenues are projected to increase by at least three percent. If the February fifteenth forecast meets the requirement, the Executive Director of the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office, or his designee, promptly shall certify this result in writing to the Department of Revenue. The provisions of this subsection no longer apply once the tax brackets and rates in subsection (E) are applicable. (2) For purposes of this subsection, the percentage increase in general funds must be determined by the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office by comparing the current fiscal year's recurring general fund expenditure base with the Board of Economic Advisors' February fifteenth forecast of recurring general fund revenue for the upcoming fiscal year. The February fifteenth forecast is considered the final forecast for purposes of making the growth determination. The Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office shall determine the current fiscal year's recurring general fund expenditure base, and determine any projected increase in general fund revenues. (3) For purposes of this subsection: (a) 'Recurring general fund revenue' means the forecast of recurring general fund revenues pursuant to Section 11-9-880 after the amount apportioned to the Trust Fund for Tax Relief, as required in Section 11-11-150, is deducted, and after any projected revenue loss resulting from amendments to Sections 12-6-510 and 12-37-220(B)(52)(a) contained within the South Carolina Infrastructure and Economic Development Reform Act is deducted. (b) 'Recurring general fund expenditure base' means the total recurring general fund appropriations authorized in the current general appropriations act less any reduced appropriations mandated by the General Assembly or the Executive Budget Office pursuant to Section 11-9-890B, and less any projected revenue loss resulting from amendments to Sections 12-6-510 and 12-37-220(B)(52)(a) contained within the South Carolina Infrastructure and Economic Development Reform Act. (J) The department may prescribe tax tables consistent with the rates set pursuant to subsection (A) this section." B. Notwithstanding Section 12-6-520, the Department of Revenue shall not adjust the income tax brackets for any year in which new income tax brackets and rates, pursuant to Section 12-6-510, are first applicable. SECTION 14. A. Section 12-6-520 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 12-6-520. (A) Each December 15, the department shall cumulatively adjust the brackets in Section 12-6-510 in the same manner that brackets are adjusted in Internal Revenue Code Section (1)(f). However, the adjustment is limited to one-half of the adjustment determined by Internal Revenue Code Section (1)(f), may not exceed four percent a year, and the rounding amount provided in (1)(f)(6) is ten dollars. The brackets, as adjusted, apply in lieu of those provided in Section 12-6-510 for taxable years beginning in the succeeding calendar year. Inflation adjustments must be made cumulatively to the income tax brackets. (B) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (A), for tax years beginning after 2024, or tax years after which income tax brackets and rates set forth in Section 12-6-510(E) become applicable, whichever occurs later, the department shall make the adjustment required by this section using the tax year 2023 brackets as the base year." B. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2018. SECTION 15. A. Section 12-6-1140(6) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(6) a subsistence allowance of eight nine dollars a day for federal, state, and local law enforcement officers paid by a political subdivision of this State, the government of this State, or the federal government, for each regular work day in a taxable year and full-time firefighters and emergency medical service personnel may deduct as a subsistence allowance eight dollars a day for each regular work day in a taxable year;" B. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2017. SECTION 16. A. Section 12-6-3330(B)(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(1) thirty forty-five thousand dollars; or" B. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2017. SECTION 17. A. Section 12-6-3385(A)(1) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 12-6-3385. (A)(1) A student is allowed a refundable individual income tax credit equal to twenty-five percent, not to exceed eight hundred fifty one thousand five hundred dollars in the case of both four-year institutions and twenty-five percent, not to exceed three hundred fifty dollars in the case of two-year institutions for tuition paid an institution of higher learning or a designated institution as provided in this section during a taxable year. The amount of the tax credit claimed up to the limits authorized in this section for any taxable year may not exceed the amount of tuition paid during that taxable year." B. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2017. SECTION 18. A. Article 25, Chapter 6, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 12-6-3632. There is allowed as a nonrefundable credit against the tax imposed pursuant to Section 12-6-510 on a full-year resident individual taxpayer an amount equal to one hundred and twenty percent of the earned income tax credit (EITC) allowed the taxpayer pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 32." B. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and applies to tax years beginning after 2017. SECTION 19. A. Section 12-37-220(B) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 23 of 2015, is further amended by adding an item at the end to read: "(52)(a) Nineteen and five one-hundredths percent of the property tax value of manufacturing property assessed for property tax purposes pursuant to Section 12-43-220(a)(1). For purposes of this item, when the exemption is applied to real property, it must be applied to the property tax value as it may be adjusted downward to reflect the limit imposed pursuant to Section 6, Article X, of the South Carolina Constitution, 1895. (b) Nine and one-half percent of the property tax value of business personal property required to be reported and returned annually to the Department of Revenue or county auditors assessed for property tax purposes pursuant to Section 12-43-220(f). (c) The revenue loss resulting from the exemption allowed by this item must be reimbursed and allocated to the political subdivisions of this State, including school districts, in the same manner as the Trust Fund for Tax Relief. In calculating estimated state individual and corporate income tax revenues for a fiscal year, the Board of Economic Advisors shall deduct amounts sufficient to account for the reimbursement required by this item. (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, property exempted from property tax in the manner provided in this item is considered taxable property for purposes of bonded indebtedness pursuant to Section 15, Article X of the Constitution of this State." B. (A) Notwithstanding the exemption amount allowed pursuant to item (52)(a) added pursuant to subsection A of this SECTION, the percentage exemption amount is phased in in two equal and cumulative percentage installments, pursuant to subsection (B), applicable for property tax years beginning after 2018. (B)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this SECTION, beginning with the February 15, 2019, forecast by the Board of Economic Advisors of annual general fund revenue for the upcoming fiscal year, and annually thereafter, the scheduled percentage exemption, set forth in subsection (A), shall take effect only if general fund revenues are projected to increase by at least three percent. The next scheduled percentage exemption shall not take effect until the February fifteenth forecast meets the requirements for an exemption, mutatis mutandis. If the February fifteenth forecast meets the requirement for an exemption, the Executive Director of the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office, or his designee, promptly shall certify this result in writing to the Department of Revenue. Once both installments required by subsection (A) have been made, the provisions of this item no longer apply. (2) For purposes of this subsection, the percentage increase in general funds must be determined by the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office by comparing the current fiscal year's recurring general fund expenditure base with the Board of Economic Advisors' February fifteenth forecast of recurring general fund revenue for the upcoming fiscal year. The February fifteenth forecast is considered the final forecast for purposes of making the growth determination. The Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office shall determine the current fiscal year's recurring general fund expenditure base, and determine any projected increase in general fund revenues. (3) For purposes of this subsection: (a) 'Recurring general fund revenue' means the forecast of recurring general fund revenues pursuant to Section 11-9-880 after the amount apportioned to the Trust Fund for Tax Relief, as required in Section 11-11-150, is deducted, and after any projected revenue loss resulting from amendments to Sections 12-6-510 and 12-37-220(B)(52)(a) contained within the South Carolina Infrastructure and Economic Development Reform Act is deducted. (b) 'Recurring general fund expenditure base' means the total recurring general fund appropriations authorized in the current general appropriations act less any reduced appropriations mandated by the General Assembly or the Executive Budget Office pursuant to Section 11-9-890B, and less any projected revenue loss resulting from amendments to Sections 12-6-510 and 12-37-220(B)(52)(a) contained within the South Carolina Infrastructure and Economic Development Reform Act. C. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor and for purposes of item (52)(b) first applies to property tax years beginning after 2017, and for purposes of item (52)(a) first applies to property tax years beginning after 2018. SECTION 20. The General Assembly finds that all the provisions contained in this act relate to one subject as required by Section 17, Article III of the South Carolina Constitution in that each provision relates directly to or in conjunction with other sections to the subject of infrastructure financing and oversight. The General Assembly further finds that a common purpose or relationship exists among the sections, representing a potential plurality but not disunity of topics, notwithstanding that reasonable minds might differ in identifying more than one topic contained in the act. SECTION 21. The repeal or amendment by this act of any law, whether temporary or permanent or civil or criminal, does not affect pending actions, rights, duties, or liabilities founded thereon, or alter, discharge, release or extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under the repealed or amended law, unless the repealed or amended provision shall so expressly provide. After the effective date of this act, all laws repealed or amended by this act must be taken and treated as remaining in full force and effect for the purpose of sustaining any pending or vested right, civil action, special proceeding, criminal prosecution, or appeal existing as of the effective date of this act, and for the enforcement of rights, duties, penalties, forfeitures, and liabilities as they stood under the repealed or amended laws. SECTION 22. If any section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. SECTION 23. Except where specified otherwise, this act takes effect July 1, 2017./ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator BENNETT spoke on the amendment. Senator GROOMS moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 26; Nays 16 AYES Alexander Allen Campbell Cromer Fanning Gambrell Goldfinch Gregory Grooms Hutto Jackson Kimpson Leatherman Malloy Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Reese Sabb Scott Senn Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--26 NAYS Bennett Campsen Climer Corbin Davis Hembree Martin Massey Peeler Rice Shealy Talley Timmons Turner Verdin Young Total--16 The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 40 Senator CLIMER proposed the following amendment (3516R089.SP.WC), which was carried over: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 6, by striking lines 37-41 and inserting: / (2) This subsection does not apply if the owner of the item is serving on or was honorably discharged from active duty in the armed forces of the United States. The exclusion allowed by this item also extends to items owned by the spouse or dependent of a person who is serving on or was honorably discharged from active duty in the armed forces of the United States. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLIMER spoke on the amendment. On motion of Senator SHEHEEN, the amendment was carried over. Amendment No. 41 Senator ALEXANDER proposed the following amendment (3516R092.SP.TCA), which was carried over: Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, by striking Section 57-11-20(A)(2) and inserting: / (2) The Infrastructure Maintenance Trust Fund must be used exclusively for repairs, maintenance, and improvements to the existing transportation system. The fund may not be used to hire additional staff."/ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator ALEXANDER spoke on the amendment. On motion of Senator ALEXANDER, the amendment was carried over. Amendment No. 42 Senator CORBIN proposed the following amendment (3516R035.SP.TDC), which was tabled: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 28, line 7, by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read: / SECTION __. Section 57-1-410 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 57-1-410. (A) The commission shall appoint, with the advice and consent of the Senate, a Secretary of Transportation who shall serve at the pleasure of the commission. A person appointed to this position shall possess practical and successful business and executive ability and be knowledgeable in the field of transportation. The Secretary of Transportation shall receive such compensation as may be established under the provisions of Section 8-11-160 and for which funds have been authorized in the general appropriations act. (B) The commission may not remove the secretary without the consent of the Governor. In the event that the Governor does not consent to the removal, the commission may not appoint another candidate to the position." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CORBIN spoke on the amendment. The question then was the adoption of the amendment. Senator GROOMS moved to lay the amendment on the table. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 27; Nays 16 AYES Alexander Allen Campbell Cromer Fanning Gambrell Goldfinch Gregory Grooms Hutto Jackson Kimpson Leatherman Malloy Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Rankin Reese Sabb Scott Senn Setzler Sheheen Williams Total--27 NAYS Bennett Campsen Climer Corbin Davis Hembree Martin Massey Peeler Rice Shealy Talley Timmons Turner Verdin Young Total--16 The amendment was laid on the table. Amendment No. 43 Senator CORBIN proposed the following amendment (3516R039.SP.TDC),which was carried over: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 28, line 7, by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read: / SECTION __. Article 3, Chapter 1, Title 57 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 57-1-380. (A) For the purposes of this section, 'interested party' means the Secretary of the Department of Transportation, the State Highway Engineer, commissioners serving on the Department of Transportation Commission, or persons seeking appointment to the Department of Transportation Commission. (B) No interested party may engage in a conflict of interest transaction prior to, during, or for five years following a term of service or employment. (C) A conflict of interest transaction is a transaction with the Department of Transportation in which an interested party has a direct or indirect financial interest. A conflict of interest transaction is not voidable by the commission solely because of the interested party's interest in the transaction if either one of the following is true: (1) the material facts of the transaction and the interested party's interest were disclosed or known to the commission or a committee of the commission, and the commission or a committee of the commission authorized, approved, or ratified the transaction; or (2) the transaction was fair to the department. If item (1) has been accomplished, the burden of proving the unfairness of any transaction covered by this section is on the party claiming unfairness. If item (1) has not been accomplished, the party seeking to uphold the transaction maintains the burden of proving fairness. (D) For purposes of this section, an interested party has an indirect interest in a transaction if: (1) another entity in which he has a material financial interest or in which he is a general partner is a party to the transaction; (2) another entity of which he is a director, officer, member, or trustee is a party to the transaction and the transaction is or should be considered by the commission; or (3) another entity of which an immediate family member has a material financial interest, or in which an immediate family member is a general partner, director, officer, member, or trustee, is a party to the transaction and the transaction is or should be considered by the commission. (E) For the purposes of item (C)(1), a conflict of interest transaction is authorized, approved, or ratified if it receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the commissioners or committee members who have no direct or indirect interest in the transaction, but a transaction may not be authorized, approved, or ratified under this section by a single commissioner. If a majority of the commissioners who have no direct or indirect interest in the transaction vote to authorize, approve, or ratify the transaction, a quorum is present for the purpose of taking action under this section. The presence of, or a vote cast by, a commissioner with a direct or indirect interest in the transaction does not affect the validity of any action taken under item (C)(1) if the transaction is otherwise authorized, approved, or ratified as provided in that item. (F) A person who violates this section is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than three thousand dollars or imprisoned not less than three years." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator MALLOY spoke on the amendment. Senator CORBIN spoke on the amendment. Senator DAVIS spoke on the amendment. On motion of Senator CORBIN, the amendment was carried over. Motion Failed Senator MASSEY moved that the Senate stand adjourned. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 15; Nays 28 AYES Campsen Corbin Davis Fanning Hembree Jackson Malloy Martin Massey Peeler Rice Shealy Talley Verdin Young Total--15 NAYS Alexander Allen Bennett Campbell Climer Cromer Gambrell Goldfinch Gregory Grooms Hutto Kimpson Leatherman Matthews, John Matthews, Margie McElveen McLeod Nicholson Rankin Reese Sabb Scott Senn Setzler Sheheen Timmons Turner Williams Total--28 The Senate refused to stand adjourned. Senator LEATHERMAN moved that if and when the Senate stand adjourned, it stands adjourned to meet tomorrow at 11:00 A.M. On motion of Senator CORBIN, the Senate agreed to stand adjourned. LOCAL APPOINTMENTS Confirmations Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointments were confirmed in open session: Initial Appointment, Darlington County Part-Time Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2015, and to expire April 30, 2019 Cheveron T. Scott, 434 West Broad Street, Darlington, SC 29532 VICE: James Edward Thomas Initial Appointment, Richland County Part-Time Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2017, and to expire April 30, 2021 Eleanor Duffy Cleary, 201 Glenbrooke Circle, Columbia, SC 29204	2021-05-08T07:14:57	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3523810803890228, "perplexity": 13649.345580401032}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988850.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508061546-20210508091546-00230.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10349050-centrality-determination-heavy-ion-collisions-lhcb-detector	This content will become publicly available on May 1, 2023 Centrality determination in heavy-ion collisions with the LHCb detector Abstract The centrality of heavy-ion collisions is directly related to the created medium in these interactions. A procedure to determine the centrality of collisions with the LHCb detector is implemented for lead-lead collisions at √ s NN = 5 TeV and lead-neon fixed-target collisions at √ s NN = 69 GeV. The energy deposits in the electromagnetic calorimeter are used to determine and define the centrality classes. The correspondence between the number of participants and the centrality for the lead-lead collisions is in good agreement with the correspondence found in other experiments, and the centrality measurements for the lead-neon collisions presented here are performed for the first time in fixed-target collisions at the LHC. Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more » Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10349050 Journal Name: Journal of Instrumentation Volume: 17 Issue: 05 Page Range or eLocation-ID: P05009 ISSN: 1748-0221 1. A bstract The momentum-weighted sum of the electric charges of particles inside a jet, known as jet charge, is sensitive to the electric charge of the particle initiating the parton shower. This paper presents jet charge distributions in $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC. These data correspond to integrated luminosities of 404 μ b − 1 and 27.4 pb − 1 for PbPb and pp collisions, respectively. Leveraging the sensitivity of the jet charge to fundamental differences in the electric charges of quarks and gluons, the jet charge distributions from simulated events are used as templates to extract the quark- and gluon-like jet fractions from data. The modification of these jet fractions is examined by comparing pp and PbPb data as a function of the overlap of the colliding Pb nuclei (centrality). This measurement tests the color charge dependence of jet energy loss due to interactions with the quark-gluon plasma. No significant modification between different centrality classes and with respect to pp results is observed in the extracted quark- and gluon-like jet fractions. 2. A bstract The inclusive production of the J/ ψ and ψ (2S) charmonium states is studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 8 . 16 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the dimuon decay channel with the ALICE apparatus in the centre-of-mass rapidity intervals − 4 . 46 < y cms < − 2 . 96 (Pb-going direction) and 2 . 03 < y cms < 3 . 53 (p-going direction), down to zero transverse momentum ( p T ). The J/ ψ and ψ (2S) production cross sections are evaluated as a function of the collision centrality, estimated through the energy deposited in the zero degree calorimeter located in the Pb-going direction. The p T -differential J/ ψ production cross section is measured at backward and forward rapidity for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average 〈 p T 〉 and $$\left\langle {p}_{\mathrm{T}}^2\right\rangle$$ p T 2 values. The nuclear effects affecting the production of both charmonium states are studied using the nuclear modification factor. In the p-going direction, a suppression of the production of both charmonium states ismore » 3. A bstract Measurements of elliptic ( v 2 ) and triangular ( v 3 ) flow coefficients of π ± , K ± , p+ $$\overline{\mathrm{p}}$$ p ¯ , $${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$$ K S 0 , and Λ+ $$\overline{\Lambda}$$ Λ ¯ obtained with the scalar product method in Xe-Xe collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 44 TeV are presented. The results are obtained in the rapidity range \| y \| < 0 . 5 and reported as a function of transverse momentum, p T , for several collision centrality classes. The flow coefficients exhibit a particle mass dependence for p T < 3 GeV/ c , while a grouping according to particle type (i.e., meson and baryon) is found at intermediate transverse momenta (3 < p T < 8 GeV/ c ). The magnitude of the baryon v 2 is larger than that of mesons up to p T = 6 GeV/ c . The centrality dependence of the shape evolution of the p T -differential v 2 is studied for the various hadron species. The v 2 coefficients of π ± , K ± , and p+ $$\overline{\mathrm{p}}$$ pmore » 4. A bstract The production of prompt D 0 , D + , and D *+ mesons was measured at midrapidity (\| y \| < 0.5) in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decay channels and their production yields were measured in central (0–10%) and semicentral (30–50%) collisions. The measurement was performed up to a transverse momentum ( p T ) of 36 or 50 GeV/c depending on the D meson species and the centrality interval. For the first time in Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC, the yield of D 0 mesons was measured down to p T = 0, which allowed a model-independent determination of the p T -integrated yield per unit of rapidity (d N/ d y ). A maximum suppression by a factor 5 and 2.5 was observed with the nuclear modification factor ( R AA ) of prompt D mesons at p T = 6–8 GeV/c for the 0–10% and 30–50% centrality classes, respectively. The D-meson R AA is compared with that of charged pions, charged hadrons, and Jmore » 5. A bstract Measurement of Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 8 . 16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV is reported. It is performed in the dimuon decay channel, through the detection of muons with pseudorapidity − 4 < η μ < − 2 . 5 and transverse momentum $${p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mu }$$ p T μ > 20 GeV/ c in the laboratory frame. The invariant yield and nuclear modification factor are measured for opposite-sign dimuons with invariant mass 60 < m μμ < 120 GeV/ c 2 and rapidity 2 . 5 < $${y}_{\mathrm{cms}}^{\mu \mu}$$ y cms μμ < 4. They are presented as a function of rapidity and, for the Pb-Pb collisions, of centrality as well. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, both with and without nuclear modifications to the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs). In p-Pb collisions the center-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, and the measurements cover the backward ( − 4 . 46 < $${y}_{\mathrm{cms}}^{\mu \mu}$$ y cms μμ < − 2 . 96) and forward (2 . 03 < {y}_{\mathrm{cms}}^{\mumore »	2022-10-02T19:04:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9192578196525574, "perplexity": 1853.9423133096502}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337339.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002181356-20221002211356-00327.warc.gz"}
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S063A01&home=BXXX045	# $\tau ({{\boldsymbol \Omega}_{{b}}^{-}})/\tau ({{\boldsymbol \Xi}_{{b}}^{-}}$) mean life ratio INSPIRE search VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT $1.11$ $\pm0.16$ $\pm0.03$ 1 2016 O LHCB ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ at 7, 8 TeV 1 Uses ${{\mathit \Omega}_{{b}}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Omega}_{{c}}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \Omega}_{{c}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ and ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{b}}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit \Xi}_{{c}}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit K}^{-}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ decays. References: AAIJ 2016O PR D93 092007 Measurement of the Mass and Lifetime of the ${{\mathit \Omega}_{{b}}^{-}}$ Baryon	2021-05-14T23:57:48	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8416635990142822, "perplexity": 2277.768659334927}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991829.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514214157-20210515004157-00464.warc.gz"}
https://arrow.fandom.com/wiki/User_talk:Braulio0910	8,607 Pages # Braulio0910 0 Discussion posts My favorite wikis ## Welcome Hi, I'm an admin for the Arrowverse Wiki community. Welcome and thank you for your edit to Josh! If you need help getting started, check out our policies and guidelines, or contact me or another admin here. For general help, you could also stop by Community Central to explore the forums and blogs. Please leave me a message if I can help with anything. Enjoy your time at the Arrowverse Wiki! IHHeroes (talk) 08:34, February 14, 2020 (UTC) ## Spam Editing Hey, please try to make edits you want to make on one single page in one edit. Otherwise you are just spam editing. This is why there is the option to preview the page before you publish. Another thing, you really need to learn how to edit pages and format them before making a ton of edits. There is no reason to make a giant mess for someone to have to come through and clean. Learn how to use the wiki and then edit. On top of this, we do not allow any speculation on pages. For example, the name Atlantis was only on a map in that episode of The Flash. Therefore, we literally have no history to put on the page. So don't add speculation and assume anything. Hope this helps, $\int$ IHH dt 9:40, Apr 02, 2020 (UTC) Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2020-04-02T09:40:10	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2205093801021576, "perplexity": 1563.791201980547}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00405.warc.gz"}
https://hss-opus.ub.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/366	## Study of B $$\rightarrow$$ $$D_{s}^{()+}X$$ and $$B^{0}$$ $$\rightarrow$$ $$D_{s}^{()+}D^{-}$$ decays with the BABAR detector • Precise measurements of $$D_{s}^{+}$$ and $$D_{s}^{+}$$ meson production from B mesons and qqbar continuum events near the Upsilon(4S) resonance are presented in this document. Using the BABAR data recorded in 1999 and 2000 of 20.8 fb-1 on-resonance and 2.6 fb-1 off-resonance, the inclusive branching fractions of $$D_{s}^{()+}$$ mesons from B decays have been measured. The branching fractions (BR(B $$\rightarrow$$ $$D_{s}^{()}$$ + $$D^{()})$$) and (BR(B $$\rightarrow$$ $$D_{s}^{}$$ + $$D^{()}$$)) have been determined from the fit of the measured $$D_{s}^{()+}$$ momentum spectra. The study of different fragmentation functions and production cross sections measurement were done for the $$D_{s}^{()+}$$ momentum spectrum produced from qqbar continuum events. Employing a partial reconstruction technique, the branching fractions of the $$B^{0}$$$$\rightarrow$$$$D_{s}^{()}$$+$$D^{-}$$ decays have been determined. From the angular analysis of $$B^{0}$$$$\rightarrow$$$$D_{s}^{}$$+$$D^{*-}$$ mode the fraction of longitudinal polarization is determined. ### Additional Services Author: Serguei Ganjour urn:nbn:de:hbz:294-5035 Doctoral Thesis English 2003/03/18 2003/03/18 Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsbibliothek Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie 2002/04/26 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie B-Physik; CP-Parität; Elementarteilchenphysik; Teilchendetektor Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik / Physik Keine Creative Commons Lizenz - es gilt der Veröffentlichungsvertrag und das deutsche Urheberrecht	2018-08-18T00:43:56	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6907930374145508, "perplexity": 6926.331010086416}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213247.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818001437-20180818021437-00011.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/about/organization/science-support/human-capital/frequently-asked-questions-about-vera	# Human Capital Voluntary Early Retirement Authority (VERA) What is a VERA? A Voluntary Early Retirement Authority (VERA) is commonly referred to as early-out retirement, and that’s exactly what this authority offers—an opportunity to retire in advance of meeting the age and/or service requirements normally needed. What is the date I would need to retire by? To be determined by the cost center. Who is eligible? Employees at least 50 years of age with 20 years of creditable service or any age with 25 years of creditable service. At least 5 years must be civilian service, whether you are retiring under Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), CSRS Offset, or Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS.) CSRS or CSRS Offset employees must have served in a position covered by CSRS or Offset for at least 1 out of the 2 years immediately before retirement. For employees covered by FERS this rule does not apply. Unused sick leave cannot be used for eligibility purposes. • You must not be serving under a time-limited appointment. • You must have been employed by the Department of the Interior since at least 30 days before the VERA request was submitted to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). • You must not have received a final decision that you will be involuntarily separated for misconduct or unacceptable performance. • You retire on or before the VERA expiration date. What does a "time-limited appointment" mean? An employee on an appointment with a time limit works only until a specified date and then employment ends. The employing agency sets the ending date when it hires the individual and/or when it extends the appointment. For example, temporary and term employees serve with a time limit, so they are not eligible for an early-out retirement. What does “continuous service” mean? To be eligible for early retirement, you must have been employed by the Department of the Interior since the VERA was approved by OPM with no breaks in service. Leave without pay (LWOP) and other non-pay status during an appointment are NOT considered breaks in service. What if I am on military duty during the authority time limit? Employees on military duty are treated as though they are still on the job, and are not disadvantaged because of their military service. Therefore, if you meet the eligibility criteria during the offer period, you would have 30 days following your return to your position with the USGS to either accept or reject an offer of VERA. Does the VERA eligibility change the eligibility for regular optional retirement? No. What are the requirements for an optional retirement? If you are under FERS, and you have reached your minimum retirement age (MRA) with at least 30 years of creditable service, age 60 with 20 years of creditable service, or age 62 with 5 years of creditable service. In addition, an employee under FERS is eligible for an immediate annuity if he/she has 10 years of service and has reached the MRA. (Also referred to as “MRA+10”) (Under an MRA+10 there is a 5-percent reduction for each year the employee is under age 62. This is a permanent reduction). If you are under CSRS, and you are age 55 or older with at least 30 years of creditable service, age 60 with 20 years of creditable service, or age 62 with 5 years of creditable service. Leaving Federal service under a VERA is supposed to be voluntary. What if I am offered a VERA and choose to stay? VERAs (early retirement) are for voluntary separations and coercion is prohibited. What if I obtain employment after retiring? Non-Federal employment—There are no restrictions on non-Federal employment after a voluntary early retirement. However, as a former USGS employee, you may still be subject to various government ethics requirements. You will find ethics information on the USGS internal site Office of Science Quality and Integrity. You should contact Nancy Baumgartner, USGS Bureau Ethics Officer, at 703-648-7474 if you have any questions regarding post-employment restrictions. In addition, employees covered under FERS who qualify for the annuity supplement could have their supplement reduced or discontinued due to the earnings test. Federal employment—If you are hired, then you will be considered a “reemployed annuitant.” This means the annuity will continue, and your Federal salary will be offset by the annuity. ### Retirement Eligibility and Annuity Computation How do I know if I am eligible to retire? Your Federal Employee Benefit Statement available in Employee Express provides you with your retirement service computation date (SCD). Section H of the statement includes a gross estimate. Your Benefits Specialist can provide you with a detailed estimate and verify that your retirement SCD is correct. Different types of appointments and owing a deposit and/or redeposit can make a difference in your retirement SCD. Work schedules throughout your career may also affect the computation of an annuity. The rules are complicated and different depending on your covered retirement system. We highly recommend you check with your Benefits Specialist before you make a decision about accepting a VERA. How is my annuity determined? FERS Annuity — The formula for computing a FERS Basic Annuity based on creditable service is as follows: • 1 percent of your high-3 average by your years and months of creditable service or • 1.1 percent of your high-3 average and years and months for those who retire at age 62 with 20 years of creditable service. • Unused sick leave may be used for additional credit toward annuity computation. There is no annuity reduction if you are under age. • The commencing date of your annuity is the first day of the month following retirement. CSRS Annuity — The formula for computing a CSRS annuity based on creditable service is as follows: • 1.5 percent of your high-3 average salary multiplied by service up to 5 years, plus 1.75 percent of your high-3 average salary multiplied by service between 5 and 10 years, plus 2 percent of your high-3 average salary multiplied by service over 10 years. • Unused sick leave may be used for additional credit toward annuity computation. • If you are under age 55, this calculation is reduced by one-sixth of one percent for each full month you are under age 55 (that is, 2 percent per year). It is a permanent reduction. • The commencing date of your annuity is the first day of the month following retirement; if you retire on the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd day of a month; your annuity begins the following day. EXCEPTION — FERS transferees with a CSRS component will have their annuity consist of a CSRS and a FERS portion. An employee who retires before age 55 will have the CSRS portion of the payable annuity reduced by one-sixth of one percent for each full month he/she is under age 55 (that is, 2 percent per year). No reduction will be applied to the FERS component of the annuity. Employees who were previously under CSRS but who transferred to FERS will receive credit for either the amount of sick leave at the time they transferred to FERS, or at the time of retirement—whichever is less. The remaining balance will be credited toward the FERS portion. Is additional time granted if I accept a VERA? No. What is the FERS Annuity Supplement? Most who retire under FERS are entitled to a FERS Annuity Supplement. This applies if you accept a VERA. This estimates the Social Security benefit earned by your FERS years of service and is payable by OPM if you have completed at least one calendar year of FERS service. It is paid until you become eligible for a Social Security benefit at age 62. However, this supplement is payable only if and when you have reached your minimum retirement age (MRA). MRA increases over time based on an employee’s year of birth and ranges between ages 55 and 57. In other words, the FERS Annuity Supplement will be delayed until you reach your MRA. Your Benefits Specialist can provide further guidance. How is the FERS Annuity Supplement Calculated? The FERS Annuity Supplement is based on your years of FERS creditable service and what your Social Security Benefit may be. An assumed full career for Social Security is 40 years. For example, if your estimated full career Social Security benefit would be $1,000 and you worked 25 years under FERS, then divide 25 by 40 (.625) and multiply ($1,000 x .625 = \$625). This is the estimate of the monthly supplement before any reductions. It is subject an earnings test similar to Social Security’s. Will my annuity be reduced? FERS Employees—Your annuity is not reduced. If you are a FERS employee with a frozen CSRS component, then a portion of your annuity is based on a benefit that you accrued under CSRS. Therefore, that portion of your annuity is subject to the reduction mentioned for CSRS/CSRS Offset employees. CSRS/CSRS Offset Employees—Your annuity will be reduced at the rate of 2 percent for each year (or by one-sixth of one percent for each full month) that you are under age 55. This is a permanent reduction. What resources do I have available to estimate my income? • Your Federal Employees Benefits Statement available in Employee Express provides information on when you are eligible to retire and a gross estimate of your annuity. • Your Social Security Statement provides estimates of this benefit. You can now request your statement online at www.ssa.gov. • Your Thrift Savings Plan has videos, booklets, and webpages to become more familiar with various aspects of your retirement savings account including calculators to project your account balance and estimate a monthly income. Where can I go to get an estimate of my annuity? Please contact your Benefits Specialist after you review your Federal Employees Benefits Statement in Employee Express and determine you may want to accept the VERA offer. Your specialist will be able to review the various factors affecting your annuity and provide a more detailed statement. You need to provide a copy of your Social Security statement if you want an estimate of the FERS Annuity Supplement. How do I apply for the VERA? You will find information on Planning for Retirement including the retirement forms on the USGS Pay and Benefits website. ### Insurance Federal Employee Health Benefit Generally, your Federal Employee Health Benefit (FEHB) plan automatically continues into retirement. Retirees pay the same rate as full-time employees. The government continues to pay a large portion of the cost of the premiums. I haven't been enrolled in the FEHB program for a full 5-year period and I accept a VERA, do I lose my FEHB? No, OPM has granted pre-approved waivers to employees who have been covered under the FEHB Program continuously since OPM approved VERA and retire under the VERA. Federal Employees Group Life Insurance Generally, your Federal Employee Group Life Insurance (FEGLI) coverage will continue into retirement based on decisions you make regarding continuation of coverage. I haven't been enrolled in the FEGLI program for a full 5-year period. Do I lose my life insurance when I retire under VERA? Yes. OPM does not grant waivers in this situation. You might be able to convert your coverage. You should ask your Benefits Specialist for more information. Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance — Will my coverage under the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance continue? Yes, your coverage will automatically continue into retirement. Can I elect the Federal Employee Dental and Vision Insurance after I retire? Yes, you can during open season or if you have qualified life event. Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program — Will my coverage continue under the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program? Yes, as long as you pay the premiums. ### Leave If I separate under VERA, what will happen to my earned and unused annual leave? You will be eligible for a lump sum payment for your unused annual leave. It is normally paid 2 to 3 pay periods after you separate. What happens to my earned and unused sick leave? CSRS, CSRS Offset, and FERS employees will receive full credit for their unused sick leave toward their annuity computation. If I separate under VERA, what will happen if I am indebted for advanced annual or sick leave? If you are indebted for advanced annual or sick leave, you must refund the amount paid for the leave. If you do not refund the amount of the indebtedness, deductions will be made from any funds that you are due upon your separation. What are the advantages of a VERA? • It allows one to retire earlier than otherwise eligible for an optional retirement • In most cases, the health benefit coverage continues into retirement. The government continues to pay their portion of the premiums. • Opportunities to do other things • Possibilities of working outside of Government and not having your CSRS or FERS Basic Annuity affected. (This does not apply to the FERS Supplemental annuity.) • Cost of Living Adjustments payable for CSRS retirees What are the disadvantages? • Your retirement benefit is based on your length of creditable service. Therefore, you will not have the opportunity to increase the benefit. • The FERS Supplemental annuity is not payable until your Minimum Retirement Age (MRA) • Cost of Living Adjustments are not payable until age 62 – for FERS employees only • You will not be able to contribute to the Thrift Savings Plan like you do now • FERS employees will not receive additional government contributions to TSP Where can I find the forms to apply? The retirement forms are on the USGS Pay and Benefits pages. We strongly recommend you review the Planning for Retirement page too as it answers many questions you may have or should have asked. Your Benefits Specialist is available to assist.	2021-10-27T08:19:26	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19696030020713806, "perplexity": 4143.584687587985}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588102.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027053727-20211027083727-00473.warc.gz"}
http://www.dergipark.gov.tr/iufsjb/issue/33412/371718	\| \| \| \| ## Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View #### Begum Candiroglu [1] , Nihal Dogruoz Gungor [2] ##### 214 267 The mysterious passages known as caves between the earth and the underworld are important geological forms that can be investigated for several astonishing facts. The caves that we define as cavities or gaps into which a person can enter are usually visited by people for several different purposes. Caves are important for studies on environments in terms of biology and geology due to their extreme conditions. In Turkey, there are about 35.000-40.000 caves, most of which have not been mapped or scientifically explored. The mechanisms by which living creatures survive in these cave environments, adapt to the extreme conditions, and develop for survival have been the topics of research. Microorganisms and physical factors are responsible for the occurrence and formation of different geological forms such as stalactites, stalagmites, and cave pearls in these extreme environments. This fact makes the caves more interesting in terms of their microbiology. Studies on cave microbiology have been aimed at exploring the functions of these microorganisms and new ones unique to the cave habitats. On the other hand, these environment-specific microorganisms carry a great potential to possess new and different enzymes or antimicrobial substances. The discovery of new features and new microorganisms is also important as it adds new information to the science of systematics. The topics on caves and their microbiology, which have been studied by few researchers throughout the world, are less commonly studied in Turkey. The protection of the cave environment while people enter into them for touristic, sports, and scientific causes is of historical and scientific importance. In this context, the protection of caves is an issue that requires caution in obtaining both correct and new results from the environment and the study of caves. Cave sportsmen, researchers, and related authorities must adhere to the rules to protect the unique habitat of each cave and prevent earth-borne pollution from entering into the cave. Cave ecosystems, microbiology, karst Bibtex @derleme { iufsjb371718, journal = {European Journal of Biology}, issn = {2602-2575}, eissn = {2618-6144}, address = {İstanbul Üniversitesi}, year = {2017}, volume = {76}, pages = {36 - 42}, doi = {10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707}, title = {Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View}, key = {cite}, author = {Dogruoz Gungor, Nihal and Candiroglu, Begum} } APA Candiroglu, B , Dogruoz Gungor, N . (2017). Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View. European Journal of Biology, 76 (1), 36-42. DOI: 10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707 MLA Candiroglu, B , Dogruoz Gungor, N . "Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View". European Journal of Biology 76 (2017): 36-42 Chicago Candiroglu, B , Dogruoz Gungor, N . "Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View". European Journal of Biology 76 (2017): 36-42 RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View AU - Begum Candiroglu , Nihal Dogruoz Gungor Y1 - 2017 PY - 2017 N1 - doi: 10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707 DO - 10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707 T2 - European Journal of Biology JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 36 EP - 42 VL - 76 IS - 1 SN - 2602-2575-2618-6144 M3 - doi: 10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707 Y2 - 2018 ER - EndNote %0 European Journal of Biology Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View %A Begum Candiroglu , Nihal Dogruoz Gungor %T Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View %D 2017 %J European Journal of Biology %P 2602-2575-2618-6144 %V 76 %N 1 %R doi: 10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707 %U 10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707 ISNAD Candiroglu, Begum , Dogruoz Gungor, Nihal . "Cave Ecosystems: Microbiological View". European Journal of Biology 76 / 1 (Aralık 2017): 36-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/EurJBiol.2017.1707	2018-12-15T04:00:50	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1917109489440918, "perplexity": 12443.870153475342}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826715.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215035757-20181215061757-00391.warc.gz"}
http://popflock.com/learn?s=Surjective	Surjective Get Surjective essential facts below. View Videos or join the Surjective discussion. Add Surjective to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. Surjective In mathematics, a function f from a set X to a set Y is surjective (also known as onto, or a surjection), if for every element y in the codomain Y of f, there is at least one element x in the domain X of f such that f(x) = y.[1][2][3] It is not required that x be unique; the function f may map one or more elements of X to the same element of Y. A surjective function from domain X to codomain Y. The function is surjective because every element in the codomain is the value of f(x) for at least one element x in the domain. The term surjective and the related terms injective and bijective were introduced by Nicolas Bourbaki,[4][5] a group of mainly French 20th-century mathematicians who, under this pseudonym, wrote a series of books presenting an exposition of modern advanced mathematics, beginning in 1935. The French word sur means over or above, and relates to the fact that the image of the domain of a surjective function completely covers the function's codomain. Any function induces a surjection by restricting its codomain to the image of its domain. Every surjective function has a right inverse, and every function with a right inverse is necessarily a surjection. The composition of surjective functions is always surjective. Any function can be decomposed into a surjection and an injection. ## Definition A surjective function is a function whose image is equal to its codomain. Equivalently, a function ${\displaystyle f}$ with domain ${\displaystyle X}$ and codomain ${\displaystyle Y}$ is surjective if for every ${\displaystyle y}$ in ${\displaystyle Y}$ there exists at least one ${\displaystyle x}$ in ${\displaystyle X}$ with ${\displaystyle f(x)=y}$.[2] Surjections are sometimes denoted by a two-headed rightwards arrow ( RIGHTWARDS TWO HEADED ARROW),[6] as in ${\displaystyle f\colon X\twoheadrightarrow Y}$. Symbolically, If ${\displaystyle f\colon X\rightarrow Y}$, then ${\displaystyle f}$ is said to be surjective if ${\displaystyle \forall y\in Y,\,\exists x\in X,\;\;f(x)=y}$.[3][7] ## Examples A non-surjective function from domain X to codomain Y. The smaller yellow oval inside Y is the image (also called range) of f. This function is not surjective, because the image does not fill the whole codomain. In other words, Y is colored in a two-step process: First, for every x in X, the point f(x) is colored yellow; Second, all the rest of the points in Y, that are not yellow, are colored blue. The function f would be surjective only if there were no blue points. • For any set X, the identity function idX on X is surjective. • The function defined by f(n) = n mod 2 (that is, even integers are mapped to 0 and odd integers to 1) is surjective. • The function defined by f(x) = 2x + 1 is surjective (and even bijective), because for every real number y, we have an x such that f(x) = y: such an appropriate x is (y - 1)/2. • The function defined by f(x) = x3 - 3x is surjective, because the pre-image of any real number y is the solution set of the cubic polynomial equation x3 - 3x - y = 0, and every cubic polynomial with real coefficients has at least one real root. However, this function is not injective (and hence not bijective), since, for example, the pre-image of y = 2 is {x = -1, x = 2}. (In fact, the pre-image of this function for every y, -2 y • The function defined by is not surjective, since there is no real number x such that . However, the function defined by (with the restricted codomain) is surjective, since for every y in the nonnegative real codomain Y, there is at least one x in the real domain X such that . • The natural logarithm function is a surjective and even bijective (mapping from the set of positive real numbers to the set of all real numbers). Its inverse, the exponential function, if defined with the set of real numbers as the domain, is not surjective (as its range is the set of positive real numbers). • The matrix exponential is not surjective when seen as a map from the space of all n×n matrices to itself. It is, however, usually defined as a map from the space of all n×n matrices to the general linear group of degree n (i.e. the group of all n×n invertible matrices). Under this definition, the matrix exponential is surjective for complex matrices, although still not surjective for real matrices. • The projection from a cartesian product to one of its factors is surjective, unless the other factor is empty. • In a 3D video game, vectors are projected onto a 2D flat screen by means of a surjective function. Interpretation for surjective functions in the Cartesian plane, defined by the mapping f : X -> Y, where y = f(x), X = domain of function, Y = range of function. Every element in the range is mapped onto from an element in the domain, by the rule f. There may be a number of domain elements which map to the same range element. That is, every y in Y is mapped from an element x in X, more than one x can map to the same y. Left: Only one domain is shown which makes f surjective. Right: two possible domains X1 and X2 are shown. Non-surjective functions in the Cartesian plane. Although some parts of the function are surjective, where elements y in Y do have a value x in X such that y = f(x), some parts are not. Left: There is y0 in Y, but there is no x0 in X such that y0 = f(x0). Right: There are y1, y2 and y3 in Y, but there are no x1, x2, and x3 in X such that y1 = f(x1), y2 = f(x2), and y3 = f(x3). ## Properties A function is bijective if and only if it is both surjective and injective. If (as is often done) a function is identified with its graph, then surjectivity is not a property of the function itself, but rather a property of the mapping.[8] This is, the function together with its codomain. Unlike injectivity, surjectivity cannot be read off of the graph of the function alone. ### Surjections as right invertible functions The function is said to be a right inverse of the function if for every y in Y (g can be undone by f). In other words, g is a right inverse of f if the composition of g and f in that order is the identity function on the domain Y of g. The function g need not be a complete inverse of f because the composition in the other order, , may not be the identity function on the domain X of f. In other words, f can undo or "reverse" g, but cannot necessarily be reversed by it. Every function with a right inverse is necessarily a surjection. The proposition that every surjective function has a right inverse is equivalent to the axiom of choice. If is surjective and B is a subset of Y, then . Thus, B can be recovered from its preimage . For example, in the first illustration, above, there is some function g such that g(C) = 4. There is also some function f such that f(4) = C. It doesn't matter that g(C) can also equal 3; it only matters that f "reverses" g. ### Surjections as epimorphisms A function is surjective if and only if it is right-cancellative:[9] given any functions , whenever , then . This property is formulated in terms of functions and their composition and can be generalized to the more general notion of the morphisms of a category and their composition. Right-cancellative morphisms are called epimorphisms. Specifically, surjective functions are precisely the epimorphisms in the category of sets. The prefix epi is derived from the Greek preposition meaning over, above, on. Any morphism with a right inverse is an epimorphism, but the converse is not true in general. A right inverse g of a morphism f is called a section of f. A morphism with a right inverse is called a split epimorphism. ### Surjections as binary relations Any function with domain X and codomain Y can be seen as a left-total and right-unique binary relation between X and Y by identifying it with its function graph. A surjective function with domain X and codomain Y is then a binary relation between X and Y that is right-unique and both left-total and right-total. ### Cardinality of the domain of a surjection The cardinality of the domain of a surjective function is greater than or equal to the cardinality of its codomain: If is a surjective function, then X has at least as many elements as Y, in the sense of cardinal numbers. (The proof appeals to the axiom of choice to show that a function satisfying f(g(y)) = y for all y in Y exists. g is easily seen to be injective, thus the formal definition of \|Y\| X\| is satisfied.) Specifically, if both X and Y are finite with the same number of elements, then is surjective if and only if f is injective. Given two sets X and Y, the notation is used to say that either X is empty or that there is a surjection from Y onto X. Using the axiom of choice one can show that and together imply that a variant of the Schröder-Bernstein theorem. ### Composition and decomposition The composition of surjective functions is always surjective: If f and g are both surjective, and the codomain of g is equal to the domain of f, then is surjective. Conversely, if is surjective, then f is surjective (but g, the function applied first, need not be). These properties generalize from surjections in the category of sets to any epimorphisms in any category. Any function can be decomposed into a surjection and an injection: For any function there exist a surjection and an injection such that . To see this, define Y to be the set of preimages where z is in . These preimages are disjoint and partition X. Then f carries each x to the element of Y which contains it, and g carries each element of Y to the point in Z to which h sends its points. Then f is surjective since it is a projection map, and g is injective by definition. ### Induced surjection and induced bijection Any function induces a surjection by restricting its codomain to its range. Any surjective function induces a bijection defined on a quotient of its domain by collapsing all arguments mapping to a given fixed image. More precisely, every surjection can be factored as a projection followed by a bijection as follows. Let A/~ be the equivalence classes of A under the following equivalence relation: x ~ y if and only if f(x) = f(y). Equivalently, A/~ is the set of all preimages under f. Let P(~) : A -> A/~ be the projection map which sends each x in A to its equivalence class [x]~, and let fP : A/~ -> B be the well-defined function given by fP([x]~) = f(x). Then f = fP o P(~). ## References 1. ^ "The Definitive Glossary of Higher Mathematical Jargon -- Onto". Math Vault. 2019-08-01. Retrieved . 2. ^ a b "Injective, Surjective and Bijective". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved . 3. ^ a b "Bijection, Injection, And Surjection \| Brilliant Math & Science Wiki". brilliant.org. Retrieved . 4. ^ Miller, Jeff, "Injection, Surjection and Bijection", Earliest Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics, Tripod. 5. ^ Mashaal, Maurice (2006). Bourbaki. American Mathematical Soc. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8218-3967-6. 6. ^ "Arrows - Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved . 7. ^ Farlow, S. J. "Injections, Surjections, and Bijections" (PDF). math.umaine.edu. Retrieved . 8. ^ T. M. Apostol (1981). Mathematical Analysis. Addison-Wesley. p. 35. 9. ^ Goldblatt, Robert (2006) [1984]. Topoi, the Categorial Analysis of Logic (Revised ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45026-1. Retrieved . ## Further reading This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.	2021-01-26T02:51:17	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 12, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9326730370521545, "perplexity": 344.1118051936289}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704795033.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126011645-20210126041645-00588.warc.gz"}
http://wikimechanics.org/definition-pair-production	Definition: Pair Production Verb Definition Pair Production $\Delta n^{\sf{q}} \left( \sf{P}_{\it{i}} \right) = 0 \ \ \forall \sf{q}$ 6-18 Logical Antecedents Adjectives Definition Quark Coefficients $n \; \; {\sf{\text{and}}} \; \; N \; \; \sf{\text{count the number of quarks in a particle}}$ 4-3 Noun Definition Initial Event The event with the lowest event-index in a historically ordered pair of events. 6-8 Adjective Definition Historical Order $\epsilon_{t} = 1$ 6-7 Adjective Definition Direction of Time $\epsilon_{t}^{\, \sf{ P}}\equiv \, \delta _{ t}^{\, \sf{ P}} \! \cdot \delta _{ t}^{\sf{\, Earth}}$ 6-6 Related WikiMechanics articles. Thermodynamic Processes Note to editors: the layout for this page is determined by this template. page revision: 2, last edited: 18 Sep 2018 17:18 Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License	2021-04-20T09:25:56	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6772356033325195, "perplexity": 8373.434392713078}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039388763.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420091336-20210420121336-00157.warc.gz"}
http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cs/R-11?code=se:35_1_3&pointInTime=20201022	### R-11 - Act respecting the Teachers Pension Plan 35.1.3. For the purposes of paragraph 2 of section 33.3, an annualized pensionable salary resulting from the application of subparagraph 1 of the first paragraph of section 35.1.1 and selected under paragraph 1 of section 33.3 must be reduced by the amount that was added to it under section 35.1.2. That amount must then be added to the result of the multiplication referred to in paragraph 2 of section 33.3. For the purposes of paragraph 2 of section 33.3, an annualized pensionable salary resulting from the application of subparagraph 2 of the first paragraph of section 35.1.1 and selected under paragraph 1 of section 33.3 must be reduced, if applicable, by the amount that was added under section 35.1.2 after applying the limit imposed by the first paragraph of section 15.1. That amount must then be added to the result of the multiplication referred to in paragraph 2 of section 33.3. 2008, c. 25, s. 61.	2020-11-27T21:44:25	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9367929100990295, "perplexity": 517.9603382086485}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194171.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20201127191451-20201127221451-00328.warc.gz"}
http://openlogicproject.org/category/progress/	## Making an Accessible Open Logic Textbook (for Dyslexics) In the design and layout of the Open Logic Project texts as well as the Calgary Remix of the intro text forall x, we’ve tried to follow the recommendations of the BC Open Textbook Accessibility Toolkit already. Content is organized into sections, important concepts are highlighted (e.g., colored boxes around definitions and theorems), chapters have summaries, etc. We picked an easily readable typeface and set line and page lengths to enhance readability according to best (text)book design practices and research. We’ve started experimenting specifically with a version of forall x that is better for dyslexic readers (see issue 22). Readability for dyslexics is affected by typeface, type size, letter and line spacing. Charles Bigelow gives a good overview of the literature here. Some typefaces are better for dyslexic readers than others. Generally, sans-serif fonts are preferable, but individual letter design is also relevant. The British Dyslexia Association has a page on it: the design of letters should make it easy to distinguish letters, not just when they are close in shape (e.g., numeral 1, uppercase I and lowercase l; numeral 0, uppercase O and lowercase o, lowercase a) but also when they are upside-down or mirror images (e.g., p and q, b and d; M and W). In one study of reading times and reported preference, sans-serif fonts Arial, Helvetica, and Verdana ranked better than other fonts such as Myriad, Courier, Times, and Garamond, and even the specially designed Open Dyslexic typeface. Although it would be possible to get LaTeX to output in any available typefaces, it’s perhaps easiest to stick to those that come in the standard LaTeX distributions. The typeface that strikes me as best from the readability perspective seems to me to be Go Sans. It was designed by Bigelow & Holmes with readability in mind and does distinguish nicely between p and q; b and d; I, l, and 1, etc. • larger type size • shorter lines • increased line spacing • increased character spacing, i.e., “tracking” (although see Bigelow’s post for conflicting evidence) • avoid ALL CAPS and italics • avoid word hyphenation and right justified margins • avoid centered text The accessible version of forall x does all these things: Type size is set to 12 pt (not optimal on paper, but since this PDF would mainly be read on a screen, it looks large enough). Lines are shorter (about 40 instead of 65 characters per line). Line spacing is set at 1.4 line heights. Tracking is increased slightly, and ligatures (ff, fi, ffi) are disabled. Emphasis and defined terms are set in boldface instead of italics and small caps. Lines are set flush left/ragged right and words not hyphenated. The centered part headings are now also set flush left. The changes did break some of the page layout, especially in the quick reference, which still has to be fixed. There is also some content review to do. In “Mhy Bib I Fail Logic? Dyslexia in the Teaching of Logic,” Xóchitl Martínez Nava suggests avoiding symbols that are easily confused (i.e., don’t use ∧ and ∨), avoid formulas that mix letters and symbols that are easily confused (e.g., A and ∀, E and ∃), and avoid letters in the same example that are easily confused (p, q). She also recommends to introduce Polish notation in addition to infix notation, which would not be a bad idea anyway. Polish notation, I’m told, would also be much better for blind students who rely on screen readers or Braille displays. (The entire article is worth reading; h/t to Shen-yi Liao.) Feedback and comments welcome, especially if you’re dyslexic! There’s a lot more to be done, of course, especially to make the PDFs accessible to the vision-impaired. LaTeX and PDF are very good at producing visually nice output, but not good at producing output that is suitable for screen readers, for instance. OLP issue 82 is there to remind me to get OLP output that verifies as PDF/A compliant, which means in particular that the output PDF will have ASCII alternatives to all formulas, so that a screen reader can read them aloud. Even better would be a good way to convert the whole thing to HTML/MathML (forall x issue 23). forallxyyc-accessible ## Fall 2016 edition of Sets, Logic, Computation The Fall 2016 edition of the OLP remix Sets, Logic, Computation is ready. As before, it includes the OLP part on sets, relations, and functions; the part on first-order logic (with natural deduction chosen as the proof system); and the part on Turing computability including the unsolvability of the halting and decision problems. The methods chapter on induction and biographies of Cantor, Church, Gentzen, Gödel, Noether, Russell, Tarski, Turing, and Zermelo appear as appendices. At students’ request, problems are now listed at the end of each chapter. Many typos and errors have been corrected, a number of examples and problems have been added, and several proofs rewritten for clarity. I’ve also added chapter summaries and a glossary. There are also a few added sections, notably introduction sections to Chapters 5 and 7, as well as discussion of Russell’s Paradox in both Chapter 1 and 6. You can order a printed copy on Lulu, or download the PDF from the builds page. Read about what last term’s students thought of it here. SLC F16 ## More Photos of Logicians As previously mentioned, the Open Logic Project now has a separate repository for photos of logicians to illustrate your OLP-derived materials. They are automatically included in the biographies that live in content/history. I’ve just uploaded a whole bunch of photos that don’t have associated biographies (yet). Some of them are not well-known, even. For the technicalities, I’ll repeat myself from the previous post: We have a separate repository for photos: github.com/OpenLogicProject/photos. We’ve separated them because (a) the licensing issues are more complicated: some of the photos are under copyright, and we wanted everything in the main repository to be available under a Creative Commons license; (b) the main repository would become very large if it included all these pictures. To use the pictures, clone the photos repository into the assets/ subdirectory of your local OLP clone. There’s a PDF with all the photos on the build site. Tracking down these pictures and getting permissions was (and continues to be) a surprising amount of work. Thanks to all the people and archives who provided them and granted permissions: the IAS archives, Princeton University Library, Berkeley’s Bancroft Library, the Russell Archives at McMaster, the Archives of the Universities of Warsaw and Wittenberg-Halle, the ILLC, the Austrian National Library, the NSUB at Göttingen, the National Portrait Gallery, the Oslo Museum, the American Philosophical Society, Neil Reid (Julia Robinson’s brother-in-law), Libby Marcus (Ruth Barcan Marcus’s daughter), Kim Heffernan (Haskell Curry’s granddaughter), Béla and Eszther Andrásfai (Péter’s adoptive son and granddaughter), Christian Thiel, Volker Peckhaus, Lothar Kreiser, Eckhardt Menzler-Trott, Craig Smorynski, and Peter van Emde Boas. Detailed photo credits are included with the photos. Thanks also to the Alberta OER initiative for providing some funding to do this. And last, but not least, thanks to Joel Fuller for doing an awesome job with PhotoShop restoring some of these photos (the original Curry photo, in particular, had a big tear right through the middle)! No thanks to the Oberwolfach Photo Collection, who outright refused to share their images. More to come! ## An Actual Textbook, and: Photos! Two exciting new things from the Open Logic Project. The first one is another sample textbook. I’ve previously written about how to make a custom logic textbook and how to get your textbook to print, and for my course “Logic II (Phil 379)” this term, I’ve done that. Properly: perfect bound paperbacks, with a nice cover, proper front and back matter, professional illustrations, and an (I think) appealing book design. The source for generating it is on GitHub (of course): github.com/rzach/phil379. If you want to compile it, just clone that repository into the courses/ subdirectory of your local OLP clone. It should compile out of the box. There are three files you can compile: phil379-screen.tex makes a multi-color PDF suitable for on-screen reading; phil379-print.tex makes a black-and-white PDF suitable for printing via lulu.com. The third is cover-lulu-quarto.tex, which generates the PDF lulu.com uses for the cover. You can see the product on the builds site: The second exciting thing is that we’ve started to put photos of logicians into the text. Right now, they’re imported into the biographies. The photos themselves are not in the main repository, however. We have a separate repository for them: github.com/OpenLogicProject/photos. We’ve separated them because (a) the licensing issues are more complicated: some of the photos are under copyright, and we wanted everything in the main repository to be available under a Creative Commons license; (b) the main repository would become very large if it included all these pictures. To use the pictures, clone the photos repository into the assets/ subdirectory of your local OLP clone. (If the files aren’t there, the biographies including them will happily compile but leave out the photos.) There’s a PDF with all the photos also on the build site. (PS: If you want to buy an actual copy of the Sets, Logic, Computation book, go here. It sells for CAD 9.42 (USD 8.36, EUR 8.55). But be warned; we’ve already corrected a bunch of typos and errors, so that version is not up-to-date.) ## New in the Open Logic Project: Turing Machines We’ve had a very rudimentary chapter on Turing machines in the OLP for a while. Samara and I have been working on expanding this over the last few months, using Nicole’s notes and writing some stuff from scratch. It is now is mature enough, I think, that it can be included. So I have merged the turing-machines branch into master. A decisions of which variant of Turing machines to use had to be made. We opted for a version that allows the machine to write and move at the same time, since most of the online emulators work that way. We also decided to let the tape be infinite in one direction only. This makes the proof of undecidability of logic, which requires describing Turing machine configurations, a lot simpler. It still needs work, of course, like everything else. More examples, more problems, a more in-depth discussion of the Church-Turing thesis, proofs of equivalence of different Turing machine variants, for instance. To tie it to the other computability material, I’d like to show that recursive functions are Turing computable. It would also be great to have some discussion of computational complexity and non-deterministic computation; Dean indicated that he might work in that direction. In the meantime, enjoy, and please give feedback! ## Walter Dean (Warwick) Joins Editorial Board We’re happy to announce that Walter Dean, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick, has joined the Open Logic Project’s editorial board. Walter regularly teaches courses on the material currently covered in the text, as well as modal logic (inclusion of which is planned for next year) and provability logic and computational complexity theory. He is planning to contribute to these topics in particular. ## Making a New Logic Textbook in Seven Easy Steps I’ll be teaching the University of Calgary’s second logic course, imaginatively titled “Logic II,” next term. It’ll be the first time for me to use the Open Logic Text for this course. I used it for McGill’s “Intermediate Logic” earlier this year, and Nicole Wyatt has been using parts of the text the last time she taught it a year ago. Lots has changed, and I’m aiming to provide a nice, self-contained book. I’ll document the steps to make this happen. To start, I have to pick the material to include. Logic II is supposed to cover “Introduction to the metatheory of logical systems. Completeness, compactness, Löwenheim-Skolem, and undecidability theorems for first-order logic.” In previous iterations, I’ve used Boolos, Burgess, and Jeffrey’s Computability and Logic as a textbook, and that’s also what my colleagues who also teach it have used. In part because of this, I’ve previously covered set theory, then Turing machines, first-order logic, undecidability, completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems in that order: it’s the order BBJ covers it. But with an open text, I can rearrange things if I want to. And I think I do. Once you cover relations, it’s sort of natural to continue with first-order semantics, definability, and expressibility. So I’ll go with set theory, metatheory of first-order logic, Turing machines, and undecidability. (Right?) To make a new book, you have to start by setting up a driver file that does all the setup and loads the parts and chapters you want in the right order. Of course, I’ll use Git also for that driver file and anything else I’ll need to pull things together. So, Step 1: set up a GitHub repository [You can skip this step if you don’t want to use Git to keep track of changes.]. Step 2: Clone the repository, so I have it on my local drive. The Git URL is [email protected]:rzach/phil379.git. I use SSH, but there’s also an HTTS URL: https://github.com/rzach/phil379.git. Where do you put it? It’s probably easiest if it lives with the other courses in the OLP directory. So I go to where my OLP clone lives, then to the subdirectory holding the courses, and clone there: $cd ~/tex/openlogic/courses/$ git clone [email protected]:rzach/phil379.git \$ cd phil379 [If you don’t want to use git, just make a new subdirectory of the /courses directory.] Step 3: We have to start somewhere, so I’ll copy the files courses/sample/open-logic-sample.tex and courses/sample/open-logic-sample-config.tex from courses/sample to my new directory, renaming them to phil379.tex and phil379-config.tex, respectively. I’ll also add a license and a Makefile, but you wouldn’t have to. Step 4: The main file, phil379.tex contains the instructions for what to include and in what order. I’ve changed it so that only what I need is included. Here is what it looks like at this point, and here are the changes I made to the original open-logic-sample.tex file. I haven’t yet done anything to the formatting or layout, just changed the title page and what chapters are included. Step 5: I do want to do a few things a bit different from the default. First of all, I’ll make the text unpretentious: no Greek formulas, no Fraktur letters for structures. I haven’t yet made up my mind about terminology, but I think I might want to use “countable” instead of “enumerable”. (I wouldn’t if I were going to talk about “computably” or “recursively enumerable” sets, but I think I won’t. And when you’re talking about sizes of sets, “countable” and “uncountable” is a bit more conventional and easier to say. Maybe. I might change my mind later.) There are some switches I can adjust, too: e.g., I’d like to have everything but biconditional and “true” be primitive symbols: That way there are more cases to prove, but I’ll get all the cases for the conditional and the universal quantifier as exercises. Lastly, the first-order-logic part includes both sequent calculus and natural deduction as proof systems, but I’ll cover only one. Maybe natural deduction. Might change my mind on that too. Anyway, all these things can easily be specified in phil379-config.sty. Step 6: Run phil379.tex through LaTeX, get a nice PDF. Step 7: Commit everything and push to GitHub, so it’s saved (and I can link to the source files here). [UPDATE: (a) The current version has phil379.tex containing only the content, and the layout and setup is done by phil379-screen.tex and phil379-print.tex, which generate a version for on-screen reading and a version for printing, respectively. See also this post.] ## OLP now with CC-BY license After some internal discussion and canvassing of the Open Educational Resources community, we’ve switched the license from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) to Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY). BY-SA requires that anyone is free to use & modify a work as long as the modified work is “shared alike,” i.e., under a compatible license. The idea is that if you use it, you have to let others use your improvements & modifications as well. This is a laudable goal, of course, and we hope anyone who does build upon the OLP will do so! But it does, e.g., require that everyone who builds their own version of a textbook on the basis of OLP to license it under CC-BY-SA. An instructor may not want to allow redistribution of their adopted text at all, for instance. So CC-BY-SA potentially restricts the usefulness of the project and inhibits uptake.	2018-02-22T16:18:07	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.41271618008613586, "perplexity": 2457.9450201568684}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814140.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222160706-20180222180706-00756.warc.gz"}
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2013.2013.709	Article Contents Article Contents # Initial boundary value problem for the singularly perturbed Boussinesq-type equation • We are concerned with the singularly perturbed Boussinesq-type equation including the singularly perturbed sixth-order Boussinesq equation, which describes the bi-directional propagation of small amplitude and long capillary-gravity waves on the surface of shallow water for bond number (surface tension parameter) less than but very close to $1/3$. The existence and uniqueness of the global generalized solution and the global classical solution of the initial boundary value problem for the singularly perturbed Boussinesq-type equation are proved. Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35A01, 35L35; Secondary: 35G31, 35Q35. Citation: • [1] R. A. Admas, "Sobolev Space", Academic Press, New York, 1975. [2] P. Darapi and W. Hua, A numerical method for solving an ill-posed Boussinesq equation arising in water waves and nonlinear lattices, Appl. Math. Comput., 101 (1999), 159-207. [3] P. Darapi and W. Hua, Weakly non-local solitary wave solutions of a singularly perturbed Boussinesq equation, Math. Comput. Sim., 55 (2001), 393-405. [4] R. K. Dash and P. Darapi, Analytical and numerical studies of a singularly perturbed Boussinesq equation, Appl. Math. Comput., 126 (2002), 1-30. [5] Z. S. Feng, Traveling solitary wave solutions to the generalized Boussinesq equation, Wave Motion, 37 (2003), 17-23. [6] A. Friedman, "Partial Differential Equation of Parabolic Type", Prentice Hall, Eagliweed Cliffs, NJ, 1964. [7] H. A. Levine and B. D. Sleeman, A note on the non-existence of global solutions of initial boundary value problems for the Boussinesq equation $u_{t t} = 3u_{x x x x} + u_{x x} - 12(u^2)_{x x}$, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 107 (1985), 206-210. [8] Z.J. Yang, On local existence of solutions of initial boundary value problems for the "bad'' Boussinesq-type equation, Nonlinear Anal. TMA, 51 (2002), 1259-1271. [9] Y. L. Zhou and H. Y. Fu, Nonlinear hyperbolic systems of higher order generalized Sine-Gordon type, Acta Math. Sinica, 26 (1983), 234-249. Open Access Under a Creative Commons license	2022-12-01T16:26:40	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7535099387168884, "perplexity": 1028.324011841252}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710829.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201153700-20221201183700-00455.warc.gz"}
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S043DKZ	#### $\kappa _{{{\mathit Z}} }$ This coupling is $\mathit CP$-conserving ($\mathit C$- and $\mathit P$- separately conserving). VALUE EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT $0.924$ ${}^{+0.059}_{-0.056}$ $\pm0.024$ 7171 1 2004 D L3 ${\it{}E}^{\it{}ee}_{\rm{}cm}$ = $189 - 209$ GeV • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • 2 2020 BA CMS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 13 TeV 3 2019 CL CMS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 13 TeV 4 2017 S ATLS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 7+8 TeV 5 2017 O CMS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 8 TeV 6 2016 AR ATLS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 8 TeV 7 2016 P ATLS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 8 TeV 8 2013 AL ATLS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 7 TeV 9 2012 CD ATLS ${\it{}E}^{\it{}pp}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 7 TeV 10 2012 AC CDF ${\it{}E}^{\it{}p\overline{\it{}p}}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 1.96 TeV 34 11 2011 D0 ${\it{}E}^{\it{}p\overline{\it{}p}}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 1.96 TeV 17 12 2006 H D0 ${\it{}E}^{\it{}p\overline{\it{}p}}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 1.96 TeV 2.3 13 2005 S D0 ${\it{}E}^{\it{}p\overline{\it{}p}}_{\rm{}cm}$ = 1.96 TeV 1 ACHARD 2004D study $WW$ $-$pair production, single$-{{\mathit W}}$ production and single$-$photon production with missing energy from 189 to 209 GeV. The result quoted here is obtained using the $WW$ $-$pair production sample. Each parameter is determined from a single$-$parameter fit in which the other parameters assume their Standard Model values. 2 SIRUNYAN 2020BA study electroweak production of a ${{\mathit W}}$ boson in association with two jets, using ${{\mathit W}}$ decays in the electron or muon channel. The isolated muons (electrons) are required to have a transverse momentum larger than 25 (30) GeV, while the transverse momentum of the two jets has to be larger than 50 and 30 GeV. A total of 2.382 (1.051) million events are selected in the muon (electron) channel, with a Standard Model expectation of $2.39$ $\pm0.17$ ($1.054$ $\pm0.058$) million events. Analysing the transverse momentum distribution of the charged leptons from ${{\mathit W}}$ decay, the following 95$\%$ C.L. limit is obtained: 0.956 $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.044. Combining this result with that from the closely-related electroweak ${{\mathit Z}}$ -jet-jet production SIRUNYAN 2018BZ, the limit becomes: 0.957 $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.042. 3 SIRUNYAN 2019CL study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production in lepton + jet events, with one ${{\mathit W}}$ boson decaying leptonically (electron or muon), and another ${{\mathit W}}$ or ${{\mathit Z}}$ boson decaying hadronically, reconstructed as a single massive large-radius jet. In the electron channel 2,456 (2,235) events are selected in the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ ( ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ ) category, while in the muon channel 3,996 (3572) events are selected in the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ ( ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ ) category. Analysing the di-boson invariant mass distribution, the following 95$\%$ C.L. limit is obtained: 0.9921 $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.0082. 4 AABOUD 2017S analyze electroweak production of a ${{\mathit W}}$ boson in association with two jets at high dijet invariant mass, with the ${{\mathit W}}$ boson decaying to electron or muon plus neutrino. In the signal region of dijet mass larger than 1 TeV and leading-jet transverse momentum larger than 600 GeV, 30 events are observed in the data with $39$ $\pm4$ events expected in the Standard Model, yielding the following limit at 95$\%$ CL for the form factor cut-off scale ${{\mathit \Lambda}_{{FF}}}$ $\rightarrow\infty{}$: $0.85<{{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<1.16$. 5 KHACHATRYAN 2017O analyse ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production where each boson decays into electrons or muons. Events are required to have a tri-lepton invariant mass larger than 100 GeV, with one of the lepton pairs having an invariant mass within 20 GeV of the ${{\mathit Z}}$ boson mass. The ${{\mathit Z}}$ transverse momentum spectrum is analyzed to set a 95$\%$ C.L. limit of: $0.79$ $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ $1.25$. 6 AAD 2016AR study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ production in pp collisions and select 6636 WW candidates in decay modes with electrons or muons with an expected background of $1546$ $\pm157$ events. Assuming the LEP formulation and setting the form-factor $\Lambda$ to infinity, a fit to the transverse momentum distribution of the leading charged lepton, leads to a 95$\%$ C.L. range of 0.975 $<{{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.020. 7 AAD 2016P study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions and select 2091 ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ candidates in 4 decay modes with electrons and muons, with an expected background of $1825$ $\pm7$ events. Analyzing the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ transverse momentum distribution, the resulting 95$\%$ C.L. limit is: 0.81 $<{{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.30. 8 AAD 2013AL study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions and select 1325 ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ candidates in decay modes with electrons or muons with an expected background of $369$ $\pm61$ events. Assuming the LEP formulation and setting the form-factor ${{\mathit \Lambda}}$ = infinity, a fit to the transverse momentum distribution of the leading charged lepton, leads to a 95$\%$ C.L. range of 0.957 $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.043. Supersedes AAD 2012AC. 9 AAD 2012CD study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions and select 317 ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ candidates in three ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ decay modes with an expected background of $68.0$ $\pm10.0$ events. The resulting 95$\%$ C.L. range is: 0.63 $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.57. Supersedes AAD 2012V. 10 AALTONEN 2012AC study ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ collisions and select 63 ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ candidates in three ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ decay modes with an expected background of $7.9$ $\pm1.0$ events. Based on the cross section and shape of the ${{\mathit Z}}$ transverse momentum spectrum, the following 95$\%$ C.L. range is reported: 0.61 $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.90 for a form factor of $\Lambda$ = 2 TeV. 11 ABAZOV 2011 study the ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ $\rightarrow$ 3 ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}$ process arising in ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production. They observe 34 ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ candidates with an estimated background of 6 events. An analysis of the $p_T$ spectrum of the ${{\mathit Z}}$ boson leads to a 95$\%$ C.L. limit of 0.600 $<{{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 1.675, for a form factor $\Lambda$ = 2 TeV. 12 ABAZOV 2006H study ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}$ production with a subsequent decay ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}_{{e}}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{e}}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$ or ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}{{\overline{\mathit \nu}}_{{\mu}}}$ . The 95$\%$ C.L. limit for a form factor scale $\Lambda$ = 2 TeV is $0.55$ $<\kappa _{Z}<$ 1.55, fixing $\lambda _{Z}$=0. With the assumption that the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ couplings are equal the 95$\%$ C.L. one-dimensional limit ($\Lambda$ = 2 TeV) is $0.68$ $<\kappa <$ 1.45. 13 ABAZOV 2005S study ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ production with a subsequent trilepton decay to ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \ell}^{\,'}}{{\overline{\mathit \ell}}^{\,'}}$ (${{\mathit \ell}}$ and ${{\mathit \ell}^{\,'}}$ = ${{\mathit e}}$ or ${{\mathit \mu}}$ ). Three events (estimated background $0.71$ $\pm0.08$ events) with $WZ$ decay characteristics are observed from which they derive limits on the anomalous couplings. The 95$\%$ CL limit for a form factor scale $\Lambda$ = 1 TeV is $-1.0$ $<$ ${{\mathit \kappa}_{{Z}}}$ $<$ 3.4, fixing ${{\mathit \lambda}_{{Z}}}$ and $\mathit g{}^{{{\mathit Z}}}_{1}$ to their Standard Model values. References: SIRUNYAN 2020BA EPJ C80 43 Measurement of electroweak production of a $\mathrm{W}$ boson in association with two jets in proton?proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\,\text {Te}\text {V}$ SIRUNYAN 2019CL JHEP 1912 062 Search for anomalous triple gauge couplings in WW and WZ production in lepton + jet events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV AABOUD 2017S EPJ C77 474 Measurements of Electroweak $\mathit Wjj$ Production and Constraints on Anomalous Gauge Couplings with the ATLAS Detector KHACHATRYAN 2017O EPJ C77 236 Measurement of the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ Production Cross Section in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 and 8 TeV and Search for Anomalous Triple Gauge Couplings at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV AAD 2016AR JHEP 1609 029 Measurement of Total and Differential ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ Production Cross Sections in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV with the ATLAS Detector and Limits on Anomalous Triple-Gauge-Boson Couplings AAD 2016P PR D93 092004 Measurements of ${{\mathit W}^{\pm}}{{\mathit Z}}$ Production Cross Sections in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV with the ATLAS Detector and Limits on Anomalous Gauge Boson Self-Couplings AAD 2013AL PR D87 112001 Measurement of ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ Production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector and Limits on Anomalous ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Couplings Also PR D88 079906 (errat.) Erratum: Measurement of ${{\mathit W}^{+}}{{\mathit W}^{-}}$ Production in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector and Limits on Anomalous ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ and ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit W}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Couplings. AAD 2013AL AAD 2012CD EPJ C72 2173 Measurement of ${{\mathit W}^{\pm}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ Production in Proton$−$Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS Detector AALTONEN 2012AC PR D86 031104 Measurement of the ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ Cross Section and Triple Gauge Couplings in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV ABAZOV 2011 PL B695 67 Measurement of the ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit Z}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \nu}}{{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit \ell}}$ Cross Section and Limits on Anomalous Triple Gauge Couplings in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV ABAZOV 2006H PR D74 057101 Limits on Anomalous Trilinear Gauge Couplings from ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ , and ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ Events from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV Also PR D74 059904(errat.) Publisher's Note to ABAZOV 2006H. Limits on Anomalous Trilinear Gauge Couplings from ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ , ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{\pm}}{{\mathit \mu}^{\mp}}$ , and ${{\mathit W}}$ ${{\mathit W}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \mu}^{-}}$ Events from ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 1.96 TeV ABAZOV 2005S PRL 95 141802 Production of ${{\mathit W}}{{\mathit Z}}$ Events in ${{\mathit p}}{{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ =1.96 TeV and Limits on Anomalous $\mathit WWZ$ Couplings ACHARD 2004D PL B586 151 Measurement of Triple Gauge Boson Couplings of the ${{\mathit W}}$ Boson at LEP	2023-03-20T10:36:20	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.964622437953949, "perplexity": 2156.5548436686217}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943471.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320083513-20230320113513-00002.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Amerkin.john-h	## Merkin, John H. Compute Distance To: Author ID: merkin.john-h Published as: Merkin, J. H.; Merkin, John H.; Merkin, John; Merkin, J. more...less Homepage: https://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/applied/staff.dir/merkin/merkin.html External Links: Wikidata · ResearchGate · dblp Documents Indexed: 190 Publications since 1967 Co-Authors: 65 Co-Authors with 143 Joint Publications 1,429 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 ### Co-Authors 33 single-authored 48 Scott, Stephen K. 30 Needham, David John 29 Pop, Ioan 16 Kalliadasis, Serafim 11 Simon, Peter L. 8 Ingham, Derek Binns 6 Brindley, John 6 Leach, Jannie A. 6 Ševčıková, Hana 5 Lazarovici, A. 5 Metcalf, Mark J. 5 Satnoianu, Razvan Alin 4 Kumaran, Vishwanathan 4 Lok, Yian Yian 4 Sadiq, Muhammad Adil 4 Snita, D. 3 Finlayson, A. B. 3 Gray, Brian F. 3 Kiss, István Z. 3 Morris, Philip J. 3 Nazar, Roslinda Mohd 3 Pilling, Michael J. 3 Rennell, R. W. 3 Yannacopoulos, Athanasios N. 2 Collier, S. M. 2 Groşan, Teodor S. 2 Hasal, Pavel 2 Jivraj, N. A. 2 King, Andrew C. 2 Neufeld, Zoltán 2 Poole, A. J. 2 Sleeman, Brian David 2 Smith, Frank T. 2 Tomlin, Alison S. 2 Trevelyan, Philip M. J. 2 Yang, Jianbo 1 Arifin, Norihan Md 1 Bachok, Norfifah 1 Dalman, M. T. 1 Godula, Tomas 1 Howe, Sally E. 1 Ishak, Anuar 1 Jaradat, Mohammad A. 1 Kaas-Petersen, Christian 1 Kay, Anthony 1 Kuiken, Hendrik K. 1 Liñán, Amable 1 McGreavy, C. 1 Mealey, L. 1 Merkin, M. R. 1 Nita, D. 1 Noszticzius, Zoltán 1 Revnic, Cornelia 1 Roberts, M. J. 1 Roşca, Alin V. 1 Roşca, Natalia C. 1 Salleh, Mohd Zuki 1 Smith, J. D. B. 1 Tamizharasi, R. 1 Taylor, Annette F. 1 Thompson, Barnaby W. 1 Vajravelu, Kuppalapalle 1 Volpert, Vitaly A. 1 Wake, Graeme Charles 1 Weidman, Patrick D. all top 5 ### Serials 31 Journal of Engineering Mathematics 19 IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 15 Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 13 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences 11 Acta Mechanica 11 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 10 Dynamics and Stability of Systems 9 Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 7 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 7 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 7 Physica D 6 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 5 Meccanica 5 European Journal of Mechanics. B. Fluids 4 Fluid Dynamics Research 4 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A 4 Mathematical Engineering in Industry 2 Nonlinearity 2 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 2 Chaos 1 Computers and Fluids 1 Journal of Mathematical Biology 1 Physics Letters. A 1 Applied Mathematics and Computation 1 Numerical Heat Transfer 1 European Journal of Mechanics. B. Fluids 1 Archive of Applied Mechanics 1 Physics of Fluids 1 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 1 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 1 Combustion Theory and Modelling 1 Forma 1 Journal of Theoretical Biology all top 5 ### Fields 97 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 83 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 69 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 63 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 15 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 13 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 11 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 7 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 162 Publications have been cited 998 times in 614 Documents Cited by Year On dual solutions occurring in mixed convection in a porous medium. Zbl 0597.76081 Merkin, J. H. 1986 On roll waves down an open inclined channel. Zbl 0553.76013 Needham, D. J.; Merkin, J. H. 1984 Mixed convection boundary layer flow on a vertical surface in a saturated porous medium. Zbl 0433.76078 Merkin, J. H. 1980 The effect of buoyancy forces on the boundary-layer flow over a semi- infinite vertical flat plate in a uniform free stream. Zbl 0164.56201 Merkin, J. H. 1969 Mixed convection boundary layer similarity solutions: Prescribed wall heat flux. Zbl 0667.76126 Merkin, J. H.; Mahmood, T. 1989 A simple isothermal model for homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary-layer flow. I: Equal diffusivities. Zbl 1052.80505 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 Propagating reaction-diffusion waves in a simple isothermal quadratic autocatalytic chemical system. Zbl 0707.76083 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1989 Triple-deck solutions for subsonic flow past humps, steps, concave or convex corners and wedged trailing edges. Zbl 0516.76043 Smith, F. T.; Merkin, J. H. 1982 On the creation, growth and extinction of oscillatory solutions for a simple pooled chemical reaction scheme. Zbl 0627.92026 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Scott, S. K. 1987 Similarity solutions in free convection boundary-layer flows adjacent to vertical permeable surfaces in porous media. I: Prescribed surface temperature. Zbl 0835.76100 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1995 A model for isothermal homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary-layer flow. Zbl 0884.76090 Merkin, J. H. 1996 Free convection with blowing and suction. Zbl 0236.76068 Merkin, J. H. 1972 The propagation of a voidage disturbance in a uniformly fluidized bed. Zbl 0543.76130 Needham, D. J.; Merkin, J. H. 1983 The development of travelling waves in a simple isothermal chemical system. II: Cubic autocatalysis with quadratic and linear decay. Zbl 0718.92029 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1990 The development of travelling waves in a simple isothermal chemical system with general orders of autocatalysis and decay. Zbl 0749.92025 Needham, D. J.; Merkin, J. H. 1991 Oscillating wave fronts in isothermal chemical systems with arbitrary powers of autocatalysis. Zbl 0809.92027 Metcalf, M. J.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1994 The development of travelling waves in a simple isothermal chemical system. I: Quadratic autocatalysis with linear decay. Zbl 0682.92024 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Scott, S. K. 1989 Spatio-temporal structures in a differential flow reactor with cubic autocatalator kinetics. Zbl 0952.76095 Satnoianu, Razvan A.; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 1998 The existence and stability of quasi-steady periodic voidage waves in a fluidized bed. Zbl 0609.76040 Needham, D. J.; Merkin, J. H. 1986 A note on the similarity solutions for free convection on a vertical plate. Zbl 0577.76083 Merkin, J. H. 1985 Coupled reaction-diffusion waves in an isothermal autocatalytic chemical system. Zbl 0780.35053 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Scott, S. K. 1993 Reaction-diffusion waves in an isothermal chemical system with general orders of autocatalysis and spatial dimension. Zbl 0779.35057 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1993 Free convection boundary layers in a saturated porous medium with lateral mass flux. Zbl 0391.76061 Merkin, J. H. 1978 Similarity solutions in axisymmetric mixed-convection boundary-layer flow. Zbl 0656.76073 Mahmood, T.; Merkin, J. H. 1988 On infinite period bifurcations with an application to roll waves. Zbl 0588.76024 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1986 A note on the solution of a differential equation arising in boundary- layer theory. Zbl 0532.76038 Merkin, J. H. 1984 Evans function analysis of the stability of non-adiabatic flames. Zbl 1068.80531 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2003 A simple model for sustained oscillations in isothermal branched-chain or autocatalytic reactions in a well stirred open system. I: Stationary states and local stabilities. Zbl 0606.92029 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Scott, S. K. 1985 The forced convection flow of a uniform stream over a flat surface with a convective surface boundary condition. Zbl 1419.76591 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2011 The effects of blowing and suction on free convection boundary layers on vertical surfaces with prescribed heat flux. Zbl 0781.76077 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1993 Free-convection stagnation-point boundary layers driven by catalytic surface reactions. I: The steady states. Zbl 0801.76093 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1994 On solutions of the boundary-layer equations with algebraic decay. Zbl 0389.76022 Merkin, J. H. 1978 The effects of blowing and suction on free convection boundary layers. Zbl 0295.76019 Merkin, J. H. 1975 The use of algebraic sets in the approximation of inertial manifolds and lumping in chemical kinetic systems. Zbl 0885.92039 Yannacopoulos, A. N.; Tomlin, A. S.; Brindley, J.; Merkin, J. H.; Pilling, M. J. 1995 Steady states, oscillations and heat explosion in a combustion problem with convection. Zbl 1060.76127 Lazarovici, A.; Volpert, V.; Merkin, J. H. 2005 Mixed convection similarity solutions on a horizontal surface. Zbl 0611.76092 Merkin, J. H.; Ingham, D. B. 1987 Mixed convection on a vertical circular cylinder. Zbl 0642.76100 Mahmood, T.; Merkin, J. H. 1988 Combustion initiation and extinction in a 2D chaotic flow. Zbl 1032.80006 Kiss, I. Z.; Merkin, J. H.; Neufeld, Z. 2003 Disjoint bifurcation diagrams in combustion systems. Zbl 0758.35083 Gray, B. F.; Merkin, J. H.; Wake, G. C. 1991 Forced-convection heat transfer over a circular cylinder with Newtonian heating. Zbl 1325.76171 Salleh, M. Z.; Nazar, R.; Arifin, N. M.; Pop, I.; Merkin, J. H. 2011 The effects of an electric field on an autocatalytic ionic reaction in a system with high ionic strength. Zbl 0903.35079 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H.; Šnita, D.; Marek, M. 1998 Conjugate free convection on a vertical surface. Zbl 0963.76582 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1996 Mixed convection boundary layer flow over a permeable vertical surface with prescribed wall heat flux. Zbl 1133.76048 Ishak, A.; Merkin, J. H.; Nazar, R.; Pop, I. 2008 Free convection boundary layers near corners and sharp trailing edges. Zbl 0487.76045 Merkin, J. H.; Smith, F. T. 1982 Free-convection boundary layers on vertical surfaces driven by an exothermic surface reaction. Zbl 0812.76089 Merkin, J. H.; Chaudhary, M. A. 1994 Creation of spatial structure by an electric field applied to an ionic cubic autocatalator system. Zbl 0948.92026 Finlayson, A. B.; Merkin, J. H. 2000 The development of spatial structure in an ionic chemical system induced by applied electric fields. Zbl 0968.35119 Merkin, John; Satnoianu, Razvan; Scott, Stephen 2000 Stable pattern and standing wave formation in a simple isothermal cubic autocatalytic reaction scheme. Zbl 0847.35064 Hill, R.; Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1995 The development of nonlinear waves on the surface of a horizontally rotating thin liquid film. Zbl 0642.76047 Needham, D. J.; Merkin, J. H. 1987 The unsteady MHD boundary-layer flow on a shrinking sheet. Zbl 1196.76086 Merkin, J. H.; Kumaran, V. 2010 Reaction-diffusion waves in coupled isothermal autocatalytic chemical systems. Zbl 0808.35164 Metcalf, M. J.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1993 Pattern formation in a coupled cubic autocatalator system. Zbl 0815.92003 Hill, R.; Merkin, J. H. 1994 The effect of an electric field on the local stoichiometry of front waves in an ionic chemical system. Zbl 0945.92029 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H.; Šnita, D. 2000 Forced convective structures in a differential flow reactor. Zbl 0935.35063 Satnoianu, Razvan A.; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 1999 Inhibition of flame propagation by an endothermic reaction. Zbl 1058.80006 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2003 Mixed convection along a vertical surface: Similarity solutions for uniform flow. Zbl 1064.76610 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2002 Natural convection from a semi-infinite flat plate inclined at a small angle to the horizontal in a saturated porous medium. Zbl 0605.76103 Ingham, D. B.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1985 Dynamics of a vertically falling film in the presence of a first-order chemical reaction. Zbl 1185.76372 Trevelyan, Philip M. J.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 Free convection on a heated vertical plate: The solution for small Prandtl number. Zbl 0702.76100 Merkin, J. H. 1989 A note on the similarity equations arising in free convection boundary layers with blowing and suction. Zbl 0803.76078 Merkin, J. H. 1994 The propagation of travelling waves in an open cubic autocatalytic chemical system. Zbl 0872.92022 Merkin, J. H.; Sadiq, M. A. 1996 Travelling waves in an ionic autocatalytic chemical system with an imposed electric field. Zbl 1067.92504 Snita, D.; Sevcikova, H.; Marek, M.; Merkin, M.; Merkin, J. H. 1997 Conjugate free convection on a vertical surface in a saturated porous medium. Zbl 1051.76611 Pop, I.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 A simple isothermal model for homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary-layer flow. II: Different diffusivities for reactant and autocatalyst. Zbl 1052.80506 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 An infinite period bifurcation arising in roll waves down an open inclined channel. Zbl 0593.76024 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1986 The effects of a complexing agent on travelling waves in autocatalytic systems with applied electric fields. Zbl 1084.35032 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H. 2005 Natural convective boundary-layer flow in a heat generating porous medium with a prescribed wall heat flux. Zbl 1171.76051 Merkin, J. H. 2009 On the free convection boundary layer on a vertical plate with prescribed surface heat flux. Zbl 0708.76119 Merkin, J. H.; Mahmood, T. 1990 Stationary-state solutions for coupled reaction-diffusion and temperature-conduction equations. I: Infinite slab and cylinder with general boundary conditions. Zbl 0713.35030 Brindley, J.; Jivraj, N. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1990 Stationary-state solutions for coupled reaction-diffusion and temperature-conduction equations. II: Spherical geometry with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Zbl 0713.35031 Brindley, J.; Jivraj, N. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1990 The development of travelling waves in a simple isothermal chemical system. III: Cubic and mixed autocatalysis. Zbl 0718.92030 Gray, P.; Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Scott, S. K. 1990 Flow past a suddenly cooled vertical flat surface in a saturated porous medium. Zbl 0502.76106 Ingham, D. B.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1982 The collision of free-convection boundary layers on a horizontal cylinder embedded in a porous medium. Zbl 0524.76083 Ingham, D. B.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1983 Free convection boundary layers over humps and indentations. Zbl 0537.76055 Merkin, J. H. 1983 Reaction fronts in an ionic autocatalytic system with an applied electric field. Zbl 0948.92027 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H. 1999 Free convection boundary layers driven by exothermic surface reactions: Critical ambient temperatures. Zbl 0832.92029 Chaudhary, M. A.; Liñan, A.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 Oscillations and waves in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction in a finite medium. Zbl 0857.92023 Leach, J. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1994 Stability of flames in an exothermic-endothermic system. Zbl 1149.80302 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2004 On the spread of morphogens. Zbl 1066.92003 Merkin, J. H.; Sleeman, B. D. 2005 Quenching of flame propagation with heat loss. Zbl 1023.92049 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 Wave propagation in spatially distributed excitable media. Zbl 1048.92002 Yang, Jianbo; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 The structure of flame filaments in chaotic flows. Zbl 1006.80002 Kiss, I. Z.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K.; Simon, P. L.; Kalliadasis, S.; Neufeld, Z. 2003 Mixed convection boundary-layer on a vertical cylinder embedded in a saturated porous medium. Zbl 0608.76071 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1987 The effects of geometrical spreading in two and three dimensions on the formation of travelling wavefronts in a simple, isothermal, chemical system. Zbl 0800.35052 Needham, D. J.; Merkin, J. H. 1992 An analysis of a two-cell coupled nonlinear chemical oscillator. Zbl 0761.92048 Leach, J. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1991 A mathematical model for the spread of morphogens with density dependent chemosensitivity. Zbl 1078.92010 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Sleeman, B. D. 2005 Free convection boundary layers on a vertical surface in a heat-generating porous medium. Zbl 1138.76060 Mealey, L.; Merkin, J. H. 2008 Pattern formation through reaction and diffusion in a simple pooled- chemical system. Zbl 0702.58083 Needham, D. J.; Merkin, J. H. 1989 The effects of an outer flow on the unsteady free convection boundary layer near a stagnation point in a heat-generating porous medium. Zbl 1302.76063 Merkin, J. H. 2014 On the structural stability of the cubic autocatalytic scheme in a closed vessel. Zbl 0673.93070 Gray, B. F.; Merkin, J. H.; Roberts, M. J. 1989 An anomalous self-similar solution for a laminar wall jet flowing up a heated vertical wall. Zbl 1477.76087 Merkin, J. H.; Weidman, P. D. 2020 Two-cell coupled cubic autocatalator: The effect of the uncatalysed reaction. Zbl 0782.92023 Leach, J. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1992 Combustion in a porous material with reactant consumption: The role of the ambient temperature. Zbl 0805.34024 Sadiq, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1994 Free convection near a stagnation point in a porous medium resulting from an oscillatory wall temperature. Zbl 0979.76081 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2000 Electric field induced propagating structures in a model of spatio-temporal signalling. Zbl 0953.35064 Šnita, D.; Hasal, P.; Merkin, J. H. 2000 Free convection stagnation point boundary layers driven by catalytic surface reactions. II: Times to ignition. Zbl 0876.76081 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1996 Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary layer flow: Effects of loss of reactant. Zbl 0859.76077 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1996 Multistability, oscillations and travelling waves in a product-feedback autocatalator model. II: The initiation and propagation of travelling waves. Zbl 0821.92026 Collier, S. M.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1994 The propagation and inhibition of an exothermic branched-chain flame with an endothermic reaction and radical scavenging. Zbl 1125.80008 Lazarovici, A.; Kalliadasis, S.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K.; Simon, P. L. 2004 Oscillatory free convection from an infinite horizontal cylinder. Zbl 0158.44702 Merkin, J. H. 1967 An anomalous self-similar solution for a laminar wall jet flowing up a heated vertical wall. Zbl 1477.76087 Merkin, J. H.; Weidman, P. D. 2020 On an equation arising in the boundary-layer flow of stretching/shrinking permeable surfaces. Zbl 1443.76123 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2020 Stagnation point flow past a stretching/shrinking sheet driven by arrhenius kinetics. Zbl 1427.76059 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2018 Multiple similarity solutions in boundary-layer flow on a moving surface. Zbl 1430.76415 Merkin, J. H. 2018 Axisymmetric rotational stagnation-point flow impinging on a permeable stretching/shrinking rotating disk. Zbl 1408.76146 Lok, Y. Y.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2018 A note on free streamline solutions to the Falkner-Skan equation. Zbl 1489.34036 Merkin, J. H. 2017 Mixed convection non-axisymmetric Homann stagnation-point flow. Zbl 1383.76097 Lok, Y. Y.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2017 Mixed convection in a Falkner-Skan system. Zbl 1379.76022 Merkin, J. H. 2016 Mixed convection boundary-layer flow near the lower stagnation point of a horizontal circular cylinder with a second-order wall velocity condition and a constant surface heat flux. Zbl 1328.35179 Roşca, Natalia C.; Roşca, Alin V.; Merkin, John H.; Pop, Ioan 2015 MHD oblique stagnation-point flow towards a stretching/shrinking surface. Zbl 1336.76045 Lok, Y. Y.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2015 The effects of an outer flow on the unsteady free convection boundary layer near a stagnation point in a heat-generating porous medium. Zbl 1302.76063 Merkin, J. H. 2014 Unsteady free convective boundary-layer flow near a stagnation point in a heat-generating porous medium. Zbl 1294.76227 Merkin, J. H. 2013 A similarity solution for the flow and heat transfer over a moving permeable flat plate in an external free stream: case of strong injection. Zbl 1293.76119 Merkin, J. H.; Bachok, N.; Jaradat, M. A.; Pop, I. 2013 Mixed convection boundary-layer flow on a horizontal flat surface with a convective boundary condition. Zbl 1293.74374 Grosan, T.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2013 The development of forced convection heat transfer near a forward stagnation point with Newtonian heating. Zbl 1268.76059 Merkin, J. H.; Nazar, R.; Pop, I. 2012 On thin film flow of a third-grade fluid down an inclined plane. Zbl 1293.76038 Kumaran, V.; Tamizharasi, R.; Merkin, J. H.; Vajravelu, K. 2012 Natural convective boundary-layer flow in a heat generating porous medium with a constant surface heat flux. Zbl 1291.76296 Merkin, J. H. 2012 The unsteady heat transfer due to a heat source in an MHD stretching sheet flow. Zbl 1293.76174 Merkin, John H.; Kumaran, V. 2012 The forced convection flow of a uniform stream over a flat surface with a convective surface boundary condition. Zbl 1419.76591 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2011 Forced-convection heat transfer over a circular cylinder with Newtonian heating. Zbl 1325.76171 Salleh, M. Z.; Nazar, R.; Arifin, N. M.; Pop, I.; Merkin, J. H. 2011 The unsteady MHD boundary-layer flow on a shrinking sheet. Zbl 1196.76086 Merkin, J. H.; Kumaran, V. 2010 Natural convective boundary-layer flow in a heat generating porous medium with a prescribed wall heat flux. Zbl 1171.76051 Merkin, J. H. 2009 Travelling waves in the Oregonator model for the BZ reaction. Zbl 1185.35299 Merkin, J. H. 2009 Mixed convection flow near an axisymmetric stagnation point on a vertical cylinder. Zbl 1160.76044 Revnic, Cornelia; Grosan, Teodor; Merkin, John; Pop, Ioan 2009 Mixed convection boundary layer flow over a permeable vertical surface with prescribed wall heat flux. Zbl 1133.76048 Ishak, A.; Merkin, J. H.; Nazar, R.; Pop, I. 2008 Free convection boundary layers on a vertical surface in a heat-generating porous medium. Zbl 1138.76060 Mealey, L.; Merkin, J. H. 2008 Free convective boundary-layer flow in a heat-generating porous medium: similarity solutions. Zbl 1138.76032 Merkin, J. H. 2008 Travelling waves in autocatalytic chemical systems with decay: bounds on existence. Zbl 1120.92050 Merkin, J. H. 2007 Steady states, oscillations and heat explosion in a combustion problem with convection. Zbl 1060.76127 Lazarovici, A.; Volpert, V.; Merkin, J. H. 2005 The effects of a complexing agent on travelling waves in autocatalytic systems with applied electric fields. Zbl 1084.35032 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H. 2005 On the spread of morphogens. Zbl 1066.92003 Merkin, J. H.; Sleeman, B. D. 2005 A mathematical model for the spread of morphogens with density dependent chemosensitivity. Zbl 1078.92010 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Sleeman, B. D. 2005 The effect of a radical scavenger on the propagation of flames in an exothermic-endothermic system. Zbl 1217.80136 Simon, Peter L.; Scott, Stephen K.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H. 2005 The effects of a complexation reaction on travelling wave-fronts in a quadratic autocatalytic system. Zbl 1083.92046 Needham, D. J.; Leach, J. A.; Merkin, J. H. 2005 The effect of an electric field on reaction fronts in autocatalytic systems. Zbl 1134.35372 Merkin, J. H. 2005 Stability of flames in an exothermic-endothermic system. Zbl 1149.80302 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2004 The propagation and inhibition of an exothermic branched-chain flame with an endothermic reaction and radical scavenging. Zbl 1125.80008 Lazarovici, A.; Kalliadasis, S.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K.; Simon, P. L. 2004 Electric field effects on travelling waves in the Oregonator model for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. Zbl 1060.92008 Kiss, I.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K.; Simon, P. L. 2004 On the structure of the spectra for a class of combustion waves. Zbl 1170.80334 Simon, Peter L.; Scott, Stephen K.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H. 2004 Evans function analysis of the stability of non-adiabatic flames. Zbl 1068.80531 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2003 Combustion initiation and extinction in a 2D chaotic flow. Zbl 1032.80006 Kiss, I. Z.; Merkin, J. H.; Neufeld, Z. 2003 Inhibition of flame propagation by an endothermic reaction. Zbl 1058.80006 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2003 The structure of flame filaments in chaotic flows. Zbl 1006.80002 Kiss, I. Z.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K.; Simon, P. L.; Kalliadasis, S.; Neufeld, Z. 2003 Mixed convection along a vertical surface: Similarity solutions for uniform flow. Zbl 1064.76610 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2002 Dynamics of a vertically falling film in the presence of a first-order chemical reaction. Zbl 1185.76372 Trevelyan, Philip M. J.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 Quenching of flame propagation with heat loss. Zbl 1023.92049 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 Wave propagation in spatially distributed excitable media. Zbl 1048.92002 Yang, Jianbo; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 The suppression of an exothermic branched-chain flame through endothermic reaction and radical scavenging. Zbl 1013.80006 Gray, B. F.; Kalliadasis, S.; Lazarovici, A.; Macaskill, C.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 2002 Chemically driven convection in porous media. Zbl 1180.76069 Pop, I.; Merkin, J. H.; Ingham, D. B. 2002 Quenching of flame propagation through endothermic reaction. Zbl 1011.92054 Simon, Peter L.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 Flame quenching through endothermic reaction. Zbl 1141.80311 Lazarovici, A.; Kalliadasis, S.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 2002 Mass-transport enhancement in regions bounded by rigid walls. Zbl 1016.76076 Trevelyan, Philip M. J.; Kalliadasis, Serafim; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 2002 Symmetry breaking, bifurcations, quasiperiodicity, and chaos due to electric fields in a coupled cell model. Zbl 1080.92503 Hasal, P.; Merkin, J. H. 2002 Flame quenching through endothermic reaction. Zbl 1014.80008 Lazarovici, A.; Kalliadasis, S.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 2002 Creation of spatial structure by an electric field applied to an ionic cubic autocatalator system. Zbl 0948.92026 Finlayson, A. B.; Merkin, J. H. 2000 The development of spatial structure in an ionic chemical system induced by applied electric fields. Zbl 0968.35119 Merkin, John; Satnoianu, Razvan; Scott, Stephen 2000 The effect of an electric field on the local stoichiometry of front waves in an ionic chemical system. Zbl 0945.92029 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H.; Šnita, D. 2000 Free convection near a stagnation point in a porous medium resulting from an oscillatory wall temperature. Zbl 0979.76081 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 2000 Electric field induced propagating structures in a model of spatio-temporal signalling. Zbl 0953.35064 Šnita, D.; Hasal, P.; Merkin, J. H. 2000 Analysis of the electrolyte diode. Electro-diffusion and chemical reaction within a hydrogel reactor. Zbl 1038.92050 Merkin, J. H.; Simon, P. L.; Noszticzius, Z. 2000 Forced convective structures in a differential flow reactor. Zbl 0935.35063 Satnoianu, Razvan A.; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 1999 Reaction fronts in an ionic autocatalytic system with an applied electric field. Zbl 0948.92027 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H. 1999 Travelling waves in an ionic quadratic autocatalytic chemical system. Zbl 0991.92042 Finlayson, A. B.; Merkin, J. H. 1999 Spatio-temporal structures in a differential flow reactor with cubic autocatalator kinetics. Zbl 0952.76095 Satnoianu, Razvan A.; Merkin, John H.; Scott, Stephen K. 1998 The effects of an electric field on an autocatalytic ionic reaction in a system with high ionic strength. Zbl 0903.35079 Merkin, J. H.; Ševčíková, H.; Šnita, D.; Marek, M. 1998 Travelling waves in a differential flow reactor with simple autocatalytic kinetics. Zbl 0899.92038 Merkin, J. H.; Satnoianu, R. A.; Scott, S. K. 1998 Differential-flow-induced instability in a cubic autocatalator system. Zbl 0909.76035 Satnoianu, R. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1998 Propagating reaction fronts in an ionic autocatalytic system: The effects of electric field intensity and ionic strength. Zbl 1185.92095 Nita, D.; Lindner, J.; Marek, M.; Merkin, J. H. 1998 Travelling waves in an ionic autocatalytic chemical system with an imposed electric field. Zbl 1067.92504 Snita, D.; Sevcikova, H.; Marek, M.; Merkin, M.; Merkin, J. H. 1997 A model for isothermal homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary-layer flow. Zbl 0884.76090 Merkin, J. H. 1996 Conjugate free convection on a vertical surface. Zbl 0963.76582 Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1996 The propagation of travelling waves in an open cubic autocatalytic chemical system. Zbl 0872.92022 Merkin, J. H.; Sadiq, M. A. 1996 Free convection stagnation point boundary layers driven by catalytic surface reactions. II: Times to ignition. Zbl 0876.76081 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1996 Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary layer flow: Effects of loss of reactant. Zbl 0859.76077 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1996 A reaction-diffusion model for autocatalytic polymerization. II: The initial value problem. Zbl 0852.92030 Needham, D. J.; King, A. C.; Merkin, J. H. 1996 Error propagation in approximations to reaction-diffusion-advection equations. Zbl 1037.80503 Yannacopoulos, A. N.; Tomlin, A. S.; Brindley, J.; Merkin, J. H.; Pilling, M. J. 1996 Analysis of the bromate-ferroin clock reaction. Zbl 0903.92038 Merkin, J. H.; Poole, A. J.; Scott, S. K.; Smith, J. D. B.; Thompson, B. W. 1996 A simple isothermal model for homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary-layer flow. I: Equal diffusivities. Zbl 1052.80505 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 Similarity solutions in free convection boundary-layer flows adjacent to vertical permeable surfaces in porous media. I: Prescribed surface temperature. Zbl 0835.76100 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Pop, I. 1995 The use of algebraic sets in the approximation of inertial manifolds and lumping in chemical kinetic systems. Zbl 0885.92039 Yannacopoulos, A. N.; Tomlin, A. S.; Brindley, J.; Merkin, J. H.; Pilling, M. J. 1995 Stable pattern and standing wave formation in a simple isothermal cubic autocatalytic reaction scheme. Zbl 0847.35064 Hill, R.; Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1995 Conjugate free convection on a vertical surface in a saturated porous medium. Zbl 1051.76611 Pop, I.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 A simple isothermal model for homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary-layer flow. II: Different diffusivities for reactant and autocatalyst. Zbl 1052.80506 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 Free convection boundary layers driven by exothermic surface reactions: Critical ambient temperatures. Zbl 0832.92029 Chaudhary, M. A.; Liñan, A.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 The effects of coupling on pattern formation in a simple autocatalytic system. Zbl 0834.92028 Hill, R.; Merkin, J. H. 1995 The propagation of isothermal reaction-diffusion waves in coupled autocatalytic systems. Zbl 0832.92030 Merkin, J. H.; Metcalf, M. J.; Needham, D. J.; Scott, S. K. 1995 Reaction-diffusion travelling waves in the acidic nitrate-ferroin reaction. Zbl 0879.35077 Merkin, J. H.; Sadiq, M. A. 1995 Oscillating wave fronts in isothermal chemical systems with arbitrary powers of autocatalysis. Zbl 0809.92027 Metcalf, M. J.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1994 Free-convection stagnation-point boundary layers driven by catalytic surface reactions. I: The steady states. Zbl 0801.76093 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1994 Free-convection boundary layers on vertical surfaces driven by an exothermic surface reaction. Zbl 0812.76089 Merkin, J. H.; Chaudhary, M. A. 1994 Pattern formation in a coupled cubic autocatalator system. Zbl 0815.92003 Hill, R.; Merkin, J. H. 1994 A note on the similarity equations arising in free convection boundary layers with blowing and suction. Zbl 0803.76078 Merkin, J. H. 1994 Oscillations and waves in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction in a finite medium. Zbl 0857.92023 Leach, J. A.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1994 Combustion in a porous material with reactant consumption: The role of the ambient temperature. Zbl 0805.34024 Sadiq, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1994 Multistability, oscillations and travelling waves in a product-feedback autocatalator model. II: The initiation and propagation of travelling waves. Zbl 0821.92026 Collier, S. M.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1994 A reaction-diffusion model for autocatalytic polymerization. I: Permanent form travelling waves. Zbl 0812.92026 Needham, D. J.; King, A. C.; Merkin, J. H. 1994 Coupled reaction-diffusion waves in an isothermal autocatalytic chemical system. Zbl 0780.35053 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J.; Scott, S. K. 1993 Reaction-diffusion waves in an isothermal chemical system with general orders of autocatalysis and spatial dimension. Zbl 0779.35057 Merkin, J. H.; Needham, D. J. 1993 The effects of blowing and suction on free convection boundary layers on vertical surfaces with prescribed heat flux. Zbl 0781.76077 Chaudhary, M. A.; Merkin, J. H. 1993 Reaction-diffusion waves in coupled isothermal autocatalytic chemical systems. Zbl 0808.35164 Metcalf, M. J.; Merkin, J. H.; Scott, S. K. 1993 ...and 62 more Documents all top 5 all top 5 ### Cited in 131 Serials 45 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 36 Journal of Engineering Mathematics 34 Acta Mechanica 28 European Journal of Mechanics. B. Fluids 23 Physica D 20 Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 19 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 19 Meccanica 16 Physics of Fluids 16 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 15 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 15 Dynamics and Stability of Systems 14 Applied Mathematics and Computation 12 Physica A 11 International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 10 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 10 International Journal of Applied and Computational Mathematics 10 AMM. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. 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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Agee.toby	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Gee, Toby Compute Distance To: Author ID: gee.toby Published as: Gee, Toby Homepage: http://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/~tsg/ External Links: MGP · Wikidata Documents Indexed: 41 Publications since 2006 Biographic References: 1 Publication all top 5 #### Co-Authors 6 single-authored 12 Geraghty, David 8 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas 8 Emerton, Matthew 8 Savitt, David 4 Buzzard, Kevin 4 Liu, Tong 3 Calegari, Frank 3 Herzig, Florian 3 Taylor, Richard Lawrence 2 Caraiani, Ana 2 Paskunas, Vytautas 2 Shin, Sug Woo 1 Bellovin, Rebecca 1 Kassaei, Payman L. 1 Kisin, Mark 1 Mavrides, Lambros 1 Taïbi, Olivier all top 5 #### Serials 4 Compositio Mathematica 4 Duke Mathematical Journal 3 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 3 Algebra & Number Theory 2 Inventiones Mathematicae 2 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 2 Mathematical Research Letters 2 Documenta Mathematica 2 Forum of Mathematics, Pi 1 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 1 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 1 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 1 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 1 Cambridge Journal of Mathematics 1 Algebraic Geometry 1 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques #### Fields 41 Number theory (11-XX) 6 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 5 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH 39 Publications have been cited 568 times in 247 Documents Cited by Year Potential automorphy and change of weight. Zbl 1310.11060 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Taylor, Richard 2014 Automorphic lifts of prescribed types. Zbl 1276.11085 Gee, Toby 2011 The Breuil-Mézard conjecture for potentially Barsotti-Tate representations. Zbl 1408.11033 Gee, Toby; Kisin, Mark 2014 A geometric perspective on the Breuil-Mézard conjecture. Zbl 1318.11061 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby 2014 The conjectural connections between automorphic representations and Galois representations. Zbl 1377.11067 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2014 The Sato-Tate conjecture for Hilbert modular forms. Zbl 1269.11045 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2011 Patching and the $$p$$-adic local Langlands correspondence. Zbl 1403.11073 Caraiani, Ana; Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Paškūnas, Vytautas; Shin, Sug Woo 2016 A modularity lifting theorem for weight two Hilbert modular forms. Zbl 1185.11030 Gee, Toby 2006 Companion forms for unitary and symplectic groups. Zbl 1295.11043 Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2012 On the weights of mod $$p$$ Hilbert modular forms. Zbl 1280.11029 Gee, Toby 2011 The Buzzard-Diamond-Jarvis conjecture for unitary groups. Zbl 1288.11045 Gee, Toby; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2014 Weight cycling and Serre-type conjectures for unitary groups. Zbl 1283.11083 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Herzig, Florian 2013 Explicit reduction modulo $$p$$ of certain two-dimensional crystalline representations. Zbl 1189.11054 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2009 Lattices in the cohomology of Shimura curves. Zbl 1396.11089 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Savitt, David 2015 The weight part of Serre’s conjecture for $$\mathrm{GL}(2)$$. Zbl 1317.11045 Gee, Toby; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2015 Congruences between Hilbert modular forms: constructing ordinary lifts. Zbl 1297.11028 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2012 Serre weights for mod $$p$$ Hilbert modular forms: the totally ramified case. Zbl 1269.11050 Gee, Toby; Savitt, David 2011 Serre weights for rank two unitary groups. Zbl 1339.11064 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2013 Local-global compatibility for $$l=p$$. II. Zbl 1395.11081 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Taylor, Richard 2014 Congruences between Hilbert modular forms: constructing ordinary lifts. II. Zbl 1298.11038 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2013 Companion forms over totally real fields. II. Zbl 1121.11039 Gee, Toby 2007 General Serre weight conjectures. Zbl 06991335 Gee, Toby; Herzig, Florian; Savitt, David 2018 Irreducibility of automorphic Galois representations of $$\mathrm{GL}(n)$$, $$n$$ at most $$5$$. Zbl 1286.11084 Calegari, Frank; Gee, Toby 2013 $$p$$-adic Hodge-theoretic properties of étale cohomology with $$\mod{p}$$ coefficients, and the cohomology of Shimura varieties. Zbl 1321.11050 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby 2015 Explicit reduction modulo $$p$$ of certain 2-dimensional crystalline representations. II. Zbl 1305.11046 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2013 Serre weights for quaternion algebras. Zbl 1282.11042 Gee, Toby; Savitt, David 2011 Local-global compatibility for $$l=p$$. I. Zbl 1259.11057 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Taylor, Richard 2012 Serre weights for $$\mathrm{U}(n)$$. Zbl 06836107 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2018 Crystalline extensions and the weight part of Serre’s conjecture. Zbl 1282.11057 Gee, Toby; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2012 The Sato-Tate conjecture for modular forms of weight 3. Zbl 1246.11100 Gee, Toby 2009 Companion forms over totally real fields. Zbl 1143.11016 Gee, Toby 2008 Arthur’s multiplicity formula for $$\mathrm{GSp}_4$$ and restriction to $$\mathrm{Sp}_4$$. Zbl 07088011 Gee, Toby; Taïbi, Olivier 2019 The Breuil-Mézard conjecture for quaternion algebras. Zbl 1395.11085 Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2015 Potentially crystalline lifts of certain prescribed types. Zbl 1401.14110 Gee, Toby; Herzig, Florian; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2017 Patching and the $$p$$-adic Langlands program for $$\mathrm{GL}_{2}(\mathbb{Q}_{p})$$. Zbl 06823118 Caraiani, Ana; Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Paškūnas, Vytautas; Shin, Sug Woo 2017 $$G$$-valued local deformation rings and global lifts. Zbl 07042062 Bellovin, Rebecca; Gee, Toby 2019 Explicit Serre weights for two-dimensional Galois representations. Zbl 1417.11096 Calegari, Frank; Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Mavrides, Lambros 2017 Slopes of modular forms. Zbl 1408.11032 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2016 Companion forms in parallel weight one. Zbl 1329.11039 Gee, Toby; Kassaei, Payman 2013 Arthur’s multiplicity formula for $$\mathrm{GSp}_4$$ and restriction to $$\mathrm{Sp}_4$$. Zbl 07088011 Gee, Toby; Taïbi, Olivier 2019 $$G$$-valued local deformation rings and global lifts. Zbl 07042062 Bellovin, Rebecca; Gee, Toby 2019 General Serre weight conjectures. Zbl 06991335 Gee, Toby; Herzig, Florian; Savitt, David 2018 Serre weights for $$\mathrm{U}(n)$$. Zbl 06836107 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2018 Potentially crystalline lifts of certain prescribed types. Zbl 1401.14110 Gee, Toby; Herzig, Florian; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2017 Patching and the $$p$$-adic Langlands program for $$\mathrm{GL}_{2}(\mathbb{Q}_{p})$$. Zbl 06823118 Caraiani, Ana; Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Paškūnas, Vytautas; Shin, Sug Woo 2017 Explicit Serre weights for two-dimensional Galois representations. Zbl 1417.11096 Calegari, Frank; Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Mavrides, Lambros 2017 Patching and the $$p$$-adic local Langlands correspondence. Zbl 1403.11073 Caraiani, Ana; Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Paškūnas, Vytautas; Shin, Sug Woo 2016 Slopes of modular forms. Zbl 1408.11032 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2016 Lattices in the cohomology of Shimura curves. Zbl 1396.11089 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Savitt, David 2015 The weight part of Serre’s conjecture for $$\mathrm{GL}(2)$$. Zbl 1317.11045 Gee, Toby; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2015 $$p$$-adic Hodge-theoretic properties of étale cohomology with $$\mod{p}$$ coefficients, and the cohomology of Shimura varieties. Zbl 1321.11050 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby 2015 The Breuil-Mézard conjecture for quaternion algebras. Zbl 1395.11085 Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2015 Potential automorphy and change of weight. Zbl 1310.11060 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Taylor, Richard 2014 The Breuil-Mézard conjecture for potentially Barsotti-Tate representations. Zbl 1408.11033 Gee, Toby; Kisin, Mark 2014 A geometric perspective on the Breuil-Mézard conjecture. Zbl 1318.11061 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby 2014 The conjectural connections between automorphic representations and Galois representations. Zbl 1377.11067 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2014 The Buzzard-Diamond-Jarvis conjecture for unitary groups. Zbl 1288.11045 Gee, Toby; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2014 Local-global compatibility for $$l=p$$. II. Zbl 1395.11081 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Taylor, Richard 2014 Weight cycling and Serre-type conjectures for unitary groups. Zbl 1283.11083 Emerton, Matthew; Gee, Toby; Herzig, Florian 2013 Serre weights for rank two unitary groups. Zbl 1339.11064 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2013 Congruences between Hilbert modular forms: constructing ordinary lifts. II. Zbl 1298.11038 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2013 Irreducibility of automorphic Galois representations of $$\mathrm{GL}(n)$$, $$n$$ at most $$5$$. Zbl 1286.11084 Calegari, Frank; Gee, Toby 2013 Explicit reduction modulo $$p$$ of certain 2-dimensional crystalline representations. II. Zbl 1305.11046 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2013 Companion forms in parallel weight one. Zbl 1329.11039 Gee, Toby; Kassaei, Payman 2013 Companion forms for unitary and symplectic groups. Zbl 1295.11043 Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2012 Congruences between Hilbert modular forms: constructing ordinary lifts. Zbl 1297.11028 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2012 Local-global compatibility for $$l=p$$. I. Zbl 1259.11057 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David; Taylor, Richard 2012 Crystalline extensions and the weight part of Serre’s conjecture. Zbl 1282.11057 Gee, Toby; Liu, Tong; Savitt, David 2012 Automorphic lifts of prescribed types. Zbl 1276.11085 Gee, Toby 2011 The Sato-Tate conjecture for Hilbert modular forms. Zbl 1269.11045 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas; Gee, Toby; Geraghty, David 2011 On the weights of mod $$p$$ Hilbert modular forms. Zbl 1280.11029 Gee, Toby 2011 Serre weights for mod $$p$$ Hilbert modular forms: the totally ramified case. Zbl 1269.11050 Gee, Toby; Savitt, David 2011 Serre weights for quaternion algebras. Zbl 1282.11042 Gee, Toby; Savitt, David 2011 Explicit reduction modulo $$p$$ of certain two-dimensional crystalline representations. Zbl 1189.11054 Buzzard, Kevin; Gee, Toby 2009 The Sato-Tate conjecture for modular forms of weight 3. Zbl 1246.11100 Gee, Toby 2009 Companion forms over totally real fields. Zbl 1143.11016 Gee, Toby 2008 Companion forms over totally real fields. II. Zbl 1121.11039 Gee, Toby 2007 A modularity lifting theorem for weight two Hilbert modular forms. Zbl 1185.11030 Gee, Toby 2006 all top 5 #### Cited by 191 Authors 25 Gee, Toby 10 Geraghty, David 9 Thorne, Jack A. 7 Calegari, Frank 7 Emerton, Matthew 7 Herzig, Florian 7 Liu, Tong 7 Savitt, David 7 Shin, Sug Woo 6 Breuil, Christophe 6 Gao, Hui 6 Le, Daniel 6 Levin, Brandon 6 Morra, Stefano 6 Paskunas, Vytautas 6 Patrikis, Stefan T. 5 Barnet-Lamb, Thomas 5 Dieulefait, Luis Victor 5 Hellmann, Eugen 5 Le Hung, Bao V. 5 Scholze, Peter 5 Virdol, Cristian 4 Kisin, Mark 4 Kozioł, Karol 4 Rozensztajn, Sandra 4 Schein, Michael M. 4 Schraen, Benjamin 4 Sorensen, Claus Mazanti 3 Caraiani, Ana 3 Caruso, Xavier 3 Cheng, Chuangxun 3 Clozel, Laurent 3 David, Agnès 3 Dembélé, Lassina 3 Diamond, Fred 3 Hu, Yongquan 3 Kassaei, Payman L. 3 Newton, James 3 Park, Chol 3 Sasaki, Shu 3 Shotton, Jack 3 Taylor, Richard Lawrence 3 Templier, Nicolas 3 Venkatesh, Akshay 3 Wiese, Gabor 2 Bartlett, Robin 2 Bergdall, John 2 Berger, Tobias 2 Bergström, Jonas 2 Bhattacharya, Shalini 2 Buzzard, Kevin 2 Choi, Dohoon 2 Colmez, Pierre 2 Ding, Yiwen 2 Dummigan, Neil 2 Freitas, Nuno 2 Ganguli, Abhik 2 Ghate, Eknath P. 2 Goldring, Wushi 2 Guerberoff, Lucio 2 Harris, Michael Howard 2 Hida, Haruzo 2 Jarvis, Frazer 2 Johansson, Christian 2 Jorza, Andrei 2 Kim, Henry H. 2 Kim, Wansu 2 Koskivirta, Jean-Stefan 2 Kumar, Narasimha 2 Li, Wen-Ch’ing Winnie 2 Long, Ling 2 Mézard, Ariane 2 Nadimpalli, Santosh 2 Ozeki, Yoshiyasu 2 Pilloni, Vincent 2 Pollack, Robert 2 Siksek, Samir 2 Suh, Junecue 2 Sutherland, Andrew V. 2 Ţurcaş, George Cătălin 2 Wakatsuki, Satoshi 2 Yamauchi, Takuya 2 Zenteno, Adrián 1 Allen, Patrick B. 1 Anni, Samuele 1 Arias-de-Reyna, Sara 1 Ash, Avner 1 Atkin, Arthur Oliver Lonsdale 1 Balasubramanyam, Baskar 1 Bellovin, Rebecca 1 Boxer, George 1 Boyer, Pascal 1 Brochard, Sylvain 1 Charles, François 1 Chenevier, Gaëtan 1 Chiriac, Liubomir 1 Chiriac, Liubomir L. 1 Choi, Suh Hyun 1 Chojecki, Przemyslaw 1 Dettweiler, Michael ...and 91 more Authors all top 5 #### Cited in 53 Serials 26 Journal of Number Theory 18 Mathematische Annalen 16 Compositio Mathematica 15 Duke Mathematical Journal 13 Inventiones Mathematicae 10 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 10 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 9 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 8 Mathematische Zeitschrift 8 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 7 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 7 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 6 Manuscripta Mathematica 5 Israel Journal of Mathematics 5 Journal of Algebra 5 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 5 Documenta Mathematica 4 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 4 International Journal of Number Theory 4 Algebra & Number Theory 4 Forum of Mathematics, Pi 3 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 3 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 3 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 3 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 3 Journal de l’École Polytechnique – Mathématiques 2 Advances in Mathematics 2 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 2 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 2 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 Japanese Journal of Mathematics. 3rd Series 2 Annales Mathématiques du Québec 2 Research in Number Theory 1 Communications in Algebra 1 Acta Arithmetica 1 Acta Mathematica Vietnamica 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 1 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 1 Publications Mathématiques 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 1 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 1 Forum Mathematicum 1 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 1 Experimental Mathematics 1 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 1 Representation Theory 1 The Ramanujan Journal 1 Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 1 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 1 Research in the Mathematical Sciences all top 5 #### Cited in 17 Fields 233 Number theory (11-XX) 54 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 42 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 18 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 5 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) #### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2021-03-07T12:25:15	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4992736279964447, "perplexity": 12562.457073822527}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376467.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307105633-20210307135633-00345.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10358429-california-legacy-survey-iii-shoulders-some-giants-relationship-between-inner-small-planets-outer-massive-planets	This content will become publicly available on August 17, 2023 The California Legacy Survey. III. On the Shoulders of (Some) Giants: The Relationship between Inner Small Planets and Outer Massive Planets Abstract We use a high-precision radial velocity survey of FGKM stars to study the conditional occurrence of two classes of planets: close-in small planets (0.023–1 au, 2–30 M ⊕ ) and distant giant planets (0.23–10 au, 30–6000 M ⊕ ). We find that 41 − 13 + 15 % of systems with a close-in, small planet also host an outer giant, compared to 17.6 − 1.9 + 2.4 % for stars irrespective of small planet presence. This implies that small planet hosts may be enhanced in outer giant occurrences compared to all stars with 1.7 σ significance. Conversely, we estimate that 42 − 13 + 17 % of cold giant hosts also host an inner small planet, compared to 27.6 − 4.8 + 5.8 % of stars irrespective of cold giant presence. We also find that more massive and close-in giant planets are not associated with small inner planets. Specifically, our sample indicates that small planets are less likely to have outer giant companions more massive than approximately 120 M ⊕ and within 0.3–3 au, than to have less massive or more distant giant companions, with ∼2.2 σ confidence. This implies that massive gas giants within 0.3–3 au may suppress more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10358429 Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Volume: 262 Issue: 1 Page Range or eLocation-ID: 1 ISSN: 0067-0049 We present the Distant Giants Survey, a three-year radial velocity campaign to measure P(DG∣CS), the conditional occurrence of distant giant planets (DG;Mp∼ 0.3–13MJ,P> 1 yr) in systems hosting a close-in small planet (CS;Rp< 10R). For the past two years, we have monitored 47 Sun-like stars hosting small transiting planets detected by TESS. We present the selection criteria used to assemble our sample and report the discovery of two distant giant planets, TOI-1669 b and TOI-1694 c. For TOI-1669 b we find that$Msini=0.573±0.074MJ$,P= 502 ± 16 days, ande< 0.27, while for TOI-1694 c,$Msini=1.05±0.05MJ$,P= 389.2 ± 3.9 days, ande= 0.18 ± 0.05. We also confirmed the 3.8 days transiting planet TOI-1694 b by measuring a true mass ofM= 26.1 ± 2.2M. At the end of the Distant Giants Survey, we will incorporate TOI-1669 b and TOI-1694 c into our calculation of P(DG∣CS), a crucial statistic for understanding the relationship between outer giants and small inner companions. We present a catalog of stellar companions to host stars of Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Objects of Interest (TOIs) identified from a marginalized likelihood ratio test that incorporates astrometric data from the Gaia Early Data Release 3 catalog (EDR3). The likelihood ratio is computed using a probabilistic model that incorporates parallax and proper-motion covariances and marginalizes the distances and 3D velocities of stars in order to identify comoving stellar pairs. We find 172 comoving companions to 170 non-false-positive TOI hosts, consisting of 168 systems with two stars and 2 systems with three stars. Among the 170 TOI hosts, 54 harbor confirmed planets that span a wide range of system architectures. We conduct an investigation of the mutual inclinations between the stellar companion and planetary orbits using Gaia EDR3, which is possible because transiting exoplanets must orbit within the line of sight; thus, stellar companion kinematics can constrain mutual inclinations. While the statistical significance of the current sample is weak, we find that$73−20+14%$of systems with Kepler-like architectures (RP≤ 4Randa< 1 au) appear to favor a nonisotropic orientation between the planetary and companion orbits with a typical mutual inclinationαof 35° ± 24°. In contrast,$65−35+20$% ofmore »	2023-02-03T21:14:31	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 4, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6162945032119751, "perplexity": 5441.32608175908}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500074.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203185547-20230203215547-00851.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.26	§28.26(i) Goldstein’s Expansions Denote 28.26.1 $\displaystyle\mathop{{\mathrm{Mc}^{(3)}_{m}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)$ $\displaystyle=\dfrac{e^{i\phi}}{(\pi h\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits z)^{\ifrac{1}{% 2}}}\\left(\mathop{\mathrm{Fc}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)-i\mathop{% \mathrm{Gc}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)\right),$ 28.26.2 $\displaystyle i\mathop{{\mathrm{Ms}^{(3)}_{m+1}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)$ $\displaystyle=\dfrac{e^{i\phi}}{(\pi h\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits z)^{\ifrac{1}{% 2}}}\{\left(\mathop{\mathrm{Fs}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)-i\mathop{% \mathrm{Gs}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)\right)},$ where 28.26.3 $\phi=2h\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits z-\left(m+\tfrac{1}{2}\right)\mathop{\mathrm{% arctan}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\sinh\/}\nolimits z\right).$ Then as $h\to+\infty$ with fixed $z$ in $\realpart{z}>0$ and fixed $s=2m+1$, 28.26.4 $\mathop{\mathrm{Fc}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)\sim 1+\dfrac{s}{8h{% \mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{2}}z}+\dfrac{1}{2^{11}h^{2}}\left(\dfrac{s^{4}+86s^% {2}+105}{{\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{4}}z}-\dfrac{s^{4}+22s^{2}+57}{{\mathop{% \cosh\/}\nolimits^{2}}z}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2^{14}h^{3}}\left(-\dfrac{s^{5}+14s^% {3}+33s}{{\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{2}}z}-\dfrac{2s^{5}+124s^{3}+1122s}{{% \mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{4}}z}+\dfrac{3s^{5}+290s^{3}+1627s}{{\mathop{\cosh% \/}\nolimits^{6}}z}\right)+\cdots,$ Symbols: $\mathop{\mathrm{Fc}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)$: Mathieu function, $\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits z$: hyperbolic cosine function, $\sim$: asymptotic equality, $m$: integer, $h$: parameter and $z$: complex variable A&S Ref: 20.9.9 (in slightly different notation) Referenced by: §28.26(i) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/28.26.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 28.26.5 $\mathop{\mathrm{Gc}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)\sim\dfrac{\mathop{\sinh% \/}\nolimits z}{{\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{2}}z}\left(\dfrac{s^{2}+3}{2^{5}h}% +\dfrac{1}{2^{9}h^{2}}\left(s^{3}+3s+\dfrac{4s^{3}+44s}{{\mathop{\cosh\/}% \nolimits^{2}}z}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2^{14}h^{3}}\left(5s^{4}+34s^{2}+9-\dfrac{s^% {6}-47s^{4}+667s^{2}+2835}{12{\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{2}}z}+\dfrac{s^{6}+50% 5s^{4}+12139s^{2}+10395}{12{\mathop{\cosh\/}\nolimits^{4}}z}\right)\right)+\cdots.$ The asymptotic expansions of $\mathop{\mathrm{Fs}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)$ and $\mathop{\mathrm{Gs}_{m}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)$ in the same circumstances are also given by the right-hand sides of (28.26.4) and (28.26.5), respectively. For additional terms see Goldstein (1927). §28.26(ii) Uniform Approximations See §28.8(iv). For asymptotic approximations for $\mathop{{\mathrm{M}^{(3,4)}_{\nu}}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,h\right)$ see also Naylor (1984, 1987, 1989).	2014-10-01T14:17:29	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 58, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9706674814224243, "perplexity": 7326.3727812154}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663460.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00206-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.electronx.ca/education/dc-circuits/dc-chapter-2/	#### Videos on Page “One microampere flowing in one ohm causes a one microvolt potential drop.” Georg Simon Ohm ## How voltage, current, and resistance relate This video briefly covers the origin of Ohm’s law, describes what it is and talks about devices that follow it and devices that don’t follow it. An electric circuit is formed when a conductive path is created to allow free electrons to continuously move. This continuous movement of free electrons through the conductors of a circuit is called a current, and it is often referred to in terms of “flow,” just like the flow of a liquid through a hollow pipe. The force motivating electrons to “flow” in a circuit is called voltage. Voltage is a specific measure of potential energy that is always relative between two points. When we speak of a certain amount of voltage being present in a circuit, we are referring to the measurement of how much potential energy exists to move electrons from one particular point in that circuit to another particular point. Without reference to two particular points, the term “voltage” has no meaning. Free electrons tend to move through conductors with some degree of friction, or opposition to motion. This opposition to motion is more properly called resistance. The amount of current in a circuit depends on the amount of voltage available to motivate the electrons, and also the amount of resistance in the circuit to oppose electron flow. Just like voltage, resistance is a quantity relative between two points. For this reason, the quantities of voltage and resistance are often stated as being “between” or “across” two points in a circuit. To be able to make meaningful statements about these quantities in circuits, we need to be able to describe their quantities in the same way that we might quantify mass, temperature, volume, length, or any other kind of physical quantity. For mass we might use the units of “kilogram” or “gram.” For temperature we might use degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. Here are the standard units of measurement for electrical current, voltage, and resistance: Quantity Symbol Unit of Measurement Unit Abbreviation Current I Ampere (Amp) A Voltage E or V Volt V Resistance R Ohm \Omega The “symbol” given for each quantity is the standard alphabetical letter used to represent that quantity in an algebraic equation. Standardized letters like these are common in the disciplines of physics and engineering, and are internationally recognized. The “unit abbreviation” for each quantity represents the alphabetical symbol used as a shorthand notation for its particular unit of measurement. And, yes, that strange-looking “horseshoe” symbol is the capital Greek letter Ω, just a character in a foreign alphabet (apologies to any Greek readers here). Each unit of measurement is named after a famous experimenter in electricity: The amp after the Frenchman Andre M. Ampere, the volt after the Italian Alessandro Volta, and the ohm after the German Georg Simon Ohm. The mathematical symbol for each quantity is meaningful as well. The “R” for resistance and the “V” for voltage are both self-explanatory, whereas “I” for current seems a bit weird. The “I” is thought to have been meant to represent “Intensity” (of electron flow), and the other symbol for voltage, “E,” stands for “Electromotive force.” From what research I’ve been able to do, there seems to be some dispute over the meaning of “I.” The symbols “E” and “V” are interchangeable for the most part, although some texts reserve “E” to represent voltage across a source (such as a battery or generator) and “V” to represent voltage across anything else. All of these symbols are expressed using capital letters, except in cases where a quantity (especially voltage or current) is described in terms of a brief period of time (called an “instantaneous” value). For example, the voltage of a battery, which is stable over a long period of time, will be symbolized with a capital letter “E,” while the voltage peak of a lightning strike at the very instant it hits a power line would most likely be symbolized with a lower-case letter “e” (or lower-case “v”) to designate that value as being at a single moment in time. This same lower-case convention holds true for current as well, the lower-case letter “i” representing current at some instant in time. Most direct-current (DC) measurements, however, being stable over time, will be symbolized with capital letters. One foundational unit of electrical measurement, often taught in the beginnings of electronics courses but used infrequently afterwards, is the unit of the coulomb, which is a measure of electric charge proportional to the number of electrons in an imbalanced state. One coulomb of charge is equal to 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons. The symbol for electric charge quantity is the capital letter “Q,” with the unit of coulombs abbreviated by the capital letter “C.” It so happens that the unit for electron flow, the amp, is equal to 1 coulomb of electrons passing by a given point in a circuit in 1 second of time. Cast in these terms, current is the rate of electric charge motion through a conductor. As stated before, voltage is the measure of potential energy per unit charge available to motivate electrons from one point to another. Before we can precisely define what a “volt” is, we must understand how to measure this quantity we call “potential energy.” The general metric unit for energy of any kind is the joule, equal to the amount of work performed by a force of 1 newton exerted through a motion of 1 meter (in the same direction). In British units, this is slightly less than 3/4 pound of force exerted over a distance of 1 foot. Put in common terms, it takes about 1 joule of energy to lift a 3/4 pound weight 1 foot off the ground, or to drag something a distance of 1 foot using a parallel pulling force of 3/4 pound. Defined in these scientific terms, 1 volt is equal to 1 joule of electric potential energy per (divided by) 1 coulomb of charge. Thus, a 9 volt battery releases 9 joules of energy for every coulomb of electrons moved through a circuit. These units and symbols for electrical quantities will become very important to know as we begin to explore the relationships between them in circuits. The first, and perhaps most important, relationship between current, voltage, and resistance is called Ohm’s Law, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm and published in his 1827 paper, The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically. Ohm’s principal discovery was that the amount of electric current through a metal conductor in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage impressed across it, for any given temperature. Ohm expressed his discovery in the form of a simple equation, describing how voltage, current, and resistance interrelate: E = IR In this algebraic expression, voltage (E) is equal to current (I) multiplied by resistance (R). Using algebra techniques, we can manipulate this equation into two variations, solving for I and for R, respectively: \large{ I = \frac{E}{R}} \large{ R = \frac{E}{I} } Let’s see how these equations might work to help us analyze simple circuits: In the above circuit, there is only one source of voltage (the battery, on the left) and only one source of resistance to current (the lamp, on the right). This makes it very easy to apply Ohm’s Law. If we know the values of any two of the three quantities (voltage, current, and resistance) in this circuit, we can use Ohm’s Law to determine the third. In this first example, we will calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and resistance (R): What is the amount of current (I) in this circuit? \large{I = \frac{E}{R} = \frac{12V}{3\Omega} = 4A} In this second example, we will calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit, given values of voltage (E) and current (I): What is the amount of resistance (R) offered by the lamp? \large{ R = \frac{E}{I} = \frac{36V}{4A} = 9\Omega } In the last example, we will calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a battery, given values of current (I) and resistance (R): What is the amount of voltage provided by the battery? \large{E = IR = (2A)(7\Omega) = 14V} #### Video: Ohm’s Law Calculations Some voltage, current, and resistance calculation examples using Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law is a very simple and useful tool for analyzing electric circuits. It is used so often in the study of electricity and electronics that it needs to be committed to memory by the serious student. For those who are not yet comfortable with algebra, there’s a trick to remembering how to solve for any one quantity, given the other two. First, arrange the letters E, I, and R in a triangle like this: If you know E and I, and wish to determine R, just eliminate R from the picture and see what’s left: If you know E and R, and wish to determine I, eliminate I and see what’s left: Lastly, if you know I and R, and wish to determine E, eliminate E and see what’s left: Eventually, you’ll have to be familiar with algebra to seriously study electricity and electronics, but this tip can make your first calculations a little easier to remember. If you are comfortable with algebra, all you need to do is commit E=IR to memory and derive the other two formulae from that when you need them! • REVIEW: • Voltage measured in volts, symbolized by the letters “E” or “V”. • Current measured in amps, symbolized by the letter “I”. • Resistance measured in ohms, symbolized by the letter “R”. • Ohm’s Law: \large{ E = IR ; I = E/R ; R = E/I} ## An analogy for Ohm’s Law Ohm’s Law also makes intuitive sense if you apply it to the water-and-pipe analogy. If we have a water pump that exerts pressure (voltage) to push water around a “circuit” (current) through a restriction (resistance), we can model how the three variables interrelate. If the resistance to water flow stays the same and the pump pressure increases, the flow rate must also increase. If the pressure stays the same and the resistance increases (making it more difficult for the water to flow), then the flow rate must decrease: If the flow rate were to stay the same while the resistance to flow decreased, the required pressure from the pump would necessarily decrease: As odd as it may seem, the actual mathematical relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance is actually more complex for fluids like water than it is for electrons. If you pursue further studies in physics, you will discover this for yourself. Thankfully for the electronics student, the mathematics of Ohm’s Law is very straightforward and simple. • REVIEW: • With resistance steady, current follows voltage (an increase in voltage means an increase in current, and vice versa). • With voltage steady, changes in current and resistance are opposite (an increase in current means a decrease in resistance, and vice versa). • With current steady, voltage follows resistance (an increase in resistance means an increase in voltage). ## Power in electric circuits In addition to voltage and current, there is another measure of free electron activity in a circuit: power. First, we need to understand just what power is before we analyze it in any circuits. This video and the description below should give you a general idea of what power is and how it applies to electrical circuits. Power is a measure of how much work can be performed in a given amount of time. Work is generally defined in terms of the lifting of a weight against the pull of gravity. The heavier the weight and/or the higher it is lifted, the more work has been done. Power is a measure of how rapidly a standard amount of work is done. For American automobiles, engine power is rated in a unit called “horsepower,” invented initially as a way for steam engine manufacturers to quantify the working ability of their machines in terms of the most common power source of their day: horses. One horsepower is defined in British units as 550 ft-lbs of work per second of time. The power of a car’s engine won’t indicate how tall of a hill it can climb or how much weight it can tow, but it will indicate how fast it can climb a specific hill or tow a specific weight. The power of a mechanical engine is a function of both the engine’s speed and its torque provided at the output shaft. Speed of an engine’s output shaft is measured in revolutions per minute, or RPM. Torque is the amount of twisting force produced by the engine, and it is usually measured in pound-feet, or lb-ft (not to be confused with foot-pounds or ft-lbs, which is the unit for work). Neither speed nor torque alone is a measure of an engine’s power. A 100 horsepower diesel tractor engine will turn relatively slowly, but provide great amounts of torque. A 100 horsepower motorcycle engine will turn very fast, but provide relatively little torque. Both will produce 100 horsepower, but at different speeds and different torques. The equation for shaft horsepower is simple: \large{Horsepower = \frac{2 \pi ST}{33,000} } Where, • S = shaft speed in r.p.m. • T = shaft torque in lb-ft Notice how there are only two variable terms on the right-hand side of the equation, S and T. All the other terms on that side are constant: 2, pi, and 33,000 are all constants (they do not change in value). The horsepower varies only with changes in speed and torque, nothing else. We can re-write the equation to show this relationship: \large{Horsepower \propto ST } \large{\propto} means “proportional to Because the unit of the “horsepower” doesn’t coincide exactly with speed in revolutions per minute multiplied by torque in pound-feet, we can’t say that horsepower equals ST. However, they are proportional to one another. As the mathematical product of ST changes, the value for horsepower will change by the same proportion. In electric circuits, power is a function of both voltage and current. Not surprisingly, this relationship bears striking resemblance to the “proportional” horsepower formula above: \large{P=IV} In this case, however, power (P) is exactly equal to current (I) multiplied by voltage (E), rather than merely being proportional to IE. When using this formula, the unit of measurement for power is the watt, abbreviated with the letter “W.” It must be understood that neither voltage nor current by themselves constitute power. Rather, power is the combination of both voltage and current in a circuit. Remember that voltage is the specific work (or potential energy) per unit charge, while current is the rate at which electric charges move through a conductor. Voltage (specific work) is analogous to the work done in lifting a weight against the pull of gravity. Current (rate) is analogous to the speed at which that weight is lifted. Together as a product (multiplication), voltage (work) and current (rate) constitute power. Just as in the case of the diesel tractor engine and the motorcycle engine, a circuit with high voltage and low current may be dissipating the same amount of power as a circuit with low voltage and high current. Neither the amount of voltage alone nor the amount of current alone indicates the amount of power in an electric circuit. In an open circuit, where voltage is present between the terminals of the source and there is zero current, there is zero power dissipated, no matter how great that voltage may be. Since P=IE and I=0 and anything multiplied by zero is zero, the power dissipated in any open circuit must be zero. Likewise, if we were to have a short circuit constructed of a loop of superconducting wire (absolutely zero resistance), we could have a condition of current in the loop with zero voltage, and likewise no power would be dissipated. Since P=IE and E=0 and anything multiplied by zero is zero, the power dissipated in a superconducting loop must be zero. (We’ll be exploring the topic of superconductivity in a later chapter). Whether we measure power in the unit of “horsepower” or the unit of “watt,” we’re still talking about the same thing: how much work can be done in a given amount of time. The two units are not numerically equal, but they express the same kind of thing. In fact, European automobile manufacturers typically advertise their engine power in terms of kilowatts (kW), or thousands of watts, instead of horsepower! These two units of power are related to each other by a simple conversion formula: \large{1 Horsepower = 745.7 Watts } So, our 100 horsepower diesel and motorcycle engines could also be rated as “74570 watt” engines, or more properly, as “74.57 kilowatt” engines. In European engineering specifications, this rating would be the norm rather than the exception. • REVIEW: • Power is the measure of how much work can be done in a given amount of time. • Mechanical power is commonly measured (in America) in “horsepower.” • Electrical power is almost always measured in “watts,” and it can be calculated by the formula P = IE. • Electrical power is a product of both voltage and current, not either one separately. • Horsepower and watts are merely two different units for describing the same kind of physical measurement, with 1 horsepower equaling 745.7 watts. ## Calculating electric power This video shows how to use Joule’s law to calculate electric power in circuits We’ve seen the formula for determining the power in an electric circuit: by multiplying the voltage in “volts” by the current in “amps” we arrive at an answer in “watts.” Let’s apply this to a circuit example: In the above circuit, we know we have a battery voltage of 18 volts and a lamp resistance of 3 Ω. Using Ohm’s Law to determine current, we get: \large{I=\frac{E}{R}=\frac{18V}{3\Omega}=6A} Now that we know the current, we can take that value and multiply it by the voltage to determine power: \large{P=VI=(18V)(6A) = 108W } Answer: the lamp is dissipating (releasing) 108 watts of power, most likely in the form of both light and heat. Let’s try taking that same circuit and increasing the battery voltage to see what happens. Intuition should tell us that the circuit current will increase as the voltage increases and the lamp resistance stays the same. Likewise, the power will increase as well: Now, the battery voltage is 36 volts instead of 18 volts. The lamp is still providing 3 Ω of electrical resistance to the flow of electrons. The current is now: \large{I=\frac{V}{R}=\frac{36V}{3\Omega}=12A } This stands to reason: if I = V/R, and we double V while R stays the same, the current should double. Indeed, it has: we now have 12 amps of current instead of 6. Now, what about power? \large{P=VI=(36V)(12A)=432W } Notice that the power has increased just as we might have suspected, but it increased quite a bit more than the current. Why is this? Because power is a function of voltage multiplied by current, and both voltage and current doubled from their previous values, the power will increase by a factor of 2 x 2, or 4. You can check this by dividing 432 watts by 108 watts and seeing that the ratio between them is indeed 4. Using algebra again to manipulate the formulae, we can take our original power formula and modify it for applications where we don’t know both voltage and current: If we only know voltage (V) and resistance (R): If, \large{I=\frac{V}{R}} and \large{P=VI} then, \large{P=\frac{V}{R}V } or \large{P=\frac{V^2}{R} } If we only know current (I) and resistance (R): If \large{V=IR} and \large{P=VI } then, \large{P=I(IR) } or \large{P=I^2R } A historical note: it was James Prescott Joule, not Georg Simon Ohm, who first discovered the mathematical relationship between power dissipation and current through a resistance. This discovery, published in 1841, followed the form of the last equation (P = I2R), and is properly known as Joule’s Law. However, these power equations are so commonly associated with the Ohm’s Law equations relating voltage, current, and resistance (E=IR ; I=E/R ; and R=E/I) that they are frequently credited to Ohm. #### Power Equations \large{P=VI} \large{P=\frac{V^2}{R}} \large{P=I^2R} • REVIEW: • Power measured in watts, symbolized by the letter “W”. • Joule’s Law: \large{P=I^2R; P=VI; P=\frac{V^2}{R}} ## Resistors Because the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in any circuit is so regular, we can reliably control any variable in a circuit simply by controlling the other two. Perhaps the easiest variable in any circuit to control is its resistance. This can be done by changing the material, size, and shape of its conductive components (remember how the thin metal filament of a lamp created more electrical resistance than a thick wire?). Special components called resistors are made for the express purpose of creating a precise quantity of resistance for insertion into a circuit. They are typically constructed of metal wire or carbon, and engineered to maintain a stable resistance value over a wide range of environmental conditions. Unlike lamps, they do not produce light, but they do produce heat as electric power is dissipated by them in a working circuit. Typically, though, the purpose of a resistor is not to produce usable heat, but simply to provide a precise quantity of electrical resistance. The most common schematic symbol for a resistor is a zig-zag line: Resistor values in ohms are usually shown as an adjacent number, and if several resistors are present in a circuit, they will be labeled with a unique identifier number such as R1, R2, R3, etc. As you can see, resistor symbols can be shown either horizontally or vertically: Real resistors look nothing like the zig-zag symbol. Instead, they look like small tubes or cylinders with two wires protruding for connection to a circuit. Here is a sampling of different kinds and sizes of resistors: In keeping more with their physical appearance, an alternative schematic symbol for a resistor looks like a small, rectangular box: Resistors can also be shown to have varying rather than fixed resistances. This might be for the purpose of describing an actual physical device designed for the purpose of providing an adjustable resistance, or it could be to show some component that just happens to have an unstable resistance: In fact, any time you see a component symbol drawn with a diagonal arrow through it, that component has a variable rather than a fixed value. This symbol “modifier” (the diagonal arrow) is standard electronic symbol convention. Variable resistors must have some physical means of adjustment, either a rotating shaft or lever that can be moved to vary the amount of electrical resistance. Here is a photograph showing some devices called potentiometers, which can be used as variable resistors: Because resistors dissipate heat energy as the electric currents through them overcome the “friction” of their resistance, resistors are also rated in terms of how much heat energy they can dissipate without overheating and sustaining damage. Naturally, this power rating is specified in the physical unit of “watts.” Most resistors found in small electronic devices such as portable radios are rated at 1/4 (0.25) watt or less. The power rating of any resistor is roughly proportional to its physical size. Note in the first resistor photograph how the power ratings relate with size: the bigger the resistor, the higher its power dissipation rating. Also note how resistances (in ohms) have nothing to do with size! Although it may seem pointless now to have a device doing nothing but resisting electric current, resistors are extremely useful devices in circuits. Because they are simple and so commonly used throughout the world of electricity and electronics, we’ll spend a considerable amount of time analyzing circuits composed of nothing but resistors and batteries. For a practical illustration of resistors’ usefulness, examine the photograph below. It is a picture of a printed circuit board, or PCB: an assembly made of sandwiched layers of insulating phenolic fiber-board and conductive copper strips, into which components may be inserted and secured by a low-temperature welding process called “soldering.” The various components on this circuit board are identified by printed labels. Resistors are denoted by any label beginning with the letter “R”. This particular circuit board is a computer accessory called a “modem,” which allows digital information transfer over telephone lines. There are at least a dozen resistors (all rated at 1/4 watt power dissipation) that can be seen on this modem’s board. Every one of the black rectangles (called “integrated circuits” or “chips”) contain their own array of resistors for their internal functions, as well. Another circuit board example shows resistors packaged in even smaller units, called “surface mount devices.” This particular circuit board is the underside of a personal computer hard disk drive, and once again the resistors soldered onto it are designated with labels beginning with the letter “R”: There are over one hundred surface-mount resistors on this circuit board, and this count of course does not include the number of resistors internal to the black “chips.” These two photographs should convince anyone that resistors — devices that “merely” oppose the flow of electrons — are very important components in the realm of electronics! In schematic diagrams, resistor symbols are sometimes used to illustrate any general type of device in a circuit doing something useful with electrical energy. Any non-specific electrical device is generally called a load, so if you see a schematic diagram showing a resistor symbol labeled “load,” especially in a tutorial circuit diagram explaining some concept unrelated to the actual use of electrical power, that symbol may just be a kind of shorthand representation of something else more practical than a resistor. To summarize what we’ve learned in this lesson, let’s analyze the following circuit, determining all that we can from the information given: All we’ve been given here to start with is the battery voltage (10 volts) and the circuit current (2 amps). We don’t know the resistor’s resistance in ohms or the power dissipated by it in watts. Surveying our array of Ohm’s Law equations, we find two equations that give us answers from known quantities of voltage and current: \large{R=\frac{V}{I} } and \large{P=VI} Inserting the known quantities of voltage (E) and current (I) into these two equations, we can determine circuit resistance (R) and power dissipation (P): \large{ R=\frac{10V}{2A}=5\Omega } \large{ R=(2A)(10V)=20W } For the circuit conditions of 10 volts and 2 amps, the resistor’s resistance must be 5 Ω. If we were designing a circuit to operate at these values, we would have to specify a resistor with a minimum power rating of 20 watts, or else it would overheat and fail. • REVIEW: • Devices called resistors are built to provide precise amounts of resistance in electric circuits. Resistors are rated both in terms of their resistance (ohms) and their ability to dissipate heat energy (watts). • Resistor resistance ratings cannot be determined from the physical size of the resistor(s) in question, although approximate power ratings can. The larger the resistor is, the more power it can safely dissipate without suffering damage. • Any device that performs some useful task with electric power is generally known as a load. Sometimes resistor symbols are used in schematic diagrams to designate a non-specific load, rather than an actual resistor. ## Nonlinear conduction Bernhard Haisch, Astrophysicist Ohm’s Law is a simple and powerful mathematical tool for helping us analyze electric circuits, but it has limitations, and we must understand these limitations in order to properly apply it to real circuits. For most conductors, resistance is a rather stable property, largely unaffected by voltage or current. For this reason we can regard the resistance of many circuit components as a constant, with voltage and current being directly related to each other. For instance, our previous circuit example with the 3 Ω lamp, we calculated current through the circuit by dividing voltage by resistance (I=E/R). With an 18 volt battery, our circuit current was 6 amps. Doubling the battery voltage to 36 volts resulted in a doubled current of 12 amps. All of this makes sense, of course, so long as the lamp continues to provide exactly the same amount of friction (resistance) to the flow of electrons through it: 3 Ω. However, reality is not always this simple. One of the phenomena explored in a later chapter is that of conductor resistance changing with temperature. In an incandescent lamp (the kind employing the principle of electric current heating a thin filament of wire to the point that it glows white-hot), the resistance of the filament wire will increase dramatically as it warms from room temperature to operating temperature. If we were to increase the supply voltage in a real lamp circuit, the resulting increase in current would cause the filament to increase temperature, which would in turn increase its resistance, thus preventing further increases in current without further increases in battery voltage. Consequently, voltage and current do not follow the simple equation “I=E/R” (with R assumed to be equal to 3 Ω) because an incandescent lamp’s filament resistance does not remain stable for different currents. The phenomenon of resistance changing with variations in temperature is one shared by almost all metals, of which most wires are made. For most applications, these changes in resistance are small enough to be ignored. In the application of metal lamp filaments, the change happens to be quite large. This is just one example of “nonlinearity” in electric circuits. It is by no means the only example. A “linear” function in mathematics is one that tracks a straight line when plotted on a graph. The simplified version of the lamp circuit with a constant filament resistance of 3 Ω generates a plot like this: The straight-line plot of current over voltage indicates that resistance is a stable, unchanging value for a wide range of circuit voltages and currents. In an “ideal” situation, this is the case. Resistors, which are manufactured to provide a definite, stable value of resistance, behave very much like the plot of values seen above. A mathematician would call their behavior “linear.” A more realistic analysis of a lamp circuit, however, over several different values of battery voltage would generate a plot of this shape: The plot is no longer a straight line. It rises sharply on the left, as voltage increases from zero to a low level. As it progresses to the right we see the line flattening out, the circuit requiring greater and greater increases in voltage to achieve equal increases in current. If we try to apply Ohm’s Law to find the resistance of this lamp circuit with the voltage and current values plotted above, we arrive at several different values. We could say that the resistance here is nonlinear, increasing with increasing current and voltage. The nonlinearity is caused by the effects of high temperature on the metal wire of the lamp filament. Another example of nonlinear current conduction is through gases such as air. At standard temperatures and pressures, air is an effective insulator. However, if the voltage between two conductors separated by an air gap is increased greatly enough, the air molecules between the gap will become “ionized,” having their electrons stripped off by the force of the high voltage between the wires. Once ionized, air (and other gases) become good conductors of electricity, allowing electron flow where none could exist prior to ionization. If we were to plot current over voltage on a graph as we did with the lamp circuit, the effect of ionization would be clearly seen as nonlinear: The graph shown is approximate for a small air gap (less than one inch). A larger air gap would yield a higher ionization potential, but the shape of the I/E curve would be very similar: practically no current until the ionization potential was reached, then substantial conduction after that. Incidentally, this is the reason lightning bolts exist as momentary surges rather than continuous flows of electrons. The voltage built up between the earth and clouds (or between different sets of clouds) must increase to the point where it overcomes the ionization potential of the air gap before the air ionizes enough to support a substantial flow of electrons. Once it does, the current will continue to conduct through the ionized air until the static charge between the two points depletes. Once the charge depletes enough so that the voltage falls below another threshold point, the air de-ionizes and returns to its normal state of extremely high resistance. Many solid insulating materials exhibit similar resistance properties: extremely high resistance to electron flow below some critical threshold voltage, then a much lower resistance at voltages beyond that threshold. Once a solid insulating material has been compromised by high-voltage breakdown, as it is called, it often does not return to its former insulating state, unlike most gases. It may insulate once again at low voltages, but its breakdown threshold voltage will have been decreased to some lower level, which may allow breakdown to occur more easily in the future. This is a common mode of failure in high-voltage wiring: insulation damage due to breakdown. Such failures may be detected through the use of special resistance meters employing high voltage (1000 volts or more). There are circuit components specifically engineered to provide nonlinear resistance curves, one of them being the varistor. Commonly manufactured from compounds such as zinc oxide or silicon carbide, these devices maintain high resistance across their terminals until a certain “firing” or “breakdown” voltage (equivalent to the “ionization potential” of an air gap) is reached, at which point their resistance decreases dramatically. Unlike the breakdown of an insulator, varistor breakdown is repeatable: that is, it is designed to withstand repeated breakdowns without failure. A picture of a varistor is shown here: There are also special gas-filled tubes designed to do much the same thing, exploiting the very same principle at work in the ionization of air by a lightning bolt. Other electrical components exhibit even stranger current/voltage curves than this. Some devices actually experience a decrease in current as the applied voltage increases. Because the slope of the current/voltage for this phenomenon is negative (angling down instead of up as it progresses from left to right), it is known as negative resistance. Most notably, high-vacuum electron tubes known as tetrodes and semiconductor diodes known as Esaki or tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance for certain ranges of applied voltage. Ohm’s Law is not very useful for analyzing the behavior of components like these where resistance varies with voltage and current. Some have even suggested that “Ohm’s Law” should be demoted from the status of a “Law” because it is not universal. It might be more accurate to call the equation (R=E/I) a definition of resistance, befitting of a certain class of materials under a narrow range of conditions. For the benefit of the student, however, we will assume that resistances specified in example circuits are stable over a wide range of conditions unless otherwise specified. I just wanted to expose you to a little bit of the complexity of the real world, lest I give you the false impression that the whole of electrical phenomena could be summarized in a few simple equations. • REVIEW: • The resistance of most conductive materials is stable over a wide range of conditions, but this is not true of all materials. • Any function that can be plotted on a graph as a straight line is called a linear function. For circuits with stable resistances, the plot of current over voltage is linear (I=E/R). • In circuits where resistance varies with changes in either voltage or current, the plot of current over voltage will be nonlinear (not a straight line). • A varistor is a component that changes resistance with the amount of voltage impressed across it. With little voltage across it, its resistance is high. Then, at a certain “breakdown” or “firing” voltage, its resistance decreases dramatically. • Negative resistance is where the current through a component actually decreases as the applied voltage across it is increased. Some electron tubes and semiconductor diodes (most notably, the tetrode tube and the Esaki, or tunnel diode, respectively) exhibit negative resistance over a certain range of voltages. ## Circuit wiring So far, we’ve been analyzing single-battery, single-resistor circuits with no regard for the connecting wires between the components, so long as a complete circuit is formed. Does the wire length or circuit “shape” matter to our calculations? Let’s look at a couple of circuit configurations and find out: When we draw wires connecting points in a circuit, we usually assume those wires have negligible resistance. As such, they contribute no appreciable effect to the overall resistance of the circuit, and so the only resistance we have to contend with is the resistance in the components. In the above circuits, the only resistance comes from the 5 Ω resistors, so that is all we will consider in our calculations. In real life, metal wires actually do have resistance (and so do power sources!), but those resistances are generally so much smaller than the resistance present in the other circuit components that they can be safely ignored. Exceptions to this rule exist in power system wiring, where even very small amounts of conductor resistance can create significant voltage drops given normal (high) levels of current. If connecting wire resistance is very little or none, we can regard the connected points in a circuit as being electrically common. That is, points 1 and 2 in the above circuits may be physically joined close together or far apart, and it doesn’t matter for any voltage or resistance measurements relative to those points. The same goes for points 3 and 4. It is as if the ends of the resistor were attached directly across the terminals of the battery, so far as our Ohm’s Law calculations and voltage measurements are concerned. This is useful to know, because it means you can re-draw a circuit diagram or re-wire a circuit, shortening or lengthening the wires as desired without appreciably impacting the circuit’s function. All that matters is that the components attach to each other in the same sequence. It also means that voltage measurements between sets of “electrically common” points will be the same. That is, the voltage between points 1 and 6 (directly across the battery) will be the same as the voltage between points 3 and 4 (directly across the resistor). Take a close look at the following circuit, and try to determine which points are common to each other: Here, we only have 2 components excluding the wires: the battery and the resistor. Though the connecting wires take a convoluted path in forming a complete circuit, there are several electrically common points in the electrons’ path. Points 1, 2, and 3 are all common to each other, because they’re directly connected together by wire. The same goes for points 4, 5, and 6. The voltage between points 1 and 6 is 10 volts, coming straight from the battery. However, since points 5 and 4 are common to 6, and points 2 and 3 common to 1, that same 10 volts also exists between these other pairs of points: Between points 1 and 4 = 10 volts Between points 2 and 4 = 10 volts Between points 3 and 4 = 10 volts (directly across the resistor) Between points 1 and 5 = 10 volts Between points 2 and 5 = 10 volts Between points 3 and 5 = 10 volts Between points 1 and 6 = 10 volts (directly across the battery) Between points 2 and 6 = 10 volts Between points 3 and 6 = 10 volts Since electrically common points are connected together by (zero resistance) wire, there is no significant voltage drop between them regardless of the amount of current conducted from one to the next through that connecting wire. Thus, if we were to read voltages between common points, we should show (practically) zero: Between points 1 and 2 = 0 volts Points 1, 2, and 3 are Between points 2 and 3 = 0 volts electrically common Between points 1 and 3 = 0 volts Between points 4 and 5 = 0 volts Points 4, 5, and 6 are Between points 5 and 6 = 0 volts electrically common Between points 4 and 6 = 0 volts This makes sense mathematically, too. With a 10 volt battery and a 5 Ω resistor, the circuit current will be 2 amps. With wire resistance being zero, the voltage drop across any continuous stretch of wire can be determined through Ohm’s Law as such: \large{E=IR } \large{E=(2A)(0\Omega) } \large{E=0V } It should be obvious that the calculated voltage drop across any uninterrupted length of wire in a circuit where wire is assumed to have zero resistance will always be zero, no matter what the magnitude of current, since zero multiplied by anything equals zero. Because common points in a circuit will exhibit the same relative voltage and resistance measurements, wires connecting common points are often labeled with the same designation. This is not to say that the terminal connection points are labeled the same, just the connecting wires. Take this circuit as an example: Points 1, 2, and 3 are all common to each other, so the wire connecting point 1 to 2 is labeled the same (wire 2) as the wire connecting point 2 to 3 (wire 2). In a real circuit, the wire stretching from point 1 to 2 may not even be the same color or size as the wire connecting point 2 to 3, but they should bear the exact same label. The same goes for the wires connecting points 6, 5, and 4. Knowing that electrically common points have zero voltage drop between them is a valuable troubleshooting principle. If I measure for voltage between points in a circuit that are supposed to be common to each other, I should read zero. If, however, I read substantial voltage between those two points, then I know with certainty that they cannot be directly connected together. If those points are supposed to be electrically common but they register otherwise, then I know that there is an “open failure” between those points. One final note: for most practical purposes, wire conductors can be assumed to possess zero resistance from end to end. In reality, however, there will always be some small amount of resistance encountered along the length of a wire, unless its a superconducting wire. Knowing this, we need to bear in mind that the principles learned here about electrically common points are all valid to a large degree, but not to an absolute degree. That is, the rule that electrically common points are guaranteed to have zero voltage between them is more accurately stated as such: electrically common points will have very little voltage dropped between them. That small, virtually unavoidable trace of resistance found in any piece of connecting wire is bound to create a small voltage across the length of it as current is conducted through. So long as you understand that these rules are based upon ideal conditions, you won’t be perplexed when you come across some condition appearing to be an exception to the rule. • REVIEW: • Connecting wires in a circuit are assumed to have zero resistance unless otherwise stated. • Wires in a circuit can be shortened or lengthened without impacting the circuit’s function — all that matters is that the components are attached to one another in the same sequence. • Points directly connected together in a circuit by zero resistance (wire) are considered to be electrically common. • Electrically common points, with zero resistance between them, will have zero voltage dropped between them, regardless of the magnitude of current (ideally). • The voltage or resistance readings referenced between sets of electrically common points will be the same. • These rules apply to ideal conditions, where connecting wires are assumed to possess absolutely zero resistance. In real life this will probably not be the case, but wire resistances should be low enough so that the general principles stated here still hold. ## Polarity of voltage drops We can trace the direction that electrons will flow in the same circuit by starting at the negative (-) terminal and following through to the positive (+) terminal of the battery, the only source of voltage in the circuit. From this we can see that the electrons are moving counter-clockwise, from point 6 to 5 to 4 to 3 to 2 to 1 and back to 6 again. As the current encounters the 5 Ω resistance, voltage is dropped across the resistor’s ends. The polarity of this voltage drop is negative (-) at point 4 with respect to positive (+) at point 3. We can mark the polarity of the resistor’s voltage drop with these negative and positive symbols, in accordance with the direction of current (whichever end of the resistor the current is entering is negative with respect to the end of the resistor it is exiting: We could make our table of voltages a little more complete by marking the polarity of the voltage for each pair of points in this circuit: Between points 1 (+) and 4 (-) = 10 volts Between points 2 (+) and 4 (-) = 10 volts Between points 3 (+) and 4 (-) = 10 volts Between points 1 (+) and 5 (-) = 10 volts Between points 2 (+) and 5 (-) = 10 volts Between points 3 (+) and 5 (-) = 10 volts Between points 1 (+) and 6 (-) = 10 volts Between points 2 (+) and 6 (-) = 10 volts Between points 3 (+) and 6 (-) = 10 volts While it might seem a little silly to document polarity of voltage drop in this circuit, it is an important concept to master. It will be critically important in the analysis of more complex circuits involving multiple resistors and/or batteries. It should be understood that polarity has nothing to do with Ohm’s Law: there will never be negative voltages, currents, or resistance entered into any Ohm’s Law equations! There are other mathematical principles of electricity that do take polarity into account through the use of signs (+ or -), but not Ohm’s Law. • REVIEW: • The polarity of the voltage drop across any resistive component is determined by the direction of electron flow through it: negative entering, and positive exiting. ## Computer simulation of electric circuits Computers can be powerful tools if used properly, especially in the realms of science and engineering. Software exists for the simulation of electric circuits by computer, and these programs can be very useful in helping circuit designers test ideas before actually building real circuits, saving much time and money. These same programs can be fantastic aids to the beginning student of electronics, allowing the exploration of ideas quickly and easily with no assembly of real circuits required. Of course, there is no substitute for actually building and testing real circuits, but computer simulations certainly assist in the learning process by allowing the student to experiment with changes and see the effects they have on circuits. Throughout this book, I’ll be incorporating computer printouts from circuit simulation frequently in order to illustrate important concepts. By observing the results of a computer simulation, a student can gain an intuitive grasp of circuit behavior without the intimidation of abstract mathematical analysis. The original Lessons in Electric Circuits book used a purely text based version of a program called SPICE to simulate circuits. This version required a text file which followed some syntactical rules to describe the circuit and then the SPICE program interpreted the listing and used mathematical analysis to determine the electrical behaviour of the circuit. The program then output another text file describing the outputs. In this updated version of the book, I will make use of a graphical version of SPICE that allows the user to create circuits in a graphical schematic editor and view the analysis in graphical form. There are a few good free circuit simulators including: • LTSPICE (free, SPICE based, not open source) • Qucs (free, not SPICE based, open source) • QucsStudio (free, not SPICE based, open source, a fork of Qucs) • KiCad (free, SPICE based, open source) In keeping with the wishes of the original Lessons in Electric Circuits author, I am going to use KiCad for this text because it is SPICE based (so it will have similar syntax to the original text), free AND open source. KiCad is actually schematic capture and PCB design software, but the latest versions include a circuit simulator in the form of ngspice. KiCad does have some significant limitations including not providing the DC operating point (through the .op directive), so I am also going to show how to do each of the simulations with LTSpice as well. LTSpice is not open source, but it is free. Before we do an analysis, we need a circuit for SPICE to analyze. Let’s try one of the circuits illustrated earlier in the chapter. Here is its schematic diagram: This simple circuit consists of a battery and a resistor connected directly together. We know the voltage of the battery (10 volts) and the resistance of the resistor (5 Ω), but nothing else about the circuit. We’ll do the KiCad simulation first, so to start, you need to have the latest version of KiCad installed on our computer. If you do not have it installed already, go to the download page, find the appropriate operating system and install the program. As of this writing, I am using KiCad version 5.1.12. If we enter this circuit in KiCad and use the simulator, it should be able to tell us (at the very least), how much current we have in the circuit by using Ohm’s Law (I=E/R). This video will walk you through how to use KiCad to setup and simulate the circuit above. ### LTspice Simulation Now, let’s do the LTSpice simulation. This will be very similar to the KiCad simulation, except that we will be able to use the .op SPICE directive to get the operating point. If you do not have LTspice installed, go to its download page and find the appropriate operating system. Unfortunately LTSpice does not run directly on Linux, but apparently will run through Wine (I have no experience doing that). This video will walk you through the simple simulation using LTspice ## Contributors Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of their contributions, from most recent to first. See Appendix 2 (Contributor List) for dates and contact information. David Williams (December 2021): Formatting for WordPress. Added KiCad and LTspice simulation descriptions. Larry Cramblett (September 20, 2004): identified serious typographical error in “Nonlinear conduction” section. James Boorn (January 18, 2001): identified sentence structure error and offered correction. Also, identified discrepancy in netlist syntax requirements between SPICE version 2g6 and version 3f5. Ben Crowell, Ph.D. (January 13, 2001): suggestions on improving the technical accuracy of voltage and charge definitions. Jason Starck (June 2000): HTML document formatting, which led to a much better-looking second edition. CC-BY 2000-2020 Tony R. Kuphaldt.	2023-02-05T17:51:47	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5610030889511108, "perplexity": 774.4648770546847}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500273.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205161658-20230205191658-00603.warc.gz"}
http://www.nist.gov/manuscript-publication-search.cfm?pub_id=913444	# Publication Citation: The use of slow motion' L\'{e}vy stable fractional diffusion smoothing in alternative methods of latent fingerprint enhancement} NIST Authors in Bold Author(s): Alfred S. Carasso; The use of slow motion' L\'{e}vy stable fractional diffusion smoothing in alternative methods of latent fingerprint enhancement} April 30, 2013 Photoshop processing\footnote{Mention of commmercial products or services in this report does not imply NIST appproval or endorsement of these products or services, nor does it imply that such products or services are necessarily the best available for the intended purpose.} of latent fingerprints is the preferred methodology among law enforcement forensic experts, but that appproach is not fully reproducible and may lead to questionable enhancements. Alternative, independent, fully reproducible enhancements, using IDL Histogram Equalization and IDL Adaptive Histogram Equalization, can produce better defined ridge structures, along with considerable background information. Applying a systematic {\em slow motion} smoothing procedure to such IDL enhancements, based on the rapid FFT solution of a L\'{e}vy stable fractional diffusion equation, can attenuate background detail yet preserve ridge information. The resulting smoothed latent print enhancements are comparable to, but distinct from, AFIS-ready Photoshop images. In addition, this progressive smoothing procedure can be {\em reexamined} by displaying the suite of progressively smoother IDL images. That suite can be stored, providing an audit trail that allows monitoring for possible loss of useful information, in transit to the user-selected optimal image. Such independent and fully reproducible enhancements provide a valuable frame of reference that may be helpful in informing, complementing, and possibly validating the forensic Photoshop methodology. NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR) - 7932 Public Safety/Security, Human Identification/Molecular Biometrics http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7932 Click here to retrieve PDF version of paper (2MB)	2014-09-02T16:47:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4883037209510803, "perplexity": 7891.176897397379}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535922089.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014522-00095-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://nbviewer.org/github/barbagroup/CFDPython/blob/master/lessons/11_Defining_Function_in_Python.ipynb	Text provided under a Creative Commons Attribution license, CC-BY. All code is made available under the FSF-approved BSD-3 license. (c) Lorena A. Barba, Gilbert F. Forsyth 2017. Thanks to NSF for support via CAREER award #1149784. # 12 steps to Navier–Stokes¶ This lesson complements the first interactive module of the online CFD Python class, by Prof. Lorena A. Barba, called 12 Steps to Navier–Stokes. The interactive module starts with simple exercises in 1D that at first use little of the power of Python. We now present some new ways of doing the same things that are more efficient and produce prettier code. This lesson was written with BU graduate student Gilbert Forsyth. ## Defining Functions in Python ¶ In steps 1 through 8, we wrote Python code that is meant to run from top to bottom. We were able to reuse code (to great effect!) by copying and pasting, to incrementally build a solver for the Burgers' equation. But moving forward there are more efficient ways to write our Python codes. In this lesson, we are going to introduce function definitions, which will allow us more flexibility in reusing and also in organizing our code. We'll begin with a trivial example: a function which adds two numbers. def simpleadd(a,b): This statement creates a function called simpleadd which takes two inputs, a and b. Let's execute this definition code. In [1]: def simpleadd(a, b): return a+b The return statement tells Python what data to return in response to being called. Now we can try calling our simpleadd function: In [2]: simpleadd(3, 4) Out[2]: 7 Of course, there can be much more happening between the def line and the return line. In this way, one can build code in a modular way. Let's try a function which returns the n-th number in the Fibonacci sequence. In [3]: def fibonacci(n): a, b = 0, 1 for i in range(n): a, b = b, a + b return a In [4]: fibonacci(7) Out[4]: 13 Once defined, the function fibonacci can be called like any of the built-in Python functions that we've already used. For exmaple, we might want to print out the Fibonacci sequence up through the n-th value: In [5]: for n in range(10): print(fibonacci(n)) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 We will use the capacity of defining our own functions in Python to help us build code that is easier to reuse, easier to maintain, easier to share! ##### Exercise¶ (Pending.) Remember our short detour on using array operations with NumPy? Well, there are a few more ways to make your scientific codes in Python run faster. We recommend the article on the Technical Discovery blog about Speeding Up Python (June 20, 2011), which talks about NumPy, Cython and Weave. It uses as example the Laplace equation (which we will solve in Step 9) and makes neat use of defined functions. But a recent new way to get fast Python codes is Numba. We'll learn a bit about that after we finish the 12 steps to Navier–Stokes. There are many exciting things happening in the world of high-performance Python right now! In [6]: from IPython.core.display import HTML def css_styling():	2022-07-01T02:17:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.25171399116516113, "perplexity": 1611.647467365763}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103917192.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701004112-20220701034112-00713.warc.gz"}
https://www.pnnl.gov/explainer-articles?explainer-articles%5B0%5D=research-topic%3A80&explainer-articles%5B1%5D=research-topic%3A217	2 results found Filtered by Geothermal Energy and Marine Energy SEPTEMBER 27, 2022 ### Renewable Integration Renewable integration is the process of plugging renewable sources of energy into the electric grid. SEPTEMBER 29, 2021	2022-12-04T19:11:55	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9280039072036743, "perplexity": 8401.802005041773}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710978.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20221204172438-20221204202438-00738.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10171523-llama-bh-relation-most-luminous-local-agns	LLAMA: The M BHσ relation of the most luminous local AGNs Context. The M BH – σ ⋆ relation is considered a result of coevolution between the host galaxies and their supermassive black holes. For elliptical bulge hosting inactive galaxies, this relation is well established, but there is still discussion concerning whether active galaxies follow the same relation. Aims. In this paper, we estimate black hole masses for a sample of 19 local luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs; LLAMA) to test their location on the M BH – σ ⋆ relation. In addition, we test how robustly we can determine the stellar velocity dispersion in the presence of an AGN continuum and AGN emission lines, and as a function of signal-to-noise ratio. Methods. Supermassive black hole masses ( M BH ) were derived from the broad-line-based relations for H α , H β , and Pa β emission line profiles for Type 1 AGNs. We compared the bulge stellar velocity dispersion ( σ ⋆ ) as determined from the Ca II triplet (CaT) with the dispersion measured from the near-infrared CO (2-0) absorption features for each AGN and find them to be consistent with each other. We applied an extinction correction to the observed broad-line fluxes and we corrected the stellar more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10171523 Journal Name: Astronomy & Astrophysics Volume: 634 Page Range or eLocation-ID: A114 ISSN: 0004-6361 2. ABSTRACT We report the identification of a low-mass active galactic nucleus (AGN), DES J0218−0430, in a redshift z = 0.823 galaxy in the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Supernova field. We select DES J0218−0430 as an AGN candidate by characterizing its long-term optical variability alone based on DES optical broad-band light curves spanning over 6 yr. An archival optical spectrum from the fourth phase of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey shows both broad Mg ii and broad H β lines, confirming its nature as a broad-line AGN. Archival XMM–Newton X-ray observations suggest an intrinsic hard X-ray luminosity of $L_{{\rm 2-12\, keV}}\approx 7.6\pm 0.4\times 10^{43}$ erg s−1, whichmore » We present ALMA [C ii] line and far-infrared (FIR) continuum observations of three $z \gt 6$ low-luminosity quasars ($M_{\rm 1450} \gt -25$ mag) discovered by our Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. The [C ii] line was detected in all three targets with luminosities of $(2.4\mbox{--}9.5) \times 10^8\, L_{\odot }$, about one order of magnitude smaller than optically luminous ($M_{\rm 1450} \lesssim -25$ mag) quasars. The FIR continuum luminosities range from $\lt 9 \times 10^{10}\, L_{\odot }$ (3 $\sigma$ limit) to ${\sim } 2 \times 10^{12}\, L_{\odot }$, indicating a wide range in star formation rates in these galaxies. Most of the HSC quasars studiedmore »	2022-09-25T16:41:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7408488392829895, "perplexity": 3893.0820671613687}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334591.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925162915-20220925192915-00068.warc.gz"}
https://wikimho.com/us/q/astronomy/15110	### Why don't we see more supernovae in our galaxy? • I found this on the Wikipedia page on supernovae: The total supernova rate in our galaxy is estimated to be about 4.6 per century, or one every 22 years, although we haven't actually observed one for several centuries. That sounds like a freak occurrence to me. It made me curious about the numbers so I refreshed my knowledge on the Poisson distribution. It is not specified how many centuries we have not seen a supernova, but let's assume it's only two. If on average 9.2 supernovae happen per 2 centuries then the chance of having exactly 9 in any two century period can be calculated with: $$p(k) = {\lambda^k \times e^{-\lambda} \over k!}$$ Filling in $$k=9$$, $$p(9) = {9.2^9 \times e^{-9.2} \over 9!}=0.1315$$ The chance that there is not a single supernova in a two century period is: $$p(0) = {9.2^0 \times e^{-9.2} \over 0!}=0.00010104$$ That's about a 1 in 10,000 chance. If "several" means 3 centuries, then the chance of not having any supernova is as little as 1 in 100,000. So from this I can only come to the conclusion that supernovae did in fact happen in the Milky Way in the last two centuries, but that we didn't see any of them. But now I'm confused. I read about supernovae that have happened in galaxies billions of light-years from here that lit up as the brightest source of light in the sky for days. Surely we would be able to see all of the supernovae that happen in our Milky Way (no more than 100,000 light years away) with the naked eye, let alone with telescopes? Are some supernovae so much more super than others? Are all of the Milky Way's supernovae visible to the naked eye? An interesting counterexample is Cassiopeia A, which wouldn't have been widely visible to observers on Earth because dust absorbed most of the light emitted in the visible part of the spectrum. There is some evidence that a few observations were made (this would have been in the 17th century), but there isn't any definitive evidence. • userLTK Correct answer 6 years ago So from this I can only come to the conclusion that supernovae did in fact happen in the Milky Way in the last two centuries, but that we didn't see any of them. But now I'm confused. I read about supernovae that have happened in galaxies billions of light-years from here that lit up as the brightest source of light in the sky for days. Surely we would be able to see all of the supernovae that happen in our Milky Way One problem with estimating how many supernovae have happened in the Milky Way in the last two centuries, is that the remnant from a supernova is far dimmer than the nova itself and far harder to find. Several supernovae could have happened in the Milky Way in the last 2 centuries and remain undiscovered — and just for clarity, we define the date of a supernova by the date the light from the explosion reaches the Earth, so saying saying a nova "happened" in the last 200 years refers to the date the light from the event reached Earth, not the actual date of the event, which you probably already know, but just to clarify. So for argument's sake, let's say that a supernova's light reached the Earth about 50 years ago, but it took place on the far side of the galaxy. To find that, we'd have to look for a nebula on the far side of the galaxy and that's a hard thing to see. Similar to looking for the theoretical Planet Nine, finding old supernova remnants on the other side of the Milky Way takes a lot of looking. Even with modern telescopes, it's still a needle in a haystack, and especially if the view is blocked by dust like much of the Milky Way is. A Milky Way supernova remnant was discovered in 1985, supernova remnant G1.9+0.3. It was thought to have "happened" around 1868, though it went unobserved and probably wasn't visible to the naked eye at the time. There's probably been several others more recent than that one. G1.9+0.3 would have been visible if not for interstellar dust. From article above: It was a type Ia supernova believed to have exploded about 25,000 years ago, and the signal began reaching Earth around 1868. The light from the supernova would have been visible to 19th century astronomers, had it not been obscured by the dense gas and dust of the Galactic Center. I'm not sure the 4.6 supernovae per century from your article is accurate. It might be, but the number I'm used to hearing is about one per century. But regardless of which number is actually correct, it still doesn't imply high mathematical improbability because many Milky Way novae would have gone unnoticed if they were far enough away. In short, I agree with what you said here: I can only come to the conclusion that supernovae did in fact happen in the Milky Way in the last two centuries, but that we didn't see any of them. Here's a related article on Milky Way visibility. Observation of a distant galaxy nova is possible if we have telescopes looking in that direction. A nova is much more detectable at the time it goes nova. Much less so, years later. Today, however, with neutrino detection in 7 locations around the globe, I think it's virtually impossible that we'd miss a supernova in the Milky Way, so we have a good chance of seeing one in our lifetime and it's likely that none have occurred since somewhere around 1980. A supernova was detected in the Andromeda galaxy in 1987 by that method, and our neutrino detection has improved since then to give us early warning and pinpoint location. As far as visibility, size matters, but what matters more is how close and how much dust is in the way. Most of the recorded supernovae were quite bright and fairly noticeable to someone who was familiar with the stars in the sky (list of known supernovae). Eight Milky Way novae have been recorded by history and observed by the naked eye in the last 2,000 years, well below the number that should have happened in that time. Five of those eight had brightness greater than $-3$, which is brighter than Jupiter and would have been immediately noticed by anyone familiar with star charting. Two others had magnitudes around zero, which is still brighter than most stars. SN386 was less bright, but is still easily visible and recorded by Chinese astronomers. And finally, Cassiopeia A was quite dim, but it was still observable. Only about 10% (ballpark estimate) of the Milky Way is close enough and unobstructed enough to provide supernovae that would visibly get noticed. Most would have gone unnoticed until recently. Hope that's not too wordy, I can try to clean up if needed. A nova and a supernova are quite different things. I think most of all users of "nova" in your answer should be "supernova". SN 1987 was in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Considerably closer than Andromeda. You should edit your answer to comply with the info Keith & Rob mentioned. License under CC-BY-SA with attribution Content dated before 7/24/2021 11:53 AM • {{ error }}	2022-10-07T23:00:27	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 4, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7035906910896301, "perplexity": 698.3615302076317}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338280.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007210452-20221008000452-00450.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Ajackiewicz.zdzislaw	## Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw Compute Distance To: Author ID: jackiewicz.zdzislaw Published as: Jackiewicz, Z.; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław more...less Homepage: https://math.la.asu.edu/~jackiewi/ External Links: MGP · ORCID · Wikidata · Google Scholar · dblp · GND · IdRef Documents Indexed: 175 Publications since 1978, including 1 Book 7 Contributions as Editor Reviewing Activity: 153 Reviews Co-Authors: 72 Co-Authors with 156 Joint Publications 1,352 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 ### Co-Authors 20 single-authored 23 Izzo, Giuseppe 14 Butcher, John C. 13 Welfert, Bruno D. 13 Zennaro, Marino 10 Bakke, Vernon L. 10 Braś, Michał 10 D’Ambrosio, Raffaele 10 Kwapisz, Marian 9 Vermiglio, Rossana 9 Zubik-Kowal, Barbara 8 Bartoszewski, Zbigniew 8 Cardone, Angelamaria 7 Bellen, Alfredo 7 Burrage, Kevin 7 Renaut, Rosemary Anne 5 Conte, Dajana 5 Feldstein, Alan 5 Vecchio, Antonia 4 Abdi, Ali 4 Crisci, Maria Rosaria 4 Mittelmann, Hans Detlef 4 Paternoster, Beatrice 4 Russo, Elvira 3 Alanazi, Khalaf M. 3 Hojjati, Gholamreza 3 Kuang, Yang 3 Podhaisky, Helmut 3 Rahman, M. Mahbubur 3 Sandu, Adrian 3 Thieme, Horst R. 3 Zhang, Hong 2 Califano, Giovanna 2 Chartier, Philippe 2 Hoppensteadt, Frank C. 2 Owren, Brynjulf 2 Tracogna, S. 2 Verner, James H. 2 Weiner, Rüdiger 1 Augustynowicz, Andrzej 1 Baer, Steven M. 1 Baker, Christopher Thomas Hale 1 Basse, Britta 1 Bose, Anjan 1 Brugnano, Luigi 1 Chollom, Joshua P. 1 Crook, Sharon M. 1 Diogo, Teresa 1 Famelis, Ioannis Th. 1 Ferro, Maria 1 Figueroa, Alejandro 1 Ford, Neville J. 1 Hertono, G. 1 Jorcyk, C. L. 1 Klaus, Martin 1 Kolev, Mikhail K. 1 Li, Bingtuan 1 Lima, Pedro Miguel 1 Löhner, Rainald 1 Marthinsen, Arne 1 Mead, Jodi L. 1 Messina, Eleonora 1 Morgado, Luisa 1 Nørsett, Syvert Paul 1 O’Cinneide, Colm Art 1 Pierzchała, P. 1 Rebelo, Magda S. 1 Sharp, Philip W. 1 Sun, Yajuan 1 Thalhauser, Craig J. 1 Tischendorf, Caren 1 Tylavsky, Daniel J. 1 van der Houwen, Pieter J. all top 5 ### Serials 32 Applied Numerical Mathematics 20 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 16 Numerical Algorithms 8 BIT 8 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 8 Journal of Scientific Computing 7 Applied Mathematics and Computation 7 Numerische Mathematik 7 Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 4 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 4 Aplikace Matematiky 4 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 3 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 3 IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 3 Zastosowania Matematyki 3 Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (ZAMM) 2 Mathematics of Computation 2 Computing 2 Journal of Integral Equations and Applications 2 Applications of Mathematics 2 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 2 Applicationes Mathematicae 1 Applicable Analysis 1 Revue Roumaine de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 1 Annales Polonici Mathematici 1 Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 1 Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 1 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 1 Funkcialaj Ekvacioj. Serio Internacia 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of Integral Equations 1 Journal of Complexity 1 Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 1 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1 Roczniki Polskiego Towarzystwa Matematycznego. Seria III. Matematyka Stosowana 1 Atti del Seminario Matematico e Fisico dell’Università di Modena 1 Linear Algebra and its Applications 1 New Zealand Journal of Mathematics 1 Annals of Numerical Mathematics 1 Advances in Computational Mathematics 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 1 Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 1 Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 1 JNAIAM. Journal of Numerical Analysis, Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1 Computational & Mathematical Methods in Medicine 1 Communications on Applied Mathematics and Computation all top 5 ### Fields 175 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 96 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 37 Integral equations (45-XX) 16 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 10 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 7 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 2 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 2 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 153 Publications have been cited 1,862 times in 717 Documents Cited by Year General linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1211.65095 Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2009 A general class of two-step Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0837.65074 Jackiewicz, Z.; Tracogna, S. 1995 Diagonally implicit general linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0795.65043 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1993 Stability analysis of one-step methods for neutral delay-differential equations. Zbl 0644.65049 Bellen, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Zennaro, M. 1988 Implementation of diagonally implicit multistage integration methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0892.65044 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1997 Construction of high order diagonally implicit multistage integration methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0933.65080 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1998 Construction of diagonally implicit general linear methods of type 1 and 2 for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0865.65056 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1996 Stability analysis of Runge-Kutta methods for Volterra integral equations of the second kind. Zbl 0686.65095 Bellen, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R.; Zennaro, M. 1990 Extrapolation-based implicit-explicit general linear methods. Zbl 1291.65217 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Sandu, Adrian; Zhang, Hong 2014 One-step methods of any order for neutral functional differential equations. Zbl 0562.65056 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1984 Asymptotic stability analysis of $$\theta$$-methods for functional differential equations. Zbl 0557.65047 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1984 Two-step almost collocation methods for Volterra integral equations. Zbl 1160.65066 Conte, D.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Paternoster, B. 2008 Spectral collocation and waveform relaxation methods for nonlinear delay partial differential equations. Zbl 1093.65096 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2006 Highly stable implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1355.65096 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2017 Variable stepsize continuous two-step Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0869.65050 Jackiewicz, Z.; Tracogna, S. 1996 Contractivity of waveform relaxation Runge-Kutta iterations and related limit methods for dissipative systems in the maximum norm. Zbl 0818.65067 Bellen, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Zennaro, M. 1994 Convergence of waveform relaxation methods for differential-algebraic systems. Zbl 0889.34064 Jackiewicz, Z.; Kwapisz, M. 1996 Quasilinear multistep methods and variable step predictor-corrector methods for neutral functional differential equations. Zbl 0602.65056 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1986 Two-step almost collocation methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1186.65107 D’Ambrosio, R.; Ferro, M.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Paternoster, B. 2010 Implementation of DIMSIMs for stiff differential systems. Zbl 1001.65082 Jackiewicz, Z. 2002 Experiments with a variable-order type 1 DIMSIM code. Zbl 0958.65083 Butcher, J. C.; Chartier, P.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1999 Existence and uniqueness of solutions of neutral delay-differential equations with state dependent delays. Zbl 0631.34006 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1987 Derivation and implementation of two-step Runge-Kutta pairs. Zbl 1006.65075 Jackiewicz, Z.; Verner, J. H. 2002 Construction of general linear methods with Runge-Kutta stability properties. Zbl 1055.65083 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2004 Two-step Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 0732.65064 Jackiewicz, Z.; Renaut, R.; Feldstein, A. 1991 Continuous two-step Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1191.65092 D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2010 Construction of two-step Runge-Kutta methods of high order of ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0916.65083 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1998 Two-step Runge-Kutta methods with quadratic stability functions. Zbl 1203.65107 Conte, D.; D’Ambrosio, R.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2010 Waveform relaxation methods for functional differential systems of neutral type. Zbl 0874.65056 Jackiewicz, Z.; Kwapisz, M.; Lo, E. 1997 Construction of two-step Runge–Kutta methods with large regions of absolute stability. Zbl 1024.65054 Chollom, J.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2003 Nordsieck representation of DIMSIMs. Zbl 0920.65043 Butcher, J. C.; Chartier, P.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1997 Construction and implementation of highly stable two-step continuous methods for stiff differential systems. Zbl 1220.65096 D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2011 Accurate implicit-explicit general linear methods with inherent Runge-Kutta stability. Zbl 1366.65070 Braś, Michał; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2017 Strong stability preserving general linear methods. Zbl 1329.65164 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2015 Construction of highly stable implicit-explicit general linear methods. Zbl 1335.65060 Zhang, Hong; Sandu, Adrian; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Cardone, Angelamaria 2015 Explicit Nordsieck methods with quadratic stability. Zbl 1247.65104 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2012 A new approach to error estimation for general linear methods. Zbl 1032.65088 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2003 Error propagation of general linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1131.65068 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Wright, W. M. 2007 Unconditionally stable general linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1066.65078 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2004 Nordsieck representation of two-step Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1086.65069 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2005 Numerical solution of a Fredholm integro-differential equation modelling neural networks. Zbl 1089.65136 Jackiewicz, Z.; Rahman, M. Mahbubur; Welfert, B. D. 2006 Numerical solution of Volterra integral and integro-differential equations with rapidly vanishing convolution kernels. Zbl 1120.65135 Hoppensteadt, F. C.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2007 Starting procedures for general linear methods. Zbl 1370.65034 Califano, G.; Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2017 General linear methods with external stages of different orders. Zbl 0905.65086 Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R. 1996 A nonlinear optimization approach to the construction of general linear methods of high order. Zbl 0879.65051 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Mittelmann, H. D. 1997 Natural continuous extensions of Runge-Kutta methods for Volterra integral equations of the second kind and their applications. Zbl 0658.65137 Bellen, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R.; Zennaro, M. 1989 General linear methods for Volterra integral equations. Zbl 1196.65200 Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Messina, E.; Vecchio, A. 2010 Time-point relaxation Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0783.65063 Bellen, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Zennaro, M. 1993 Numerical solution of a Fredholm integro-differential equation modelling $$\dot \theta$$-neural networks. Zbl 1132.65116 Jackiewicz, Z.; Rahman, M. Mahbubur; Welfert, B. D. 2008 Towards a code for nonstiff differential systems based on general linear methods with inherent Runge-Kutta stability. Zbl 1405.65086 Abdi, A.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2019 The numerical integration of neutral functional-differential equations by fully implicit one-step methods. Zbl 0830.65079 Jackiewicz, Z.; Lo, E. 1995 Adams methods for neutral functional differential equations. Zbl 0491.65044 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1982 Natural Volterra Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1291.65377 Conte, Dajana; D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2014 Numerical search for algebraically stable two-step almost collocation methods. Zbl 1255.65130 Conte, Dajana; D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Paternoster, Beatrice 2013 Construction of IMEX DIMSIMs of high order and stage order. Zbl 1372.65212 Jackiewicz, Z.; Mittelmann, H. 2017 The numerical solution of neutral functional differential equations by Adams predictor-corrector methods. Zbl 0748.65057 Jackiewicz, Z.; Lo, E. 1991 Stability analysis of discrete recurrence equations of Volterra type with degenerate kernels. Zbl 0754.45002 Crisci, M. R.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Russo, E.; Vecchio, A. 1991 Strong stability preserving general linear methods with Runge-Kutta stability. Zbl 1402.65065 Califano, Giovanna; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2018 Search for highly stable two-step Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1252.65119 D’Ambrosio, R.; Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2012 The numerical solution of Volterra functional differential equations of neutral type. Zbl 0469.65059 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1981 Numerical solution of neutral functional differential equations by Adams methods in divided difference form. Zbl 1090.65084 Jackiewicz, Z.; Lo, E. 2006 Variable-stepsize explicit two-step Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 0769.65052 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zennaro, M. 1992 A reliable error estimation for diagonally implicit multistage integration methods. Zbl 0998.65081 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2001 Preconditioning waveform relaxation iterations for differential systems. Zbl 0864.65049 Burrage, K.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Nørsett, S. P.; Renaut, R. A. 1996 Explicit two-step Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 0849.65055 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Renaut, Rosemary Anne; Zennaro, Marino 1995 Optimization-based search for Nordsieck methods of high order with quadratic stability polynomials. Zbl 1260.65063 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Mittelmann, Hans 2012 Order conditions for general linear methods. Zbl 1330.65103 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Verner, James H.; Welfert, Bruno 2015 Convergence of multistep methods for Volterra functional differential equations. Zbl 0388.65028 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1979 Strong stability preserving transformed DIMSIMs. Zbl 06892262 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2018 Construction of highly stable two-step W-methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1049.65070 Jackiewicz, Z.; Podhaisky, H.; Weiner, R. 2004 Stability analysis of two-step Runge-Kutta methods for delay differential equations. Zbl 1024.65067 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2002 Determining analyticity for parameter optimization of the Gegenbauer reconstruction method. Zbl 1091.65130 Gelb, A.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2005 Stability analysis of product $$\theta$$-methods for Abel integral equations of the second kind. Zbl 0615.65141 Bakke, V. L.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1986 Unstable neutral functional differential equations. Zbl 0723.34067 Feldstein, Alan; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1990 A practical approach for the derivation of algebraically stable two-step Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1246.65109 Conte, Dajana; D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Paternoster, Beatrice 2012 Transformed implicit-explicit DIMSIMs with strong stability preserving explicit part. Zbl 1416.65204 Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2019 Derivation of continuous explicit two-step Runge-Kutta methods of order three. Zbl 1116.65087 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2007 Perturbed MEBDF methods. Zbl 1247.65091 D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2012 One step methods for the numerical solution of Volterra functional differential equations of neutral type. Zbl 0469.65060 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1981 Error estimation for Nordsieck methods. Zbl 1012.65083 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2002 A new code for Volterra integral equations based on natural Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1462.65221 Abdi, A.; Hojjati, G.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Mahdi, H. 2019 Order conditions for partitioned Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1058.65069 Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Vermiglio, Rossana 2000 Variable-step variable-order algorithm for the numerical solution of neutral functional differential equations. Zbl 0626.65072 Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 1987 The numerical solution of boundary-value problems for differential equations with state dependent deviating arguments. Zbl 0669.65065 Bakke, V. L.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1989 Spectral versus pseudospectral solutions of the wave equation by waveform relaxation methods. Zbl 1047.65092 Jackiewicz, Z.; Welfert, B. D.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2004 Correlation between animal and mathematical models for prostate cancer progression. Zbl 1317.92038 Jackiewicz, Z.; Jorcyk, C. L.; Kolev, M.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2009 Construction of algebraically stable dimsims. Zbl 1278.65108 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2014 Finite-difference and pseudo-spectral methods for the numerical simulations of in vitro human tumor cell population kinetics. Zbl 1169.92027 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B.; Basse, B. 2009 Discrete variable methods for delay-differential equations with threshold-type delays. Zbl 1175.65077 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2009 Exploiting structure in the construction of DIMSIMs. Zbl 0937.65088 Jackiewicz, Z.; Mittelmann, H. D. 1999 One-step methods for neutral delay-differential equations with state dependent delays. Zbl 0739.65065 Jackiewicz, Z. 1990 Variable stepsize diagonally implicit multistage integration methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0822.65049 Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R.; Zennaro, M. 1995 Construction and implementation of general linear methods for ordinary differential equations: a review. Zbl 1203.65103 Jackiewicz, Z. 2005 The performance of preconditioned waveform relaxation techniques for pseudospectral methods. Zbl 0863.65063 Burrage, K.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Renaut, R. A. 1996 Stability of reducible quadrature methods for Volterra integral equations of the second kind. Zbl 0573.65104 Bakke, V. L.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1985 Error propagation for implicit-explicit general linear methods. Zbl 1446.65036 Braś, M.; Cardone, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Pierzchała, P. 2018 Toward a two-step Runge-Kutta code for nonstiff differential systems. Zbl 1008.65046 Bartoszewski, Zbigniew; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2001 Numerical solution of a problem in the theory of epidemics. Zbl 1085.92035 2006 Regularity properties of Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0867.65042 Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R.; Zennaro, M. 1996 A stability analysis of the trapezoidal method for Volterra integral equations with completely positive kernels. Zbl 0715.65107 Bellen, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R.; Zennaro, M. 1990 Global error estimation for explicit general linear methods. Zbl 1491.65059 Abdi, Ali; Hojjati, Gholamreza; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2022 Global error estimation for explicit second derivative general linear methods. Zbl 1491.65060 Abdi, Ali; Hojjati, Gholamreza; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2022 Efficient two-step Runge-Kutta methods for fluid dynamics simulations. Zbl 1459.65111 Figueroa, Alejandro; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Löhner, Rainald 2021 Construction of SDIRK methods with dispersive stability functions. Zbl 1459.65112 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2021 Strong stability preserving implicit-explicit transformed general linear methods. Zbl 07318072 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2020 Spreading speeds of rabies with territorial and diffusing rabid foxes. Zbl 1433.92048 Alanazi, Khalaf M.; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Thieme, Horst R. 2020 A new class of efficient general linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1439.65074 Braś, M.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2020 Towards a code for nonstiff differential systems based on general linear methods with inherent Runge-Kutta stability. Zbl 1405.65086 Abdi, A.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2019 Transformed implicit-explicit DIMSIMs with strong stability preserving explicit part. Zbl 1416.65204 Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2019 A new code for Volterra integral equations based on natural Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1462.65221 Abdi, A.; Hojjati, G.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Mahdi, H. 2019 Numerical simulations of the spread of rabies in two-dimensional space. Zbl 1404.65132 Alanazi, Khalaf M.; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Thieme, Horst R. 2019 Strong stability preserving general linear methods with Runge-Kutta stability. Zbl 1402.65065 Califano, Giovanna; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2018 Strong stability preserving transformed DIMSIMs. Zbl 06892262 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2018 Error propagation for implicit-explicit general linear methods. Zbl 1446.65036 Braś, M.; Cardone, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Pierzchała, P. 2018 Highly stable implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1355.65096 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2017 Accurate implicit-explicit general linear methods with inherent Runge-Kutta stability. Zbl 1366.65070 Braś, Michał; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2017 Starting procedures for general linear methods. Zbl 1370.65034 Califano, G.; Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2017 Construction of IMEX DIMSIMs of high order and stage order. Zbl 1372.65212 Jackiewicz, Z.; Mittelmann, H. 2017 Order reduction phenomenon for general linear methods. Zbl 1368.65111 Braś, Michał; Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Welfert, Bruno 2017 Generalized linear multistep methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1357.65097 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2017 Strong stability preserving general linear methods. Zbl 1329.65164 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2015 Construction of highly stable implicit-explicit general linear methods. Zbl 1335.65060 Zhang, Hong; Sandu, Adrian; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Cardone, Angelamaria 2015 Order conditions for general linear methods. Zbl 1330.65103 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Verner, James H.; Welfert, Bruno 2015 Strong stability preserving multistage integration methods. Zbl 1488.65175 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2015 Numerical solution of threshold problems in epidemics and population dynamics. Zbl 1311.65088 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Kuang, Yang 2015 Extrapolation-based implicit-explicit general linear methods. Zbl 1291.65217 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Sandu, Adrian; Zhang, Hong 2014 Natural Volterra Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1291.65377 Conte, Dajana; D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2014 Construction of algebraically stable dimsims. Zbl 1278.65108 Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2014 Extrapolated implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1488.65174 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Sandu, Adrian; Zhang, Hong 2014 Search for efficient general linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1301.65060 Braś, M.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2014 Numerical simulations of traveling wave solutions in a drift paradox inspired diffusive delay population model. Zbl 07312544 Jackiewicz, Z.; Liu, H.; Li, B.; Kuang, Y. 2014 Numerical search for algebraically stable two-step almost collocation methods. Zbl 1255.65130 Conte, Dajana; D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Paternoster, Beatrice 2013 Explicit Nordsieck methods with quadratic stability. Zbl 1247.65104 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2012 Search for highly stable two-step Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1252.65119 D’Ambrosio, R.; Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2012 Optimization-based search for Nordsieck methods of high order with quadratic stability polynomials. Zbl 1260.65063 Cardone, Angelamaria; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Mittelmann, Hans 2012 A practical approach for the derivation of algebraically stable two-step Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1246.65109 Conte, Dajana; D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw; Paternoster, Beatrice 2012 Perturbed MEBDF methods. Zbl 1247.65091 D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Izzo, Giuseppe; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2012 Explicit Nordsieck methods with extended stability regions. Zbl 1246.65119 Bartoszewski, Zbigniew; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2012 Construction and implementation of highly stable two-step continuous methods for stiff differential systems. Zbl 1220.65096 D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2011 Nordsieck methods with computationally verified algebraic stability. Zbl 1217.65145 Braś, M.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2011 Two-step almost collocation methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1186.65107 D’Ambrosio, R.; Ferro, M.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Paternoster, B. 2010 Continuous two-step Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1191.65092 D’Ambrosio, Raffaele; Jackiewicz, Zdzislaw 2010 Two-step Runge-Kutta methods with quadratic stability functions. Zbl 1203.65107 Conte, D.; D’Ambrosio, R.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2010 General linear methods for Volterra integral equations. Zbl 1196.65200 Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Messina, E.; Vecchio, A. 2010 A new strategy for choosing the Chebyshev-Gegenbauer parameters in a reconstruction based on asymptotic analysis. Zbl 1203.65029 Jackiewicz, Z.; Park, R. 2010 General linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1211.65095 Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2009 Correlation between animal and mathematical models for prostate cancer progression. Zbl 1317.92038 Jackiewicz, Z.; Jorcyk, C. L.; Kolev, M.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2009 Finite-difference and pseudo-spectral methods for the numerical simulations of in vitro human tumor cell population kinetics. Zbl 1169.92027 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B.; Basse, B. 2009 Discrete variable methods for delay-differential equations with threshold-type delays. Zbl 1175.65077 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2009 Spectral approximation of time windows in the solution of dissipative linear differential equations. Zbl 1195.65091 Burrage, K.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Welfert, B. D. 2009 Numerical solution of a model for brain cancer progression after therapy. Zbl 1165.92311 Jackiewicz, Z.; Kuang, Y.; Thalhauser, C.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2009 Numerical solution of calcium-mediated dendritic branch model. Zbl 1186.92007 Baer, S. M.; Crook, S.; Dur-e-Ahmad, M.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2009 Highly stable general linear methods for differential systems. Zbl 1179.65101 D’Ambrosio, R.; Izzo, G.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2009 Two-step almost collocation methods for Volterra integral equations. Zbl 1160.65066 Conte, D.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Paternoster, B. 2008 Numerical solution of a Fredholm integro-differential equation modelling $$\dot \theta$$-neural networks. Zbl 1132.65116 Jackiewicz, Z.; Rahman, M. Mahbubur; Welfert, B. D. 2008 Construction of highly stable parallel two-step Runge-Kutta methods for delay differential equations. Zbl 1146.65057 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2008 Error propagation of general linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1131.65068 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Wright, W. M. 2007 Numerical solution of Volterra integral and integro-differential equations with rapidly vanishing convolution kernels. Zbl 1120.65135 Hoppensteadt, F. C.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2007 Derivation of continuous explicit two-step Runge-Kutta methods of order three. Zbl 1116.65087 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2007 Stochastic approximations of perturbed Fredholm Volterra integro-differential equation arising in mathematical neurosciences. Zbl 1117.65014 Rahman, M. Mahbubur; Jackiewicz, Z.; Welfert, B. D. 2007 Spectral collocation and waveform relaxation methods for nonlinear delay partial differential equations. Zbl 1093.65096 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2006 Numerical solution of a Fredholm integro-differential equation modelling neural networks. Zbl 1089.65136 Jackiewicz, Z.; Rahman, M. Mahbubur; Welfert, B. D. 2006 Numerical solution of neutral functional differential equations by Adams methods in divided difference form. Zbl 1090.65084 Jackiewicz, Z.; Lo, E. 2006 Numerical solution of a problem in the theory of epidemics. Zbl 1085.92035 2006 Nordsieck representation of two-step Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1086.65069 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2005 Determining analyticity for parameter optimization of the Gegenbauer reconstruction method. Zbl 1091.65130 Gelb, A.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2005 Construction and implementation of general linear methods for ordinary differential equations: a review. Zbl 1203.65103 Jackiewicz, Z. 2005 Spectral collocation and waveform relaxation methods with Gegenbauer reconstruction for nonlinear conservation laws. Zbl 1070.65100 Jackiewicz, Z.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2005 Construction of general linear methods with Runge-Kutta stability properties. Zbl 1055.65083 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2004 Unconditionally stable general linear methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1066.65078 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2004 Construction of highly stable two-step W-methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1049.65070 Jackiewicz, Z.; Podhaisky, H.; Weiner, R. 2004 Spectral versus pseudospectral solutions of the wave equation by waveform relaxation methods. Zbl 1047.65092 Jackiewicz, Z.; Welfert, B. D.; Zubik-Kowal, B. 2004 Construction of two-step Runge–Kutta methods with large regions of absolute stability. Zbl 1024.65054 Chollom, J.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2003 A new approach to error estimation for general linear methods. Zbl 1032.65088 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2003 Determination of optimal parameters for the Chebyshev-Gegenbauer reconstruction method. Zbl 1063.65153 Jackiewicz, Z. 2003 Stability of Gauss-Radau pseudospectral approximations of the one-dimensional wave equation. Zbl 1024.65094 Jackiewicz, Z.; Welfert, B. D. 2003 Implementation of DIMSIMs for stiff differential systems. Zbl 1001.65082 Jackiewicz, Z. 2002 Derivation and implementation of two-step Runge-Kutta pairs. Zbl 1006.65075 Jackiewicz, Z.; Verner, J. H. 2002 Stability analysis of two-step Runge-Kutta methods for delay differential equations. Zbl 1024.65067 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2002 Error estimation for Nordsieck methods. Zbl 1012.65083 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2002 Absorbing boundary conditions of the second order for the pseudospectral Chebyshev methods for wave propagation. Zbl 0999.65108 Gelb, A.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Welfert, B. D. 2002 A note on stability of pseudospectral methods for wave propagation. Zbl 1001.65101 Jackiewicz, Z.; Renaut, R. A. 2002 A reliable error estimation for diagonally implicit multistage integration methods. Zbl 0998.65081 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 2001 Toward a two-step Runge-Kutta code for nonstiff differential systems. Zbl 1008.65046 Bartoszewski, Zbigniew; Jackiewicz, Zdzisław 2001 Acceleration of convergence of static and dynamic iterations. Zbl 0992.65077 Burrage, K.; Hertono, G.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Welfert, B. D. 2001 Order conditions for partitioned Runge-Kutta methods. Zbl 1058.65069 Jackiewicz, Zdzisław; Vermiglio, Rossana 2000 Diagonally implicit multistage integration methods for pseudospectral solutions of the wave equation. Zbl 0958.65103 Jackiewicz, Z.; Renaut, R. A. 2000 Step-control stability of diagonally implicit multistage integration methods. Zbl 0976.65068 Jackiewicz, Z. 2000 Construction of Runge-Kutta methods of Crouch-Grossman type of high order. Zbl 0981.65084 Jackiewicz, Z.; Marthinsen, A.; Owren, B. 2000 Experiments with a variable-order type 1 DIMSIM code. Zbl 0958.65083 Butcher, J. C.; Chartier, P.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1999 Exploiting structure in the construction of DIMSIMs. Zbl 0937.65088 Jackiewicz, Z.; Mittelmann, H. D. 1999 Construction of high order diagonally implicit multistage integration methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0933.65080 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1998 Construction of two-step Runge-Kutta methods of high order of ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0916.65083 Bartoszewski, Z.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1998 Pseudospectra of wave from relaxation operators. Zbl 0932.65080 Jackiewicz, Z.; Owren, B.; Welfert, B. 1998 Implementation of diagonally implicit multistage integration methods for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 0892.65044 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1997 Waveform relaxation methods for functional differential systems of neutral type. Zbl 0874.65056 Jackiewicz, Z.; Kwapisz, M.; Lo, E. 1997 Nordsieck representation of DIMSIMs. Zbl 0920.65043 Butcher, J. C.; Chartier, P.; Jackiewicz, Z. 1997 A nonlinear optimization approach to the construction of general linear methods of high order. Zbl 0879.65051 Butcher, J. C.; Jackiewicz, Z.; Mittelmann, H. D. 1997 Regularity properties of Runge-Kutta methods for delay differential equations. Zbl 0879.65052 Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R.; Zennaro, M. 1997 Regularity properties of multistage integration methods. Zbl 0890.65084 Jackiewicz, Z.; Vermiglio, R.; Zennaro, M. 1997 ...and 53 more Documents all top 5 all top 5 ### Cited in 126 Serials 131 Applied Numerical Mathematics 90 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 54 Applied Mathematics and Computation 37 Numerical Algorithms 29 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 21 BIT 19 Journal of Scientific Computing 18 Journal of Computational Physics 16 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 16 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 14 Numerische Mathematik 12 SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 11 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 10 Computational and Applied Mathematics 10 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 8 Mathematics of Computation 7 Journal of Applied Mathematics 6 Advances in Computational Mathematics 6 Abstract and Applied Analysis 5 Applications of Mathematics 5 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 5 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. 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Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2022-12-03T21:34:39	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6785346269607544, "perplexity": 9251.485338335842}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710941.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203212026-20221204002026-00482.warc.gz"}
https://ftp.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/jmd.2014.8.1i	Article Contents Article Contents # The 2013 Michael Brin Prize in Dynamical Systems (Brin Prize article) • Professor Michael Brin of the University of Maryland endowed an international prize for outstanding work in the theory of dynamical systems and related areas. The prize is given biennially for specific mathematical achievements that appear as a single publication or a series thereof in refereed journals, proceedings or monographs. Citation: Open Access Under a Creative Commons license	2023-01-27T08:57:52	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1828710436820984, "perplexity": 2110.4392911737596}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494974.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127065356-20230127095356-00426.warc.gz"}
https://detailedpedia.com/wiki-Filer,_Idaho	# Filer, Idaho Filer, Idaho Location of Filer in Twin Falls County, Idaho. Coordinates: 42°34′11″N 114°36′41″W / 42.56972°N 114.61139°W CountryUnited States StateIdaho CountyTwin Falls Founded1906 Government • MayorBob Templeman Area • Total1.04 sq mi (2.71 km2) • Land1.04 sq mi (2.71 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) Elevation3,766 ft (1,148 m) Population • Total2,508 • Estimate (2016)[3] 2,723 • Density2,605.74/sq mi (1,005.72/km2) Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT) ZIP code 83328 Area code(s)208 FIPS code16-27730 GNIS feature ID0395845 Websitewww.cityoffiler.com Filer (FĪ-ler) is a city in Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States. The population was 2,508 at the 2010 census. Filer is located just west of the intersection of U.S. Routes 93 and 30. It was named after Walter G. Filer, who served as general manager of the Twin Falls Water and Land Company. The city was established in 1906 as the terminus of the Oregon Short Line branch of Twin Falls. Walter Filer was a mining engineer and surveyor from Sharon, Pennsylvania, who supervised the construction of the Milner diversion dam on the Snake River. Since 1916, the City of Filer has been the home of the Twin Falls County Fair and Rodeo (Magic Valley Stampede). ## Geography Filer is located at 42°34′11″N 114°36′41″W / 42.56972°N 114.61139°W (42.569814, -114.611313),[4] at an elevation of 3,766 feet (1,148 m) above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.06 square miles (2.75 km2), all of it land.[5] ## Demographics Historical population Census Pop. 1910214 19201,012372.9% 19301,011−0.1% 19401,23922.6% 19501,42515.0% 19601,249−12.4% 19701,173−6.1% 19801,64540.2% 19901,511−8.1% 20001,6207.2% 20102,50854.8% Est. 20162,723[3]8.6% U.S. Decennial Census[6] ### 2010 census As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 2,508 people, 951 households, and 653 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,366.0 inhabitants per square mile (913.5/km2). There were 1,002 housing units at an average density of 945.3 per square mile (365.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.6% White, 0.1% African American, 1.0% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 4.3% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.7% of the population. There were 951 households of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.23. The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 31.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 23% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. ### 2000 census As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 1,620 people, 628 households, and 420 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,028.7 people per square mile (781.9/km²). There were 676 housing units at an average density of 846.5 per square mile (326.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.31% White, 0.31% African American, 1.36% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 1.30% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.74% of the population. There were 628 households out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.19. In the city, the population was spread out with 29.0% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $31,336, and the median income for a family was$36,346. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus$20,563 for females. The per capita income for the city was \$14,443. About 10.4% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. ## County fair The Twin Falls County Fair is located in Filer, occurring in the first week of September. It is the city's biggest attraction. ## References 1. ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 26, 2017. 2. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-18. 3. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. 4. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23. 5. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-18. 6. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015. 7. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved 2008-01-31. This page was last updated at 2019-11-11 20:18 UTC. . View original page. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Contact Top	2022-06-25T17:37:14	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38901287317276, "perplexity": 6885.971664331054}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036077.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625160220-20220625190220-00044.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.38	# §19.38 Approximations Minimax polynomial approximations (§3.11(i)) for $\mathop{K\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ and $\mathop{E\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ in terms of $m=k^{2}$ with $0\leq m<1$ can be found in Abramowitz and Stegun (1964, §17.3) with maximum absolute errors ranging from 4×10⁻⁵ to 2×10⁻⁸. Approximations of the same type for $\mathop{K\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ and $\mathop{E\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ for $0 are given in Cody (1965a) with maximum absolute errors ranging from 4×10⁻⁵ to 4×10⁻¹⁸. Cody (1965b) gives Chebyshev-series expansions (§3.11(ii)) with maximum precision 25D. Approximations for Legendre’s complete or incomplete integrals of all three kinds, derived by Padé approximation of the square root in the integrand, are given in Luke (1968, 1970). They are valid over parts of the complex $k$ and $\phi$ planes. The accuracy is controlled by the number of terms retained in the approximation; for real variables the number of significant figures appears to be roughly twice the number of terms retained, perhaps even for $\phi$ near $\pi/2$ with the improvements made in the 1970 reference.	2015-01-29T00:13:56	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 11, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7136610150337219, "perplexity": 596.9408564638281}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122233086.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175713-00104-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_I_-_Mechanics%2C_Sound%2C_Oscillations%2C_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/14%3A_Fluid_Mechanics/14.1%3A_Fluids%2C_Density%2C_and_Pressure_(Part_2)	$$\require{cancel}$$ # 14.1: Fluids, Density, and Pressure (Part 2) ## Variation of pressure with depth in a fluid of constant density Pressure is defined for all states of matter, but it is particularly important when discussing fluids. An important characteristic of fluids is that there is no significant resistance to the component of a force applied parallel to the surface of a fluid. The molecules of the fluid simply flow to accommodate the horizontal force. A force applied perpendicular to the surface compresses or expands the fluid. If you try to compress a fluid, you find that a reaction force develops at each point inside the fluid in the outward direction, balancing the force applied on the molecules at the boundary. Consider a fluid of constant density as shown in Figure 14.6. The pressure at the bottom of the container is due to the pressure of the atmosphere (p0) plus the pressure due to the weight of the fluid. The pressure due to the fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid divided by the area. The weight of the fluid is equal to its mass times the acceleration due to gravity. Since the density is constant, the weight can be calculated using the density: $$w = mg = \rho Vg = \rho Ahg \ldotp$$ The pressure at the bottom of the container is therefore equal to atmospheric pressure added to the weight of the fluid divided by the area: $$p = p_{0} + \frac{\rho Ahg}{A} = p_{0} + \rho hg \ldotp$$ This equation is only good for pressure at a depth for a fluid of constant density Pressure at a Depth for a Fluid of Constant Density The pressure at a depth in a fluid of constant density is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere plus the pressure due to the weight of the fluid, or $$p = p_{0} + \rho hg, \tag{14.4}$$ Where p is the pressure at a particular depth, p0 is the pressure of the atmosphere, $$\rho$$ is the density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the depth. Figure $$\PageIndex{6}$$: The Three Gorges Dam, erected on the Yangtze River in central China in 2008, created a massive reservoir that displaced more than one million people. (credit: “Le Grand Portage”/Flickr) Example 14.1 ### What Force Must a Dam Withstand? Consider the pressure and force acting on the dam retaining a reservoir of water (Figure 14.7). Suppose the dam is 500-m wide and the water is 80.0-m deep at the dam, as illustrated below. (a) What is the average pressure on the dam due to the water? (b) Calculate the force exerted against the dam. The average pressure p due to the weight of the water is the pressure at the average depth h of 40.0 m, since pressure increases linearly with depth. The force exerted on the dam by the water is the average pressure times the area of contact, F = pA. ### Solution 1. The average pressure due to the weight of a fluid is $$p = h \rho g \ldotp \tag{14.5}$$Entering the density of water from Table 14.1 and taking h to be the average depth of 40.0 m, we obtain $$\begin{split} p & = (40.0\; m)(10^{3}\; kg/m^{3})(9.80\; m/s^{2}) \\ & = 3.92 \times 10^{5}\; N/m^{2} = 392\; kPa \ldotp \end{split}$$ 2. We have already found the value for p. The area of the dam is $$A = (80.0\; m) \times (500\; m) = 4.00 \times 10^{4}\; m^{2} \ldotp$$so that $$\begin{split} F & = (3.92 \times 10^{5}\; N/m^{2})(4.00 \times 10^{4}\; m^{2}) \\ & = 1.57 \times 10^{10}\; M \ldotp \end{split}$$ ### Significance Although this force seems large, it is small compared with the 1.96 x 1013 N weight of the water in the reservoir. In fact, it is only 0.0800% of the weight. If the reservoir in Example 14.1 covered twice the area, but was kept to the same depth, would the dam need to be redesigned? ## Pressure in a static fluid in a uniform gravitational field A static fluid is a fluid that is not in motion. At any point within a static fluid, the pressure on all sides must be equal—otherwise, the fluid at that point would react to a net force and accelerate. The pressure at any point in a static fluid depends only on the depth at that point. As discussed, pressure in a fluid near Earth varies with depth due to the weight of fluid above a particular level. In the above examples, we assumed density to be constant and the average density of the fluid to be a good representation of the density. This is a reasonable approximation for liquids like water, where large forces are required to compress the liquid or change the volume. In a swimming pool, for example, the density is approximately constant, and the water at the bottom is compressed very little by the weight of the water on top. Traveling up in the atmosphere is quite a different situation, however. The density of the air begins to change significantly just a short distance above Earth’s surface. To derive a formula for the variation of pressure with depth in a tank containing a fluid of density $$\rho$$ on the surface of Earth, we must start with the assumption that the density of the fluid is not constant. Fluid located at deeper levels is subjected to more force than fluid nearer to the surface due to the weight of the fluid above it. Therefore, the pressure calculated at a given depth is different than the pressure calculated using a constant density. Imagine a thin element of fluid at a depth h, as shown in Figure 14.8. Let the element have a cross-sectional area A and height $$\Delta$$y. The forces acting upon the element are due to the pressures p(y) above and p(y + $$\Delta$$y) below it. The weight of the element itself is also shown in the free-body diagram. Since the element of fluid between y and y + $$\Delta$$y is not accelerating, the forces are balanced. Using a Cartesian y-axis oriented up, we find the following equation for the y-component: $$p(y + \Delta y)A - p(y)A - g \Delta m = 0(\Delta y > 0) \ldotp \tag{14.6}$$ Note that if the element had a non-zero y-component of acceleration, the right-hand side would not be zero but would instead be the mass times the y-acceleration. The mass of the element can be written in terms of the density of the fluid and the volume of the elements: $$\Delta m = \|\rho A \Delta y\| = - \rho A \Delta y \quad (\Delta y > 0) \ldotp$$ Putting this expression for $$\Delta$$m into Equation 14.6 and then dividing both sides by A$$\Delta$$y, we find $$\frac{p(y + \Delta y) - p(y)}{\Delta y} = - \rho g \ldotp \tag{14.7}$$ Taking the limit of the infinitesimally thin element $$\Delta$$y → 0, we obtain the following differential equation, which gives the variation of pressure in a fluid: $$\frac{dp}{dy} = - \rho g \ldotp \tag{14.8}$$ This equation tells us that the rate of change of pressure in a fluid is proportional to the density of the fluid. The solution of this equation depends upon whether the density $$\rho$$ is constant or changes with depth; that is, the function $$\rho$$(y). If the range of the depth being analyzed is not too great, we can assume the density to be constant. But if the range of depth is large enough for the density to vary appreciably, such as in the case of the atmosphere, there is significant change in density with depth. In that case, we cannot use the approximation of a constant density. ## Pressure in a fluid with a constant density Let’s use Equation 14.9 to work out a formula for the pressure at a depth h from the surface in a tank of a liquid such as water, where the density of the liquid can be taken to be constant. We need to integrate Equation 14.9 from y = 0, where the pressure is atmospheric pressure (p0), to y = −h, the y-coordinate of the depth: $$\begin{split} \int_{p_{0}}^{p} dp & = - \int_{0}^{-h} \rho gdy \\ p - p_{0} & = \rho gh \\ p & = p_{0} + \rho gh \ldotp \end{split} \tag{14.9}$$ Hence, pressure at a depth of fluid on the surface of Earth is equal to the atmospheric pressure plus $$\rho$$gh if the density of the fluid is constant over the height, as we found previously. Note that the pressure in a fluid depends only on the depth from the surface and not on the shape of the container. Thus, in a container where a fluid can freely move in various parts, the liquid stays at the same level in every part, regardless of the shape, as shown in Figure 14.9. ## Variation of atmospheric pressure with height The change in atmospheric pressure with height is of particular interest. Assuming the temperature of air to be constant, and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, we can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height, when the temperature is constant. (We discuss the ideal gas law in a later chapter, but we assume you have some familiarity with it from high school and chemistry.) Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at height y. The density $$\rho$$ at y, the temperature T in the Kelvin scale (K), and the mass m of a molecule of air are related to the absolute pressure by the ideal gas law, in the form $$p = \rho \frac{k_{B} T}{m}\; (atmosphere), \tag{14.10}$$ where kB is Boltzmann’s constant, which has a value of 1.38 x 10−23 J/K. You may have encountered the ideal gas law in the form pV = nRT, where n is the number of moles and R is the gas constant. Here, the same law has been written in a different form, using the density $$\rho$$ instead of volume V. Therefore, if pressure p changes with height, so does the density $$\rho$$. Using density from the ideal gas law, the rate of variation of pressure with height is given as $$\frac{dp}{dy} = -p \left(\dfrac{mg}{k_{B} T}\right),$$ where constant quantities have been collected inside the parentheses. Replacing these constants with a single symbol $$\alpha$$, the equation looks much simpler: $$\begin{split} \frac{dp}{dy} & = - \alpha p \\ \frac{dp}{p} & = - \alpha dy \\ \int_{p_{0}}^{p(y)} \frac{dp}{p} & = \int_{0}^{y} - \alpha dy \\ [\ln (p)]_{p_{0}}^{p(y)} & = [- \alpha y]_{0}^{y} \\ \ln (p) - \ln (p_{0}) & = - \alpha y \\ \ln \left(\dfrac{p}{p_{0}}\right) & = - \alpha y \end{split}$$ This gives the solution $$p(y) = p_{0} e^{- \alpha y} \ldotp$$ Thus, atmospheric pressure drops exponentially with height, since the y-axis is pointed up from the ground and y has positive values in the atmosphere above sea level. The pressure drops by a factor of $$\frac{1}{e}$$ when the height is $$\frac{1}{\alpha}$$, which gives us a physical interpretation for $$\alpha$$: The constant $$\frac{1}{\alpha}$$ is a length scale that characterizes how pressure varies with height and is often referred to as the pressure scale height. We can obtain an approximate value of $$\alpha$$ by using the mass of a nitrogen molecule as a proxy for an air molecule. At temperature 27 °C, or 300 K, we find $$\alpha = - \frac{mg}{k_{B} T} = \frac{(4.8 \times 10^{-26}\; kg) \times (9.81\; m/s^{2})}{(1.38 \times 10^{-23}\; J/K) \times (300\; K)} = \frac{1}{8800\; m} \ldotp$$ Therefore, for every 8800 meters, the air pressure drops by a factor 1/e, or approximately one-third of its value. This gives us only a rough estimate of the actual situation, since we have assumed both a constant temperature and a constant g over such great distances from Earth, neither of which is correct in reality. ## Direction of pressure in a fluid Fluid pressure has no direction, being a scalar quantity, whereas the forces due to pressure have well-defined directions: They are always exerted perpendicular to any surface. The reason is that fluids cannot withstand or exert shearing forces. Thus, in a static fluid enclosed in a tank, the force exerted on the walls of the tank is exerted perpendicular to the inside surface. Likewise, pressure is exerted perpendicular to the surfaces of any object within the fluid. Figure 14.10 illustrates the pressure exerted by air on the walls of a tire and by water on the body of a swimmer. # Contributors • Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0).	2019-08-26T10:17:39	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8092017769813538, "perplexity": 233.96385200582188}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027331485.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826085356-20190826111356-00551.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/satellite-thermal-infrared-temperature-ma-yellowstone	# Satellite thermal infrared temperature ma of Yellowstone ### Detailed Description Satellite thermal infrared temperature map of Yellowstone National Park's thermal areas. Maps like this can be used to assess changes in thermal areas over time, and also estimate the heat output from Yellowstone. Lakes and rivers are blue. The Yellowstone Caldera is black. Roads are yellow.	2022-05-16T16:38:03	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8618807792663574, "perplexity": 7661.414707473834}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510138.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516140911-20220516170911-00519.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.10	# §23.10 Addition Theorems and Other Identities ###### Contents 23.10.1 $\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(u+v\right)=\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{\mathop{\wp\/% }\nolimits'\!\left(u\right)-\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits'\!\left(v\right)}{\mathop{% \wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(u\right)-\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(v\right)}\right% )^{2}-\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(u\right)-\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(v% \right),$ 23.10.2 $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(u+v\right)=\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(u% \right)+\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(v\right)+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mathop{% \zeta\/}\nolimits''\!\left(u\right)-\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits''\!\left(v\right% )}{\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits'\!\left(u\right)-\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits'\!% \left(v\right)},$ Symbols: $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(\NVar{z}\right)$ (= $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\|\mathbb{L}\right)$ = $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z;g_{2},g_{3}\right)$): Weierstrass zeta function and $\mathbb{L}$: lattice A&S Ref: 18.4.3 Referenced by: §23.9 Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/23.10.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for 23.10(i) 23.10.3 $\frac{\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(u+v\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!% \left(u-v\right)}{{\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits^{2}}\!\left(u\right){\mathop{% \sigma\/}\nolimits^{2}}\!\left(v\right)}=\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(v% \right)-\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(u\right),$ 23.10.4 $\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(u+v\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(% u-v\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(x+y\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(x-y\right)+\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(v+x\right)% \mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(v-x\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(% u+y\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(u-y\right)+{\mathop{\sigma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(x+u\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(x-u\right)\mathop% {\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(v+y\right)\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(v-y% \right)=0.}$ For further addition-type identities for the $\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits$-function see Lawden (1989, §6.4). If $u+v+w=0$, then 23.10.5 $\begin{vmatrix}1&\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(u\right)&\mathop{\wp\/}% \nolimits'\!\left(u\right)\\ 1&\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(v\right)&\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits'\!\left(v% \right)\\ 1&\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(w\right)&\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits'\!\left(w% \right)\end{vmatrix}=0,$ and 23.10.6 $\left(\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(u\right)+\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!% \left(v\right)+\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(w\right)\right)^{2}+\mathop{% \zeta\/}\nolimits'\!\left(u\right)+\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits'\!\left(v\right)+% \mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits'\!\left(w\right)=0.$ ## §23.10(ii) Duplication Formulas 23.10.7 $\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(2z\right)=-2\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(z% \right)+\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits''\!\left(z\right)}{% \mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits'\!\left(z\right)}\right)^{2},$ 23.10.8 $(\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(2z\right)-e_{1}){\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits'}^{2}% (z)=\left((\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)-e_{1})^{2}-(e_{1}-e_{2})(e_% {1}-e_{3})\right)^{2}.$ (23.10.8) continues to hold when $e_{1}$, $e_{2}$, $e_{3}$ are permuted cyclically. 23.10.9 $\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(2z\right)=2\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z% \right)+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits'''\!\left(z\right)}{\mathop% {\zeta\/}\nolimits''\!\left(z\right)},$ 23.10.10 $\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(2z\right)=-\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits'\!\left(z% \right){\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits^{4}}\!\left(z\right).$ ## §23.10(iii) $n$-Tuple Formulas For $n=2,3,\dots$, 23.10.11 $n^{2}\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(nz\right)=\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\sum_{\ell=0}^{n% -1}\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(z+\frac{2j}{n}\omega_{1}+\frac{2\ell}{n}% \omega_{3}\right),$ 23.10.12 $n\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(nz\right)=-n(n-1)(\eta_{1}+\eta_{3})+\sum_{j% =0}^{n-1}\sum_{\ell=0}^{n-1}\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z+\frac{2j}{n}% \omega_{1}+\frac{2\ell}{n}\omega_{3}\right),$ 23.10.13 $\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(nz\right)=A_{n}e^{-n(n-1)(\eta_{1}+\eta_{3})% z}\prod_{j=0}^{n-1}\prod_{\ell=0}^{n-1}\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(z+% \frac{2j}{n}\omega_{1}+\frac{2\ell}{n}\omega_{3}\right),$ where 23.10.14 $A_{n}=n\prod_{j=0}^{n-1}\prod_{\begin{subarray}{c}\ell=0\\ \ell\neq j\end{subarray}}^{n-1}\frac{1}{\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left((2j% \omega_{1}+2\ell\omega_{3})/n\right)}.$ Equivalently, 23.10.15 $A_{n}=\left(\frac{\pi^{2}G^{2}}{\omega_{1}}\right)^{n^{2}-1}\frac{q^{n(n-1)/2}% }{i^{n-1}}\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(-\frac{(n-1)\eta_{1}}{3\omega_{1}}% \left((2n-1)(\omega_{1}^{2}+\omega_{3}^{2})+3(n-1)\omega_{1}\omega_{3}\right)% \right),$ where 23.10.16 $\displaystyle q$ $\displaystyle=e^{\pi i\omega_{3}/\omega_{1}},$ $\displaystyle G$ $\displaystyle=\prod_{n=1}^{\infty}(1-q^{2n}).$ ## §23.10(iv) Homogeneity For any nonzero real or complex constant $c$ 23.10.17 $\displaystyle\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(cz\|c\mathbb{L}\right)$ $\displaystyle=c^{-2}\mathop{\wp\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\|\mathbb{L}\right),$ 23.10.18 $\displaystyle\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(cz\|c\mathbb{L}\right)$ $\displaystyle=c^{-1}\mathop{\zeta\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\|\mathbb{L}\right),$ 23.10.19 $\displaystyle\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(cz\|c\mathbb{L}\right)$ $\displaystyle=c\mathop{\sigma\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\|\mathbb{L}\right).$ Also, when $\mathbb{L}$ is replaced by $c\mathbb{L}$ the lattice invariants $g_{2}$ and $g_{3}$ are divided by $c^{4}$ and $c^{6}$, respectively. For these results and further identities see Lawden (1989, §6.6) and Apostol (1990, p. 14).	2017-02-26T21:14:53	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 183, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9398454427719116, "perplexity": 13371.401654898}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172077.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00113-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10351659-early-phases-supernova-shock-ionization-nitrogen-enriched-circumstellar-material	The Early Phases of Supernova 2020pni: Shock Ionization of the Nitrogen-enriched Circumstellar Material Abstract We present multiwavelength observations of the Type II SN 2020pni. Classified at ∼1.3 days after explosion, the object showed narrow (FWHM intensity <250 km s −1 ) recombination lines of ionized helium, nitrogen, and carbon, as typically seen in flash-spectroscopy events. Using the non-LTE radiative transfer code CMFGEN to model our first high-resolution spectrum, we infer a progenitor mass-loss rate of M ̇ = ( 3.5 – 5.3 ) × 10 − 3 M ⊙ yr −1 (assuming a wind velocity of v w = 200 km s −1 ), estimated at a radius of R in = 2.5 × 10 14 cm. In addition, we find that the progenitor of SN 2020pni was enriched in helium and nitrogen (relative abundances in mass fractions of 0.30–0.40 and 8.2 × 10 −3 , respectively). Radio upper limits are also consistent with dense circumstellar material (CSM) and a mass-loss rate of M ̇ > 5 × 10 − 4 M ☉ yr − 1 . During the initial 4 days after first light, we also observe an increase in velocity of the hydrogen lines (from ∼250 to ∼1000 km s −1 ), suggesting complex CSM. The presence of dense and confined more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more » Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10351659 Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 926 Issue: 1 Page Range or eLocation-ID: 20 ISSN: 0004-637X	2023-02-08T01:31:09	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8460609912872314, "perplexity": 5098.543000669367}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500664.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207233330-20230208023330-00191.warc.gz"}
https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/version/cr/T-7.1,%20r.%202?code=se:4&history=20230127	### T-7.1, r. 2 - Regulation respecting the alienation and leasing of agricultural lands in the domain of the State 4. In the notice referred to in section 3, the Minister shall indicate: (1) the category of purchasers or lessees concerned; (2) the parcel of land that he intends to alienate or to lease and the territory in question; (3) the procedure used and the method of granting, as provided for in Division III; (4) the alienation or leasing price of the land in question, as provided for in Division IV. O.C. 4-90, s. 4.	2023-03-21T01:44:07	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.825523316860199, "perplexity": 9758.189621717282}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943589.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321002050-20230321032050-00371.warc.gz"}
http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/events/5hgrbs/program/abstracts/TP-30/TP-30.html	TP-30 Spectral Energy Distributions of Gamma Ray Bursts Energized by External Shocks Charles D. Dermer (NRL), Markus Böttcher (Rice University), and James Chiang (JILA) Sari, Piran, and Narayan (1998) have presented analytical formulae to describe the emissions from gamma-ray burst blast waves that are energized by sweeping up material from the surrounding medium. We extend these formulae to include synchrotron self-absorption and synchrotron self-Compton processes, and to apply to general radiative regimes. We find that the analytical formulae are not accurate when the magnetic equipartition parameter , where is the fraction of swept-up particle energy that is transferred to the electrons. This is due to the importance of Compton losses on the electrons. Nor are the analytical formulae accurate in regimes intermediate to the fully radiative and fully adiabatic regimes, which occurs when and . We compare the accuracy of the resultant formulae with detailed numerical simulations. Fifth Huntsville Gamma Ray Burst Symposium Hunsville, Alabama, USA 18-22 October, 1999	2013-05-23T15:44:15	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8037115931510925, "perplexity": 2481.261109456556}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703532372/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112532-00053-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://math.wikia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_differential_equation	## FANDOM 1,168 Pages Bernoulli differential equations are ordinary differential equations in the form $\frac{dy}{dx}+P(x)y=Q(x)y^n$ If $n=0$ or $n=1$ then it is linear. Otherwise it is non-linear, although they can be transformed into a first order linear differential equation by means of a substitution $z=y^{1-n}$ This will then reduce the equation (after some manipulation and simplification) to a first order linear ODE which can be solved with an integrating factor. For example: $\frac{dy}{dx}-2x^{-1}y=-x^2y^2$ $y^{-2}\frac{dy}{dx}-2x^{-1}y^{-1}=-x^2$ Now we can make the substitution $w=y^{-1},\frac{dw}{dx}=-y^{-2}\frac{dy}{dx}$ This will give us: $\frac{dw}{dx}+2x^{-1}w=x^2$ This can now be solved the same way as a linear equation. The final answer is $y=\frac{5x^2}{x^5+C}$ Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2019-12-13T23:10:55	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8714710474014282, "perplexity": 219.2059108210998}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540569332.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213230200-20191214014200-00468.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Awiles.andrew-j	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Wiles, Andrew John Compute Distance To: Author ID: wiles.andrew-j Published as: Wiles, Andrew; Wiles, A.; Wiles, Andrew J.; Wiles, A. J. Homepage: https://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/people/andrew.wiles External Links: MacTutor · MGP · Wikidata · dblp · GND · IdRef Awards: Wolf Prize (1996) · Clay Research Award (1999) · Shaw Prize (2005) · Abel Prize (2016) Documents Indexed: 28 Publications since 1977, including 1 Book Biographic References: 15 Publications all top 5 #### Co-Authors 11 single-authored 4 Coates, John H. 4 Skinner, Christopher M. 3 Mazur, Barry 2 Snowden, Andrew W. 1 Carlson, James A. 1 Çiperiani, Mirela 1 Jaffe, Arthur Michael 1 Patrikis, Stefan T. 1 Rubin, Karl Cooper 1 Taylor, Richard Lawrence all top 5 #### Serials 6 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 4 Inventiones Mathematicae 2 Duke Mathematical Journal 1 American Journal of Mathematics 1 Compositio Mathematica 1 Publications Mathématiques 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 IMRN. International Mathematics Research Notices 1 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A 1 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI #### Fields 27 Number theory (11-XX) 10 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Commutative algebra (13-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 27 Publications have been cited 1,653 times in 1,040 Documents Cited by Year Modular elliptic curves and Fermat’s Last Theorem. Zbl 0823.11029 Wiles, Andrew 1995 Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras. Zbl 0823.11030 Taylor, Richard; Wiles, Andrew 1995 Class fields of abelian extensions of $$\mathbb Q$$. Zbl 0545.12005 Mazur, B.; Wiles, A. 1984 On ordinary $$\lambda$$-adic representations associated to modular forms. Zbl 0664.10013 Wiles, A. 1988 The Iwasawa conjecture for totally real fields. Zbl 0719.11071 Wiles, A. 1990 On the conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer. Zbl 0359.14009 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1977 On $$p$$-adic analytic families of Galois representations. (Appendix by Nigel Boston). Zbl 0654.12008 Mazur, B.; Wiles, A. 1986 Residually reducible representations and modular forms. Zbl 1005.11030 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, A. J. 1999 Nearly ordinary deformations of irreducible residual representations. Zbl 1024.11036 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, Andrew J. 2001 On $$p$$-adic $$L$$-functions and elliptic units. Zbl 0442.12007 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1978 Higher explicit reciprocity laws. Zbl 0378.12006 Wiles, A. 1978 On $$p$$-adic representations for totally real fields. Zbl 0613.12013 Wiles, A. 1986 Base change and a problem of Serre. Zbl 1016.11017 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, A. J. 2001 Modular curves and the class group of $$\mathbb{Q} (\zeta_p)$$. Zbl 0436.12004 Wiles, Andrew 1980 The Millennium Prize problems. Zbl 1155.00001 Carlson, J. (ed.); Jaffe, A. (ed.); Wiles, A. (ed.) 2006 Kummer’s criterion for Hurwitz numbers. Zbl 0369.12009 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1977 On a conjecture of Brumer. Zbl 0719.11082 Wiles, A. 1990 Ordinary representations and modular forms. Zbl 0924.11044 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, A. J. 1997 The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. Zbl 1194.11006 Wiles, Andrew 2006 Analogies between function fields and number fields. Zbl 0531.12015 Mazur, B.; Wiles, A. 1983 Solvable points on genus one curves. Zbl 1168.14014 Çiperiani, Mirela; Wiles, Andrew 2008 Mordell-Weil groups of elliptic curves over cyclotomic fields. Zbl 0519.14017 Rubin, Karl; Wiles, Andrew 1982 Bigness in compatible systems. Zbl 1407.11073 Snowden, Andrew; Wiles, Andrew 2016 On class groups of imaginary quadratic fields. Zbl 1387.11080 Wiles, A. 2015 Modular forms, elliptic curves, and Fermat’s Last Theorem. Zbl 0864.11029 Wiles, Andrew 1995 Explicit reciprocity laws. Zbl 0358.12001 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1977 Twenty years of number theory. Zbl 0965.11001 Wiles, Andrew 2000 Bigness in compatible systems. Zbl 1407.11073 Snowden, Andrew; Wiles, Andrew 2016 On class groups of imaginary quadratic fields. Zbl 1387.11080 Wiles, A. 2015 Solvable points on genus one curves. Zbl 1168.14014 Çiperiani, Mirela; Wiles, Andrew 2008 The Millennium Prize problems. Zbl 1155.00001 Carlson, J.; Jaffe, A.; Wiles, A. 2006 The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. Zbl 1194.11006 Wiles, Andrew 2006 Nearly ordinary deformations of irreducible residual representations. Zbl 1024.11036 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, Andrew J. 2001 Base change and a problem of Serre. Zbl 1016.11017 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, A. J. 2001 Twenty years of number theory. Zbl 0965.11001 Wiles, Andrew 2000 Residually reducible representations and modular forms. Zbl 1005.11030 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, A. J. 1999 Ordinary representations and modular forms. Zbl 0924.11044 Skinner, C. M.; Wiles, A. J. 1997 Modular elliptic curves and Fermat’s Last Theorem. Zbl 0823.11029 Wiles, Andrew 1995 Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras. Zbl 0823.11030 Taylor, Richard; Wiles, Andrew 1995 Modular forms, elliptic curves, and Fermat’s Last Theorem. Zbl 0864.11029 Wiles, Andrew 1995 The Iwasawa conjecture for totally real fields. Zbl 0719.11071 Wiles, A. 1990 On a conjecture of Brumer. Zbl 0719.11082 Wiles, A. 1990 On ordinary $$\lambda$$-adic representations associated to modular forms. Zbl 0664.10013 Wiles, A. 1988 On $$p$$-adic analytic families of Galois representations. (Appendix by Nigel Boston). Zbl 0654.12008 Mazur, B.; Wiles, A. 1986 On $$p$$-adic representations for totally real fields. Zbl 0613.12013 Wiles, A. 1986 Class fields of abelian extensions of $$\mathbb Q$$. Zbl 0545.12005 Mazur, B.; Wiles, A. 1984 Analogies between function fields and number fields. Zbl 0531.12015 Mazur, B.; Wiles, A. 1983 Mordell-Weil groups of elliptic curves over cyclotomic fields. Zbl 0519.14017 Rubin, Karl; Wiles, Andrew 1982 Modular curves and the class group of $$\mathbb{Q} (\zeta_p)$$. Zbl 0436.12004 Wiles, Andrew 1980 On $$p$$-adic $$L$$-functions and elliptic units. Zbl 0442.12007 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1978 Higher explicit reciprocity laws. Zbl 0378.12006 Wiles, A. 1978 On the conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer. Zbl 0359.14009 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1977 Kummer’s criterion for Hurwitz numbers. Zbl 0369.12009 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1977 Explicit reciprocity laws. Zbl 0358.12001 Coates, J.; Wiles, A. 1977 all top 5 #### Cited by 852 Authors 17 Hida, Haruzo 13 Ichimura, Humio 12 Khare, Chandrashekhar 12 Rubin, Karl Cooper 11 Bennett, Michael A. 11 Siksek, Samir 11 Taylor, Richard Lawrence 10 Bleher, Frauke M. 10 Büyükboduk, Kâzim 10 Freitas, Nuno 10 Greither, Cornelius 10 Klosin, Krzysztof 10 Wiles, Andrew John 9 Calegari, Frank 9 Dieulefait, Luis Victor 9 Gee, Toby 9 Ochiai, Tadashi 9 Schimmrigk, Rolf 9 Virdol, Cristian 8 Darmon, Henri René 8 Kurihara, Masato 8 Mazur, Barry 8 Panchishkin, Alexei A. 8 Tilouine, Jacques 7 Berger, Tobias 7 Diamond, Fred 7 Dummigan, Neil 7 Lei, Antonio 7 Murty, Maruti Ram 7 Ozaki, Manabu 6 Böckle, Gebhard 6 Coates, John H. 6 Emerton, Matthew 6 Nguyen Quang Do, Thong 6 Rotger, Victor 6 Skinner, Christopher M. 6 Sumida-Takahashi, Hiroki 6 Thorne, Jack A. 6 Urban, Eric 6 Vatsal, Vinayak 5 Bandini, Andrea 5 Bars Cortina, Francesc 5 Bellaïche, Joël 5 Castella, Francesc 5 Chinburg, Ted 5 Coleman, Robert Frederick 5 Dąbrowski, Andrzej Bogdan 5 de Shalit, Ehud 5 Dimitrov, Mladen 5 Geraghty, David 5 Greenberg, Ralph 5 Guitart, Xavier 5 Harris, Michael Howard 5 Hsieh, Ming-Lun 5 Kakde, Mahesh 5 Kato, Kazuya 5 Longhi, Ignazio 5 Nickel, Andreas 5 Pollack, Robert 5 Ramdorai, Sujatha 5 Wang-Erickson, Carl 4 Anglès, Bruno 4 Aoki, Miho 4 Bertolini, Massimo 4 Browkin, Jerzy 4 Brown, Jim L. 4 Byeon, Dongho 4 Chen, Imin 4 Conrad, Brian 4 Dasgupta, Samit 4 Delaunay, Christophe 4 Gras, Georges 4 Kisin, Mark 4 Kolster, Manfred 4 Komatsu, Keiichi 4 Longo, Matteo 4 Newton, James 4 Pasten, Hector V. 4 Poonen, Bjorn 4 Popescu, Cristian D. 4 Rohrlich, David E. 4 Schoof, René 4 Sharifi, Romyar T. 4 Voight, John Michael 4 Wake, Preston 4 Wan, Xin 4 Weiss, Alfred R. 4 Xu, Hongyan 4 Yamagami, Atsushi 3 Betina, Adel 3 Bruinier, Jan Hendrik 3 Carbó-Dorca, Ramon 3 Çiperiani, Mirela 3 Dahmen, Sander R. 3 Delbourgo, Daniel 3 Dembélé, Lassina 3 Duncan, John F. R. 3 Fouquet, Olivier 3 Frey, Gerhard 3 Fukaya, Takako ...and 752 more Authors all top 5 #### Cited in 187 Serials 127 Journal of Number Theory 70 Inventiones Mathematicae 59 Compositio Mathematica 43 Duke Mathematical Journal 33 Mathematische Annalen 31 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 29 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 26 International Journal of Number Theory 23 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 20 Mathematics of Computation 20 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 19 Mathematische Zeitschrift 18 Journal of Algebra 18 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series 14 Journal of the American Mathematical Society 13 Experimental Mathematics 12 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 10 Israel Journal of Mathematics 10 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 10 Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure. Quatrième Série 10 Manuscripta Mathematica 9 Advances in Mathematics 9 Annales Mathématiques du Québec 9 Research in Number Theory 8 Functiones et Approximatio. Commentarii Mathematici 8 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 8 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 7 Communications in Algebra 7 Acta Arithmetica 7 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 7 Glasgow Mathematical Journal 7 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 7 Algebra & Number Theory 6 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 6 Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 6 Selecta Mathematica. New Series 6 The Ramanujan Journal 6 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 6 Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 6 Kyoto Journal of Mathematics 6 Forum of Mathematics, Sigma 6 Research in the Mathematical Sciences 5 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 4 American Mathematical Monthly 4 Publications Mathématiques 4 Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 4 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 4 Osaka Journal of Mathematics 4 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 4 Tohoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series 4 Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society 4 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 4 Journal of Algebraic Geometry 4 Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS) 4 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 3 International Journal of Modern Physics A 3 Nuclear Physics. B 3 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 3 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 3 Mathematische Nachrichten 3 Mathematika 3 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 3 International Journal of Mathematics 3 Elemente der Mathematik 3 Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Sciences 3 Mémoires de la Société Mathématique de France. Nouvelle Série 3 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 3 Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 3 Geometry & Topology 2 Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV) 2 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 2 Journal of Geometry and Physics 2 The Mathematical Intelligencer 2 Acta Mathematica Vietnamica 2 Archiv der Mathematik 2 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 2 Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 2 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2 Kodai Mathematical Journal 2 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 2 Monatshefte für Mathematik 2 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 2 Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University 2 Theoretical Computer Science 2 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 2 Journal of Symbolic Computation 2 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 2 St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 2 Finite Fields and their Applications 2 The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 2 Documenta Mathematica 2 Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Mathematica 2 LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 2 Milan Journal of Mathematics 2 International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 2 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 2 Japanese Journal of Mathematics. 3rd Series 1 Modern Physics Letters A 1 International Journal of Modern Physics B ...and 87 more Serials all top 5 #### Cited in 44 Fields 933 Number theory (11-XX) 255 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 29 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 28 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 21 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 19 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 13 History and biography (01-XX) 13 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 13 Quantum theory (81-XX) 12 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 12 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 11 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 10 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 9 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 9 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 8 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 8 Computer science (68-XX) 7 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 7 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 7 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 7 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 6 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 5 Combinatorics (05-XX) 5 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 4 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 4 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 4 Geometry (51-XX) 4 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 3 Special functions (33-XX) 3 Mathematics education (97-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Operator theory (47-XX) 2 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) #### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2021-12-06T06:04:34	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.34672075510025024, "perplexity": 5297.844605396119}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206042636-20211206072636-00304.warc.gz"}
https://wikimho.com/us/q/astronomy/20695	### How big is one arcsecond at various distances? • I've been reading this article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system and a question came to my mind. The minimum units are seconds ( ″ ). I picture an angle of 1 second as being like a "cone" going out from Earth. It's really small at the beginning but as you go further its width increases. How wide does this cone get as you get further into the universe? How big is an arcsecond on different astronomical bodies? The coordinate system is as precise as you want to make it. It's like any other coordinate system: add more decimal places and you have a more precise location. What @Asher says is not exactly true. The precision of your coordinate system is limited by how precisely you can define its zero-point. However the positions of things in this coordinate system can have finite precision, which is determined by your telescope/measurment method. so it depends on the telescope you are using? how can that be the rule? Edited to reflect the comment below my answer. • James K Correct answer 5 years ago How big is one arcsecond at various distances? An arcsecond is a small angle, 1/3600 of a degree or about 5 millionths of a radian ($4.85\times10^{-6}$). To estimate the size of something that appears 1 arcsecond across you can use the small angle approximation to trigonometry: Multiply the distance to the object by $4.85\times10^{-6}$ Examples: • One arcsecond on the moon is 1.87km • One arcsecond on the sun is 727km • One arcsecond on Mars (when it is closest to Earth) is 237km • One arcsecond at distance of one parsec is one astronomical unit (AU), by definition • One arcsecond on Alpha Centauri is 200 million km • One arcsecond on the Andromeda galaxy is 100 trillion km The atmosphere limits how much detail you can see. Typically the smallest detail you can see is about 3 or 4 arcseconds, though professional telescopes do better by being built on the top of mountains and using various tricks, like adaptive optics. Ys this is exactly what i was looking for thanks! Now i feel we are really short-sighted... I will edit my question to your bold License under CC-BY-SA with attribution Content dated before 7/24/2021 11:53 AM • {{ error }}	2023-01-29T16:23:38	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6061251759529114, "perplexity": 1297.0470466918853}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129144110-20230129174110-00074.warc.gz"}
https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Agulliver.t-aaron	## Gulliver, Thomas Aaron Compute Distance To: Author ID: gulliver.t-aaron Published as: Gulliver, T. Aaron; Gulliver, T. A.; Gulliver, Thomas Aaron; Gulliver, T. Aaron.; Aaron Gulliver, T.; Gulliver, Aaron Homepage: http://www.ece.uvic.ca/~agullive/ External Links: ORCID · Wikidata · ResearchGate · Math-Net.Ru · dblp Documents Indexed: 190 Publications since 1990 2 Contributions as Editor Reviewing Activity: 38 Reviews Co-Authors: 102 Co-Authors with 163 Joint Publications 2,050 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 all top 5 ### Serials 35 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 16 Ars Combinatoria 16 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 10 Discrete Mathematics 9 Applied Mathematics Letters 8 Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing 6 International Mathematical Forum 4 IEEE Transactions on Computers 4 The Australasian Journal of Combinatorics 4 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 4 Advances in Mathematics of Communications 3 JCMCC. The Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing 3 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 3 Computational and Applied Mathematics 3 International Mathematical Journal 3 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 3 International Journal of Quantum Information 2 Journal of the Franklin Institute 2 Problems of Information Transmission 2 IEEE Transactions on Communications 2 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 2 IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 2 Fundamenta Informaticae 2 EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2 International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences 2 Advances and Applications in Mathematical Sciences 2 Journal of Algebra, Combinatorics, Discrete Structures and Applications 1 Discrete Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Engineering Mathematics 1 Mathematics of Computation 1 Applied Mathematics and Computation 1 Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 1 Graphs and Combinatorics 1 Information and Computation 1 International Journal of Electronics 1 Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing 1 Japan Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 1 Kyushu Journal of Mathematics 1 Finite Fields and their Applications 1 Journal of Heuristics 1 Nonlinear Dynamics 1 Journal of Algebra and its Applications 1 Journal of Discrete Algorithms 1 AKCE International Journal of Graphs and Combinatorics 1 International Journal of Algebra 1 Cryptography and Communications 1 International Journal of Information and Coding Theory all top 5 ### Fields 166 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 45 Number theory (11-XX) 12 Computer science (68-XX) 10 Combinatorics (05-XX) 9 Quantum theory (81-XX) 6 Geometry (51-XX) 5 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 3 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 3 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 3 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 2 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 2 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 122 Publications have been cited 741 times in 445 Documents Cited by Year Extremal binary self-dual codes. Zbl 0899.94019 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1997 Constructions of good entanglement-assisted quantum error correcting codes. Zbl 1387.81111 Guenda, Kenza; Jitman, Somphong; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2018 On self-dual codes over some prime fields. Zbl 1037.94007 Betsumiya, Koichi; Georgiou, Stelios; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Koukouvinos, Christos 2003 Type II self-dual codes over finite rings and even unimodular lattices. Zbl 0958.94037 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1999 Classification of extremal double-circulant self-dual codes of length up to $$62$$. Zbl 0949.94004 Harada, Masaaki; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Kaneta, Hitoshi 1998 Some best rate $$1/p$$ and rate $$(p-1)/p$$ systematic quasi-cyclic codes over $$\mathrm{GF}(3)$$ and $$\mathrm{GF}(4)$$. Zbl 0775.94114 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 1992 MDS and self-dual codes over rings. Zbl 1261.94035 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2012 New MDS or near-MDS self-dual codes. Zbl 1318.94093 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Kim, Jon-Lark; Lee, Yoonjin 2008 On self-dual cyclic codes over finite chain rings. Zbl 1323.94164 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2014 Classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths 74–88. Zbl 1098.94039 2006 Construction of optimal type IV self-dual codes over $${\mathbb{F}}_2+u{\mathbb{F}}_2$$. Zbl 0960.94038 1999 Self-dual codes over $$\mathbb F_p$$ and weighing matrices. Zbl 0999.94033 Arasu, K. T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 Construction of cyclic codes over $$\mathbb F_2 + u\mathbb F_2$$ for DNA computing. Zbl 1283.94131 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2013 Classification of extremal double circulant formally self-dual even codes. Zbl 0866.94018 1997 Classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths 64 to 72. Zbl 0904.94018 1998 Nine good rate $$(m-1)/pm$$ quasi-cyclic codes. Zbl 0775.94104 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 1992 New good rate $$(m-1)/pm$$ ternary and quaternary quasi-cyclic codes. Zbl 0843.94019 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 1996 Self-dual codes over $$\mathbb{Z}_8$$ and $$\mathbb{Z}_9$$. Zbl 1148.94011 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Wong, John 2006 Double circulant and quasi-twisted self-dual codes over $$\mathbb F_5$$ and $$\mathbb F_7$$. Zbl 1207.94071 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Miyabayashi, Hiroki 2007 Some constacyclic codes over finite chain rings. Zbl 1361.94059 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2016 New good quasi-cyclic ternary and quaternary linear codes. Zbl 0887.94012 Daskalov, Rumen N.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 1997 A link between quasi-cyclic codes and convolutional codes. Zbl 0897.94016 Esmaeili, Morteza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Secord, Norman P.; Mahmoud, Samy A. 1998 New quasi-twisted quaternary linear codes. Zbl 1002.94036 Daskalov, R. N.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2000 Weight enumerators of double circulant codes and new extremal self-dual codes. Zbl 0872.94048 1997 On circulant self-dual codes over small fields. Zbl 1237.94123 Grassl, Markus; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2009 Codes over $$\mathbb F_{3} + u\mathbb F_{3}$$ and improvements to the bounds on ternary linear codes. Zbl 0961.94013 2001 New optimal self-dual codes over GF(7). Zbl 1049.94019 1999 Construction of new extremal self-dual codes. Zbl 1022.94019 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Kim, Jon-Lark 2003 Optimal linear codes over $$\mathbb Z_m$$. Zbl 1136.94008 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Park, Young Ho; Wong, John N. C. 2007 Repeated-root isodual cyclic codes over finite fields. Zbl 1328.94090 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2015 Two new optimal ternary two-weight codes and strongly regular graphs. Zbl 0844.05101 Gulliver, T. Aaron 1996 Weight enumerators and extremal singly-even $$[60,30,12]$$ codes. Zbl 0856.94025 1996 On Type II codes over $$\mathbb F_4$$. Zbl 1024.94013 Betsumiya, Koichi; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Munemasa, Akihiro 2001 Twelve good rate $$(m-r)/pm$$ quasi-cyclic codes. Zbl 0800.94227 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 1993 Pascal matrices and Stirling numbers. Zbl 1337.15023 Maltais, P.; Gulliver, T. A. 1998 Double circulant self-dual codes over $$Z_{2k}$$. Zbl 0953.94028 1998 Isodual codes over $$\mathbb{Z}_{2k}$$ and isodual lattices. Zbl 0963.94040 Bachoc, Christine; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 2000 Improved bounds for ternary linear codes of dimension 7. Zbl 0909.94020 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 1997 Single parity check product codes. Zbl 1012.94024 Rankin, David M.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 Repeated root constacyclic codes of length $$mp^{s}$$ over $$\mathbb{F}_{p^r} + u\mathbb{F}_{p^r} + \cdots + u^{e-1}\mathbb{F}_{p^r}$$. Zbl 1329.94089 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2015 Quasi-cyclic codes over $$\mathbb F_{13}$$ and enumeration of defining polynomials. Zbl 1275.94044 Venkaiah, Vadlamudi Ch.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2012 Binary optimal linear rate 1/2 codes. Zbl 1046.94013 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2004 On doubly circulant doubly even self-dual $$[72,36,12]$$ codes and their neighbors. Zbl 1132.94312 2008 Two new rate $$2/p$$ binary quasi-cyclic codes. Zbl 0814.94020 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 1994 Orthogonal frames in the Leech lattice and a type II code over $$\mathbb{Z}_{22}$$. Zbl 0979.94047 2001 New optimal ternary linear codes. Zbl 0832.94024 Gulliver, T. Aaron 1995 New nonbinary self-dual codes. Zbl 1308.94103 2008 Classification of optimal binary self-orthognal codes. Zbl 1183.94055 Bouyukliev, Iliya; Boujuklieva, Stefka; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2006 Higher weights and graded rings for binary self-dual codes. Zbl 1029.94036 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Oura, Manabu 2003 Some good cyclic and quasi-twisted $$\mathbb {Z}_{4}$$-linear codes. Zbl 1265.94083 Aydin, Nuh; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2011 Circulant based extremal additive self-dual codes over $$\mathrm{GF}(4)$$. Zbl 1288.94097 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Kim, Jon-Lark 2004 Optimal double circulant self-dual codes over $${\mathbb{F}}_4$$. Zbl 1001.94519 Gulliver, T. Aaron 2000 New ternary linear codes. Zbl 0957.94033 Daskalov, R. N.; Gulliver, T. A.; Metodieva, E. 1999 Optimal ternary formally self-dual codes. Zbl 1057.94041 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1999 Extremal double circulant type II codes over $$\mathbb Z_4$$ and construction of 5-(24,10,36) designs. Zbl 1057.94026 1999 Bounds on minimum distance for linear codes over GF(5). Zbl 0933.94035 Daskalov, Rumen N.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 1999 Linear $$\ell$$-intersection pairs of codes and their applications. Zbl 1450.94052 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Jitman, Somphong; Thipworawimon, Satanan 2020 Higher weights for ternary and quaternary self-dual codes. Zbl 1172.94633 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron.; Oura, Manabu 2006 Constacyclic codes over finite principal ideal rings. Zbl 1365.94549 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Aydin, Nuh 2017 On senary simplex codes. Zbl 1057.94028 Gupta, Manish K.; Glynn, David G.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 An updated table of rate $$1/p$$ binary quasi-cyclic codes. Zbl 0836.94022 Gulliver, T. A.; Bhargava, V. K. 1995 The existence of a formally self-dual even [70, 35,14] code. Zbl 1075.94531 1998 Extremal self-dual codes over $$\mathbb{F}_2\times \mathbb{F}_2$$. Zbl 1023.94012 Betsumiya, Koichi; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 2003 Double circulant self-dual codes over GF(5). Zbl 1003.94041 2000 New binary linear codes. Zbl 0997.94025 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2000 Certain self-dual codes over $$\mathbb{Z}^4$$ and the odd Leech lattice. Zbl 1042.94534 1997 A new class of Fibonacci sequence based error correcting codes. Zbl 1366.94742 Esmaeili, M.; Moosavi, M.; Gulliver, T. A. 2017 Quasi-twisted codes over $$\mathbb {F}_{11}$$. Zbl 1265.94095 Gulliver, T. Aaron 2011 Near-extremal formally self-dual even codes of lengths 24 and 32. Zbl 1142.94384 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Nishimura, Takuji; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2005 Quantum codes over rings. Zbl 1295.81045 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2014 On isodual cyclic codes over finite chain rings. Zbl 1365.94550 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Aydin, Nuh 2017 On the performance of optimal double circulant even codes. Zbl 1386.94103 2017 Double point compression with applications to speeding up random point multiplication. Zbl 1390.65181 Khabbazian, Majid; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 2007 On binary extremal formally self-dual even codes. Zbl 0941.94017 Betsumiya, Koichi; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1999 Optimal formally self-dual codes over $$\mathbb{F}_5$$ and $$\mathbb{F}_7$$. Zbl 0986.94033 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 2000 The generation of primitive polynomials in GF(q) with independent roots and their applications for power residue codes, VLSI testing and finite field multipliers using normal basis. Zbl 0735.94009 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Serra, Micaela; Bhargava, Vijay K. 1991 Self-reciprocal polynomials and generalized Fermat numbers. Zbl 0753.12002 Gulliver, T. Aaron 1992 Optimal quaternary linear rate-$$1/2$$ codes of length $$\leq 18$$. Zbl 1063.94093 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J.; Senkevitch, Nikolai I. 2003 A new two-weight code and strongly regular graph. Zbl 0852.94023 Gulliver, T. A. 1996 Improved bounds for quaternary linear codes of dimension 6. Zbl 1073.94521 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 1998 $$q$$-ary Gray codes and weight distributions. Zbl 0933.94034 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K.; Stein, Jack M. 1999 On the quaternary projection of binary linear block codes. Zbl 1224.94050 Esmaeili, M.; Gulliver, T. A. 2007 An optimal unimodular lattice in dimension 39. Zbl 0937.11014 1999 Simplex and MacDonald codes over $$R_q$$. Zbl 1405.94130 Chatouh, Karima; Guenda, K.; Gulliver, T. A.; Noui, L. 2017 Performance analysis of IAF relaying mobile D2D cooperative networks. Zbl 1355.93028 Xu, Lingwei; Wang, Jingjing; Zhang, Hao; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2017 Aperiodic propagation criteria for Boolean functions. Zbl 1105.68033 Danielsen, Lars Eirik; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Parker, Matthew G. 2006 Lexicodes over rings. Zbl 1321.94143 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Sheikholeslam, S. Arash 2014 A Kraft-type sufficient condition for the existence of $$D$$-ary fix-free codes. Zbl 1366.94291 Khosravifard, Mohammadali; Halabian, Hassan; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2010 On codes over $$\mathbb {F}_{q}+v\mathbb {F}_{q}+v^{2}\mathbb {F}_{q}$$. Zbl 1422.94039 Melakhessou, A.; Guenda, K.; Gulliver, T. A.; Shi, M.; Solé, P. 2018 A systematic $$(16,8)$$ code for correcting double errors and detecting triple-adjacent errors. Zbl 1395.94349 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 1993 Optimal double circulant $${\mathbb Z}_{4}$$-codes. Zbl 1057.94027 2001 Greedy construction of DNA codes and new bounds. Zbl 1418.94070 Bennenni, Nabil; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, Thomas Aaron 2019 A macroscopic traffic model based on driver physiological response. Zbl 1423.90051 Khan, Z. H.; Gulliver, T. A.; Nasir, H.; Rehman, A.; Shahzada, K. 2019 New linear codes over GF(8). Zbl 1018.94025 Gulliver, T. A.; Bhargava, V. K. 2000 New linear codes over $$\operatorname{GF}(5)$$ and $$\operatorname{GF}(7)$$. Zbl 0985.94042 Daskalov, R. N.; Gulliver, T. A. 1998 On a class of self-dual codes derived from quadratic residues. Zbl 0945.94029 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Senkevitch, Nikolai 1999 Codes of lengths 120 and 136 meeting the Grey-Rankin bound and quasi-symmetric designs. Zbl 0945.94023 1999 Improved bounds for ternary linear codes of dimension 8 using tabu search. Zbl 1023.94017 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2001 Minimum distance bounds for linear codes over $$\text{GF}(7)$$. Zbl 1018.94024 Daskalov, Rumen N.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 On the Pless-construction and ML decoding of the $$(48,24,12)$$ quadratic residue code. Zbl 1063.94109 Esmaeili, Morteza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Khandani, Amir K. 2003 Linear $$\ell$$-intersection pairs of codes and their applications. Zbl 1450.94052 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Jitman, Somphong; Thipworawimon, Satanan 2020 Quasi-cyclic codes: algebraic properties and applications. Zbl 1449.94079 Zeraatpisheh, Mohamadbagher; Esmaeili, Morteza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2020 Adoption of hybrid time series neural network in the underwater acoustic signal modulation identification. Zbl 07289820 Wang, Yan; Zhang, Hao; Xu, Lingwei; Cao, Conghui; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2020 Greedy construction of DNA codes and new bounds. Zbl 1418.94070 Bennenni, Nabil; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, Thomas Aaron 2019 A macroscopic traffic model based on driver physiological response. Zbl 1423.90051 Khan, Z. H.; Gulliver, T. A.; Nasir, H.; Rehman, A.; Shahzada, K. 2019 Some new constructions of isodual and LCD codes over finite fields. Zbl 1412.94229 Benahmed, Fatma-Zohra; Guenda, Kenza; Batoul, Aicha; Gulliver, Thomas Aaron 2019 On extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths 90–96. Zbl 1459.94165 2019 Constructions of good entanglement-assisted quantum error correcting codes. Zbl 1387.81111 Guenda, Kenza; Jitman, Somphong; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2018 On codes over $$\mathbb {F}_{q}+v\mathbb {F}_{q}+v^{2}\mathbb {F}_{q}$$. Zbl 1422.94039 Melakhessou, A.; Guenda, K.; Gulliver, T. A.; Shi, M.; Solé, P. 2018 Constacyclic codes over finite principal ideal rings. Zbl 1365.94549 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Aydin, Nuh 2017 A new class of Fibonacci sequence based error correcting codes. Zbl 1366.94742 Esmaeili, M.; Moosavi, M.; Gulliver, T. A. 2017 On isodual cyclic codes over finite chain rings. Zbl 1365.94550 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Aydin, Nuh 2017 On the performance of optimal double circulant even codes. Zbl 1386.94103 2017 Simplex and MacDonald codes over $$R_q$$. Zbl 1405.94130 Chatouh, Karima; Guenda, K.; Gulliver, T. A.; Noui, L. 2017 Performance analysis of IAF relaying mobile D2D cooperative networks. Zbl 1355.93028 Xu, Lingwei; Wang, Jingjing; Zhang, Hao; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2017 On some classes of linear codes over $$\mathbb{Z}_2\mathbb{Z}_4$$ and their covering radii. Zbl 1403.94104 Chatouh, K.; Guenda, K.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Noui, L. 2017 Some constacyclic codes over finite chain rings. Zbl 1361.94059 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2016 Repeated-root isodual cyclic codes over finite fields. Zbl 1328.94090 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2015 Repeated root constacyclic codes of length $$mp^{s}$$ over $$\mathbb{F}_{p^r} + u\mathbb{F}_{p^r} + \cdots + u^{e-1}\mathbb{F}_{p^r}$$. Zbl 1329.94089 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2015 On self-dual cyclic codes over finite chain rings. Zbl 1323.94164 Batoul, Aicha; Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2014 Quantum codes over rings. Zbl 1295.81045 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2014 Lexicodes over rings. Zbl 1321.94143 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Sheikholeslam, S. Arash 2014 Construction of cyclic codes over $$\mathbb F_2 + u\mathbb F_2$$ for DNA computing. Zbl 1283.94131 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2013 On the permutation groups of cyclic codes. Zbl 1273.94405 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2013 Symmetric and asymmetric quantum codes. Zbl 1287.81041 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2013 MDS and self-dual codes over rings. Zbl 1261.94035 Guenda, Kenza; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2012 Quasi-cyclic codes over $$\mathbb F_{13}$$ and enumeration of defining polynomials. Zbl 1275.94044 Venkaiah, Vadlamudi Ch.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2012 Some good cyclic and quasi-twisted $$\mathbb {Z}_{4}$$-linear codes. Zbl 1265.94083 Aydin, Nuh; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2011 Quasi-twisted codes over $$\mathbb {F}_{11}$$. Zbl 1265.94095 Gulliver, T. Aaron 2011 Quasi-cyclic codes over $$\mathbb{F}_{13}$$. Zbl 1252.94119 Gulliver, T. Aaron 2011 A Kraft-type sufficient condition for the existence of $$D$$-ary fix-free codes. Zbl 1366.94291 Khosravifard, Mohammadali; Halabian, Hassan; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2010 MDS self-dual codes of lengths 16 and 18. Zbl 1204.94108 2010 On circulant self-dual codes over small fields. Zbl 1237.94123 Grassl, Markus; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2009 New MDS or near-MDS self-dual codes. Zbl 1318.94093 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Kim, Jon-Lark; Lee, Yoonjin 2008 On doubly circulant doubly even self-dual $$[72,36,12]$$ codes and their neighbors. Zbl 1132.94312 2008 New nonbinary self-dual codes. Zbl 1308.94103 2008 Double circulant and quasi-twisted self-dual codes over $$\mathbb F_5$$ and $$\mathbb F_7$$. Zbl 1207.94071 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Miyabayashi, Hiroki 2007 Optimal linear codes over $$\mathbb Z_m$$. Zbl 1136.94008 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Park, Young Ho; Wong, John N. C. 2007 Double point compression with applications to speeding up random point multiplication. Zbl 1390.65181 Khabbazian, Majid; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K. 2007 On the quaternary projection of binary linear block codes. Zbl 1224.94050 Esmaeili, M.; Gulliver, T. A. 2007 Symmetric designs and self-dual codes over rings. Zbl 1224.94049 Dougherty, S. T.; Gulliver, T. A.; Ramadurai, R. 2007 Classification of optimal linear $$\mathbb {Z}_4$$ rate $$1/2$$ codes of length $$\leq 8$$. Zbl 1224.94053 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Wong, John N. C. 2007 Optimal double circulant self-dual codes over $$\mathbb F^4$$. II. Zbl 1134.94390 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Miyabayashi, Hiroki 2007 Classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths 74–88. Zbl 1098.94039 2006 Self-dual codes over $$\mathbb{Z}_8$$ and $$\mathbb{Z}_9$$. Zbl 1148.94011 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Wong, John 2006 Classification of optimal binary self-orthognal codes. Zbl 1183.94055 Bouyukliev, Iliya; Boujuklieva, Stefka; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2006 Higher weights for ternary and quaternary self-dual codes. Zbl 1172.94633 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron.; Oura, Manabu 2006 Aperiodic propagation criteria for Boolean functions. Zbl 1105.68033 Danielsen, Lars Eirik; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Parker, Matthew G. 2006 Near-extremal formally self-dual even codes of lengths 24 and 32. Zbl 1142.94384 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Nishimura, Takuji; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2005 Extremal self-dual codes over $$\mathbb Z_6$$, $$\mathbb Z_8$$ and $$\mathbb Z_{10}$$. Zbl 1096.94038 2005 Binary optimal linear rate 1/2 codes. Zbl 1046.94013 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2004 Circulant based extremal additive self-dual codes over $$\mathrm{GF}(4)$$. Zbl 1288.94097 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Kim, Jon-Lark 2004 On the minimum weight of codes over $$\mathbb F_5$$ constructed from certain conference matrices. Zbl 1056.94013 2004 On self-dual codes over some prime fields. Zbl 1037.94007 Betsumiya, Koichi; Georgiou, Stelios; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Koukouvinos, Christos 2003 Construction of new extremal self-dual codes. Zbl 1022.94019 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Kim, Jon-Lark 2003 Higher weights and graded rings for binary self-dual codes. Zbl 1029.94036 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Oura, Manabu 2003 Extremal self-dual codes over $$\mathbb{F}_2\times \mathbb{F}_2$$. Zbl 1023.94012 Betsumiya, Koichi; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 2003 Optimal quaternary linear rate-$$1/2$$ codes of length $$\leq 18$$. Zbl 1063.94093 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J.; Senkevitch, Nikolai I. 2003 On the Pless-construction and ML decoding of the $$(48,24,12)$$ quadratic residue code. Zbl 1063.94109 Esmaeili, Morteza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Khandani, Amir K. 2003 Asymptotic performance of single parity-check product codes. Zbl 1301.94169 Rankin, David M.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Taylor, Desmond P. 2003 Self-dual codes over $$\mathbb F_p$$ and weighing matrices. Zbl 0999.94033 Arasu, K. T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 Codes over $$\mathbb F_{3} + u\mathbb F_{3}$$ and improvements to the bounds on ternary linear codes. Zbl 0961.94013 2001 On Type II codes over $$\mathbb F_4$$. Zbl 1024.94013 Betsumiya, Koichi; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki; Munemasa, Akihiro 2001 Single parity check product codes. Zbl 1012.94024 Rankin, David M.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 Orthogonal frames in the Leech lattice and a type II code over $$\mathbb{Z}_{22}$$. Zbl 0979.94047 2001 On senary simplex codes. Zbl 1057.94028 Gupta, Manish K.; Glynn, David G.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 Optimal double circulant $${\mathbb Z}_{4}$$-codes. Zbl 1057.94027 2001 Improved bounds for ternary linear codes of dimension 8 using tabu search. Zbl 1023.94017 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2001 Minimum distance bounds for linear codes over $$\text{GF}(7)$$. Zbl 1018.94024 Daskalov, Rumen N.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2001 New minimum distance bounds for linear codes over small fields. Zbl 1021.94019 Daskalov, R. N.; Gulliver, T. A. 2001 New quasi-twisted quaternary linear codes. Zbl 1002.94036 Daskalov, R. N.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 2000 Isodual codes over $$\mathbb{Z}_{2k}$$ and isodual lattices. Zbl 0963.94040 Bachoc, Christine; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 2000 Optimal double circulant self-dual codes over $${\mathbb{F}}_4$$. Zbl 1001.94519 Gulliver, T. Aaron 2000 Double circulant self-dual codes over GF(5). Zbl 1003.94041 2000 New binary linear codes. Zbl 0997.94025 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 2000 Optimal formally self-dual codes over $$\mathbb{F}_5$$ and $$\mathbb{F}_7$$. Zbl 0986.94033 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 2000 New linear codes over GF(8). Zbl 1018.94025 Gulliver, T. A.; Bhargava, V. K. 2000 Type II self-dual codes over finite rings and even unimodular lattices. Zbl 0958.94037 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1999 Construction of optimal type IV self-dual codes over $${\mathbb{F}}_2+u{\mathbb{F}}_2$$. Zbl 0960.94038 1999 New optimal self-dual codes over GF(7). Zbl 1049.94019 1999 New ternary linear codes. Zbl 0957.94033 Daskalov, R. N.; Gulliver, T. A.; Metodieva, E. 1999 Optimal ternary formally self-dual codes. Zbl 1057.94041 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1999 Extremal double circulant type II codes over $$\mathbb Z_4$$ and construction of 5-(24,10,36) designs. Zbl 1057.94026 1999 Bounds on minimum distance for linear codes over GF(5). Zbl 0933.94035 Daskalov, Rumen N.; Gulliver, T. Aaron 1999 On binary extremal formally self-dual even codes. Zbl 0941.94017 Betsumiya, Koichi; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1999 $$q$$-ary Gray codes and weight distributions. Zbl 0933.94034 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Bhargava, Vijay K.; Stein, Jack M. 1999 An optimal unimodular lattice in dimension 39. Zbl 0937.11014 1999 On a class of self-dual codes derived from quadratic residues. Zbl 0945.94029 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Senkevitch, Nikolai 1999 Codes of lengths 120 and 136 meeting the Grey-Rankin bound and quasi-symmetric designs. Zbl 0945.94023 1999 An extremal type I self-dual code of length 16 over $$\mathbb{F}_2+u\mathbb{F}_2$$. Zbl 0933.94036 Gulliver, T. Aaron 1999 Classification of extremal double-circulant self-dual codes of length up to $$62$$. Zbl 0949.94004 Harada, Masaaki; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Kaneta, Hitoshi 1998 Classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths 64 to 72. Zbl 0904.94018 1998 A link between quasi-cyclic codes and convolutional codes. Zbl 0897.94016 Esmaeili, Morteza; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Secord, Norman P.; Mahmoud, Samy A. 1998 Pascal matrices and Stirling numbers. Zbl 1337.15023 Maltais, P.; Gulliver, T. A. 1998 Double circulant self-dual codes over $$Z_{2k}$$. Zbl 0953.94028 1998 The existence of a formally self-dual even [70, 35,14] code. Zbl 1075.94531 1998 Improved bounds for quaternary linear codes of dimension 6. Zbl 1073.94521 Gulliver, T. Aaron; Östergård, Patric R. J. 1998 New linear codes over $$\operatorname{GF}(5)$$ and $$\operatorname{GF}(7)$$. Zbl 0985.94042 Daskalov, R. N.; Gulliver, T. A. 1998 Extremal binary self-dual codes. Zbl 0899.94019 Dougherty, Steven T.; Gulliver, T. Aaron; Harada, Masaaki 1997 Classification of extremal double circulant formally self-dual even codes. Zbl 0866.94018 1997 ...and 22 more Documents all top 5 ### Cited by 483 Authors 42 Gulliver, Thomas Aaron 35 Harada, Masaaki 25 Yildiz, Bahattin 23 Kaya, Abidin 22 Guenda, Kenza 18 Solé, Patrick 18 Zhu, Shixin 17 Aydin, Nuh 14 Dinh, Hai Quang 14 Dougherty, Steven T. 14 Jitman, Somphong 13 Kim, Jon-Lark 12 Gildea, Joe 12 Lee, Yoonjin 10 Batoul, Aicha 10 Cao, Yonglin 10 Shi, Minjia 8 Cao, Yuan 8 Kai, Xiaoshan 8 Korban, Adrian 8 Koukouvinos, Christos 8 Munemasa, Akihiro 8 Siap, Irfan 7 Daskalov, Rumen Nikolov 7 Gaborit, Philippe 7 Gao, Jian 7 Han, Sunghyu 7 Sharma, Anuradha 7 Singh, Abhay Kumar 6 Bouyuklieva, Stefka 6 Fu, Fangwei 6 Li, Ruihu 6 Liu, Xiusheng 5 Bouyukliev, Iliya Georgiev 5 Chen, Xiaojing 5 Esmaeili, Morteza 5 Georgiou, Stelios D. 5 Kotsireas, Ilias S. 5 Ling, San 5 Liu, Hualu 5 Luo, Jinquan 5 Oura, Manabu 5 Sok, Lin 5 Sriboonchitta, Songsak 4 Boucher, Delphine 4 Chen, Eric Zhi 4 Fang, Xiaolei 4 Güneri, Cem 4 Karadeniz, Suat 4 Kim, Hyunjin 4 Miezaki, Tsuyoshi 4 Özbudak, Ferruh 4 Rani, Saroj 4 Tylyshchak, Alexander A. 4 Wang, Liqi 3 Alahmadi, Adel N. 3 Anev, Damyan 3 Bhaintwal, Maheshanand 3 Bhargava, Vijay K. 3 Cardell, Sara D. 3 Chatouh, Karima 3 Climent, Joan-Josep 3 Grassl, Markus 3 Hill, Ray 3 Hristov, Plamen 3 Huffman, W. Cary 3 Lappas, Evaggelos 3 Lebed, Khawla 3 Lee, Heisook 3 Li, Chengju 3 Ma, Fanghui 3 Mahmoudi, Saadoun 3 Mankean, Todsapol 3 Maruta, Tatsuya 3 Metodieva, Elena 3 Özkaya, Buket 3 Pandian, P. Chella 3 Parker, Matthew Geoffrey 3 Pattanayak, Sukhamoy 3 Pless, Vera S. 3 Russeva, Radka Peneva 3 Samei, Karim 3 Sangwisut, Ekkasit 3 Sobhani, Reza 3 Tabue, Alexandre Fotue 3 Udomkavanich, Patanee 3 Yankov, Nikolay 3 Yue, Qin 2 Abualrub, Taher A. 2 Annamalai, N. 2 Araya, Makoto 2 Bachoc, Christine 2 Bennenni, Nabil 2 Betsumiya, Koichi 2 Boulanouar, Ranya Djihad 2 Chang, Liwei 2 Cheon, Gi-Sang 2 Choi, Whan-Hyuk 2 Connolly, Nicholas 2 Crnković, Dean ...and 383 more Authors all top 5 ### Cited in 85 Serials 71 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 63 Finite Fields and their Applications 38 Discrete Mathematics 22 Advances in Mathematics of Communications 19 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 18 Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing 17 Cryptography and Communications 15 Journal of Algebra, Combinatorics, Discrete Structures and Applications 11 Discrete Applied Mathematics 10 Quantum Information Processing 9 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 8 Journal of the Franklin Institute 8 Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 7 Applied Mathematics Letters 6 Computational and Applied Mathematics 5 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 4 Mathematics of Computation 4 Journal of Combinatorial Designs 4 Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 3 Information Processing Letters 3 Linear and Multilinear Algebra 3 Problems of Information Transmission 3 Journal of Algebra 3 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 3 European Journal of Combinatorics 3 Linear Algebra and its Applications 3 Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences & Cryptography 3 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 2 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 2 Applied Mathematics and Computation 2 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 2 Journal of Symbolic Computation 2 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 2 Mathematical Communications 2 Journal of Combinatorial Optimization 2 Interdisciplinary Information Sciences (IIS) 2 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 2 Optimization Letters 2 European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2 International Journal of Biomathematics 2 Special Matrices 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 1 Physics Letters. A 1 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 1 Journal of Geometry 1 Journal of Number Theory 1 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 1 Matematički Vesnik 1 Metron 1 Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series A 1 Theoretical Computer Science 1 Graphs and Combinatorics 1 Journal of Complexity 1 International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 1 Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 1 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 1 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 1 Annals of Combinatorics 1 Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 Algebra and Discrete Mathematics 1 Journal of Algebra and its Applications 1 Journal of Discrete Algorithms 1 International Journal of Quantum Information 1 Science in China. Series F 1 Mathematics in Computer Science 1 Serdica Journal of Computing 1 Involve 1 Algorithms 1 Science China. Mathematics 1 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 1 TWMS Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 1 Bulletin of Mathematical Sciences 1 Iranian Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Informatics 1 Arabian Journal of Mathematics 1 Chamchuri Journal of Mathematics 1 Communications in Mathematics and Statistics 1 Journal of Discrete Mathematics 1 Algebraic Structures and their Applications 1 Korean Journal of Mathematics 1 SN Partial Differential Equations and Applications 1 Matematicheskie Voprosy Kriptografii 1 Journal of Algebraic Systems all top 5 ### Cited in 28 Fields 404 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 149 Number theory (11-XX) 48 Combinatorics (05-XX) 33 Quantum theory (81-XX) 16 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 14 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 12 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 8 Geometry (51-XX) 8 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 7 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 7 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 6 Computer science (68-XX) 5 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 4 Statistics (62-XX) 3 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 1 History and biography (01-XX) 1 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 1 $$K$$-theory (19-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) ### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2022-05-26T05:43:07	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6349001526832581, "perplexity": 11813.995138400249}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00219.warc.gz"}
https://openastronomy.org/rcsc18/chapters/03-fundamentals-of-python/04-processing-files	# Analyzing Data from Multiple Files We now have almost everything we need to process all our data files. The only thing that’s missing is a library with a rather unpleasant name: import glob The glob library contains a function, also called glob, that finds files and directories whose names match a pattern. We provide those patterns as strings: the character * matches zero or more characters, while ? matches any one character. We can use this to get the names of all the CSV files in the current directory: print(glob.glob('inflammation.csv')) ['inflammation-01.csv', 'inflammation-06.csv', 'inflammation-04.csv', 'inflammation-03.csv', 'inflammation-05.csv', 'inflammation-07.csv', 'inflammation-02.csv', 'inflammation-08.csv', 'inflammation-12.csv', 'inflammation-09.csv', 'inflammation-11.csv', 'inflammation-10.csv'] As these examples show, glob.glob’s result is a list of file and directory paths in arbitrary order. This means we can loop over it to do something with each filename in turn. In our case, the “something” we want to do is generate a set of plots for each file in our inflammation dataset. If we want to start by analyzing just the first three files in alphabetical order, we can use the sorted built-in function to generate a new sorted list from the glob.glob output: %matplotlib inline import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt filenames = sorted(glob.glob('inflammation.csv')) filenames = filenames[0:3] for f in filenames: print(f) fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10.0, 3.0)) axes1.set_ylabel('average') axes1.plot(np.mean(data, axis=0)) axes2.set_ylabel('max') axes2.plot(np.max(data, axis=0)) axes3.set_ylabel('min') axes3.plot(np.min(data, axis=0)) fig.tight_layout() plt.show() inflammation-01.csv inflammation-02.csv inflammation-03.csv Sure enough, the maxima of the first two data sets show exactly the same ramp as the first, and their minima show the same staircase structure; a different situation has been revealed in the third dataset, where the maxima are a bit less regular, but the minima are consistently zero. ## Challenge: Plotting Differences Plot the difference between the average of the first dataset and the average of the second dataset, i.e., the difference between the leftmost plot of the first two figures. ## Solution import glob import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt filenames = sorted(glob.glob('inflammation.csv')) fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10.0, 3.0)) plt.ylabel('Difference in average') plt.plot(data0.mean(axis=0) - data1.mean(axis=0)) fig.tight_layout() plt.show() ## Challenge: Generate Composite Statistics Use each of the files once to generate a dataset containing values averaged over all patients: filenames = glob.glob('inflammation.csv') composite_data = numpy.zeros((60,40)) for f in filenames: # sum each new file's data into composite_data as it's read # # and then divide the composite_data by number of samples composite_data /= len(filenames) File "<ipython-input-6-82a1887129c2>", line 7 composite_data /= len(filenames) ^ IndentationError: expected an indented block Then use pyplot to generate average, max, and min for all patients. ## Solution import glob import numpy import matplotlib.pyplot filenames = glob.glob('inflammation*.csv') composite_data = np.zeros((60,40)) for f in filenames: data = np.loadtxt(fname = f, delimiter=',') composite_data += data composite_data/=len(filenames) fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10.0, 3.0)) axes1.set_ylabel('average') axes1.plot(np.mean(composite_data, axis=0)) axes2.set_ylabel('max') axes2.plot(np.max(composite_data, axis=0)) axes3.set_ylabel('min') axes3.plot(np.min(composite_data, axis=0)) fig.tight_layout() plt.show() The material in this notebook is derived from the Software Carpentry lessons © Software Carpentry under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license.	2022-01-21T08:12:22	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24582508206367493, "perplexity": 3698.424458530429}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302740.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121071203-20220121101203-00203.warc.gz"}
https://www.nrel.gov/pv/lcoe-calculator/documentation.html	# Comparative PV LCOE Calculator Documentation This documentation will help you start using the Comparative Photovoltaic (PV) Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) Calculator. ## Getting Started This tool is designed for making comparisons between a baseline and a proposed technology. The calculator is preloaded with reasonable default values for every parameter. Try dragging a slider or changing a numeric input and watch the LCOE values in the results section change immediately. ##### Example: Cell cost reduction In the proposed section, drag the cell cost slider or type in the cell cost numeric input field to reduce its value by about 50%. The proposed LCOE immediately changes, but by less than 50%. LCOE depends on a lot more than just cell cost! You can also do quick breakeven analysis of technology improvements. ##### Example: New technology breakeven analysis Simulate adding a new component to the module by changing the cost of the extra component in the proposed section to 4.00 USD/m2. The proposed LCOE increases due to the higher module cost. Suppose the new component increases the energy yield of the system. In the proposed section, drag the energy yield slider until the proposed LCOE equals the baseline LCOE. This shows how much of an improvement to energy yield the new technology must provide to break even in LCOE. ## Presets The calculator includes hundreds of presets for the input parameters. To replace the baseline input parameters with a set of preset parameters, use the presets button. To update the proposed inputs to match the preset, use the copy from baseline button after choosing a preset. Each preset represents a simulated PV system with a particular cell technology, module package type, system type, and geographic location. Input values for module cost come from NREL's benchmark module cost studies. Energy yield has been simulated using SAM with TMY inputs for each location. Silicon modules are simulated with an anti-reflective coating (ARC) on the glass. Cell technology Cell technology can be monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si), multicrystalline silicon (multi-Si), or cadmium telluride (CdTe). Cell technology affects cell cost, efficiency, energy yield, degradation rate, BOS cost, and the available values for package type and system type. Package type Package type can be (glass-polymer backsheet) or (glass-glass). Crystalline silicon modules are most often the glass-polymer backsheet type, but glass-glass modules are commercially available. CdTe modules are not available in the glass-polymer backsheet package. Package type affects back layer cost. System type System type can be (fixed tilt, utility scale), (single-axis tracked, utility scale), or (roof-mounted, residential scale). Our baseline utility-scale system has 100 MW capacity and our baseline residential-scale system has 5.6 kW capacity. System type affects energy yield and BOS cost. Location Location can be one of 50 places, one in each US state. Locations are chosen to have nearly the median solar resource in the state, subject to data availability. TMY2 or TMY3 datasets were used in each location to produce a preset value for first-year energy yield. Location affects energy yield and BOS cost. ## Input Parameters ### Separate inputs These inputs apply separately to the baseline and proposed technologies. Module price is calculated by summing the component costs and adding a 15% margin representing the module manufacturer's profit. #### Cost Front layer cost Cost of the glass on the front surface of the module. Cell cost Cost of PV cells. In the case of crystalline silicon modules, complete cells are included but interconnects are not. In the case of CdTe modules, the entire monolithically integrated cell layer is included. Back layer cost Cost of the polymer or glass layer on the back of the module. Non-cell module cost Cost of encapsulation, cell interconnection, junction box, leads, connectors, nameplate, frame, and testing. Extra component cost Initially set to zero, this cost represents an additional component, not otherwise accounted for, being proposed for addition to the module or system. O&M cost Cost of operations and maintenance, including troubleshooting, repairs, and cleaning. This cost is normalized to the system's nameplate power. BOS cost, power-scaling The component of balance of system cost that scales with the power output of the system, regardless of its physical size. This includes the inverter, for instance. BOS cost, area-scaling The component of balance of system cost that scales with the physical size of the system. This includes racking, wiring, and installation labor, for example. #### Performance Efficiency Module efficiency measured at standard test conditions (STC). This is the module's nameplate efficiency. Energy yield Also known as array yield, the first-year energy production of the system, normalized by its nameplate power rating. #### Reliability The annual, fractional loss of the system's energy production. Service life The number of years the system is expected to operate. ### Common inputs #### Financial Discount rate The annual rate at which future costs and future energy production are discounted. ## Calculation The calculator performs a “simple” LCOE calculation. $$\text{LCOE}=\frac{\sum_{n=0}^{n_s}{\frac{c_n}{\left( 1 + d \right)^n}}}{\sum_{n=0}^{n_s}{\frac{e_n}{\left( 1 + d \right)^n}}}\text{, }$$ where $$c_n$$ is the cost in year $$n$$, $$d$$ is discount rate, $$e_n$$ is the energy produced in year $$n$$, and $$n_s$$ is the number of years in the system's service life. The cost in year $$n$$ $$c_n = \begin{cases} c_\text{capital} & n = 0 \\ c_\text{O&M} & n > 0 \end{cases}\text{,}$$ where $$c_\text{capital}$$ is the initial capital cost of the system and $$c_\text{O&M}$$ is the annual O&M cost. In this calculator, these costs are in units of USD/kW. The energy produced in year $$n$$ $$e_n = \begin{cases} 0 & n = 0\\ \text{max}\left[ Y \left( 1 - R_d \right)^\left(n-1\right), 0 \right] & n>0 \end{cases}\text{,}$$ where $$Y$$ is the first-year energy yield and $$R_d$$ is the system's annual degradation rate. In this calculator, this energy production is in units of kWh/kW, so $$c_e$$ is in units of USD/kWh. This tool is for evaluating how changes to PV module and system technology affect LCOE. You may be interested in these other resources. If you're looking for a calculation that includes an explicit energy output prediction, and/or has more detailed financial models, consider using the System Advisor Model, which also calculates LCOE, or PVWatts. The Annual Technology Baseline provides historical, current, and forecast cost information for all types of energy technology, including LCOE data for PV. Tools with fewer technology-specific details and more financial details include REopt, which also includes energy storage, and the simple LCOE Calculator. ## Data Sources Input values for module cost breakdowns and balance-of-system costs come from NREL's benchmark analysis. Results are relevant to systems installed in the United States. The latest available studies are used: Silicon module inputs and balance-of-system costs: Fu, Ran, David Feldman, Robert Margolis, Mike Woodhouse, and Kristen Ardani. 2017. U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2017. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-6A20-68925. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68925.pdf. CdTe: Model last updated in 2017, unpublished. Default values for degradation rates for each technology are the median values published in: D. Jordan and S. Kurtz, "Photovoltaic Degradation Rates - An Analytical Review," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research & Applications 21(1), pp. 12-29, 2013. ## Source Code The calculator is powered by a JavaScript file that is available online.	2020-02-20T07:58:35	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3474879860877991, "perplexity": 5077.641197585088}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144708.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220070221-20200220100221-00440.warc.gz"}
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/ContinuousNhanes/overview.aspx?BeginYear=2009	# NHANES 2009-2010 Overview ## Introduction The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (DHNES), part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has conducted a series of health and nutrition surveys since the early 1960's. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were conducted on a periodic basis from 1971 to 1994. Details of the design and content of each survey, and the public use data files are available (NHANES homepage). In 1999 NHANES became continuous. Every year, approximately 5,000 individuals of all ages are interviewed in their homes and complete the health examination component of the survey. The health examinations are conducted in mobile examination centers (MECs); the MECs provide an ideal setting for the collection of high quality data in a standardized environment. ## Target Population The NHANES target population is the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Beginning in 2007 some changes were made to the domains being oversampled. The primary change is the oversampling of the entire Hispanic population instead of just the Mexican American (MA) population, which has been oversampled in NHANES since 1988. Sufficient numbers of MAs were retained in the current sample design so that trends in the health of MAs can continue to be monitored. Similar to previous cycles persons 60 and older, blacks and low income persons are also oversampled. In addition, for each of the race/ethnicity domains, the 12-15 and 16-19 year age domains were combined and the 40-59 year age minority domains were split into 10 year age domains 40-49 and 50-59. This has led to an increase in the number of participants aged 40+ and a decrease in 12-19 year olds from cycles prior to 2007. ## Survey Objectives The major objectives of NHANES are: • To estimate the number and percent of persons in the U.S. population and designated subgroups with selected diseases and risk factors; • To monitor trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of selected diseases; • To monitor trends in risk behaviors and environmental exposures; • To analyze risk factors for selected diseases; • To study the relationship between diet, nutrition, and health; • To explore emerging public health issues and new technologies; • To establish a national probability sample of genetic material for future genetic research; and • To establish and maintain a national probability sample of baseline information on health and nutritional status. ## Data Collection Procedures The NHANES 2009-2010 data collection was carried out under a contractual agreement. First, the eligible sample for the survey and tasks related to survey operations and data management were performed. The NHANES survey design is a stratified, multistage probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The stages of sample selection are: 1) selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs), which are counties or small groups of contiguous counties; 2) segments within PSUs (a block or group of blocks containing a cluster of households); 3) households within segments; and 4) one or more participants within households. A total of 15 PSUs are visited during a 12-month time period. A brief description of the data collection procedures follows. ## Household Interview Data Collection Procedures Initially, households are identified for inclusion in the NHANES sample, and an advance letter is mailed to each address informing the occupant(s) that an NHANES interviewer will visit their home. The household interview component is comprised of Screener, Sample Person, and Family interviews, each of which has a separate questionnaire (please refer to the data file codebooks). Trained household interviewers administer all of the questionnaires. In most cases, the interview setting is the survey participant's home. The interview data are recorded using a Blaise format computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI) system. When the interviewer arrives at the home, he or she shows an official identification badge and briefly explains the purpose of the survey. If the occupant has not seen the advance letter, a copy is given to the occupant to review. The interviewer requests that the occupant answer a brief questionnaire (Household Screener Questionnaire Module 1) to determine whether any household occupants are eligible to participate in NHANES. If eligible individuals are identified, the interviewer proceeds with efforts to recruit these individuals. Initially, the interviewer explains the household questionnaires to all eligible participants 16 years of age and older, informs the potential respondents of their rights, and provides assurances about the confidentiality of the survey data (reiterating what is stated in the advance letter). A majority of the household interviews are conducted during the first contact. If this is inconvenient for the survey participant, an appointment is made to administer the household interview questionnaires later. Household interviews for survey participants under 16 years of age are conducted with a proxy (usually the SP's parent or guardian). If there is no one living in the household who is over 16, participants under 16 years of age are permitted to self-report. Respondents are asked to sign an Interview Consent Form to sign, agreeing to participate in the household interview portion of the survey. For participants 16-17 years of age, a parent or guardian consents and the child gives his or her assent. After the household interview is completed, the interviewer reviews a second informed consent brochure with the participant. This brochure contains detailed information about the NHANES health examination component. All interviewed persons are asked to complete the health examination component. Those who agree to participate are asked to sign additional consent forms for the health examination component. The interviewer telephones the NHANES field office from the participant's home to schedule an appointment for the examination. The interviewer informs the participants that they will receive remuneration as well as reimbursement for transportation and childcare expenses, if necessary. ## Question Sources Many of the NHANES 2009-2010 questions were also asked in NHANES II 1976-80, Hispanic HANES 1982-84, NHANES III 1988-94, and NHANES 1999-2008. New questions were added to the survey based on recommendations from survey collaborators, NCHS staff, and other interagency work groups. ## Questionnaire Target Populations Please note that there are different target population groups for the topics within and between NHANES questionnaire sections. For example, in the Nutrition and Diet Behavior section, questions pertaining to infant nutrition and breast-feeding were asked of proxy respondents for children 6 years of age and younger; alcohol consumption frequency questions were asked of persons 20+ years of age; and senior meal program participation questions were asked of respondents 60+ years of age. Data users should review the survey questionnaire codebooks thoroughly to determine the target populations for each NHANES questionnaire section and sub-section. ## Health Examination Component When a participant arrives at the MEC, the MEC coordinator greets the participant and verifies all pertinent identifier information. Each participant receives a disposable paper gown and a pair of slippers to wear during their examination. Persons 6 years of age and older are asked to provide a urine specimen. MEC staff direct participants to the rooms where the examination components are conducted. In addition to the MEC coordinator and the MEC manager, each MEC survey team consists of one physician, two dietary interviewers, three certified medical technologists, four health technicians, one phlebotomist, two interviewers and one computer data manager. Upon completion of the examination, each examinee is remunerated. Some of the medical findings from the examination are given to the examinees before they leave the MEC. The other reportable survey findings are mailed to participants after the laboratory assays and special tests are completed. ## MEC Operations Three MECs are equipped for use in NHANES. Each MEC consists of four large, inter-connected trailer units. An advance team sets up the MECs prior to the start of the survey examinations; water, sewer, electrical, and communications lines are connected during set-up. The MEC equipment and data collection systems must be checked and calibrated prior to the start of survey data collection. The MECs are open a total of 5 days per week; the non-operational days change on a rotating basis so that appointments can be scheduled on any day of the week. Two examination sessions are conducted daily. Participants are randomly assigned to exams in the morning exam session, or in the afternoon or evening sessions. The examinations require up to 4 hours to complete. At any given time during the survey, examinations are conducted at two survey locations simultaneously. Staff vacations are scheduled for periods of about 1 month at New Year's and about 2 weeks during the summer; leaving 10½ months to conduct examinations. ## Guidelines for NHANES Data Users NHANES 2009-2010 survey design and demographic variables are found in the demo_f.xpt file in this release. All of the NHANES public use data files can be linked by using the common survey participant identification number (variable name: SEQN). Merging information from multiple NHANES 2007-2008 data files using SEQN ensures that the appropriate information for each survey participant is linked correctly. All data files should be sorted by SEQN before merging. The NHANES 2009-2010 data files do not have the same number of records in each file. For example, there are different numbers of subjects in the Interview and Examination samples of the survey. Additionally, the number of records in each data file varies depending on gender and age profiles for the specific component(s). Confidential and administrative data are not being released. Some variables have been recoded to protect the confidentiality of survey participants. ## Sample Person The sample person demographic file is composed of a limited set of recoded core variables that are required to analyze NHANES 2009-2010 data. ## Demographic File The 2-year sample weights (WTINT2YR, WTMEC2YR) should be used for NHANES 2007-2008 analyses. Many variables that are listed in the Demographic questionnaire sections of the Household Interview were omitted from this data release due to concerns about participant confidentiality. Demographic data file variables are grouped into three broad categories: • Status Variables: Provide core information on the survey participant. Examples of the core variables include interview status, examination status, and sequence number. (Sequence number [SEQN] is a unique ID number assigned to each sample person and is required to match the information on this demographic file to the rest of the NHANES 2009-2010 data.) • Recoded Demographic Variables: The variables include age (age in months for persons under age 80; age in years for 1-80 year olds; and a top-coded age group of 80+ years), gender, a race/ethnicity variable, an current or highest grade of education completed, (less than high school, high school, and more than high school education), country of birth (United States, Mexico, or other foreign born), ratio of family income to poverty threshold, income, and a pregnancy status variable (adjudicated from various pregnancy-related variables). Some of the groupings were made due to limited sample sizes for the 2-year data set. • Interview and Examination Sample Weight Variables: Sample weights are available for analyzing NHANES 2009-2010 data. Most data analyses require either the interviewed sample weight (variable name: WTINT2YR) or examined sample weight (variable name: WTMEC2YR). The 2-year sample weights (WTINT2YR, WTMEC2YR) should be used for NHANES 2009-2010 analyses. Use of the correct sample weight for NHANES analyses is extremely important and depends on the variables being used. A good rule of thumb is to use "the least common denominator" approach. With this approach, the analyst checks the variables of interest. The variable that was collected on the smallest number of persons is the "least common denominator," and the sample weight that applies to that variable is the appropriate one to use for that particular analysis. Please refer to the NHANES Analytic Guidelines and the on-line Continuous NHANES Web Tutorials for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues. Both of these are available on the NHANES website. ## Getting Started with NHANES 2009-2010 Data Analysis The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2010 (NHANES 2009-2010) contains data for 10,537 individuals of all ages. Data were collected between January 2009 and December 2010. The data and corresponding documentation for the survey interview and examination components are found in several files. NHANES data in this release is in SAS transport file format. SAS transport file format can be read by many software packages. To access this data in any version of SAS, you should use the XPORT engine. NCHS recommends that data users copy the transport files to a permanent SAS library. For example, assuming "C:" is your hard drive, you can use the following SAS code to copy the Body Measurements Examination Data: LIBNAME XP XPORT "C:\NHANES\bmx_f.xpt"; PROC COPY IN=XP OUT=SASUSER; RUN; Page last reviewed: 2/21/2020	2020-07-05T16:26:51	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2665890157222748, "perplexity": 3896.6739284159466}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887377.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705152852-20200705182852-00354.warc.gz"}
https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/am-site/us-mbp/	# Error Characterization Of Methane Fluxes And Budgets Derived From A Long-Term Comparison Of Open- And Closed-Path Eddy Covariance Systems Wetlands represent the dominant natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Thus, substantial effort has been spent examining the CH4 budgets of global wetlands via continuous ecosystem-scale measurements using the eddy covariance (EC) technique. Robust error characterization for such measurements, however, remains a major challenge. Here, we quantify systematic, random and gap-filling errors and… More in 0 # Climate Sensitivity Of Peatland Methane Emissions Mediated By Seasonal Hydrologic Dynamics Peatlands are among the largest natural sources of atmospheric methane (CH4) worldwide. Peatland emissions are projected to increase under climate change, as rising temperatures and shifting precipitation accelerate microbial metabolic pathways favorable for CH4 production. However, how these changing environmental factors will impact peatland emissions over the long term remains unknown. Here, we investigate a… More in 0	2022-05-22T16:59:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8281194567680359, "perplexity": 12525.37387227013}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545875.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522160113-20220522190113-00702.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10170566-min-plus-fundamental-solution-semigroup-class-approximate-infinite-dimensional-optimal-control-problems	A min-plus fundamental solution semigroup for a class of approximate infinite dimensional optimal control problems By exploiting min-plus linearity, semiconcavity, and semigroup properties of dynamic programming, a fundamental solution semigroup for a class of approximate finite horizon linear infinite dimensional optimal control problems is constructed. Elements of this fundamental solution semigroup are parameterized by the time horizon, and can be used to approximate the solution of the corresponding finite horizon optimal control problem for any terminal cost. They can also be composed to compute approximations on longer horizons. The value function approximation provided takes the form of a min-plus convolution of a kernel with the terminal cost. A general construction for this kernel is provided, along with a spectral representation for a restricted class of sub-problems. Authors: ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10170566 Journal Name: Proceedings of the American Control Conference Page Range or eLocation-ID: 794-799 ISSN: 0743-1619	2022-06-27T21:43:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8213217854499817, "perplexity": 563.0218620350993}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103341778.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627195131-20220627225131-00432.warc.gz"}
https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GEDR3/Catalogue_consolidation/chap_cu9val/sec_cu9val_943/ssec_cu9val_943_star_density.html	# 8.3.1 Star density For testing the star density we compute star counts and compare their absolute values as well as the relative differences (data-model)/data, in different magnitude bins. Results for magnitude bins 8-9, 12-13 and 17-18 are presented in Figure 8.9. The overall picture of the sky densities are very well comparable in data and model, ensuring realistic star counts in both. There are however significant discrepancies close to the Galactic plane due to the extinction model used in GOG20 which is not optimal. It is also possible that the data show some incompleteness at latitudes near 0 towards the inner Galaxy as seen in the relative difference plot for $17. At $8 at high latitudes the small number of stars lead to a noisy map of relative difference which does not show significant discrepancies. At $12 and $17, one can see the imprint of the Magellanic clouds, not present in the model. We also start to see some discrepancies in the outer Galaxy, close to the plane, that are most probably due to the warp, the flare, and the disc scale heights, not perfectly modeled in GOG20. The average value of star counts over the whole sky has been computed in each magnitude bin to see a signature of incompleteness. Figure 8.10 shows the results for Gaia EDR3 as well as for Gaia DR2 and GOG20. Gaia EDR3 has more faint stars than Gaia DR2, but still not as many as expected from GOG20. Summary of the results: • The overall picture of the sky densities are very well comparable in data and model. • The data may show some incompleteness towards the inner Galaxy for faint stars. • At $G>18$, Gaia EDR3 has more stars than Gaia DR2, but not as many as expected from GOG20.	2022-01-24T23:08:36	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 8, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6300204396247864, "perplexity": 979.9428871827552}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304686.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124220008-20220125010008-00080.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/peat-2017-tables-only-release	# Peat in 2017, tables-only release Peat in 2017, tables-only release ## Detailed Description Advance data tables (XLSX format) for the peat chapter of the Minerals Yearbook 2017. A version with an embedded text document and also a PDF of text and tables will follow.	2020-04-08T11:16:31	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9121205806732178, "perplexity": 12521.161703874244}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371813538.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408104113-20200408134613-00377.warc.gz"}
http://imaginetattooing.com/socrative-profile-gnbsu/~https:/www.P65Warnings.ca.gov/de869a-how-to-knit-to-pdf-in-r-on-mac	Comments. Learn more about using iPad, iPhone, or iPod touch to sketch in or mark up documents. Package ‘pdftools’ May 22, 2020 Type Package Title Text Extraction, Rendering and Converting of PDF Documents Version 2.3.1 Description Utilities based on 'libpoppler' for … 7 comments Milestone. 2. Package ‘mapview’ August 11, 2020 Type Package Title Interactive Viewing of Spatial Data in R Version 2.9.0 Date 2020-08-09 Maintainer Tim Appelhans The following versions: 11.0, 10.1 and 9.4 are the most frequently downloaded ones by the program users. Adobe Reader for Mac is categorized as Productivity Tools. In this article, you will learn how to save a ggplot to different file formats, including: PDF, SVG vector files, PNG, TIFF, JPEG, etc.. You can either print directly a ggplot into PNG/PDF files or use the convenient function ggsave() for saving a ggplot.. R.APP is part of the binary distribution of R for Mac OS X available from CRAN.That distribution consists of one package containing the R framework and R.APP.. Development versions of R.APP are made available on daily basis in the form of a disk image containing the R.APP itself. R Markdown provides many format options for compiling your document. PDFelement Pro PDFelement Pro is one of the best programs for all solutions to edit PDF files on Mac. R Markdown supports a reproducible workflow for dozens of static and dynamic output formats including HTML, PDF, MS … Hello World. Sweave, Rmarkdown) is probably a more attractive mechanism for the main You want to save your graph(s) to a file. For additional details on rendering R scripts see Compiling R scripts to a notebook. 10 members in the HowToYouTube community. v1.9. Description latexpdf helps you create pdf documents in R using LaTeX techniques; this is especially useful for making stand-alone PDF images of data.frames. Turn your analyses into high quality documents, reports, presentations and dashboards with R Markdown. I teach a data science class where I have the students type notes and homework in R markdown. Some keys on some Apple keyboards have special symbols and functions, such as for display brightness , keyboard brightness , Mission Control and more.If these functions aren't available on your keyboard, you may be able to reproduce some of them by creating your own keyboard shortcuts. For import into PDF-incapable programs (MS Office) ggplot2; Saving a graph from the screen; Problem. system closed March 3, 2019, 5:26am #6 This topic was automatically closed 21 days after the last reply. tinytex is installed and worked fine for a while. 4. I failed to find the answer for mac around Stackoverflow or Github, only to have the same solution for Linux....So I need your help. 3.3.2 Figure options. Dismiss Join GitHub today. (Here I was attempting to knit the demo knit-to-pdf file supplied by Rstudio when one creates a new R … > sessionInfo() R version 3.4.3 (2017-11-30) Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit) Running under: Windows >= 8 x64 (build 9200) Matrix products: default locale: [1] LC_COLLATE=English_Australia.1252 LC_CTYPE=English_Australia.1252 LC_MONETARY=English_Australia.1252 [4] LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=English_Australia.1252 attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets … When I knit the .Rmd file to pdf on my mac I have no problem. PDF Editor for Mac allows users to insert and merge PDF documents together or split PDF apart. To export/convert the Jupyter notebook into a PDF file using the … Changed the 'Typset LaTeX into PDF using:' to pdfLaTeX. There are a number of options that affect the output of figures within PDF documents: fig_width and fig_height can be used to control the default figure width and height (6.5x4.5 is used by default).. fig_crop controls whether the pdfcrop utility, if available in your system, is automatically applied to PDF figures (this is true by default). Then the PDF file got generated! From there, RStudio usually knits documents into an HTML file. Use multiple languages including R, Python, and SQL. Clicked ok and the package got installed automatically. ; This program comes with a user-friendly interface making it easy to handle. I created the project on a Mac and the colleague is using Windows. However, this method should also work for macOS with a little tweak. The Acrobat PowerPoint converter tool preserves the document formatting, so your content will look as expected on Mac and Windows. R includes a powerful and flexible system for creating dynamic reports and reproducible research using LaTeX.Sweave enables the embedding of R code within LaTeX documents to generate a PDF file that includes narrative and analysis, graphics, code, and the results of … In this article we will work on importing .csv files into R from different sources using read.csv() command.. Theory.csv stands for comma separated values and as a format it represents a plain text file containing a list of data with a “,” or “;” separator. Compare two PDF documents and highlight the differences to help you identify what has been changed quickly and easily. Filed under: R Tagged: Error, LaTeX, mactex, packages, pdflatex, R Additional format options can also be specified in metadata. Convert Jupyter notebooks to PDF. Haihaisoft Reader for Mac - A Small Size Free PDF Reader for Macos A prominent feature of Haihaisoft Reader for Mac is its small size at only 3MB ; this compact PDF Reader for Mac takes up much less space than other programs like Adobe Reader (see below). I shared the folder when the R project and all the relative files are kept to a colleague using Google Drive. Press J to jump to the feed. Adobe Reader 20.013.20064 for Mac is free to download from our application library. There are several commands which will direct output to a file instead of the screen. On keyboards made for Windows PCs, use the Alt key instead of Option and the Windows logo key instead of Command. GitHub is home to over 50 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together. Then went to RStudio software, tools>global options>Sweave. The default of ggsave() is to export the last plot that you displayed, using the size of the current graphics device. I tried following these instructions, but still only the Word document works for me when I knit. latexpdf-package Create LaTeX Code and PDF Documents. Turn your analyses into high quality documents, reports, presentations and dashboards with R Markdown. Run all chunks with Command + Option + R or Command + A + Enter on a Mac; Ctrl + Alt + R or Ctrl + A + Enter on Linux and Windows. The unique identifier for this application's bundle is com.adobe.Reader. Solution. I created a R project which outputs some plots to pdf using rmarkdown::render with an .Rmd file. Use a productive notebook interface to weave together narrative text and code to produce elegantly formatted output. Click Done. Lately I am unable to knit to pdf - not sure what happened to create this problem. Now R is able to find the LaTeX binaries and when I run Sys.which("pdflatex") I get. Your Mac will automatically scan the signature and show it in the Camera window. Use multiple languages including R, Python, and SQL. ; Adobe Reader for Mac includes a feature that allows you to print the document in question directly on the interface. 2.1 How to get R.app. pdflatex "/usr/texbin/pdflatex" That should fix the problem and now the build function can turn the .Rd files into PDF documents of the R functions. ! When you use Acrobat to convert PDFs to PowerPoint files, each PDF page is turned into a PowerPoint slide in the converted PPTX file. For report-length PDF, some ﬂavor of markup or markdown (e.g. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts For example, the following YAML would yield a PDF document: output: pdf_document. Copy link Quote reply harryprince commented Dec 31, 2014. Keyboard Shortcuts This information is available directly in the RStudio IDE under the Tools menu: Tools → Keyboard Shortcuts Help. – Dambo Aug 10 '15 at 14:01 r returns something like a \times 10^b , which has to be included in a math environment – Yihui Xie Aug 10 '15 at 16:51 Why is the notation r insufficient in this case? During this post, we will consider Windows as the underlying operating system. I'm running Mac OS X 10.10.2 and see TeXShop, TeXworks, and LaTeXiT in the list of applications. Delete, extract, duplicate, replace, or rotate pages to reorganize PDF documents. With this tool, you can edit, add, modify, and delete texts, graphics, and images in PDF format.You can also convert your PDF files to Word, Excel, EPUB, Images, and more formats. R Markdown supports a reproducible workflow for dozens of static and dynamic output formats including HTML, PDF, MS … I would advice to use tinytex to get pdf with Rmarkdown: yihui.name TinyTeX - Yihui Xie \| 谢益辉. Thanks to this program you can read PDF files, comment on them and annotate in a simple way. Use a productive notebook interface to weave together narrative text and code to produce elegantly formatted output. Key Features. But rendering your work as a PDF or a presentation can take much longer than compiling to HTML. I see two instances of framed.sty on my machine: TinyTeX is a custom LaTeX distribution based on TeX Live that is small in size (150Mb on macOS/Linux and 220Mb on Windows) but functions well in most cases, especially for R users. Click iPhone (or iPad or iPod touch), then sign your name on your device's screen when prompted. If no output_format parameter is specified then the output format is read from the YAML front-matter of the input file. Using Sweave and knitr Overview. Ran the knit PDF command for a R Markdown file and it asked for the installation of the package. ; With Adobe Reader for Mac, you can sign a PDF document that is not protected. 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File instead of Option and the Windows logo key instead of Option the!	2021-12-03T01:08:47	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3201967179775238, "perplexity": 5236.5398069176035}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362571.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203000401-20211203030401-00172.warc.gz"}
https://pages.nist.gov/feasst/plugin/ewald/doc/ChargeScreened.html	# ChargeScreened¶ class ChargeScreened : public feasst::ModelTwoBody Compute energy between two point charges, $$q_i$$ and $$q_j$$ with a Gaussian screening cloud as utilized by the Ewald summation. $$U = q_i q_j \chi erfc(\alpha r)/r$$ where $$erfc$$ is the complimentary error function, $$r$$ is the separation distance, and $$\chi$$ is the charge conversion factor assuming the following units: 1. length: Angstroms 2. energy: kJ/mol 3. charge: elementary Avoid Coulomb explosion by returning a large number when $$r$$ is near zero. Public Functions ChargeScreened(const argtype &args = argtype()) args: • disable_table: if true, do not use a tabular erfc (default: false). • hard_sphere_threshold: return NEAR_INFINITY when distance is less than this threshold (default: 0.1). void precompute(const ModelParams &existing) Precompute model parameters based on existing model parameters. const Table1D *erfc(const double distance_squared) const Return the erfc table. void serialize(std::ostream &ostr) const Output a serialized version of the existing model.	2021-03-05T08:16:34	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4768594205379486, "perplexity": 13102.623054498928}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370239.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305060756-20210305090756-00099.warc.gz"}
https://googology.wikia.org/wiki/0	11,051 Pages 0 (zero) is an integer representing a quantity amounting to nothing. It is the additive identity, meaning that $$a = a + 0$$ for all $$a$$. Other English words for zero are nought (found mostly in the UK), nil, null, cipher (obsolete), and the slang terms goose egg, nada, zip, and zilch. Its ordinal form is written "0th", "zeroth", or very rarely "noughth"; these are rarely encountered except in mathematics and computer science where sequence indices can start at zero. ## Properties 0 is an even number, and neither composite nor prime since it has no prime factorization. A number greater than zero is positive, and a number less than zero is negative. By these, 0 is neither positive nor negative. Any number multiplied by zero equals zero: $$a \times 0 = 0$$. Consequentially, $$0/a = 0$$ for all $$a \not= 0$$, and $$a/0$$ (division by zero) is undefined. Any number exponentiated to zero is one: $$a^0 = 1$$. Zero exponentiated to any number is zero: $$0^a = 0$$ Zero to the power of zero $$0^0$$ can be either zero or one depending on the context. It is usually considered to be undefined, but in some cases deciding on a value can be useful. Any number tetrated, pentated, ... to zero is one: $$a \uparrow\uparrow\ldots\uparrow\uparrow 0 = 1$$. Putting zero in the left argument of a hyper operator creates a power tower of zeroes: $$0 \uparrow\uparrow 3 = 0^{0^0}$$. Setting $$0^0 = 1$$, we obtain a sequence of alternating zeroes and ones: $$0^{0^0} = 0^1 = 0$$ and $$0^0 = 1$$. The reverse holds for the lower hyper-operators. 0 is the only non-negative integer that is not a natural number. Non-negative integers include 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. while naturals numbers skip zero and continue: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. 0 is the smallest non-negative number. 0! is equal to 1. This is because there is only one way to arrange zero objects — that is, doing nothing. This is compatible with many laws involving factorials, such as $$n! = \Gamma(n + 1)$$. ## In googology Like 1, 0 has often been used as the default entry for googological functions. For example, most formulations of the Ackermann function allow for a base value of 0. In Bowers' Exploding Array Notation commas act as zero-dimensional separators. ## Sources 1. Plain'N'Simple, Proof that Rayo(n) is 0 for n less than 10, Googology Wiki user blog, 2020. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2021-06-15T10:40:14	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7710113525390625, "perplexity": 878.2650257127578}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487620971.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615084235-20210615114235-00275.warc.gz"}
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/min_style.html	# min_style command ## Syntax min_style style • style = cg or hftn or sd or quickmin or fire or fire/old or spin or spin/cg or spin/lbfgs ## Examples min_style cg min_style spin min_style fire ## Description Choose a minimization algorithm to use when a minimize command is performed. Style cg is the Polak-Ribiere version of the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm. At each iteration the force gradient is combined with the previous iteration information to compute a new search direction perpendicular (conjugate) to the previous search direction. The PR variant affects how the direction is chosen and how the CG method is restarted when it ceases to make progress. The PR variant is thought to be the most effective CG choice for most problems. Style hftn is a Hessian-free truncated Newton algorithm. At each iteration a quadratic model of the energy potential is solved by a conjugate gradient inner iteration. The Hessian (second derivatives) of the energy is not formed directly, but approximated in each conjugate search direction by a finite difference directional derivative. When close to an energy minimum, the algorithm behaves like a Newton method and exhibits a quadratic convergence rate to high accuracy. In most cases the behavior of hftn is similar to cg, but it offers an alternative if cg seems to perform poorly. This style is not affected by the min_modify command. Style sd is a steepest descent algorithm. At each iteration, the search direction is set to the downhill direction corresponding to the force vector (negative gradient of energy). Typically, steepest descent will not converge as quickly as CG, but may be more robust in some situations. Style quickmin is a damped dynamics method described in (Sheppard), where the damping parameter is related to the projection of the velocity vector along the current force vector for each atom. The velocity of each atom is initialized to 0.0 by this style, at the beginning of a minimization. Style fire is a damped dynamics method described in (Bitzek), which is similar to quickmin but adds a variable timestep and alters the projection operation to maintain components of the velocity non-parallel to the current force vector. The velocity of each atom is initialized to 0.0 by this style, at the beginning of a minimization. This style correspond to an optimized version described in (Guenole) that include different time integration schemes and defaults parameters. The default parameters can be modified with the command min_modify. Style fire/old is the original implementation of fire in Lammps, conserved for backward compatibility. The main differences regarding the current version fire are: time integration by Explicit Euler only, different sequence in maintaining velocity components non-parallel to the current force vector and hard-coded minimization parameters. A complete description of the differences between fire/old and fire can be found in (Guenole) (where the current fire in LAMMPS is called fire2.0). By using an appropriate set of parameters, fire can behave similar to fire/old, as described in the min_modify command. Style spin is a damped spin dynamics with an adaptive timestep. Style spin/cg uses an orthogonal spin optimization (OSO) combined to a conjugate gradient (CG) approach to minimize spin configurations. Style spin/lbfgs uses an orthogonal spin optimization (OSO) combined to a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (LBFGS) approach to minimize spin configurations. Either the quickmin, fire and fire/old styles are useful in the context of nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations via the neb command. Either the spin, spin/cg and spin/lbfgs styles are useful in the context of magnetic geodesic nudged elastic band (GNEB) calculations via the neb/spin command. Note The damped dynamic minimizers use whatever timestep you have defined via the timestep command. Often they will converge more quickly if you use a timestep about 10x larger than you would normally use for dynamics simulations. For fire, the default timestep is recommended to be equal to the one you would normally use for dynamics simulations. Note The quickmin, fire, fire/old, hftn, and cg/kk styles do not yet support the use of the fix box/relax command or minimizations involving the electron radius in eFF models. Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed on the Speed packages doc page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues. These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package doc page for more info. You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script. See the Speed packages doc page for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively. none ## Default min_style cg (Sheppard) Sheppard, Terrell, Henkelman, J Chem Phys, 128, 134106 (2008). See ref 1 in this paper for original reference to Qmin in Jonsson, Mills, Jacobsen. (Bitzek) Bitzek, Koskinen, Gahler, Moseler, Gumbsch, Phys Rev Lett, 97, 170201 (2006). (Guenole) Guenole, Noehring, Vaid, Houlle, Xie, Prakash, Bitzek, Comput Mater Sci, 175, 109584 (2020).	2020-04-05T05:33:41	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6091446280479431, "perplexity": 2027.4865366067418}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370529375.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405053120-20200405083120-00009.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/1970-comparison-basic-modes-imaging-earth-paper-0	# 1970 Comparison of Basic Modes for Imaging the Earth Paper 1970 Comparison of Basic Modes for Imaging the Earth Paper ## Detailed Description 1970 Comparison of Basic Modes for Imaging the Earth Paper	2021-02-25T09:31:01	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9227321147918701, "perplexity": 4882.143649850353}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178350846.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225065836-20210225095836-00034.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=rv%3A10178	# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics ## Darus, Maslina Compute Distance To: Author ID: darus.maslina Published as: Darus, Maslina; Darus, M. Homepage: http://www.ukm.my/pmath/MD.htm External Links: MGP · ORCID · Wikidata · Google Scholar · Math-Net.Ru · dblp Documents Indexed: 580 Publications since 1996 Reviewing Activity: 46 Reviews all top 5 all top 5 #### Serials 49 Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences 34 Acta Universitatis Apulensis. Mathematics - Informatics 19 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 17 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 17 Journal of Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences. Mathematics Series 17 International Mathematical Forum 13 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 13 International Journal of Mathematical Analysis (Ruse) 12 Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 11 International Mathematical Journal 11 Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 11 International Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science 10 Abstract and Applied Analysis 10 International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences 9 Journal of Analysis and Applications 9 Applied Mathematical Sciences (Ruse) 9 Journal of Function Spaces 7 General Mathematics 7 Journal of Applied Mathematics 6 Mathematica 6 Acta Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae Nyíregyháziensis. New Series 6 JIPAM. Journal of Inequalities in Pure & Applied Mathematics 6 Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics 5 Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics 5 Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 5 Lobachevskii Journal of Mathematics 5 ROMAI Journal 4 Acta Mathematica Vietnamica 4 Jnanabha 4 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 4 Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai. Mathematica 4 Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications 4 Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics 4 Miskolc Mathematical Notes 4 The Australian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 4 Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 4 Bulletin of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 4 International Journal of Differential Equations 4 Transylvanian Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 4 Journal of Complex Analysis 4 International Journal of Analysis and Applications 4 Korean Journal of Mathematics 3 Matematički Vesnik 3 Facta Universitatis. Series Mathematics and Informatics 3 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 3 Integral Transforms and Special Functions 3 Information 3 Surveys in Mathematics and its Applications 3 International Journal of Open Problems in Computer Science and Mathematics. IJOPCM 3 Pacific Journal of Applied Mathematics 3 Journal of Nonlinear Science and Applications 3 Acta Universitatis Sapientiae. Mathematica 3 Advances in Decision Sciences 3 Scientific Studies and Research. Series Mathematics and Informatics 3 ISRN Applied Mathematics 3 Izvestiya Irkutskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya Matematika 3 Journal of Mathematics 3 Jordan Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 3 Chinese Journal of Mathematics 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society 2 Fasciculi Mathematici 2 Mathematica Japonica 2 Soochow Journal of Mathematics 2 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Acta Mathematica Universitatis Comenianae. New Series 2 Applied Sciences 2 Chiang Mai Journal of Science 2 Vladikavkazskiĭ Matematicheskiĭ Zhurnal 2 Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 2 Analysis in Theory and Applications 2 Journal of Concrete and Applicable Mathematics 2 Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 2 Kochi Journal of Mathematics 2 European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2 Sains Malaysiana 2 International Journal of Nonlinear Science 2 Journal of Inequalities and Special Functions 2 ISRN Mathematical Analysis 2 Mathematica Æterna 2 TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics 2 Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications 2 Libertas Mathematica. New Series 2 Advances in Mathematics. Scientific Journal 1 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Menemui Matematik 1 Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Facultas Rerum Naturalium. Mathematica 1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio A. Mathematica 1 Archivum Mathematicum 1 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Indian Journal of Mathematics 1 Le Matematiche 1 Mathematica Slovaca 1 Rendiconti dell’Istituto di Matematica dell’Università di Trieste 1 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 1 Results in Mathematics 1 Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas 1 Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni. Serie VII ...and 60 more Serials all top 5 #### Fields 534 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 48 Real functions (26-XX) 21 Special functions (33-XX) 16 Potential theory (31-XX) 9 Computer science (68-XX) 8 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 6 Operator theory (47-XX) 5 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 4 Number theory (11-XX) 4 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 3 Integral equations (45-XX) 2 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Combinatorics (05-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Quantum theory (81-XX) 1 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 1 Systems theory; control (93-XX) #### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 247 Publications have been cited 1,062 times in 621 Documents Cited by Year Hankel determinant for starlike and convex functions. Zbl 1137.30308 Janteng, Aini; Halim, Suzeini Abdul; Darus, Maslina 2007 Coefficient inequality for a function whose derivative has a positive real part. Zbl 1134.30310 Janteng, Aini; Halim, Suzeini Abdul; Darus, Maslina 2006 Ostrowski type inequalities for functions whose derivatives are $$s$$-convex in the second sense. Zbl 1197.26021 Alomari, M.; Darus, M.; Dragomir, S. S.; Cerone, P. 2010 Subordination and superordination for univalent solutions for fractional differential equations. Zbl 1147.30009 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2008 A generalized operator involving the $$q$$-hypergeometric function. Zbl 1299.30037 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2013 Refinements of Hadamard-type inequalities for quasi-convex functions with applications to trapezoidal formula and to special means. Zbl 1189.26037 Alomari, M.; Darus, M.; Kirmaci, U. S. 2010 A subclass of harmonic univalent functions associated with $$q$$-analogue of Dziok-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1286.30002 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2013 On a new subclass of bi-univalent functions. Zbl 1283.30034 Porwal, Saurabh; Darus, M. 2013 On the Hadamard’s inequality for log-convex functions on the coordinates. Zbl 1175.26032 2009 Some subordination results on $$q$$-analogue of Ruscheweyh differential operator. Zbl 07023400 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2014 Some inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for $$s$$-convex functions. Zbl 1249.26042 Alomari, Mohammad W.; Darus, Maslina; Kirmaci, Uǧur S. 2011 Hadamard-type inequalities for $$s$$-convex functions. Zbl 1163.26325 2008 Classes of analytic functions with fractional powers defined by means of a certain linear operator. Zbl 1207.30031 Srivastava, H. M.; Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2011 New inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for functions whose second derivatives absolute values are quasi-convex. Zbl 1214.26003 Alomari, Mohammad W.; Darus, Maslina; Dragomir, Sever S. 2010 Fekete-Szegö inequality for certain class of Bazilevic functions. Zbl 1073.30011 Ravichandran, V.; Gangadharan, A.; Darus, Maslina 2004 The Hadamard’s inequality for $$s$$-convex function of 2-variables on the co-ordinates. Zbl 1178.26017 Alomari, M.; Darus, M. 2008 On certain analytic univalent functions. Zbl 0973.30013 Frasin, B. A.; Darus, M. 2001 A family of integral operators preserving subordination and superordination. Zbl 1182.30024 Xiang, Ri-Guang; Wang, Zhi-Gang; Darus, M. 2010 The Hadamard’s inequality for $$s$$-convex function. Zbl 1178.26018 Alomari, M.; Darus, M. 2008 Hankel determinant for a class of analytic functions involving a generalized linear differential operator. Zbl 1220.30011 Abubaker, Afaf; Darus, Maslina 2011 Fekete-Szegő problems for quasi-subordination classes. Zbl 1267.30047 Mohd, Maisarah Haji; Darus, Maslina 2012 On univalent functions with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points defined by a generalized Ruscheweyh derivatives operator. Zbl 1176.30021 Al-Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2009 On the Fekete-Szegö theorem for close-to-convex functions. Zbl 0868.30015 Darus, M.; Thomas, D. K. 1996 On the Fekete-Szegő theorem for close-to-convex functions. Zbl 0922.30009 Darus, M.; Thomas, D. K. 1998 Fekete-Szegő functional for non-Bazilevič functions. Zbl 1017.30012 Tuneski, Nikola; Darus, Maslina 2002 On subclasses for generalized operators of complex order. Zbl 1168.30304 Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2009 Convexity properties for some general integral operators on uniformly analytic functions classes. Zbl 1207.41012 Breaz, Nicoleta; Breaz, Daniel; Darus, Maslina 2010 On certain meromorphic functions with positive coefficients. Zbl 1069.30016 Frasin, B. A.; Darus, M. 2004 Differential sandwich theorems for some subclasses of analytic functions involving a linear operator. Zbl 1164.30017 Shammugam, T. N.; Ramachandran, C.; Darus, M.; Sivasubramanian, S. 2007 Partial sums of analytic functions of bounded turning with applications. Zbl 1186.30012 Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2010 Some properties of certain multivalent analytic functions involving the Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1171.30304 Wang, Zhi-Gang; Aghalary, R.; Darus, M.; Ibrahim, R. W. 2009 A new integral operator for meromorphic functions. Zbl 1224.30062 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2010 Starlikeness properties of a new integral operator for meromorphic functions. Zbl 1223.30005 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2011 Integral operator defined by $$q$$-analogue of Liu-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1313.30024 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2013 On certain subclass of harmonic univalent functions. Zbl 1145.30006 Darus, M.; Al-Shaqsi, K. 2008 Coordinated $$s$$-convex function in the first sense with some Hadamard-type inequalities. Zbl 1178.26015 Alomari, M.; Darus, M. 2008 On $$H_3(p)$$ Hankel determinant for certain subclass of $$p$$-valent functions. Zbl 1386.30010 Amourah, A. A.; Yousef, Feras; Al-Hawary, Tariq; Darus, M. 2017 Subordination and superordination for analytic functions involving fractional integral operator. Zbl 1155.30006 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2008 Certain properties of $$q$$-hypergeometric functions. Zbl 06873258 Ezeafulukwe, Uzoamaka A.; Darus, Maslina 2015 Generalizations of starlike harmonic functions. (Généralisations des fonctions harmoniques étoilées.) Zbl 1337.31003 Dziok, Jacek; Darus, Maslina; Sokół, Janusz; Bulboacă, Teodor 2016 A new subclass of Salagean-type harmonic univalent functions. Zbl 1207.30010 Al-Shaqsi, Khalifa; Darus, Maslina; Fadipe-Joseph, Olubunmi Abidemi 2010 Fekete-Szegö inequality for certain class of analytic functions. Zbl 1129.30307 Ravichandran, V.; Darus, Maslina; Khan, M. Hussain; Subramanian, K. G. 2004 Differential sandwich theorems with generalised derivative operator. Zbl 1186.30027 Darus, Maslina; Al-Shaqsi, Khalifa 2008 Coefficient estimates of classes of $$q$$-starlike and $$q$$-convex functions. Zbl 1344.30005 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2016 An operator defined by convolution involving the polylogarithms functions. Zbl 1155.30303 Al Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2008 Partial sum of generalized class of meromorphically univalent functions defined by $$q$$-analogue of Liu-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1300.30016 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2014 On harmonic functions defined by derivative operator. Zbl 1149.31001 Al-Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2008 On a criteria for strong starlikeness. Zbl 1083.30015 Ravichandran, V.; Darus, M.; Seenivasagan, N. 2005 $$\alpha$$-logarithmically convex functions. Zbl 0924.30012 Darus, M.; Thomas, D. K. 1998 On analytic functions associated with the Dziok-Srivastava linear operator and Srivastava-Owa fractional integral operator. Zbl 1218.30031 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2011 The order of starlikeness of new $$p$$-valent meromorphic functions. Zbl 1263.30007 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2012 A certain fractional derivative operator for $$p$$-valent functions and new class of analytic functions with negative coefficients. Zbl 1336.30008 Amourah, A. A.; Yousef, Feras; Al-Hawary, Tariq; Darus, M. 2016 Starlikeness of $$q-$$ differential operator involving quantum calculus. Zbl 07173081 Aldawish, Ibtisam; Darus, Maslina 2014 Fekete-Szegö inequality for a certain class of analytic functions. Zbl 1174.30009 Darus, M.; Shanmugam, T. N.; Sivasubramanian, S. 2007 On the Fekete-Szegö problem. Zbl 0967.30010 Frasin, B. A.; Darus, Maslina 2000 On Cesáro means for Fox-Wright functions. Zbl 1189.30013 Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2008 Subordination results on subclasses concerning Sakaguchi functions. Zbl 1186.30016 Frasin, B. A.; Darus, M. 2009 Differential sandwich theorems for $$p$$-valent functions associated with a certain generalized differential operator and integral operator. Zbl 1361.30032 Yousef, Feras; Amourah, A. A.; Darus, M. 2016 On starlike and convex functions with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1216.30001 Abubaker, Afaf A. Ali; Darus, Maslina 2011 New properties for certain integral operators. Zbl 1218.30043 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2010 On the Fekete-Szegő problem for generalized close-to-convex functions. Zbl 1232.30011 Darus, Maslina; Tuneski, Nikola 2003 Distortion theorem for certain class of Bazilevic functions. Zbl 1276.30018 Amer, Aisha Ahmed; Darus, Maslina 2012 Fejér inequality for double integrals. Zbl 1265.26059 Alomari, M.; Darus, M. 2009 Radius estimates of a subclass of univalent functions. Zbl 1265.30043 Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2011 A new class of meromorphically analytic functions with applications to the generalized hypergeometric functions. Zbl 1223.30004 Ghanim, Firas; Darus, Maslina 2011 On the Fekete-Szegő inequality for a class of analytic functions defined by using generalized differential operator. Zbl 1274.30027 2011 A note on $$q$$-calculus. Zbl 1338.30009 Ezeafulukwe, Uzoamaka A.; Darus, Maslina 2015 Some properties of certain integral operators on new subclasses of analytic functions with complex order. Zbl 1286.30012 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2012 Puiseux series expansion for an eigenvalue of the generalized Friedrichs model with perturbation of rank 1. Zbl 1268.81075 Lakaev, Saidakhmat; Darus, Maslina; Kurbanov, Shaxzod 2013 Partial sums of generalized class of analytic functions involving Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function. Zbl 1220.30025 Murugusundaramoorthy, G.; Uma, K.; Darus, M. 2011 Certain subclasses of meromorphic functions related to Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1211.30017 Ghanim, F.; Darus, M. 2011 Integral operators on new families of meromorphic functions of complex order. Zbl 1272.30025 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2011 Coefficient estimates for Ruscheweyh derivatives. Zbl 1070.30003 Darus, Maslina; Akbarally, Ajab 2004 On subclass of close-to-convex functions. Zbl 1138.30003 Al Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2007 On new subclass of analytic $$p$$-valent function with negative coefficient for operator on Hilbert space. Zbl 1159.30311 Ghanim, F.; Darus, M. 2008 On sandwich theorems for certain subclasses of non-Bazilevič functions involving Cho-Kim transformation $$\\|$$. Zbl 1138.30307 Shanmugam, T. N.; Sivasubramanian, S.; Darus, M.; Kavitha, S. 2007 On subclass of harmonic starlike functions with respect to $$K$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1132.30307 Al Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2007 On harmonic univalent functions with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1151.30309 Al-Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2008 On certain subclass of analytic univalent functions with negative coefficients. Zbl 1200.30003 Al Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2007 Some properties of certain subclass of meromorphically multivalent functions defined by linear operator. Zbl 1189.30017 Ghanim, F.; Darus, M. 2010 New criteria for starlike integral operators. Zbl 1289.30084 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina; Breaz, Daniel 2013 Extremal bounds for functions of bounded turning. Zbl 1246.30025 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2011 Main differential sandwich theorem with some applications. Zbl 1169.30302 Al-Refai, Oqlah; Darus, Maslina 2009 New subclass of hypergeometric meromorphic functions. Zbl 1176.30033 Ghanim, F.; Darus, M.; Swaminathan, A. 2009 Coefficient bounds for new subclasses of bi-univalent functions using Hadamard product. Zbl 1340.30014 Alamoush, A. G.; Darus, M. 2014 Differential subordination and superordination for Srivastava-Attiya operator. Zbl 1243.30055 Mohd, Maisarah Haji; Darus, Maslina 2011 On a criteria for starlikeness. Zbl 1208.30017 Ravichandran, V.; Darus, Maslina 2003 Second Hankel determinant for a class of analytic functions defined by a linear operator. Zbl 1255.30019 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2012 On the starlikeness of certain class of analytic functions. Zbl 1225.30016 Sivasubramanian, S.; Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2011 Some properties on a certain class of meromorphic functions related to Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1278.30013 Ghanim, Firas; Darus, Maslina 2012 On a subclass of starlike functions. Zbl 1388.30015 Darus, Maslina; Hussain, Saqib; Raza, Mohsan; Sokół, Janusz 2018 Certain problems related to generalized Srivastava-Attiya operator. Zbl 1373.30016 Challab, K. A.; Darus, M.; Ghanim, F. 2017 Univalence of a new general integral operator associated with the $$q$$-hypergeometric function. Zbl 1266.33008 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2013 On certain class of meromorphic harmonic concave functions. Zbl 1327.31001 Aldawish, Ibtisam; Darus, Maslina 2015 Integral means and neighborhoods for analytic uinivalent functions with neagative coefficients. Zbl 1067.30021 Frasin, B. A.; Darus, M. 2004 Subordination and superordination for certain analytic functions. Zbl 1312.30038 Siregar, Saibah; Darus, Maslina; Frasin, Basem A. 2010 Subordination and superordination for functions based on Dziok-Srivastava linear operator. Zbl 1312.30012 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2010 Coefficients bounds for certain subclass of biunivalent functions associated with Ruscheweyh $$q$$-differential operator. Zbl 1461.30039 2017 On co-ordinated $$s$$-convex functions. Zbl 1163.26326 2008 Fekete-Szegő problem for univalent functions with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1165.30308 Al-Shaqsi, K.; Darus, M. 2008 Certain properties on analytic $$p$$-valent functions. Zbl 1433.30034 2020 On Fekete-Szegö problems for certain subclasses of analytic functions defined by differential operator involving $$q$$-Ruscheweyh operator. Zbl 1435.30035 Alsoboh, Abdullah; Darus, Maslina 2020 Upper bound of the third Hankel determinant for a subclass of $$q$$-starlike functions associated with the lemniscate of Bernoulli. Zbl 1439.30028 2020 On meromorphic functions defined by a new operator containing the Mittag-Leffler function. Zbl 1416.30003 2019 New subclass of analytic functions defined by $$q$$-differential operator with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1427.30011 Alsoboh, Abdullah; Darus, Maslina 2019 On a subclass of harmonic univalent functions involving a new operator containing $$q$$-Mittag-Leffler function. Zbl 1427.30020 2019 On a subclass of starlike functions. Zbl 1388.30015 Darus, Maslina; Hussain, Saqib; Raza, Mohsan; Sokół, Janusz 2018 Certain geometric properties of generalized Dini functions. Zbl 1401.33005 Din, Muhey U.; Raza, Mohsan; Hussain, Saqib; Darus, Maslina 2018 On a certain subclasses of analytic functions involving differential operator. Zbl 1411.30011 2018 Some properties of analytic functions associated with conic type regions. Zbl 1415.30015 Noor, Khalida Inayat; Khan, Nazar; Darus, Maslina; Ahmad, Qazi Zahoor; Khan, Bilal 2018 A note on Caputo’s derivative operator interpretation in economy. Zbl 1437.91125 Rehman, Hameed Ur; Darus, Maslina; Salah, Jamal 2018 Majorization properties for subclass of analytic $$p$$-valent functions associated with generalized differential operator involving Mittag-Leffler function. Zbl 1422.30017 2018 On subclass of meromorphic univalent functions defined by a linear operator associated with $$\lambda$$-generalized Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function and $$q$$-hypergeometric function. Zbl 1402.30016 Challab, K. A.; Darus, M.; Ghanim, F. 2018 On certain classes of bi-univalent functions related to $$m$$-fold symmetry. Zbl 1438.30050 2018 On some new classes of bi-univalent functions. Zbl 07002741 Darus, M.; Singh, Saumya 2018 On $$H_3(p)$$ Hankel determinant for certain subclass of $$p$$-valent functions. Zbl 1386.30010 Amourah, A. A.; Yousef, Feras; Al-Hawary, Tariq; Darus, M. 2017 Certain problems related to generalized Srivastava-Attiya operator. Zbl 1373.30016 Challab, K. A.; Darus, M.; Ghanim, F. 2017 Coefficients bounds for certain subclass of biunivalent functions associated with Ruscheweyh $$q$$-differential operator. Zbl 1461.30039 2017 New subclasses concerning some analytic and univalent functions. Zbl 1392.30007 Darus, Maslina; Owa, Shigeyoshi 2017 On Fekete-Szegö problems for certain subclasses defined by $$q$$-derivative. Zbl 1376.30016 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2017 Inclusion properties of meromorphic functions associated with the extended Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator by using hypergeometric function. Zbl 1388.30033 Challab, Khalid Abdulameer; Darus, Maslina; Ghanim, Firas 2017 On a class of functions associated with Sălăgean operator. Zbl 1360.30011 Hussain, Saqib; Shareef, Zahid; Darus, Maslina 2017 On a new class of $$(j, i)$$-symmetric function on conic regions. Zbl 1412.30044 Hussain, Saqib; Alamri, Mohammed Ali; Darus, Maslina 2017 Certain subclass of analytic functions related with conic domains and associated with Salagean $$q$$-differential operator. Zbl 1431.30012 2017 A subclass of analytic functions related to $$k$$-uniformly convex and starlike functions. Zbl 1369.30010 2017 Study on subclasses of analytic functions. Zbl 1372.30007 Faisal, Imran; Darus, Maslina 2017 Generalizations of starlike harmonic functions. (Généralisations des fonctions harmoniques étoilées.) Zbl 1337.31003 Dziok, Jacek; Darus, Maslina; Sokół, Janusz; Bulboacă, Teodor 2016 Coefficient estimates of classes of $$q$$-starlike and $$q$$-convex functions. Zbl 1344.30005 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2016 A certain fractional derivative operator for $$p$$-valent functions and new class of analytic functions with negative coefficients. Zbl 1336.30008 Amourah, A. A.; Yousef, Feras; Al-Hawary, Tariq; Darus, M. 2016 Differential sandwich theorems for $$p$$-valent functions associated with a certain generalized differential operator and integral operator. Zbl 1361.30032 Yousef, Feras; Amourah, A. A.; Darus, M. 2016 Certain properties of $$q$$-hypergeometric functions. Zbl 06873258 Ezeafulukwe, Uzoamaka A.; Darus, Maslina 2015 A note on $$q$$-calculus. Zbl 1338.30009 Ezeafulukwe, Uzoamaka A.; Darus, Maslina 2015 On certain class of meromorphic harmonic concave functions. Zbl 1327.31001 Aldawish, Ibtisam; Darus, Maslina 2015 Coefficient estimate of bi-univalent functions based on $$q$$-hypergeometric functions. Zbl 1325.30014 Murugusundaramoorthy, Gangadharan; Janani, Thambidurai; Darus, Maslina 2015 A new subclass of harmonic meromorphic functions involving quantum calculus. Zbl 1412.30018 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2015 Subclasses of meromorphically multivalent functions. Zbl 1374.30020 Albehbah, M.; Darus, M. 2015 On an operator defined by the combination of both generalized operators of Salagean and Ruscheweyh. Zbl 1332.30019 2015 On new subclasses of meromorphic univalent functions with positive coefficients. Zbl 1332.30021 Albehbah, Mostafa; Darus, Maslina 2015 Bazilevič $$P$$-valent functions associated with generalized hypergeometric functions. Zbl 1458.30017 El-Yagubi, E.; Darus, M. 2015 Some subordination results on $$q$$-analogue of Ruscheweyh differential operator. Zbl 07023400 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2014 Partial sum of generalized class of meromorphically univalent functions defined by $$q$$-analogue of Liu-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1300.30016 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2014 Starlikeness of $$q-$$ differential operator involving quantum calculus. Zbl 07173081 Aldawish, Ibtisam; Darus, Maslina 2014 Coefficient bounds for new subclasses of bi-univalent functions using Hadamard product. Zbl 1340.30014 Alamoush, A. G.; Darus, M. 2014 Fekete-Szegő problem for certain classes of analytic functions of complex order defined by the Dziok-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1297.30013 Al-Hawary, Tariq; Frasin, B. A.; Darus, M. 2014 Differential sandwich theorems with a new generalized derivative operator. Zbl 1304.30022 Oshah, Anessa; Darus, Maslina 2014 On coefficient estimates for bi-univalent functions of Fox-Wright functions. Zbl 1307.30012 Alamoush, A. G.; Darus, M. 2014 A new class of meromorphic functions related to Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1458.30018 Ghanim, F.; Darus, Maslina 2014 Application of nonhomogenous Cauchy-Euler differential equation for certain class of analytic functions. Zbl 1307.30022 Faisal, Imran; Darus, Maslina 2014 Simple sufficient conditions for bounded turning. Zbl 1303.30017 Tuneski, Nikola; Darus, Maslina; Gelova, Elena 2014 A new look at $$q$$-hypergeometric functions. Zbl 1309.30008 Darus, M. 2014 A new class of meromorphic functions involving the polylogarithm function. Zbl 1309.30003 2014 New subclass of analytic functions associated with the generalized hypergeometric functions. Zbl 1463.30044 Darus, Maslina 2014 A generalized operator involving the $$q$$-hypergeometric function. Zbl 1299.30037 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2013 A subclass of harmonic univalent functions associated with $$q$$-analogue of Dziok-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1286.30002 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2013 On a new subclass of bi-univalent functions. Zbl 1283.30034 Porwal, Saurabh; Darus, M. 2013 Integral operator defined by $$q$$-analogue of Liu-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1313.30024 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2013 Puiseux series expansion for an eigenvalue of the generalized Friedrichs model with perturbation of rank 1. Zbl 1268.81075 Lakaev, Saidakhmat; Darus, Maslina; Kurbanov, Shaxzod 2013 New criteria for starlike integral operators. Zbl 1289.30084 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina; Breaz, Daniel 2013 Univalence of a new general integral operator associated with the $$q$$-hypergeometric function. Zbl 1266.33008 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2013 A new subclass of analytic functions with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1290.30010 El-Yagubi, Entisar; Darus, Maslina 2013 On certain subclass of analytic functions with fixed point. Zbl 1267.30029 Al-Hawary, T.; Frasin, B. A.; Darus, M. 2013 Some inequalities for power series with applications. Zbl 1277.26038 Ibrahim, Alawiah; Dragomir, Sever S.; Darus, Maslina 2013 Properties of a subclass of analytic functions defined by generalized operator involving $$q-$$hypergeometric function. Zbl 1291.30055 Aldweby, Huda; Darus, Maslina 2013 Some properties of certain subclasses of meromorphically functions related to Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1323.30016 Ghanim, F.; Darus, M.; Wang, Zhi-Gang 2013 On certain subclasses of analytic functions. Zbl 1299.30023 Faisal, Imran; Shareef, Zahid; Darus, Maslina 2013 Some applications of Meijer $$G$$-functions as solutions of differential equations in physical models. Zbl 1300.35115 Pishkoo, A.; Darus, M. 2013 Some results of univalent and starlike integral operator. Zbl 1268.30015 Eljamal, E. A.; Darus, M.; Breaz, D. 2013 Power series inequalities via Young’s inequality with applications. Zbl 1290.26030 Ibrahim, Alawiah; Dragomir, Sever S.; Darus, Maslina 2013 A new subclass of meromorphic functions with positive and fixed second coefficients. Zbl 1286.30023 Srikandan, Sivasubramanian; Magesh, N.; Darus, Maslina 2013 On a class of spiral-like functions with respect to a boundary point related to subordination. Zbl 1295.30040 Mohd, Maisarah Haji; Darus, Maslina 2013 Fekete-Szegő problems for quasi-subordination classes. Zbl 1267.30047 Mohd, Maisarah Haji; Darus, Maslina 2012 The order of starlikeness of new $$p$$-valent meromorphic functions. Zbl 1263.30007 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2012 Distortion theorem for certain class of Bazilevic functions. Zbl 1276.30018 Amer, Aisha Ahmed; Darus, Maslina 2012 Some properties of certain integral operators on new subclasses of analytic functions with complex order. Zbl 1286.30012 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2012 Second Hankel determinant for a class of analytic functions defined by a linear operator. Zbl 1255.30019 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2012 Some properties on a certain class of meromorphic functions related to Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1278.30013 Ghanim, Firas; Darus, Maslina 2012 Fractional differintegral transformations of univalent Meijer’s $$G$$-functions. Zbl 1296.30021 Pishkoo, Amir; Darus, Maslina 2012 Mixed class of functions of non-Bazilevic type and bounded turning. Zbl 1267.30041 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2012 Hankel determinant for certain class of analytic function defined by generalized derivative operator. Zbl 1259.30010 2012 A study of a special family of analytic functions at infinity. Zbl 1253.30024 Faisal, Imran; Darus, Maslina 2012 Convolution operators in the geometric function theory. Zbl 1287.30005 Shareef, Zahid; Hussain, Saqib; Darus, Maslina 2012 A note on subclass of analytic functions with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1252.30004 Abubaker, Afaf; Darus, Maslina 2012 Argument estimate for non-Bazilevič type and bounded turning functions. Zbl 1250.30012 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2012 Majorization for certain classes of analytic functions defined by a new operator. Zbl 1269.30014 Eljamal, E. A.; Darus, Maslina 2012 Inequalities for power series with positive coefficients. Zbl 1312.26041 Ibrahim, Alawiah; Dragomir, S. S.; Cerone, P.; Darus, Maslina 2012 Some inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for $$s$$-convex functions. Zbl 1249.26042 Alomari, Mohammad W.; Darus, Maslina; Kirmaci, Uǧur S. 2011 Classes of analytic functions with fractional powers defined by means of a certain linear operator. Zbl 1207.30031 Srivastava, H. M.; Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2011 Hankel determinant for a class of analytic functions involving a generalized linear differential operator. Zbl 1220.30011 Abubaker, Afaf; Darus, Maslina 2011 Starlikeness properties of a new integral operator for meromorphic functions. Zbl 1223.30005 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2011 On analytic functions associated with the Dziok-Srivastava linear operator and Srivastava-Owa fractional integral operator. Zbl 1218.30031 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2011 On starlike and convex functions with respect to $$k$$-symmetric points. Zbl 1216.30001 Abubaker, Afaf A. Ali; Darus, Maslina 2011 Radius estimates of a subclass of univalent functions. Zbl 1265.30043 Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2011 A new class of meromorphically analytic functions with applications to the generalized hypergeometric functions. Zbl 1223.30004 Ghanim, Firas; Darus, Maslina 2011 On the Fekete-Szegő inequality for a class of analytic functions defined by using generalized differential operator. Zbl 1274.30027 2011 Partial sums of generalized class of analytic functions involving Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function. Zbl 1220.30025 Murugusundaramoorthy, G.; Uma, K.; Darus, M. 2011 Certain subclasses of meromorphic functions related to Cho-Kwon-Srivastava operator. Zbl 1211.30017 Ghanim, F.; Darus, M. 2011 Integral operators on new families of meromorphic functions of complex order. Zbl 1272.30025 Mohammed, Aabed; Darus, Maslina 2011 Extremal bounds for functions of bounded turning. Zbl 1246.30025 Ibrahim, Rabha W.; Darus, Maslina 2011 Differential subordination and superordination for Srivastava-Attiya operator. Zbl 1243.30055 Mohd, Maisarah Haji; Darus, Maslina 2011 On the starlikeness of certain class of analytic functions. Zbl 1225.30016 Sivasubramanian, S.; Darus, Maslina; Ibrahim, Rabha W. 2011 ...and 147 more Documents all top 5 all top 5 #### Cited in 159 Serials 37 Abstract and Applied Analysis 23 International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 23 Journal of Function Spaces 18 Turkish Journal of Mathematics 18 Journal of Inequalities and Applications 18 Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 16 Applied Mathematics and Computation 14 Afrika Matematika 12 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 12 Journal of Complex Analysis 10 Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM 10 Journal of Mathematics 9 Applied Mathematics Letters 9 Boletín de la Sociedad Matemática Mexicana. Third Series 9 Journal of Applied Mathematics 8 Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 8 Journal of the Egyptian Mathematical Society 8 Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society. Second Series 8 Tbilisi Mathematical Journal 8 Palestine Journal of Mathematics 7 Advances in Difference Equations 7 Journal of Classical Analysis 7 Chinese Journal of Mathematics 6 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 6 Demonstratio Mathematica 6 Fasciculi Mathematici 6 Kyungpook Mathematical Journal 6 Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 6 Proyecciones 6 Journal of Nonlinear Science and Applications 6 Symmetry 6 Problemy Analiza. Issues of Analysis 6 Asia Pacific Journal of Mathematics 6 Korean Journal of Mathematics 5 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 5 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio A. Mathematica 5 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 5 The Journal of Analysis 5 Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics 5 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 5 Boletim da Sociedade Paranaense de Matemática. 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Studia Mathematica 3 ISRN Applied Mathematics 3 Fractional Differential Calculus 3 International Journal of Analysis 3 Mathematics 3 Open Mathematics 2 Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society 2 Le Matematiche 2 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 2 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 2 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 2 Facta Universitatis. Series Mathematics and Informatics 2 International Journal of Mathematics 2 Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Analysis. Armenian Academy of Sciences 2 Filomat 2 Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society 2 Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis de Mathematica 2 Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications 2 Applied Mathematics E-Notes 2 Vladikavkazskiĭ Matematicheskiĭ Zhurnal 2 Journal of Function Spaces and Applications 2 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 2 European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2 Nonlinear Analysis. Hybrid Systems 2 Bulletin of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2 Advances in Decision Sciences 2 Ufimskiĭ Matematicheskiĭ Zhurnal 2 Eurasian Mathematical Journal 2 Journal of Applied Mathematics & Informatics 2 Analysis and Mathematical Physics 2 Journal of Mathematical Extension 2 Arabian Journal of Mathematics 2 Sahand Communications in Mathematical Analysis 2 Cogent Mathematics 1 Journal of the Franklin Institute 1 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 1 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 1 Mathematical Notes 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics ...and 59 more Serials all top 5 #### Cited in 30 Fields 421 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 169 Real functions (26-XX) 39 Special functions (33-XX) 33 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 24 Operator theory (47-XX) 13 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 12 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 10 Potential theory (31-XX) 8 Combinatorics (05-XX) 6 Number theory (11-XX) 4 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 4 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 4 Integral equations (45-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 3 Functional analysis (46-XX) 2 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 2 Measure and integration (28-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 2 Quantum theory (81-XX) 2 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 2 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 1 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 1 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) #### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2021-12-07T12:10:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5685370564460754, "perplexity": 6191.831024726338}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207105847-20211207135847-00495.warc.gz"}
https://ftp.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2015.0974	Article Contents Article Contents # A model of malignant gliomas throug symmetry reductions • A glioma is a kind of tumor that starts in the brain or spine. The most common site of gliomas is in the brain. Most of the mathematical models in use for malignant gliomas are based on a simple reaction-diffusion equation: the Fisher equation [3]. A nonlinear wave model describing the fundamental features of these tumors has been introduced in [5], by V.M. Pérez and collaborators. In this work, we study this model from the point of view of the theory of symmetry reductions in partial differential equations. We obtain the classical symmetries admitted by the system, then, we use the transformations groups to reduce the equations to ordinary differential equations. Some exact solutions are derived from the solutions of a simple non-linear ordinary differential equation. Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 76M60, 92D25; Secondary: 35Q91. Citation: • [1] G. W. Bluman and S. C. Anco, Symmetry and Integration Methods for Differential Equations Applied Mathematical Sciences, 154 Springer (2002). [2] N. A. Kudryashov, Simplest equation method to look for exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations Chaos. Solitons and Fractals, 24 (2005), 1217-1231. [3] J. D. Murray, Mathematical Biology, Third Edition, Springer-Verlag, New York Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. [4] P. Olver, Applications of Lie Groups to Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokyo, 1993. [5] V. M. Pérez-García, G. F. Calvo, J. Belmonte-Beitia, D. Diego, and L. Pérez-Romasanta, Bright solitary waves in malignant gliomas, Physical Review E., 84 (2011), 021921. [6] K. R. Swanson, C. Bridge, J. D. Murray, and E. C. Alvord, Virtual and real brain tumors: using mathematical modeling to quantify glioma growth and invasion, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 216 (2003), 1-10. [7] N. K. Vitanov, Modified method of simplest equation: Powerful tool for obtaining exact and approximate traveling-wave solutions of nonlinear PDEs, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 16 (2011), 1176-1185. [8] E. Yombaa, Exact Solitary Waves of the Fisher Equation, IMA Preprint Series, (2005), 2061. Open Access Under a Creative Commons license	2023-03-24T19:42:39	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4930209517478943, "perplexity": 1705.9399478802711}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945288.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324180032-20230324210032-00286.warc.gz"}
http://wiki.cosmos.esa.int/planckpla2015/index.php?title=Specially_processed_maps&diff=11605&oldid=10837	Difference between revisions of "Specially processed maps" Introduction This section describes the products that required special processing. 2015 Lensing map We distribute the minimum-variance (MV) lensing potential estimate presented in Planck-2015-A15[1] as part of the 2014 data release. This map represents an estimate of the lensing potential on approximately 70% of the sky, and also forms the basis for the Planck 2014 lensing likelihood. It is produced using filtered temperature and polarization data from the SMICA DX11 map; its construction is discussed in detail in Planck-2015-A09[2]. The estimate is contained in a single gzipped tarball named COM_CompMap_Lensing_2048_R2.00.tgz. Its contents are described below. The convergence map "dat_klm.fits" that can be found in the tarball, has been categorized as COM_Lensing-Convergence-dat-klm_2048_R2.00.fits in the Lensing Products section of the archive. Contents of Lensing package Filename Format Description dat_klm.fits HEALPIX format alm, with $L_{\rm max} = 2048$ Contains the estimated lensing convergence $\hat{\kappa}_{LM} = \frac{1}{2} L(L+1)\hat{\phi}_{LM}$. mask.fits.gz HEALPIX format map, with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the lens reconstruction analysis mask. nlkk.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($L$, $N_L$, $C_L+N_L$) The approximate noise $N_L$ (and signal+noise, $C_L+N_L$) power spectrum of $\hat{\kappa}_{LM}$, for the fiducial cosmology used in Planck-2015-A13[3]. 2015 Compton parameter map We distribute here the Planck full mission Compton parameter maps (y-maps hereafter) obtained using the NILC and MILCA component separation algorithms as described in Planck-2015-A22[4]. We also provide the ILC weights per scale and per frequency that were used to produce these y-maps. IDL routines are also provide to allow the user to apply those weights. Compton parameters produced by keeping either the first or the second half of stable pointing periods are also provide and we call them FIRST and LAST y-maps. Additionally we construct a noise estimates of full mission Planck y-maps from the half difference of the FIRST and LAST y-maps. These estimates are used to construct standard deviation maps of the noise in the full mission Planck y-maps that are also provided. To complement this we also provide the power spectra of the noise estimate maps after correcting for inhomogeneities using the standard deviation maps. We also deliver foreground masks including point-source and galactic masks. Update 04 Aug 2017: The file containing the masks named COM_CompMap_Compton-SZMap-masks_2048_R2.00.fits has been updated with the file COM_CompMap_Compton-SZMap-masks_2048_R2.01.fits. The difference between the two is that in the R2.00 version a region around the Galactic pole had been masked, while only the Galactic plane should be masked. This has been fixed in version R2.01. The full updated data set is contained in a single gzipped tarball named COM_CompMap_YSZ_R2.01.fits.tgz. The R2.00 version of the mask is not available in the anymore, but can be requested via the Helpdesk. The contents of the full data set are described below. Contents of COM_CompMap_YSZ_R2.01.fits.tgz Filename Format Description nilc_ymaps.fits HEALPIX format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the NILC full mission, FIRST and LAST ymaps. milca_ymaps.fits HEALPIX format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the MILCA full mission, FIRST and LAST ymaps. nilc_weights_BAND.fits HEALPIX format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 128$ Contains the NILC ILC weights for the full mission ymap for band BAND 0 to 9. For each band we provide a weight map per frequency. milca_FREQ_Csz.fits HEALPIX format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the MILCA ILC weights for the full mission ymap for frequency FREQ (100,143,217,353,545,857). For each frequency we provide a weight map per filter band. nilc_stddev.fits HEALPIX format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the stddev map for the NILC full mission y-map. milca_stddev.fits HEALPIX format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the stddev maps for the MILCA full mission ymap. nilc_homnoise_spect.fits ASCII table format Contains the angular power spectrum of the homogeneous noise in the NILC full mission ymap. milca_homnoise_spect.fits ASCII table format Contains the angular power spectrum of the homogeneous noise in the MILCA full mission ymap. masks.fits HEALPIX format map, with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains foreground masks. nilc_bands.fits ASCII table format Contains NILC wavelet bands in multipole space 2015 Lensing-induced B-mode map We distribute the Planck map of the lensing-induced B-modes presented in Planck-2015-XLI[5]. The Stokes parameter maps of the lensing B-modes are produced by combining the lensing potential map extracted from the SMICA temperature map with E-mode data from the SMICA polarization maps. The SMICA temperature and polarization products are described in Planck-2015-A09[2]. The lensing-induced B-mode polarization maps are used in cross-correlation with the SMICA polarization maps to obtain a lensing B-mode power spectrum measurement from approximately 70% of the sky. We provide both raw products, which can be utilized to generate products adapted to one's specific needs in term of mask, filtering, etc., and "ready-to-use" products for cross-correlation study purposes. Raw products We deliver the non-normalized lensing-induced Stokes parameter maps, labelled $\bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}}$ and $\bar{U}^{\rm{lens}}$, which form the basis of the final lensing B-mode estimator defined in equation (6) of the paper. They are defined as $\begin{eqnarray} \bar Q^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) &=& \widetilde Q^{E}({\bf n}) \cdot \nabla \widetilde \phi({\bf n}), \\ \bar U^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) &=& \widetilde U^{E}({\bf n}) \cdot \nabla \widetilde \phi({\bf n}), \end{eqnarray}$ where $\widetilde Q^{E}$ and $\widetilde U^{E}$ are the filtered pure E-mode polarization maps given in equation (5), and $\widetilde \phi$ is the filtered lensing potential estimate. We also provide the normalization transfer function $\mathcal{B}_\ell$ defined in equation (12), as well as the "B70" mask $M({\bf n})$ that retains 69% of the sky before apodization, and its apodized version $\tilde{M}({\bf n})$, which has an effective sky fraction $f_{\rm{sky}}^{\rm{eff}} = 65\%$. As an example of the utilization of these products, the lensing B-mode maps that are shown in figure 4 are generated from $Q^{\rm{lens}} \pm i U^{\rm{lens}} = \sum_{\ell m} \left( G_\ell \mathcal{B}_\ell^{-1} \int d{\bf n} {\, }_{\pm 2}Y_{\ell m}^({\bf n}) \left(\bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}} \pm i \bar{U}^{\rm{lens}} \right) \right) {\, }_{\pm 2}Y_{\ell m}({\bf n})$, where $G_\ell$ is a Gaussian filter of 60 arcmin (introduced for highlighting large angular scales, although it can be removed or replaced by any other filter). This can be practically done by ingesting $\bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}}$ and $\bar{U}^{\rm{lens}}$ in the "smoothing" routine, and using the product $G_\ell\mathcal{B}_\ell^{-1}$ as an input filtering function. The lensing-induced Stokes parameter maps are provided without being masked for the user's convenience (in particular, it allows for various filtering to be tested). However, whenever they are utilized in view of obtaining scientific outcomes, they should be masked using the B70 mask, which is also provided. Specific products We provide the lensing B-mode spherical harmonic coefficient estimate $B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$ over approximately 70% of the sky. It can also be constructed using the raw products described above from $B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}} = f_{10 \rightarrow 2000} \, \mathcal{B}_\ell^{-1} \, \, {\, }_{\pm 2}\mathcal{Y} \left[ \tilde{M}({\bf n}) \left( \bar{Q}^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) \pm i \bar{U}^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n}) \right) \right]$, where $f_{10 \rightarrow 2000}$ is a band-pass filter that retain the multipole range $10 \le \ell \le 2000$, and ${\, }_{\pm2}\mathcal{Y}$ is a short-hand notation for transforming a map into spin-weighted spherical harmonic coefficients ${\, }_{+2}a_{\ell m}$, ${\, }_{-2}a_{\ell m}$ and forming $1/(2i)\left({\, }_{+2}a_{\ell m} - {\, }_{-2}a_{\ell m}\right)$. This can be done using, e.g., the "anafast" tool. The lensing B-mode power spectrum estimate $\hat{C}_\ell^{BB^{\rm{lens}}}$ is obtained by forming the cross-correlation power spectrum of $B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$ and the B-mode data from the SMICA polarization maps $B_{\ell m}$: $\hat{C}_\ell^{BB^{\rm{lens}}} = \frac{\left(f_{\rm{sky}}^{\rm{eff}}\right)^{-1}}{2 \ell +1} G_\ell^{-2} \sum_m B_{\ell m}^ B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$, where $G_\ell$ is the 5 arcmin Gaussian beam that convolves the SMICA maps. The products are contained in a single gzipped tarball named COM_Lensing-Bmode_R2.01.tgz. Its contents are described below. Contents of Lensing B-mode package Filename Format Description bar_q_lens_map.fits format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the non-normalized lensing-induced Q Stokes parameter map $\bar Q^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n})$. bar_u_lens_map.fits format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ Contains the non-normalized lensing-induced U Stokes parameter map $\bar U^{\rm{lens}}({\bf n})$. mask.fits format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ The B70 mask (apodized version). mask_noapo.fits format map in Galactic coordinates with $N_{\rm side} = 2048$ The B70 mask without apodization. transfer_function_b_l.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($\ell$, $\mathcal{B}_\ell$) The transfer function of the lensing B-mode estimator. lensing_bmode_b_lm.fits format alm, with $\ell_{\rm max} = 2000$ Contains the lensing B-mode harmonic coefficients $B_{\ell m}^{\rm{lens}}$. lensing_bmode_bandpowers.dat ASCII text file, with columns = ($\ell_{\rm min}$, $\ell_{\rm b}$, $\ell_{\rm max}$, $\hat{C}_{\ell_{\rm b}}^{BB^{\rm{lens}}}$, $\Delta \hat{C}_{\ell_{\rm b}}^{BB^{\rm{lens}}}$ ) The lensing B-mode bandpower estimate on approximativily 70% of the sky and over the multipole range from 10 to 2000 shown in figure 10 of Planck-2015-XLI[5] (for plotting purposes only). 2015 Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect map We distribute estimates of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) maps presented in Planck-2015-A21[6] as part of the 2015 data release. These map represents an estimate of the ISW anisotropies using different data sets: • SEVEM DX11 map, together with all the large-scale structure tracers considered in the ISW paper, namely: NVSS, SDSS, WISE, and the Planck lensing map • Using only the large-scale structure tracers mentioned above • SEVEM DX11 map, together with NVSS and the Planck lensing maps (since these two tracers capture most of the information, as compared to SDSS and WISE) For all the three cases, the reconstruction is provided on approximately 85% of the sky, and they are produced using the LCB filter described in the Planck ISW paper (Section 5), described in detail in Barreiro et al. 2008 and Bonavera et al. 2016. These ISW maps, together with their corresponding uncertainties maps and masks, are given in a single file named COM_CompMap_ISW_0064_R2.00.fits. Its contents are described below. Contents of the ISW maps file: COM_CompMap_ISW_0064_R2.00.fits Extension Format Description Used data sets 0 format map with three components, $N_{\rm side}=64$, Ordering='Nest' Contains three components: i) ISW map [Kelvin], ii) Error map [Kelvin], iii) Mask map SEVEM DX11 + NVSS + SDSS + WISE + Planck lensing. 1 format map with three components, $N_{\rm side}=64$, Ordering='Nest' Contains three components: i) ISW map [Kelvin], ii) Error map [Kelvin], iii) Mask map NVSS + SDSS + WISE + Planck lensing. 2 format map with three components, $N_{\rm side}=64$, Ordering='Nest' Contains three components: i) ISW map [Kelvin], ii) Error map [Kelvin], iii) Mask map SEVEM DX11 + NVSS + Planck lensing. References 1. Planck 2015 results. XV. Gravitational Lensing, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A15. 2. Planck 2015 results. XI. Diffuse component separation: CMB maps, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A9. 3. Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A13. 4. Planck 2015 results. XXII. A map of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A22. 5. Planck intermediate results. XLI. A map of lensing-induced B-modes, Planck Collaboration Int. XLI A&A, 596, A102, (2016). 6. Planck 2015 results. XXI. The integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A21.	2017-12-18T12:58:45	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.760944128036499, "perplexity": 4478.917657915336}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948616132.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218122309-20171218144309-00497.warc.gz"}
http://mathonline.wikidot.com/dirichlet-s-kernel	Dirichlet's Kernel Table of Contents # Dirichlet's Kernel Definition: Dirichlet's Kernel is the collection of functions $D_n$ where for each $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $\displaystyle{D_n(t) = \frac{1}{2} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} \cos k t}$. An alternative formula for the functions $D_n$ in Dirichlet's Kernel is given for each $n \in \mathbb{N}$ piecewise by: (1) \begin{align} \quad D_n(t) = \left\{\begin{matrix} n + \frac{1}{2} & \mathrm{if} \: t = 2m\pi, m \in \mathbb{Z} \\ \frac{\sin \left ( \left ( n + \frac{1}{2} \right ) t \right )}{2 \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right )} & \mathrm{if} \: t \neq 2m\pi, m \in \mathbb{Z}\\ \end{matrix}\right. \end{align} To verify this we see that for $t \neq 2m\pi$, $m \in \mathbb{Z}$ (so that we're not multiplying both sides by $0$) that: (2) \begin{align} \quad D_n(t) & = \frac{1}{2} + \sum_{k=1}^n \cos kt \\ \quad 2 \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) D_n(t) & = \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) + \sum_{k=1}^{n} 2 \cos kt \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) \\ \end{align} We will use the following trigonometric identity: (3) \begin{align} \quad 2\cos a \sin b = \sin (a + b) - \sin (a - b) \end{align} Hence we have that: (4) \begin{align} \quad 2 \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) D_n(t) &= \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) + \sum_{k=1}^{n} [\sin \left ( kt + \frac{t}{2} \right ) - \sin \left ( kt - \frac{t}{2} \right )] \\ &= \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) + \sin \left ( nt + \frac{t}{2} \right ) - \sin \left ( t - \frac{t}{2} \right ) \\ &= \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) + \sin \left ( \left ( n + \frac{1}{2} \right ) t \right ) - \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right ) \\ &= \sin \left ( \left ( n + \frac{1}{2} \right ) t \right ) \end{align} Therefore: (5) \begin{align} \quad D_n(t) &= \frac{\sin \left ( \left ( n + \frac{1}{2} \right ) t \right )}{2 \sin \left ( \frac{t}{2} \right )} \end{align} And for points $t = 2m\pi$ where $m \in \mathbb{Z}$ we define $D_n(t) = n + \frac{1}{2}$ so that $D_n$ is defined for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$. The graphs of $D_1$ (red), $D_2$ (yellow), $D_3$ (green), and $D_4$ (blue) are given below: We will now prove some elementary properties of the functions in Dirichlet's kernel. Theorem 1: For all $n \in \mathbb{N}$: a) $D_n$ is an even function. b) $D_n$ is $2\pi$-periodic. c) $\displaystyle{\int_0^{2\pi} D_n(t) \: dt = \pi}$. • Proof of a) The functions $\cos t$, $\cos 2t$, …, $\cos nt$ are even for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$, so the sum, $\displaystyle{\sum_{k=1}^{n} \cos kt}$ is also even. Moreover, any vertical translation of a function is even, so indeed $D_n$ is even. $\blacksquare$ • Proof of b) Each of $\cos t$, $\cos 2t$, …, $\cos nt$ are $2\pi$-periodic and any vertical translation of a $2\pi$-periodic function is $2\pi$-periodic so $D_n$ is $2\pi$-periodic. $\blacksquare$ • Proof of c) For each $n \in \mathbb{N}$ we have that: (6) \begin{align} \quad \int_0^{2\pi} D_n(t) \: dt &= \int_0^{2\pi} \left ( \frac{1}{2} + \sum_{k=1}^n \cos kt \right ) \: dt \\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} \left ( \frac{1}{2} + \cos t + \cos 2t + ... + \cos nt \right ) \: dt \\ &= \left [ \frac{1}{2}t + \sin t + \frac{1}{2} \sin 2t + ... + \frac{1}{n} \sin nt \right ]_{0}^{2\pi} \\ &= \left (\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2 \pi + \sin 2 \pi + \frac{1}{2} \sin 4 \pi + ... + \frac{1}{n} \sin 2n\pi \right ) - \left ( \frac{1}{2} \cdot 0 + \sin 0 + \frac{1}{2} \sin 0 + ... + \frac{1}{n} \sin 0 \right ) \\ &= \pi \quad \blacksquare \end{align} Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License	2022-10-07T03:28:23	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 6, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 1.0000100135803223, "perplexity": 385.37205976668344}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337906.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007014029-20221007044029-00559.warc.gz"}
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess118_2009-2010/sj10/20100210.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 118th Session, 2009-2010 Journal of the Senate Wednesday, February 10, 2010 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 1:18 P.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT Pro Tempore. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: In Deuteronomy the people are admonished to proclaim before God that: " 'A wandering Aramean was my ancestor; he went down into Egypt and lived there as an alien, few in number, and there he became a great nation, mighty and populous.' " (Deuteronomy 26:5b) Let us pray: Gracious and Loving God, we give You praise for the blessings You have rained down upon South Carolina. For just as Lady Liberty stands in New York's harbor and reminds us all of the great diversity of our nation, so has our State been strengthened by the rich diversity of her people. From the very earliest humans who roamed through our region back in 13,000 BC to the most recent residents who have moved in to our communities, we have together grown to be a populous and a relatively prosperous people. Be with each of these Senators as they together serve all of the women, men, and children of our State, accomplishing good things to Your glory, dear Lord. In Your name we pray: Amen. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR The following appointment was transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford: Statewide Appointment Initial Appointment, South Carolina State Ports Authority, with the term to commence February 13, 2010, and to expire February 13, 2015 At-Large: Frederick L. Green III, 87 Sea Island Drive, Georgetown, SC 29440 VICE Harry Butler, Jr. Referred to the Committee on Transportation. Doctor of the Day Senator FAIR introduced Dr. John P. Evans of Greenville, S.C., Doctor of the Day. Leave of Absence At 3:30 P.M., Senator LEATHERMAN requested a leave of absence beginning at 4:00 P.M. and lasting until 8:00 P.M. this evening. Leave of Absence At 4:00 P.M., Senator VERDIN requested a leave of absence beginning at 4:30 P.M. and lasting until 9:30 P.M. this evening. Leave of Absence At 4:00 P.M., Senator SHOOPMAN requested a leave of absence beginning at 5:30 P.M. and lasting until 9:30 P.M. this evening. Leave of Absence At 4:10 P.M., Senator CROMER requested a leave of absence beginning at 7:30 P.M. and lasting until 10:00 P.M. this evening. Leave of Absence At 4:30 P.M., Senator SHEHEEN requested a leave of absence for the balance of the evening. Leave of Absence Upon adjournment at 5:00 P.M., Senator SHANE MARTIN requested a leave of absence until Noon on Tuesday, February 16, 2010. The following co-sponsors were added to the respective Bills: S. 391 (Word version) Sen. Sheheen S. 450 (Word version) Sen. Cromer S. 959 (Word version) Sen. Bryant S. 1096 (Word version) Sen. Massey RECALLED AND COMMITTED S. 987 (Word version) -- Senators Rose, S. Martin and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 38 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 38-1-40 TO ENACT THE "FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN HEALTH CARE ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT CITIZENS OF THIS STATE HAVE THE RIGHT TO PURCHASE PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MAY NOT REQUIRE ANY PERSON TO PURCHASE HEALTH CARE INSURANCE, AND TO REQUIRE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL TO CHALLENGE THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ANY HEALTH CARE PLAN MANDATED BY CONGRESS. Senator ROSE asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Banking and Insurance. There was no objection and the Bill was recalled from the Committee on Banking and Insurance. On motion of Senator ROSE, with unanimous consent, the Bill was committed to the Committee on Judiciary. INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 1156 (Word version) -- Senator Davis: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO COMMEND THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA-BEAUFORT UPON CELEBRATION OF FIFTY YEARS OF SERVICE AS A MEMBER OF SOUTH CAROLINA'S PUBLIC FLAGSHIP UNIVERSITY SYSTEM. l:\s-res\td\006beau.mrh.td.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1157 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE KARIS MAZYCK OF RICHLAND COUNTY ON BEING NAMED THE 2010 MIDDLE SCHOOL ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL OF THE YEAR FOR THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, TO COMMEND HER FOR HER YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AND OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO WISH HER MUCH SUCCESS IN ALL HER FUTURE ENDEAVORS. l:\council\bills\gm\24430cm10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1158 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR DR. SHERRY A. WALTERS OF LEXINGTON COUNTY, TO CONGRATULATE HER UPON THE OCCASION OF BEING NAMED THE 2010 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL OF THE YEAR FOR THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO COMMEND HER FOR HER DEDICATED SERVICE TO EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. l:\council\bills\gm\24429ahb10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1159 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR MRS. LAYNE PUTNAM OF ANDERSON COUNTY, TO CONGRATULATE HER UPON THE OCCASION OF BEING NAMED THE 2010 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL OF THE YEAR FOR THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO COMMEND HER FOR HER OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. l:\council\bills\gm\24431dw10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1160 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220 OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CODE OF LAWS, 1976, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CLASSIFICATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT RATIOS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, A TAXPAYER MAY CLAIM THE FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO ALLOWED BY THIS SECTION FOR TWO RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES LOCATED IN THE STATE IF THE SECOND RESIDENCE WAS PURCHASED AS A RESULT OF A CHANGE IN THE LOCATION OF A TAXPAYER'S JOB. l:\s-jud\bills\rose\jud0044.pb.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1161 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO PROVIDE THAT, NOTWITHSTANDING ANY LIMITATION IMPOSED BY ACT 81 OF 2009, THE TAX REALIGNMENT COMMISSION SHALL CONSIDER ALL ASPECTS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL TAXES LEVIED AND OTHER PROVISIONS AFFECTING LOCAL REVENUE TO FUND THE OPERATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT. l:\s-jud\bills\rose\jud0040.pb.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1162 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 12-43-370, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT, NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF LAW, A PARCEL OF REAL PROPERTY SUBJECT TO THE SIX PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO THAT HAS UNDERGONE AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST SINCE THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF ACT 388 OF 2006 AND PRIOR TO PROPERTY TAX YEAR 2010 IS ALLOWED A ONE HUNDRED PERCENT EXEMPTION FOR PROPERTY TAX YEARS AFTER 2009 FOR THE AMOUNT OF INCREASE IN THE FAIR MARKET VALUE FOR ASSESSMENT PURPOSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST. l:\s-jud\bills\rose\jud0041.pb.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1163 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3150 OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CODE OF LAWS, 1976, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO WHAT AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST DOES NOT INCLUDE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST DOES NOT INCLUDE A CONVEYANCE TO A LINEAL DESCENDANT BY DEED, DISTRIBUTION UNDER A WILL, BY INTESTATE SUCCESSION OF REAL PROPERTY, OR TO A TRUST OF REAL PROPERTY, IF THE CONVEYANCE IS SUBJECT TO THE SPECIAL FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO. l:\s-jud\bills\rose\jud0043.pb.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1164 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220 OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CODE OF LAWS, 1976, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CLASSIFICATIONS FOR ASSESSMENT RATIOS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE LEGAL RESIDENCE AND NOT MORE THAN FIVE CONTIGUOUS ACRES THERETO LOCATED ON THE HEIRS' PROPERTY ALSO QUALIFIES FOR THE FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT PROVIDED BY THIS SUBSECTION AS LONG AS THE LEGAL RESIDENCE IS OWNED AND OCCUPIED BY ONE OR MORE OF THE COLLECTIVE OWNERS OF THE HEIRS' PROPERTY. l:\s-jud\bills\rose\jud0042.pb.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1165 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE YORK COUNTY AS A VITAL PART OF THE GREAT STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO DECLARE FEBRUARY 16, 2010, "YORK COUNTY DAY" IN SOUTH CAROLINA. l:\council\bills\rm\1077dw10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1166 (Word version) -- Senator S. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 25, CHAPTER 37, TITLE 12 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 12-37-3145, TO PROVIDE THAT IF PROPERTY SUBJECT TO THE FOUR PERCENT ASSESSMENT RATIO UNDERGOES AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST AFTER 2009 AND THE TRANSFER RESULTS IN A MORE THAN FIFTEEN PERCENT INCREASE IN THE ASSESSED VALUE, THE PROPERTY IS CONSIDERED TO HAVE MET THE FIFTEEN PERCENT LIMIT IN THE FAIR MARKET VALUE INCREASE FOR THE FIVE-YEAR REASSESSMENT PERIOD IN WHICH THE TRANSFER IS MADE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE FAIR MARKET VALUE AT THE END OF THE FIVE-YEAR REASSESSMENT PERIOD MUST NOT EXCEED THE FAIR MARKET VALUE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST. l:\s-res\srm\012asse.ebd.srm.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. S. 1167 (Word version) -- Senators L. Martin, Bryant, Bright and Cromer: A BILL TO REPEAL CHAPTER 29, TITLE 23 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES REGISTRATION ACT. l:\s-res\lam\012sub .ebd.lam.docx Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE Senator CROMER from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry submitted a favorable with amendment report on: S. 1095 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Cromer, Campsen and Land: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO OPPOSE ANY FISHING AREA CLOSURES OFF THE COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOUTH ATLANTIC FISHERY MANAGEMENT COUNCIL'S PROPOSED AMENDMENT 17A TO THE FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE SNAPPER GROUPER FISHERY OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION. Ordered for consideration tomorrow. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION The following Bill was read the third time and, having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and enrolled for Ratification: H. 4406 (Word version) -- Rep. Funderburk: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-340, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN KERSHAW COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD. HOUSE BILLS RETURNED The following House Bill and Joint Resolution were read the third time and ordered returned to the House with amendments: H. 3395 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Thompson, Cooper, Erickson, Bingham, A.D. Young, Edge, Bedingfield, J.R. Smith, G.R. Smith, D.C. Smith, Bannister, Brady, Cato, Chalk, Forrester, Gambrell, Hamilton, Hiott, Horne, Long, Nanney, Parker, E.H. Pitts, Rice, Scott, Sottile, Stewart, Viers, White, Willis, Toole, Neilson, Bales, T.R. Young and Wylie: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 11-11-310, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO REFLECT ANY CHANGE IN THE AMOUNT REQUIRED TO BE HELD IN THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND PURSUANT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE AND THE RATE OF REPLENISHMENT OF THAT AMOUNT. H. 3395--Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill. H. 3396 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Thompson, Scott, Cooper, Erickson, Bingham, A.D. Young, Edge, J.R. Smith, G.R. Smith, Bedingfield, Whitmire, Hiott, D.C. Smith, Bannister, Brady, Cato, Chalk, Forrester, Gambrell, Hamilton, Horne, Long, Nanney, Parker, E.H. Pitts, Rice, Sottile, Stewart, Viers, White, Willis, Toole, Neilson, Bales, T.R. Young and Wylie: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 36, ARTICLE III OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND AND THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND, SO AS TO INCREASE FROM THREE TO FIVE PERCENT THE AMOUNT OF STATE GENERAL FUND REVENUE IN THE LATEST COMPLETED FISCAL YEAR REQUIRED TO BE HELD IN THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND. H. 3396--Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill. The following Bill and Joint Resolution were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives: S. 1085 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman, Leventis, Massey, Ford, Ryberg, Setzler, Nicholson, Fair, Bryant, Alexander, Cromer, Land, Rankin, McConnell, O'Dell, Thomas, Courson, L. Martin, Campbell, Matthews, McGill, Hayes, Rose, Campsen and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 11-11-310 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND, TO INCREASE THE PERCENTAGE AMOUNT REQUIRED TO BE DEPOSITED IN THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND FROM THREE TO FIVE PERCENT OF THE GENERAL FUND REVENUE OF THE LATEST COMPLETED FISCAL YEAR, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE PERCENTAGE AMOUNT MAY BE INCREASED OR DECREASED BY A TWO-THIRDS VOTE OF EACH HOUSE; TO AMEND SECTION 11-11-320, RELATING TO THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND, TO PROVIDE THAT IF IN ANY FISCAL YEAR IN WHICH THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND DOES NOT MAINTAIN THE APPLICABLE PERCENTAGE AMOUNT, MONIES FROM THE CAPITAL RESERVE FUND FIRST MUST BE USED, TO THE EXTENT NECESSARY, TO FULLY REPLENISH THE REQUISITE PERCENTAGE AMOUNT IN THE GENERAL RESERVE FUND; TO REPEAL SECTION 11-11-325; TO AMEND SECTION 11-9-890, RELATING TO ACTIONS TO AVOID A YEAR-END DEFICIT, TO EXTEND THE TIME PERIOD IN WHICH ACTION MAY BE TAKEN INTO THE THIRD QUARTER, TO REDUCE THE PERCENTAGE BELOW THE PROJECTED AMOUNT THAT IS REQUIRED TO TAKE ACTION FROM FOUR TO TWO PERCENT, TO REDUCE THE TIME IN WHICH THE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD MUST TAKE ACTION FROM FIFTEEN TO SEVEN DAYS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT IF NO ACTION IS TAKEN, THE DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF STATE BUDGET MUST REDUCE GENERAL FUND APPROPRIATIONS BY THE REQUISITE AMOUNT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 1-11-495, RELATING TO A REDUCTION IN THE RATE OF EXPENDITURE, TO PROVIDE THAT ANY CUT IS SUBJECT TO ANY BILL OR RESOLUTION ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. S. 1085--Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Bill. S. 1142 (Word version) -- Judiciary Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE, RELATING TO UNIFORM REAL PROPERTY RECORDING ACT, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4078, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. S. 1142--Recorded Vote Senators RYBERG and BRYANT desired to be recorded as voting in favor of the third reading of the Joint Resolution. READ THE SECOND TIME S. 783 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 51-13-720, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNING BOARD OF THE PATRIOTS POINT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THREE ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE BOARD AND THE MANNER OF THEIR TERMS AND APPOINTMENT. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry. The Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry proposed the following amendment (783R001.CBH), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. Section 51-13-720 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 51-13-720. (A) Members of the authority must be appointed by the Governor as follows: one upon the joint recommendation of the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and the Speaker of the House, one upon the joint recommendation of the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, and three to be appointed by the Governor. The Governor shall appoint the chairman. The chairman may not vote on matters before the authority except in the event of a tie. The terms of the members are for four years and until their successors are appointed and qualify. Members may succeed themselves. Vacancies must be filled in the same manner of the original appointment for the remainder of the unexpired term. (B) In addition to the members of the board provided in subsection (A), there shall be three additional members of the board appointed by the Governor, one appointed upon recommendation of the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, one appointed upon recommendation of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and one appointed upon recommendation of the State Adjutant General. These three members shall serve for four years and until their successors are appointed and qualify, and vacancies must be filled in the manner of original appointment for the remainder of the unexpired term." SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CAMPBELL explained the committee amendment. The committee amendment was adopted. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. Statement by Senator CAMPSEN I would like the Journal to reflect that I abstained from the consideration of and voting on the entire matter of S. 783. READ THE SECOND TIME H. 3358 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrison, Weeks, Horne, Hutto and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 43-35-10, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THE OMNIBUS ADULT PROTECTION ACT, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITIONS OF "INVESTIGATIVE ENTITY" AND "NEGLECT"; TO AMEND SECTION 43-35-40, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO REQUIREMENTS OF AN INVESTIGATIVE ENTITY UPON RECEIVING A REPORT OF ADULT ABUSE, SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY AND CLARIFY PROCEDURES FOR REPORTING CASES IN WHICH THERE IS A REASONABLE SUSPICION OF CRIMINAL CONDUCT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 43-35-85, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR FAILING TO REPORT ADULT ABUSE WHEN REQUIRED TO REPORT, SO AS TO DELETE PROVISIONS AUTHORIZING DISCIPLINARY ACTION WHEN A PERSON WHO HAS REASON TO BELIEVE THAT ABUSE OCCURRED FAILS TO REPORT AND TO ESTABLISH CRIMINAL PENALTIES IF A CAREGIVER, DUE TO RECKLESS DISREGARD FOR THE HEALTH OR SAFETY OF A VULNERABLE ADULT, NEGLECTS OR CAUSES GREAT BODILY INJURY OR DEATH TO A VULNERABLE ADULT. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the committee amendment, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Medical Affairs. The Medical Affairs Committee proposed the following amendment (NBD\11889AC10), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: /SECTION 1. Section 43-35-10(5) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 301 of 2006, is further amended to read: "(5) 'Investigative entity' means the Long Term Care Ombudsman Program or, the Adult Protective Services Program in the Department of Social Services, the Vulnerable Adults Investigations Unit of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, or the Medicaid Fraud Control Unit of the Office of the Attorney General." SECTION 2. Section 43-35-10(6) of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 110 of 1993, is amended to read: "(6) 'Neglect' means the failure or omission of a caregiver to provide the care, goods, or services necessary to maintain the health or safety of a vulnerable adult including, but not limited to, food, clothing, medicine, shelter, supervision, and medical services and the failure or omission has caused, or presents a substantial risk of causing, physical or mental injury to the vulnerable adult. Neglect may be repeated conduct or a single incident which has produced or can be proven to result in serious physical or psychological harm or substantial risk of death. Noncompliance with regulatory standards alone does not constitute neglect. Neglect includes the inability of a vulnerable adult, in the absence of a caretaker, to provide for his or her own health or safety which produces or could reasonably be expected to produce serious physical or psychological harm or substantial risk of death." SECTION 3. Section 43-35-10 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 301 of 2006, is further amended by adding: "(12) 'Operated facility' means those facilities directly operated by the Department of Mental Health or the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs. (13) 'Contracted facility' means those public and private facilities contracted for operation by the Department of Mental Health or the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs." SECTION 4. Section 43-35-15(A) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 301 of 2006, is further amended to read: "(A) The Vulnerable Adults Investigations Unit of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division shall receive and coordinate the referral of all reports of alleged abuse, neglect, or exploitation of vulnerable adults in facilities operated or contracted for operation by the Department of Mental Health or the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs. The unit shall establish a toll free number, which must be operated twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, to receive the reports. The unit shall investigate or refer to appropriate law enforcement those reports in which there is reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct. The unit also shall investigate vulnerable adult fatalities as provided for in Article 5, Chapter 35, Title 43. The unit shall refer those reports in which there is no reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct to the appropriate investigative entity for investigation. Upon conclusion of a criminal investigation of abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable adult, the unit or other law enforcement shall refer the case to the appropriate prosecutor to determine if when further action is necessary. The South Carolina Law Enforcement Division may develop policies, procedures, and memorandum of agreement with other agencies to be used in fulfilling the requirements of this article. However, the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division must not delegate its responsibility to investigate criminal reports of alleged abuse, neglect, and exploitation to the agencies, facilities, or entities that operate or contract for the operation of the facilities. Nothing in this subsection precludes the Department of Mental Health, the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs, or their contractors from performing administrative responsibilities in compliance with applicable state and federal requirements." SECTION 5. Section 43-35-35(B) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 301 of 2006, is further amended to read: "(B) All deaths involving a vulnerable adult in a facility operated or contracted for operation by the Department of Mental Health, the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs, or their contractors must be referred to the Vulnerable Adults Investigations Unit of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division for investigation pursuant to Section 43-35-520." SECTION 6. Section 43-35-40 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 301 of 2006, is further amended to read: "Section 43-35-40. Upon receiving a report, the investigative entity promptly Long Term Care Ombudsman or Adult Protective Services promptly shall: (1) initiate an investigation; and or (2) review the report within two working days of receiving the report must review the report for the purpose of reporting those cases that indicate reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct to local law enforcement or to the Vulnerable Adults Investigations Unit of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division those cases which indicate reasonable suspicion of criminal conduct (SLED). A report to the unit local law enforcement or SLED must be made within one working day of completing the review." SECTION 7. Section 43-35-85 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 56 of 1999, is further amended to read: "Section 43-35-85. (A) A person required to report under this chapter who has actual knowledge that abuse, neglect, or exploitation has occurred and who knowingly and wilfully fails to report the abuse, neglect, or exploitation is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than twenty-five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than one year. A person required to report under this chapter who has reason to believe that abuse, neglect, or exploitation has occurred or is likely to occur and who knowingly and wilfully fails to report the abuse, neglect, or exploitation is subject to disciplinary action as may be determined necessary by the appropriate licensing board. (B) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (E) and (F), a person who knowingly and wilfully abuses a vulnerable adult is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than five years. (C) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (E) and (F), a person who knowingly and wilfully neglects a vulnerable adult is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than five years. (D) A person who knowingly and wilfully exploits a vulnerable adult is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than five years, or both, and may be required by the court to make restitution. (E) A person who knowingly and wilfully abuses or neglects a vulnerable adult resulting in great bodily injury is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than fifteen years. (F) A person who knowingly and wilfully abuses or neglects a vulnerable adult resulting in death is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than thirty years. (G) A person who threatens, intimidates, or attempts to intimidate a vulnerable adult subject of a report, a witness, or any other person cooperating with an investigation conducted pursuant to this chapter is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than three years. (H) A person who wilfully and knowingly obstructs or in any way impedes an investigation conducted pursuant to this chapter, upon conviction, is guilty of a misdemeanor and must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for not more than three years. (I) A caregiver who neglects a vulnerable adult as a result of having acted or failed to act due to a reckless disregard for the health or safety of the vulnerable adult is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be: (1) imprisoned not more than one year or fined not more than one thousand dollars, or both; (2) if the vulnerable adult suffered great bodily injury, imprisoned not more than three years or fined not more than five thousand dollars, or both. (J) A caregiver who neglects a vulnerable adult as a result of having acted or failed to act due to a reckless disregard for the health or safety of a vulnerable adult and the neglect results in the death of the vulnerable adult is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than five years or fined not more than ten thousand dollars, or both. (K) As used in this section, 'great bodily injury' means bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ." SECTION 8. Section 43-35-520 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 301 of 2006, is further amended to read: "Section 43-35-520. The Vulnerable Adults Investigations Unit of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, created pursuant to Section 23-3-810, shall, in addition to its investigation responsibilities under that section or Article 1, investigate cases of vulnerable adult fatalities in facilities operated or contracted for operation by the Department of Mental Health or the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs. Provided, that in a nursing home, as defined in Section 44-7-130, contracted for operation by the Department of Mental Health, the Vulnerable Adults Investigations Unit shall investigate those fatalities for which there is suspicion that the vulnerable adult died as a result of abuse or neglect, the death is suspicious in nature, or the death is referred by a coroner or medical examiner as provided in Section 43-35-35(A)." SECTION 9. Article 3, Chapter 7, Title 44 is amended by adding: "Section 44-7-295. The department is authorized to enter at all times in or on the property of any facility or service, whether public or private, licensed by the department or unlicensed, for the purpose of inspecting and investigating conditions relating to a violation of this article or regulations of the department. The department's authorized agents may examine and copy any records or memoranda pertaining to the operation of a licensed or unlicensed facility or service to determine compliance with this article. However, if entry or inspection is denied or not consented to and no emergency exists, the department is empowered to obtain a warrant to enter and inspect the property and its records from the magistrate from the jurisdiction in which the property is located. The magistrate may issue these warrants upon a showing of probable cause for the need for entry and inspection. The department shall furnish a written copy of the results of the inspection or investigation to the owner or operator of the property." SECTION 10. Section 44-7-315(A), as last amended by Act 372 of 2006, is further amended to read: SECTION 11. Section 44-7-320(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(A)(1) The department may deny, suspend, or revoke licenses or assess a monetary penalty, or both, against a person or facility for: (a) violating a provision of this article or departmental regulations; (b) permitting, aiding, or abetting the commission of an unlawful act relating to the securing of a Certificate of Need or the establishment, maintenance, or operation of a facility requiring certification of need or licensure under this article; (c) conduct or practices detrimental to the health or safety of patients, residents, clients, or employees of a facility or service. This provision does not refer to health practices authorized by law; (d) refusing to admit and treat alcoholic and substance abusers, the mentally ill, or the mentally retarded, whose admission or treatment has been prescribed by a physician who is a member of the facility's medical staff; or discriminating against alcoholics, the mentally ill, or the mentally retarded solely because of the alcoholism, mental illness, or mental retardation; (e) failing to allow a team advocacy inspection of a community residential care facility by the South Carolina Protection and Advocacy System for the Handicapped, Inc., as allowed by law. (2) Consideration to deny, suspend, or revoke licenses or assess monetary penalties, or both, is not limited to information relating to the current licensing year period but includes consideration of all pertinent information regarding the facility and the applicant. (3) If in the department's judgment conditions or practices exist in a facility that pose an immediate threat to the health, safety, and welfare of the residents, the department immediately may suspend the facility's license and shall contact the appropriate agencies for placement of the residents. Within five days of the suspension a preliminary hearing must be held to determine if the immediate threatening conditions or practices continue to exist. If they do not, the license must be immediately reinstated. Whether the license is reinstated or suspension remains due to the immediate threatening conditions or practices, the department may proceed with the process for permanent revocation pursuant to this section." SECTION 12. Section 23-3-810(E) of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 301 of 2006, is amended to read: "(E) Upon conclusion of a criminal investigation of abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable adult, the unit or other law enforcement shall refer the case to the appropriate prosecutor to determine if when further action is necessary." SECTION 13. If any section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the general assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, items, subitems, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. SECTION 14. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator HAYES explained the committee amendment. The committee amendment was adopted. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. AMENDED, READ THE SECOND TIME S. 897 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Leatherman, Peeler, Setzler, Rose, Elliott, Courson, Sheheen, Campbell, Campsen and Bryant: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE COMMISSION ON STREAMLINING GOVERNMENT AND REDUCTION OF WASTE AND PROVIDE FOR THE MEMBERSHIP, POWERS, DUTIES, AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION; TO PROVIDE A PROCEDURE FOR THE SUBMISSION, CONSIDERATION, APPROVAL, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION; TO PROVIDE FOR STAFF SUPPORT AND FINANCES FOR THE COMMISSION; TO PROVIDE FOR COOPERATION WITH AND SUPPORT FOR THE COMMISSION; TO PROVIDE FOR THE APPLICABILITY OF OTHER LAWS; AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS TERMINATION. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Joint Resolution, the question being the adoption of the previously proposed amendment by Senators HUTTO and MASSEY. Senators HUTTO and MASSEY proposed the following amendment (897R001.CBH), which was adopted: Amend the resolution, as and if amended, page 3, SECTION 3, by striking lines 31-36 and inserting: / (5) two individuals, appointed by the Governor; (6) one individual, appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives; and (7) one individual, appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator HUTTO explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. Senator MASSEY proposed the following amendment (897R002.ASM), which was adopted: Amend the resolution, as and if amended, page 3, SECTION 3, by striking lines 37-41 and inserting: / (E) The members of the commission are entitled to receive per diem as is allowed by law for legislative members of boards, committees, and commissions when engaged in the exercise of their duties as members of the commission. This must be paid from approved accounts of their respective appointing authorities. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator L. MARTIN explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. There being no further amendments, the Joint Resolution was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. H. 4426 (Word version) -- Reps. Hardwick, Viers, Merrill, Stavrinakis, Limehouse, Sottile, Erickson, Chalk, Edge, Hearn and Herbkersman: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DESIGNATE JUNE 12, 2010, AS "NATIONAL MARINA DAY IN SOUTH CAROLINA" IN ORDER TO HONOR SOUTH CAROLINA'S MARINAS FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE COMMUNITY AND TO EDUCATE POLITICIANS, CIVIC LEADERS, AND THE PUBLIC ON THE MANY AND VARIED CONTRIBUTIONS OF MARINAS AND THE IMPORTANT ROLE THEY PLAY AS FAMILY-FRIENDLY GATEWAYS TO BOATING, AND TO REQUEST THAT OUR STATE JOIN HANDS WITH OTHER STATES AND THOUSANDS OF WATERFRONT COMMUNITIES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES IN CELEBRATING THIS DAY. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. H. 4499 (Word version) -- Rep. Duncan: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE THAT THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY HEREBY JOIN THE CELEBRATION OF NATIONAL FUTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA (FFA) WEEK, FEBRUARY 20-27, 2010, BY COMMENDING ALL FFA MEMBERS AND ALUMNI FOR THEIR DEDICATION TO MAINTAINING A STRONG AND VIABLE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY THROUGH EDUCATION, LEADERSHIP, AND SERVICE. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period. RECESS At 1:40 P.M., on motion of Senator SETZLER, the Senate receded from business subject to the Call of the Chair. At 2:36 P.M., the Senate resumed. On motion of Senator FAIR, with unanimous consent, Senators CROMER, BRYANT and FAIR were granted leave to attend a subcommittee meeting and be granted leave to vote from the balcony. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE SPECIAL ORDERS. MOTION TO RECONSIDER CARRIED OVER H. 3272 (Word version) -- Reps. Cooper, Merrill, Erickson, Herbkersman, Chalk, Duncan, Long, Sottile, Daning, Lowe, Bowen, Harrison, Horne, A.D. Young, Limehouse, R.L. Brown, Clemmons, Edge and Wylie: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3140, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DETERMINING THE FAIR MARKET VALUE OF REAL PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL PROPERTY VALUATION REFORM ACT, SO AS TO POSTPONE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRANSFER VALUE OF A PARCEL OF REAL PROPERTY UNIMPROVED SINCE THE LAST COUNTYWIDE REASSESSMENT PROGRAM UNTIL THE TIME OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEXT COUNTYWIDE REASSESSMENT PROGRAM AND TO REQUIRE THE FIFTEEN PERCENT LIMIT ON INCREASES IN VALUE TO BE CALCULATED SEPARATELY ON LAND AND IMPROVEMENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3150, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE TIME AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST OCCURS, SO AS TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO PROVIDE NOTICE OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE ACCURATE NOTICE TO THE ASSESSING AUTHORITY OF BUSINESS ENTITY TRANSFERS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION AND VALUATION OF PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THE PROPERTY TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE RESIDENTIAL REAL PROPERTY HELD IN TRUST DOES NOT QUALIFY AS A LEGAL RESIDENCE UNLESS A NAMED INDIVIDUAL BENEFICIARY UNDER THE TRUST OCCUPIES THE RESIDENCE AS THAT NAMED BENEFICIARY'S LEGAL RESIDENCE AND THAT INDIVIDUAL BENEFICIARY'S NAME APPEARS ON THE DEED TO THE RESIDENCE AND REQUIRE SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS OF APPLICANTS FOR THE LEGAL RESIDENCE ASSESSMENT RATIO; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-60-35, RELATING TO CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSESSORS, SO AS TO REVISE THE REQUIREMENT. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 28; Nays 13 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Hayes Leatherman Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell Mulvaney O'Dell Peeler Rankin Reese Rose Ryberg Setzler Shoopman Thomas Verdin Total--28 NAYS Anderson Grooms Hutto Land Leventis Malloy Matthews McGill Nicholson Pinckney Scott Sheheen Williams Total--13 Having failed to receive the necessary vote required by Article X, Section III of the Constitution of South Carolina, third reading failed. Statement by Senator GROOMS I voted against this proposal because it does not correct the property tax inequities created by the assessable transfer of interest. Should this proposal become law, it will make bad policy better but it will still be bad policy. The only way to correct the inequities with the assessable transfer of interest is to eliminate it. Unfortunately, my amendment failed and Senate has placed yet another band-aid on a seriously flawed tax system. Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator LARRY MARTIN moved to reconsider the vote whereby the Bill failed to receive third reading. Motion to Carry Over the Motion to Reconsider Adopted Senator ALEXANDER moved to carry over the motion to reconsider. The motion to carry over the motion to reconsider was adopted. Objection Senator PEELER asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recommit the Bill to the Committee on Finance. Senator KNOTTS objected. The motion to reconsider was carried over. H. 3272 (Word version) was removed from the Calendar. COMMITTEE AMENDMENT AMENDED, AMENDMENT PROPOSED, DEBATE INTERRUPTED S. 391 (Word version) -- Senators Ryberg, McConnell, Verdin, Bryant, Cleary, Campsen, Shoopman, Campbell, Rose, Davis, Bright and S. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 41-29-300 SO AS CREATE THE WORKFORCE DEPARTMENT APPELLATE PANEL WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE, TO PROVIDE FOR THE FILLING OF A VACANCY, TO REQUIRE THE PRESENT MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION MUST CONSTITUTE THE INITIAL MEMBERSHIP OF THE NEW PANEL, TO PROVIDE THE PANEL SHALL DISSOLVE WHEN THE MEMBERS' TERMS EXPIRE IN 2012, AND TO PROVIDE RELATED APPELLATE PROCEDURES; BY ADDING SECTION 41-29-310 SO AS TO TRANSFER THE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT ACT PROGRAM FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE; TO AMEND SECTION 1-30-10, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO DEPARTMENTS WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF STATE GOVERNMENT, SO AS TO CREATE THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE WITHIN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH; TO AMEND SECTION 41-29-10, RELATING TO THE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT CERTAIN CHAPTERS WITHIN TITLE 41 MUST BE ADMINISTERED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE AND TO DELETE REFERENCES TO THE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION; TO AMEND SECTION 41-29-20, RELATING TO THE CHAIRMAN, QUORUM, AND FILLING OF A VACANCY ON THE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE THE EXISTING LANGUAGE AND TO PROVIDE THE DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE MUST BE MANAGED AND OPERATED BY A DIRECTOR APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR WITH THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE SENATE, AND THAT THE DIRECTOR IS SUBJECT TO REMOVAL BY THE GOVERNOR AT HIS DISCRETION BY EXECUTIVE ORDER; TO AMEND SECTION 41-29-30, RELATING TO THE APPOINTMENT OF A SECRETARY OF THE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION, SO AS TO DELETE THE EXISTING LANGUAGE AND PROVIDE THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE OR HIS DESIGNEE MUST RECEIVE ANNUAL COMPENSATION AS PROVIDED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND OFFICIAL EXPENSES AS PROVIDED BY LAW FOR EXECUTING THE DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT; TO AMEND SECTION 8-17-370, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE STATE EMPLOYEE GRIEVANCE PROCESS, SO AS TO INCLUDE EMPLOYEES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE AMONG THOSE EXEMPTED; TO AMEND SECTIONS 41-27-10, 41-27-30, 41-27-150, 41-27-160, 41-27-190, 41-27-210, AS AMENDED, 41-27-230, 41-27-235, AS AMENDED, 41-27-260, AS AMENDED, 41-27-360, 41-27-370, AS AMENDED, 41-27-380, 41-27-390, 41-27-510, 41-27-550, 41-27-560, 41-27-570, 41-27-580, 41-27-600, 41-27-610, 41-27-620, 41-27-630, 41-27-670, 41-29-40, 41-29-50, 41-29-60, 41-29-70, 41-29-80, 41-29-90, 41-29-100, 41-29-110, 41-29-120, AS AMENDED, 41-29-130, 41-29-140, 41-29-150, 41-29-170, AS AMENDED, 41-29-180, 41-29-190, 41-29-200, 41-29-210, 41-29-220, 41-29-230, 41-29-240, 41-29-250, 41-29-270, 41-29-280, 41-29-290, 41-33-10, 41-33-20, 41-33-30, 41-33-40, 41-33-45, 41-33-80, AS AMENDED, 41-33-90, 41-33-100, 41-33-110, 41-33-120, 41-33-130, 41-33-170, 41-33-180, 41-33-190, 41-33-200, 41-33-210, 41-33-430, 41-33-460, 41-33-470, 41-33-610, 41-33-710, 41-35-10, 41-35-30, 41-35-100, 41-35-110, AS AMENDED, 41-35-115, AS AMENDED, 41-35-120, AS AMENDED, 41-35-125, 41-35-126, 41-35-130, AS AMENDED, 41-35-140, 41-35-330, 41-35-340, 41-35-410, 41-35-420, AS AMENDED, 41-35-450, 41-35-610, 41-35-630, 41-35-640, AS AMENDED, 41-35-670, 41-35-680, AS AMENDED, 41-35-690, 41-35-700, 41-35-710, AS AMENDED, 41-35-720, 41-35-730, 41-35-740, 41-35-750, AS AMENDED, 41-37-20, 41-37-30, 41-39-30, 41-39-40, 41-41-20, AS AMENDED, 41-41-40, AS AMENDED, 41-41-50, 41-42-10, 41-42-20, 41-42-30, AND 41-42-40, ALL RELATING TO VARIOUS DEPARTMENT PROVISIONS, SO AS TO CONFORM THEM TO THE REPLACEMENT OF THE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF WORKFORCE; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 41-29-260 RELATING TO THE ABILITY OF COMMISSIONERS OF THE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY COMMISSION TO FILE OPINIONS OR OFFICIAL MINUTES. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. Amendment No. P-1 Senator RYBERG proposed the following Amendment No. P-1 (391R010.WGR), which was adopted: Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [391-2], by striking lines 1 - 4 and inserting: / successors have been elected and qualified, commencing on the first day of July in each presidential election year. / Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [391-5], by striking lines 3 - 6 and inserting: / SECTION ___. The commission must file a report with the General Assembly and the Governor on or about January 1, 2011, making recommendations concerning restoration of the solvency of the unemployment trust fund. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator RYBERG explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. On motion of Senator HAYES, with unanimous consent, Senators LARRY MARTIN, GROOMS, LAND, COURSON, MATTHEWS and HAYES were granted leave to attend a subcommittee meeting and be granted leave to vote from the balcony. PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 3:25 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair. Expression of Personal Interest Senator KNOTTS rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. Amendment No. P-3A Senator McCONNELL proposed the following Amendment No. P-3A (JUD0391.002), which was adopted: Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page 391-6, by inserting the following after line 37: / Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 64, by inserting an appropriately numbered new SECTION after line 9 to read: SECTION ___. Chapter 35, Title 41 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 41-35-760. The department must promulgate all regulations described in this chapter and regulations governing procedures at all hearings and appeals before the department or any member or employee of the department, and publish all regulations on an electronic website. All regulations must be promulgated in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of Title 1 of the South Carolina Code of Laws." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator McCONNELL explained the amendment. The amendment was adopted. Amendment No. P-4 Senator THOMAS proposed the following Amendment No. P-4 (AGM\19840BH10): Amend the committee report, as and if amended, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to Part I to read: / SECTION ___. Article 1, Chapter 35, Title 41 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 41-35-112. (A) In September, 2010, the commission shall conduct a urine drug test on a random sample of five hundred benefit recipients who are receiving benefits for the first time and shall report the findings of the test to the General Assembly by November 1, 2010. If more than ten percent of the random sample test positive for drug use, beginning on February 1, 2011, and every month thereafter, three percent of all new recipients who report to the commission to receive benefits, chosen randomly, must be drug tested , with no new recipient being tested more than once in a twelve-month period. (B) If a new benefit recipient tests positive for drug use, he immediately shall enter a thirty-day treatment program sponsored by the Department of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services, but shall continue to receive unemployment benefits. Upon the expiration of the thirty days after he tests positive for drug use, the new benefit recipient must be tested again by the Department of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services at the expense of the benefit recipient. If he tests positive for drug use at that time, the new benefit recipient forfeits his eligibility for unemployment benefits." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator THOMAS explained the amendment. Senator RYBERG spoke on the amendment. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, debate was interrupted by adjournment. On motion of Senators HUTTO and COURSON, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Mr. Leslie Arlen "R" Cotter of Columbia, S.C., beloved husband, devoted father and doting grandfather. He was a Cum Laude Civil Engineer graduate of the University of South Carolina, an avid art lover, a lifelong supporter of the Boy Scout program and trustee at various schools and colleges in South Carolina. and On motion of Senator ALEXANDER, with unanimous consent, the Senate stood adjourned out of respect to the memory of Oconee County Sheriff's Deputy William Frederick Schuck III of Oconee, S.C., who died tragically over the weekend.	2018-01-21T01:03:20	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38995304703712463, "perplexity": 9285.90264057924}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889798.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121001412-20180121021412-00669.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-eyes-mauna-loa	Volcano Watch — Eyes on Mauna Loa Release Date: With the east rift zone eruption of Kīlauea continuing into its 18th year, much of our focus in volcano and seismic monitoring at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is on Kīlauea. At the same time, however, Mauna Loa receives a lot of our attention, and it should never be overlooked in terms of the hazards that it poses to us. With the east rift zone eruption of Kīlauea continuing into its 18th year, much of our focus in volcano and seismic monitoring at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is on Kīlauea. At the same time, however, Mauna Loa receives a lot of our attention, and it should never be overlooked in terms of the hazards that it poses to us. In the earlier part of the 20th century, Mauna Loa was the more active of the two volcanoes in southeast Hawaii. HVO scientists during that period suggested that its eruptions followed a pattern of shifting from active rift zone to summit caldera to active rift zone, such that they actively tried to forecast eruptions. It was felt that, sometimes, large or significant earthquakes beneath its flanks foreshadowed rift zone eruptions. A magnitude-6.2 earthquake in the upper southwest rift zone preceded the largest historic eruption of Mauna Loa in 1950. Eruptions in 1942, 1975, and 1984 were preceded by magnitude-6.0, -5.5, and -6.7 earthquakes, respectively, in the Kaoiki fault system. After the large southwest rift zone eruption in 1950, Mauna Loa went into a 25-year-long period of repose that ended with the July 1975 eruption. That eruption was followed by the March 1984 eruption. Since 1984, of course, Mauna Loa has not erupted. Before volcanoes erupt, typically their first signs of unrest are increases in the number of very small, or micro-, earthquakes occurring within them. This is a principal reason why HVO established and maintains its permanent seismographic network on the island of Hawaii, and why our network is most concentrated on Kīlauea and Mauna Loa. Prior to the 1975 eruption, HVO scientists recognized and prepared a report on a clear increase in microearthquake activity beneath Mauna Loa. The increase began nearly a year before the eruption. Because of the historical patterns of Mauna Loa eruptions noted by earlier HVO scientists, then-HVO staff offered similar forecasts of an eruption to follow the 1975 eruption. In late 1983, microseismicity beneath Mauna Loa increased sharply, and a damaging earthquake occurred beneath its southeast flank in November 1983, in the Kaoiki fault system, which lies between Mauna Loa and Kīlauea. These events are viewed as clear precursors to the 1984 eruption. Since the 1984 eruption, the rates of microearthquake occurrence beneath Mauna Loa appear to be gradually decreasing. Our conventional wisdom, in combination with the historical observations made by early HVO scientists and our detailed tracking of the 1975 and 1984 eruptive sequences, suggests that the next eruption of Mauna Loa is not imminent. In addition, we would interpret a pattern of microearthquakes, resembling those before the last two eruptions, as indicating a likely future eruption. The answers and proof clearly lie in the future. While we await eruptions on Mauna Loa and continue to monitor the ongoing Kīlauea eruption, we are working to improve our resources for studying and monitoring our volcanoes. We have added new seismographic stations along Mauna Loa's southwest rift zone. In partnerships with other government agencies, we have also added state-of-the-art seismic instrumentation at a few locations on the island, and three new down-hole seismic stations will be installed within the next three months. These will all help our studies of Mauna Loa, in particular, and volcanic and seismic processes in HawaiI, in general. On Saturday, April 8, from 9 a.m. to 12 noon at the Kona Surf Hotel, the Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes at the University of Hawaii at Hilo is sponsoring the second of two public symposia entitled "What's New on Mauna Loa Volcano?" These symposia bring together scientists and emergency managers to share their insights and concerns with the public. To find out more, please attend this CSAV symposium on April 8. Volcano Activity Update Eruptive activity of Kīlauea Volcano continued unabated during the past week. Lava is erupting from Puu Oo and flowing through a network of tubes toward the coast. Lava stopped entering the ocean at Laeapuki, and breakouts on Pulama pali above Laeapuki indicate a blockage of that tube system. A second flow, located to the east of the first flow, is active in the area near the boundary of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and is intermittently entering the ocean between Waha`ula and Kamokuna. Breakouts on Pulama pali of this eastern flow provide spectacular viewing at night. The public is reminded that the ocean-entry areas are extremely hazardous, with explosions accompanying sudden collapses of the new land. The active lava flows are hot and have places with very thin crust. The steam clouds are highly acidic and laced with glass particles. There were no earthquakes reported felt during the week ending on March 30.	2019-11-22T18:57:51	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.258340448141098, "perplexity": 5271.348892624782}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671411.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122171140-20191122200140-00277.warc.gz"}
https://atb.nrel.gov/electricity/2021/commercial_pv	# Commercial PV Units using capacity above represent kWDC. 2021 ATB data for commercial solar photovoltaics (PV) are shown above. The Base Year estimates rely on modeled capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost estimates benchmarked with industry and historical data. Capacity factor is estimated based on hours of sunlight at latitude for five representative locations in the United States. The 2021 ATB presents capacity factor estimates that encompass a range associated with advanced, moderate, and conservative technology innovation scenarios across the United States. Future year projections are derived from bottom-up benchmarking of PV CAPEX and bottom-up engineering analysis of O&M costs. The three scenarios for technology innovation are: • Conservative Technology Innovation Scenario (Conservative Scenario): lower levels of R&D investment with minimal technology advancement and current global module pricing • Moderate Technology Innovation Scenario (Moderate Scenario): R&D investment continuing at similar levels as today, with no substantial innovations or new technologies introduced to the market • Advanced Technology Innovation Scenario (Advanced Scenario): an increase in R&D spending that generates substantial innovation, allowing historical rates of development to continue. ## Resource Categorization The ATB provides the average capacity factor for 10 resource categories in the United States, binned by mean GHI. Average capacity factors are calculated using county-level capacity factor averages from the Renewable Energy Potential (reV) model for 1998–2019 (inclusive) of the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). The NSRDB provides modeled spatiotemporal solar irradiance resource data at 4-km spatial and 0.5-hour temporal resolution. The county-level mean GHI is calculated by aggregating each individual NSRDB point’s multiyear mean GHI to provide a county’s mean GHI for all years included in the analysis. The U.S. average capacity factor for each resource category is weighted by the land area (square miles) of each county within the GHI resource category. The county estimated land area is provided by geospatial and tabular data from the U.S. Census. The map below shows average annual GHI in the United States. The following table summarizes the estimated 2019 (Base Year) year 1 capacity factors per resource category and each resource category's associated population. Commercial PV Resource Classes DOE’s Solar Energy Technologies Office sets its PV cost targets for a location centered geographically within the continental U.S., in resource class 7, whereas the ATB benchmark is class 5, representing the national-average solar resource. ## Scenario Descriptions Summary of Technology Innovations by Scenario (2030) 1 Module efficiency improvements represent an increase in energy production over the same area of space, in this case the dimensions of a PV module. Energy yield gain represents an improvement in capacity factor, relative to the rated capacity of a PV systems. In the case of bifacial modules, the increase in energy production between two modules with the same dimensions does not currently change the capacity rating of the module under standard test conditions, as the rating is based on light from one direction. Additionally, the rated capacity of a system does not increase with fewer system losses (e.g., panel cleanings). ## Representative Technology For the 2021 ATB, commercial PV systems are modeled for a 200-kWDC, fixed-tilt, roof-mounted system. Flat-plate PV can utilize direct and indirect insolation, so PV modules need not directly face and track incident radiation. This gives PV systems a broad geographical application, especially for commercial PV systems. Distributed-scale PV is assumed to be configured as a fixed-tilt, roof-mounted system. Compared to utility-scale PV, this reduces both the potential capacity factor and land (roof) space that is available for development. A recent study of rooftop PV technical potential (Gagnon et al., 2016) estimated as much as 731 GW (926 TWh/yr) of potential exists for small buildings (< 5,000 m2 footprint) and 386 GW (506 TWh/yr) exists for medium (5,000–25,000 m2) and large buildings (> 25,000 m2). ## Methodology This section describes the methodology to develop assumptions for CAPEX, O&M, and capacity factor. For standardized assumptions, see labor costregional cost variationmaterials cost indexscale of industrypolicies and regulations, and inflation. Currently, CAPEX—not LCOE—is the most common metric for PV cost. Because of different assumptions in long-term incentives, system location and production characteristics, and cost of capital, LCOE can be confusing and often incomparable for different estimates. Though CAPEX also has many assumptions and interpretations, it involves fewer variables to manage. Therefore, PV projections in the 2021 ATB are driven entirely by plant and operational cost improvements. The Base Year estimates rely on modeled CAPEX and O&M estimates benchmarked with industry and historical data. Capacity factor is estimated based on hours of sunlight at latitude for 10 resource categories in the United States, binned by mean global horizontal irradiance (GHI). Future year projections are derived from bottom-up benchmarking of PV CAPEX and bottom-up engineering analysis of O&M costs. Three projections are developed for scenario modeling as bounding levels: • Conservative Scenario: lower levels of R&D investment with minimal technology advancement and current global module pricing • Moderate Scenario: assume R&D investment continuing at similar levels as today, with no substantial innovations or new technologies introduced to the market • Advanced Scenario: an increase in R&D spending that generates substantial innovation, allowing historical rates of development to continue. ### Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) Definition: Capital expenditures (CAPEX) are expenditures required to achieve commercial operation in a given year. For commercial PV, this is modeled for only a host-owned business model with access to debt. For the 2021 ATB—and based on data (EIA, 2016) and the NREL Solar-PV Cost Model (Feldman et al., 2021) (Barbose et al., 2019)—the distributed solar PV plant envelope is defined to include items noted in the table above. Base Year: In the chart below, reported historical commercial-scale PV installation CAPEX (Barbose et al., 2020) is shown in box-and-whiskers format for comparison to historical commercial-scale PV benchmark overnight capital cost and ATB future CAPEX projections. The data in (Barbose et al., 2020) represent 82% of all U.S. residential PV and commercial PV capacity installed through 2019. Historical Sources: (Barbose et al., 2020)(Feldman et al., 2021) Future Projections: 2021 ATB All prices quoted in WAC are converted to WDC (1 WAC = ILR × WDC). The difference in each year's price between the market and benchmark data reflects differences in methodologies. Reported and benchmark prices can differ for a variety of reasons, as outlined by Barbose and Darghouth (Barbose et al., 2019) and Bolinger, Seel, and Robson (Bolinger et al., 2019), including: • Timing-related issues: For instance, the time between contract completion and project placement in service may vary. • Variations over time in the size, technology, installer margin, and design of systems installed in a given year • Which cost categories are included in CAPEX (e.g., financing costs and initial O&M expenses). Federal investment tax credits provide an incentive to include costs in the upfront CAPEX to receive a higher tax credit, and these included costs may have otherwise been reported as operating costs. The bottom-up benchmarks are more reflective of an overnight capital cost, which is in-line with the ATB methodology of inputting overnight capital cost and calculating construction financing to derive CAPEX. Commercial PV pricing and capacities are quoted in kWDC (i.e., module rated capacity) unlike other generation technologies (including utility-scale PV), which are quoted in kWAC. For commercial PV, this would correspond to the combined rated capacity of all inverters. This is because kWDC is the unit that the majority of the PV industry uses. Although costs are reported in kWDC, the total CAPEX includes the cost of the inverter, which has a capacity measured in kWAC. CAPEX estimates for 2020 reflect continued rapid decline in pricing supported by analysis of recent system pricing for projects that became operational in 2020 (Feldman et al., 2021). The historical chart above shows the range in historical CAPEX that reflects the heterogeneous composition of the commercial PV market in the United States. The chart also includes a representative commercial-scale PV installation. Although commercial PV systems vary dramatically in size and application, typical installation costs are represented with a single estimate per innovations scenario. Additionally, commercial PV CAPEX does not correlate well with solar resource. Although the technology market share may shift over time with new developments, the typical installation cost is represented with the projections above. System prices of $1.76/WDC in 2019 and$1.72/WDC in 2020 are based on bottom-up benchmark analysis reported in U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark Q1 2020 (Feldman et al., 2021), adjusted for inflation. The 2019 and 2020 bottom-up benchmarks are reflective of an overnight capital cost, which is in-line with the ATB methodology of inputting overnight capital cost and calculating construction financing to derive CAPEX. The Base Year CAPEX estimates should tend toward the low end of observed cost because no regional impacts are included. These effects are represented in the historical market data. Future Years: Projections of 2030 commercial PV plant CAPEX are based on bottom-up cost modeling, with a straight-line change in price in the intermediate years between 2020 and 2030. The system design and price changes made in the models are summarized and described in the Summary of Technology Innovations by Scenario table. See below for the details of changes to components of system price in the different ATB scenarios. Cost Details by Scenario We assume each scenario's 2050 CAPEX is the equivalent of the 2030 CAPEX of the scenario but one degree more aggressive, with a straight-line change in price in the intermediate years between 2030 and 2050. Asterisks indicate corresponding cells, where scenarios use the same values but shifted in time. We also develop and model a scenario one degree more aggressive than the Advanced Scenario to estimate its 2050 CAPEX. The 2050 Advances Scenario assumes a module efficiency of 30%, achieved through double-junction cells (perovskite on top of c-Si); further inverter simplification and manufacturing automation; 50% labor and hardware BOS cost improvements through automation and preassembly of racking, mounting, and wiring efficiencies; and that carbon fiber becomes low cost, replacing steel and aluminum and cutting material costs in half. More Aggressive Scenarios Reach Given CAPEX Sooner More aggressive scenarios reach given CAPEX sooner, as indicated by the asterisks and daggers We compare the CAPEX scenarios over time to four analysts' projections, adjusted for inflation (see chart below). The 2021 ATB CAPEX projections are fairly in-line with other analysts' projections through 2030, with the exception of the analysts' maximum projection, which starts at a much higher CAPEX. Two of the four analyst projections do not go beyond 2030, so data points to compare the ATB projections are limited; however, the Advanced Scenario is in-line with the minimum analyst projection. Source for CAPEX: NREL 2021; (BNEF, 2019)(BNEF, 2020)(Cox, 2020)(EIA, 2021) All prices quoted in WAC are converted to WDC (1 WAC = ILR × WDC). Use the following table to view the components of CAPEX. ### Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs Definition: Operation and maintenance (O&M) costs represent the annual expenditures required to operate and maintain a solar PV plant over its lifetime, including items noted in the table above. Base Year: The initial figure on this page shows the Base Year estimate and future year projections for fixed O&M (FOM) costs. Three technology innovation scenarios are represented. The estimate for a given year represents annual average FOM costs expected over the technical lifetime of a new plant that reaches commercial operation in that year. FOM of $19/kWDC-yr is based on modeled pricing for a commercial PV system quoted in 2019 as reported by (Feldman et al., 2021). The values in the 2021 ATB are higher than those from the 2020 ATB because we include costs in the 2021 ATB not previously calculated. These include four additional line measures (property taxes, insurance, asset management, and security) that are added based on feedback collected by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL from U.S. solar industry professionals (Wiser et al., 2020). A wide range in reported prices exists in the market that depends in part on the maintenance practices that exist for a particular system. These cost categories include asset management (including compliance and reporting for incentive payments), insurance products, site security, cleaning, vegetation removal, and component failure. Not all these practices are performed for each system; additionally, some factors depend on the quality of the parts and construction. NREL analysts estimate O&M costs can range from$0 to $40/kWDC-yr. Future Year: FOM of$19/kWDC-yr for 2020 is also based on pricing reported by (Feldman et al., 2021), which can be divided into system-related expenses ($15/kWDC-yr) and administration-related expenses ($4/kWDC-yr). From 2021 to 2050, system-related FOM is based on the historical average ratio of O&M costs ($/kW-yr) to CAPEX costs ($/kW), 0.8:100, as reported by (Feldman et al., 2021). Historical data suggest O&M and CAPEX cost reductions are correlated; from 2010 to 2020, benchmark commercial PV O&M and CAPEX costs fell 46% and 69% respectively, as reported by (Feldman et al., 2021). Administrative expenses are kept constant. Use the following table to view the components of O&M. ### Capacity Factor Definition: Commercial PV system capacity factor is not directly comparable to other technologies' capacity factors. Other technologies' capacity factors (including utility-scale PV) are represented exclusively in AC units (see Solar PV AC-DC Translation). However, because commercial PV pricing in the 2020 ATB is represented in \$/WDC, commercial PV system capacity is a DC rating. Because each technology uses consistent capacity ratings, the LCOEs are comparable. The capacity factor is influenced by the hourly solar profile, technology (e.g., thin-film or crystalline silicon), the bifaciality of the module, shading, expected downtime, and inverter losses to transform from DC to AC power. The DC-to-AC ratio is a design choice that influences the capacity factor. PV plant capacity factor incorporates an assumed degradation rate of 0.7%/yr in the annual average calculation. R&D could increase energy yield through bifaciality, increased albedo, better soil removal, improved cell temperature, lower system losses, O&M practices that improve uptime, and lower degradation rates of PV plant capacity factor; future projections assume energy yield gains of 0%–31% depending on the location and scenario. Base Year: In the interactive data chart at the top of this page, select Technology Detail = All to add filters to the initial figure on this page to show a range of capacity factors based on variation in solar resource in the contiguous United States. The range of the Base Year estimates illustrate the effect of locating a commercial PV plant in places with lower or higher solar irradiance. The ATB provides the average capacity factor for 10 resource categories in the United States, binned by mean GHI. The ATB provides the average capacity factor for 10 resource categories in the United States, binned by mean GHI. The annual average capacity factor for the contiguous United States is calculated using the Renewable Energy Potential (ReV) model using solar resource data for 2012 from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB). The county-level capacity factors are calculated for specific locations with azimuth and tilt, which are based on representative agents selected in the Distributed Generation Market Demand Model (dGen) 2020 Standard Scenarios agent database (Sigrin et al., 2016). A lookup table for these locations and the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) is generated based on nearest distance. The azimuth and tilt as well as the resource GID are used to generate a System Advisor Model (SAM) config file and to run ReV, which outputs the annual average capacity factor at each evaluated location. The U.S. average capacity factor for each resource category is weighted by the population of each county within the GHI resource category. The county estimated populations are provided by geospatial and tabular data from the U.S. Census. Because of the change in methodology in calculating capacity factors in the 2021 ATB, they are not directly comparable to previous editions of the ATB. In the 2021 ATB, first-year operation capacity factors as modeled range from 12.7% for Class 10 (for locations with an average annual GHI less than 3.75) to 19.8% for Class 1 (for locations with an average annual GHI greater than 5.75). Over time, PV installation output is reduced because of degradation in module quality, which is accounted for in ATB estimates of capacity factor over the 30-year lifetime of the plant. The adjusted average capacity factor values in the 2019 ATB Base Year range from 12.0% for Class 10 (for locations with an average annual GHI less than 3.75) to 18.6% for Class 1 (for locations with an average annual GHI greater than 5.75). Future Years: Projections of capacity factors for plants installed in future years increase over time because of an increase in energy yield from the module (better tracking, improved cell temperature, bifaciality, and improved albedo), reduced system losses (improved soil removal, improved O&M uptime, and more-efficient inverters) and a reduction in degradation rates. The table below summarizes the technology improvements we used to calculate indicative improvements in capacity factor in each scenario. 2030 Technology Improvements Influencing Capacity Factor The technology improvements summarized above would not necessarily result in the estimated capacity factor improvements, given the 2021 ATB assumption of a constant ILR. PV system ILR choice is based on an optimization exercise to maximize profits (or offer the lowest energy price), trading off the extra cost and increased clipping losses of additional modules, with improvements in inverter operation and a higher, flatter electricity production curve. All things being equal, the optimal ILR of PV systems in higher resource classes or those which use bifacial modules will be lower than the optimal ILR of systems in lower resource classes or those with monofacial modules, particularly without the use of storage. Because of the complexity of optimizing CAPEX and ILR for each resource class for each year, and with and without storage, ATB PV system CAPEX and capacity factor benchmarks are calculated using a fixed ILR, independent of system location, performance improvements over time, or the incorporation of storage. Additionally, we assume performance improvements over time are not location-dependent, despite the fact that a PV system with the same ILR in a higher resource area will experience more clipping, and thus lower performance improvements. However, in reality, PV systems in those areas would reduce their clipping losses by installing fewer PV panels and would thus have a lower upfront cost (trading off the marginally greater production with reduced CAPEX). The following table summarizes the difference in average capacity factor in 2030 caused by these changes in the technology innovation scenarios. Similar to our CAPEX assumptions, we assume each scenario's 2050 capacity factor is the equivalent of the 2030 capacity factor of the scenario but one degree more aggressive, with a straight-line change in price in the intermediate years between 2030 and 2050. The table below summarizes capacity factors for each ATB scenario by resource class. 2030 Commercial PV DC Capacity Factors by Innovation Scenario We also develop and model a scenario one degree more aggressive than the Advanced Scenario to estimate its 2050 capacity factor. The 2050 Advanced Scenario assumes a 25% improvement over 2019 capacity factors. ## References The following references are specific to this page; for all references in this ATB, see References. Pelaez, Silvana Ayala, Christopher A. Deline, Sara M. MacAlpine, William F. Marion, Joshua S. Stein, and Raymond K. Kostak. “Comparison of Bifacial Solar Irradiance Model Predictions With Field Validation.” IEEE 9, no. 1 (2018). https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1485567. ITRPV. “ITRPV 2020: International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV).” International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic, April 2020. https://itrpv.vdma.org/. Feldman, David, Vignesh Ramasamy, Ran Fu, Ashwin Ramdas, Jal Desai, and Robert Margolis. “U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmark: Q1 2020.” National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States), January 27, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2172/1764908. Barbose, Galen, Naïm Darghouth, Salma Elmallah, Sydney Forrester, Kristina LaCommare, Dev Millstein, Joe Rand, Will Cotton, and Eric O’Shaughnessy. “Tracking the Sun: Pricing and Design Trends for Distributed Photovoltaic Systems in the United States: 2019 Edition.” Tracking the Sun. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, October 30, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2172/1574343. Fuscher, Moritz, and Ehrler Bruno. “Efficiency Limit of Perovskite/Si Tandem Solar Cells.” ACS Energy Lett. 1, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 863–868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00405. Satpathy, Rabindra. “Additional Energy Yield Using Bifacial Solar PV Modules and Dependency on Albedo.” n.d. https://www.ises.org/sites/default/files/webinars/Presentation Rabi Satpathy_ISESWebinar_0.pdf. Gagnon, Pieter, Robert Margolis, Jennifer Melius, Caleb Phillips, and Ryan Elmore. “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Technical Potential in the United States: A Detailed Assessment.” Technical Report. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2172/1236153. Cox, Molly. “H2 2020 US Solar PV System Pricing.” Wood Mackenzie, December 2020. EIA. “Annual Energy Outlook 2021.” Energy Information Administration, January 2021. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/. Barbose, Galen, Naïm Darghouth, Eric O’Shaughnessy, and Sydney Forrester. “Distributed Solar Data Update.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), December 2020. https://emp.lbl.gov/tracking-the-sun. BNEF. “2H 2020 U.S. Renewable Energy Market Outlook.” BNEF, October 2020. Bolinger, Mark, Joachim Seel, and Dana Robson. “Utility-Scale Solar: Empirical Trends in Project Technology, Cost, Performance, and PPA Pricing in the United States: 2019 Edition.” Utility-Scale Solar. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, December 2019. https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/lbnl_utility_scale_solar_2019_edition_final.pdf. BNEF. “New Energy Outlook 2019.” Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2019. https://about.bnef.com/new-energy-outlook/. EIA. “Capital Cost Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016. https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/powerplants/capitalcost/pdf/capcost_assumption.pdf. Wiser, Ryan, Mark Bolinger, and Joachim Seel. “Benchmarking Utility-Scale PV Operational Expenses and Project Lifetimes: Results from a Survey of U.S. Solar Industry Professionals.” Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory., June 2020. https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/benchmarking-utility-scale-pv.	2023-03-31T10:02:03	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.527080774307251, "perplexity": 6533.0642056644765}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00476.warc.gz"}
https://wiki.bnl.gov/eic/index.php?title=IR_Design_Requirements&direction=prev&oldid=6188	IR Design Requirements This page discusses the requirements imposed by the EIC physics on the IR design. The following requirements will be discussed in more detail below Breakup Neutrons For exclusive and diffractive reactions in e-A scattering it is essential to detect the neutron of the nuclear break up in the direction of the outgoing beam. The figures below shows the scattering angle distribution for breakup neutrons for different Au beam energies and from a gold nucleus for different excitation energies of the nucleus. These distributions lead to the requirement of a angular acceptance of +/- 4mrad to allow to detect these neutrons in the ZDC Scattered protons To reconstruct the Mandelstam variable t, which represents the momentum transfer to the proton in exclusive reactions, it is critical to detect the forward going scattered proton. t is essential in exclusive reactions as it can be fourier transformed to the impact parameter b, which gives the transverse spatial distribution of partons in the proton. t is for exclusive reaction pt2 of the proton. The figure below shows the scattering angle θ for three different center-of-mass energies as a function of the scattered proton momentum. Also shown are projections for the longitudinal momentum for 2 different proton beam energies. This poses the following requirement that for different hadron beam energies 100 GeV and 250 GeV protons with a momentum at a maximum of 10% lower then the proton beam energy and a scattering angles up to 10 mrad need to be transported through the different magnets. There is basically no correlation between the momentum and the scattering angle. For diffractive events an acceptance of 5% of the beam momentum would be totally acceptable as well. These protons cannot be detected in the main detector. The standard detectors used to detect the scattered proton are roman pots placed at different distances from the IR. Using this detector technology poses an other requirement on the machine performance. To reach as small scattering angles as possible a small emittance of the beam is crucial as there is also an additional requirement of 10 σ clearance from the core of the beam. This translate in the requirement thet we need an acceptance in pt2 of 0.17 GeV to 1.3 GeV, which translates into a t acceptance of 0.03 GeV2 to 1.6 GeV2 at 100 GeV and 250 GeV proton beam energy. To have good acceptance at low scattering angle the beam needs to be cooled in transverse direction to achieve a beam angular divergence of ~100μrad Spectator protons -Crucial for identifying processes with a neutron “target” (e+n) in e+3He (and e+d). -Spectator neutron (<~3 mrad) can be measured by ZDC. -Tagging spectator protons from 3He (and d): • Relying on separation from magnetic rigidity (Br) changes 3He: p = 3/2:1 (d:p = 2:1) • No need to reconstruct momentum but need clean identification: position+directional measurement • Common detectors (Roman Pots) can be utilized for tagging forward proton from DVCS and the spectator protons from 3He Scattering angle vs. momentum of spectator protons in e+3He at 10(e)x100(N) GeV [left]. The projections in angle (rad) and momentum (GeV/c) are shown in the center and right panels. The acceptance of the protons at the detector depends on the IR optics of the beam. The calculation was done using DPMJETIII with Fluka implementation. The requirements of the detectors for the spectator tagging with an IR design can be found here. The distributions are similar for spectator protons in e+d as the dominant contribution to the angular and momentum distributions are from fermi momenta in the "target" nucleus. Detector Space and Magnetic Field the detector needs a +/- 4.5m beam element free region. Any magnetic field which is introduced in addition to the solenoidal field of the detector, needs to obey the following requirements. • the region of the RICH in the forward and backward direction should be free of any magnetic field • the magnetic field homogeneity needs to obey the requirements posed by the TPC • the bore of the solenoid must have at least a radius of 1m • the forward tracking resolution must be retained low Q2-tagger for many physics topics it is important to tag the scattered lepton at very small scattering angles and such as very low Q2. The main detector covers -4 to 4 in rapidity for the scattered lepton. So scattered leptons with a scattering angle > 178 degree will not be detected in the main detector. The plots below correlate the momentum of the scattered lepton with its scattering angle and its Q2. To see some of these low Q2 leptons it is important to separate the scattered lepton from the outgoing lepton beam. To have a reasonable low Q2 acceptance the requirement for the IR is to transport leptons with 10% momentum of the full beam energy (Ee' >= 0.9 E) and with a scattering angle from 179.5 to 178 degree (180 degree being the outgoing beam) through the magnets. The resulting Q2 distribution after applying all the requirements listed above is shown in the 4th row below. 20 GeV x 100 GeV 10 GeV x 100 GeV 5 GeV x 100 GeV 20 GeV x 100 GeV 10 GeV x 100 GeV 5 GeV x 100 GeV 20 GeV x 100 GeV 10 GeV x 100 GeV 5 GeV x 100 GeV 20 GeV x 100 GeV 10 GeV x 100 GeV 5 GeV x 100 GeV Luminosity Monitor to achieve the precision needed for the luminosity measurement to match the statistical uncertainties anticipated for eRHIC, it is important to follow and improve the concept of luminosity measurements at HERA as described in here. The technique involves a electromagnetic calorimeter for photon detector and a pair spectrometer. The picture below shows a schematic view of the ZEUS layout a similar layout needs to be realized for eRHIC. It is planned to use the Bethe-Heitler process (e+p → e+p+γ) to measure the luminosity. It is proposed to use this process because the cross section is large and it is a calculable process in QED (see reference paper and references within). The rate of photons measured from this process can then be related to the luminosity as L=N/Aσ, where L is the luminosity, N is the number of measured photons, A is the combined acceptance and efficiency corrections for detecting the photons, and σ is the cross section calculated from QED. The analytical expression for the photon energy distribution and the approximate angular distribution from paper are implemented in a Monte Carlo event generator. The event generator DJANGOH was used was also used to simulate this process. The results for the expected scattering angle distribution of the photons is shown below for 20x250 GeV e+p collisions. The red line displays the analytical expression from paper and the blue line the results from the DJANGOH simulation. The results are qualitatively consistent. As seen in the figure, the BH process produces photons within a very narrow cone around the electron beam direction. This means that the luminosity monitoring system needs to be placed downstream from bending magnets so that the electron beam can be bent away from the BH photon cone. The cone is expected to be roughly +/- 20 μrad in size. The BH photon cone size will be smeared by the angular divergence of the beams at the IP and its magnitude will depend on the design of the beam optics. This has also been studied. Though the parameters on the machine are still being optimized, a study was carried out using the parameters found in , assuming an (normalized) emittance, ε = 23x10-6 m (58x10-6 m) for e+p (e+Au) and a β* = 5 cm. The dependence of the angular beam divergence on the e beam energy assuming the above parameters is shown in the figure below. The angular smearing from the divergence is roughly a factor of 10 or higher than the natural size of the cone from the process. This means that the requirements for the space required for the passage of the photon cone through the IR to the detector system is determined almost entirely by the beam optics and the resulting angular divergence. Details specific to the implementation of the luminosity monitoring system with the eRHIC IR in the EicRoot simulation can be found [here]. Lepton polarimetry requirements need still to be worked out	2022-11-29T18:43:04	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8117995262145996, "perplexity": 1134.672698744172}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710710.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129164449-20221129194449-00245.warc.gz"}
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9712317	astro-ph (what is this?) # Title: The IMF Revisited: A Case for Variations Authors: John Scalo (The University of Texas at Austin) Abstract: A survey of results concerning the IMF derived from star counts is presented, including work up to, but not including, that presented in these proceedings. The situation regarding low-mass stars in the field and in clusters, high-mass stars and intermediate-mass stars in clusters and associations of the Milky Way and LMC, pre-main sequence objects in visible and embedded clusters, and the IMF in galaxies more distant than the Magellanic Clouds is discussed, with an emphasis on the sources of uncertainty. Most of these uncertainties, especially radial mass segregation and unresolved binaries, would steepen the true IMF relative to the apparent IMF. Several cases of apparently large variations in cluster IMFs are pointed out, and a graphical comparison of results for about 60 clusters shows a spread of at least unity in the logarithmic IMF index for all mass ranges above about 1 $M_{\sun}$. I conclude that either: 1. The uncertainties are so large that very little can be said about an average IMF or IMF variations; or 2. If the observations are taken at face value, there are strong indications of IMF variations, which do not seem to correlate with obvious environmental conditions like metallicity or stellar density. If there is an average IMF, I suggest that it is steepest at intermediate masses. If the variations are real, they offer a useful test of theoretical models. Comments: 35 pages, (LaTeX), paspconf style, 5 postscript figures, to appear in The Stellar Initial Mass Function Proceedings of the 38th Herstmonceux Conference, ed. G. Gilmore, I. Parry & S. Ryan. Added one paragraph in section 7, and 2 references Subjects: Astrophysics (astro-ph) Cite as: arXiv:astro-ph/9712317 (or arXiv:astro-ph/9712317v2 for this version) ## Submission history From: Betty Friedrich [view email] [v1] Tue, 23 Dec 1997 20:00:03 GMT (161kb) [v2] Mon, 5 Jan 1998 20:55:52 GMT (162kb)	2014-04-24T00:22:01	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6595553159713745, "perplexity": 2639.0977709567433}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203841.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00611-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://zbmath.org/authors/?s=0&q=McShane%2C+Edward	## McShane, Edward James Compute Distance To: Author ID: mcshane.edward-james Published as: McShane, E. J.; McShane, Edward James; McShane, Edward J.; Mc Shane, E. J.; McShane, E. more...less External Links: MacTutor · MGP · Wikidata · GND · IdRef Documents Indexed: 149 Publications since 1926, including 11 Books 3 Further Contributions Biographic References: 1 Publication Co-Authors: 22 Co-Authors with 12 Joint Publications 103 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 ### Co-Authors 137 single-authored 3 Warfield, Robert Breckenridge jun. 2 Botts, Truman Arthur 2 Duren, William L. jun. 2 Hestenes, Magnus Rudolph 2 Mac Lane, Leslie Saunders 1 Abbott, James C. 1 Aleksandrov, Pavel Sergeevich 1 Bliss, Gilbert Ames 1 Boyce, Moffatt Grier 1 Bradt, Russell N. 1 Brewer, James W. 1 Capel, C. E. 1 Courant, Richard 1 Darst, Richard B. 1 Davis, Martin David 1 Davis, Philip J. 1 Davis, Robert Lloyd 1 Galbraith, Alan Stuart 1 Gilmer, Robert W. jun. 1 Greenberg, Marvin Jay 1 Hale-La Salle 1 Hardy, Godfrey Harold 1 Henkin, Leon Albert 1 Hersh, Reuben 1 Huke, Aline 1 Jackson, Dunham 1 Jones, Burton W. 1 Kac, Mark 1 Kelly, J. L. 1 Kemeny, John George 1 Kimberling, Clark H. 1 Kuhn, Harold William 1 Lam, Tsit-Yuen 1 Lanczos, Cornelius 1 Lax, Peter David 1 Levinson, Norman 1 Olds, C. D. 1 Parrish, G. B. 1 Price, Griffith Baley 1 Putman, A. L. 1 Reno, F. V. 1 Smith, Martha K. 1 Swan, Richard Gordon 1 Taussky-Todd, Olga 1 Trèves, François 1 Tucker, Albert William 1 Van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert 1 Warfield, Virginia M. 1 Whyburn, Gordon Thomas 1 Wren, Frank Lynwood 1 Zalcman, Lawrence Allen all top 5 ### Serials 26 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 17 Annals of Mathematics. Second Series 16 Duke Mathematical Journal 14 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 11 American Mathematical Monthly 7 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 7 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. II. Ser 6 American Journal of Mathematics 6 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2 Mathematische Annalen 2 Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 1 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 1 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 1 SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics 1 SIAM Journal on Control 1 Annals of Mathematics Studies 1 Pure and Applied Mathematics, Marcel Dekker 1 Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 1 Boletim da Sociedade de Matemática de São Paulo all top 5 ### Fields 9 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 5 Real functions (26-XX) 5 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 4 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Measure and integration (28-XX) 2 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 1 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 88 Publications have been cited 951 times in 843 Documents Cited by Year Extension of range of functions. Zbl 0010.34606 McShane, E. J. 1934 Stochastic calculus and stochastic models. Zbl 0292.60090 McShane, E. J. 1974 Integration. Zbl 0060.13010 McShane, Edward James 1944 Extension of range of functions. JFM 60.0973.02 McShane, E. J. 1934 Relaxed controls and variational problems. Zbl 0153.13104 McShane, E. J. 1967 On Filippov’s implicit functions lemma. Zbl 0145.34403 McShane, E. J.; Warfield, R. B. jun. 1967 Order-preserving maps and integration processes. Zbl 0051.29301 McShane, Edward J. 1953 Unified integration. Zbl 0551.28001 McShane, E. J. 1983 Generalized curves. Zbl 0023.39801 McShane, E. J. 1940 Integration. Zbl 0033.05302 McShane, Edward James 1947 Linear functionals on certain Banach spaces. Zbl 0039.11802 McShane, E. J. 1950 The Lagrange multiplier rule. Zbl 0294.26016 McShane, E. J. 1973 Images of sets satisfying the condition of Baire. Zbl 0036.16701 McShane, E. J. 1950 On multipliers for Lagrange problems. Zbl 0022.23403 McShane, E. J. 1939 A unified theory of integration. Zbl 0266.26008 McShane, E. J. 1973 Necessary conditions in generalized-curve problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0024.32503 McShane, E. J. 1940 Stochastic differential equations and models of random processes. Zbl 0283.60061 McShane, E. J. 1972 Stochastic integration. Zbl 0323.60058 McShane, E. J. 1973 Stochastic integrals and stochastic functional equations. Zbl 0182.51001 McShane, E. J. 1969 Integration in linear spaces. Zbl 0146.07202 McShane, E. J. 1967 Jensen’s inequality. Zbl 0017.16003 McShane, E. J. 1937 Parametrizations of saddle surfaces with application to the problem of Plateau. Zbl 0007.11902 McShane, E. J. 1933 Stochastic differential equations. Zbl 0323.60059 McShane, E. J. 1975 Remark concerning integration. Zbl 0032.15002 McShane, E. J. 1949 Existence theorems for ordinary problems of the calculus of variations. I, II. JFM 60.0454.01 McShane, E. J. 1934 A Riemann-type integral that includes Lebesgue-Stieltjes, Bochner and stochastic integrals. Zbl 0188.35702 McShane, E. J. 1969 Existence theorems for Bolza problems in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0024.32504 McShane, E. J. 1940 Sufficient conditions for a weak relative minimum in the problem of Bolza. Zbl 0063.03871 McShane, E. J. 1942 A theorem on quadratic forms and its application in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0023.33301 Hestenes, M. R.; McShane, E. J. 1940 Real analysis. Zbl 0087.04602 McShane, Edward James; Botts, Truman Arthur 1959 On the semi-continuity of double integrals in the Calculus of Variations. Zbl 0004.35401 McShane, E. J. 1932 Integrals over surfaces in parametric form. Zbl 0008.07201 McShane, E. J. 1933 Emmy Noether. A tribute to her life and work. Zbl 0543.01009 1981 On a certain inequality of Steiner. Zbl 0003.32703 McShane, E. J. 1932 On the solutions of linear second-order differential equations. Zbl 0133.34103 Galbraith, A. S.; McShane, E. J.; Parrish, G. B. 1965 On the solutions of the differential equation $$y''+p^ 2 y = 0$$. Zbl 0154.34103 McShane, E. J. 1966 On the necessary condition of Weierstrass in the multiple integral problem of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0003.06002 McShane, E. J. 1931 The calculus of variations from the beginning through optimal control theory. Zbl 0699.49003 McShane, E. J. 1989 Families of measures and representations of algebras of operators. Zbl 0196.43402 McShane, E. J. 1962 Parametrizations of Saddle surfaces, with application to the problem of Plateau. JFM 59.0502.02 McShane, E. J. 1933 The Du Bois-Reymond relation in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0009.17001 McShane, E. J. 1934 Existence theorems for ordinary problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0010.06801 McShane, Edward James 1934 Some existence theorems for problems in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0018.31401 McShane, E. J. 1938 On the second variation in certain anormal problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0025.33401 McShane, E. J. 1941 A metric in the space of generalized curves. Zbl 0039.11302 McShane, E. J. 1950 Partial orderings and Moore-Smith limits. Zbl 0046.16201 McShane, E. J. 1952 Exterior ballistics. Zbl 0052.41303 McShane, E. J.; Kelly, J. L.; Reno, F. V. 1953 Toward a stochastic calculus. I. Zbl 0235.60054 McShane, E. J. 1969 A theorem of quadratic forms and its application in the calculus of variations. JFM 66.0047.03 Hestenes, M. R.; McShane, E. J. 1940 On multipliers for Lagrange problems. JFM 65.1294.02 McShane, E. J. 1939 Stochastic integrals and non-linear processes. Zbl 0201.49404 McShane, E. J. 1962 Existence theorems for ordinary problems of the calculus of variations. I. Zbl 0009.02302 McShane, Edward James 1934 On the uniqueness of the solutions of differential equations. Zbl 0022.22202 McShane, E. J. 1939 A theory of convergence. Zbl 0055.41305 McShane, E. J. 1954 On Perron integration. Zbl 0060.13609 McShane, E. J. 1942 A dominated-convergence theorem. Zbl 0064.29302 McShane, E. J. 1955 Generalized curves. JFM 66.0475.01 McShane, E. J. 1940 On the necessary condition of Weierstrass in the multiple integral problem of the calculus of variations. I. JFM 57.0592.01 McShane, E. J. 1931 Optimal controls, relaxed and ordinary. Zbl 0231.49005 McShane, E. J. 1967 Differential and integral calculus. Volume I. Transl. From the German by E. J. McShane. With a new foreword and revised by Marvin Jay Greenberg. Reprint of the 2nd ed. published 1937 by Blackie & Son. Zbl 1245.26001 Courant, R. 2011 On the analytic nature of surfaces of least area. Zbl 0010.06802 McShane, E. J. 1934 Existence theorems for double integral problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0013.12001 McShane, E. J. 1935 Recent developments in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0019.21803 McShane, E. J. 1938 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. III. Existence theorems for nonregular problems. Zbl 0020.37202 McShane, E. J. 1939 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. IV. Isoperimetric problems in non-parametric form. V. The isoperimetric problem in parametric form. Zbl 0020.37203 McShane, E. J. 1939 Integrals devised for special purposes. Zbl 0116.04202 McShane, E. J. 1963 The choice of a stochastic model for a noise system. Zbl 0379.60058 McShane, E. J. 1976 The Chauvenet papers. A collection of prize-winning expository papers in mathematics. Vols. I and II. Zbl 0384.01013 1978 Existence theorems for Bolza problems in the calculus of variations. JFM 67.1037.03 McShane, E. J. 1940 Existence theorems for Bolza problems in the calculus of variations. JFM 66.1271.01 McShane, E. J. 1940 Necessary conditions in generalized-curve problems of the calculus of variations. JFM 66.1271.02 McShane, E. J. 1940 Jensen’s inequality. JFM 63.0160.01 Mc Shane, E. J. 1937 A navigation problem in the calculus of variations. JFM 63.0483.01 McShane, E. J. 1937 Semi-continuity of integrals in the calculus of variations. JFM 62.1326.01 McShane, E. J. 1936 On the semi-continuity of double integrals in the calculus of variations. JFM 58.1561.02 McShane, E. J. 1932 On the necessary condition of Weierstrass in the multiple integral problem of the calculus of variations. II. JFM 57.0592.02 McShane, E. J. 1931 Invariant extensions of linear functionals, with applications to measures and stochastic processes. Zbl 0172.15601 McShane, E. J.; Warfield, R. B. jun.; Warfield, V. M. 1969 Addenda and corrigenda to ’On Filippov’s implicit functions lemma’. Zbl 0179.41601 McShane, E. J.; Warfield, R. B. jun. 1969 The radius of gyration of a convex body. Zbl 0188.27503 McShane, E. J. 1962 Toward a stochastic calculus. II. Zbl 0201.18802 McShane, E. J. 1969 A generalization of convexity, and martingales in linear spaces. Zbl 0138.11103 McShane, E. J. 1965 Contributions to the calculus of variations 1930. Zbl 0003.40002 Boyce, M. G.; Huke, A.; Wren, F. L.; McShane, E. J.; Duren, W. L. jun. 1931 Semi-continuity of integrals in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0016.03104 McShane, E. J. 1936 A navigation problem in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0016.26402 McShane, E. J. 1937 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. I. The Dresden corner condition. Zbl 0020.03202 McShane, E. J. 1938 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. II. Existence theorems for isoperimetric problems in the plane. Zbl 0020.03203 McShane, E. J. 1938 Weak topologies for stochastic processes. Zbl 0127.35001 McShane, E. J. 1962 A weak topology for stochastic processes. Zbl 0133.10501 McShane, E. J. 1962 Differential and integral calculus. Volume I. Transl. From the German by E. J. McShane. With a new foreword and revised by Marvin Jay Greenberg. Reprint of the 2nd ed. published 1937 by Blackie & Son. Zbl 1245.26001 Courant, R. 2011 The calculus of variations from the beginning through optimal control theory. Zbl 0699.49003 McShane, E. J. 1989 Unified integration. Zbl 0551.28001 McShane, E. J. 1983 Emmy Noether. A tribute to her life and work. Zbl 0543.01009 1981 The Chauvenet papers. A collection of prize-winning expository papers in mathematics. Vols. I and II. Zbl 0384.01013 1978 The choice of a stochastic model for a noise system. Zbl 0379.60058 McShane, E. J. 1976 Stochastic differential equations. Zbl 0323.60059 McShane, E. J. 1975 Stochastic calculus and stochastic models. Zbl 0292.60090 McShane, E. J. 1974 The Lagrange multiplier rule. Zbl 0294.26016 McShane, E. J. 1973 A unified theory of integration. Zbl 0266.26008 McShane, E. J. 1973 Stochastic integration. Zbl 0323.60058 McShane, E. J. 1973 Stochastic differential equations and models of random processes. Zbl 0283.60061 McShane, E. J. 1972 Stochastic integrals and stochastic functional equations. Zbl 0182.51001 McShane, E. J. 1969 A Riemann-type integral that includes Lebesgue-Stieltjes, Bochner and stochastic integrals. Zbl 0188.35702 McShane, E. J. 1969 Toward a stochastic calculus. I. Zbl 0235.60054 McShane, E. J. 1969 Invariant extensions of linear functionals, with applications to measures and stochastic processes. Zbl 0172.15601 McShane, E. J.; Warfield, R. B. jun.; Warfield, V. M. 1969 Addenda and corrigenda to ’On Filippov’s implicit functions lemma’. Zbl 0179.41601 McShane, E. J.; Warfield, R. B. jun. 1969 Toward a stochastic calculus. II. Zbl 0201.18802 McShane, E. J. 1969 Relaxed controls and variational problems. Zbl 0153.13104 McShane, E. J. 1967 On Filippov’s implicit functions lemma. Zbl 0145.34403 McShane, E. J.; Warfield, R. B. jun. 1967 Integration in linear spaces. Zbl 0146.07202 McShane, E. J. 1967 Optimal controls, relaxed and ordinary. Zbl 0231.49005 McShane, E. J. 1967 On the solutions of the differential equation $$y''+p^ 2 y = 0$$. Zbl 0154.34103 McShane, E. J. 1966 On the solutions of linear second-order differential equations. Zbl 0133.34103 Galbraith, A. S.; McShane, E. J.; Parrish, G. B. 1965 A generalization of convexity, and martingales in linear spaces. Zbl 0138.11103 McShane, E. J. 1965 Integrals devised for special purposes. Zbl 0116.04202 McShane, E. J. 1963 Families of measures and representations of algebras of operators. Zbl 0196.43402 McShane, E. J. 1962 Stochastic integrals and non-linear processes. Zbl 0201.49404 McShane, E. J. 1962 The radius of gyration of a convex body. Zbl 0188.27503 McShane, E. J. 1962 Weak topologies for stochastic processes. Zbl 0127.35001 McShane, E. J. 1962 A weak topology for stochastic processes. Zbl 0133.10501 McShane, E. J. 1962 Real analysis. Zbl 0087.04602 McShane, Edward James; Botts, Truman Arthur 1959 A dominated-convergence theorem. Zbl 0064.29302 McShane, E. J. 1955 A theory of convergence. Zbl 0055.41305 McShane, E. J. 1954 Order-preserving maps and integration processes. Zbl 0051.29301 McShane, Edward J. 1953 Exterior ballistics. Zbl 0052.41303 McShane, E. J.; Kelly, J. L.; Reno, F. V. 1953 Partial orderings and Moore-Smith limits. Zbl 0046.16201 McShane, E. J. 1952 Linear functionals on certain Banach spaces. Zbl 0039.11802 McShane, E. J. 1950 Images of sets satisfying the condition of Baire. Zbl 0036.16701 McShane, E. J. 1950 A metric in the space of generalized curves. Zbl 0039.11302 McShane, E. J. 1950 Remark concerning integration. Zbl 0032.15002 McShane, E. J. 1949 Integration. Zbl 0033.05302 McShane, Edward James 1947 Integration. Zbl 0060.13010 McShane, Edward James 1944 Sufficient conditions for a weak relative minimum in the problem of Bolza. Zbl 0063.03871 McShane, E. J. 1942 On Perron integration. Zbl 0060.13609 McShane, E. J. 1942 On the second variation in certain anormal problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0025.33401 McShane, E. J. 1941 Generalized curves. Zbl 0023.39801 McShane, E. J. 1940 Necessary conditions in generalized-curve problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0024.32503 McShane, E. J. 1940 Existence theorems for Bolza problems in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0024.32504 McShane, E. J. 1940 A theorem on quadratic forms and its application in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0023.33301 Hestenes, M. R.; McShane, E. J. 1940 A theorem of quadratic forms and its application in the calculus of variations. JFM 66.0047.03 Hestenes, M. R.; McShane, E. J. 1940 Generalized curves. JFM 66.0475.01 McShane, E. J. 1940 Existence theorems for Bolza problems in the calculus of variations. JFM 67.1037.03 McShane, E. J. 1940 Existence theorems for Bolza problems in the calculus of variations. JFM 66.1271.01 McShane, E. J. 1940 Necessary conditions in generalized-curve problems of the calculus of variations. JFM 66.1271.02 McShane, E. J. 1940 On multipliers for Lagrange problems. Zbl 0022.23403 McShane, E. J. 1939 On multipliers for Lagrange problems. JFM 65.1294.02 McShane, E. J. 1939 On the uniqueness of the solutions of differential equations. Zbl 0022.22202 McShane, E. J. 1939 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. III. Existence theorems for nonregular problems. Zbl 0020.37202 McShane, E. J. 1939 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. IV. Isoperimetric problems in non-parametric form. V. The isoperimetric problem in parametric form. Zbl 0020.37203 McShane, E. J. 1939 Some existence theorems for problems in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0018.31401 McShane, E. J. 1938 Recent developments in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0019.21803 McShane, E. J. 1938 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. I. The Dresden corner condition. Zbl 0020.03202 McShane, E. J. 1938 Some existence theorems in the calculus of variations. II. Existence theorems for isoperimetric problems in the plane. Zbl 0020.03203 McShane, E. J. 1938 Jensen’s inequality. Zbl 0017.16003 McShane, E. J. 1937 Jensen’s inequality. JFM 63.0160.01 Mc Shane, E. J. 1937 A navigation problem in the calculus of variations. JFM 63.0483.01 McShane, E. J. 1937 A navigation problem in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0016.26402 McShane, E. J. 1937 Semi-continuity of integrals in the calculus of variations. JFM 62.1326.01 McShane, E. J. 1936 Semi-continuity of integrals in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0016.03104 McShane, E. J. 1936 Existence theorems for double integral problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0013.12001 McShane, E. J. 1935 Extension of range of functions. Zbl 0010.34606 McShane, E. J. 1934 Extension of range of functions. JFM 60.0973.02 McShane, E. J. 1934 Existence theorems for ordinary problems of the calculus of variations. I, II. JFM 60.0454.01 McShane, E. J. 1934 The Du Bois-Reymond relation in the calculus of variations. Zbl 0009.17001 McShane, E. J. 1934 Existence theorems for ordinary problems of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0010.06801 McShane, Edward James 1934 Existence theorems for ordinary problems of the calculus of variations. I. Zbl 0009.02302 McShane, Edward James 1934 On the analytic nature of surfaces of least area. Zbl 0010.06802 McShane, E. J. 1934 Parametrizations of saddle surfaces with application to the problem of Plateau. Zbl 0007.11902 McShane, E. J. 1933 Integrals over surfaces in parametric form. Zbl 0008.07201 McShane, E. J. 1933 Parametrizations of Saddle surfaces, with application to the problem of Plateau. JFM 59.0502.02 McShane, E. J. 1933 On the semi-continuity of double integrals in the Calculus of Variations. Zbl 0004.35401 McShane, E. J. 1932 On a certain inequality of Steiner. Zbl 0003.32703 McShane, E. J. 1932 On the semi-continuity of double integrals in the calculus of variations. JFM 58.1561.02 McShane, E. J. 1932 On the necessary condition of Weierstrass in the multiple integral problem of the calculus of variations. Zbl 0003.06002 McShane, E. J. 1931 On the necessary condition of Weierstrass in the multiple integral problem of the calculus of variations. I. JFM 57.0592.01 McShane, E. J. 1931 On the necessary condition of Weierstrass in the multiple integral problem of the calculus of variations. II. JFM 57.0592.02 McShane, E. J. 1931 Contributions to the calculus of variations 1930. Zbl 0003.40002 Boyce, M. G.; Huke, A.; Wren, F. L.; McShane, E. J.; Duren, W. L. jun. 1931 all top 5 ### Cited by 1,017 Authors 9 Cesari, Lamberto 9 Labendia, Mhelmar Avila 9 López Pouso, Rodrigo 7 Angell, Thomas S. 7 Cabada, Alberto 7 Zhao, Bin 6 McShane, Edward James 6 Rosenblueth, Javier F. 6 Suryanarayana, Manda B. 6 Warga, Jack 5 Ahmad, Daud 5 Balder, Erik J. 5 Federson, Márcia 5 Le Gruyer, Erwan Y. 5 Lu, Kening 5 Mohammed, Salah-Eldin A. 5 Pečarić, Josip 5 Young, Laurence Chisholm 4 Ball, John MacLeod 4 Banks, Harvey Thomas 4 Barnett, Chris 4 Boltyanskij, Vladimir Grigor’evich 4 Brudnyi, Alexander 4 Chew, Tuan Seng 4 Michel, Philippe 4 Mizel, Victor J. 4 Nitsche, Johannes Carl Christian 4 Pfeffer, Washek Frank 4 Prinari, Francesca 4 Rulete, Ricky F. 4 Salvadori, Anna 4 Shanmugalingam, Nageswari 4 Shisha, Oved 4 Toh, Tin-Lam 4 Vinti, Calogero 4 Weber, Hans Josef Karl 4 Zaslavski, Alexander Yakovlevich 3 Beer, Gerald Alan 3 Bellomo, Nicola 3 Berkovitz, Leonard David 3 Chetcuti, Emmanuel 3 Chryssoverghi, Ion N. 3 Cortez, Karla L. 3 Ewing, George M. 3 Friedman, Avner 3 Heikkilä, Seppo V. 3 Hestenes, Magnus Rudolph 3 Hu, Ying 3 Jaramillo, Jesús Angel 3 Krall, Allan M. 3 Kushner, Harold J. 3 Leese, S. J. 3 Lenze, Burkhard 3 Lou, Hongwei 3 Lu, Jing 3 Manougian, Manoug N. 3 Masud, Bilal 3 Pavić, Zlatko 3 Rado, Tibor 3 Rao, Malempati M. 3 Shen, Jun 3 Suzuki, Kohei 3 Wang, Bixiang 3 Wilde, Ivan Francis 3 Wolk, Elliot S. 2 Angulo Ibáñez, J. N. 2 Arada, Nadir 2 Arcede, Jayrold P. 2 Aronsson, Gunnar 2 Azé, Dominique 2 Azroul, Elhoussine 2 Bacciotti, Andrea 2 Baccouch, Mahboub 2 Bachir, Mohammed 2 Balakrishnan, Alampallam Venkatachalaiyer 2 Barbanti, Luciano 2 Barbero-Liñán, María 2 Bartz, Sedi 2 Berger, Marc A. 2 Bernard, Pauline 2 Birbrair, Lev 2 Bogachev, Vladimir Igorevich 2 Boni, Mauro 2 Brandi, Primo 2 Brezhneva, Olga A. 2 Bullen, Peter S. 2 Byun, Sun-Sig 2 Cagubcob, Jeffer Dave A. 2 Carlson, Dean A. 2 Cid, José Ángel 2 Colesanti, Andrea 2 Crandall, Michael G. 2 Dacorogna, Bernard 2 Daniilidis, Aris 2 Dello Schiavo, Lorenzo 2 Derrick, William R. 2 Dydak, Jerzy 2 Elliott, Robert James 2 Faina, Loris 2 Federer, Herbert ...and 917 more Authors all top 5 ### Cited in 250 Serials 74 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 47 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 43 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 39 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 25 Journal of Differential Equations 17 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 16 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 13 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 13 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 12 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 12 Journal of Functional Analysis 12 Mathematische Annalen 10 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 10 Mathematische Zeitschrift 10 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 9 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 9 Optimization 9 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 7 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 7 Topology and its Applications 7 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 6 Advances in Mathematics 6 Archiv der Mathematik 6 Mathematische Nachrichten 6 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 6 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 5 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 5 International Journal of Control 5 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 5 Acta Mathematica 5 Journal of Mathematical Economics 5 Systems & Control Letters 5 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 5 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 5 Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 5 Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 5 Journal of Function Spaces 4 Israel Journal of Mathematics 4 Mathematical Notes 4 Stochastics 4 Studia Mathematica 4 Journal of Approximation Theory 4 Real Analysis Exchange 4 Siberian Mathematical Journal 4 Aequationes Mathematicae 4 Linear Algebra and its Applications 4 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 4 NoDEA. Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 4 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 3 Journal d’Analyse Mathématique 3 Journal of the Franklin Institute 3 Journal of Statistical Physics 3 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 3 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 3 Arkiv för Matematik 3 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 3 Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 3 The Annals of Probability 3 Automatica 3 Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France 3 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 3 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 3 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 3 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 3 Results in Mathematics 3 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 3 Theoretical Computer Science 3 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana 3 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 3 Stochastics and Stochastics Reports 3 Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 3 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 3 Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. III. Ser 3 European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 3 Set-Valued and Variational Analysis 3 Advances in Operator Theory 2 Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 2 Applicable Analysis 2 International Journal of Systems Science 2 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 2 Mathematical Biosciences 2 Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 2 Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (ZAMM) 2 Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 2 BIT 2 Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques 2 Illinois Journal of Mathematics 2 Journal of Econometrics 2 Mathematical Systems Theory 2 Numerische Mathematik 2 Rendiconti del Seminario Matemàtico e Fisico di Milano 2 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 2 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 2 Annales Scientifiques de l’Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand II. Probabilités et Applications 2 Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics 2 Mathematica Bohemica 2 The Journal of Geometric Analysis 2 Journal of Global Optimization 2 Historia Mathematica 2 Journal of Elasticity ...and 150 more Serials all top 5 ### Cited in 56 Fields 188 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 132 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 109 Functional analysis (46-XX) 94 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 89 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 87 Real functions (26-XX) 65 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 58 Measure and integration (28-XX) 55 General topology (54-XX) 46 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 39 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 34 Operator theory (47-XX) 23 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 20 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 17 Computer science (68-XX) 16 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 16 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 16 Integral equations (45-XX) 15 Differential geometry (53-XX) 14 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 14 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 14 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 12 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 12 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 11 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 11 Potential theory (31-XX) 10 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 9 Statistics (62-XX) 8 History and biography (01-XX) 8 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 8 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 8 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 7 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 6 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 6 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 5 Quantum theory (81-XX) 4 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 4 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 4 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 3 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 3 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 3 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 Number theory (11-XX) 2 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 2 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 2 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 1 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 1 Special functions (33-XX) 1 Sequences, series, summability (40-XX) 1 Geometry (51-XX) 1 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 1 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Astronomy and astrophysics (85-XX) ### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2022-07-06T13:26:45	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4997168481349945, "perplexity": 3829.2667127055934}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104672585.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706121103-20220706151103-00402.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10276387-centrality-dependence-production-nuclear-modification-pb-collisions-sqrt-s_-mathrm-nn-tev	Centrality dependence of J/ψ and ψ(2S) production and nuclear modification in p-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ = 8.16 TeV A bstract The inclusive production of the J/ ψ and ψ (2S) charmonium states is studied as a function of centrality in p-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 8 . 16 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed in the dimuon decay channel with the ALICE apparatus in the centre-of-mass rapidity intervals − 4 . 46 < y cms < − 2 . 96 (Pb-going direction) and 2 . 03 < y cms < 3 . 53 (p-going direction), down to zero transverse momentum ( p T ). The J/ ψ and ψ (2S) production cross sections are evaluated as a function of the collision centrality, estimated through the energy deposited in the zero degree calorimeter located in the Pb-going direction. The p T -differential J/ ψ production cross section is measured at backward and forward rapidity for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average 〈 p T 〉 and $$\left\langle {p}_{\mathrm{T}}^2\right\rangle$$ p T 2 values. The nuclear effects affecting the production of both charmonium states are studied using the nuclear modification factor. In the p-going direction, a suppression of the production of both charmonium states is more » Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more » Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10276387 Journal Name: Journal of High Energy Physics Volume: 2021 Issue: 2 ISSN: 1029-8479 1. A bstract The production cross-sections of J/ψ mesons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 5 TeV are measured using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 . 13 ± 0 . 18 pb − 1 , collected by the LHCb experiment. The cross-sections are measured differentially as a function of transverse momentum, p T , and rapidity, y , and separately for J/ψ mesons produced promptly and from beauty hadron decays (nonprompt). With the assumption of unpolarised J/ψ mesons, the production cross-sections integrated over the kinematic range 0 < pmore » 2. A bstract The production of prompt D 0 , D + , and D *+ mesons was measured at midrapidity (\| y \| < 0.5) in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decay channels and their production yields were measured in central (0–10%) and semicentral (30–50%) collisions. The measurement was performed up to a transverse momentum ( p T ) of 36 or 50 GeV/c depending on the D meson species andmore » 3. A bstract A measurement of inclusive, prompt, and non-prompt J/ ψ production in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV is presented. The inclusive J/ ψ mesons are reconstructed in the dielectron decay channel at midrapidity down to a transverse momentum p T = 0. The inclusive J/ ψ nuclear modification factor R pPb is calculated by comparing the new results in p-Pb collisions to a recently measured proton-proton reference at the same centre-of-mass energy. Non-prompt J/ ψ mesons, which originate from the decay of beauty hadrons, are separated frommore » 4. A bstract Measurement of Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 8 . 16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV is reported. It is performed in the dimuon decay channel, through the detection of muons with pseudorapidity − 4 < η μ < − 2 . 5 and transverse momentum $${p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mu }$$ p T μ > 20 GeV/ c in the laboratory frame. The invariant yield and nuclear modification factor are measured for opposite-sign dimuons with invariant mass 60 < m μμ < 120more » 5. A bstract The inclusive J/ ψ elliptic ( v 2 ) and triangular ( v 3 ) flow coefficients measured at forward rapidity (2 . 5 < y < 4) and the v 2 measured at midrapidity (\| y \| < 0 . 9) in Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$$ s NN = 5 . 02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported. The entire Pb-Pb data sample collected during Run 2 is employed, amounting to an integrated luminosity of 750 μ b − 1 at forward rapidity and 93 μ b − 1 at midrapidity.more »	2022-08-16T04:59:52	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9568600058555603, "perplexity": 2827.5959420719996}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572220.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816030218-20220816060218-00485.warc.gz"}
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S056REG	#### Search for ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ Resonance in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit X}^{0}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ VALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • 1 2003 D OPAL ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ 2 2000 Z DLPH ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ decaying invisibly 3 1996 C DLPH ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ decaying invisibly 1 ABBIENDI 2003D measure the ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ cross section at $\sqrt {\mathit s }=181 - 209$ GeV. The upper bound on the production cross section, $\sigma\mathrm {( {{\mathit e}^{+}} {{\mathit e}^{-}} \rightarrow {{\mathit X}^{0}} {{\mathit \gamma}} )}$ times the branching ratio for ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ , is less than $0.03~$pb at 95$\%$CL for ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ masses between 20 and 180 GeV. See their Fig.$~$9b for the limits in the mass-cross section plane. 2 ABREU 2000Z is from the single photon cross section at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$=183, 189$~$GeV. The production cross section upper limit is less than $0.3~$pb for ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ mass between 40 and 160 GeV. See their Fig.$~$4 for the limit in mass-cross section plane. 3 ADAM 1996C is from the single photon production cross at $\sqrt {\mathit s }$=130, 136 GeV. The upper bound is less than 3$~$pb for ${{\mathit X}^{0}}$ masses between 60 and 130 GeV. See their Fig.$~$5 for the exact bound on the cross section ${\mathit \sigma (}$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit X}^{0}}{)}$. References: ABBIENDI 2003D EPJ C26 331 Multiphoton Production in ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 181 to 209 GeV ABREU 2000Z EPJ C17 53 Photon Events with Missing Energy at $\sqrt {s }$ = 183 to 189-GeV PL B380 471 Search for Anomalous Production of Single Photons at $\sqrt {s }$ = 130 and 136 GeV	2023-01-31T20:57:04	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9159955382347107, "perplexity": 2445.6919944558613}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00545.warc.gz"}
http://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showversion/cr/H-4.2,%20r.%201?code=se:40&pointInTime=20210204	### H-4.2, r. 1 - Regulation respecting petroleum exploration, production and storage in a body of water 40. The geophysical surveying technical program must include (1) the name and contact information of the geologist, the engineer or the geophysicist responsible for the technical program; (2) the name, profession and functions of the persons who prepared or revised the program; (3) the name and contact information of the enterprises charged with carrying out the data acquisition, processing and interpretation work; (4) the name of the region in which the surveying will be conducted; (5) a description of the geological context and the degree of maturity of the exploration in the territory concerned; (6) the type of the proposed surveying and the energy sources used; (7) the acquisition parameters and the objectives of the surveying including, in particular, the structures and the geological formations targeted and the investigation depth; (8) the area covered by the surveying or the total number of linear kilometres to be surveyed; (9) the coordinates of the ends of each survey line or the perimeter of the area of the surveying according to the NAD83 map reference system; (10) the required flexibility margin on either side of the survey line for positioning the lines indicated on the map; (11) a chronological and detailed description of the work to be carried out; (12) the time at which the work will be carried out; (13) a summary description of the equipment to be used; (14) the type and name of the vessel or platform, its registration number, the name of its owner and the estimated number of persons on board; (15) the type of navigation equipment used and its specifications; (16) the accuracy of the navigation and positioning systems; and (17) the meteorological and hydrographic conditions anticipated for the work period; (18) if applicable, the list of licences, certificates and other authorizations to be obtained; (19) the list of references used during the preparation of the technical program, in particular, the standards from recognized organizations and guidelines from other Canadian jurisdictions; and (20) any other information or document deemed necessary by the Minister. O.C. 1251-2018, s. 40. In force: 2018-09-20 40. The geophysical surveying technical program must include (1) the name and contact information of the geologist, the engineer or the geophysicist responsible for the technical program; (2) the name, profession and functions of the persons who prepared or revised the program; (3) the name and contact information of the enterprises charged with carrying out the data acquisition, processing and interpretation work; (4) the name of the region in which the surveying will be conducted; (5) a description of the geological context and the degree of maturity of the exploration in the territory concerned; (6) the type of the proposed surveying and the energy sources used; (7) the acquisition parameters and the objectives of the surveying including, in particular, the structures and the geological formations targeted and the investigation depth; (8) the area covered by the surveying or the total number of linear kilometres to be surveyed; (9) the coordinates of the ends of each survey line or the perimeter of the area of the surveying according to the NAD83 map reference system; (10) the required flexibility margin on either side of the survey line for positioning the lines indicated on the map; (11) a chronological and detailed description of the work to be carried out; (12) the time at which the work will be carried out; (13) a summary description of the equipment to be used; (14) the type and name of the vessel or platform, its registration number, the name of its owner and the estimated number of persons on board; (15) the type of navigation equipment used and its specifications; (16) the accuracy of the navigation and positioning systems; and (17) the meteorological and hydrographic conditions anticipated for the work period; (18) if applicable, the list of licences, certificates and other authorizations to be obtained; (19) the list of references used during the preparation of the technical program, in particular, the standards from recognized organizations and guidelines from other Canadian jurisdictions; and (20) any other information or document deemed necessary by the Minister. O.C. 1251-2018, s. 40.	2021-04-23T17:40:10	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8681532144546509, "perplexity": 4443.786249540837}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039596883.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423161713-20210423191713-00484.warc.gz"}
https://popflock.com/learn?s=Multiplication_of_vectors	Multiplication of Vectors Get Multiplication of Vectors essential facts below. View Videos or join the Multiplication of Vectors discussion. Add Multiplication of Vectors to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. Multiplication of Vectors In mathematics, Vector multiplication refers to one of several techniques for the multiplication of two (or more) vectors with themselves. It may concern any of the following articles: • Dot product - also known as the "scalar product", a binary operation that takes two vectors and returns a scalar quantity. The dot product of two vectors can be defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. Alternatively, it is defined as the product of the projection of the first vector onto the second vector and the magnitude of the second vector. Thus, A ? B = \|A\| \|B\| cos ? • Cross product - also known as the "vector product", a binary operation on two vectors that results in another vector. The cross product of two vectors in 3-space is defined as the vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the two vectors whose magnitude is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between the two vectors. So, if n? is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by vectors A and B, A × B = \|A\| \|B\| sin ? n? • Hadamard product - entrywise product of vectors, where ${\displaystyle (A\odot B)_{i}=A_{i}B_{i}}$. • Outer product - where ${\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \otimes \mathbf {b} )}$ with ${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \in \mathbb {R} ^{d},\mathbf {b} \in \mathbb {R} ^{d}}$ results in a ${\displaystyle (d\times d)}$ matrix. • Triple products - products involving three vectors. • Multiple cross products - products involving more than three vectors. ## See also This article uses material from the Wikipedia page available here. It is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.	2022-01-23T05:35:10	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 4, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7184460163116455, "perplexity": 245.791838706673}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304134.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123045449-20220123075449-00464.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10370338-impact-relativistic-gravity-rate-tidal-disruption-events	On the Impact of Relativistic Gravity on the Rate of Tidal Disruption Events Abstract The tidal disruption of stars by supermassive black holes (SMBHs) probes relativistic gravity. In the coming decade, the number of observed tidal disruption events (TDEs) will grow by several orders of magnitude, allowing statistical inferences of the properties of the SMBH and stellar populations. Here we analyze the probability distribution functions of the pericenter distances of stars that encounter an SMBH in the Schwarzschild geometry, where the results are completely analytic, and the Kerr metric. From this analysis we calculate the number of observable TDEs, defined to be those that come within the tidal radiusrtbut outside the direct capture radius (which is, in general, larger than the horizon radius). We find that relativistic effects result in a steep decline in the number of stars that have pericenter distancesrp≲ 10rg, whererg=GM/c2, and that for maximally spinning SMBHs the distribution function ofrpat such distances scales as$frp∝rp4/3$, or in terms ofβrt/rpscales asfββ−10/3. We find that spin has little effect on the TDE fraction until the very-high-mass end, where instead of being identically zero the rate is small (≲1% of the expected rate in the absence of relativistic effects). Effectively independent of spin, if the progenitors more » Authors: ; Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10370338 Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Volume: 936 Issue: 1 Page Range or eLocation-ID: Article No. 70 ISSN: 0004-637X Publisher: DOI PREFIX: 10.3847 National Science Foundation ##### More Like this 1. Abstract We develop a Newtonian model of a deep tidal disruption event (TDE), for which the pericenter distance of the star,rp, is well within the tidal radius of the black hole,rt, i.e., whenβrt/rp≫ 1. We find that shocks form forβ≳ 3, but they are weak (with Mach numbers ∼1) for allβ, and that they reach the center of the star prior to the time of maximum adiabatic compression forβ≳ 10. The maximum density and temperature reached during the TDE follow much shallower relations withβthan the previously predicted$ρmax∝β3$and$Tmax∝β2$scalings. Belowβ≃ 10, this shallower dependence occurs because the pressure gradient is dynamically significant before the pressure is comparable to the ram pressure of the free-falling gas, while aboveβ≃ 10, we find that shocks prematurely halt the compression and yield the scalings$ρmax∝β1.62$and$Tmax∝β1.12$. We find excellent agreement between our results and high-resolution simulations. Our results demonstrate that, in the Newtonian limit, the compression experienced by the star is completely independent of the mass of the black hole. We discuss our results in the context of existing (affine) models, polytropic versus non-polytropic stars, and general relativistic effects, which become important when the pericenter ofmore » 2. Abstract We present a toy model for the thermal optical/UV/X-ray emission from tidal disruption events (TDEs). Motivated by recent hydrodynamical simulations, we assume that the debris streams promptly and rapidly circularize (on the orbital period of the most tightly bound debris), generating a hot quasi-spherical pressure-supported envelope of radiusRv∼ 1014cm (photosphere radius ∼1015cm) surrounding the supermassive black hole (SMBH). As the envelope cools radiatively, it undergoes Kelvin–Helmholtz contractionRvt−1, its temperature risingTefft1/2while its total luminosity remains roughly constant; the optical luminosity decays as$νLν∝Rv2Teff∝t−3/2$. Despite this similarity to the mass fallback rate$Ṁfb∝t−5/3$, envelope heating from fallback accretion is subdominant compared to the envelope cooling luminosity except near optical peak (where they are comparable). Envelope contraction can be delayed by energy injection from accretion from the inner envelope onto the SMBH in a regulated manner, leading to a late-time flattening of the optical/X-ray light curves, similar to those observed in some TDEs. Eventually, as the envelope contracts to near the circularization radius, the SMBH accretion rate rises to its maximum, in tandem with the decreasing optical luminosity. This cooling-induced (rather than circularization-induced) delay of up to several hundred days may account for themore » 3. Abstract We measure the molecular-to-atomic gas ratio,Rmol, and the star formation rate (SFR) per unit molecular gas mass, SFEmol, in 38 nearby galaxies selected from the Virgo Environment Traced in CO (VERTICO) survey. We stack ALMA12CO (J= 2−1) spectra coherently using Hivelocities from the VIVA survey to detect faint CO emission out to galactocentric radiirgal∼ 1.2r25. We determine the scale lengths for the molecular and stellar components, finding a ∼3:5 relation compared to ∼1:1 in field galaxies, indicating that the CO emission is more centrally concentrated than the stars. We computeRmolas a function of different physical quantities. While the spatially resolvedRmolon average decreases with increasing radius, we find that the mean molecular-to-atomic gas ratio within the stellar effective radiusRe,Rmol(r<Re), shows a systematic increase with the level of Hi, truncation and/or asymmetry (HIperturbation). Analysis of the molecular- and the atomic-to-stellar mass ratios withinRe,$R⋆mol(rand$R⋆atom(r, shows that VERTICO galaxies have increasingly lower$R⋆atom(rfor larger levels of HIperturbation (compared to field galaxies matched in stellar mass), but no significant change in$R⋆mol(r. We also measure a clear systematic decrease of the SFEmolwithinRe, SFEmol(r<Re),more » 4. Abstract We present a chemodynamical study of the Grus I ultra-faint dwarf galaxy (UFD) from medium-resolution (R∼ 11,000) Magellan/IMACS spectra of its individual member stars. We identify eight confirmed members of Grus I, based on their low metallicities and coherent radial velocities, and four candidate members for which only velocities are derived. In contrast to previous work, we find that Grus I has a very low mean metallicity of 〈[Fe/H]〉 = −2.62 ± 0.11 dex, making it one of the most metal-poor UFDs. Grus I has a systemic radial velocity of −143.5 ± 1.2 km s−1and a velocity dispersion of$σrv=2.5−0.8+1.3$km s−1, which results in a dynamical mass of$M1/2(rh)=8−4+12×105$Mand a mass-to-light ratio ofM/LV=$440−250+650$M/L. Under the assumption of dynamical equilibrium, our analysis confirms that Grus I is a dark-matter-dominated UFD (M/L> 80M/L). However, we do not resolve a metallicity dispersion (σ[Fe/H]< 0.44 dex). Our results indicate that Grus I is a fairly typical UFD with parameters that agree with mass–metallicity and metallicity-luminosity trends for faint galaxies. This agreement suggests that Grus I has not lost an especially significant amount of mass from tidal encounters with the Milky Way, in linemore » 5. Abstract We present spatially resolved morphological properties of [CII] 158μm, [OIII] 88μm, dust, and rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) continuum emission for A1689-zD1, a strongly lensed, sub-L* galaxy atz= 7.13, by utilizing deep Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. While the [OIII] line and UV continuum are compact, the [CII] line is extended up to a radius ofr∼ 12 kpc. Using multi-band rest-frame far-infrared continuum data ranging from 52 to 400μm, we find an average dust temperature and emissivity index of$Tdust=41−14+17$K and$β=1.7−0.7+1.1$, respectively, across the galaxy. We find slight differences in the dust continuum profiles at different wavelengths, which may indicate that the dust temperature decreases with distance. We map the star formation rate (SFR) via IR and UV luminosities and determine a total SFR of 37 ± 1Myr−1with an obscured fraction of 87%. While the [OIII] line is a good tracer of the SFR, the [CII] line shows deviation from the localL[CII]-SFR relations in the outskirts of the galaxy. Finally, we observe a clear difference in the line profile between [CII] and [OIII], with significant residuals (∼5σ) in the [OIII] line spectrum after subtracting a single Gaussian model. 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https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=rv%3A3329	## Elliott, Robert James Compute Distance To: Author ID: elliott.robert-j Published as: Elliott, Robert J.; Elliott, R. J.; Elliott, Robert; Elliott, R. Homepage: http://people.unisa.edu.au/Robert.Elliott External Links: MGP · Wikidata · GND · IdRef Documents Indexed: 364 Publications since 1965, including 12 Books 5 Contributions as Editor Reviewing Activity: 49 Reviews Biographic References: 1 Publication Co-Authors: 132 Co-Authors with 301 Joint Publications 3,811 Co-Co-Authors all top 5 ### Co-Authors 59 single-authored 57 Siu, Tak Kuen 20 van der Hoek, John 16 Al-Hussaini, Ata N. 15 Aggoun, Lakhdar 14 Kohlmann, Michael 11 Chan, Leunglung 11 Cohen, Samuel N. 10 Kalton, Nigel John 10 Krishnamurthy, Vikram 10 Moore, John Barratt 9 Miao, Hong 7 Charalambous, Charalambos D. 7 Madan, Dilip B. 7 Yang, Hailiang 6 Deng, Jia 6 Kopp, Peter Ekkehard 6 Tsoi, Allanus H. 6 Yang, Zhe 5 Badescu, Alexandru M. 5 Davis, Mark Herbert Ainsworth 5 Swishchuk, Anatoliy 4 Antonelli, Peter Louis 4 Bensoussan, Alain 4 Dufour, François 4 James, Matthew R. 4 Mamon, Rogemar S. 4 Sworder, David D. 3 Barone-Adesi, Giovanni 3 Chesney, Marc 3 Colwell, David B. 3 Lau, John Wei 3 Shen, Jia 3 Shen, Leo 3 Wu, Ping 3 Zhang, Xin 2 Baras, John S. 2 Bender, Christian 2 Buffington, John 2 Chen, Tongwen 2 Ching, Wai-Ki 2 Dey, Subhrakanti 2 Filinkov, Alexei 2 Friedman, Avner 2 Hinz, Juri 2 Jeanblanc, Monique 2 Li, Xun 2 Liew, Chuin Ching 2 Markus, Lawrence 2 Ni, Yuanhua 2 Ortega, Juan-Pablo 2 Platen, Eckhard 2 Shi, Dawei 2 Siu, Chi Chung 2 Wu, Zhenyu 2 Yu, Jin 2 Zhang, Lianmin 2 Zhu, Dongmei 2 Zhu, Songping 1 Aldabe, Fermin 1 Anderson, Brian David Outram 1 Bean, Nigel G. 1 Beneš, Václav Edvard 1 Benmerzouga, Ali 1 Boyd, John E. 1 Bradbury, Roger H. 1 Bradrania, Reza 1 Cadenillas, Abel 1 Chavez-Casillas, Jonathan A. 1 Chen, Zhiping 1 Cheung, Ka Chun 1 Chong, Wing Fung 1 Cutland, Nigel J. 1 Dela Vega, Engel John C. 1 Dempster, Michael A. H. 1 Duan, Qihong 1 Elder, John IV 1 Eshragh, Ali 1 Föllmer, Hans 1 Ford, Jason J. 1 Fu, Michael C. 1 Fung, Eric S. 1 Geman, Hélyette 1 Gibson, Rajna 1 Glowinski, Roland 1 Guo, Ivan 1 Guo, Junyi 1 Hamada, Ahmed S. 1 Han, Bing 1 Haykin, Simon S. 1 Hunter, William C. 1 Hyndman, Cody Blaine 1 Jamieson, Barbara M. 1 Jarrow, Robert Alan 1 Jarvis, Trevor M. 1 Korkie, Bob M. 1 Korolkiewicz, Małgorzata Wiktoria 1 Krolkiewicz, Małgorzata W. 1 Kulperger, Reg J. 1 Lahaie, Charles H. 1 Leung, Henry C. M. ...and 37 more Co-Authors all top 5 ### Serials 34 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 23 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 15 Systems & Control Letters 12 International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 11 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 11 Quantitative Finance 10 Automatica 9 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 8 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 7 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 7 Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control 7 Mathematical Finance 7 Annals of Finance 6 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 5 Applied Mathematical Finance 5 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 4 Journal of Applied Probability 4 Stochastics and Stochastics Reports 4 Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 4 Communications on Stochastic Analysis 3 Stochastics 3 The Annals of Probability 3 Journal of Differential Equations 3 Insurance Mathematics & Economics 3 Statistics & Probability Letters 3 Journal of Mathematical Systems, Estimation, and Control 3 Finance and Stochastics 3 Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry 3 Asia-Pacific Financial Markets 3 Springer Finance 2 Advances in Applied Probability 2 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2 International Journal of Control 2 Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2 Applied Mathematics and Computation 2 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 2 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 2 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 2 Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Third Series 2 Zeitschrift für Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und Verwandte Gebiete 2 Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis 2 International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing 2 The Canadian Applied Mathematics Quarterly 2 Electronic Communications in Probability 2 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 2 Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 2 SIAM Journal on Control 2 International Series in Operations Research & Management Science 2 Applications of Mathematics 1 The Canadian Journal of Statistics 1 IEEE Transactions on Reliability 1 IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 International Journal of Systems Science 1 Journal of Engineering Mathematics 1 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 1 Revue Roumaine de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 1 Teoriya Veroyatnosteĭ i eë Primeneniya 1 Theory of Probability and its Applications 1 Annales Polonici Mathematici 1 Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 1 Compositio Mathematica 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 1 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 Mathematics of Operations Research 1 Mathematische Zeitschrift 1 Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 1 Nagoya Mathematical Journal 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Advances in Applied Mathematics 1 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 1 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 1 Applied Mathematics Letters 1 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 1 MCSS. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems 1 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 1 Annals of Operations Research 1 IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 1 The Annals of Applied Probability 1 European Journal of Operational Research 1 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Probabilités et Statistiques 1 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 1 Computational Economics 1 Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 1 Nonlinear Dynamics 1 The Econometrics Journal 1 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 1 Stochastic Models 1 IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 1 OR Spectrum 1 ASTIN Bulletin 1 Communications in Mathematical Sciences 1 North American Actuarial Journal 1 Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society 1 London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 1 Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics 1 Probability and its Applications 1 Applied and Numerical Harmonic Analysis all top 5 ### Fields 216 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 163 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 134 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 57 Statistics (62-XX) 30 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 14 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 14 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 9 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 4 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 4 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 4 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 4 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 3 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 2 Functional analysis (46-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Operator theory (47-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) ### Citations contained in zbMATH Open 283 Publications have been cited 3,401 times in 1,980 Documents Cited by Year Hidden Markov models. Estimation and control. Zbl 0819.60045 Elliott, Robert J.; Aggoun, Lakhdar; Moore, John B. 1995 American options with regime switching. Zbl 1107.91325 Buffington, John; Elliott, Robert J. 2002 Stochastic calculus and applications. Zbl 0503.60062 Elliott, Robert J. 1982 Option pricing and Esscher transform under regime switching. Zbl 1233.91270 Elliott, Robert J.; Chan, Leunglung; Siu, Tak Kuen 2005 A general fractional white noise theory and applications to finance. Zbl 1069.91047 Elliott, Robert J.; van der Hoek, John 2003 On models of default risk. Zbl 1042.91038 Elliott, R. J.; Jeanblanc, M.; Yor, M. 2000 Pricing volatility swaps under Heston’s stochastic volatility model with regime switching. Zbl 1281.91161 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Chan, Leunglung 2007 The existence of value in differential games of pursuit and evasion. Zbl 0244.90046 Elliott, Robert J.; Kalton, Nigel J. 1972 Discrete time mean-field stochastic linear-quadratic optimal control problems. Zbl 1358.93189 Elliott, Robert; Li, Xun; Ni, Yuan-Hua 2013 An application of hidden Markov models to asset allocation problems. Zbl 0907.90022 Elliott, Robert J.; van der Hoek, John 1997 Pricing options under a generalized Markov-modulated jump-diffusion model. Zbl 1155.91380 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Chan, Leunglung; Lau, John W. 2007 Option pricing for pure jump processes with Markov switching compensators. Zbl 1101.91034 Elliott, Robert J.; Osakwe, Carlton-James U. 2006 New finite-dimensional filters and smoothers for noisily observed Markov chains. Zbl 0779.93093 Elliott, Robert J. 1993 Elliott, Robert J.; van der Hoek, John; Malcolm, William P. 2005 Risk-sensitive control and dynamic games for partially observed discrete- time nonlinear systems. Zbl 0807.93067 James, Matthew R.; Baras, John S.; Elliott, Robert J. 1994 Mathematics of financial markets. 2nd ed. Zbl 1140.91032 Elliott, Robert J.; Kopp, P. Ekkehard 2005 Stochastic calculus and applications. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Zbl 1338.60001 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2015 On risk minimizing portfolios under a Markovian regime-switching Black-Scholes economy. Zbl 1233.91242 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2010 Regime switching and European options. Zbl 1073.91027 Buffington, John; Elliott, Robert J. 2002 Mathematics of financial markets. Zbl 0943.91035 Elliott, Robert J.; Kopp, P. Ekkehard 1999 A stochastic maximum principle for a Markov regime-switching jump-diffusion model and its application to finance. Zbl 1244.93180 Zhang, Xin; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 Comparisons for backward stochastic differential equations on Markov chains and related no-arbitrage conditions. Zbl 1195.60077 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2010 On Markov-modulated exponential-affine bond price formulae. Zbl 1169.91342 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2009 The existence of value in stochastic differential games. Zbl 0328.90085 Elliott, Robert 1976 A general theory of finite state backward stochastic difference equations. Zbl 1205.60111 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2010 The existence of value in differential games. Zbl 0262.90076 Elliott, Robert J.; Kalton, Nigel J. 1972 Existence, uniqueness and comparisons for BSDEs in general spaces. Zbl 1260.60128 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2012 Solutions of backward stochastic differential equations on Markov chains. Zbl 1331.60108 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2008 A stochastic differential game for optimal investment of an insurer with regime switching. Zbl 1232.91346 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Robust parameter estimation for asset price models with Markov modulated volatilities. Zbl 1178.91222 Elliott, R. J.; Malcolm, W. P.; Tsoi, Allanus H. 2003 Exact adaptive filters for Markov chains observed in Gaussian noise. Zbl 0823.93061 Elliott, Robert J. 1994 Optimal play in a stochastic differential game. Zbl 0467.90094 Elliott, R. J.; Davis, M. H. A. 1981 On pricing and hedging options in regime-switching models with feedback effect. Zbl 1209.91156 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Badescu, Alexandru 2011 New finite-dimensional filters for parameter estimation of discrete-time linear Gaussian models. Zbl 0959.93055 Elliott, Robert J.; Krishnamurthy, Vikram 1999 Values in differential games. Zbl 0253.90074 Elliott, Robert J.; Kalton, Nigel J. 1972 Pricing variance and volatility swaps in a stochastic volatility model with regime switching: discrete observations case. Zbl 1281.91160 Elliott, Robert J.; Lian, Guang-Hua 2013 Discontinuous asset prices and non-attainable contingent claims. Zbl 0884.90021 Colwell, David B.; Elliott, Robert J. 1993 A discrete time equivalent martingale measure. Zbl 0910.60033 Elliott, Robert J.; Madan, Dilip B. 1998 Saddle points for linear differential games. Zbl 0229.90061 Elliott, R. J.; Kalton, N. J.; Markus, L. 1972 The optimal control of a stochastic system. Zbl 0359.93046 Elliott, Robert J. 1977 Filtering with discrete state observations. Zbl 0955.62094 Dufour, F.; Elliott, R. J. 1999 Robust optimal portfolio choice under Markovian regime-switching model. Zbl 1162.91372 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2009 Hidden Markov models in finance. Zbl 1116.91007 2007 A BSDE approach to a risk-based optimal investment of an insurer. Zbl 1213.60100 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Discrete-time mean-field stochastic linear-quadratic optimal control problems. II: Infinite horizon case. Zbl 1330.93244 Ni, Yuan-Hua; Elliott, Robert; Li, Xun 2015 A general comparison theorem for backward stochastic differential equations. Zbl 1221.60079 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J.; Pearce, Charles E. M. 2010 Option pricing and filtering with hidden Markov-modulated pure-jump processes. Zbl 1457.91372 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2013 Integration by parts for Poisson processes. Zbl 0768.60052 Elliott, Robert J.; Tsoi, Allanus H. 1993 The optimal control of diffusions. Zbl 0718.49013 Elliott, Robert J. 1990 Integration by parts, homogeneous chaos expansions and smooth densities. Zbl 0671.60050 Elliott, Robert J.; Kohlmann, Michael 1989 The partially observed stochastic minimum principle. Zbl 0681.93068 Baras, John S.; Elliott, Robert J.; Kohlmann, Michael 1989 Saddle points for linear differential games. Zbl 0255.90086 Elliott, R. J.; Kalton, N. J.; Markus, L. 1973 Portfolio optimization, hidden Markov models, and technical analysis of P&F-charts. Zbl 1107.91331 Elliott, Robert; Hinz, Juri 2002 American option prices in a Markov chain market model. Zbl 1286.91143 van der Hoek, John; Elliott, Robert J. 2012 Stochastic flows and the forward measure. Zbl 0987.60067 Elliott, Robert J.; van der Hoek, John 2001 Analytical solutions for the pricing of American bond and yield options. Zbl 0884.90019 Chesney, Marc; Elliott, Robert J.; Gibson, Rajna 1993 Exact finite-dimensional filters for maximum likelihood parameter estimation of continuous-time linear Gaussian systems. Zbl 0935.93061 Elliott, Robert J.; Krishnamurthy, Vikram 1997 Backward stochastic difference equations and nearly time-consistent nonlinear expectations. Zbl 1225.60092 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2011 On pricing barrier options with regime switching. Zbl 1350.91016 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Chan, Leunglung 2014 Adaptive control of linear systems with Markov perturbations. Zbl 0919.93085 Dufour, François; Elliott, Robert J. 1998 Approximations for the values of American options. Zbl 0729.60056 1991 The variational principle and stochastic optimal control. Zbl 0434.49009 Elliott, Robert J.; Kohlmann, Michael 1980 A PDE approach for risk measures for derivatives with regime switching. Zbl 1233.91271 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Chan, Leunglung 2008 An HMM approach for optimal investment of an insurer. Zbl 1276.93084 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 Drift and volatility estimation in discrete time. Zbl 0895.90047 Elliott, Robert J.; Hunter, William C.; Jamieson, Barbara M. 1997 Asset pricing using finite state Markov chain stochastic discount functions. Zbl 1258.91079 van der Hoek, John; Elliott, Robert J. 2012 A partially observed control problem for Markov chains. Zbl 0762.93009 Elliott, Robert J. 1992 Estimating the implicit interest rate of a risky asset. Zbl 0797.60036 Elliott, Robert J.; Rishel, Raymond W. 1994 Two notes on spectral synthesis for discrete Abelian groups. Zbl 0138.07402 Elliott, R. J. 1965 Finite-dimensional models for hidden Markov chains. Zbl 0823.60062 Aggoun, Lakhdar; Elliott, Robert J. 1995 Cauchy problems for certain Isaacs-Bellman equations and games of survival. Zbl 0302.90074 Elliott, Robert J.; Kalton, Nigel J. 1974 State and mode estimation for discrete-time jump Markov systems. Zbl 1130.93423 Elliott, Robert J.; Dufour, Francois; Malcolm, W. P. 2005 On the Clark-Ocone theorem for fractional Brownian motions with Hurst parameter bigger than a half. Zbl 1043.60027 Bender, Christian; Elliott, Robert J. 2003 Martingale representation and hedging policies. Zbl 0737.60044 Colwell, David B.; Elliott, Robert J.; Kopp, P. Ekkehard 1991 A short proof of a martingale representation result. Zbl 0645.60053 Elliott, Robert J.; Kohlmann, Michael 1988 Event-based state estimation of discrete-state hidden Markov models. Zbl 1328.93256 Shi, Dawei; Elliott, Robert J.; Chen, Tongwen 2016 A complete yield curve description of a Markov interest rate model. Zbl 1079.91027 Elliott, Robert J.; Mamon, Rogemar S. 2003 Upper values of differential games. Zbl 0248.90073 Elliott, R. J.; Kalton, N. J. 1973 Robust filtering for correlated multidimensional observations. Zbl 0458.60029 Elliott, Robert J.; Kohlmann, Michael 1981 Some results in spectral synthesis. Zbl 0138.07401 Elliott, R. J. 1965 The term structure of interest rates in a hidden Markov setting. Zbl 1311.91182 Elliott, Robert J.; Wilson, Craig A. 2007 The second order minimum principle and adjoint process. Zbl 0824.60051 Elliott, Robert J.; Kohlmann, Michael 1994 Pricing and hedging contingent claims with regime switching risk. Zbl 1216.91032 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 An interest rate model with a Markovian mean reverting level. Zbl 1405.91661 Elliott, Robert J.; Mamon, Rogemar S. 2002 Stochastic integrals for martingales of a jump process with partially accessible jump times. Zbl 0325.60055 Elliott, Robert J. 1976 Optimal control of a jump process. Zbl 0349.60084 Davis, Mark; Elliott, Robert 1977 Almost sure parameter estimation and convergence rates for hidden Markov models. Zbl 0902.93066 Elliott, R. J.; Moore, J. B. 1997 Nonlinear filtering and Riemannian scalar curvature, $${\mathbb{R}}$$. Zbl 0634.60038 Antonelli, P. L.; Elliott, R. J.; Seymour, R. M. 1987 The variational principle for optimal control of diffusions with partial information. Zbl 0684.49011 Elliott, Robert J.; Kohlmann, Michael 1989 A finite-dimensional risk-sensitive control problem. Zbl 0841.93081 Bensoussan, Alain; Elliott, Robert J. 1995 Option pricing for GARCH models with Markov switching. Zbl 1138.91437 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Chan, Leunglung 2006 On finite-state stochastic modeling and secure estimation of cyber-physical systems. Zbl 1359.94658 Shi, Dawei; Elliott, Robert J.; Chen, Tongwen 2017 General smoothing formulas for Markov-modulated Poisson observations. Zbl 1365.93501 Elliott, Robert J.; Malcolm, W. P. 2005 Incomplete markets with jumps and informed agents. Zbl 0940.91063 Elliott, Robert J.; Jeanblanc, Monique 1999 Some properties of generalized anticipated backward stochastic differential equations. Zbl 1329.60204 Yang, Zhe; Elliott, Robert J. 2013 Exact hybrid filters in discrete time. Zbl 0873.93077 Elliott, Robert J.; Dufour, François; Sworder, Dave D. 1996 Option pricing and hedge portfolios for Poisson processes. Zbl 0697.90007 Elliott, Robert J.; Kopp, P. Ekkehard 1990 Stochastic volatility model with filtering. Zbl 1136.60353 Elliott, Robert J.; Miao, Hong 2006 Esscher transforms and consumption-based models. Zbl 1231.91423 Badescu, Alex; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2009 Measure theory and filtering. Introduction and applications. Zbl 1060.60039 Aggoun, Lakhdar; Elliott, Robert J. 2004 Optimal execution with regime-switching market resilience. Zbl 1411.91648 Siu, Chi Chung; Guo, Ivan; Zhu, Song-Ping; Elliott, Robert J. 2019 Hedging options in a doubly Markov-modulated financial market via stochastic flows. Zbl 1431.91404 Siu, Tak Kuen; Elliott, Robert J. 2019 Non-linear expectations in spaces of Colombeau generalized functions. Zbl 07065384 2019 The mean squared loss control problem for a partially observed Markov chain. Zbl 1414.93204 Lai, Y.; Elliott, R. J. 2019 A level-1 limit order book with time dependent arrival rates. Zbl 1428.60059 Chávez-Casillas, Jonathan A.; Elliott, Robert J.; Rémillard, Bruno; Swishchuk, Anatoliy V. 2019 Estimating a regime switching pairs trading model. Zbl 1400.91539 2018 A note on regime-switching Kolmogorov’s forward and backward equations using stochastic flows. Zbl 1392.60060 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2018 Introduction to hidden semi-Markov models. Zbl 1465.60003 van der Hoek, John; Elliott, Robert J. 2018 On finite-state stochastic modeling and secure estimation of cyber-physical systems. Zbl 1359.94658 Shi, Dawei; Elliott, Robert J.; Chen, Tongwen 2017 Stochastic volatility with regime switching and uncertain noise: filtering with sub-linear expectations. Zbl 1409.62212 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2017 Filtering with uncertain noise. Zbl 1364.93796 Elliott, Robert J. 2017 A higher-order interactive hidden Markov model and its applications. Zbl 1396.60082 Zhu, Dong-Mei; Ching, Wai-Ki; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak-Kuen; Zhang, Lianmin 2017 Hidden Markov models with threshold effects and their applications to oil price forecasting. Zbl 1364.90352 Zhu, Dong-Mei; Ching, Wai-Ki; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak-Kuen; Zhang, Lianmin 2017 Event-based state estimation of discrete-state hidden Markov models. Zbl 1328.93256 Shi, Dawei; Elliott, Robert J.; Chen, Tongwen 2016 Pricing options in a Markov regime switching model with a random acceleration for the volatility. Zbl 1418.91509 Elliott, Robert J.; Chan, Leunglung; Siu, Tak Kuen 2016 Comparison and converse comparison theorems for backward stochastic differential equations with Markov chain noise. Zbl 1338.60164 Yang, Zhe; Ramarimbahoaka, Dimbinirina; Elliott, Robert J. 2016 Stochastic calculus and applications. 2nd revised and expanded edition. Zbl 1338.60001 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2015 Discrete-time mean-field stochastic linear-quadratic optimal control problems. II: Infinite horizon case. Zbl 1330.93244 Ni, Yuan-Hua; Elliott, Robert; Li, Xun 2015 Dynamic optimal capital structure with regime switching. Zbl 1403.91367 Elliott, Robert J.; Shen, Jia 2015 A Dupire equation for a regime-switching model. Zbl 1337.91095 Elliott, Robert J.; Chan, Leunglung; Siu, Tak Kuen 2015 Backward stochastic difference equations for dynamic convex risk measures on a binomial tree. Zbl 1390.91333 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Cohen, Samuel N. 2015 Asset pricing using trading volumes in a hidden regime-switching environment. Zbl 1368.91170 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2015 Non-Gaussian GARCH option pricing models and their diffusion limits. Zbl 1346.91225 Badescu, Alexandru; Elliott, Robert J.; Ortega, Juan-Pablo 2015 Credit risk and contagion via self-exciting default intensity. Zbl 1369.91188 Elliott, Robert J.; Shen, Jia 2015 Disappointment aversion premium principle. Zbl 1390.91131 Cheung, Ka Chun; Chong, Wing Fung; Elliott, Robert; Yam, Sheung Chi Phillip 2015 A note on differentiability in a Markov chain market using stochastic flows. Zbl 1336.91073 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2015 On pricing barrier options with regime switching. Zbl 1350.91016 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Chan, Leunglung 2014 Hidden Markov models in finance. Further developments and applications. Volume II. Zbl 1291.91006 2014 Pricing currency derivatives with Markov-modulated Lévy dynamics. Zbl 1403.91352 Swishchuk, Anatoliy; Tertychnyi, Maksym; Elliott, Robert 2014 Quadratic hedging schemes for non-Gaussian GARCH models. Zbl 1402.91751 Badescu, Alexandru; Elliott, Robert J.; Ortega, Juan-Pablo 2014 Pricing of discount bonds with a Markov switching regime. Zbl 1319.91147 Elliott, Robert J.; Nishide, Katsumasa 2014 Strategic asset allocation under a fractional hidden Markov model. Zbl 1307.91160 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2014 Filtering and change point estimation for hidden Markov-modulated Poisson processes. Zbl 1311.62128 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2014 Option pricing using a regime switching stochastic discount factor. Zbl 1410.91445 Elliott, Robert J.; Hamada, Ahmed S. 2014 Discrete time mean-field stochastic linear-quadratic optimal control problems. Zbl 1358.93189 Elliott, Robert; Li, Xun; Ni, Yuan-Hua 2013 Pricing variance and volatility swaps in a stochastic volatility model with regime switching: discrete observations case. Zbl 1281.91160 Elliott, Robert J.; Lian, Guang-Hua 2013 Option pricing and filtering with hidden Markov-modulated pure-jump processes. Zbl 1457.91372 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2013 Some properties of generalized anticipated backward stochastic differential equations. Zbl 1329.60204 Yang, Zhe; Elliott, Robert J. 2013 A converse comparison theorem for anticipated BSDEs and related non-linear expectations. Zbl 1264.60043 Yang, Zhe; Elliott, Robert J. 2013 Fractional differencing in discrete time. Zbl 1280.91192 Elder, John; Elliott, Robert J.; Miao, Hong 2013 Option valuation under a regime-switching constant elasticity of variance process. Zbl 1422.91691 Elliott, Robert J.; Chan, Leunglung; Siu, Tak Kuen 2013 Reflected backward stochastic differential equations, convex risk measures and American options. Zbl 1343.60093 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2013 Change point estimation for continuous-time hidden Markov models. Zbl 1259.93111 Elliott, Robert J.; Deng, Jia 2013 Filtering hidden semi-Markov chains. Zbl 1383.62202 Elliott, Robert; Limnios, Nikolaos; Swishchuk, Anatoliy 2013 Default times in a continuous time Markov chain economy. Zbl 1396.91821 Elliott, Robert J.; van der Hoek, John 2013 Filtering a double threshold model with regime switching. Zbl 1369.93282 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Lau, John W. 2013 A stochastic maximum principle for a Markov regime-switching jump-diffusion model and its application to finance. Zbl 1244.93180 Zhang, Xin; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 Existence, uniqueness and comparisons for BSDEs in general spaces. Zbl 1260.60128 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2012 American option prices in a Markov chain market model. Zbl 1286.91143 van der Hoek, John; Elliott, Robert J. 2012 An HMM approach for optimal investment of an insurer. Zbl 1276.93084 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 Asset pricing using finite state Markov chain stochastic discount functions. Zbl 1258.91079 van der Hoek, John; Elliott, Robert J. 2012 Markovian forward-backward stochastic differential equations and stochastic flows. Zbl 1273.60067 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 A BSDE approach to convex risk measures for derivative securities. Zbl 1254.91723 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 Attainable contingent claims in a Markovian regime-switching market. Zbl 1260.91246 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 Filtering a nonlinear stochastic volatility model. Zbl 1356.91073 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Fung, Eric S. 2012 Markovian regime-switching market completion using additional Markov jump assets. Zbl 1280.91078 Zhang, Xin; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Guo, Junyi 2012 Measure theory and filtering. Introduction and applications. Reprint of the 2004 hardback ed. Zbl 1250.60019 Aggoun, Lakhdar; Elliott, Robert J. 2012 A Bayesian approach for optimal reinsurance and investment in a diffusion model. Zbl 1276.91065 Zhang, Xin; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 Markov chain hitting times. Zbl 1253.60080 Elliott, Robert J.; van der Hoek, John; Sworder, David 2012 Optimal design of dynamic default risk measures. Zbl 1262.60055 Shen, Leo; Elliott, Robert 2012 Viterbi-based estimation for Markov switching GARCH model. Zbl 1372.91117 Elliott, Robert J.; Lau, John W.; Miao, Hong; Siu, Tak Kuen 2012 A stochastic differential game for optimal investment of an insurer with regime switching. Zbl 1232.91346 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 On pricing and hedging options in regime-switching models with feedback effect. Zbl 1209.91156 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Badescu, Alexandru 2011 A BSDE approach to a risk-based optimal investment of an insurer. Zbl 1213.60100 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Backward stochastic difference equations and nearly time-consistent nonlinear expectations. Zbl 1225.60092 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2011 Pricing and hedging contingent claims with regime switching risk. Zbl 1216.91032 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Backward stochastic differential equations for a single jump process. Zbl 1223.60040 Shen, Leo; Elliott, Robert J. 2011 Ruin theory in a hidden Markov-modulated risk model. Zbl 1237.91127 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Yang, Hailiang 2011 A comparison of pricing kernels for GARCH option pricing with generalized hyperbolic distributions. Zbl 1282.91116 Badescu, Alexandru; Elliott, Robert J.; Kulperger, Reg; Miettinen, Jarkko; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 A risk-based approach for pricing American options under a generalized Markov regime-switching model. Zbl 1277.91169 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 A filter for a hidden Markov chain observed in fractional Gaussian noise. Zbl 1209.93150 Elliott, Robert J.; Deng, Jia 2011 Backward stochastic difference equations with finite states. Zbl 1254.60055 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2011 On filtering and estimation of a threshold stochastic volatility model. Zbl 1231.91486 Elliott, Robert J.; Liew, Chuin Ching; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Utility-based indifference pricing in regime-switching models. Zbl 1237.91220 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Characteristic functions and option valuation in a Markov chain market. Zbl 1228.91069 Elliott, Robert J.; Liew, Chuin Ching; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Default times in a continuous-time Markovian regime switching model. Zbl 1233.91297 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 Control of discrete-time HMM partially observed under fractional Gaussian noises. Zbl 1215.93080 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2011 On risk minimizing portfolios under a Markovian regime-switching Black-Scholes economy. Zbl 1233.91242 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2010 Comparisons for backward stochastic differential equations on Markov chains and related no-arbitrage conditions. Zbl 1195.60077 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2010 A general theory of finite state backward stochastic difference equations. Zbl 1205.60111 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2010 A general comparison theorem for backward stochastic differential equations. Zbl 1221.60079 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J.; Pearce, Charles E. M. 2010 Filtering a Markov modulated random measure. Zbl 1368.93711 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Yang, Hailiang 2010 Risk-based indifference pricing under a stochastic volatility model. Zbl 1331.91175 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2010 Nonlinear filter estimation of volatility. Zbl 1194.62111 Elliott, Robert J.; van der Hoek, John; Valencia, Jorge 2010 Some applications of $$M$$-ary detection in quantitative finance. Zbl 1200.91116 Malcolm, W. P.; Elliott, R. J. 2010 Comparison theorems for finite state backward stochastic differential equations. Zbl 1236.60052 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2010 A Zakai equation derivation of the extended Kalman filter. Zbl 1194.93124 Elliott, Robert J.; Haykin, Simon 2010 On Markov-modulated exponential-affine bond price formulae. Zbl 1169.91342 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2009 Robust optimal portfolio choice under Markovian regime-switching model. Zbl 1162.91372 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2009 Esscher transforms and consumption-based models. Zbl 1231.91423 Badescu, Alex; Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2009 Portfolio risk minimization and differential games. Zbl 1239.91145 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen 2009 Asset prices with regime-switching variance gamma dynamics. Zbl 1180.91141 Royal, Andrew J.; Elliott, Robert J. 2009 Investment timing under regime switching. Zbl 1178.91213 Elliott, Robert J.; Miao, Hong; Yu, Jin 2009 Insurance claims modulated by a hidden Brownian marked point process. Zbl 1231.91182 Elliott, Robert J.; Chen, Zhiping; Duan, Qihong 2009 A Viterbi smoother for discrete state space model. Zbl 1161.93024 Elliott, Robert J.; Deng, Jia 2009 VaR and expected shortfall: a non-normal regime switching framework. Zbl 1187.91100 Elliott, Robert J.; Miao, Hong 2009 Solutions of backward stochastic differential equations on Markov chains. Zbl 1331.60108 Cohen, Samuel N.; Elliott, Robert J. 2008 A PDE approach for risk measures for derivatives with regime switching. Zbl 1233.91271 Elliott, Robert J.; Siu, Tak Kuen; Chan, Leunglung 2008 A hidden Markov model of credit quality. Zbl 1181.91326 Korolkiewicz, Małgorzata W.; Elliott, Robert J. 2008 Moment based regression algorithms for drift and volatility estimation in continuous-time Markov switching models. Zbl 1141.91627 Elliott, Robert J.; Krishnamurthy, Vikram; Sass, Jörn 2008 ...and 183 more Documents all top 5 ### Cited by 2,237 Authors 160 Elliott, Robert James 97 Siu, Tak Kuen 30 Yang, Hailiang 24 Mamon, Rogemar S. 20 Aggoun, Lakhdar 20 Zhang, Qing 19 Jeanblanc, Monique 18 Yin, Gang George 16 Shen, Yang 16 Wu, Zhen 16 Zhu, Songping 15 Madan, Dilip B. 13 Borisov, Andrei V. 13 Dong, Yinghui 13 Wang, Guojing 12 Chan, Leunglung 12 Charalambous, Charalambos D. 12 Ching, Wai-Ki 12 He, Xinjiang 12 Privault, Nicolas 12 Székelyhidi, László 12 Yuen, Kam Chuen 11 Cohen, Samuel N. 11 Djehiche, Boualem 11 Li, Xun 11 Øksendal, Bernt Karsten 11 Rutkowski, Marek 10 Gapeev, Pavel V. 10 Ghosh, Mrinal Kanti 10 Kohlmann, Michael 10 Runggaldier, Wolfgang J. 10 Yam, Sheung Chi Phillip 9 Antonelli, Peter Louis 9 Barron, Emmanuel Nicholas 9 Bensoussan, Alain 9 Chentsov, Aleksandr Georgievich 9 Costa, Oswaldo Luiz V. 9 Jiao, Ying 9 Shi, Dawei 9 Swishchuk, Anatoliy 9 Wang, Rongming 8 Bayraktar, Erhan 8 Lian, Guanghua 8 Menoukeu Pamen, Olivier 8 Moore, John Barratt 8 Tsoi, Allanus H. 8 Wang, Yongjin 8 Wei, Jiaqin 8 Yavin, Yaakov 8 Zhang, Xin 7 Badescu, Alexandru M. 7 Başar, Tamer 7 Bender, Christian 7 Benkherouf, Lakdere 7 Bielecki, Tomasz R. 7 Florchinger, Patrick 7 Friedman, Avner 7 Hamadene, Saïd 7 Kalton, Nigel John 7 Ma, Jingtang 7 Miller, G. B. 7 Ratanov, Nikita 7 Sass, Jörn 7 Spreij, Peter 7 Zhang, Weihai 6 Basin, Michael V. 6 Bo, Lijun 6 Chen, Tongwen 6 Chen, Zhiping 6 Confortola, Fulvia 6 Fragoso, Marcelo Dutra 6 Godin, Frédéric 6 Hainaut, Donatien 6 James, Matthew R. 6 Nikeghbali, Ashkan 6 Pham, Huyên 6 Platen, Eckhard 6 Qian, Linyi 6 Sun, Zhongyang 6 Sworder, David D. 6 Tembine, Hamidou 6 van der Hoek, John 6 Wang, Wei 6 Yang, Qigui 6 Zeng, Caibin 5 Al-Hussaini, Ata N. 5 Averboukh, Yuriĭ Vladimirovich 5 Bäuerle, Nicole 5 Bauso, Dario 5 Chen, Ping 5 Chiarella, Carl 5 Coculescu, Delia 5 Davis, Mark Herbert Ainsworth 5 Deng, Jia 5 Eksi, Zehra 5 Fard, Farzad Alavi 5 Fei, Weiyin 5 Ford, Jason J. 5 Frey, Rüdiger 5 Gu, Jiawen ...and 2,137 more Authors all top 5 ### Cited in 316 Serials 80 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 76 Automatica 70 Stochastic Processes and their Applications 69 International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 67 Quantitative Finance 61 Insurance Mathematics & Economics 52 Systems & Control Letters 37 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 37 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 37 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 35 Statistics & Probability Letters 33 Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control 33 Mathematical Finance 32 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 30 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 26 International Journal of Control 25 Stochastics 24 The Annals of Applied Probability 24 Automation and Remote Control 23 European Journal of Operational Research 23 Applied Mathematical Finance 22 Applied Mathematics and Computation 22 Finance and Stochastics 22 Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability 21 Journal of Applied Probability 20 Asia-Pacific Financial Markets 20 Annals of Finance 18 Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 16 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 16 Annals of Operations Research 15 Dynamic Games and Applications 15 Mathematical Control and Related Fields 14 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 13 Journal of the Franklin Institute 13 Journal of Differential Equations 13 Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 13 Mathematics and Financial Economics 12 Stochastics 12 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 12 Mathematical Methods of Operations Research 12 North American Actuarial Journal 11 Advances in Applied Probability 10 Physica A 10 Journal of Functional Analysis 10 MCSS. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems 10 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 10 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 10 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 10 The ANZIAM Journal 10 Stochastics and Dynamics 10 Review of Derivatives Research 10 SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics 9 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 9 Journal of Theoretical Probability 9 International Journal of Computer Mathematics 9 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 8 The Annals of Probability 8 Journal of Economic Theory 8 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 8 Probability Theory and Related Fields 8 Stochastics and Stochastics Reports 8 Abstract and Applied Analysis 8 Stochastic Models 8 Advances in Difference Equations 7 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 7 Information Sciences 7 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 7 Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 7 ASTIN Bulletin 7 International Journal of Stochastic Analysis 6 Lithuanian Mathematical Journal 6 Mathematics of Operations Research 6 European Journal of Control 6 Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 6 Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry 6 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society 6 Frontiers of Mathematics in China 6 International Journal of Systems Science. Principles and Applications of Systems and Integration 6 Probability, Uncertainty and Quantitative Risk 5 The Annals of Statistics 5 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 5 Operations Research Letters 5 Applied Mathematics Letters 5 Journal of Scientific Computing 5 International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing 5 Bernoulli 5 Decisions in Economics and Finance 5 Asian Journal of Control 4 International Journal of Systems Science 4 Kybernetika 4 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 4 Optimal Control Applications & Methods 4 Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society 4 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 4 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 4 Signal Processing 4 Neural Computation 4 Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 4 Theory of Probability and Mathematical Statistics 4 Electronic Journal of Probability ...and 216 more Serials all top 5 ### Cited in 49 Fields 1,145 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 1,076 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 576 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 262 Statistics (62-XX) 252 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 130 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 125 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 95 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 30 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 20 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 20 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 15 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 15 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 15 Computer science (68-XX) 13 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 13 Operator theory (47-XX) 12 Functional analysis (46-XX) 9 Real functions (26-XX) 9 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 9 Integral equations (45-XX) 7 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 6 Quantum theory (81-XX) 5 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 5 Measure and integration (28-XX) 5 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 5 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 4 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 4 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 4 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 3 Special functions (33-XX) 3 Geophysics (86-XX) 2 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 2 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 2 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 2 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 2 Differential geometry (53-XX) 2 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 2 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 2 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Number theory (11-XX) 1 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 1 Category theory; homological algebra (18-XX) 1 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 1 Potential theory (31-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) ### Wikidata Timeline The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata.	2022-05-19T21:22:42	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7395522594451904, "perplexity": 9818.010611030617}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00203.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10322131-astrophysics-cosmology-from-line-intensity-mapping-vs-galaxy-surveys	Astrophysics & cosmology from line intensity mapping vs galaxy surveys Abstract Line intensity mapping (LIM) proposes to efficiently observe distant faint galaxies and map the matter density field at high redshift.Building upon the formalism in a companion paper,we first highlight the degeneracies between cosmology and astrophysics in LIM.We discuss what can be constrained from measurements of the mean intensity and redshift-space power spectra.With a sufficient spectral resolution, the large-scale redshift-space distortions of the 2-halo term can be measured, helping to break the degeneracy between bias and mean intensity.With a higher spectral resolution, measuring the small-scale redshift-space distortions disentangles the 1-halo and shot noise terms.Cross-correlations with external galaxy catalogs or lensing surveys further break degeneracies.We derive requirements for experiments similar to SPHEREx, HETDEX, CDIM, COMAP and CONCERTO.We then revisit the question of the optimality of the LIM observables, compared to galaxy detection, for astrophysics and cosmology.We use a matched filter to compute the luminosity detection threshold for individual sources.We show that LIM contains information about galaxies too faint to detect, in the high-noise or high-confusion regimes.We quantify the sparsity and clustering bias of the detected sources and compare them to LIM, showing in which cases LIM is a better tracer of the matter density.We extend previous work by answering these questions more » Authors: ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10322131 Journal Name: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Volume: 2021 Issue: 05 ISSN: 1475-7516 2. ABSTRACT Cross-correlations between the lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and other tracers of large-scale structure provide a unique way to reconstruct the growth of dark matter, break degeneracies between cosmology and galaxy physics, and test theories of modified gravity. We detect a cross-correlation between Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI)-like luminous red galaxies (LRGs) selected from DECam Legacy Survey imaging and CMB lensing maps reconstructed with the Planck satellite at a significance of S/N = 27.2 over scales ℓmin = 30, ℓmax = 1000. To correct for magnification bias, we determine the slope of the LRG cumulative magnitude function at the faint limit as s = 0.999 ± 0.015, and find corresponding corrections of the order of a few per cent for $C^{\kappa g}_{\ell }, C^{gg}_{\ell }$ across the scales of interest. We fit the large-scale galaxy bias at the effective redshift of the cross-correlation zeff ≈ 0.68 using two different bias evolution agnostic models: a HaloFit times linear bias model where the bias evolution is folded into the clustering-based estimation of the redshift kernel, and a Lagrangian perturbation theory model of the clustering evaluated at zeff. We also determine the error on the bias from uncertainty in the redshift distribution; within this error, the two methodsmore »	2023-03-31T08:56:33	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6123010516166687, "perplexity": 3269.977388227691}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00206.warc.gz"}
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess117_2007-2008/sj08/20080429.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 117th Session, 2007-2008 Journal of the Senate Tuesday, April 29, 2008 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 12:00 Noon, the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: The 'Teacher' in Ecclesiastes proclaims: "For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven... a time for war, and a time for peace." (Ecclesiastes 3:1, 8b) With members of South Carolina's 218th National Guard unit making their way back to South Carolina, to their families and to their home communities, we give you heartfelt praise, O God. Thank you for your blessings upon these women and men, for their contributions to efforts for global peace, for their fierce patriotism. Now continue to be with all who remain in places of conflict and unrest. Steel the courage and strengthen the hopes of all who serve you faithfully and with deep dedication, including each of these Senators and their aides here in this place. In Your loving name we pray, dear Lord. Amen. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford: Statewide Appointments Initial Appointment, Board of Directors of the South Carolina Public Service Authority, with the term to commence May 19, 2006, and to expire May 19, 2013 6th Congressional District: Marion H. Newton, 506 West Oakland Avenue, Sumter, SC 29150 VICE J. Calhoun Land IV Referred to the Committee on Judiciary. Initial Appointment, Director of Department of Public Safety, with the term to commence February 1, 2008, and to expire February 1, 2012 Director: Mark A. Keel, 513 Bookman Mill Road, Irmo, SC 29063 VICE James K. Schwietzer Referred to the Committee on Judiciary. The following were received and referred to the appropriate committees for consideration: Document No. 3199 Agency: Department of Health and Environmental Control SUBJECT: South Carolina Trauma Care Systems Received by Lieutenant Governor April 25, 2008 Referred to Medical Affairs Committee Legislative Review Expiration April 1, 2009 Document No. 3204 Agency: Department of Consumer Affairs SUBJECT: Licensing Standards for Continuing Care Retirement Communities Received by Lieutenant Governor April 25, 2008 Referred to Medical Affairs Committee Legislative Review Expiration April 1, 2009 Document No. 3206 Agency: Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation - Board of Chiropractic Examiners SUBJECT: Board of Chiropractic Examiners - Application, Renewal and Continuing Education Received by Lieutenant Governor April 24, 2008 Referred to Medical Affairs Committee Legislative Review Expiration March 31, 2009 Document No. 3207 Agency: Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation - Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners SUBJECT: Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners Chapter Revision Received by Lieutenant Governor April 24, 2008 Referred to Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee Legislative Review Expiration March 31, 2009 REGULATION WITHDRAWN Document No. 3127 Agency: Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation - Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners SUBJECT: Practice of Veterinary Medicine - Chapter Revision Received by Lieutenant Governor June 7, 2007 Referred to Medical Affairs Committee Legislative Review Expiration: Permanently Withdrawn Permanently Withdrawn April 26, 2008 Doctor of the Day Senators GROOMS and SCOTT introduced Dr. Jim McCoy of Charleston, S.C., Doctor of the Day. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator FORD, at 2:15 P.M., he and Senator JACKSON requested that they be granted a leave of absence beginning at 4:30 P.M. on Wednesday, and lasting until 11:00 A.M. on Thursday. Leave of Absence At 2:30 P.M., Senator CLEARY requested a leave of absence for Thursday, May 1, 2008. Expression of Personal Interest Senator McCONNELL rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. RECALLED H. 4949 (Word version) -- Medical, Military, Public and Municipal Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION - PANEL FOR DIETETICS, RELATING TO LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF PERSONS ENGAGING IN THE PRACTICE OF DIETETICS WITHIN THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3193, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Senator RYBERG asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Joint Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs. There was no objection. The Joint Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. RECALLED H. 5030 (Word version) -- Medical, Military, Public and Municipal Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL, RELATING TO TANNING FACILITIES, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3114, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. Senator RYBERG asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Joint Resolution from the Committee on Medical Affairs. There was no objection. The Joint Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Medical Affairs and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 1330 (Word version) -- Senator Ryberg: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE THE NORTH AUGUSTA PRAYER LUNCHEON IN HONOR OF NATIONAL DAY OF PRAYER, WHICH IS THE FIRST THURSDAY IN MAY OF EACH YEAR. l:\s-res\wgr\038pray.dag.doc S. 1331 (Word version) -- Senator Courson: A SENATE RESOLUTION HONORING AND CONGRATULATING COLONEL DOUGLAS M. SENTER UPON HIS RETIREMENT FROM DUTCH FORK HIGH SCHOOL AND THANKING HIM FOR HIS MERITORIOUS LEADERSHIP TO CADETS THROUGHOUT THE YEARS. l:\s-res\jec\027cols.dag.doc S. 1332 (Word version) -- Senator Ryberg: A SENATE RESOLUTION COMMENDING THE CITY OF AIKEN AND THE FRIENDS OF HOPELANDS AND RYE PATCH FOR THEIR DEDICATION AND EFFORTS IN MAINTAINING AND DEVELOPING THE GARDENS. l:\s-res\wgr\039hope.dag.doc S. 1333 (Word version) -- Senator Setzler: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR'S OFFICE ON AGING TO CONVENE A PURPLE RIBBON ALZHEIMER'S TASK FORCE TO STUDY THE CURRENT AND FUTURE IMPACT OF ALZHEIMER'S IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO ASSESS THE RESOURCES FOR AND NEEDS OF PERSONS WITH ALZHEIMER'S AND RELATED DISORDERS SO AS TO DEVELOP A STATE STRATEGY TO ADDRESS THIS HEALTH ISSUE. l:\council\bills\nbd\12283ac08.doc The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Medical Affairs. S. 1334 (Word version) -- Senators Vaughn, Fair, Verdin, Anderson and Thomas: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE NEW BRIDGE ON HAMMETT BRIDGE ROAD IN GREENVILLE COUNTY AS THE "HAROLD HAMMETT MEMORIAL BRIDGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE SIGNS OR MARKERS ALONG BOTH HIGHWAY APPROACHES TO THIS BRIDGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "HAROLD HAMMETT MEMORIAL BRIDGE". l:\council\bills\gjk\20671sd08.doc On motion of Senator VAUGHN, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was introduced and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference. S. 1335 (Word version) -- Senators Scott, Ford, Knotts, Elliott, Cleary, Malloy, Vaughn, Leventis, Hutto, Patterson, Campbell, Anderson, Ceips, Gregory, Thomas, Bryant and Rankin: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 4, TITLE 30 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, BY ADDING SECTION 30-4-170, TO PROVIDE THAT SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATIONS, EACH MEETING OF A PUBLIC BODY, EXCEPT A PUBLIC BODY OF A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION OF THIS STATE, SHALL ATTEMPT TO BROADCAST EACH MEETING OR PORTION OF THE MEETING THAT IS REQUIRED TO BE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC ON THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF THE BODY. l:\s-res\rrs\010reco.dag.doc Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. l:\s-jud\bills\ritchie\jud0483.spl.doc Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary. S. 1337 (Word version) -- Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION, RELATING TO MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ACT, RESTRUCTURING, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3183, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. l:\council\bills\nbd\12287ac08.doc Read the first time and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference. S. 1338 (Word version) -- Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, LICENSING AND REGULATION, BUILDING CODES COUNCIL, RELATING TO BARRIER FREE DESIGN, RESTRUCTURING, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 3181, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE. l:\council\bills\nbd\12286ac08.doc Read the first time and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference. S. 1339 (Word version) -- Senators Leatherman and McGill: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 1095 OF 1962, RELATING TO THE LOWER FLORENCE COUNTY HOSPITAL DISTRICT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DISTRICT SHALL BE COMPRISED OF THAT PORTION OF FLORENCE COUNTY THAT IS SOUTH OF THE LYNCHES RIVER. l:\s-res\hkl\039hosp.dag.doc Read the first time and ordered placed on the Local and Uncontested Calendar. S. 1340 (Word version) -- Senator Massey: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO HONOR MRS. MAMIE J. REARDEN OF EDGEFIELD COUNTY, A MUCH-LOVED MATRIARCH OF SPRINGFIELD BAPTIST CHURCH AT NEARLY ONE HUNDRED TEN YEARS OF AGE, AND TO WISH HER CONTINUED HEALTH AND HAPPINESS. l:\council\bills\rm\1441mm08.doc S. 1341 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO DESIGNATE THE MONTH OF MAY 2008, AS "MENTAL HEALTH MONTH" IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO RAISE AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE NEED FOR APPROPRIATE AND ACCESSIBLE SERVICES FOR ALL PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS. l:\council\bills\rm\1440sd08.doc S. 1342 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-9910, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES' ISSUANCE OF GOLD STAR FAMILY LICENSE PLATES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THESE SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES MAY BE ISSUED ONLY TO MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERS WHO ARE PARENTS OR SPOUSES OF PERSONS WHO WERE SLAIN WHILE IN THE SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES OR DIED AS A RESULT OF THIS SERVICE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT APPLICATIONS FOR THE SPECIAL LICENSE PLATE MUST INCLUDE A COPY OF THE SERVICEMAN'S OR SERVICEWOMAN'S DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FORM DD1300 AS VERIFICATION OF THE APPLICANT'S ELIGIBILITY TO BE ISSUED THESE SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES. l:\council\bills\swb\5532cm08.doc Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4815 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Merrill, Thompson, Brady, Stavrinakis, Haley, Ballentine, Cato, Cooper, Delleney, Harrison, Limehouse, Sandifer, Scarborough, Shoopman, Taylor, Viers, Walker, Young, Mahaffey, Neilson, Bales, R. Brown, Herbkersman, Edge, Bingham, Simrill, Whipper, Bedingfield and Bowers: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 64 TO TITLE 12 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA MOTION PICTURE INCENTIVE ACT OF 2008", REVISING AND UPDATING TAX INCENTIVES FOR MOTION PICTURE PRODUCTIONS IN THIS STATE BY ADDING AND MODERNIZING DEFINITIONS, MAKING TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS, ELIMINATING THE REBATE OF STATE AND LOCAL SALES TAXES PROVIDED UNDER FORMER LAW, PROVIDING FOR THE CARRY FORWARD OF REBATE FUNDS TO AVOID MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS, CLARIFYING THE WAGE INCENTIVE AND RESIDENT HIRING BONUS, ESTABLISHING A FIVE-YEAR APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM, INCREASING THE NUMBER OF DAYS STATE PROPERTY MAY BE USED WITHOUT FEE FROM SEVEN TO TEN DAYS, AND PROVIDING ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FILM CREDITS FOR THIS STATE; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 62 OF TITLE 12 RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA MOTION PICTURE INCENTIVE ACT. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 4883 (Word version) -- Reps. Barfield, Clemmons, Edge, Hardwick, Hayes, Viers, Witherspoon and Whipper: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 4 TO CHAPTER 10 OF TITLE 4, ENACTING THE "EDUCATION CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS SALES AND USE TAX ACT" SO AS TO ALLOW A ONE PERCENT LOCAL SALES AND USE TAX TO BE IMPOSED IN A COUNTY FOR NOT MORE THAN FIFTEEN YEARS UPON REFERENDUM APPROVAL WITH THE REVENUES OF THE TAX USED BY THE COUNTY'S SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO PAY FOR SPECIFIC PUBLIC SCHOOL CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE COUNTY AND TO PROVIDE A METHOD WHEREBY REVENUE OF THE TAX MAY BE SHARED FOR THE PURPOSES OF SPECIFIC CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS ON THE CAMPUSES OF A TECHNICAL COLLEGE OR OTHER STATE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING LOCATED IN THE COUNTY, TO PROVIDE FOR THE REFERENDUM REQUIRED FOR THE IMPOSITION OF THE TAX, THE DURATION OF THE TAX, NOT TO EXCEED FIFTEEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TAX AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE REVENUE. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 4909 (Word version) -- Rep. Walker: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-2110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT "THE SOUTH CAROLINA DRUG FREE TRUCKING ACT", RELATING TO DISQUALIFICATION FROM DRIVING A COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WITH A VERIFIED POSITIVE DRUG TEST OR ALCOHOL CONFIRMATION TEST IS DISQUALIFIED FROM DRIVING A COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE UNTIL THE PERSON SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETES AN ALCOHOL OR DRUG PROGRAM; AND BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-2135, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A MEDICAL REPORTING OFFICER CONDUCTING DRUG OR ALCOHOL CONFIRMATION TESTS PURSUANT TO 49 C.F.R. 40 MUST REPORT POSITIVE VERIFIED TEST RESULTS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4911 (Word version) -- Reps. Walker, E. H. Pitts, Duncan, Rice, Hagood, Harvin, Miller, Battle, Govan, Scott and Gambrell: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 35 TO TITLE 56 SO AS TO ESTABLISH IDLING RESTRICTIONS FOR COMMERCIAL DIESEL VEHICLES, TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR VEHICLES THAT VIOLATE THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CHAPTER, TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE TRANSPORT POLICE DIVISION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY SHALL ENFORCE THE PROVISIONS CONTAINED IN THIS CHAPTER, TO PROVIDE THAT FINES COLLECTED PURSUANT TO THIS CHAPTER MUST BE PLACED IN THE DIESEL IDLING REDUCTION FUND ADMINISTERED BY THE STATE TREASURY AND USED TO DEVELOP AND OPERATE AN IDLING AWARENESS PROGRAM, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SHALL PROMULGATE REGULATIONS TO ADMINISTER AND ENFORCE THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CHAPTER. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Transportation. H. 4942 (Word version) -- Reps. Cotty, Clemmons, Hagood, E. H. Pitts, Sandifer, Brady, Erickson, Huggins, Haskins, Whipper and Edge: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3140, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DETERMINING THE FAIR MARKET VALUE OF REAL PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL PROPERTY VALUATION REFORM ACT, SO AS TO POSTPONE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRANSFER VALUE OF A PARCEL OF REAL PROPERTY UNIMPROVED SINCE THE LAST COUNTYWIDE REASSESSMENT PROGRAM UNTIL THE TIME OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEXT COUNTYWIDE REASSESSMENT PROGRAM AND TO REQUIRE THE FIFTEEN PERCENT LIMIT ON INCREASES IN VALUE TO BE CALCULATED SEPARATELY ON LAND AND IMPROVEMENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3150, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE TIME AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST OCCURS, SO AS TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO PROVIDE NOTICE OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE ACCURATE NOTICE TO THE ASSESSING AUTHORITY OF BUSINESS ENTITY TRANSFERS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION AND VALUATION OF PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THE PROPERTY TAX, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE DEED TO PROPERTY HELD IN TRUST TO RECITE THE NAME OF THE BENEFICIARY FOR THE PROPERTY TO QUALIFY AS THE BENEFICIARY'S LEGAL RESIDENCE AND REQUIRE SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS OF APPLICANTS FOR THE LEGAL RESIDENCE ASSESSMENT RATIO; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-60-35, RELATING TO CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSESSORS, SO AS TO REVISE THE REQUIREMENT. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Finance. H. 4980 (Word version) -- Reps. Herbkersman, Merrill, E. H. Pitts, Cato, Bedingfield, Haskins, Walker, D. C. Smith, J. R. Smith, Barfield, Crawford, Davenport, Lowe, Rice, Simrill, G. R. Smith, Young, Edge and Mulvaney: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-40-110, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE APPROVAL, RENEWAL, REVOCATION, AND TERMINATION OF CHARTERS FOR CHARTER SCHOOLS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE CHARTER PERIOD FROM FIVE TO TEN YEARS. Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education. H. 5093 (Word version) -- Reps. Scott, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Daning, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE W. J. KEENAN HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS BASKETBALL TEAM, OF RICHLAND COUNTY, FOR A SUCCESSFUL SEASON, AND TO CONGRATULATE THE PLAYERS AND COACHES FOR CAPTURING THE 2008 CLASS AA STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. H. 5095 (Word version) -- Reps. Scott, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Daning, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, F. N. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, W. D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO HONOR MRS. REBECCA WAY GADSON, OF RICHLAND COUNTY, ON THE OCCASION OF MOTHER'S DAY, AND TO WISH HER A JOYOUS CELEBRATION AND MANY MORE YEARS OF HEALTH AND HAPPINESS. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. H. 5096 (Word version) -- Rep. Agnew: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CELEBRATE THE OCCASION OF THE TWO HUNDRED FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CITY OF ABBEVILLE, AND TO CONGRATULATE AND COMMEND MAYOR HAROLD E. MCNEILL AND THE CITIZENS OF ABBEVILLE FOR TWO AND A HALF CENTURIES OF SHOWCASING BOTH THE BEAUTY AND PROGRESS OF THIS GREAT SOUTH CAROLINA CITY. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES Senator McCONNELL from the Committee on Judiciary polled out S. 879 favorable with amendment: S. 879 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Knotts and Fair: A BILL TO ENACT THE UNIDENTIFIED HUMAN REMAINS DNA DATABASE ACT, BY AMENDING ARTICLE 9, CHAPTER 3 OF TITLE 23, RELATING TO THE STATE DNA DATABASE, TO PROVIDE THAT FAMILY MEMBERS OF A MISSING PERSON MAY SUBMIT DNA SAMPLES TO THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION, TO PROVIDE THAT IF THE PERSON REMAINS MISSING FOR THIRTY DAYS, THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION MUST CONDUCT DNA IDENTIFICATION, TYPING, AND TESTING ON THE DNA SAMPLE PROVIDED BY THE FAMILY MEMBER, TO PROVIDE THAT THE RESULTS OF THE IDENTIFICATION, TYPING, AND TESTING OF THE FAMILY MEMBER'S DNA SAMPLE IS ENTERED INTO THE STATE DNA DATABASE AND THE NATIONAL DNA INDEX SYSTEM, TO PROVIDE THAT EACH FAMILY MEMBER PROVIDING DNA SAMPLES MUST PAY A PROCESSING FEE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION MUST CONDUCT DNA IDENTIFICATION, TYPING, AND TESTING ON DNA SAMPLES OF UNIDENTIFIED BODIES THAT REMAIN UNIDENTIFIED FOR THIRTY DAYS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE RESULTS OF THE IDENTIFICATION, TYPING, AND TESTING OF THE UNIDENTIFIED PERSON'S DNA SAMPLE IS ENTERED INTO THE STATE DNA DATABASE AND THE NATIONAL DNA INDEX SYSTEM; BY AMENDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 7 OF TITLE 17, RELATING TO CORONERS AND MEDICAL EXAMINERS, TO PROVIDE THAT A CORONER PERFORMING AN AUTOPSY ON AN UNIDENTIFIED BODY MUST OBTAIN TISSUE AND FLUID SAMPLES FROM THE BODY SUITABLE FOR DNA IDENTIFICATION, TYPING, AND TESTING, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE CORONER MUST SEND THE SAMPLES TO THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION; BY AMENDING SECTION 17-5-570, RELATING TO THE RELEASE AND BURIAL OF DEAD BODIES AND THE PRESERVATION AND DISPOSITION OF UNIDENTIFIED DEAD BODIES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA OR OTHER FACILITY PRESERVING AN UNIDENTIFIED DEAD BODY MUST NOTIFY THE STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT DIVISION IF THE BODY REMAINS UNIDENTIFIED AFTER THIRTY DAYS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THERE MAY BE NO DISPOSITION OF THE BODY UNTIL AT LEAST THIRTY DAYS AFTER THE BODY'S DNA PROFILE HAS BEEN ENTERED INTO THE STATE DNA DATABASE AND THE NATIONAL DNA INDEX SYSTEM. Poll of the Judiciary Committee Polled 23; Ayes 23; Nays 0; Not Voting 0 AYES McConnell Ford Gregory Jackson Martin Rankin Elliott Hutto Anderson Hawkins Ritchie Knotts Malloy Sheheen Campsen Cleary Lourie Scott Williams Vaughn Ceips Massey Campbell Total--23 NAYS Total--0 Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator LEATHERMAN from the Committee on Finance submitted a favorable with amendment report on: H. 3649 (Word version) -- Reps. Witherspoon, Merrill, Agnew, Anthony, Brady, R. Brown, Duncan, Funderburk, Hagood, Hardwick, Herbkersman, Hiott, Kelly, Loftis, Moss, Ott, E.H. Pitts, Scott, Talley, Toole, Umphlett, Cobb-Hunter, Leach, Cato, Clemmons, Barfield, Ceips, Dantzler, Hamilton, Howard, Jefferson, Lowe, Phillips, G.R. Smith, J.R. Smith, Stavrinakis, Bannister, J.H. Neal, Stewart, Sellers, Mitchell, Williams, G.M. Smith and Mahaffey: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 63 TO TITLE 12 SO AS TO ENACT THE "ENERGY FREEDOM AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ACT" TO ALLOW A SALES TAX REBATE FOR THE PURCHASE OF CERTAIN FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT USED TO CONVERT A HYBRID VEHICLE INTO A HYBRID PLUG-IN VEHICLE, TO ALLOW AN INCENTIVE PAYMENT FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL PURCHASES, AND TO ESTABLISH THE SOUTH CAROLINA RENEWABLE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FUND; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3376 SO AS TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR THE PURCHASE OR LEASE OF A PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLE; BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3630 SO AS TO ALLOW AN INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR QUALIFIED EXPENDITURES FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDSTOCKS AND PROCESSES FOR CELLULOSIC ETHANOL AND FOR ALGAE-DERIVED BIODIESEL; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3587, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR SOLAR ENERGY HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS, SO AS TO ALLOW A TAX CREDIT EQUAL TO THREE THOUSAND FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS FOR EACH BUILDING THAT IS INSTALLED WITH A SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3600, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR AN ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL FACILITY, SO AS TO ALLOW A TAX CREDIT FOR A CORN-BASED ETHANOL AND SOY-BASED BIODIESEL FACILITY AND A NONCORN ETHANOL AND NONSOY OIL BIODIESEL FACILITY; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3610, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR THE COST OF PURCHASING AND INSTALLING PROPERTY TO DISTRIBUTE AND DISPENSE RENEWABLE FUELS, SO AS TO LIMIT THE CREDIT TO ONE MILLION DOLLARS, TO DEFINE THE TERM "RENEWABLE FUEL", AND TO ADD CLARIFYING LANGUAGE; BY AMENDING SECTION 12-6-3620, RELATING TO TAX CREDITS FOR THE COST OF METHANE GAS USE, SO AS TO ALLOW A TAX CREDIT FOR THE COST OF EQUIPMENT TO CREATE A FORM OF ENERGY FROM A BIOMASS RESOURCE AND TO LIMIT THE CREDIT TO ONE MILLION DOLLARS; AND BY AMENDING SECTION 12-28-110, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE MOTOR FUEL FEES, SO AS TO CHANGE THE DEFINITION OF "BIODIESEL". Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator ALEXANDER from the General Committee polled out H. 4904 favorable: H. 4904 (Word version) -- Reps. Alexander, Branham, Crawford, Lowe and Williams: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO COMMEMORATE THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNINTENTIONAL RELEASE OF AN UNARMED ATOMIC WARHEAD OVER THE MARS BLUFF COMMUNITY IN FLORENCE COUNTY. General Committee Polled 17; Ayes 16; Nays 0; Not Voting 1 AYES Alexander O'Dell Martin Hawkins Knotts Ford Short Sheheen Lourie Williams Vaughn Leventis Bryant Ceips Campbell Massey Total--16 NAYS Total--0 NOT VOTING Reese Total--1 Ordered for consideration tomorrow. Senator ALEXANDER from the Committee on General polled out H. 5027 favorable: H. 5027 (Word version) -- Reps. Barfield, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, Breeland, G. Brown, R. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Coleman, Cooper, Cotty, Crawford, Daning, Dantzler, Davenport, Delleney, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Govan, Gullick, Hagood, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Haskins, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutson, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, Kirsh, Knight, Leach, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, Mahaffey, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Mitchell, Moody-Lawrence, Moss, Mulvaney, J.H. Neal, J.M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parks, Perry, Phillips, Pinson, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scarborough, Scott, Sellers, Shoopman, Simrill, Skelton, D.C. Smith, F.N. Smith, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, W.D. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Talley, Taylor, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Walker, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Witherspoon and Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE GREAT CONCERN OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY FOR THE WELFARE OF PASTOR PHILIP MILES OF CHRIST COMMUNITY CHURCH IN RICHLAND COUNTY WHO IS BEING UNJUSTLY DETAINED IN A RUSSIAN PRISON, AND TO INSIST IN THE STRONGEST TERMS THAT THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT RELEASE PASTOR MILES FROM HIS IMPRISONMENT. General Committee Polled 17; Ayes 16; Nays 0; Not Voting 1 AYES Alexander O'Dell Martin Hawkins Knotts Ford Short Sheheen Lourie Williams Vaughn Leventis Bryant Ceips Campbell Massey Total--16 NAYS Total--0 NOT VOTING Reese Total--1 Ordered for consideration tomorrow. HOUSE CONCURRENCE S. 1328 (Word version) -- Senators Jackson, Matthews, Ford, Anderson and Patterson: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY UPON THE DEATH OF THE REVEREND DR. LEWIS P. GRAHAM, SR. OF RICHLAND COUNTY AND TO EXTEND THEIR DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HIS FAMILY, CHURCH, AND MANY FRIENDS. Returned with concurrence. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. OBJECTION Senator RITCHIE objected to consideration of all Bills and Resolutions on the Uncontested Calendar. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. H. 3032 (Word version) -- Reps. Viers and Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO CREATE A STUDY COMMITTEE TO STUDY APPROPRIATE ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS RELATING TO THE PRESENCE OF ILLEGAL ALIENS IN THIS STATE AND TO RECOMMEND LEGISLATIVE CHANGES AS APPROPRIATE. Senator MARTIN, as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, moved under Rule 32B to take up the Bill immediately after the Bills on Special Order. On motion of Senator MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period. PURSUANT TO THE MOTION UNDER RULE 32B, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF H. 3032. AMENDMENT PROPOSED, PLACED IN THE STATUS OF INTERRUPTED DEBATE H. 3032 (Word version) -- Reps. Viers and Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO CREATE A STUDY COMMITTEE TO STUDY APPROPRIATE ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS RELATING TO THE PRESENCE OF ILLEGAL ALIENS IN THIS STATE AND TO RECOMMEND LEGISLATIVE CHANGES AS APPROPRIATE. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary. Senator RITCHIE was recognized to speak on the Bill. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 1:23 P.M., Senator MARTIN assumed the Chair. Senator RITCHIE was recognized to speak on the Bill. Senator RITCHIE asked unanimous consent to make a motion that Amendment No. 1 was to be taken up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. Amendment No. 1 Senators RITCHIE, CAMPSEN, FAIR, BRYANT, MARTIN, THOMAS, VAUGHN, CEIPS, SCOTT, LOURIE and VERDIN proposed the following Amendment No. 1 (JUD3032.006): Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting language, and inserting therein the following: / SECTION 1. This act may be cited as the "South Carolina Illegal Immigration Reform Act". SECTION 2. Section 1-31-40(A) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(A) The commission shall: (1) provide the minority community consisting of African Americans, Native American Indians, Hispanics/Latinos, Asians, and others with a single point of contact for statistical and technical assistance in the areas of research and planning for a greater economic future; (2) work with minority officials on the state, county, and local levels of government in disseminating statistical data and its impact on their constituencies; (3) provide for publication of a statewide statistical abstract on minority affairs; (4) provide statistical analyses for members of the General Assembly on the state of minority communities as the State experiences economic growth and changes; (5) provide the minority community with assistance and information on Voting Rights Act submissions in the State, as well as other related areas of concern to the minority community; (6) determine, approve, and acknowledge by certification state recognition for Native American Indian entities; however, notwithstanding their state certification, the tribes have no power or authority to take any action which would establish, advance, or promote any form of gambling in this State; (7) establish advisory committees representative of minority groups, as the commission considers appropriate to advise the commission; (8) act as liaison with the business community to provide programs and opportunities to fulfill its duties under this chapter; (9) seek federal and other funding on behalf of the State of South Carolina for the express purpose of implementing various programs and services for African Americans, Native American Indians, Hispanics/Latinos, Asians, and other minority groups; (10) promulgate regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this article including, but not limited to, regulations regarding State Recognition of Native American Indian entities in the State of South Carolina; and (11) establish and maintain a twenty-four hour toll free telephone number and electronic website in accordance with Section 8-30-10; and (11)(12) perform other duties necessary to implement programs." SECTION 3. Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "CHAPTER 14 Unauthorized Aliens and Public Employment (1) 'Contractor' means any person having a contract with a public employer except a political subdivision, where the total value of the contract to be performed in a twelve-month period exceeds twenty-five thousand dollars, or, if the public employer is a political subdivision, where the total value of the contract to be performed in a twelve-month period exceeds fifteen thousand dollars. (2) 'Director' means the director of the State Budget and Control Board. (3) 'End product' means movable personal property described in the solicitation and in final form and ready for the use intended including, without limitation, commodities or equipment. (4) 'Federal work authorization program' means the E-Verify Program or one of the electronic verification of work authorization programs operated by the United States Department of Homeland Security, or an equivalent federal work authorization program operated by the United States Department of Homeland Security to verify information of newly hired employees, pursuant to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), Public Law 99-603, or an electronic verification of work authorization program operated by a private entity and approved by the Attorney General. (5) 'Public employer' means every department, agency, or instrumentality of the State or a political subdivision of the State. (6) 'Service contract' means a contract that involves the physical performance of manual labor, if the total cost of such labor exceeds (i) thirty percent of the total cost of all labor, or (ii) five percent of the total contract price. The term does not include: (a) a contract with a public employer, other than a political subdivision, with a total value of less than twenty-five thousand dollars, or a contract with a political subdivision with a total value of less than fifteen thousand dollars; (b) a contract primarily for the acquisition of an end product; and (c) a contract that is predominantly for the performance of professional or consultant services. (7) 'Subcontractor' means any person having either: (a) a services contract with a contractor; or (b) a contract with a sub-subcontractor. (8) 'Sub-subcontractor' means any person having a services contract with a subcontractor. (9) 'Private employer' means any person carrying on any employment and the legal representative of a deceased person or the receiver or trustee of any person, and any person for whom an individual performs a service, of whatever nature, as an employee, as defined in Section 12-8-10. Section 8-14-20. (A) On or after January 1, 2009, every public employer shall register and participate in the federal work authorization program to verify the employment authorization of all new employees. (B) A public employer may not enter into a services contract with a contractor for the physical performance of services within this State unless the contractor agrees: (1) to register and participate in the federal work authorization program to verify the employment authorization of all new employees; and require agreement from its subcontractors, and through the subcontractors, the sub-subcontractors, to register and participate in the federal verification of the employment authorization of all new employees; or (2) to employ only workers who: (a) possess a valid South Carolina driver's license or identification card issued by the South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles; (b) are eligible to obtain a South Carolina driver's license or identification card in that they meet the requirements set forth in S.C. Code Ann. Section 56-1-40 through 56-1-90; or (c) possess a valid driver's license or identification card from another state where the license requirements are at least as strict as those in South Carolina, as determined by the Attorney General. (C) A public employer and contractor must not divide work or duties that would otherwise constitute a single service contract into separate contracts for the purpose of avoiding the requirements of this chapter. (D) Subsection (B) applies as follows: (1) on and after January 1, 2009, with respect to contractors, subcontractors, or sub-subcontractors of five hundred or more employees; (2) on and after July 1, 2009, with respect to contractors, subcontractors, or sub-subcontractors of one hundred or more employees but less than five hundred employees; and (3) on and after January 1, 2010, with respect to all other contractors, subcontractors or sub-subcontractors. (E) Private employers shall comply with the provisions of Chapter 8, Title 41. Section 8-14-30. The provisions of this chapter are enforceable without regard to race, religion, gender, ethnicity, or national origin. Section 11-35-4210 provides the exclusive remedy for violations of this article for any contract governed by Title 11, Chapter 35. A pre-award protest process appearing in a procurement ordinance adopted by a political subdivision pursuant to Section 11-35-50 or Section 11-35-70 provides the exclusive remedy for violations of this article for any contract governed by that procurement ordinance. Section 8-14-40. A public employer complies with this chapter if it obtains a written statement from the contractor certifying that the contractor will comply with the requirements of this article and agrees to provide to the public employer any documentation required to establish either: (a) the applicability of this article to the contractor, subcontractor, and sub-subcontractor; or (b) the compliance with this article by the contractor and any subcontractor or sub-subcontractor. A public employer need not audit or independently verify a contractor's compliance with this article. Section 8-14-50. A contractor or public employer who in good faith complies with the requirements of this chapter may not be sanctioned or subjected to any civil or administrative action for employing an individual not authorized for employment in the United States. Section 8-14-60. A person who knowingly makes or files any false, fictitious, or fraudulent document, statement, or report pursuant to this chapter is guilty of a felony, and, upon conviction, must be fined within the discretion of the court or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both. Section 8-14-70. A local government must not enact any ordinance or policy that limits or prohibits a law enforcement officer, local official, or local government employee from seeking to enforce the provisions of this article. Section 8-14-80. Except as otherwise provided in this section, the director shall prescribe all forms and promulgate regulations necessary for the application of this chapter to contracts or agreements and may publish these regulations on the Budget and Control Board's website in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of Title 1 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. Section 8-14-90. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the director of the Department of Transportation shall prescribe forms, promulgate regulations, and adopt rules necessary for the application of this chapter to a contract or agreement relating to public transportation and shall publish these rules and regulations on the Department of Transportation's website in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of Title 1 of the South Carolina Code of Laws." SECTION 4. Article 1, Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 23-3-80. (A) The chief of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division is authorized and directed to negotiate the terms of a memorandum of understanding between the State of South Carolina and the United States Department of Justice or Department of Homeland Security addressing: (1) the enforcement of federal immigration laws by state and local law enforcement, specifically through the 287-G program or other applicable federal law designed for the purpose of state enforcement of federal immigration laws; (2) the detention of unlawful aliens by state and local law enforcement officials and the costs associated with those detentions; (3) the removal of detained unlawful aliens by federal authorities or, instead of removal, the deportation of illegal immigrants by state and local law enforcement officials; (4) training of state and local law enforcement officials pursuant to the 287-G program or other applicable federal laws and the costs of such training; and (5) further communication and cooperation between federal law enforcement and state and local law enforcement officials in the area of immigration enforcement, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. Section 1357(g). (B) The memorandum of understanding negotiated pursuant to subsection (A) must be signed on behalf of the State by the chief of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division and the Governor or as otherwise required by the appropriate federal agency. (C) The chief of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division shall designate appropriate law enforcement officers to be trained pursuant to the memorandum of understanding provided for in subsections (A) and (B). The training may be funded pursuant to the federal Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2006, or any other source of funding. The provisions of this section become effective upon the securing of this funding. (D) The director of the South Carolina Department of Corrections, the sheriff of a county, and the governing body of a municipality that maintains a paid police department may enter into the memorandum of understanding between the State of South Carolina and the United States Department of Justice or Department of Homeland Security as a party, and, subject to the availability of funds provided for in subsection (C) of this section, provide corrections officers and local law enforcement officers for training in accordance with the memorandum of understanding. (E) A law enforcement officer certified as trained in accordance with the memorandum of understanding as provided in this section is authorized to enforce federal immigration and customs laws while performing within the scope of his or her authorized duties." SECTION 5. Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "CHAPTER 29 Verification of Lawful Presence in the United States Section 8-29-10. (A) Except as provided in subsection (C) of this section or where exempted by federal law, on or after July 1, 2008, every agency or political subdivision of this State shall verify the lawful presence in the United States of any alien eighteen years of age or older who has applied for state or local public benefits, as defined in 8 U.S.C. Section 1621, or for federal public benefits, as defined in 8 U.S.C. Section 1611, that are administered by an agency or a political subdivision of this State. (B) The provisions of this article shall be enforced without regard to race, religion, gender, ethnicity, or national origin. (1) a purpose for which lawful presence in the United States is not required by law, ordinance, or regulation; (2) assistance for health care items and services that are necessary for the treatment of an emergency medical condition, as defined in the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.), of the person involved and are not related to an organ transplant procedure; (3) short-term, noncash, in-kind emergency disaster relief; (4) public health assistance for immunizations with respect to immunizable diseases and for testing and treatment of symptoms of communicable diseases whether or not such symptoms are caused by a communicable disease; (5) programs, services, or assistance including soup kitchens, crisis counseling and intervention, and short-term shelter specified by the United States Attorney General, in the United States Attorney General's sole discretion after consultation with appropriate federal agencies and departments, which: (a) deliver in-kind services at the community level, including through public or private nonprofit agencies; (b) do not condition the provision of assistance, the amount of assistance provided, or the cost of assistance provided on the individual recipient's income or resources; and (c) are necessary for the protection of life or safety; (6) prenatal care; (7) postsecondary education, whereby the Department of Education shall set forth, or cause to be set forth, policies regarding postsecondary benefits that comply with all federal law including, but not limited to, public benefits as described in 8 U.S.C. Section 1611, 1621, or 1623; (8) benefits, programs, services or any other assistance provided to victims of domestic violence, irrespective of their immigration status, under the Violence Against Women Act of 2000, Public Law Number 106-386, or the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, Public Law Number 104-208; or (9) benefits and refunds lawfully due from the South Carolina Retirement Systems pursuant to Title 9 of the South Carolina Code to members of the Retirement Systems and their beneficiaries. (D) Verification of lawful presence in the United States by the agency or political subdivision required to make such verification must occur as follows: (1) the applicant must execute an affidavit that he is a United States citizen or legal permanent resident eighteen years of age or older; or (2) the applicant must execute an affidavit that he or she is a qualified alien or nonimmigrant under the Federal Immigration and Nationality Act, Public Law 82-414, eighteen years of age or older, and lawfully present in the United States. (E) For an applicant who has executed an affidavit that he or she is an alien lawfully present in the United States, eligibility for benefits shall be made through the Systematic Alien Verification of Entitlement (SAVE) program operated by the United States Department of Homeland Security or a successor program designated by the United States Department of Homeland Security. Until the eligibility verification is made, the affidavit shall be presumed to be proof of lawful presence for the purposes of this article. (F) A person who knowingly and willfully makes a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in an affidavit executed pursuant to this section, or who aids or abets a person in knowingly and willfully making a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in an affidavit executed pursuant to this section, or who solicits or conspires to make a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in an affidavit executed pursuant to this section shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined in the discretion of the court or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. In addition, a person convicted pursuant to this section must disgorge any benefit received or make restitution, or both, to the agency or political subdivision of this State that administered the benefit or entitlement program. It is a separate violation of this section each time a person receives a public benefit based on such a statement or representation. A conviction and fine charged pursuant to this section shall not preempt or preclude additional appropriate civil or criminal charges or penalties. A person who suffers an ascertainable loss of money or property, real or personal, as a result of the actions of anyone convicted of a violation of this subsection may bring an action, individually, or in a representative capacity, to recover actual damages. If the court finds that a violation has been established, the court shall award three times the actual damages sustained and may provide such other relief as it considers necessary and proper. Upon a finding by the court of a violation, the court shall award to the person bringing the action under this section reasonable attorney's fees and costs. (G) Persons convicted of a violation of this section are jointly and severally liable for a loss suffered by a person or an agency or political subdivision of the State. (H) If an affidavit constitutes a false claim of U.S. citizenship under 18 U.S.C. Section 911, a complaint must be filed by the agency or political subdivision with the United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina. (I) It is unlawful for an agency or a political subdivision of this State to provide any state, local, or federal benefit, as defined in 8 U.S.C. Section 1621 or 8 U.S.C. Section 1611, in violation of this section. (J) All errors and significant delays by SAVE or its successor program must be reported to the United States Department of Homeland Security and to the Secretary of State which will monitor the state's participation in the SAVE program and its verification of application errors and significant delays and report yearly on such errors and significant delays to ensure that the application of SAVE is not wrongfully denying benefits to legal residents of South Carolina. (K) An agency or a political subdivision of this State that provides a state, local, or federal benefit, as defined in 8 U.S.C. 1621 or 8 U.S.C. Section 1611, must require a person currently under the age of eighteen who received the benefit to comply with the provisions of this article upon reaching the age of eighteen. If the recipient is unwilling or unable to comply, receipt of all benefits must cease immediately upon the recipient's eighteenth birthday. (L) A local government may not enact any ordinance or policy that limits or prohibits a law enforcement officer, local official, or local government employee from seeking to enforce the provisions of this article." SECTION 6. Title 8 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "CHAPTER 30 Recording and Reporting Immigration Law Violations Section 8-30-10. (A) The executive director of the State Commission for Minority Affairs, or a designee, shall establish and maintain a twenty-four hour toll free telephone number and electronic website to receive, record, collect, and report allegations of violations of federal immigration laws or related provisions of South Carolina law by any non-United States citizen or immigrant, and allegations of violations of any federal immigration laws or related provisions in South Carolina law against any non-United States citizen or immigrant. Such violations shall include, but are not limited to, E-Verify or other federal work authorization program violations, violations of Chapter 83 of Title 40 of this Code relating to immigration assistance services, or any regulations enacted governing the operation of immigration assistance services, false or fraudulent statements made or documents filed in relation to an immigration matter, as defined by Section 40-83-20, violation of human trafficking laws, as defined in Section 16-3-930, landlord tenant law violations, or violations of any law pertaining to the provision or receipt of public assistance benefits or public services. (B) The executive director, or a designee, shall establish and maintain a centralized tracking database consisting of all information received through the twenty-four hour toll free telephone number and electronic website, and shall report all alleged violations to the appropriate law enforcement, administrative, executive, or regulatory agency or political subdivision having law enforcement or regulatory control over the subject matter, including, but not limited to the United States Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, consistent with 8 U.S.C. Section 1373. Section 8-30-20. The executive director is authorized to hire personnel necessary to carry out the duties prescribed in Section 8-30-10. The General Assembly shall provide for the funds in the annual appropriations act." SECTION 7. Chapter 6, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 12-6-1175. (A) As used in this section: (1) 'Unauthorized alien' means an unauthorized alien as defined by 8 U.S.C. Section 1324A(b)(3). (2) 'Labor services' means the physical performance of services in this State. (B) On or after January 1, 2009, no wages or remuneration for labor services to an individual of six hundred dollars or more per annum may be claimed and allowed as a deductible business expense for state income tax purposes by a taxpayer if the individual is an unauthorized alien. The provisions of this subsection shall apply whether or not an Internal Revenue Service Form 1099 is issued in conjunction with the wages or remuneration. (C) This section shall not apply to a business domiciled in this State that is exempt from compliance with federal employment verification procedures under federal law. (D) This section shall not apply to an individual hired by the taxpayer prior to January 1, 2009. (E) This section shall not apply to a taxpayer where the individual being paid is not directly compensated or employed by said taxpayer. (F) This section shall not apply to wages or remuneration paid for labor services to any individual who: (1) holds and presents to the taxpayer a valid license or identification card issued by the South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles; (2) is eligible to obtain a South Carolina driver's license or identification card in that he meets the requirements set forth in S.C. Code Ann. Section 56-1-40 through 56-1-90; or (3) possesses a valid driver's license or identification card from another state where the license requirements are as strict or stricter than those in South Carolina, as determined by the Attorney General. (G) A taxpayer must not be held liable for failing to comply with the provisions of this section, if, based on a reasonable investigation of the individual, the taxpayer did not know or should not have known that the individual was an unauthorized alien. For purposes of this subsection, a taxpayer shall be deemed to have conducted a reasonable investigation if the individual met the requirements of subsection (F), and the information provided by the individual to the taxpayer was facially correct. (H) The director of the South Carolina Department of Revenue is authorized to prescribe forms and promulgate regulations deemed necessary in order to administer and effectuate this section in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of Title 1 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. (I) The executive director of the South Carolina Employment Security Commission shall send written notice of this section to all South Carolina employers no later than July 1, 2008." SECTION 8. Chapter 8, Title 12 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 12-8-595. (A) A withholding agent, as defined in Section 12-8-10, shall withhold state income tax at the rate of seven percent of the amount of compensation paid to an individual, which compensation is reported on Form 1099 and with respect to which the individual has: (1) failed to provide a taxpayer identification number or social security number; (2) failed to provide a correct taxpayer identification number or social security number; or (3) provided an Internal Revenue Service issued taxpayer identification number issued for nonresident aliens. (B) A withholding agent who fails to comply with the withholding requirements of this subsection shall be liable for the taxes required to have been withheld unless the withholding agent is exempt from federal withholding with respect to the individual pursuant to a properly filed Internal Revenue Service Form 8233 and has provided a copy of the form to the commissioner. (C) A withholding agent does not violate this section if the individual provides a false or incorrect social security number or taxpayer identification number that is facially correct and the withholding agent does not know or should not have known based on a reasonable investigation that the number provided is false or incorrect. (D) The executive director of the South Carolina Employment Security Commission shall send written notice of this section to all South Carolina employers no later than July 1, 2008." SECTION 9. Article 5, Chapter 9, Title 16 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 16-9-460. (A) It is a felony for a person knowingly or in reckless disregard of the fact that another person has come to, entered, or remained in the United States in violation of law to transport, move, or attempt to transport that person within the State or to solicit or conspire to transport or move that person within the State with specific intent to further that person's unlawful entry into the United States or avoiding apprehension or detection of that person's unlawful immigration status by state or federal authorities. (B) It is a felony for a person knowingly or in reckless disregard of the fact that another person has come to, entered, or remained in the United States in violation of law to conceal, harbor, or shelter from detection or to solicit or conspire to conceal, harbor, or shelter from detection that person in any place, including a building or means of transportation, with specific intent to further that person's unlawful entry into the United States or avoiding apprehension or detection of that person's unlawful immigration status by state or federal authorities. (C) A person who violates the provisions of subsection (A) or (B) of this section is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be punished by a fine not to exceed five thousand dollars or by imprisonment for a term not to exceed five years, or both. (D) A person who is convicted of, pleads guilty to, or enters into a plea of nolo contendere to a violation of this section must not be permitted to seek or obtain any professional license offered by the State or any agency or political subdivision of the State. (E) Subsections (A) and (B) do not apply to programs, services, or assistance including soup kitchens, crisis counseling and intervention; churches or other religious institutions that are recognized as a 501(c)(3) organizations by the Internal Revenue Service; and short-term shelters specified by the United States Attorney General, in the United States Attorney General's sole discretion after consultation with appropriate federal agencies and departments, which: (i) deliver in-kind services at the community level, including through public or private nonprofit agencies; (ii) do not condition the provision of assistance, the amount of assistance provided, or the cost of assistance provided on the individual recipient's income or resources; and (iii) are necessary for the protection of life or safety. Shelter provided for strictly humanitarian purposes or provided under the Violence Against Women Act is not a violation of this section, so long as the shelter is not provided in furtherance of or in an attempt to conceal a person's illegal presence in the United States. (F) Providing health care treatment or services to a natural person who is in the United States unlawfully is not a violation of this section." SECTION 10. Chapter 13, Title 16 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 16-13-525. (A) In addition to the penalties provided for in this chapter, a person who is convicted of, pleads guilty to, or enters into a plea of nolo contendere to financial identity fraud or identity fraud involving the false, fictitious, or fraudulent creation or use of documents that enable an alien who is unlawfully present in the United States to live or work in the United States, or to receive benefits administered by an agency or political subdivision of this State, must disgorge any benefit received or make restitution to the agency or political subdivision that administered the benefit or entitlement program, or both. A criminal charge pursuant to this chapter shall not preempt or preclude additional appropriate civil or criminal charges or penalties. (B) A person who suffers an ascertainable loss of money or property, real or personal, as a result of a conviction or plea to a violation of financial identity fraud or identity fraud involving a matter described in subsection (A), may bring an action individually, or in a representative capacity, to recover actual damages against any person convicted of the violation. If a court finds that a violation has been established, the court shall award three times the actual damages sustained and may provide such other relief as it considers necessary or proper. Upon the finding by the court of a violation, the court shall award to the person bringing this action pursuant to this section reasonable attorney's fees and costs. (C) A person convicted of a violation of this subsection is jointly and severally liable for a loss suffered by a person or an agency or political subdivision of the State. (D)(1) It is unlawful for a person to display, cause or permit to be displayed, or have in his possession a false, fictitious, fraudulent, or counterfeit identity document including, but not limited to, a driver's license or social security card for the purpose of offering proof of United States citizenship or classification by the United States as an alien lawfully admitted for temporary or permanent residence under federal immigration law. (2) A person who violates the provisions of this section: (a) for a first offense, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days; and (b) for a second offense or subsequent offense, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than five years. (E) A violation of the provisions of this section is considered a separate criminal offense and does not preclude prosecution for perjury pursuant to Section 16-9-10 in addition to prosecution pursuant to the provisions of this section. (F) In enforcing the terms of this section, no state officer shall attempt to make an independent judgment of an alien's immigration status. State officials must verify any alien's status with the federal government in accordance with 8 U.S.C. Section 1373(c)." SECTION 11. Chapter 3, Title 23 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Article 13 Verification of Nationality of Prisoners Section 23-3-1100. (A) If a person is charged with a criminal offense and is confined for any period in a jail of the State, county, or municipality, or a jail operated by a regional jail authority, a reasonable effort shall be made to determine whether the confined person is an alien unlawfully present in the United States. (B) If the prisoner is an alien, the keeper of the jail or other officer must make a reasonable effort to verify whether the prisoner has been lawfully admitted to the United States or if the prisoner is unlawfully present in the United States. Verification must be made within seventy-two hours through a query to the Law Enforcement Support Center (LESC) of the United States Department of Homeland Security or other office or agency designated for that purpose by the United States Department of Homeland Security. If the prisoner is determined to be an alien unlawfully present in the United States, the keeper of the jail or other officer shall notify the United States Department of Homeland Security. (C) Upon notification to the United States Department of Homeland Security pursuant to subsection (B), the keeper of the jail must account for daily expenses incurred for the housing, maintenance, and care of the prisoner who is an alien unlawfully present in the United States and forward an invoice to the Department of Homeland Security for these expenses. (D) Nothing in this section shall be construed to deny a person bond or from being released from confinement when such person is otherwise eligible for release. However, pursuant to the provisions of Section 17-15-30, a court setting bond shall consider whether the person charged is an alien unlawfully present in the United States. (E) The State Law Enforcement Division shall promulgate regulations to comply with the provisions of this section in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of Title 1 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. (F) In enforcing the terms of this section, no state officer shall attempt to make an independent judgment of an alien's immigration status. State officials must verify any alien's status with the federal government in accordance with 8 U.S.C. Section 1373(c)." SECTION 12. Chapter 1, Title 41 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 41-1-30. (A) There is a civil right of action for wrongful termination against an employer who discharges an employee authorized to work in the United States for the purpose of replacing that employee with a person the employer knows or should reasonably know is an unauthorized alien. (B) An aggrieved employee must show: (a) the replacement occurred within sixty days of the date of the employee's termination, and (b) the replacement worker was an unauthorized alien at the time of the replacement; and (c) the employer knew or reasonably should have known of the replacement worker's status; and (d) the replacement worker filled duties and responsibilities the employee vacated. (C) This section does not create an employment contract for either a public or private employer. (D) An employee who brings a civil suit pursuant to this section is limited to the following recovery: (1) reinstatement to his former position; and (2) lost wages. (E) A cause of action does not arise against an employer who submits the necessary identifying information for all employees through the Systematic Alien Verification of Entitlement (SAVE) program, the E-Verify Program or a successor program used for verification of work authorization and operated by the United States Department of Homeland Security. (F) Any cause of action arising pursuant to this section is equitable in nature and must be brought within one year of the date of the alleged violation. (G) For any action brought pursuant to this section, the court may award attorney fees to the prevailing party. (H) This section takes effect ninety days after the effective date of the act." SECTION 13. Title 40 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "CHAPTER 83 Registration of Immigration Assistance Services Section 40-83-10. This act shall be cited as the 'Registration of Immigration Assistance Service Act'. Section 40-83-20. As used in this chapter, the term: (A) 'Compensation' means money, property, services, promise of payment, or anything else of value given in exchange for a service. (B) 'Director' means the Director of the South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, or his designee. (C) 'Employed by' means that a person is on the payroll of the employer and the employer deducts from the employee's paycheck social security and withholding taxes or that a person receives compensation from the employer on a commission basis or as an independent contractor. (D) 'Immigration assistance service' means information or action provided or offered to customers or prospective customers related to immigration matters, excluding legal advice, recommending a specific course of legal action or providing other assistance that requires legal analysis, legal judgment, or interpretation of the law. (E) 'Immigration matter' means a proceeding, filing, or action affecting the nonimmigrant, immigrant, or citizenship status of any person that arises under: (1) immigration and naturalization law, executive order, or presidential proclamation of the United States or any foreign country; or (2) action of the United States Department of Labor, the United States Department of State, the United States Department of Homeland Security, or the United States Department of Justice. Section 43-83-30. (A) A person who provides or offers to provide immigration assistance service shall perform only the following services: (1) completing a government agency form, requested by the customer and appropriate to the customer's needs only if the completion of that form does not involve a legal judgment for that particular matter; (2) transcribing responses to a government agency form that is related to an immigration matter but not advising a customer as to his or her answers on those forms; (3) translating information on forms to a customer and translating the customer's answers to questions posed on those forms; (4) securing for the customer supporting documents currently in existence, such as birth and marriage certificates, which may be needed to be submitted with government agency forms; (5) translating documents from a foreign language into English; (6) notarizing signatures on government agency forms, if the person performing the service is a notary public commissioned in the State of South Carolina and is lawfully present in the United States; (7) making referrals, without a fee, to attorneys who could undertake legal representation for a person in an immigration matter; (8) preparing or arranging for the preparation of photographs and fingerprints; (9) arranging for the performance of medical testing (including X-rays and AIDS tests) and the obtaining of reports of such test results; (10) conducting English language and civics courses; and (11) performing other services that the director determines by rule may be appropriately performed by such persons in light of the purposes of this chapter. (B) The following persons are exempt from this chapter: (1) an attorney licensed to practice law in South Carolina or an attorney licensed to practice law in another state or territory of the United States or in a foreign country when acting with the approval of a judge having lawful jurisdiction over the matter; (2) a legal intern, clerk, paralegal, or person in a similar position employed by and under the direct supervision of a licensed attorney meeting the requirements in item (1) of this subsection and rendering immigration assistance service in the course of employment; or (3) a not-for-profit organization recognized by the Board of Immigration Appeals under 8 C.F.R. 292.2(a), to include, but not be limited to, religious, charitable, social service, or similar organizations, and employees of those organizations accredited under 8 C.F.R. 292.2(d). (C) This chapter does not regulate any business to the extent that such regulation is prohibited or preempted by federal law. (D) A person performing the services described in this chapter shall obtain a business license from the Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation, and as may be required by a local governing authority. (E) A person who provides or offers immigration assistance service and is not exempted under this chapter shall post signs at his or her place of business setting forth information in English and in every other language in which the person provides or offers to provide immigration assistance service. Each language shall be on a separate sign. Signs shall be posted in a location where the signs will be visible to customers. Each sign shall be at least twelve inches by seventeen inches and shall contain the following statement: 'I AM NOT AN ATTORNEY LICENSED TO PRACTICE LAW AND MAY NOT GIVE LEGAL ADVICE OR ACCEPT FEES FOR LEGAL ADVICE.' (F) Each person engaged in immigration assistance service who is not an attorney who advertises immigration assistance service in a language other than English, whether by radio, television, signs, pamphlets, newspapers, or other written communication, with the exception of a single desk plaque, must include in the document, advertisement, stationery, letterhead, business card, or other comparable written material the following notice in English and the language in which the written communication appears. This notice shall be of a conspicuous font size, if in writing, and shall state: 'I AM NOT AN ATTORNEY LICENSED TO PRACTICE LAW AND MAY NOT GIVE LEGAL ADVICE OR ACCEPT FEES FOR LEGAL ADVICE.' If an advertisement is by radio or television, the statement may be modified but must include substantially the same information. (G) A person who provides or offers immigration assistance service and who is not exempted pursuant to the provisions of this chapter may not literally translate from English into another language any document, advertisement, stationery, letterhead, business card, or other comparable written material terms or titles including, but not limited to, notary public, notary, licensed attorney, lawyer, or another term that implies the person is an attorney. (H) A person engaged in providing immigration services who is not exempted under this chapter may not: (1) accept payment in exchange for providing legal advice or any other assistance that requires legal analysis, legal judgment, or interpretation of the law; (2) refuse to return documents supplied by, prepared on behalf of, or paid for by the customer upon the request of the customer. These documents must be returned upon request even if there is a fee dispute between the immigration assistant and the customer; (3) represent or advertise, in connection with providing assistance in immigration matters, other titles or credentials, including, but not limited to, 'notary public' or 'immigration consultant', that could cause a customer to believe that the person possesses special professional skills or is authorized to provide advice on an immigration matter, provided that a certified notary public may use the term ' notary public' if the use is accompanied by the statement that the person is not an attorney. The term 'notary public' may not be translated into another language; (4) provide legal advice, recommend a specific course of legal action, or provide any other assistance that requires legal analysis, legal judgment, or interpretation of the law; or (5) make any misrepresentation or false statement, directly or indirectly, to influence, persuade, or induce patronage. (I) Violations of this chapter may result in a civil penalty of up to one thousand dollars per violation and the revocation of the business license of the immigration assistance service. A fine charged pursuant to this chapter shall not preempt or preclude additional appropriate civil or criminal penalties to include disgorgement and restitution. (J) Any person who knowingly and willfully makes a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in any document prepared or executed as part of the provision of immigration assistance services in an immigration matter pursuant to this chapter, or anyone who aids or abets a person in knowingly and willfully making a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in any document prepared or executed as part of the provision of immigration assistance services in an immigration matter pursuant to this chapter, or who solicits or conspires to make a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in any document prepared or executed as part of the provision of immigration assistance services in an immigration matter pursuant to this chapter shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined in the discretion of the court or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. In addition, a person convicted of this subsection must disgorge any benefit received or make restitution, or both, to the agency or political subdivision that administered the benefit or entitlement program. It is a separate violation of this subsection each time a person knowingly and willfully makes, aids, or abets in the making of, or solicits or conspires to make a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in any document prepared or executed pursuant to this subsection. A criminal charge pursuant to this chapter shall not preempt or preclude additional appropriate civil or criminal charges or penalties. A person who suffers any ascertainable loss of money or property, real or personal, as a result of a conviction or plea to a violation of this subsection may bring an action individually, or in a representative capacity, to recover actual damages from any person convicted of the violation of this subsection. If the court finds that a violation has been established, the court shall award three times the actual damages sustained and may provide such other relief as it considers necessary or proper. Upon the finding by the court of a violation, the court shall award to the person bringing such action under this section reasonable attorney's fees and costs. (K) Persons convicted of a violation of this subsection are jointly and severally liable for any loss suffered by any person or any agency or political subdivision of the State. (L) The director shall promulgate regulations not inconsistent with this chapter for the implementation, administration, and enforcement of this chapter in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of Title 1 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. (M) This chapter shall not apply to anyone employed by or working for an educational institution who is registered as a designated school official with the SEVIS program, or a successor program, operated by the United States Department of Homeland Security." SECTION 14. Section 14-7-1630(A)(8) and (9) of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 82 of 2007, is further amended to read: "(8) a crime involving obscenity including, but not limited to, a crime as provided in Article 3, Chapter 15, Title 16 or any attempt, aiding, abetting, solicitation, or conspiracy to commit a crime involving obscenity; and (9) a crime involving the knowing and willful making of, aiding and abetting in the making of, or soliciting or conspiring to make a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in an affidavit regarding an alien's lawful presence in the United States, as defined in Section 43-5-1410, if the number of violations exceeds twenty or if the public benefit received by a person from a violation or combination of violations exceeds twenty thousand dollars; (10) a crime involving financial identity fraud or identity fraud involving the false, fictitious, or fraudulent creation or use of documents used in an immigration matter as defined in Section 16-13-525, if the number of violations exceeds twenty, or if the value of the ascertainable loss of money or property suffered by a person or persons from a violation or combination of violations exceeds twenty thousand dollars; (11) a crime involving the knowing and willful making of, aiding or abetting in the making of, or soliciting or conspiring to make a false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation in a document prepared or executed as part of the provision of immigration assistance services in an immigration matter, as defined in Section 40-91-40, if the number of violations exceeds twenty, or if a benefit received by a person from a violation or combination of violations exceeds twenty thousand dollars; and (12) a knowing and willful crime involving actual and substantial harm to the water, ambient air, soil or land, or both soil and land. This crime includes a knowing and willful violation of the Pollution Control Act, the Atomic Energy and Radiation Control Act, the State Underground Petroleum Environmental Response Bank Act, the State Safe Drinking Water Act, the Hazardous Waste Management Act, the Infectious Waste Management Act, the Solid Waste Policy and Management Act, the Erosion and Sediment Control Act, the South Carolina Mining Act, and the Coastal Zone Management Act, or a knowing and willful crime arising out of or in connection with environmental laws, or any attempt, aiding, abetting, solicitation, or conspiracy to commit a knowing and willful crime involving the environment if the anticipated actual damages including, but not limited to, the cost of remediation, are two million dollars or more, as certified by an independent environmental engineer who must be contracted by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. If the knowing and willful crime is a violation of federal law, then a conviction or an acquittal pursuant to federal law for the same act is a bar to the impaneling of a state grand jury pursuant to this section." SECTION 15. Article 6, Chapter 23, Title 16 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 16-23-530. (A) It is unlawful for an alien unlawfully present in the United States to possess, purchase, offer to purchase, sell, lease, rent, barter, exchange, or transport into this State a firearm. (B) It is unlawful for an alien unlawfully present in the United States to knowingly sell, offer to sell, deliver, lease, rent, barter, exchange, or transport for sale into this State a firearm to a person knowing that such person is not lawfully present in the United States. (C) A person violating the provisions of subsection (A) of this section is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than ten thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. (D) A person violating the provisions of subsection (B) of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than two thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than three years, or both." SECTION 16. Section 17-15-30 of the 1976 Code, as last amended by Act 106 of 2005, is further amended to read: "Section 17-15-30. (A) In determining conditions of release that will reasonably assure appearance, or if release would constitute an unreasonable danger to the community, the court may, on the basis of available information, consider the nature and circumstances of the offense charged, and the accused's: (1) family ties,; (2) employment,; (3) financial resources,; (4) character and mental condition,; (5) the length of his residence in the community,; (6) his record of convictions,; and (7) his record of flight to avoid prosecution or failure to appear at other court proceedings. (B) The court shall consider: (1) the accused's criminal record, if any. The court shall consider, if available,; (2) all incident reports generated as a result of the offense charged, if available; and (3) whether the accused is an alien unlawfully present in the United States, and poses a substantial flight risk due to this status." SECTION 17. Chapter 101, Title 59 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 59-101-430. (A) A alien unlawfully present in the United States is not eligible to attend a public institution of higher learning in this State, as defined in Section 59-103-5. The trustees of a public institution of higher learning in this State shall develop and institute a process by which lawful presence in the United States is verified. In doing so, institution personnel shall not attempt to independently verify the immigration status of any alien, but shall verify any alien's immigration status with the federal government pursuant to 8 U.S.C. Section 1373(c). (B) A person not lawfully present in the United States is not eligible on the basis of residence for a public higher education benefit including, but not limited to, scholarships, financial aid, grants, or resident tuition." SECTION 18. Chapter 1, Title 6 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 6-1-170. (A) For purposes of this section, 'political subdivision' includes, but is not limited to, a municipality, county, school district, special purpose district, or public service district. (B) A political subdivision of this State may not enact any ordinance or policy that limits or prohibits a law enforcement officer, local official, or local government employee from seeking to enforce a state law with regard to immigration. (C) A political subdivision of this State may not enact any ordinance or policy that limits or prohibits a law enforcement officer, local official, or local government employee from communicating to appropriate federal or state officials with regard to the immigration status of any person within this State. (D) A city, county, municipality, or other local government or political subdivision may not enact any ordinance, regulation, or other legislation pertaining to the employment, licensing, permitting, or otherwise doing business with a person based upon that person's authorization to work in the United States that exceeds or otherwise conflicts with federal law or that is in conflict with state law. An enactment found to be in conflict with federal or state law is void." SECTION 19. Title 41 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "CHAPTER 8 Illegal Aliens and Private Employment Section 41-8-10. (A) On and after July 1, 2009, all private employers of one hundred or more employees must: (1) register and participate in the federal work authorization program to verify information of all new employees; or (2) employ only workers who: (a) possess a valid South Carolina driver's license or identification card issued by the South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles; or (b) are eligible to obtain a South Carolina driver's license or identification card in that they meet the requirements set forth in S.C. Code Ann. Section 56-1-40 through 56-1-90; or (c) possess a valid driver's license or identification card from another state where the license requirements are at least as strict as those in South Carolina, as determined by the Attorney General. (B) The provisions of subsection (A) apply to all private employers of less than one hundred employees on and after January 1, 2010. (C) The Employment Security Commission may provide private employers with technical advice and electronic access to the federal work authorization program's website for the sole purpose of registering and participating in the program. Section 41-8-20. The provisions of this chapter are enforceable without regard to race, religion, gender, ethnicity, or national origin. Section 41-8-30. A private employer shall not knowingly or intentionally employ an alien unlawfully present in the United States. Section 41-8-40. A private employer who in good faith complies with the requirements of this chapter may not be sanctioned or subjected to any civil or administrative action for employing an alien unlawfully present in the United States and not authorized to work. Section 41-8-60. A person who knowingly makes or files any false, fictitious, or fraudulent document, statement, or report pursuant to this chapter is guilty of a felony, and, upon conviction, must be fined within the discretion of the court or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both. Section 41-8-70. A local government must not enact any ordinance or policy that limits or prohibits a law enforcement officer, local official, or local government employee from seeking to enforce the provisions of this chapter. Section 41-8-80. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, the director shall prescribe all forms and promulgate regulations deemed necessary for the application of this article to contracts or agreements and may publish these regulations on the Budget and Control Board's website in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 23 of Title 1 of the South Carolina Code of Laws. Section 41-8-90. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to abrogate a private employer's obligation to comply with federal immigration law, to include the proper completing and maintaining of federal Employee Eligibility Verification Forms I-9." SECTION 20. All requirements of this act concerning immigration or the classification of immigration status must be construed in conformity with federal immigration law. SECTION 21. If any subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of Section 19 is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of the Section, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other subsections, items, subitems, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. SECTION 22. If any section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, items, subitems, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. SECTION 23. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. With Senator RITCHIE retaining the floor, Senator McCONNELL asked unanimous consent to make a motion that the Bill be placed in the status of Interrupted Debate, carrying over consideration of H. 3032 until tomorrow; when the Senate adjourns today, it stand adjourned to meet at 11:00 A.M. tomorrow; and, the Senate would proceed to a Call of the Uncontested Local and Statewide Calendar and upon conclusion, the Senate would stand adjourned. There was no objection and the motion was adopted. On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, debate was interrupted, with Senator RITCHIE retaining the floor. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. ORDERED ENROLLED FOR RATIFICATION The following Bills were read the third time and, having received three readings in both Houses, it was ordered that the titles be changed to that of Acts and enrolled for Ratification: H. 3543 (Word version) -- Reps. Funderburk and Mulvaney: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-23-230, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE, RENEWAL, AND REINSTATEMENT OF A LICENSE ISSUED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATION BOARD, AMONG OTHER THINGS, SO AS TO CHANGE THE PERIOD IN WHICH A LICENSEE MAY FILE AN APPLICATION TO REINSTATE A LAPSED LICENSE FROM NINETY DAYS TO THREE HUNDRED SIXTY FIVE DAYS, AND TO REQUIRE THAT AN APPLICANT SEEKING REINSTATEMENT OF A LAPSED LICENSE MEET CERTAIN CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS. H. 4774 (Word version) -- Reps. Littlejohn, Brantley, Whipper, Anthony, Bales, Bowers, Breeland, Clyburn, Erickson, Hardwick, Herbkersman, Hodges, Hosey, Jefferson, Kelly, Loftis, Lowe, Mack, Mahaffey, Owens, Phillips, Rice, W.D. Smith, Williams and Witherspoon: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 12-6-3750 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A NONREFUNDABLE INCOME TAX CREDIT FOR ANY MEAT PACKER, BUTCHER, OR PROCESSING PLANT LICENSED OR PERMITTED BY THIS STATE OR THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THAT, DURING THE TAX YEAR FOR WHICH THE CREDIT IS CLAIMED, HAD A VALID CONTRACT WITH A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION TO PROCESS DEER FOR DONATION TO ANY CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION ENGAGED IN DISTRIBUTING FOOD TO THE NEEDY, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE AMOUNT OF THE CREDIT SHALL BE FIFTY DOLLARS FOR EACH CARCASS PROCESSED AND DONATED. HOUSE BILL RETURNED The following House Bill was read the third time and ordered returned to the House with amendments: H. 4520 (Word version) -- Reps. Cooper, Harrell, Cobb-Hunter, Walker, Perry, Battle, Skelton, Thompson, Alexander, Ballentine, Edge, Harrison, Hayes, Limehouse, J.H. Neal, Ott, Owens, Williams, Spires, Whipper, R. Brown, Hosey, Mitchell and Hodges: A BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA TO ISSUE REVENUE BONDS TO PROVIDE FUNDS FOR THE ACQUISITION, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPPING OF A NEW BUSINESS SCHOOL FACILITY AND FOR THE RENOVATION OF THE CLOSE-HIPP BUILDING FOR LEASE AND OCCUPANCY BY AN AGENCY OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, TO PROVIDE THAT THE REVENUE BONDS SHALL BE SECURED BY AND PAYABLE FROM A PLEDGE OF THE LEASE PAYMENTS, AND TO PROVIDE THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE REVENUE BONDS MAY BE ISSUED. The following Bills were read the third time and ordered sent to the House of Representatives: S. 241 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Knotts, Reese, Leventis, Jackson, Thomas, Pinckney, McGill, Hutto, Sheheen, Williams, Matthews, Patterson, Cromer, Scott, Setzler and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 16, TITLE 9 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 9-16-55, TO REQUIRE THE RETIREMENT SYSTEM INVESTMENT COMMISSION, ACTING CONSISTENTLY WITH ITS FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY, TO DIVEST ITS PORTFOLIO OF INVESTMENTS IN CERTAIN COMPANIES THAT IN THEIR OPERATIONS ARE COMPLICIT WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN IN THE DARFUR GENOCIDE AND TO PROHIBIT FUTURE INVESTMENTS BY THE COMMISSION IN SUCH COMPANIES. S. 401 (Word version) -- Senators Setzler and Leatherman: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 11-35-310, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS FOR PURPOSES OF THE CONSOLIDATED PROCUREMENT CODE, SO AS TO DELETE THE DEFINITION FOR "OFFICE"; AND TO AMEND SECTION 11-35-1524, RELATING TO VENDOR PREFERENCES, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR PREFERENCES FOR END PRODUCTS FROM SOUTH CAROLINA AND FROM THE UNITED STATES AND FOR CONTRACTORS AND SUBCONTRACTORS WHO EMPLOY INDIVIDUALS DOMICILED IN SOUTH CAROLINA, TO DEFINE CERTAIN TERMS, PROVIDE FOR ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PREFERENCES, PROVIDE FOR APPLICATION FOR THE PREFERENCES AND PENALTIES FOR FALSE APPLICATION, AND TO MAKE EXCEPTIONS TO THE PREFERENCES. S. 773 (Word version) -- Senators Hawkins and Ritchie: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 77 TO CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES SHALL ISSUE SPECIAL MOTOR VEHICLE LICENSE PLATES TO CERTAIN OFFICIALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE STORM EYE INSTITUTE FOR PRIVATE PASSENGER MOTOR VEHICLES OWNED BY THEM. S. 808 (Word version) -- Senators Hawkins, Hayes, Thomas, Ceips, Knotts, Leventis, Ritchie, Fair and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 7, TITLE 20 OF THE 1976 CODE, TO ENACT THE MILITARY PARENT EQUAL PROTECTION ACT, TO PROVIDE THAT A MILITARY PARENT'S MILITARY SERVICE SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED A CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCE FOR PURPOSES OF CHILD CUSTODY AND VISITATION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE CUSTODIAL NON-MILITARY PARENT MUST REASONABLY ACCOMMODATE THE MILITARY PARENT'S LEAVE SCHEDULE, TO PROVIDE THAT THE FAMILY COURT MAY HOLD AN EXPEDITED TEMPORARY HEARING TO ENSURE THAT THE MILITARY PARENT HAS ACCESS TO A MINOR CHILD, AND TO PROVIDE THAT ANY INCREASE OR DECREASE IN EARNING CAPACITY DUE TO MILITARY SERVICE IS NOT CONSIDERED A PERMANENT CHANGE. S. 980 (Word version) -- Senator Lourie: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-121, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CREATION, PURPOSE, AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GUARDIAN AD LITEM PROGRAM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NOTHING PROHIBITS A COUNTY FROM PROVIDING GUARDIAN AD LITEM SERVICES IF THE COUNTY'S PROGRAM IS CERTIFIED BY THE NATIONAL COURT APPOINTED SPECIAL ADVOCATE ASSOCIATION AND TO PROVIDE THAT THIS SUBARTICLE APPLIES TO SUCH PROGRAMS; TO AMEND SECTIONS 20-7-126 AND 20-7-127, BOTH AS AMENDED, RELATING, RESPECTIVELY, TO CONFIDENTIALITY OF RECORDS AND IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY, SO AS TO FURTHER SPECIFY THAT THESE PROVISIONS APPLY TO COUNTY GUARDIAN AD LITEM PROGRAMS; AND TO AMEND SECTION 20-7-129, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO FUNDING PROVIDED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA GUARDIAN AD LITEM PROGRAM, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT SUCH FUNDING IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE PROVIDED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY FOR A COUNTY GUARDAIN AD LITEM PROGRAM. S. 1006 (Word version) -- Senators Ritchie, McConnell, Setzler, Leventis, Knotts, Lourie, Hutto, Martin, Hayes, Ceips, Reese, Elliott, Hawkins, Fair and Bryant: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 23 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 23-1-235 TO PROVIDE THAT A SPOUSE OR DEPENDENT OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER OR FIREFIGHTER KILLED IN THE LINE OF DUTY MAY CONTINUE TO RECEIVE HEALTH AND DENTAL BENEFITS. S. 1010 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Williams, Leventis, Hutto, Malloy, Ford, Land, Jackson, Reese, Patterson, Matthews, Sheheen and Knotts: A BILL TO ENACT THE "HEALTH CARE ACCESSIBILITY FOR YOUNG AMERICANS ACT", INCLUDING PROVISIONS, TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 38-71-295 SO AS TO PROVIDE HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE UNDER A PARENT'S POLICY FOR CERTAIN MILITARY PERSONNEL ON TERMINATION OF ACTIVE DUTY STATUS, AMONG OTHER THINGS; BY ADDING SECTION 38-71-300 SO AS TO DEFINE THE TERMS "DEPENDENT" AND "ELIGIBLE DEPENDENT" FOR HEALTH INSURANCE POLICIES ISSUED IN THIS STATE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-71-350, RELATING TO THE REQUIRED CONTINUATION OF COVERAGE FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN UNDER A PARENT'S INDIVIDUAL POLICY, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 38-71-360, RELATING TO THE REQUIRED CONTINUATION OF COVERAGE FOR NONHANDICAPPED CHILDREN UNDER A PARENT'S INDIVIDUAL POLICY, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; TO AMEND SECTION 38-71-780, RELATING TO THE REQUIRED CONTINUATION OF COVERAGE TO HANDICAPPED AND DEPENDENT CHILDREN UNDER A PARENT'S GROUP POLICY, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 38-71-1330, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS CONCERNING SMALL EMPLOYER HEALTH INSURANCE, SO AS TO MAKE CONFORMING CHANGES. S. 1048 (Word version) -- Senators Martin and Alexander: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-4-120, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE SUNDAY SALE OF WINE OR BEER IN THIS STATE, SO AS TO PROVIDE AN EXCEPTION FOR WINE THAT IS HARVESTED, PROCESSED, FERMENTED, BOTTLED, AND SOLD AT THE SAME CONTIGUOUS LOCATION. Recorded Vote Senators ANDERSON and VERDIN desired to be recorded as voting against the third reading of the Bill. S. 1076 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Alexander, Peeler, Rankin, Hutto, Martin, Land, Leventis, Hayes, Setzler, Ceips, Ford, Williams, Malloy and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 4, TITLE 58, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, RELATING TO THE OFFICE OF REGULATORY STAFF, BY ADDING SECTION 58-4-140 SO AS TO CREATE A NON-PROFIT ENTITY NAMED OPERATION EMPOWERED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS TO IMPLEMENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION MEASURES. S. 1140 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Peeler, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Setzler, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY, BY ADDING ARTICLE 12 SO AS TO ESTABLISH ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY GOALS FOR STATE GOVERNMENT, TO DIRECT STATE AGENCIES TO PROCURE ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS, AND TO DIRECT EVERY STATE AGENCY HEAD TO REQUIRE THE REPLACEMENT OF ALL INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS WITH COMPACT FLUORESCENT LIGHT BULBS IN EACH STATE AGENCY BY JULY 1, 2011. S. 1141 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Rankin, Martin, Leventis, Peeler, Alexander, Hayes, Setzler, Hutto, Ceips, Knotts and Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2110, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE CALCULATION OF TAX ON MANUFACTURED HOMES, SO AS TO REFINE THE DEFINITION OF A MANUFACTURED HOME THAT IS SUBJECT TO A MAXIMUM SALES TAX BECAUSE IT MEETS CERTAIN ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 52, TITLE 48 BY ADDING ARTICLE 10 SO AS TO ESTABLISH AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM FOR THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MANUFACTURED HOMES IN SOUTH CAROLINA. S. 1143 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Martin, Alexander, Hayes, Hutto, Ceips, Peeler, Leventis, Rankin, Setzler, Knotts and Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-36-2120, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO EXEMPTIONS FROM THE STATE SALES TAX, SO AS TO INCLUDE THE GROSS PROCEEDS OF SALES OR THE SALES PRICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCES. S. 1158 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes, Sheheen, Gregory, Short and Peeler: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 49-29-230, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SCENIC RIVER DESIGNATIONS, SO AS TO DESIGNATE A PORTION OF THE CATAWBA RIVER AS A SCENIC RIVER. S. 1172 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Ford, Fair, Elliott, Thomas, Short, O'Dell, Reese and Anderson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-5-50, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO FILLING OF VACANCIES IN THE OFFICE OF THE CORONER, SO AS TO FURTHER PROVIDE FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH THESE VACANCIES SHALL BE FILLED AND FOR THE PERSON WHO SHALL ACT IN THE CORONER'S PLACE IF A VACANCY OR SUSPENSION IN THE OFFICE EXISTS. S. 1210 (Word version) -- Senator Leatherman: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 49-29-230(4) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO SCENIC RIVERS, TO EXPAND THE PORTION OF LYNCHES RIVER THAT IS DESIGNATED AS A SCENIC RIVER. S. 1224 (Word version) -- Senator Leatherman: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 133, TITLE 59 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY, BY ADDING ARTICLE 3 TO PROVIDE FOR FRANCIS MARION UNIVERSITY ATHLETIC FACILITIES REVENUE BONDS. S. 1260 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Elliott, Short, Reese, Drummond, Thomas and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 47-1-145 SO AS TO ENACT THE "PROVISIONS FOR COST OF ANIMAL CARE ACT OF 2008" TO PROVIDE THAT THE CUSTODIAN OF AN ANIMAL TAKEN INTO CUSTODY DUE TO CIVIL OR CRIMINAL VIOLATIONS BY ITS OWNER MAY PETITION THE COURT FOR EXPENSES RELATED TO PROVIDING CARE TO THE ANIMAL; TO ESTABLISH PROCEDURES FOR HEARING SUCH PETITIONS AND FOR THE COLLECTION AND USE OF FUNDS ORDERED TO BE PAID; TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO FAILS TO PAY SUCH FUNDS FORFEITS RIGHTS OF OWNERSHIP TO THE ANIMAL AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE DISPOSITION OF SUCH AN ANIMAL; AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE RETURN OF FUNDS WHEN A PERSON IS NOT FOUND TO BE IN VIOLATION. Senator CAMPSEN asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. Motion Under Rule 26B Senator CAMPSEN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill. Senator CAMPSEN explained the amendment. Senator CAMPSEN proposed the following amendment (1260R002.GEC), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by adding appropriately numbered new SECTIONS to read: / SECTION ___. Section 47-1-130 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 47-1-130. (A) Any person violating the laws in relation to cruelty to animals may be arrested and held, without warrant, in the same manner as in the case of persons found breaking the peace. (B) A person acting as an agent of the South Carolina Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or any society duly incorporated for that purpose, may only arrest a person for a violation of this chapter if he has been vested with the power to arrest by a sheriff or the governing body of a county or municipality, but he may assist with a lawful investigation of alleged violations of this chapter, accompany law enforcement officers making arrests for a violation of this chapter, participate with law enforcement officers in the seizure of animals pursuant to a lawful arrest, and take custody of animals pursuant to Section 47-1-120." SECTION ___. Section 47-1-140 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 47-1-140. The person making the arrest, with or without warrant, shall use reasonable diligence to give notice to the owner of the animals found in the charge or custody of the person arrested, if the person is not the owner, and shall care and provide properly for the animals. The person making such arrest shall have a lien on the animals for the expense of such care and provision. But if such person making the arrest be an agent of the South Carolina Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or other society incorporated for that purpose, the provisions of Section 47-1-120 shall apply in lieu of the provisions of this section. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an animal may be seized preceding an arrest and pursuant to Section 47-1-150."/ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives with amendments. S. 997 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Leventis, Sheheen, Cleary, Cromer, Setzler, Campbell, Ceips, Massey, Drummond, Matthews and Thomas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 56-1-175 AND 56-1-180, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A CONDITIONAL DRIVER'S LICENSE AND SPECIAL RESTRICTED DRIVER'S LICENSE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT AFTER DECEMBER 31, 2008, A PERSON WHO IS ISSUED ONE OF THESE FORMS OF DRIVER'S LICENSES MUST HAVE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED A TEEN DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSE THAT IS APPROVED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill. Committee on Transportation proposed the following amendment (997R002.GEC), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, page 2, by striking item (6) on lines 1-4 and inserting: / (6) after December 31, 2008, successfully completed a teen defensive driving course that has been approved by the Department of Public Safety. A teen defensive driving course taught by an entity subject to licensing under Chapter 23 of Title 56 must be separate and distinct from the defensive driving courses described in Sections 56-1-770 and 56-23-60. Entities exempted from Chapter 23 of Title 56 by Section 56-23-20 may incorporate the teen defensive driving course into their overall instructional classes." / Amend the bill further, SECTION 2, page 2, by striking item (6) on lines 23-26 and inserting: / (6) after December 31, 2008, successfully completed a teen defensive driving course that has been approved by the Department of Public Safety. A teen defensive driving course taught by an entity subject to licensing under Chapter 23 of Title 56 must be separate and distinct from the defensive driving courses described in Sections 56-1-770 and 56-23-60. Entities exempted from Chapter 23 of Title 56 by Section 56-23-20 may incorporate the teen defensive driving course into their overall instructional classes." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Motion Under Rule 26B Senator RYBERG asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B. There was no objection. Senator RYBERG proposed the following amendment (997R006.WGR), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, SECTION 1, by adding an unnumbered paragraph at the end of subsection (A) to read: / A defensive driving course, as required by item (6), may only be taught in a public school if the course is taught after regular school hours and is available to the public. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, SECTION 2, by adding an unnumbered paragraph at the end of subsection (A) to read: / A defensive driving course, as required by item (6), may only be taught in a public school if the course is taught after regular school hours and is available to the public. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 3 and inserting: / SECTION 3. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor and upon the Department of Public Safety certifying that the defensive driving course has been implemented in every county in this State. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator RYBERG explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives with amendments. S. 1090 (Word version) -- Senators Thomas, Ford, Anderson and Jackson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA MORTGAGE LENDING ACT", BY ADDING CHAPTER 22 TO TITLE 37 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE LICENSING OF A MORTGAGE LENDER, LOAN OFFICER, LIMITED LOAN OFFICER, OR SOMEONE ACTING AS A MORTGAGE LENDER; TO PROVIDE DEFINITIONS; TO ESTABLISH QUALIFICATIONS FOR LICENSURE AND GROUNDS FOR REVOCATION, SUSPENSION, RENEWAL, AND TERMINATION; TO DESCRIBE PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES; TO PROVIDE FOR RECORD-KEEPING, TRUST AND ESCROW ACCOUNTS, AND ANNUAL REPORTS; TO PROVIDE FOR THE FELONY OFFENSE OF MORTGAGE FRAUD AND PENALTIES; TO PROVIDE FOR ENFORCEMENT OTHERWISE THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS AND THROUGH CRIMINAL PENALTIES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 37-1-301, 37-3-501, AND 37-23-20, ALL RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH MORTGAGE LENDING AND BROKERING AND HIGH-COST AND CONSUMER HOME LOANS, SO AS TO CONFORM DEFINITIONS, AND TO ADD A DEFINITION FOR "ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE"; TO AMEND SECTIONS 37-23-40, 37-23-45, AND 37-23-75, ALL RELATING TO PROTECTIONS FOR THE BORROWER IN A HIGH-COST OR CONSUMER HOME LOAN TRANSACTION, SO AS TO REQUIRE CERTAIN DISCLOSURES IN CONNECTION WITH AN ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 58 OF TITLE 40, RELATING TO THE REGISTRATION OF MORTGAGE LOAN BROKERS, SO AS TO CHANGE THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS TO LICENSING REQUIREMENTS, TO REDEFINE "MORTGAGE BROKER", "EXEMPT ORGANIZATION", "RESIDENTIAL REAL PROPERTY", INTER ALIA, AND TO ADD NEW DEFINITIONS, INCLUDING "BRANCH OFFICE", "PATTERN OF RESIDENTIAL MORTGAGE FRAUD", "TABLEFUNDING", AND OTHERS; TO REQUIRE CERTAIN PROFESSIONAL COURSES, AN ADDITIONAL YEAR OF EXPERIENCE, AND A FINGERPRINT CHECK FOR MORTGAGE BROKERS AND MORTGAGE ORIGINATORS; TO REQUIRE CERTAIN RECORDS BE KEPT AND MADE ACCESSIBLE; TO ADD CERTAIN PROHIBITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH A REAL ESTATE APPRAISAL; TO REQUIRE AND PRESCRIBE MORTGAGE BROKER AGREEMENTS; TO AUTHORIZE ENFORCEMENT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, AND PRESCRIBE ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES INCLUDING FINES AND INJUNCTIONS AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES; TO REQUIRE CERTAIN REPORTS AND FILINGS; AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE FELONY OFFENSE OF MORTGAGE FRAUD AND PENALTIES. Motion Under Rule 26B Senator THOMAS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill. Senators MARTIN and ALEXANDER proposed the following amendment (1090R003.LAM), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, on page 3, by striking lines 9 - 13 and inserting: / (3) 'Administrator' means the administrator of the Department of Consumer Affairs (department) or the administrator's designees; except that, for purposes of licensing, investigation, examination, and regulation of a person who is also licensed as a supervised lender, including any persons engaged by a licensed supervised lender to engage in the solicitation and acceptance of applications for mortgage loans, the term 'administrator' as used in this chapter means the State Board of Financial Institutions (board). / Amend the bill, as and if amended, on page 22, by striking lines 31 - 43 and on page 23, by striking lines 1 - 5 and inserting: / (2) Beginning on January 1, 2010, in addition to the records required to be maintained by licensees pursuant to Subsection(C)(1), each licensee shall maintain a mortgage log that at a minimum identifies the borrower, including his credit score, the property, the loan terms, the loan officer, the appraiser, the closing agent, the broker, and the lender. To assist the Department of Consumer Affairs administrator in identifying possible discriminatory mortgage lending patterns, each licensee shall submit to the administrator by March thirty-first of each year his mortgage log data and the data identified in 12 CFR Part 203 et seq., in a form determined by the administrator. The licensee shall pay a fine of one hundred dollars a day for late or incomplete data submissions, after notification and right to cure. Data collected by the administrator pursuant to this section is confidential and may be released only in composite form. The board annually shall submit to the department, in a form prescribed by the department and no later than April thirtieth, the data that it collected. The department shall prepare and make available to the public a report based on the above referenced data. The report must be available by June thirtieth each year. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator THOMAS explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives with amendments. On motion of Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, the name of Senator MALLOY was added as a co-sponsor of S. 1090. S. 429 (Word version) -- Senator Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 17, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRIMINAL PROCEDURES, BY ADDING ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 28, THE "ACCESS TO JUSTICE POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR POST-CONVICTION DNA TESTING, AND BY ADDING ARTICLE 3, CHAPTER 28, THE "PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE ACT", SO AS TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE. Motion Under Rule 26B Senator MALLOY asked unanimous consent to make a motion to take up further amendments pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B. There was no objection. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill. Senator MALLOY proposed the following amendment (429R002.GM), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 10, by striking line 13 and inserting: / information at a subsequent hearing or trial. Section 17-28-120. No more than one hundred fifty thousand dollars may be expended from the general fund in any fiscal year to administer the provisions of this article." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator MALLOY explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered sent to the House of Representatives with amendments. The following Bills, having been read the second time, were ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar: S. 511 (Word version) -- Senators Thomas and Verdin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-59-30 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING LICENSE, TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON MUST HAVE A LICENSE TO FILE A MECHANICS LIEN, TO PROVIDE THE PROCESS FOR A RESIDENTIAL SPECIALTY CONTRACTOR FILING A MECHANICS LIEN AGAINST A RESIDENTIAL BUILDER, TO PROVIDE FOR A RELEASE BOND, AND TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR A FRAUDULENT LIEN. Senator RYBERG explained the Bill. S. 511--Provisions of Rule 26B Waived Senator RYBERG asked unanimous consent to make a motion to waive the provisions of Rule 26B, carrying over consideration of the committee amendment. There was no objection and the provisions of Rule 26B were waived, carrying over consideration of the committee amendment. S. 1329 (Word version) -- Senators McGill and Grooms: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION AND LICENSING BY ADDING ARTICLE 101 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF "I BELIEVE" SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES. S. 1329--Ordered to a Third Reading On motion of Senator LAND, S. 1329 was ordered to receive a third reading on Wednesday, April 30, 2008. S. 881 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, O'Dell and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 20-7-865 SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE FAMILY COURT TO ISSUE A RULE TO SHOW CAUSE UPON THE FILING OF AN AFFIDAVIT THAT A PARENT HAS FAILED TO PAY COURT-ORDERED SUPPORT, OTHER THAN PERIODIC PAYMENT OF FUNDS FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE CHILD, TO PROVIDE FOR SERVICE BY REGULAR MAIL, TO PROVIDE THAT THE AFFIDAVIT AND CERTAIN OTHER DOCUMENTATION IS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF NONPAYMENT, SHIFTING THE BURDEN OF PROOF, AND TO PROVIDE A DEFENSE. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary. The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD0881.003), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting language and inserting therein the following: / SECTION 1. Subarticle 3, Article 9, Chapter 7, Title 20 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 20-7-865. (A) If a court order requires a parent to provide monetary support for a child, including, but not limited to, payment of health, medical, or educational expenses, but excluding periodic payment of funds for the support of the child, and the parent fails to do so, the other parent or the child's custodial guardian may petition the court for relief using an authorized affidavit and supporting documents setting forth the existence of the expense and the failure of the parent to pay the required support. (1) Within sixty days of approval by the Governor of this act, Court Administration shall prepare the authorized affidavit form and make it available to petitioners seeking relief under the provisions of this section. The authorized affidavit form must contain the following information: (a) the names and addresses of the petitioner and the parent alleged to have failed to make the support payment; (b) the amount and nature of the support payment the parent allegedly failed to make; (c) the date and manner in which the petitioner notified the alleged non-paying parent and requested payment; (d) the response, if any, of the alleged non-paying parent upon receiving the petitioner's request for payment; and (e) if the matter relates to an expense covered by an insurance policy, whether an insurance claim has been filed, and if so, the insurance carrier's response. (2) The authorized affidavit must be accompanied by the following documents: (a) a copy of the court order requiring the parent to provide monetary support for a child excluding periodic payments of funds for support; (b) a certified copy of any bill, invoice, or other written document, dated within sixty days of the filing of the petition, substantiating the expense the petitioner claims the parent is required to pay; (c) a copy of any written request for payment of the support by the petitioner to the alleged non-paying parent; (d) a copy of any written reply from the alleged non-paying parent to the parent responding to the petitioner's request for payment; (e) if the matter relates to an expense covered by an insurance policy, a copy of all correspondence to and from the insurance carrier pertaining to payment of the claim; and (f) the current mailing address of the alleged non-paying parent. (3) Upon receipt of a petition accompanied by an authorized affidavit, the court shall issue a rule to show cause to the alleged non-paying parent for nonpayment of the required support. The parent must be served in accordance with the South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. The court also shall provide notice of the hearing to the petitioner. (B)(1) At the hearing on the rule to show cause, the order requiring the monetary support, the authorized affidavit, and the supporting documentation required in subsection (A)(2), constitute prima facie evidence, without further proof or foundation, that the parent is in violation of the court order requiring the support. (2) Once a prima facie case is established, the burden is on the parent asserting a defense to establish the defense. (C) If the family court determines that the petitioner's claim for support is frivolous, or that the petitioner knowingly or intentionally made or filed a false authorized affidavit, or knowingly or intentionally submitted false documents in support of the petition, the court may award the parent reasonable attorney's fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in the defense of the petition." SECTION 2. This act takes effect ninety days after approval by the Governor. / Amend title to conform. Senator RITCHIE explained the committee amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. H. 3279 (Word version) -- Rep. Scott: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 11, TITLE 1, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 6 SO AS TO ESTABLISH THE MOBILITY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY AS A DIVISION WITHIN THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD, AND TO PROVIDE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES; TO AMEND SECTIONS 57-1-20, 57-3-10, AND 57-3-20, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND ITS DIVISIONS, SO AS TO DELETE THE MASS TRANSIT DIVISION; TO REPEAL SECTION 57-3-40, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MASS TRANSIT DIVISION'S POWERS AND DUTIES; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 25, TITLE 58, RELATING TO REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITIES. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Transportation. The Committee on Transportation proposed the following amendment (3279R001.LKG), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, on page 2, by striking lines 6 - 41 and inserting: / (B) The committee shall be composed of the following members: (1) one member appointed by the Governor, who must represent the transportation community; (2) one member appointed by the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, who must represent the transportation community; (3) one member appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who must represent the transportation community; (4) the Chairman of the Senate Transportation Committee, or his designee; (5) the Chairman of the House of Representatives Education and Public Works Committee, or his designee; (6) the Secretary of the Department of Transportation, or his designee; (7) the President of the Transportation Association of South Carolina, or his designee; (8) the Executive Director of the South Carolina Budget and Control Board, or his designee; (9) one member representing the Council of Governments; (10) the State Director of the Department of Social Services, or his designee; (11) the State Director of the Department of Health and Human Services, or his designee; (12) the Secretary of Commerce, or his designee; (13) the Director of the Lieutenant Governor's Office on Aging, or his designee; (14) the State Director of the Department of Disabilities and Special Needs, or his designee; and (15) the State Director of the Vocational Rehabilitation Department, or his designee. All appointments shall be made by July 31, 2008. The study committee members shall serve without compensation or any per diem. No two appointees may represent the same state agency. Those individuals making appointments shall notify the Secretary of the Department of Transportation of their appointments, and the Secretary of the Department of Transportation shall call the initial meeting. The Secretary of the Department of Transportation, or his designee, shall preside as chairman. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, on page 2, by striking line 5 and inserting: / Education and Public Works Committee before March 13, 2010, at / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator VERDIN explained the committee amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. S. 145 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy, Cleary, McConnell, Ford, Rankin, Knotts, Vaughn, Campsen, Mescher and Fair: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-43-20, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE POWERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE REGULATIONS CONCERNING APPLICATION FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT (GED) DIPLOMA ALLOW CANDIDATES TO BE SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Education. The Committee on Education proposed the following amendment (145R005.JEC), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. (A) Subject to funds appropriated by the General Assembly, there is created the General Education Development (GED) Pilot Program to be implemented beginning in the 2008-2009 school year. The program shall be designed to allow students, ages sixteen through nineteen, currently enrolled in a high school and who are one to two years behind in high school graduation requirements, the opportunity to remain a high school student while receiving appropriate instruction to achieve a GED diploma. The program shall consist of developing and implementing a self-paced GED preparation program that includes, but is not limited to, academic course work, computer lab work, career readiness certificate preparation, and vocational training. (B) The program shall be designed by the State Department of Education and shall be modeled after the American Council on Education's GED Options Program. The goal of the program shall be to provide eligible students with a viable opportunity to achieve a GED diploma in a cost effective manner. The program shall be implemented in a limited number of school districts as determined by the amount of funds appropriated by the General Assembly and resources available to the Department of Education to support the pilot schools. The school district must be able to dedicate a classroom solely for the use of the program. A school district selected for the program shall collaborate with the Adult Education Office of the State Department of Education to develop the program and shall make recommendations for improving and possibly expanding the program. The Department of Education shall establish reasonably acceptable standards, guidelines, and minimum requirements for program qualifications in addition to other requirements prescribed in this section. The Adult Education Office of the State Department of Education shall provide a GED trained teacher for each program classroom, with funds from the pilot program paying the teacher's salary. The target program classroom configuration shall consist of a GED trained teacher leading from ten to fifteen qualified students and one to three personal computers. Students participating in the pilot shall spend a minimum of one-half to a full day in a combination of regular high school classes and GED preparation. The State Department of Education shall incorporate parental involvement and participation into the program, and shall develop and implement a contract between and among the student, parent or guardian, and the pilot school. (C) A parent may request consideration for their child to participate in the program; however, the pilot school shall have the final decision regarding the student's inclusion. To be eligible for the program, the student must: (1) be currently enrolled in a public high school and reading at a level commensurate to program requirements established by the Department of Education; (2) be between sixteen through nineteen years of age and be one or two years behind in high school graduation requirements due to poor attendance, study habits, or failure to complete required assignments; (3) meet any general, academic, or other qualifications or requirements established by the State Department of Education; (4) have demonstrated the motivation and commitment to completing the pilot program; and (5) meet school attendance, performance, and behavioral requirements. A pilot high school shall address any related deficiencies according to its normal policies and procedures. (D) Participation in the program shall not qualify a student as having met the academic requirements as set forth by the South Carolina High School League for interscholastic athletic activities. (E) Each pilot school shall receive up to fifty-two thousand six hundred fifty dollars, to implement the program. A pilot school shall receive funds only for the actual costs required for the program. (F) By May 1, 2009, the State Department of Education shall provide the Chairman of the Senate Education Committee and the Chairman of the House of Representatives Education and Public Works Committee an interim evaluation of the success of the program. The report shall include any recommendations for the continuation of the program beyond the 2008 - 2009 school year and for further expansion of the program. SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator HAYES proposed the following amendment (145R004.RWH), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, by striking line 25 and inserting: / guardian, and the pilot school. The Department of Education shall establish test schedules and guidelines that provide program participants with a reasonable opportunity to take and to pass the full GED examination within a minimal number of days after withdrawing from school in order to take the examination. The guidelines must allow each student to have appropriate practice test and pre-test opportunities, and for an examination schedule that coincides with the conclusion of the school year. The pilot school may allow a student to take the GED examination at a different date and time if it determines that the student has extenuating circumstances that the pilot program can reasonably accommodate. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator HAYES explained the amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. REFERRED TO THE SPARTANBURG DELEGATION S. 1297 (Word version) -- Senator Hawkins: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 890 OF 1976, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE HOLLY SPRINGS VOLUNTEER FIRE DISTRICT IN SPARTANBURG COUNTY, SO AS TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE DISTRICT TO THE "HOLLY SPRINGS FIRE-RESCUE DEPARTMENT". Senator HAWKINS asked unanimous consent to refer the Bill to the Spartanburg County Delegation. There was no objection. The Bill was referred to the local delegation. H. 4258 (Word version) -- Reps. Witherspoon, Barfield, Clemmons, Edge, Leach and Hardwick: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF THE STATE FARM TO MARKET ROAD #31 IN HORRY COUNTY, FROM ITS INTERSECTION WITH SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 905 TO THE TOWN OF LORIS, THE "SERGEANT HENRY ODELL STALVEY, JR. MEMORIAL ROAD" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS ROAD THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "SERGEANT HENRY ODELL STALVEY, JR. MEMORIAL ROAD". The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. COMMITTED S. 1302 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen, Thomas, Grooms, Cleary, Alexander, Gregory, Scott, Sheheen, Hayes, Williams, Courson, Hutto, Setzler, Cromer, Ceips, McConnell, Campbell, McGill, Land, Lourie, Martin, Drummond, Massey, Anderson, Matthews, Bryant, Verdin, Knotts and Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY REPEALING SECTION 48-59-75 RELATING TO THE SUSPENSION OF FUNDING PROVISIONS FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA CONSERVATION BANK IN FISCAL YEARS WHEN APPROPRIATIONS TO MORE THAN ONE-HALF OF STATE AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS ARE LESS THAN SUCH APPROPRIATIONS IN THE PRIOR FISCAL YEAR OR IN A FISCAL YEAR WHEN ACROSS THE BOARD APPROPRIATIONS REDUCTIONS ARE ORDERED BY THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD. On motion of Senator CAMPSEN, with unanimous consent, the Bill was committed to the Committee on Finance. CARRIED OVER S. 1232 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary and Rankin: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 4, TO CHAPTER 10 OF TITLE 4, ENACTING THE "EDUCATION CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS SALES AND USE TAX ACT" SO AS TO ALLOW A ONE PERCENT LOCAL SALES AND USE TAX TO BE IMPOSED IN A COUNTY FOR NOT MORE THAN FIFTEEN YEARS UPON REFERENDUM APPROVAL WITH THE REVENUES OF THE TAX USED BY THE COUNTY'S SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF TRUSTEES TO PAY FOR SPECIFIC PUBLIC SCHOOL CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE COUNTY AND TO PROVIDE A METHOD WHEREBY REVENUE OF THE TAX MAY BE SHARED FOR THE PURPOSES OF SPECIFIC CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS ON THE CAMPUSES OF A TECHNICAL COLLEGE OR OTHER STATE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING LOCATED IN THE COUNTY, TO PROVIDE FOR THE REFERENDUM REQUIRED FOR THE IMPOSITION OF THE TAX, THE DURATION OF THE TAX, NOT TO EXCEED FIFTEEN YEARS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE TAX AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE REVENUE. Senator CLEARY explained the Bill. S. 1232--Provisions of Rule 26B Waived Senator RANKIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to waive the provisions of Rule 26B, carrying over consideration of the committee amendment. There was no objection and the provisions of Rule 26B were waived, carrying over consideration of the committee amendment. On motion of Senator RANKIN, with unanimous consent, the Bill was carried over. S. 1132 (Word version) -- Senator Thomas: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-1-20, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS USED IN MATTERS RELATING TO INSURANCE, SO AS TO REDEFINE "ADMITTED ASSETS"; TO AMEND SECTION 38-9-10, RELATING TO CAPITAL AND SURPLUS REQUIRED OF STOCK INSURERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE INSURER TO LIST THOSE THAT QUALIFY AS ADMITTED ASSETS ON THE INSURER'S MOST RECENT STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENT FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-9-20, RELATING TO THE SURPLUS REQUIRED OF MUTUAL INSURERS, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE INSURER TO LIST THOSE THAT QUALIFY AS ADMITTED ASSETS ON THE INSURER'S MOST RECENT STATUTORY FINANCIAL STATEMENT FILED WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE; TO AMEND SECTION 38-9-210, RELATING TO THE REDUCTION FROM LIABILITY FOR REINSURANCE, SO AS TO REQUIRE A SECURITY TO MEET CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS CONSISTENT WITH THE DEFINITION OF "ADMITTED ASSETS" AS DEFINED IN SECTION 38-1-20 AS AMENDED BY THIS ACT; TO AMEND SECTION 38-10-40, RELATING TO PROTECTED CELL ASSETS, SO AS TO DELETE THE AUTHORIZATION FOR ATTRIBUTABLE ASSET OF A PROTECTED CELL TO BE INVESTED AND REINVESTED WITHOUT REGARD TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTIONS 38-11-40 AND 38-11-50; AND TO AMEND SECTION 38-55-80, RELATING TO LOANS BY AN INSURER TO ITS DIRECTORS OR OFFICERS, SO AS TO DELETE THE LIMITATION ON MORTGAGE LOANS OR RESIDENCES ACQUIRED UNDER THIS SECTION PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 38-11-50. Senator CROMER explained the Bill. On motion of Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, the Bill was carried over.	2014-10-02T09:06:21	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22987574338912964, "perplexity": 8206.973398235232}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663739.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00328-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://subs.emis.de/LIPIcs/frontdoor_0a32.html	License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) When quoting this document, please refer to the following DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.58 URN: urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-81944 URL: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/8194/ Go to the corresponding LIPIcs Volume Portal ### Metatheorems for Dynamic Weighted Matching pdf-format: ### Abstract We consider the maximum weight matching (MWM) problem in dynamic graphs. We provide two reductions. The first reduces the dynamic MWM problem on m-edge, n-node graphs with weights bounded by N to the problem with weights bounded by (n/eps)^2, so that if the MWM problem can be alpha-approximated with update time t(m,n,N), then it can also be (1+eps)alpha-approximated with update time O(t(m,n,(n/eps)^2)log^2 n+log n loglog N)). The second reduction reduces the dynamic MWM problem to the dynamic maximum cardinality matching (MCM) problem in which the graph is unweighted. This reduction shows that if there is an \alpha-approximation algorithm for MCM with update time t(m,n) in m-edge n-node graphs, then there is also a (2+eps)alpha-approximation algorithm for MWM with update time O(t(m,n)eps^{-2}log^2 N). We also obtain better bounds in our reductions if the ratio between the largest and the smallest edge weight is small. Combined with recent work on MCM, these two reductions substantially improve upon the state-of-the-art of dynamic MWM algorithms. ### BibTeX - Entry @InProceedings{stubbs_et_al:LIPIcs:2017:8194, author = {Daniel Stubbs and Virginia Vassilevska Williams}, title = {{Metatheorems for Dynamic Weighted Matching}}, booktitle = {8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017)}, pages = {58:1--58:14}, series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)}, ISBN = {978-3-95977-029-3}, ISSN = {1868-8969}, year = {2017}, volume = {67}, editor = {Christos H. Papadimitriou}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik}, address = {Dagstuhl, Germany}, URL = {http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/8194}, URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-81944}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.58}, annote = {Keywords: dynamic algorithms, maximum matching, maximum weight matching} } Keywords: dynamic algorithms, maximum matching, maximum weight matching Collection: 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2017) Issue Date: 2017 Date of publication: 28.11.2017 DROPS-Home \| Fulltext Search \| Imprint \| Privacy	2023-04-01T14:07:31	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4316507577896118, "perplexity": 8837.721737477237}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950030.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401125552-20230401155552-00021.warc.gz"}
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S004RHO	# $\rho$ PARAMETER INSPIRE search ($\mathit V−\mathit A$) theory predicts $\rho$ = 0.75. VALUE EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN CHG COMMENT $\bf{ 0.74979 \pm0.00026}$ OUR AVERAGE $0.74977$ $\pm0.00012$ $\pm0.00023$ 1 2011 TWST + Surface ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $0.7518$ $\pm0.0026$ 1969 RVUE • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • • $0.75014$ $\pm0.00017$ $\pm0.00045$ 2 2008 TWST + Surface ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $0.75080$ $\pm0.00032$ $\pm0.00100$ 6G 3 2005 TWST + Surface ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ $0.72$ $\pm0.06$ $\pm0.08$ 2004 ICAR Liquid Ar TPC $0.762$ $\pm0.008$ 170k 4 1968 ASPK + 25$-$53 MeV ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ $0.760$ $\pm0.009$ 280k 4 1967 ASPK + 25$-$53 MeV ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ $0.7503$ $\pm0.0026$ 800k 4 1966 ASPK + 20$-$53 MeV ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ 1 The quoted systematic error includes a contribution of 0.00013 (added in quadrature) from uncertainties on radiative corrections and on the Michel parameter $\eta$. 2 The quoted systematic error includes a contribution of 0.00011 (added in quadrature) from the dependence on the Michel parameter $\eta$. 3 The quoted systematic error includes a contribution of $0.00023$ (added in quadrature) from the dependence on the Michel parameter $\eta$. 4 ${{\mathit \eta}}$ constrained = 0. These values incorporated into a two parameter fit to ${{\mathit \rho}}$ and ${{\mathit \eta}}$ by DERENZO 1969 . References: BAYES 2011 PRL 106 041804 Experimental Constraints on Left-Right Symmetric Models from Muon Decay MACDONALD 2008 PR D78 032010 Precision Measurement of the Muon Decay Parameters ${{\mathit \rho}}$ and ${{\mathit \delta}}$ MUSSER 2005 PRL 94 101805 Measurement of the Michel Parameter ${{\mathit \rho}}$ in Muon Decay AMORUSO 2004 EPJ C33 233 Measurement of the ${{\mathit \mu}}$ Decay Spectrum with the ICARUS Liquid Argon TPC DERENZO 1969 PR 181 1854 Measurement of the Low Energy End of the ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ Decay Spectrum FRYBERGER 1968 PR 166 1379 Measurement of the Muon Decay Spectrum with a Wire Spark Chamber Spectrometer SHERWOOD 1967 PR 156 1475 Measurement of the Muon Decay Spectrum with a Wire Spark Chamber Spectrometer PEOPLES 1966 Nevis 147 unpub. Positron Spectrum from Muon Decay.	2020-09-21T10:44:37	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6954325437545776, "perplexity": 8322.185014661503}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400201601.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200921081428-20200921111428-00259.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources?qt-mission_areas_l2_landing_page_ta=0	# Water Resources Water information is fundamental to national and local economic well-being, protection of life and property, and effective management of the Nation’s water resources. The USGS works with partners to monitor, assess, conduct targeted research, and deliver information on a wide range of water resources and conditions including streamflow, groundwater, water quality, and water use and availabil ## Publications #### Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2018 As part of a long-term cooperative program to monitor water quality within the Scituate Reservoir drainage area, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Providence Water Supply Board collected streamflow and water-quality data at the Scituate Reservoir and tributaries. Streamflow and concentrations of chloride and sodium estimated from records of specific conductance were used to calcul #### Testing the potential of streamflow data to predict spring migration of an ungulate herds In mountainous and high latitude regions, migratory animals exploit green waves of emerging vegetation coinciding with rising daily mean temperatures initiating snowmelt across the landscape. Snowmelt also causes rivers and streams draining these regions to swell, a process referred to as to as the ‘spring pulse.’ Networks of streamgages measuring streamflow in these regions often have long-term a #### Enhanced bioremediation of RDX and co-contaminants perchlorate and nitrate using an anaerobic dehalogenating consortium in a fractured rock aquifer The potential neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the explosives compound RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) on human health requires groundwater remediation strategies to meet low cleanup goals. Bioremediation of RDX is feasible through biostimulation of native microbes with an organic carbon donor but may be less efficient, or not occur at all, in the presence of the common co-cont ## Science #### CASCaDE: Computational Assessments of Scenarios of Change for the Delta Ecosystem The Delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers provides drinking water supplies to two-thirds of Californians, and is a fragile ecosystem home to threatened and endangered species. The CASCaDE project builds on several decades of USGS science to address the goals of achieving water supply reliability and restoring the ecosystems in the Bay-Delta system. #### CASCaDE: Computational Assessments of Scenarios of Change for the Delta Ecosystem The Delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers provides drinking water supplies to two-thirds of Californians, and is a fragile ecosystem home to threatened and endangered species. The CASCaDE project builds on several decades of USGS science to address the goals of achieving water supply reliability and restoring the ecosystems in the Bay-Delta system.	2022-01-27T23:30:41	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2649261951446533, "perplexity": 13799.829767050082}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305317.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127223432-20220128013432-00349.warc.gz"}
https://www.usgs.gov/media/audio/coral-concern-worlds-reefs-face-big-issues	# Coral Concern: The World's Reefs Face Big Issues ### Detailed Description Coral reefs are one of Earth's most beautiful and vital ecosystems—and they are declining at a rapid pace. Mike Field, Chief of the USGS Pacific Coral Reef Project, talks about the importance of coral reefs and how pollution, climate change, and other factors are affecting them. Public Domain. ### Transcript Dave Hebert: Hello everyone! This is Dave Hebert with the USGS, and today I’m joined on the phone by Mike Field, a marine geologist and Chief of the Pacific Coral Reef Project as part of the USGS’s Coastal and Marine Geology Program. Mike, thank you so much for joining us. Mike Field: You’re welcome. It’s a pleasure for me to do so. Dave Hebert: So today we are going to be talking about coral reefs, and these are a beautiful and vital part of the ocean’s ecosystems, but they’re also facing some serious challenges around the world. So could you start off by giving us an update on the health of coral reefs around the world? What sort of issues are you and other coral reef researchers seeing? Mike Field: Certainly Dave. I’m sorry to report that the present status, the health of the coral reefs, is not what we all would like it to be. They are, on a worldwide basis, in a serious stage of degradation. They’re seriously at risk. A lot of this has to do with human impacts to reefs near and far so that they are suffering, as one researcher put it a couple of years ago, “not from one single thing, but from a thousand cuts.” Everything from people stepping on them to blast fishing and cyanide poisoning in an attempt to get fish, overfishing of fish that normally would keep algae from growing too fast and covering up corals. Climate change is certainly a major factor, and then land-based sources of pollution—runoff from water sheds from construction and housing and agriculture, and so on. So every reef everywhere is facing some sort of threat and those near population centers seen to be faring worse. Dave Hebert: Right. In relation to that, I read quite a bit about sedimentation being a problem with reefs. Is that the case? Mike Field: It is. It’s commonly referred to as land-based sources of pollution. Dave Hebert: OK. Mike Field: So it includes nutrients and pollutants that run off but by and large, it’s sediment that is coming down the hill from areas that have been developed, areas that have been heavily grazed, or where they have been deforested. Dave Hebert: What does the sediment do or how does it negatively impact the coral? Mike Field: Well, that’s a good question. Corals need clear, warm water. They grow in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae that live inside the tissue of corals, and so they generate food and energy through photosynthesis. They need clear water to do so. If sediment comes into the water and clouds the water, the ability for the animals and the plants to grow is seriously threatened. And if sediment sets on top of them, then it affects recruitment. It affects their ability to produce larvae and for the larvae to find a place to settle. And as the sediment moves around, it abrades small corals, knocks them off, disrupts them. Larger corals can push the sediment off—remove it with mucous sloughing, but that costs some energy. They have to do that then it’s energy they can't put in to growing or to reproducing. Dave Hebert: OK, thank you. And then what about bleaching? I’ve heard about coral bleaching. What’s actually happening there? Mike Field: Coral bleaching is on the rise, and that is one of the dramatic and incontrovertible impacts of climate change. As the water heats up in many areas as the sea surface temperatures rise, the coral expels microscopic algae that symbiotically produce oxygen for the coral to live—they’re expelled. They also produce the color of corals, so when they leave, the coral then is white. It's not actually dead at that point, but without the symbiotic algae, within a few days they do die. And so massive coral bleaching in 1998 and then again in 2005 in the Caribbean … there were the highest temperatures in northern hemisphere for a long, long time so there was very heavy bleaching in the Caribbean then. Dave Hebert: OK. So why are reefs so important ecologically? What’s their significance to their environment? Mike Field: Ecologically they’re just a major ecosystem for the world’s ocean. Coral reefs occupy somewhere in the order of 0.2 percent of the oceans and yet they account for almost all the biodiversity. Twenty five percent of the fish in the ocean that are caught commercially are found on coral reefs. There’s a tremendous amount of variation in organisms, and corals themselves are considered a foundation species. They build these three-dimensional structures that extend for miles and miles in tropical areas, and those structures provide a framework or a habitat for many invertebrates, for many fish, and actually for thousands of species that depend on the structure that the corals produce. Dave Hebert: Wow, so you’re—comparing those numbers, the 0.2 percent versus 25 percent of fish, you’re talking about an incredible concentration of marine life. Mike Field: It is. It’s an incredible concentration and it’s very, very diverse. The common analogy made is that they are the rainforest of the sea, and that’s true. Although they are actually disappearing faster than rainforests are, but they hold the same very high marks of biodiversity. Dave Hebert: So what about to human beings, why are coral reefs important to humans? Mike Field: Well, we can start with the biodiversity. When we lose species, they go extinct. We lose a lot and we lose things that we don’t even know about, and it can translate as potential pharmaceuticals, or resistant species that might survive different kinds of climate shifts and so on. So the biodiversity is an important aspect for us, but there’s also an economic factor. As I said, 25 percent of the fish that are caught and used locally come from coral reef communities. Coral reefs provide a buffer against waves to protect shorelines. They provide a strong buffer against very large storms and tsunami waves. In the Indian Ocean tsunami in places that it seemed to have major effect were at places where the reef was dead and had been eroded and so it was lower. So the reefs protect the coastline. They generate sand. They produce sand for the beaches. They produce food for sustainable fishing for local cultures, and of course tourism depends an awful lot. And increasingly nations are interested in trying to recruit ecotourism to their countries, and the value of coral reefs has been valued at numbers ranging from $25,000 to over$270,000 per square kilometer. So they have a tremendous economic importance to the local communities. Dave Hebert: What are some of the things that can be done to reverse or slow down some of the negative trends we’re seeing? Mike Field: That is a tough question. I have to be straightforward and say that I think all the scientists that are involved in coral reefs have been working very hard at this. It’s a major concern that everybody has is as we identify these problems, we have to pause and say, “Now what can be done? What are the solutions to help bring about change?” And the problems are both local and global, so the solutions have to be that way as well. So for example, in an island that is suffering from sediment runoff onto the reefs, actions can be taken both on the land and in the water. On the land, implementing water shed plans. Removing invasive species, and planting native plants. Removing feral animals like goats and pigs that pull out plants by the roots and make the soil more susceptible to erosion. Many things can be done in the water shed, and there are many groups starting to work on this. In the water, most people feel that appropriate action would be to establish more protected areas, more marine managed areas. That is wherever we can lessen the other stresses. Limit overfishing. Limit runoff from sediment so that the reefs have a better chance to survive. And the global issue is of course we have to confront climate change, climate warming, and this is a global problem. It requires political will but at the local level again. We need to identify coral reefs that have the greatest potential for resilience, and we have to protect them locally from some of these other factors like sediment runoff, overfishing, so they have the best chance to withstand the problems that are coming into focus from ocean warming and from ocean acidification. Dave Hebert: Now, I know you were involved in a USGS publication … well, I know you have been involved in several USGS publications on coral reefs, but in particular … really about as close as the USGS would probably get to a coffee table book on some of the issues we’ve been talking about. Can you tell us a little bit about that publication and then maybe where people can go to learn more? Mike Field: Sure. That publication is called the “The Coral Reef of South Molokai, Hawaii: Portrait of a Sediment-Threatened Fringing Reef.” We … and “we” includes a very large group of my colleagues and researchers not just in the USGS, but at the University of Hawaii, University of Washington, and other labs for the USGS in Florida and Wetzel, Massachusetts, had been trying to understand patterns of sediment shed from the land and the behavior of the sediment on the reef and the ultimate fate. How long does it stay there? How does it affect the corals? What makes it move, and what changes do we need to make in order to improve the overall health and condition of the reef? So we embarked on a research program for that 10 years ago in which we examine these different aspects and try to bring it all together in this publication. And the book tries to look at the history of the island. We go back and examine what the natural changes are. If you want to understand what human-induced changes have happened to the reef, you have to understand what natural changes … how do storm waves, how do currents, and how do tides—how do these things affect the normal growth of the reef so you can separate what is human induced change versus natural change. So we made an effort to bring all of this together and our goal with the book was to produce a volume that could be used by three different sets of people. And that is the informed lay person—on the island of Molokai, people are interested in protecting the environment—and those that teach children about protecting the environment. We also aim the book at resource managers in Hawaii and other island states and nations. People who have to make decisions about where to establish marine-protected areas for an example. Our third target audience are colleagues in different disciplines. So the articles about geology, we hope, will be useful for marine biologists. And the articles about algae will be useful for marine geologists and so on. The publication on the reef of South Molokai as well as some of our journal publications and a lot more information are all available at coralreefs.wr.usgs.gov, or you can do a search using “coral reefs USGS” and that should take you to our site. Dave Hebert: Great. Well Mike, we really appreciate your time and just giving us this excellent information on the importance and a lot of the challenging issues facing reefs. Mike Field: Well, you’re certainly welcome, Dave. It’s been my pleasure. Dave Hebert: Great, thank you, and thanks to all of you out there for listening. To get more USGS podcasts, just go to usgs.gov/podcasts, and for other multimedia including a lot of great video and images and other audio, go to gallery.usgs.gov. This is a product of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. I’m Dave Hebert, and until next time, thank you so much for listening and have an excellent day. Show Transcript	2023-03-23T22:29:51	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31103354692459106, "perplexity": 1726.540112798725}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945183.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323194025-20230323224025-00104.warc.gz"}
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10323950-developing-s32-reaction-probe-p30-s31-reaction-rate-classical-novae	This content will become publicly available on April 1, 2023 Developing the ${}^{32}\mathrm{S}\left(p,d\right){}^{31}\mathrm{S}^{*}\left(p\right)\left(\gamma \right)$ reaction to probe the ${}^{30}\mathrm{P}\left(p,\gamma \right){}^{31}\mathrm{S}$ reaction rate in classical novae Authors: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Award ID(s): Publication Date: NSF-PAR ID: 10323950 Journal Name: Physical Review C Volume: 105 Issue: 4 ISSN: 2469-9985	2022-08-16T11:08:24	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 14, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3556506633758545, "perplexity": 14234.325677371491}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00389.warc.gz"}
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S022T1&home=BXXX030	# ${{\overline{\boldsymbol \Xi}}^{+}}$ MEAN LIFE INSPIRE search VALUE ($10^{-10}$ s) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT $1.70$ $\pm0.08$ $\pm0.12$ $2256$ $\pm63$ 2006 E DLPH from ${{\mathit Z}}$ decays • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • • $1.55$ ${}^{+0.35}_{-0.20}$ 35 1 1972 HBC 10 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ $1.6$ $\pm0.3$ 34 1970 HBC $1.9$ ${}^{+0.7}_{-0.5}$ 12 1 1967 HBC $1.51$ $\pm0.55$ 5 1 1966 HBC 6.9 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ 1 The error is statistical only. References: ABDALLAH 2006E PL B639 179 Masses, Lifetimes and Production Rates of ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}$ and ${{\overline{\mathit \Xi}}^{+}}$ at LEP 1 VOTRUBA 1972 NP B45 77 Multiple Strange Particle Production by 10 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ ${{\mathit K}^{+}}$ Mesons in Hydrogen STONE 1970 PL 32B 515 Production of ${{\mathit \Xi}^{-}}$ and ${{\overline{\mathit \Xi}}^{+}}$ Particles in ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at 12.7 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ SHEN 1967 PL 25B 443 ${{\overline{\mathit \Xi}}}$ Production in ${{\mathit K}^{+}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 9 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ CHIEN 1966 PR 152 1171 Hyperon and Antihyperon Production in ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at 7 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$	2019-12-16T05:50:51	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7989147305488586, "perplexity": 9686.436543790509}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541317967.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216041840-20191216065840-00255.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2	# §3.2 Linear Algebra ## §3.2(i) Gaussian Elimination To solve the system 3.2.1 $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{b},$ Referenced by: §3.2(iii), §3.2(iii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(i) with Gaussian elimination, where $\mathbf{A}$ is a nonsingular $n\times n$ matrix and $\mathbf{b}$ is an $n\times 1$ vector, we start with the augmented matrix 3.2.2 $\begin{bmatrix}a_{11}&\cdots&a_{1n}&b_{1}\\ \vdots&\ddots&\vdots&\vdots\\ a_{n1}&\cdots&a_{nn}&b_{n}\end{bmatrix}.$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(i) By repeatedly subtracting multiples of each row from the subsequent rows we obtain a matrix of the form 3.2.3 $\begin{bmatrix}u_{11}&u_{12}&\cdots&u_{1n}&y_{1}\\ 0&u_{22}&\cdots&u_{2n}&y_{2}\\ \vdots&\ddots&\ddots&\vdots&\vdots\\ 0&\cdots&0&u_{nn}&y_{n}\end{bmatrix}.$ Referenced by: §3.2(i) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(i) During this reduction process we store the multipliers $\ell_{jk}$ that are used in each column to eliminate other elements in that column. This yields a lower triangular matrix of the form 3.2.4 $\mathbf{L}=\begin{bmatrix}1&0&\cdots&0\\ \ell_{21}&1&\cdots&0\\ \vdots&\ddots&\ddots&\vdots\\ \ell_{n1}&\cdots&\ell_{n,n-1}&1\end{bmatrix}.$ Symbols: $\ell_{jk}$: multipliers Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(i) If we denote by $\mathbf{U}$ the upper triangular matrix comprising the elements $u_{jk}$ in (3.2.3), then we have the factorization, or triangular decomposition, 3.2.5 $\mathbf{A}=\mathbf{L}\mathbf{U}.$ Referenced by: §3.2(i), §3.2(ii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(i) With $\mathbf{y}=[y_{1},y_{2},\dots,y_{n}]^{\rm T}$ the process of solution can then be regarded as first solving the equation $\mathbf{L}\mathbf{y}=\mathbf{b}$ for $\mathbf{y}$ (forward elimination), followed by the solution of $\mathbf{U}\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{y}$ for $\mathbf{x}$ (back substitution). For more details see Golub and Van Loan (1996, pp. 87–100). ### Example 3.2.6 $\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\ 2&3&1\\ 3&1&2\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\ 2&1&0\\ 3&5&1\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\ 0&-1&-5\\ 0&0&18\end{bmatrix}.$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E6 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(i) In solving $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}=[1,1,1]^{\rm T}$, we obtain by forward elimination $\mathbf{y}=[1,-1,3]^{\rm T}$, and by back substitution $\mathbf{x}=[\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{6}]^{\rm T}$. In practice, if any of the multipliers $\ell_{jk}$ are unduly large in magnitude compared with unity, then Gaussian elimination is unstable. To avoid instability the rows are interchanged at each elimination step in such a way that the absolute value of the element that is used as a divisor, the pivot element, is not less than that of the other available elements in its column. Then $\left\|\ell_{jk}\right\|\leq 1$ in all cases. This modification is called Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting. For more information on pivoting see Golub and Van Loan (1996, pp. 109–123). ### Iterative Refinement When the factorization (3.2.5) is available, the accuracy of the computed solution $\mathbf{x}$ can be improved with little extra computation. Because of rounding errors, the residual vector $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}$ is nonzero as a rule. We solve the system $\mathbf{A}\delta\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{r}$ for $\delta\mathbf{x}$, taking advantage of the existing triangular decomposition of $\mathbf{A}$ to obtain an improved solution $\mathbf{x}+\delta\mathbf{x}$. ## §3.2(ii) Gaussian Elimination for a Tridiagonal Matrix Tridiagonal matrices are ones in which the only nonzero elements occur on the main diagonal and two adjacent diagonals. Thus 3.2.7 $\mathbf{A}=\begin{bmatrix}b_{1}&c_{1}&&&0\\ a_{2}&b_{2}&c_{2}&&\\ &\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&\\ &&a_{n-1}&b_{n-1}&c_{n-1}\\ 0&&&a_{n}&b_{n}\end{bmatrix}.$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E7 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(ii) Assume that $\mathbf{A}$ can be factored as in (3.2.5), but without partial pivoting. Then 3.2.8 $\mathbf{L}=\begin{bmatrix}1&0&&&0\\ \ell_{2}&1&0&&\\ &\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&\\ &&\ell_{n-1}&1&0\\ 0&&&\ell_{n}&1\end{bmatrix},$ Defines: $\ell_{jk}$: elements of $\mathbf{L}$ (locally) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E8 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(ii) 3.2.9 $\mathbf{U}=\begin{bmatrix}d_{1}&u_{1}&&&0\\ 0&d_{2}&u_{2}&&\\ &\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&\\ &&0&d_{n-1}&u_{n-1}\\ 0&&&0&d_{n}\end{bmatrix},$ Defines: $u_{j}$: elements (locally) Symbols: $d_{j}$: coefficient Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E9 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(ii) where $u_{j}=c_{j}$, $j=1,2,\dots,n-1$, $d_{1}=b_{1}$, and 3.2.10 $\displaystyle\ell_{j}$ $\displaystyle=a_{j}/d_{j-1},$ $\displaystyle d_{j}$ $\displaystyle=b_{j}-\ell_{j}c_{j-1}$, $j=2,\dots,n$. Defines: $d_{j}$: coefficient (locally) Symbols: $\ell_{jk}$: elements of $\mathbf{L}$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E10 Encodings: TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, png, png See also: info for 3.2(ii) Forward elimination for solving $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{f}$ then becomes $y_{1}=f_{1}$, 3.2.11 $y_{j}=f_{j}-\ell_{j}y_{j-1},$ $j=2,\dots,n$, Symbols: $\ell_{jk}$: elements of $\mathbf{L}$ and $f_{i}$: element Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E11 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(ii) and back substitution is $x_{n}=y_{n}/d_{n}$, followed by 3.2.12 $x_{j}=(y_{j}-u_{j}x_{j+1})/d_{j},$ $j=n-1,\dots,1$. Symbols: $u_{j}$: elements and $d_{j}$: coefficient Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E12 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(ii) For more information on solving tridiagonal systems see Golub and Van Loan (1996, pp. 152–160). ## §3.2(iii) Condition of Linear Systems The $p$-norm of a vector $\mathbf{x}=[x_{1},\dots,x_{n}]^{\rm T}$ is given by 3.2.13 $\displaystyle\\|\mathbf{x}\\|_{p}$ $\displaystyle=\left(\sum_{j=1}^{n}\left\|x_{j}\right\|^{p}\right)^{1/p},$ $p=1,2,\dots$, $\displaystyle\\|\mathbf{x}\\|_{\infty}$ $\displaystyle=\max_{1\leq j\leq n}\left\|x_{j}\right\|.$ Referenced by: §3.2(iv) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E13 Encodings: TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, png, png See also: info for 3.2(iii) The Euclidean norm is the case $p=2$. The $p$-norm of a matrix $\mathbf{A}=[a_{jk}]$ is 3.2.14 $\\|\mathbf{A}\\|_{p}=\max_{\mathbf{x}\neq\boldsymbol{{0}}}\frac{\\|\mathbf{A}% \mathbf{x}\\|_{p}}{\\|\mathbf{x}\\|_{p}}\,.$ Referenced by: §3.2(iii) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E14 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(iii) The cases $p=1,2$, and $\infty$ are the most important: 3.2.15 $\displaystyle\\|\mathbf{A}\\|_{1}$ $\displaystyle=\max_{1\leq k\leq n}\sum_{j=1}^{n}\left\|a_{jk}\right\|,$ $\displaystyle\\|\mathbf{A}\\|_{\infty}$ $\displaystyle=\max_{1\leq j\leq n}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\left\|a_{jk}\right\|,$ $\displaystyle\\|\mathbf{A}\\|_{2}$ $\displaystyle=\sqrt{\rho(\mathbf{A}\mathbf{A}^{\rm T})},$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E15 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png See also: info for 3.2(iii) where $\rho(\mathbf{A}\mathbf{A}^{\rm T})$ is the largest of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of the matrix $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{A}^{\rm T}$; see §3.2(iv). (We are assuming that the matrix $\mathbf{A}$ is real; if not $\mathbf{A}^{\rm T}$ is replaced by $\mathbf{A}^{\rm H}$, the transpose of the complex conjugate of $\mathbf{A}$.) The sensitivity of the solution vector $\mathbf{x}$ in (3.2.1) to small perturbations in the matrix $\mathbf{A}$ and the vector $\mathbf{b}$ is measured by the condition number 3.2.16 $\kappa(\mathbf{A})=\\|\mathbf{A}\\|_{p}\;\\|\mathbf{A}^{-1}\\|_{p},$ Defines: $\kappa(\mathbf{A})$: condition number (locally) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E16 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(iii) where $\\|\,\cdot\,\\|_{p}$ is one of the matrix norms. For any norm (3.2.14) we have $\kappa(\mathbf{A})\geq 1$. The larger the value $\kappa(\mathbf{A})$, the more ill-conditioned the system. Let $\mathbf{x}^{}$ denote a computed solution of the system (3.2.1), with $\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{b}-\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}^{}$ again denoting the residual. Then we have the a posteriori error bound 3.2.17 $\frac{\\|\mathbf{x}^{*}-\mathbf{x}\\|_{p}}{\\|\mathbf{x}\\|_{p}}\leq\kappa(\mathbf% {A})\frac{\\|\mathbf{r}\\|_{p}}{\\|\mathbf{b}\\|_{p}}.$ Symbols: $\kappa(\mathbf{A})$: condition number Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E17 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(iii) For further information see Brezinski (1999) and Trefethen and Bau (1997, Chapter 3). ## §3.2(iv) Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors If $\mathbf{A}$ is an $n\times n$ matrix, then a real or complex number $\lambda$ is called an eigenvalue of $\mathbf{A}$, and a nonzero vector $\mathbf{x}$ a corresponding (right) eigenvector, if 3.2.18 $\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}=\lambda\mathbf{x}.$ Symbols: $\lambda$: eigenvalue Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E18 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(iv) A nonzero vector $\mathbf{y}$ is called a left eigenvector of $\mathbf{A}$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda$ if $\mathbf{y}^{\rm T}\mathbf{A}=\lambda\mathbf{y}^{\rm T}$ or, equivalently, $\mathbf{A}^{\rm T}\mathbf{y}=\lambda\mathbf{y}$. A normalized eigenvector has Euclidean norm 1; compare (3.2.13) with $p=2$. The polynomial 3.2.19 $p_{n}(\lambda)=\det[\lambda\mathbf{I}-\mathbf{A}]$ Symbols: $\det$: determinant and $\lambda$: eigenvalue Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E19 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(iv) is called the characteristic polynomial of $\mathbf{A}$ and its zeros are the eigenvalues of $\mathbf{A}$. The multiplicity of an eigenvalue is its multiplicity as a zero of the characteristic polynomial (§3.8(i)). To an eigenvalue of multiplicity $m$, there correspond $m$ linearly independent eigenvectors provided that $\mathbf{A}$ is nondefective, that is, $\mathbf{A}$ has a complete set of $n$ linearly independent eigenvectors. ## §3.2(v) Condition of Eigenvalues If $\mathbf{A}$ is nondefective and $\lambda$ is a simple zero of $p_{n}(\lambda)$, then the sensitivity of $\lambda$ to small perturbations in the matrix $\mathbf{A}$ is measured by the condition number 3.2.20 $\kappa(\lambda)=\frac{1}{\left\|\mathbf{y}^{\rm T}\mathbf{x}\right\|},$ Symbols: $\kappa(\mathbf{A})$: condition number and $\lambda$: eigenvalue Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E20 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(v) where $\mathbf{x}$ and $\mathbf{y}$ are the normalized right and left eigenvectors of $\mathbf{A}$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda$. Because $\left\|\mathbf{y}^{\rm T}\mathbf{x}\right\|=\left\|\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\theta\right\|$, where $\theta$ is the angle between $\mathbf{y}^{\rm T}$ and $\mathbf{x}$ we always have $\kappa(\lambda)\geq 1$. When $\mathbf{A}$ is a symmetric matrix, the left and right eigenvectors coincide, yielding $\kappa(\lambda)=1$, and the calculation of its eigenvalues is a well-conditioned problem. ## §3.2(vi) Lanczos Tridiagonalization of a Symmetric Matrix Define the Lanczos vectors $\mathbf{v}_{j}$ by $\mathbf{v}_{0}=\boldsymbol{{0}}$, a normalized vector $\mathbf{v}_{1}$ (perhaps chosen randomly), and for $j=1,2,\dots,n-1$, 3.2.21 $\displaystyle\beta_{j+1}\mathbf{v}_{j+1}$ $\displaystyle=\mathbf{A}\mathbf{v}_{j}-\alpha_{j}\mathbf{v}_{j}-\beta_{j}% \mathbf{v}_{j-1},$ $\displaystyle\alpha_{j}$ $\displaystyle=\mathbf{v}_{j}^{\rm T}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{v}_{j},$ $\displaystyle\beta_{j+1}$ $\displaystyle=\mathbf{v}_{j+1}^{\rm T}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{v}_{j}.$ Defines: $\alpha_{j}$: matrix (locally) and $\beta_{j}$: matrix (locally) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E21 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png See also: info for 3.2(vi) Then all $\mathbf{v}_{j}$, $1\leq j\leq n$, are normalized and $\mathbf{v}_{j}^{\rm T}\mathbf{v}_{k}=0$ for $j,k=1,2,\dots,n$, $j\neq k$. The tridiagonal matrix 3.2.22 $\mathbf{B}=\begin{bmatrix}\alpha_{1}&\beta_{2}&&&0\\ \beta_{2}&\alpha_{2}&\beta_{3}&&\\ &\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&\\ &&\beta_{n-1}&\alpha_{n-1}&\beta_{n}\\ 0&&&\beta_{n}&\alpha_{n}\end{bmatrix}$ Symbols: $\alpha_{j}$: matrix and $\beta_{j}$: matrix Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E22 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(vi) has the same eigenvalues as $\mathbf{A}$. Its characteristic polynomial can be obtained from the recursion 3.2.23 $p_{k+1}(\lambda)=(\lambda-\alpha_{k+1})p_{k}(\lambda)-\beta_{k+1}^{2}p_{k-1}(% \lambda),$ $k=0,1,\dots,n-1$, Defines: $p_{k}(\lambda)$: characteristic polynomial (locally) Symbols: $\alpha_{j}$: matrix, $\beta_{j}$: matrix and $\lambda$: eigenvalue Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/3.2.E23 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: info for 3.2(vi) with $p_{-1}(\lambda)=0$, $p_{0}(\lambda)=1$. For numerical information see Stewart (2001, pp. 347–368). ## §3.2(vii) Computation of Eigenvalues Many methods are available for computing eigenvalues; see Golub and Van Loan (1996, Chapters 7, 8), Trefethen and Bau (1997, Chapter 5), and Wilkinson (1988, Chapters 8, 9).	2016-12-09T19:23:06	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 169, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9885240197181702, "perplexity": 2017.095973724501}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542765.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00384-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess118_2009-2010/sj10/20100527.htm	South Carolina General Assembly 118th Session, 2009-2010 Journal of the Senate Thursday, May 27, 2010 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 10:45 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: The Lord announced: " 'Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God.' " (Matthew 5:9) Join me, please, as we bow in prayer: Gracious and Loving Lord, with Memorial Day Weekend fast approaching, we cannot help but pause to give thanks and praise for all of our peacemakers. We salute the many who have served previously, striving to make this nation--and indeed the world--a safer place. We cherish their memory and their faithful service, just as we seek to honor those serving bravely and nobly even this very day, many in far-flung and incredibly dangerous places around the globe. May each of these Senators--may all of us--proudly join all of our peacemakers as we dedicate ourselves anew to the preservation of freedom and the achievement of hope-filled peace for all people. This we pray in Your wondrous name, O Lord. Amen. JOINT ASSEMBLY Elections At Eleven O'clock A.M. the Senate appeared in the Hall of the House. The PRESIDENT of the Senate called the Joint Assembly to order and announced that it had convened under the terms of a Concurrent Resolution adopted by both Houses. S. 1455 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO FIX THURSDAY, MAY 27, 2010, AT 11:00 A.M. AS THE DATE AND TIME FOR THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE SENATE TO MEET IN JOINT SESSION IN THE HALL OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR THE PURPOSE OF ELECTING A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA FROM THE 11TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT TO SUCCEED A MEMBER WHOSE TERM EXPIRES IN 2010 OR WHOSE POSITION OTHERWISE MUST BE FILLED; AND TO ESTABLISH A PROCEDURE REGARDING NOMINATIONS AND SECONDING SPEECHES FOR THE CANDIDATES FOR THIS OFFICE DURING THE JOINT SESSION. Election to the Board of Trustees for the University of South Carolina, 11th Judicial Circuit The PRESIDENT announced that nominations were in order to elect a successor to a position on the Board of Trustees for the University of South Carolina, 11th Judicial Circuit. Senator KNOTTS, on behalf of the Committee to Screen Candidates for State Colleges and Universities, indicated that Mr. Brad Covar, Mr. Bill Dukes, Mr. Hugh Rogers and Mr. Thad Westbrook had been screened and found qualified to serve. On motion of Senator KNOTTS, the names of Mr. Hugh Rogers and Mr. Brad Covar were withdrawn from consideration. Senator KNOTTS placed the names of Mr. Bill Dukes and Mr. Thad Westbrook in nomination. The Reading Clerk of the Senate called the roll of the Senate, and the Senators voted viva voce as their names were called. The following named Senators voted for Mr. Dukes: Bryant Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Ford Grooms Hayes Martin, Larry Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Shoopman Williams Total--17 The following named Senators voted for Mr. Westbrook: Alexander Bright Campsen Davis Fair Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Lourie Matthews McConnell McGill Mulvaney Pinckney Rankin Ryberg Setzler Thomas Verdin Total--20 On motion of Senator KNOTTS, with unanimous consent, the members of the House voted by electronic roll call. The following named Representatives voted for Mr. Dukes: Agnew Allison Anthony Bales Ballentine Bedingfield Clyburn Cobb-Hunter Daning Duncan Frye Gambrell Gunn Harvin Hiott Howard Huggins King Kirsh Knight Limehouse Littlejohn Loftis Mack McEachern McLeod V. S. Moss Nanney J. M. Neal Neilson Owens Parker Parks Pinson M. A. Pitts Rice Rutherford Sandifer Skelton D. C. Smith G. R. Smith Sottile Stewart Stringer Whitmire Wylie Total--49 The following named Representatives voted for Mr. Westbrook: Alexander Allen Anderson Bannister Barfield Battle Bingham Bowen Branham G. A. Brown H. B. Brown Cato Chalk Clemmons Cole Cooper Crawford Delleney Dillard Erickson Forrester Funderburk Govan Haley Hamilton Hardwick Harrell Hearn Herbkersman Hodges Horne Hosey Hutto Jefferson Jennings Kelly Kennedy Long Lowe Lucas Merrill Miller Millwood Mitchell D. C. Moss J. H. Neal Norman Ott Sellers Simrill G. M. Smith J. E. Smith J. R. Smith Spires Stavrinakis Thompson Toole Umphlett Vick Whipper Williams A. D. Young T. R. Young Total--63 RECAPITULATION Total number of Senators voting 37 Total number of Representatives voting 112 Grand Total 149 Necessary to a choice 75 Of which Mr. Dukes received 66 Of which Mr. Westbrook received 83 Whereupon, the PRESIDENT announced that the Honorable Thad Westbrook was elected to a position on the Board of Trustees for the University of South Carolina, 11th Judicial Circuit for the term prescribed by law. The purposes of the Joint Assembly having been accomplished, the PRESIDENT declared it adjourned, whereupon the Senate returned to its Chamber and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. At 11:33 A.M., the PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers. MESSAGE FROM THE GOVERNOR The following appointments were transmitted by the Honorable Mark C. Sanford: Local Appointments Reappointment, Florence County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014 Eugene Cooper, 205 East Williams Road, Coward, SC 29530-5079 Initial Appointment, Hampton County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014 Charles A. Grill, P.O. Box 207, Varnville, SC 29444 VICE William T. Armstrong Initial Appointment, Richland County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011 Benjamin F. Byrd, 13 Chasewood Court, Columbia, SC 29203 VICE Nikiya M. Hall Doctor of the Day Senator COURSON introduced Dr. John Schaberg of West Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator WILLIAMS, at 10:57 A.M., Senator MALLOY was granted a leave of absence until Noon today. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator LOURIE, at 1:30 P.M., Senator SHEHEEN was granted a leave of absence until Tuesday at Noon. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator PEELER, at 1:45 P.M., Senator THOMAS was granted a leave of absence until Tuesday at Noon. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator RANKIN, at 3:20 P.M., Senator JACKSON was granted a leave of absence until Tuesday at Noon. Leave of Absence At 3:20 P.M., Senator RANKIN requested a leave of absence until Noon on Tuesday. Leave of Absence At 3:27 P.M., Senator COLEMAN requested a leave of absence until Noon on Tuesday. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator McGILL, at 4:00 P.M., Senator WILLIAMS was granted a leave of absence until Noon on Tuesday. Leave of Absence On motion of Senator KNOTTS, at 4:25 P.M., Senator SHANE MARTIN was granted a leave of absence until Noon on Tuesday. Leave of Absence At 5:00 P.M., Senator VERDIN requested a leave of absence from Noon until 2:00 P.M. on Tuesday, June 1, 2010. At 11:37 A.M., on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, with unanimous consent, Senators FAIR, LAND and LEATHERMAN were granted leaved to attend a meeting of the Committee of Conference on H. 4657, the General Appropriations Bill, and were granted leave to vote from the balcony. S. 1 (Word version) Sen. Cromer S. 1462 (Word version) Sen. Alexander RECALLED H. 4747 (Word version) -- Reps. Mack, Gilliard, Hutto, Whipper, Stavrinakis, R.L. Brown, Harrell, Limehouse and Sottile: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGES LOCATED AT EXITS 219 A AND 219 B IN CHARLESTON COUNTY "FLOYD BREELAND INTERCHANGES" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT BOTH EXITS THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "FLOYD BREELAND INTERCHANGE". Senator GROOMS asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Resolution from the Committee on Transportation. The Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Transportation and ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS The following were introduced: S. 1481 (Word version) -- Senator Matthews: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE INTERCHANGE LOCATED AT THE INTERSECTION OF UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 176 AND INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 95 IN ORANGEBURG COUNTY "CORPORAL WILLIAM HOWELL, JR. INTERCHANGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS INTERCHANGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "CORPORAL WILLIAM HOWELL, JR. INTERCHANGE". l:\council\bills\ms\7868cm10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1482 (Word version) -- Senator Matthews: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR WILLIE E. JEFFRIES, HEAD FOOTBALL COACH EMERITUS OF SOUTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, UPON BEING ELECTED TO THE COLLEGE FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME. l:\council\bills\gm\24553bh10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1483 (Word version) -- Senator Matthews: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR PASTOR D. E. GREENE, JR. OF ORANGEBURG COUNTY AND TO COMMEND HIM FOR MANY YEARS OF DEVOTED SERVICE TO HIS CHURCH AND FOR HIS DISTINGUISHED LEADERSHIP IN THE COMMUNITY. l:\council\bills\gm\24556ab10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1484 (Word version) -- Senator Grooms: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE APPRECIATION OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA GENERAL ASSEMBLY FOR THE EVERGREEN COMPANY'S COMMITMENT TO OUR STATE, AND TO COMMEND THE COMPANY FOR THIRTY-FIVE YEARS OF EXCEPTIONAL SERVICE, LEADERSHIP, AND GROWTH IN THE PORT OF CHARLESTON AND BEYOND. l:\council\bills\bbm\9799sd10.docx The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. S. 1485 (Word version) -- Senator Elliott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO EXPRESS THE PROFOUND SORROW OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SENATE UPON THE PASSING OF CHELLIE BELLAMY OF HORRY COUNTY, AND TO EXTEND THE DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO HER FAMILY AND MANY FRIENDS. l:\council\bills\rm\1305htc10.docx S. 1486 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO ACKNOWLEDGE AND COMMEND THE HONORABLE KENNETH KENNEDY OF WILLIAMSBURG COUNTY FOR TWENTY YEARS OF ENERGETIC AND DEDICATED SERVICE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ON BEHALF OF THE CITIZENS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, AND TO WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS. l:\council\bills\gm\24561ab10.docx S. 1487 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR C. KELLY JACKSON, SOLICITOR FOR THE THIRD JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, UPON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT FROM THE OFFICE OF SOLICITOR, AND TO WISH HIM CONTINUED SUCCESS IN ALL HIS FUTURE ENDEAVORS. l:\council\bills\nbd\12431ac10.docx S. 1488 (Word version) -- Senators Knotts, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McConnell, McGill, Mulvaney, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Scott, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO CONGRATULATE MS. CHERYL R. MARTIN ON THE OCCASION OF HER RETIREMENT AFTER FORTY-FOUR YEARS AS A DEDICATED PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHER AND TO WISH HER A HAPPY RETIREMENT FULL OF HEALTH, HAPPINESS, AND TIME SPENT WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS. l:\s-jud\bills\knotts\jud0061.pb.docx H. 4839 (Word version) -- Rep. J. E. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT THE PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION FOR RECIPIENTS OF THE MEDAL OF HONOR AND PRISONERS OF WAR IN CERTAIN CONFLICTS APPLIES TO MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS REGARDLESS OF WHEN THE MEDAL OF HONOR WAS AWARDED OR THE CONFLICT INVOLVED. Read the first time and, on motion of Senator ALEXANDER, with unanimous consent, H. 4839 was ordered placed on the Calendar without reference. H. 5043 (Word version) -- Reps. Limehouse, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, G. A. Brown, H. B. Brown, R. L. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Gunn, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Hayes, Hearn, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutto, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, King, Kirsh, Knight, Littlejohn, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McEachern, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Millwood, Mitchell, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Nanney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Norman, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis, Wylie, A. D. Young and T. R. Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION CALLING UPON THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, IN COORDINATION WITH THE GOVERNOR, TO IMMEDIATELY BEGIN DEVELOPING A CONTINGENCY PLAN IN THE EVENT THE OIL LEAKING FROM THE DEEPWATER HORIZON IN THE GULF OF MEXICO IS SWEPT BY CURRENTS UP THE SOUTHEASTERN SEABOARD; IN DEVELOPING THIS PLAN THEY SHOULD ASSESS THE ACTIONS BEING TAKEN TO COMBAT THIS CRISIS AND DETERMINE WHAT SOLUTIONS ARE SUCCESSFUL AND WHAT ARE NOT AND IDENTIFY THE BEST PRACTICES AVAILABLE TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM AND THE RESOURCES NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT THIS PLAN. The Concurrent Resolution was introduced and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources. H. 5046 (Word version) -- Reps. Huggins, Ballentine, McLeod, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, G. A. Brown, H. B. Brown, R. L. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Gunn, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Hayes, Hearn, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Hutto, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, King, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McEachern, Merrill, Miller, Millwood, Mitchell, D. C. Moss, V. S. Moss, Nanney, J. H. Neal, J. M. Neal, Neilson, Norman, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Pinson, E. H. Pitts, M. A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, D. C. Smith, G. M. Smith, G. R. Smith, J. E. Smith, J. R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis, Wylie, A. D. Young and T. R. Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO HONOR MR. MICHAEL SATTERFIELD, PRINCIPAL OF CHAPIN HIGH SCHOOL, FOR HIS MANY YEARS OF DEDICATED SERVICE AS AN EDUCATOR, AND TO EXTEND BEST WISHES FOR MUCH CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS AS HE LEAVES CHAPIN TO TAKE ON NEW DUTIES. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 2 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Peeler, Leatherman, Sheheen, Rose, Courson, Elliott, Massey, Hayes, Davis, Bright, L. Martin and Rankin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 11-11-410, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LIMIT ON STATE SPENDING IMPOSED PURSUANT TO SECTION 7(C), ARTICLE X OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, SO AS TO REVISE THIS LIMIT BY IMPOSING AN ANNUAL LIMIT ON THE APPROPRIATION OF STATE GENERAL FUND REVENUES BY ADJUSTING SUCH REVENUES BY A ROLLING TEN-YEAR AVERAGE IN ANNUAL CHANGES IN GENERAL FUND REVENUES AND THE CREATION OF A SEPARATE BUDGET STABILIZATION FUND IN THE STATE TREASURY TO WHICH MUST BE CREDITED ALL GENERAL FUND REVENUES IN EXCESS OF THE ANNUAL LIMIT, THE REVENUES OF WHICH MUCH FIRST BE USED TO STABILIZE GENERAL FUND REVENUES AVAILABLE FOR APPROPRIATION, TO DEFINE EMERGENCIES AND TO PROVIDE FOR SUSPENSION OF THIS APPROPRIATIONS LIMIT IN EMERGENCIES, TO PROVIDE THAT A CASH BALANCE IN THE BUDGET STABILIZATION FUND IN EXCESS OF FIFTEEN PERCENT OF GENERAL FUND REVENUES OF THE MOST RECENT COMPLETED FISCAL YEAR MAY BE APPROPRIATED IN SEPARATE LEGISLATION FOR VARIOUS NONRECURRING PURPOSES, AND TO DEFINE SURPLUS GENERAL FUND REVENUES. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 107 (Word version) -- Senators Ryberg, Bryant, Massey, Peeler and L. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-654 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT IN THE THIRD DEGREE, TO INCLUDE SEXUAL BATTERY WHEN THE VICTIM IS A STUDENT SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER AND THE ACTOR IS A PERSON EMPLOYED AT A PUBLIC OR PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL, UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 288 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 1, TITLE 56 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 56-1-146 TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON WHO IS CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME MUST SURRENDER HIS DRIVER'S LICENSE OR SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD TO THE COURT WHICH MUST TRANSMIT IT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES TOGETHER WITH NOTICE OF THE CRIME AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE DRIVER'S LICENSE OR SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD IS CONSIDERED REVOKED AND MUST NOT BE RETURNED TO THE PERSON UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; BY ADDING 56-1-148 TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME MUST HAVE A SPECIAL CODE AFFIXED TO THE REVERSE SIDE OF HIS DRIVER'S LICENSE OR SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD THAT IDENTIFIES THE PERSON AS HAVING BEEN CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME, TO PROVIDE A FEE TO BE CHARGED FOR AFFIXING THE CODE AND FOR ITS DISTRIBUTION, AND TO PROVIDE A PROCESS FOR REMOVING THE CODE; TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-80, RELATING TO THE CONTENTS OF A DRIVER'S LICENSE APPLICATION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE APPLICATION MUST CONTAIN A STATEMENT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE APPLICANT HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-3350, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF A SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD BY THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE APPLICATION FOR A SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION CARD MUST CONTAIN A STATEMENT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE APPLICANT HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF A VIOLENT CRIME. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 319 (Word version) -- Senators Leventis, Rose, Malloy, Davis, Lourie and Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 59, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 46 SO AS TO ENACT THE "INTERSTATE COMPACT ON EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR MILITARY CHILDREN", TO PROVIDE THAT THE GOVERNOR MAY EXECUTE THE COMPACT WITH OTHER COMPACT STATES, TO PROVIDE THAT THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION IS THE COMPACT COMMISSIONER OF THIS STATE, TO ESTABLISH A COUNCIL ON EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR MILITARY CHILDREN, TO PROVIDE FOR THE COUNCIL'S MEMBERSHIP, APPOINTMENTS, TERMS, QUORUM, LEADERSHIP, FILLING OF VACANCIES, AND POWERS AND DUTIES, AND TO PROVIDE THE TERMS OF THE COMPACT. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 717 (Word version) -- Senators Coleman, Setzler, Land, Campbell and Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 12-36-2120 AND 12-37-220, BOTH AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS AND PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, BUILDING AND OTHER RAW MATERIALS, AND ELECTRICITY USED BY A FACILITY OWNED BY A TAX EXEMPT ORGANIZATION INVESTING AT LEAST TWENTY MILLION DOLLARS OVER THREE YEARS IN THE FACILITY WHEN THAT FACILITY IS USED PRINCIPALLY FOR RESEARCHING AND TESTING THE IMPACT OF NATURAL HAZARDS SUCH AS WIND, FIRE, EARTHQUAKE, AND HAIL ON BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 1051 (Word version) -- Senator Davis: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 48-39-290, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO RESTRICTIONS, EXCEPTIONS, AND SPECIAL PERMITS CONCERNING CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION SEAWARD OF THE BASELINE OR BETWEEN THE BASELINE AND THE SET BACK LINE, SO AS TO REVISE THE DESCRIPTION OF A PRIVATE ISLAND WITH AN ATLANTIC SHORELINE THAT IS EXEMPT FROM THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION AND THE FORTY-YEAR RETREAT POLICY. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 1120 (Word version) -- Senators Lourie, Pinckney, Williams, Leventis, Anderson, Land and Sheheen: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 16-3-1360 SO AS TO PROHIBIT HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS FROM ENGAGING IN DEBT COLLECTION ACTIVITIES RELATING TO MEDICAL TREATMENT RECEIVED IN CONNECTION WITH A CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION OF A VICTIM OF CRIME UNTIL AN AWARD IS MADE OR A CLAIM IS DENIED AND TO STAY THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS FOR THE COLLECTION OF THIS DEBT UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 1298 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-70 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE REGULATION OF TRAFFIC ON HIGHWAYS, TO PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR RELIEF FROM REGULATIONS DURING TIMES OF EMERGENCY. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 1338 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 432 OF 1947, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE GREENVILLE HOSPITAL SYSTEM, ITS CREATION, BOARD, POWERS, AND DUTIES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE GREENVILLE HOSPITAL SYSTEM BOARD OF TRUSTEES MAY ESTABLISH A POLICE DEPARTMENT, EMPLOY POLICE AND SECURITY OFFICERS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE POLICE DEPARTMENT'S DUTIES, RESPONSIBILITIES, POWERS, FUNCTIONS, AND JURISDICTION. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., March 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments: S. 1392 (Word version) -- Transportation Committee: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 3, TITLE 56 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION AND LICENSING, TO PROVIDE FOR CERTAIN SPECIALTY LICENSE PLATES; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-10810, RELATING TO 'BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA' SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES, TO PROVIDE FOR 'EAGLE SCOUT' SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-2150, RELATING TO SPECIAL LICENSE PLATES FOR CERTAIN ELECTED OFFICIALS, TO PROVIDE THAT CORONERS MAY BE PROVIDED WITH TWO LICENSE PLATES; TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-1240, RELATING TO THE LOCATION ON VEHICLES WHERE LICENSE PLATES MUST BE ATTACHED, TO PROVIDE THAT A FRAME MAY BE PLACED AROUND A LICENSE PLATE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; AND TO AMEND SECTION 56-3-10410, RELATING TO A SPECIAL MOTOR VEHICLE LICENSE PLATE FOR VETERANS, TO PROVIDE FOR A DISABLED VETERAN SPECIAL LICENSE PLATE. Respectfully submitted, Speaker of the House The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 13, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has sustained the veto by the Governor on R.192, H. 3161 by a vote of 58 to 51: (R192, H3161 (Word version)) -- Rep. Harrison: AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 1-23-660, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE OFFICE OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS WITHIN THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURT, SO AS TO REQUIRE THE OFFICE OF MOTOR VEHICLE HEARINGS TO EMPLOY CERTAIN PROFESSIONAL AND SUPPORT STAFF; TO AMEND SECTION 56-5-2952, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE FILING FEE TO REQUEST AN ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING, SO AS TO INCREASE THE FILING FEE FROM ONE HUNDRED FIFTY TO TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS AND PROVIDE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FILING FEE FUNDS COLLECTED; TO AMEND SECTION 8-21-320, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO COMMON PLEAS AND FAMILY COURT MOTION FEES, SO AS TO INCREASE THE MOTION FEE FROM TWENTY-FIVE TO SEVENTY-FIVE DOLLARS FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME; TO AMEND SECTION 14-1-204, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO COURT FILING FEES COLLECTED BY CLERKS OF COURT, REGISTERS OF DEEDS, OR COUNTY TREASURERS, SO AS TO IMPOSE FEES FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME IN FAMILY COURT AND OTHER FEES IN OTHER COURTS OF RECORD, PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS, AND PROVIDE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FEES COLLECTED; AND TO AMEND SECTION 22-3-340, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO ASSESSMENTS ON FILINGS IN MAGISTRATES COURT, SO AS TO INCREASE THE ASSESSMENT FROM TWENTY-FIVE TO FIFTY DOLLARS ON SUMMONS AND COMPLAINT FILINGS AND FROM TEN TO TWENTY DOLLARS ON CIVIL FILINGS IN MAGISTRATES COURT. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 26, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: S. 1134 (Word version) -- Senators Peeler and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING CHAPTER 38 TO TITLE 59 SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA EDUCATION BILL OF RIGHTS FOR CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE ACT" TO PROVIDE THAT SCHOOL DISTRICTS SHALL TAKE CERTAIN MEASURES TO HELP ENSURE THAT THE EDUCATION NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE ARE MET BY ASSISTING WITH ENROLLMENT, SCHOOL RECORDS AND CREDIT TRANSFERS, ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND ACTIVITIES, AND EXCUSED ABSENCE MAKE-UP REQUIREMENTS; TO PROVIDE THAT SCHOOL DISTRICTS SHALL PROVIDE ACCESS TO AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES FOR SCHOOL RECORDS OF CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE; AND TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO PROVIDE AN EDUCATIONAL ADVOCATE FOR CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE. and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 26, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: S. 1294 (Word version) -- Senator Peeler: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2540 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE TRAPPING SEASON OF FURBEARING ANIMALS, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS LAWFUL TO TRAP COYOTES FROM NOVEMBER FIRST OF EACH YEAR TO MARCH FIRST OF THE SUCCEEDING YEAR. and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 26, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: H. 3790 (Word version) -- Rep. Sandifer: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA MORTGAGE LENDING ACT", BY ADDING CHAPTER 22 TO TITLE 37 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE LICENSING OF A MORTGAGE LENDER, LOAN ORIGINATOR, OR SOMEONE ACTING AS A MORTGAGE LENDER; PROVIDE DEFINITIONS; ESTABLISH QUALIFICATIONS FOR LICENSURE AND GROUNDS FOR REVOCATION, SUSPENSION, RENEWAL, AND TERMINATION; DESCRIBE PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES; PROVIDE FOR RECORD-KEEPING, TRUST AND ESCROW ACCOUNTS, AND ANNUAL REPORTS; PROVIDE FOR ENFORCEMENT THROUGH ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION BY THE COMMISSIONER OF THE CONSUMER FINANCE DIVISION OF THE BOARD OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THROUGH CRIMINAL PENALTIES, AND TO PROVIDE FOR PARTICIPATION IN A NATIONAL MORTGAGE REGISTRY; TO AMEND SECTIONS 37-1-301, 37-3-105, 37-3-501, AND 37-23-20, ALL RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH MORTGAGE LENDING AND BROKERING AND HIGH-COST AND CONSUMER HOME LOANS, SO AS TO CONFORM DEFINITIONS, AND TO ADD A DEFINITION FOR "ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE"; TO AMEND SECTIONS 37-23-40, 37-23-45, AND 37-23-75, ALL RELATING TO PROTECTIONS FOR THE BORROWER IN A HIGH-COST OR CONSUMER HOME LOAN TRANSACTION, SO AS TO REQUIRE CERTAIN DISCLOSURES IN CONNECTION WITH AN ADJUSTABLE RATE MORTGAGE; TO AMEND SECTION 29-4-20, RELATING TO THE DEFINITION OF "REVERSE MORTGAGE", SO AS TO CONFORM THE DEFINITION; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 58, TITLE 40, RELATING TO THE REGISTRATION OF MORTGAGE LOAN BROKERS, SO AS TO CHANGE THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS TO LICENSING REQUIREMENTS, TO CONFORM DEFINITIONS TO THOSE SET FORTH IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA MORTGAGE LENDING ACT, REQUIRE CERTAIN PROFESSIONAL COURSES, AN ADDITIONAL YEAR OF EXPERIENCE, AND A FINGERPRINT CHECK FOR MORTGAGE BROKERS AND LOAN ORIGINATORS, REQUIRE CERTAIN RECORDS BE KEPT AND MADE ACCESSIBLE, ADD CERTAIN PROHIBITIONS IN CONNECTION WITH A REAL ESTATE APPRAISAL, REQUIRE AND PRESCRIBE MORTGAGE BROKER AGREEMENTS, AUTHORIZE ENFORCEMENT BY THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS AND PRESCRIBE ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES INCLUDING FINES AND INJUNCTIONS AND A CRIMINAL PENALTY, REQUIRE CERTAIN REPORTS AND FILINGS, AND PROVIDE FOR PARTICIPATION IN A NATIONWIDE MORTGAGE REGISTRY. and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 26, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: H. 4572 (Word version) -- Reps. J.E. Smith, Bannister, Weeks and Hutto: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO PROVISIONS THAT AFFECT BEER, BY AMENDING SECTION 61-4-940, SO AS TO ALLOW WHOLESALERS AND RETAILERS OF BEER TO TEMPORARILY STORE EQUIPMENT USED IN DELIVERY OF BEER AND TO AUTHORIZE WHOLESALERS OF BEER TO SUPPLY RETAIL DEALERS OF BEER WITH DISPLAYS THAT ARE ALLOWED BY FEDERAL REGULATIONS; BY ADDING SECTION 61-4-960, SO AS TO ALLOW HOLDERS OF RETAIL PERMITS THAT AUTHORIZE THE SALE OF BEER OR WINE FOR OFF-PREMISES CONSUMPTION TO HOLD A LIMITED NUMBER OF BEER TASTINGS AT THE RETAIL LOCATION EACH YEAR UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES; AND BY ADDING SECTION 61-4-1515, SO AS TO ALLOW A BREWERY TO OFFER BEER TASTINGS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE PAYMENT OF APPROPRIATE TAXES. and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 26, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it concurs in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: H. 4945 (Word version) -- Reps. M.A. Pitts, Duncan and Willis: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 779 OF 1988, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO LAURENS COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICTS 55 AND 56, SO AS TO REVISE AND REDEFINE THE SINGLE-MEMBER DISTRICTS FROM WHICH TRUSTEES ARE ELECTED; AND TO REDESIGNATE MAP NUMBERS ON WHICH THESE DISTRICTS ARE DELINEATED. and has ordered the Bill enrolled for Ratification. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Expression of Personal Interest Senator ALEXANDER rose for an Expression of Personal Interest. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 12:00 Noon, Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. Privilege of the Floor On motion of Senator LOURIE, the Privilege of the Floor was extended to Colonel Charles P. Murray, Jr., U. S. Army (Ret.), Medal of Honor recipient and, on behalf of the Senate, bestowed the Senate's appreciation and commendation on his exemplary military service. Senators SCOTT, CROMER, O'DELL, HAYES, SETZLER, KNOTTS and ANDERSON escorted Colonel Murray to the floor. RECESS At 12:11 P.M., on motion of Senator PEELER, the Senate receded from business until 12:40 P.M. At 12:49 P.M., the Senate resumed. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 12:55 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. Point of Quorum At 12:55 P.M., Senator LARRY MARTIN made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present. Call of the Senate Senator LARRY MARTIN moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call: Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Grooms Hayes Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Rose Scott Setzler Shoopman Verdin A quorum being present, the Senate resumed. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR. HOUSE BILL RETURNED The following House Bill was read the third time and ordered returned to the House with amendments: H. 4448 (Word version) -- Reps. Sandifer, Agnew, Duncan, M.A. Pitts, Neilson, Brady, Gunn, Lowe, Funderburk, Hardwick, Mitchell, Hearn, Pinson, Bales, Clemmons, Toole, D.C. Moss, Ballentine, Willis, Huggins, Long, Simrill, H.B. Brown, Kirsh, Forrester, Rice, Anderson, D.C. Smith, Nanney, Vick, Stewart, T.R. Young, Bowers, Allen, V.S. Moss, Whitmire, Littlejohn, G.R. Smith, Hayes, Cobb-Hunter, J.R. Smith, Brantley, Gambrell, King, Viers, Bannister, Dillard, Ott, Jefferson, Herbkersman, Allison, Wylie, R.L. Brown, Whipper, Weeks, Knight and Hodges: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 58-5-380 OF THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE GAS UTILITIES TO IMPLEMENT PREPAYMENT PROGRAMS FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT WILL PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION BY FACILITATING CONSUMER AWARENESS OF ENERGY USE AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES AND TO ALLOW THE GAS UTILITIES TO INTERRUPT SERVICE WHEN THE PREPAID ACCOUNT BALANCE IS ZERO; TO AMEND CHAPTER 27, TITLE 58 OF THE CODE OF LAWS, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE ELECTRIC UTILITIES TO IMPLEMENT PREPAYMENT PROGRAMS FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT WILL PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION BY FACILITATING CONSUMER AWARENESS OF ENERGY USE AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES AND TO ALLOW THE UTILITIES TO INTERRUPT SERVICE WHEN THE PREPAID ACCOUNT BALANCE IS ZERO; TO AMEND CHAPTER 31, TITLE 58 OF THE CODE OF LAWS, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE SOUTH CAROLINA PUBLIC SERVICE AUTHORITY TO IMPLEMENT PREPAYMENT PROGRAMS FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT WILL PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION BY FACILITATING CONSUMER AWARENESS OF ENERGY USE AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES AND TO ALLOW THE PUBLIC SERVICE AUTHORITY TO INTERRUPT SERVICE WHEN THE PREPAID ACCOUNT BALANCE IS ZERO; TO AMEND CHAPTER 49, TITLE 33 OF THE CODE OF LAWS, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES TO IMPLEMENT PREPAYMENT PROGRAMS FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT WILL PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION BY FACILITATING CONSUMER AWARENESS OF ENERGY USE AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES AND TO ALLOW THE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES TO INTERRUPT SERVICE WHEN THE PREPAID ACCOUNT BALANCE IS ZERO; AND TO AMEND CHAPTER 31, TITLE 5 OF THE CODE OF LAWS, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE MUNICIPAL ELECTRIC AND GAS SYSTEMS TO IMPLEMENT PREPAYMENT PROGRAMS FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT WILL PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION BY FACILITATING CONSUMER AWARENESS OF ENERGY USE AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES AND TO ALLOW THE SYSTEMS TO INTERRUPT SERVICE WHEN THE PREPAID ACCOUNT BALANCE IS ZERO. RETURNED TO THE HOUSE H. 3746 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons and Viers: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-11-70, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE NOMINATION OF CANDIDATES BY A PETITION, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO QUALIFIED ELECTOR WHO VOTED IN A PRIMARY ELECTION IS ELIGIBLE TO SIGN A PETITION FOR A CANDIDATE TO RUN FOR AN OFFICE TO BE FILLED AT THE GENERAL ELECTION FOLLOWING THAT PRIMARY AND TO PROVIDE THAT A QUALIFIED ELECTOR OTHERWISE ELIGIBLE TO SIGN A PETITION FOR A CANDIDATE TO APPEAR ON A GENERAL ELECTION BALLOT MAY NOT SIGN MORE THAN ONE PETITION PER GENERAL ELECTION PER OFFICE; BY ADDING SECTION 7-11-75 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON OFFERING FOR ELECTION AS A PETITION CANDIDATE IN ANY GENERAL ELECTION MUST HAVE FIRST NOTIFIED THE ENTITY TO WHICH THE PETITION IS REQUIRED TO BE FILED BY THE BEGINNING DATE OF THE PRIMARY ELECTION PRECEDING THAT GENERAL ELECTION OF HIS INTENTION TO FILE AS A PETITION CANDIDATE FOR THAT OFFICE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT FAILURE TO DO SO DISQUALIFIES HIM AS A PETITION CANDIDATE FOR THAT GENERAL ELECTION; TO AMEND SECTION 7-11-80, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE FORM OF NOMINATING PETITIONS, SO AS TO REQUIRE ALL THE SIGNATURES TO BE LEGIBLE SO THAT THE NAME OF THE VOTER CAN BE IDENTIFIED BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT; TO AMEND SECTION 7-11-85, RELATING TO VERIFICATION OF THE SIGNATURES ON PETITIONS, SO AS TO REVISE THE VERIFICATION PROCESS, TO PROVIDE THAT ALL QUALIFIED ELECTORS SIGNING A PETITION FOR A CANDIDATE TO APPEAR ON A GENERAL ELECTION BALLOT FOR ELECTION TO A PARTICULAR OFFICE MUST HAVE BEEN A QUALIFIED ELECTOR WHO REGISTERED TO VOTE AT LEAST THIRTY DAYS BEFORE SUBMISSION OF THE PETITION, AND TO REQUIRE THE REGISTRATION BOARD TO VERIFY THE VOTER IS A QUALIFIED ELECTOR IN THAT JURISDICTION; BY ADDING SECTION 7-11-95 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE ENTITY TO WHICH A PETITION MUST BE FILED MAY REJECT THE PETITION IF, AFTER A HEARING, THE ENTITY FINDS THAT BY A PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE FRAUD WAS COMMITTED IN THE EXECUTION OF THE PETITION, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE VALIDATION OF THE SIGNATURES ON A PETITION AND THE DETERMINATION OF WHETHER OR NOT FRAUD WAS COMMITTED IN THE EXECUTION OF THE PETITION MUST BE CONDUCTED IN PUBLIC AFTER NOTICE; AND BY ADDING SECTION 7-11-100 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT DECISIONS OF A LOCAL ENTITY TO WHICH A PETITION MUST BE FILED MAY BE APPEALED TO THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION AND THEREAFTER TO A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION IN THE MANNER IN WHICH APPEALS FROM THE STATE ELECTION COMMISSION MAY BE TAKEN. Senator CAMPSEN asked unanimous consent to take the Bill up for immediate consideration. There was no objection. The question then was adoption of the previously proposed amendment. Senator CAMPSEN asked unanimous consent to withdraw his previously proposed amendment. There was no objection and the amendment was withdrawn. Amendment No. 3A Senator CAMPSEN proposed the following Amendment No. 3A (JUD3746.009), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1, beginning on line 29, page 2, in its entirety. Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking lines 31-35 on page 4 and inserting: / (2) a statement in a conspicuous location and in bold on each page, that, by signing the petition, the voter attests, under penalty of perjury, that he manually signed his own name; Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CAMPSEN explained the amendment. The question then was the third reading of the Bill, as amended. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 33; Nays 2 AYES Alexander Anderson Bryant Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Ford Grooms Hayes Jackson Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Rose Scott Setzler Shoopman Verdin Total--33 NAYS Bright McConnell Total--2 The Bill was read the third time, passed and ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. RETURNED TO THE HOUSE H. 4239 (Word version) -- Reps. Miller, Wylie, J.E. Smith and Anderson: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 8-21-310, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE SCHEDULE OF FEES AND COSTS COLLECTED BY COUNTY CLERKS OF COURT AND REGISTERS OF DEEDS, SO AS TO WAIVE THE RECORDING FEE OTHERWISE REQUIRED FOR A POWER OF ATTORNEY FILED BY A MEMBER OF ARMED FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES PREPARATORY TO DEPLOYMENT TO A COMBAT ZONE UPON PRESENTATION OF COPIES OF THE DEPLOYMENT ORDER, AND TO DEFINE "COMBAT ZONE". The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the third reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 36; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Coleman Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Grooms Hayes Knotts Land Leatherman Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Matthews McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Rankin Reese Ryberg Scott Setzler Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams Total--36 NAYS Total--0 The Bill was read the third time and ordered returned to the House. The following Bills, having been read the second time, were ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar: H. 4966 (Word version) -- Rep. Funderburk: A BILL TO AUTHORIZE THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF KERSHAW COUNTY TO ISSUE GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT WITHIN ITS CONSTITUTIONAL DEBT LIMIT, IN ONE OR MORE SERIES, IN A TOTAL AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED TWO MILLION FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS, TO DEFRAY THE LOSS OF EDUCATION FINANCE ACT FUNDS TO THE SCHOOL DISTRICT, TO PRESCRIBE THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE BONDS MAY BE ISSUED AND THE PURPOSES FOR WHICH THE PROCEEDS MAY BE EXPENDED, AND TO MAKE PROVISION FOR THE PAYMENT OF THE BONDS. On motion of Senator LOURIE, the Bill was read the second time. H. 4589 (Word version) -- Reps. Gambrell, D.C. Moss, Frye, V.S. Moss and White: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 46-7-110, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ANIMAL FACILITY WASTE MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS, SO AS TO EXEMPT CATTLE STOCKYARD OWNERS AND OPERATORS AND CATTLE PRODUCERS FROM THESE TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS. Senator VERDIN explained the Bill. H. 4129 (Word version) -- Reps. Funderburk, Umphlett, Hodges, Clemmons, Whipper, R.L. Brown and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 16-11-780 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO WILFULLY, KNOWINGLY, OR MALICIOUSLY ENTER UPON THE POSTED LANDS OF ANOTHER OR THE STATE AND INVESTIGATE, DISTURB, OR EXCAVATE A PREHISTORIC OR HISTORIC SITE FOR THE PURPOSE OF DISCOVERING, UNCOVERING, MOVING, REMOVING, OR ATTEMPTING TO REMOVE AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE; TO PROVIDE PENALTIES AND CIVIL REMEDIES; AND TO PROVIDE EXCEPTIONS. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary. The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD4129.002), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking lines 30-33, in Section 16-11-780(B), as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein: / (B) The court may call upon the Office of the State Archaeologist to provide evidence to assist in determining, calculating, or computing archaeological value, commercial value, or the cost of restoration and repair of an archaeological resource. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 2, by striking line 35, in Section 16-11-780(C), as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following: / maliciously enter upon the lands of another or the posted lands of the State and / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, pages 2 and 3, by striking lines 40 and 41 on page 2 and striking lines 1-21 on page 3, as contained in Section 16-11-780(D), (E), (F), (G), and (H), as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following: / (D) For a first offense, a person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined, imprisoned, or both, pursuant to the jurisdiction of magistrates as provided in Section 22-3-550. (E) For a second offense for violating this section on the same property as the first offense or on another posted property, a person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined not less than one thousand dollars or more than three thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. (F) For a third or subsequent offense for violating this section on the same property as the first offense or on another posted property, a person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (G) For the purposes of subsections (E) and (F) of this section, a second, third, or subsequent offense on the same property as the first offense or on another posted property must include no offense that occurs more than ten years after conviction for the first offense. (H) All equipment and conveyances including, but not limited to, trailers, motor vehicles, and watergoing vessels that were used in connection with felony violations of this section are subject to forfeiture to the State in the same manner as equipment and conveyances are subject to forfeiture pursuant to Section 44-53-520, if the offender either owns the equipment or conveyance or is a resident of the equipment or conveyance owner's household. (1) All equipment and conveyances subject to confiscation and forfeiture under this section may be confiscated by any law enforcement officer as provided in this section. The confiscating officer shall deliver the confiscated property immediately to the county or municipality where the offense occurred. The county or municipality shall notify the registered owner of the confiscated property by certified mail within seventy-two hours of the confiscation. Upon notice, the registered owner has ten days to request a hearing before the court. The confiscation hearing must be held within ten days from the date of receipt of the request. The confiscated property must be returned to the registered owner if the registered owner shows by a preponderance of the evidence that he did not know the confiscated property was used in the commission of the crime, that he did not give permission for the confiscated property to be used in the commission of the crime, and that the confiscated property had not been used for a previous violation of this section on the posted land where this offense occurred or other posted land. (2) The county or municipality in possession of the confiscated property shall provide notice by certified mail of the confiscation to all lienholders of record within ten days of the confiscation. (3) Forfeiture of property is subordinate in priority to all valid liens and encumbrances. (4) A person whose property is subject to forfeiture under this section is entitled to a jury trial if requested. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 3, following line 43, by adding an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. Section 16-17-600 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 16-17-600. (A) It is unlawful for a person wilfully and knowingly, and without proper legal authority to: (1) destroy or damage the remains of a deceased human being; (2) remove a portion of the remains of a deceased human being from a burial ground where human skeletal remains are buried, a grave, crypt, vault, mausoleum, Native American burial ground or burial mound, or other repository; or (3) desecrate human remains. A person violating the provisions of subsection (A) is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not less than one year nor more than ten years, or both. A crematory operator is neither civilly nor criminally liable for cremating a body which (1) has been incorrectly identified by the funeral director, coroner, medical examiner, or person authorized by law to bring the deceased to the crematory; or (2) the funeral director has obtained invalid authorization to cremate. This immunity does not apply to a crematory operator who knew or should have known that the body was incorrectly identified. (B) It is unlawful for a person wilfully and knowingly, and without proper legal authority to: (1) obliterate, vandalize, or desecrate a burial ground where human skeletal remains are buried, a grave, graveyard, tomb, mausoleum, Native American burial ground or burial mound, or other repository of human remains; (2) deface, vandalize, injure, or remove a gravestone or other memorial monument or marker commemorating a deceased person or group of persons, whether located within or outside of a recognized cemetery, Native American burial ground or burial mound, memorial park, or battlefield; or (3) obliterate, vandalize, or desecrate a park, Native American burial ground or burial mound, or other area clearly designated to preserve and perpetuate the memory of a deceased person or group of persons. A person violating the provisions of subsection (B) is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than ten years or fined not more than five thousand dollars, or both. (C)(1) It is unlawful for a person wilfully and knowingly to steal anything of value located upon or around a repository for human remains or within a human graveyard, cemetery, Native American burial ground or burial mound, or memorial park, or for a person wilfully, knowingly, and without proper legal authority to destroy, tear down, or injure any fencing, plants, trees, shrubs, or flowers located upon or around a repository for human remains, or within a human graveyard, cemetery, Native American burial ground or burial mound, or memorial park. (2) A person violating the provisions of item (1) is guilty of: (a) a felony and, upon conviction, if the theft of, destruction to, injury to, or loss of property is valued at two hundred dollars or more, must be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than five years, or both, and must be required to perform not more than five hundred hours of community service; (b) a misdemeanor triable in magistrates court if the theft of, destruction to, injury to, or loss of property is valued at less than two hundred dollars. Upon conviction, a person must be fined, imprisoned, or both, pursuant to the jurisdiction of magistrates as provided in Section 22-3-550, and must be required to perform not more than two hundred fifty hours of community service. (D) A person who owns or has an interest in caring for the property, in the case of private lands, or the State, in the case of state lands, may bring a civil action for a violation of this section to recover damages, and the cost of restoration and repair of the property, plus attorney's fees and court costs." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the committee amendment. Senator CAMPSEN proposed the following amendment (JUD4129.003), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, by striking lines 14 and 15 of the title, and inserting therein the following: / MALICIOUSLY ENTER UPON THE LANDS OF ANOTHER OR THE POSTED LANDS OF THE STATE AND INVESTIGATE, DISTURB, / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, page 2, by striking line 26, in Section 16-11-780(A)(5), as contained in SECTION 1, and inserting therein the following: / (5) 'Posted lands' means lands where the State has / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CAMPSEN explained the amendment. The question then was the second reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 33; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Hayes Jackson Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Reese Rose Scott Setzler Shoopman Verdin Total--33 NAYS Total--0 There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. H. 4129--Ordered to a Third Reading On motion of Senator LOURIE, with unanimous consent, H. 4129 was ordered to receive a third reading on Friday, May 28, 2010. H. 4837 (Word version) -- Reps. J.E. Smith, Miller and McLeod: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-21-3940, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BINGO LICENSE REQUIRED FOR NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, SO AS TO ELIMINATE THE PROHIBITION ON ISSUING SUCH A LICENSE TO A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION THAT IS A NONPUBLIC, LIMITED MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATION ESTABLISHED FOR SOCIAL, BENEVOLENT, PATRIOTIC, RECREATIONAL, OR FRATERNAL PURPOSES WHICH HOLDS A LICENSE TO SELL ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS BY THE DRINK. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill. Senators RYBERG and CLEARY proposed the following amendment (JUD4837.001), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by adding after page 1, line 32, an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. Section 12-21-3920(5) of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "(5) 'Nonprofit organization' means an entity which is organized and operated exclusively for charitable, religious, or fraternal purposes and which is exempt from federal income taxes pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(3), 501(c)(4), 501(c)(7), 501(c)(8), 501(c)(10), or 501(c)(19)." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLEARY explained the amendment. The question then was the second reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 30; Nays 3 AYES Alexander Anderson Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Hayes Jackson Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Rose Scott Setzler Shoopman Verdin Total--30 NAYS Bright Bryant Martin, Shane Total--3 There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. H. 4837--Ordered to a Third Reading On motion of Senator CLEARY, with unanimous consent, H. 4837 was ordered to receive a third reading on Friday, May 28, 2010. At 1:30 P.M., on motion of Senator LEATHERMAN, with unanimous consent, Senators LAND, FAIR and LEATHERMAN were granted leaved to attend a meeting of the Committee of Conference on H. 4657, the General Appropriations Bill. H. 4516 (Word version) -- Rep. M.A. Pitts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 61-4-550 AND 61-6-2000, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SPECIAL PERMITS FOR THE SALE OF BEER AND WINE AND FOR THE SALE OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS, RESPECTIVELY, BOTH SO AS TO ALLOW NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS TO ACQUIRE PERMITS FOR A LIMITED DURATION UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES AND LIMITATIONS; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 61-6-510 RELATING TO TEMPORARY PERMITS FOR THE SALE OF ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS FOR NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary. Senator LOURIE proposed the following amendment (JUD4516.003), which was adopted: Amend the committee report, as and if amended, page [4516-2], by striking line 5 in its entirety and inserting the following: / deny the application. (D) Organizations granted permits pursuant to this section are subject to penalties imposed pursuant to violations of Article 1, Chapter 4, Title 61." / Amend the committee report further, as and if amended, page [4516-3], by striking lines 14-15 in their entirety and inserting the following: / affiliate of a political party duly certified by the Secretary of State. (F) Organizations granted permits pursuant to this section are subject to penalties imposed pursuant to violations of Article 13, Chapter 6, Title 61." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LOURIE explained the amendment. The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD4516.002), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking on page 1, lines 30-40 in their entirety and inserting the following: / "Section 61-4-550. (A) The department may issue permits to nonprofit organizations running for a period not exceeding fifteen days for a fee of ten dollars per day. For purposes of this section, a 'nonprofit organization' is an entity which is organized and operated exclusively for social, benevolent, patriotic, recreational, or fraternal purposes, and which is exempt from federal income taxes pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(3), 501(c)(4), 501(c)(6), 501(c)(7), 501(c)(8), 501(c)(10), or 501(c)(19). It also includes political parties and their affiliates duly certified by the Secretary of State. Such These special permits shall may be issued only for locations at fairs and special functions. / Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking page 2, lines 12-19 in their entirety and inserting the following: / (C) The department shall require the applicant to notify in writing a minimum of fifteen days prior to the first day of a fair or special function the sheriff, or sheriff's designee, of the county in which the fair or special function is to be located. Upon request of the applicant, the sheriff may waive the fifteen day notification requirement. A timely objection within seventy-two hours of the receipt of the notice by the sheriff, or his official designee, submitted in writing to the department is sufficient grounds to deny the application." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by adding on page 2, after line 19 an appropriately numbered SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. Section 61-4-240 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 61-4-240. Temporary permits for the possession, consumption, and sale of beer or wine may be issued pursuant to Sections 61-4-550, 61-6-500, 61-6-510, 61-6-2000, or 61-6-2010, as appropriate, and in accordance with these statutes." / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 2, lines 41-43 and page 3, lines 1-14 in their entirety and inserting the following: / Notwithstanding another provision of this article, the department may issue to a nonprofit organization a temporary license to sell alcoholic liquor by the drink at a special function for a period not to exceed twenty-four hours. A qualifying nonprofit organization may sell tickets at the door. The application for this temporary license must include a statement by the applicant as to the nature and date of the special function at which alcoholic liquor by the drink is to be sold, as well as other information required by the department. The department shall charge a nonrefundable filing fee of thirty-five dollars for processing each event on the application. The department may deny the application if the completed application and filing fee are not submitted at least fifteen days before the date of the special function, but upon request by the applicant, the department may waive this requirement. The department in its discretion may specify the terms and conditions of the license, pursuant to existing statutes and regulations governing these applications. / Amend the bill further, as and if amended, by striking page 3, lines 30-42 and page 4, lines 1-10 in their entirety and inserting the following: / (C) The department shall require the applicant to notify in writing within fifteen days the sheriff, or the sheriff's designee, of the county in which the special function is to be located. Upon request of the applicant, the sheriff may waive the fifteen day notification requirement. A timely objection within seventy-two hours of receipt of the notice by the sheriff, or his official designee, submitted in writing to the department is sufficient grounds to deny the application. (D) The department may issue up to twenty-five temporary licenses on one application for special functions in a twelve-month period to the same nonprofit organization. This does not prohibit the nonprofit organization from applying for additional temporary licenses within the same twelve-month period. (E) For purposes of this section, 'nonprofit organization' is an entity that is organized and operated exclusively for social, benevolent, patriotic, recreational, or fraternal purpose, and is exempt from federal income taxes pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(3), 501(c)(4), 501(c)(6), 501(c)(7), 501(c)(8), 501(c)(10), or 501(c)(19). It also includes a political party or affiliate of a political party duly certified by the Secretary of State." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. H. 4256 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrison and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-30-125, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO INCIDENCES WHEN THE SUPERVISING AGENT OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY MAY ORDER CERTAIN PERSONS TO CUT, REROUTE, OR DIVERT TELEPHONE LINES FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE SUPERVISING AGENT OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY MAY ISSUE ADMINISTRATIVE SUBPOENA TO A TELEPHONE COMPANY, INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER, OR ANOTHER COMMUNICATIONS ENTITY WHEN IT RECEIVES INFORMATION THAT INDICATES THAT A PERSON'S LIFE IS THREATENED, A PRISONER MAY ESCAPE, A PERSON IS BEING HELD AS A HOSTAGE, A PERSON MAY RESIST ARREST WHILE USING A WEAPON, OR AN ARMED PERSON MAY COMMIT SUICIDE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE GOOD FAITH RELIANCE BY A TELEPHONE COMPANY, INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER, OR ANOTHER COMMUNICATIONS ENTITY TO PROVIDE INFORMATION SPECIFIED IN AN ADMINISTRATIVE SUBPOENA IS A COMPLETE DEFENSE TO A CIVIL, CRIMINAL, OR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION ARISING OUT OF THE ORDER OR ADMINISTRATIVE SUBPOENA. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary. The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD4256.001), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety and inserting: / SECTION 1. Section 17-30-125 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 339 of 2002, is amended to read: "Section 17-30-125. (A) The supervising agent of the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division or the supervising law enforcement officer of a political subdivision of this State at the scene of an incident where there is reasonable cause to believe that: (1) the incident involves immediate danger of death or serious physical bodily injury to any a person or the danger of escape of a prisoner prisoner's escape; (2) that a person is holding one or more hostages; (3) that there is the probability exists that a subject about to be arrested will resist with the use of weapons; or (4) that a person has barricaded himself, and is armed, and is threatening to commit suicide; or (5) a threat has been made against a critical infrastructure in South Carolina as defined by federal law pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 5195c(e); may order law enforcement or telephone company personnel to cut, reroute, or divert telephone lines solely for the purpose of preventing telephone communications between the suspect and any person other than a law enforcement officer or the law enforcement officer's designee, if the cutting, rerouting, or diverting of telephone lines is technically feasible and can be performed without endangering the lives of telephone company or other utility personnel. (B)(1) An officer of the court who is employed by the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division, or the officer's designee, may issue an administrative subpoena to a telephone company, an Internet service provider, or another communications entity to obtain information necessary to resolve an emergency situation, if the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division is in receipt of information indicating that the emergency situation involves one or more of the following: (a) a threat of death or serious bodily injury to a person; (b) the danger of a prisoner's escape; (c) a person who is holding one or more hostages; (d) the probability exists that a person about to be arrested will resist arrest with the use of weapons; (e) a person who has barricaded himself, is armed, and is threatening to commit suicide; or (f) a threat against a critical infrastructure in South Carolina as defined by federal law pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Section 5195c(e); (2) An administrative subpoena issued pursuant to this subsection must comply with the provisions of 18 U.S.C. Section 2703(c)(2). (C)(1) The South Carolina Law Enforcement Division is authorized to promulgate permanent regulations pursuant to the Administrative Procedures Act in Chapter 23, Title 1, to define the procedures and guidelines needed to issue an administrative subpoena as provided in this section. (2) Pursuant to Section 1-23-130, the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division is authorized to promulgate emergency regulations to define the procedures and guidelines needed to issue an administrative subpoena as provided in this section until such time as permanent regulations are promulgated. The provisions of Section 1-23-130(A), (B), (D), and (E) are applicable to emergency regulations promulgated pursuant to this subitem. The provisions of Section 1-23-130(C) are not applicable to emergency regulations promulgated pursuant to this subitem. An emergency regulation promulgated pursuant to this subitem becomes effective upon issuance and continues for one year unless terminated sooner by the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division or concurrent resolution of the General Assembly. (D) The good faith reliance by a telephone company on an oral or written order to cut, reroute, divert, or intercept telephone lines given by a supervising law enforcement officer under pursuant to subsection (A), or the good faith reliance by a telephone company, Internet service provider, or another communications entity to provide information specified in an administrative subpoena pursuant to subsection (B), constitutes a complete defense to any civil, criminal, or administrative action arising out of the order or administrative subpoena." / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the committee amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading. Senator SHANE MARTIN asked unanimous consent to make a motion to be granted leave for either Senator MASSEY or Senator RYBERG to take up a further amendment on third reading pursuant to the provisions of Rule 26B. There was no objection. H. 3779 (Word version) -- Reps. Hearn, Weeks, Bannister, Erickson, Clemmons and Viers: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-7-1620, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE LEGAL REPRESENTATION OF CHILDREN AND THE APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIANS AD LITEM, SO AS TO CLARIFY WHEN AN ATTORNEY MAY BE APPOINTED TO REPRESENT A GUARDIAN AD LITEM IN A CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT PROCEEDING AND TO CLARIFY WHO THE COURT MAY APPOINT TO REPRESENT A CHILD IN SUCH A PROCEEDING. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary. The Committee on Judiciary proposed the following amendment (JUD3779.002), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 1, SECTION 1, Section 63-7-1620, by striking line 30 and inserting the following: / litem by the family court. A guardian ad litem serving on behalf of the South Carolina Guardian ad Litem Program or Richland County CASA must be represented by legal counsel in any judicial proceeding pursuant to Section 63-11-530(C). In the event the individual appointed as / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the committee amendment. There being no further amendments, the Bill was read the second time, passed and ordered to a third reading S. 1378 (Word version) -- Senators Pinckney, Malloy, Land, Leventis, Lourie, Nicholson, Williams and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 38-71-295 SO AS TO REQUIRE INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP HEALTH INSURANCE CONTRACTS, PLANS, OR POLICIES WHICH PROVIDE MEDICAL COVERAGE THAT INCLUDES COVERAGE FOR PHYSICIAN SERVICES IN A PHYSICIAN'S OFFICE AND MAJOR MEDICAL COMPREHENSIVE-TYPE COVERAGE TO INCLUDE COVERAGE FOR SMOKING CESSATION TREATMENT AND TO REQUIRE CERTAIN COVERAGE FOR FDA APPROVED SMOKING CESSATION MEDICATIONS, AND TO PROVIDE CERTAIN EXCLUSIONS. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Banking and Insurance. The Committee on Banking and Insurance proposed the following amendment (DKA\4044DW10), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, Section 38-71-295, SECTION 1, page 1, beginning on line 38, by striking: / and one-half hours/ and inserting / one-half hour /. Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Amendment No. 1 Senators MULVANEY, BRIGHT and ROSE proposed the following Amendment No. 1 (1378R001.MM), which was ruled out of order: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 2, by striking line 35 and inserting: / SECTION 2. Chapter 1, Title 38 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 38-1-40. (A) For purposes of this section: (1) 'Health care provider' means a physician, surgeon, osteopath, nurse, oral surgeon, dentist, pharmacist, chiropractor, optometrist, podiatrist, or similar category of licensed health care provider, including a health care practice, association, partnership, or other legal entity. (2) 'Health care system' means any public or private entity whose function or purpose is the provision, management, processing, enrollment of individuals for payment of, in full or in part, health care services, data, or information for its participants. (3) 'Lawful medical services' means any medical-related service or treatment to the extent that the service or treatment is permitted or not prohibited by law or regulation that may be provided by persons or businesses otherwise permitted to offer such services. (4) 'Pay directly' means payment for lawful health care services without a public or private third party, not including an employer, paying for any portion of the service. (5) 'Penalties or fines' means any civil or criminal penalty or fine, tax, salary or wage withholding, surcharge, or any named fee with a similar effect established by federal law or rule that is utilized to punish or discourage the exercise of rights protected under this section. (B) The citizens of this State have the right to enter into private contracts with licensed health care providers for authorized health care services and to purchase private health care coverage from a licensed insurer. No law may interfere with the right of a person to be treated by or receive services from a licensed health care provider of that person's choice. No law may restrict a person's freedom of choice of private health care systems or private health care plans of any type. No law may interfere with a person's or an entity's right to pay directly for lawful medical services. No law may require any person to participate in any health care system or plan, or impose a penalty, tax, or fine, of any type, for choosing to obtain or decline health care coverage or for participation in any particular health care system or plan. This section shall not apply to individuals voluntarily applying for coverage under a state-administered program pursuant to Title XIX or Title XXI of the Social Security Act. This section shall not apply to students being required by an institution of higher education to obtain and maintain health insurance as a condition of enrollment. Nothing herein shall impair the rights of persons to privately contract for health insurance for family members or former family members." SECTION 3. The Attorney General is directed to challenge the constitutionality of any provision enacted by the United States Congress that would violate any of the requirements of Section 38-1-40 and join with other states that are like-minded to make a similar challenge. No state agency, agent, department, instrumentality, or subdivision shall cooperate or participate in any way with any mandate passed by Congress upon notification by the Attorney General that the mandate must be challenged pursuant to this section, unless and until otherwise ordered to so by a court of competent jurisdiction. SECTION 4. If any section, subsection, paragraph, item, subitem, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of Chapter 1, Title 38 of the 1976 Code as added by this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of the chapter, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed each and every section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. SECTION 5. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Point of Order Senator PINCKNEY raised a Point of Order that the amendment was out of order inasmuch as it was violative of Rule 24A. Senator MULVANEY spoke on the Point of Order. Senator CAMPSEN spoke on the Point of Order. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore sustained the Point of Order. The amendment was ruled out of order. The question then was the second reading of the Bill. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 17; Nays 18 AYES Alexander Anderson Cleary Coleman Elliott Ford Hayes Jackson Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry McGill Nicholson Pinckney Reese Scott Setzler Total--17 NAYS Bright Bryant Campsen Courson Cromer Davis Grooms Knotts Martin, Shane Massey McConnell Mulvaney O'Dell Peeler Rankin Rose Shoopman Verdin Total--18 CARRIED OVER H. 3814 (Word version) -- Reps. Allison, Cole, Forrester, Kelly and Parker: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 57-1-740(D)(1) AND (2)(A) OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO VACANCIES ON THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION, TO PROVIDE THAT THE JOINT TRANSPORTATION REVIEW COMMITTEE MUST REOPEN THE NOTICE OF INTENTION FILING PERIOD IF ONLY ONE PERSON FILES A NOTICE OF INTENTION DURING THE INITIAL FILING PERIOD AND THAT THE REVIEW COMMITTEE MUST REOPEN THE SCREENING PROCESS IF THE COMMITTEE'S TENTATIVE FINDINGS RESULT IN THE DETERMINATION THAT ONLY ONE CANDIDATE OR NONE OF THE CANDIDATES ARE QUALIFIED AND MEET THE REQUIREMENTS PROVIDED BY LAW TO SERVE ON THE COMMISSION; AND TO AMEND 57-1-740(D)(2)(C), RELATED TO CANDIDATE SCREENING, TO PROVIDE THAT NO CANDIDATE MAY DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY SEEK THE PLEDGE OF A VOTE FROM A MEMBER OF THE CANDIDATE'S CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION OR, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, CONTACT A STATEWIDE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICER, A MEMBER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, OR THE JOINT TRANSPORTATION REVIEW COMMITTEE REGARDING SCREENING FOR THE COMMISSION UNTIL THE REVIEW COMMITTEE HAS FORMALLY RELEASED ITS REPORT AS TO THE QUALIFICATIONS OF ALL CANDIDATES IN A PARTICULAR CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. Senator GROOMS explained the Bill. On motion of Senator SCOTT, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER H. 4202 (Word version) -- Reps. Mitchell, Long, Dillard, Cobb-Hunter and Sellers: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-930, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR FORCED LABOR OR SERVICES, SO AS TO PROVIDE A MANDATORY MINIMUM PENALTY OF FIVE YEARS FOR A PERSON WHO COMMITS THE OFFENSE AND INCREASE THE MAXIMUM PENALTY TO THIRTY YEARS. On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER H. 3835 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Brady, Branham, Brantley, H.B. Brown, R.L. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Gullick, Gunn, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Hayes, Hearn, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Huggins, Hutto, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, King, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McEachern, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Millwood, Mitchell, D.C. Moss, Nanney, J.H. Neal, J.M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Pinson, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, D.C. Smith, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, Spires, Stavrinakis, Stewart, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis, Wylie, A.D. Young and T.R. Young: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 5 TO CHAPTER 9, TITLE 23 TO ENACT THE "SOUTH CAROLINA HYDROGEN PERMITTING ACT" SO AS TO CREATE THE STATE HYDROGEN PERMITTING PROGRAM AND TO STATE THE PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM; TO PROVIDE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS; TO PROVIDE THAT ONLY THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL MAY PERMIT A HYDROGEN FACILITY IN THIS STATE, BUT MAY DELEGATE THIS AUTHORITY TO A COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL OFFICIAL IN SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES; TO PROVIDE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL UNDER THE ACT; TO PROVIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR A PARTY SEEKING TO RENOVATE OR CONSTRUCT A HYDROGEN FACILITY; TO PROVIDE THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL MAY IMPOSE CERTAIN FEES RELATED TO PERMITTING, LICENSING, AND INSPECTING UNDER THE ACT; TO PROVIDE PENALTIES FOR A PERSON WHO CONVEYS OR ATTEMPTS TO CONVEY HYDROGEN IN VIOLATION OF THE ACT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 23-9-20, RELATING TO DUTIES OF THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL, SO AS TO PROVIDE THE STATE FIRE MARSHAL SHALL SUPERVISE ENFORCEMENT OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA HYDROGEN PERMITTING PROGRAM. On motion of Senator MALLOY, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER H. 4341 (Word version) -- Reps. Hutto, Stavrinakis, J.E. Smith, Harvin, Miller, Govan, Allen, Battle, Anderson, Simrill, Norman, T.R. Young and Wylie: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO CREATE THE AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER STUDY COMMITTEE ON EARLY INTERVENTION AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS PURPOSE, MEMBERS, AND DUTIES AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE STUDY COMMITTEE MUST SUBMIT ITS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS NO LATER THAN DECEMBER 1, 2011 AT WHICH TIME THE STUDY COMMITTEE IS ABOLISHED. On motion of Senator SHOOPMAN, the Joint Resolution was carried over. OBJECTION H. 3369 (Word version) -- Reps. T.R. Young, Huggins, E.H. Pitts, Ballentine, Bingham, Haley, Cato, Clyburn, Hearn, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.R. Smith, Spires, Stewart, Viers, Wylie and Weeks: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-15-342, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE OFFENSE OF CRIMINAL SOLICITATION OF A MINOR, SO AS TO INCREASE THE PENALTY FOR THE OFFENSE. Senator MALLOY objected to further consideration. POINT OF ORDER S. 1250 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-22-710, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A WORTHLESS CHECK UNIT, FEE SCHEDULES, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, AND DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS COLLECTED, SO AS TO AUTHORIZE THE CIRCUIT SOLICITOR TO ESTABLISH THE WORTHLESS CHECK UNIT, REVISE THE FEE SCHEDULES, AND PROVIDE THAT PARTIAL FUNDS COLLECTED DO NOT PROHIBIT PROSECUTION FOR THE FULL AMOUNT OF A FRAUDULENT CHECK. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the second reading of the Bill. Point of Order Senator MASSEY raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore sustained the Point of Order. POINT OF ORDER The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judiciary. Senator ROSE explained the Bill. Point of Order Senator LARRY MARTIN raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore sustained the Point of Order. POINT OF ORDER H. 4350 (Word version) -- Reps. Limehouse, Sottile, Gilliard and Mack: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 40-29-340, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO CRITERIA REQUIRED FOR A MANUFACTURED HOME, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT FOR A SALE OF A PREVIOUSLY OWNED MANUFACTURED HOME, THE BUYER MUST CERTIFY HE HAS DETERMINED AT LEAST TWO FUNCTIONING SMOKE DETECTORS ARE IN THE HOME. The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry. Point of Order Senator BRYANT raised a Point of Order under Rule 39 that the Bill had not been on the desks of the members at least one day prior to second reading. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore sustained the Point of Order. H. 3574 (Word version) -- Rep. Herbkersman: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE BRIDGE THAT CROSSES HEYWARD COVE ALONG BRIDGE STREET IN THE TOWN OF BLUFFTON THE "THOMAS G. HEYWARD MEMORIAL BRIDGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS BRIDGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "THOMAS G. HEYWARD MEMORIAL BRIDGE". The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution. The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered returned to the House. THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD. ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 2:22 P.M., Senator LARRY MARTIN assumed the Chair. RECALLED H. 3047 (Word version) -- Reps. Haley, Ballentine, Wylie, Stringer, R.L. Brown, Kirsh, E.H. Pitts, Miller, G.R. Smith, Whipper, Huggins, Frye, Knight, Daning, J.E. Smith, Rice, Anderson, G.M. Smith, Phillips, Clyburn, Hart, Bowen, T.R. Young, Simrill, Duncan, Gunn, Agnew, Viers, Cobb-Hunter, King, Allison, Nanney, Bingham, Hamilton, Toole, Hiott, Millwood, Stavrinakis, Funderburk, Battle, Neilson, Erickson, Cole, Hutto, Pinson, Jefferson, Stewart, Bedingfield, D.C. Moss, Herbkersman, V.S. Moss, Horne and McLeod: A BILL TO ENACT THE "SPENDING ACCOUNTABILITY ACT OF 2009"; AND TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 2-7-125 SO AS TO REQUIRE CERTAIN BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS TO RECEIVE A RECORDED ROLL CALL VOTE AT VARIOUS STAGES OF THEIR PASSAGE BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE SENATE. Senator SHANE MARTIN moved to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary. Senator McCONNELL argued contra to the motion to recall. Senator SHANE MARTIN argued in favor of the motion to recall. Senator MALLOY spoke on the motion to recall. PRESIDENT PRESIDES At 2:35 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair. Senator LARRY MARTIN argued contra to the motion to recall. Senator DAVIS argued in favor of the motion to recall. Remarks by Senator DAVIS Gentlemen of the Senate, I rise to speak in favor of the motion to recall H. 3047. Let me get into the reasons why I do not view this as a political ploy, as alleged by those in opposition. I view this as very serious and substantive. Representative democracy can't work if the people don't know how their representatives are voting and there are legitimate reasons to question whether the current Rules provide the necessary information. The percentage of votes on the record are not adequate in my judgment; others may differ. To remedy that, I am not talking about ceding power of the Senate to the Governor; I am not talking about ceding power of the Senate to the House, Senator from Cherokee, Senator PEELER; or about ceding power to the Supreme Court. What I am talking about is ceding power to the voters. I'm talking about ceding power to the voters and if it takes taking independence away from this Senate in regard to making its Rules in order to more fully inform the electorate, then I am going to cede that power because that power belongs to the people. The Senate is not a club. We are the voice of the people. I hear repeated over and over again, "This Bill is unconstitutional." This reminds me of the old adage that if you keep repeating something often enough, you will start to believe it. But, it is not unconstitutional. Let's look at Section 12, Article 3 of the Constitution that says, "Each house shall determine its own officers, determine its Rules of procedures." Rules of Procedures -- when we take up Bills, uncontested Bills, contested Bills, Special Order -- deciding how these things are taken up in setting the Rules -- that's determining procedure. But when you move to something as substantive as how we are voting on something, about picking and choosing how and when the people can check on how we're acting on their behalf, when you talk about the ability of the governed to keep track of how their Governors are acting, that isn't a mere procedural thing, Senator from Cherokee, that's not mere process, Senator from Spartanburg, that's substance. And that goes to the heart of the democratic process, ensuring the electorate knows how their representatives are voting. That is not process. That is not procedure. That is substance and that is the essence of a legal opinion given by a professor at the Charleston School of Law. And I have heard, Senator from Lexington, that professor being disparaged -- that he is an Obamanite, that he believes in an expansionist, living interpretation of this Constitution, much along the lines of the Warren Court -- that it means anything people want it to mean. I submit that this is an unfair characterization of this professor, who by the way, has an undergraduate degree from Harvard, a law degree from Duke and teaches at one of our state's law schools. He gave a reasoned, solid opinion that the ability of the electorate to know how their elected officials are voting is something of substance, not process. And then he goes further and cites the State Supreme Court case of Coleman vs. Lewis: "The Constitution empowers each house to determine its Rules and proceedings, but neither house may, by its Rules, ignore constitutional restraints or violate fundamental rights." Our State Supreme Court has declared the Senate may not, by its Rules, violate fundamental rights and I submit that the right of the people to know how their elected officials are voting is the most fundamental of rights. This is not mere process. This is not procedure. Rules protect the Senate; statutes protect the people. Again, I am not talking about ceding power to the House, to the Governor or to the courts. It's about ceding power to the people, because they deserve to know how we are voting. They deserve to know. Now, other arguments are made against H. 3047. I have great respect for the Senator from Pickens and tremendous respect for the President Pro Tempore. They say H. 3047 is a flawed Bill. The President Pro Tempore points out that it doesn't require amendments be on the record; they should be. It doesn't require votes on concurrence to be on the record; they should be. It doesn't require votes on Special Order to be on the record; they should be and he's right, but let's amend this Bill so that they are required to be on the record. That is what the Senate does -- it takes a piece of "ragged legislation" and makes it better. It does not criticize the ragged nature of that Bill as a reason for it not ever being considered. Let's make this Bill better. And let's talk also about incorporating the technology that is available to us today, Senator from Georgetown, that wasn't available back in 1895 when the Constitution was passed. If we were in business and we had to give consumers what they wanted, then we'd be out of business. We would have taken care of this by now, we would have technology in place to where you would have search fields -- type in TOM DAVIS, type in a subject matter, press send and then see every single Bill that I ever voted on in regard to that subject -- summarize what the Bills were and all the amendments and how I voted on each matter. Any business would use technology to provide that to the customer. But the Senate doesn't seem to be interested in providing that service to our customers, the voters. We are more interested in preserving the independence of this Senate -- preserving the customs of this Senate -- the way it has always been done. And our customers are not happy. If you have not been out there on the stump, you don't know that there is a great deal of unhappiness out there about not being able to know how we are voting and not being able to hold us accountable. This issue is not going away until we wake up and embrace with energy -- with positive energy and vigor -- how do we make this better, how do we get our votes on the record, how do we make that data easily retrievable to the public and how can we make them feel more confidence in us? We do not currently have that attitude. Let's be clear on what is now before us, a motion to have a House Bill put on the Calendar so we can debate it. It is not a motion to pass the Bill. You are not violating your Constitutional oath by saying we are going to put this Bill on the Calendar, so we can debate it back and forth. That is not violating the Constitution. You all know that. Another reason that has been put up against this motion to recall is because of how the House has behaved in the past three or four weeks by not putting its votes on the record. Behavior of the House does not excuse inactivity on our part. We take care of our own business as we see fit, not depending on what the House does. So I don't care what the House has done. Another flawed argument is that members of the Senate can play games if more votes are required to be recorded. Remember that roll call game we had a few days ago? We sure showed the people, didn't we? We showed them that if we use our Rules that we don't have to show them anything, because we will tie things up in an endless loop and you'll never see anything. To say that we cannot put transparency and things on the record because Senators will abuse it and make things go in an endless loop and nothing gets done, that is not a valid argument. To say that the House who sent this over to us isn't following their own Rules, that isn't an argument for not taking care of our own business. When you get right down to it, this is about power. Does the power belong to the Senate with its Rules or does the power belong with the people? I think the power belongs with the people. I think every vote needs to be on the record statutorily where it cannot be waived by unanimous consent -- so it can't be manipulated by Rules. Rules protect the House and Senate; statutes protect the public. I am going to vote to recall this Bill so we can debate it and I urge you to join me. Thank you. On motion of Senator BRIGHT, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator DAVIS were ordered printed in the Journal. Senator CAMPSEN argued contra to the motion to recall. Remarks by Senator CAMPSEN Mr. PRESIDENT and members of the Senate, I appreciate the opportunity to address this issue, and really, this issue is broken down into two parts. One part is how transparent are you going to be? How many roll calls are you going to take? The other part is how you get there if you want to change the degrees to which we do roll call voting. Now the first one -- how transparent are we -- I am not going to really address that one. If anyone who accuses me of not supporting more roll call voting, I have authored the amendment to our Rules that require roll calls on every third reading. The same substance that was contained in the Rules Committee Chairman's Sense of the Senate motion we had and would mean there would be a roll call vote on every single thing that passes this body in addition to all the provisions in Rule 16, where we have a roll call vote when there is a fiscal impact, when we concur in a House Amendment, etc. etc. And so, that Rule change would dramatically increase and make everything that passes this body have a roll call vote. But I am not going to address how much roll call voting we should have. What I am going to address is how you change how much roll call voting we have. And it is very clear to me that that must be done by Rule. And the reason why is Article 3, Section 12 of the Constitution which requires this change be done by Rule and is probably more important than the fact it is in there to begin with. Have you ever heard of the Constitutional Doctrines of the Separation and Balance of Powers? The Separation of Powers Doctrine says you create three co-equal branches of government. And you vest each branch with power sufficient to blunt the power of the other two. The Balance of Powers Doctrine, a similar doctrine, provides that each branch has certain powers. We create laws, the Executive Branch executes them, and the Judicial Branch interprets the laws. Those are devices the Founding Fathers put in to the Constitution to limit government. I would dare say they are perhaps the most important principles that our federal, and our State, and every state's Constitution in this country contain. It sets us apart from parliamentary governments like Great Britain, where powers are fused into Parliament. We have three branches that are co-equal. I have been a big proponent of government restructuring because I think that we have deprived the chief executive of powers the chief executive should have. In order to keep the Balance of Powers Doctrine in place -- and anyone could look at my record on the restructuring Bills I have authored. When I was in the Governor's office, I authored the first version of many of these restructuring Bills -- the Department Administration, many of these Bills. I support them. I supported them for the same reason I am opposed to this statute. And that is that those government restructuring Bills that give the Governor the power the Governor should have are important to advance and to defend the Balance of Powers Doctrine. I believe it is important that we do not change our procedure by statute for the same reason -- to support and defend the Balance of Powers Doctrine. The whole principle behind the Balance of Powers Doctrine is that you have three co-equal branches. And each one will blunt the power of the other. I am going to read from Federalist Paper No. 51. James Madison authored this Federalist Paper --perhaps my favorite Federalist Paper. Madison said this, "It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices..." (I want you to remember that word -- such devices, because I am going to go into what Madison had in mind when he talked about these devices.) "It maybe a reflection upon human nature that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government," but what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections upon human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing the government which is to be administered by men, over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed, and the next place you must compel it to control itself." What Madison is saying is that because men are not angels, you have to have government restrain the evil that men are capable of doing. But he also says because men are not angels we have to limit government power, because government can abuse peoples' liberties as well. So, we have to have a delicate balance between government that has the power to restrain the governed from doing things like committing crimes, and we must put devices in the Constitution so the government restrains itself. How does that statute do this? A statute does this because a governor can veto a statute and a court can interrupt a statue. And so you have the other two branches meddling in legislative affairs. You have the Senate meddling in the House affairs and the House meddling in the Senate affairs. You are disrupting the balance of powers. This is only the most important Constitutional principle in the history of American Constitutional Law, gentleman. That is all it is. It is incredible that we are considering undermining that principle that James Madison articulates. This is why there is a provision in the Federal Constitution that the House and the Senate establish their procedures by Rule. Why is that? Because they followed James Madison and the Founding Founders to create co-equal branches of government. This is not about Senate power. We need to have enough power to blunt the Judiciary and to blunt the Executive. The Executive needs to have enough power to blunt us and the Judiciary. The Judiciary needs enough power to blunt us and the Chief Executive. That is the Balance of Powers Doctrine. That is the cornerstone of limited government and personal liberty, and that is what is really at stake here. It is not how much we vote on the record; we can do that by Rule -- all you have to do is support my amendment up there. It amends not a Code of Laws, but the Rules of the Senate that require a third reading on each Bill. The case Coleman vs. Lewis was sighted. That case actually held that the only thing that is superior to the Rules in each Chamber are Constitutional rights or fundamental rights. That case actually upheld the fact that the Constitution gives to each Chamber its ability to control its own proceedings internally by Rule. When the West Commission in 1969 reviewed our 1885 Constitution, they looked at this section. They called this provision -- that each Chamber determined their own procedure -- a "time-honored provision," a time-honored provision that is in the Federal Constitution. I have not looked at all the other 49 states, but I dare say it is in every other state, or certainly most of them, because it is a time-honored and a foundational principle. The Balance of Powers Doctrine and the Separation of Powers Doctrine are not archaic antiques that we never deal with. We deal with them every day, and I am going to give you an example. Just like the Constitution provides that we provide for our internal procedures, the Constitution also provides a unified judicial system which has control over its internal procedures. I am going to give you an example of how that works. We just had a case or order that was handed down by the Supreme Court in -- I think it was 2008. We passed a law that put certain requirements on expert testimony, expert medical testimony. If you are going to be a medical expert and testify in the courts of South Carolina, you have to be under the jurisdiction of the medical board is what that act said. You know what the court did when they got that act? The court struck it down as a violation of Separation of Powers Doctrine. The court said, "We are going to block application of this statute, because the Constitution in Article 5, Section 4 gives to the courts the ability to determine its own internal rules." That is an application of the Separation of Powers Doctrine. Yesterday, as recently as yesterday in the Judiciary Committee, we passed a Bill, dealing with guardians ad litem to conform to a Rule that the Supreme Court issued dealing with guardians ad litem. The court amended Rule 608, and we amended the law in response to that order. The court changed what is currently on the books of South Carolina in the Code of Laws about guardians ad litem who represent minors in family court proceedings. Again, that is the Separation of Powers and the Balance of Powers Doctrine in play. That is what this is really about -- whether we are going to stand in support of these very important principles that our federal and state Constitution are built upon. That is the issue. Now, we can have roll call voting on every single thing that happens, and what will happen if we do that? We will be in Session until July or August, something like that. And anyone that actually lives and works in the real world will not be able to serve here if you have a business. I think you would have worse law because of it. Because once you have a full time political class, we start looking like Washington, DC. The big problem with Washington is you have people who have to make a career path decision. The federal law prohibits you from earning really any meaningful income if you serve in DC, so that means you have to make a decision: Am I going to be a full time politician in Congress or am I going to stay in the private sector? You cannot do both. It is a blessing that we can do both here, because when you have people who live and work under the laws we pass, you get better laws. If you have to deal with employment law -- if you are an employer -- you get a better view of employment law proposals that come through this legislative body. If you have your name on a note at the bank -- a commercial loan -- you get better laws when it comes to the business environment. When you have people who have to make a payroll every week you get a lot better laws because we are people who live and work under the laws we pass. So to me, this is really the only other consideration when you figure how many roll calls we are going to take. If it means we are going to be here until August or September, I dare say that anyone who is not independently wealthy in this body, and there are almost none -- maybe a handful, or retired. If you are not independently wealthy or retired, you are not going to be working here. People who are willing to work for $22,000 a year are who will be representing you. But that issue is a separate issue from what I am talking about. I have supported an amendment that makes us take a roll call vote on every third reading. Every single thing that comes through here would have a vote. If we are going to do it, I just think that is the best way to do it, because by the time you get to third reading more and more Bills get objected to on the Contested Calendar and you would have fewer and fewer votes to take and you could limit and focus the roll call voting on the Bills that are going to actually pass or be about to pass this body. The main point is the method in which we do this. If we are going to honor not just our State Constitution, but the time honored and fundamental provision that underlies it -- the Balance and Separation of Powers Doctrines -- we must do this by Rule and not by statue. Otherwise, we will be violating the Balance of Powers that James Madison espoused. I will stand by the Constitution and I will stand by James Madison long before I will stand behind any particular interest group, or any particular campaign, or any particular political movement of the day. I will stand next to James Madison and the Constitution before I stand by those others any day. Thank you. On motion of Senator VERDIN, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator CAMPSEN were ordered printed in the Journal. Point of Order Senator CLEARY raised a Point of Order under Rule 33 that the thirty-minute time limitation for the length of the Motion Period had expired. The PRESIDENT sustained the Point of Order. In accordance with the provisions of Rule 33, Senator VERDIN moved to extend the Motion Period for thirty additional minutes. The motion was adopted. PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES At 2:45 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair. Senator ROSE spoke on the motion to recall. Remarks by Senator ROSE Members of the Senate, I support the motion of the Senator from Spartanburg, Senator SHANE MARTIN, to place H 3047 on the Senate Calendar. I agree with everything the Senator from Beaufort, Senator DAVIS, has said....ditto, ditto, ditto -- and I incorporate it all by reference. Let me tell you a problem I have with this constitutional argument that the Senate cannot limit itself by statute. If we believe literally that our body can set and must set whatever rules it wants without any limit, then that means we can conduct everything in secret. We can do everything in Executive Session. We can just make rules that there are no cameras observing the Senate, there is not going to be any roll call voting in the Senate and there's not going to be anything else we decide upon without limit. We could decide people won't ever be able to be present while the Senate is in Session -- that the Senate can conduct its business outside of the public view. Why? Because, the argument goes, it's written in the Constitution that the Senate can make up our own Rules no matter what they are and without any outside constraint. What's being left out of this equation, in my opinion, is that while we have three separate branches of government; we've also got the people. That's the fourth group. And our government is of the people, by the people and for the people. We can't get any more fundamental than that we're representing the people. We all know that in the Senate we have obfuscation, manipulation, avoidance, game playing, etc. -- we see it. The best way to stop that is through transparency. The best disinfectant is sunshine. My mother used to say, "Where there's a will, there's a way." If we want to constrain ourselves to do roll call voting, we can do so. I want to say one more thing before I answer any questions. I'm really distressed when I hear peoples' motives being questioned here. That should not be done. There is plenty of room to question peoples' motives on both sides of this argument -- whether or not you have some self-serving reason. But let's assume, unless you've got evidence to the contrary, that everybody is making a conscientious, good-faith decision on this constitutional matter. But remember, when you assert your position on the Constitution or something, it's not inherently correct. It is only your opinion. There used to be arguments about the constitutionality of slavery. There used to be arguments on whether Black people were property or whether they were not property -- and, by the way, our Supreme Court used to say they were property. And then the Supreme Court changed its view. So, it's not like your view -- just because you have it and you can quote somebody that you think backs it up -- is really any better than anybody else's. That's just your opinion. I'll say this last point before I answer any questions. I do not accept the argument -- and it's just an argument -- that the Senate cannot constitutionally agree to a statutory constraint on itself -- that we can't agree in this Senate to adopt a statute restraining ourselves. We already have passed a statute about adjournment. That's a procedure. So, we have that precedent of adopting a statute affecting Senate procedure. We can do that again, if we wish. Thank you. On motion of Senator BRIGHT, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator ROSE were ordered printed in the Journal. Senator GROOMS spoke on the motion to recall. Remarks by Senator GROOMS Members of the Senate, I rise to urge you to vote "no" on the pending motion to bring this Bill out on to the floor to put it on the Calendar. Let's call this what it is -- this is a political ploy to help a particular candidate who is running for Governor that has no other issues, but is trying to say we are trying to hide everything in here. We are now toying with the very fabric of freedom that holds this State together; the very principal of a separation of powers; the Constitution does mean something and we cannot just discard it because it would help someone get into the Governor's Mansion. This Bill was born out of a lie and the lie is the issue of transparency. I want to be transparent, but I won't put up an issue out of a lie. That is wrong. Senators, it is time to stand on the Constitution; it is time to stand for what is right. Would Madison want to shut off the cameras and have everything thrown out of here and we decide among ourselves in secret? No, he would not. But there would be a remedy for that...we would have to answer to the voters if we chose to do that through our procedural rules, which we can use. You want more roll call votes? I do. I want to make sure that every matter that is debated by this body with legitimate debate has a roll call vote. How do we achieve that? We change the Rule of the Senate. We do not pass a statutory Bill -- it then could be reviewed by the Supreme Court. I do not want to subject this body to the ruling of a court. You talk about trying to pass substantial legislation. We may never pass another single piece of substantial legislation if we submit ourselves to court interpretation of our procedures. Once I approached this podium with 2,000 amendments on the seatbelt Bill. Now, if I had put those on the Desk and if we started going through them, eventually, someone would have made the Point of Order that they were just a delaying tactic. The PRESIDENT would have probably ruled, "Yes, that is right; I am going to throw them all out." That would have been the end of the matter. What if I, then, could have gone to the Supreme Court to say that the Senate has now, by some statutory language, submitted procedures to review by the court? I could disagree with the ruling and demand that I be able to go back in there and have every one of those subjected to a roll call vote which, in essence, would have shut down the Legislature for the entire session. No Bills would have passed. You do that once -- you do that again -- you do it three times. Then, the Supreme Court is able to determine our Rules of Procedure and write, in effect, what we can and can't do. We will have lost our ability to govern in here. The Senator from Charleston, Senator CAMPSEN, was right. There is a separation of powers. If we want to change roll call voting, let's do it in manner consistent with the Constitution, but not born out of a lie -- and let us change the Rules of the Senate. I've got, right here, Jefferson's Manual. This is the rule that we have adopted to operate under. We have amended it with this little blue book here. We have added a couple of more rules that we changed as of January 13, 2009, but the Jefferson Manual is our procedural Rule. Thomas Jefferson first used this in 1797. It has been the procedure by which we have operated in this Chamber. You want to be able to go in and say, "No, it doesn't matter anymore; we are now going to put some of these rules in statute because it opens every procedure that we have to review by the courts?" It has been said that H. 3047 is unconstitutional. We could probably make it constitutional, but by doing so, we will have checked our constitutional power at the door and have subjected ourselves to rule by the court. We can do that. Should we do that? NO! Will we do that? I hope not! In the name of transparency, at least let's be honest with the voters. If a member of this body or a member of the other body, believes that every vote should be a roll call vote, then use your Constitutional right to stand up and request a roll call vote. If you mean that, do it. If you really believe that every vote should be a recorded vote, then use your Constitutional right to stand up and request of the PRESIDENT a roll call vote. Because if you say that and mean that, then do it. If you really believe that, then do it. But, I believe there are those that are saying it, but do not really mean it. You talk about playing games. The Senator from Dorchester talked about some members who are playing games. Well, I guarantee you that games are being played and they are being played with our very Constitution. I rise in opposition of the proposed motion. Thank you. On motion of Senator KNOTTS, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator GROOMS were ordered printed in the Journal. Point of Order Withdrawn Senator DAVIS raised the Point of Order under Rule 52 that a Senator cannot make attacks or impugn the motives of another Senator. Senator ROSE spoke on the Point of Order. Senator DAVIS withdrew the Point of Order. Senator KNOTTS spoke on the motion to recall. Remarks by Senator KNOTTS Thank you, Mr. PRESIDENT. I rise in support of transparency. I have supported it forever. If you don't believe that; then ask the Press Association. Just about every Bill the Press Association wants introduced they brought to me and I have introduced. Why? I believe that they ought to be able to know and I believe the people should be able to know. The issue here that has been said by some of you is this Bill is unconstitutional. I have sat in on all the committee hearings and subcommittee hearings on this issue and I just want to say, the lady that came to the subcommittee hearings as an expert witness, a professor, didn't send a letter; she came to the committee and stood there and gave her opinion and she took questions. She took hard questions, and she convinced me that this Bill under Article 3, Section 12 is unconstitutional. She said it does violate the separation of powers and it hurts the House as much as it hurts the Senate. If we make this a law, then it is subject to veto by the Governor, whoever that may be. It also allows one body to control the Rules of the other body every two years when we may want to change the Rules. Then we have to override the Governor to protect our own ability to run our own body of government. Or we let him, the Governor, control it. Remember, it has to pass both Houses and either body can stall it. We would be in a deadlock every year. We would be in this very situation that we are in now -- deadlocked with three days to go in this Session, tying up the Senate or tying up the House on an amendment to the law on Rules. You know, like was said earlier, we've got a lot of things on this agenda and I thought we were moving pretty well in the last week or two to try to clear up some of the problems on the agenda with compromise and Senatorial respect for other Senators. Senators were withdrawing their names after they were convinced that it was the right thing to do and their objection to the Bills was cleared up. I've seen it going very well here for a while. There has been a lot of positioning and posturing on the Calendar to be able to debate or block this Bill, or block that Bill, but that should not be a strategy and politics is strategy. Politics is what this is all about. I'm not willing to stand on the Constitution and trample over the Constitution for this Bill. There has not been an attempt to change this Bill and to give the people a right to vote to change the Constitution. This is the only way that we can correct the constitutional problem with this Bill. As was said by the expert in the committee, who is a professor in this area -- this is not Senator KNOTTS saying it, or JAKE KNOTTS saying it -- this is the expert who gives opinions regularly. She stood there and over and over said that it is a separation of powers problem and it was put in the Constitution for a reason. She reviewed the Constitution and stated that this was the only section that was left untouched when the Constitution was reviewed in the 1960's. It was left untouched for a purpose and that purpose was to make sure that neither body had a trump card over the other body and that the court system didn't have a trump card and that the executive level did not have a trump card. That's why this was not changed. Currently, we change our Rules if necessary every time we come back in Session. We'll be coming back in Session next January and the very first day of Session, we vote on our proposed Rule changes and each and every one of us in here participates in the process of changing the Rules. After we adopt the Rules on the first day, it is no longer a simple majority that can change the Rules. We can't come up here and change the Rules every time we get a whim to come up here and change the Rules. We can't do that. We simply cannot do that. Do we want to do it? No, we don't want to do it. That's why we make it hard to do. So we have a strong set of Rules. You know everybody has a set of rules in life. You have a set of rules and you have to go by the rules and I submit to you that this Senate goes by its Rules. Sometimes the Rules help you and sometimes the Rules hinder you. But in the end they're there for a purpose and that is to make sure that we get the job done up here and that the right laws get passed. This is a deliberative body. I've served in both the House and the Senate and let me tell you what happens in the House. When I was over there; I saw it happen first-hand. The House gets a Bill that's controversial and they'll say we don't want to handle it; but, we'll go ahead and pass it and send it over to the Senate so they can take up the controversial Bill and they can suffer the political pressure For the remainder of this Session, if any Bill is to be recalled from any committee from now to the end of Session, I'm going to object. The reason I'm going to object is not because I'm against the Bill being recalled, but simply because I want to get something done between now and next Thursday. Remember, we have the budget, we have lots of conference committee reports and everything else that we've got to get done before next Thursday; so, therefore, I'm just saying now that if you hear me object to a Bill; that's the reason I've objected. Thank you. On motion of Senator SHANE MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the remarks of Senator KNOTTS were ordered printed in the Journal. Point of Quorum At 3:57 P.M., Senator McGILL made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present. Call of the Senate Senator McGILL moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call: Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Setzler Shoopman Verdin A quorum being present, the Senate resumed. Recorded Presence Senator SHEHEEN recorded his presence subsequent to the Call of the Senate. Senator KNOTTS resumed speaking on the motion to recall. The question then was the motion to recall the Bill from the Committee on Judiciary. A roll call vote was ordered. Point of Order Senator SCOTT raised a Point of Order that the extended time limitation of thirty minutes had expired and the roll call vote was out of order. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore stated that the precedent of the Senate has been that if the Motion Period expired while a motion is pending, the Senate would resolve the pending motion and then the Motion Period would expire. Senator MULVANEY asked unanimous consent to make a motion to extend the Motion Period for ten minutes. Point of Order Senator MALLOY raised a Point of Order under Rule 6C that in order to make a motion a Senator must be recognized at his desk. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore sustained the Point of Order. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 15; Nays 13 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Martin, Shane McGill Mulvaney O'Dell Peeler Rose Setzler Shoopman Total--15 NAYS Campsen Elliott Grooms Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey McConnell Nicholson Reese Scott Verdin Total--13 The Bill was recalled from the Committee on Judiciary and ordered placed on the Calendar. Statement by Senator McCONNELL I voted against the motion to recall H. 3047 from committee not because I am against transparency in voting, but rather because I believe we must be more transparent and our Senate Journal should be more user-friendly. In fact, I am the author of the Resolution to change our Senate Rules to provide 100% transparency and make every vote that is taken be recorded. The difference being that I insist that it be done in a manner that does not violate the Constitution of our State. Simply, H. 3047 is a sham. It is a blatant attempt to curry public favor by passing a Bill that is ineffectual as well as unconstitutional and in doing so hurting sincere efforts at meaningful reform. The Bill is clearly unconstitutional and I have no doubt whatsoever that the Supreme Court will rule so. The Constitution clearly states "Each house shall choose its own officers, determine its rules of procedure..." The meaning of the framers is clear that they wanted the bodies in the legislature to set their Rules without interference of the other House, the Governor, and the Courts. They, like the founding fathers, wanted to jealously guard the balance of powers between the three branches of government. This is the clear and unambiguous language of the Constitution. It surprises me that conservative Senators would instead embrace a liberal reading of the Constitution to achieve a result they want and rely on a legal opinion giving a liberal construction to justify their views. These are the same people who chastise Congress for trampling the Constitution in order to pass the Obama Health Care Bill and blast unelected federal judges for stretching the Constitution to make law. Knowingly or unknowingly, they will do the same thing to achieve what they want. However they choose to act, I will remain consistent. I am opposed to Congress trampling or ignoring the Constitution to achieve the results they desire. I am opposed to unelected judges practicing judicial activism and changing the clear meaning of the Constitution to make it a living and breathing document and not what our founding fathers wrote. More importantly, I believe in the oath of office I took when I swore to uphold the Constitution. Therefore, I voted against the motion to recall H. 3047 from committee. Statement by Senator RYBERG I fully support transparency in the form of roll-call voting, and I support H. 3047. I would have voted in support of the motion of Senator SHANE MARTIN had I been in the Chamber. POINT OF ORDER S. 642 (Word version) -- Senators Alexander, Ford and Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 31, CHAPTER 5, TITLE 56, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 56-5-3890 TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN MAY NOT OPERATE A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE USING A CELL PHONE OR OTHER WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE AND TO PROVIDE FOR PENALTIES AND EXCEPTIONS. Senator MULVANEY moved to recommit the Bill to the Committee on Judiciary. Point of Order Senator SETZLER raised a Point of Order that the motion was out of order inasmuch as the Senate had closed the Motion Period. Senator MULVANEY spoke on the Point of Order. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore sustained the Point of Order and stated the motion would require unanimous consent. Objection Senator MULVANEY asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recommit S. 642. Senator SETZLER objected. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS OF COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCE AND FREE CONFERENCE. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 27, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has appointed Reps. Bannnaster, Hearn and Stavrinakis to the Committee of Conference on the part of the House on: S. 382 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 62-2-805 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A PRESUMPTION THAT A DECEDENT AND THE DECEDENT'S SPOUSE HELD TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY IN A JOINT TENANCY WITH RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP, FOR EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRESUMPTION, AND FOR THE STANDARD OF PROOF TO OVERCOME THE PRESUMPTION. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. Message from the House Columbia, S.C., May 25, 2010 Mr. President and Senators: The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it refuses to concur in the amendments proposed by the Senate to: H. 3975 (Word version) -- Rep. G.M. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-9-320, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT THAT CERTAIN PERSONS MUST SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE A HUNTER'S EDUCATION PROGRAM BEFORE THEY ARE ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE A SOUTH CAROLINA HUNTING LICENSE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS REQUIREMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO ACTIVE OR RETIRED UNITED STATES ARMED SERVICES PERSONNEL WHO CAN DEMONSTRATE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES THAT THEY RECEIVED WEAPONS TRAINING DURING THEIR MILITARY CAREER. Very respectfully, Speaker of the House Received as information. SENATE INSISTS ON THEIR AMENDMENTS CONFERENCE COMMITTEE APPOINTED H. 3975 (Word version) -- Rep. G.M. Smith: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-9-320, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE REQUIREMENT THAT CERTAIN PERSONS MUST SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE A HUNTER'S EDUCATION PROGRAM BEFORE THEY ARE ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE A SOUTH CAROLINA HUNTING LICENSE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THIS REQUIREMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO ACTIVE OR RETIRED UNITED STATES ARMED SERVICES PERSONNEL WHO CAN DEMONSTRATE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES THAT THEY RECEIVED WEAPONS TRAINING DURING THEIR MILITARY CAREER. On motion of Senator LAND, the Senate insisted upon its amendments to H. 3975 and asked for a Committee of Conference. Whereupon, Senators LAND, KNOTTS and SHANE MARTIN were appointed to the Committee of Conference on the part of the Senate and a message was sent to the House accordingly. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF THE VETOES. CARRIED OVER (R218, H4923 (Word version)) -- Reps. Govan, Cobb-Hunter, Ott and Sellers: AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF ORANGEBURG CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 4 OF ORANGEBURG COUNTY TO ISSUE GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS OF THE DISTRICT UP TO ITS CONSTITUTIONAL DEBT LIMIT IN AN AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED SEVEN HUNDRED FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS TO DEFRAY THE LOSS OF EDUCATION FINANCE ACT FUNDS TO THE DISTRICT, TO PRESCRIBE THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE BONDS MAY BE ISSUED AND THE PURPOSES FOR WHICH THE PROCEEDS MAY BE EXPENDED, AND TO MAKE PROVISION FOR THE PAYMENT OF THE BONDS. The veto of the Governor was taken up for immediate consideration. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the veto was carried over. THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE. CONCURRENCE S. 932 (Word version) -- Senators L. Martin and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-16-25 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE RELEASE OF PIGS FOR HUNTING PURPOSES, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO POSSESS, BUY, SELL, OFFER FOR SALE, TRANSFER, RELEASE, OR TRANSPORT FOR THE PURPOSE OF RELEASE A MEMBER OF THE SUIDAE FAMILY FOR HUNTING OR TO SUPPLEMENT A FREE ROAMING POPULATION, TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL TO REMOVE A LIVE HOG FROM A TRAP OR FROM THE WOODS, FIELDS, OR MARSHES OF THIS STATE, AND TO CLARIFY THAT THIS SECTION DOES NOT APPLY TO ACCEPTED FARMING PRACTICES RELATED TO MEMBERS OF THE SUIDAE FAMILY. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question was concurrence in the House amendments. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 26; Nays 3 AYES Alexander Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Sheheen Shoopman Verdin Total--26 NAYS Bright McConnell Setzler Total--3 The Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification. Having voted on the prevailing side, Senator PEELER moved to reconsider the vote whereby the Senate concurred in the House amendments. Senator LARRY MARTIN spoke on the motion. On motion of Senator PEELER, with unanimous consent, the motion to reconsider was withdrawn. Statement by Senators McCONNELL and BRIGHT We voted against concurrence in the House amendments on S. 932 because the Bill required DNR to permit pig hunting enclosures at a cost of$50 per year. It would give DNR no discretion on approving the enclosures or stipulations as to size, cleanliness, etc. For that reason, we voted against concurrence. CARRIED OVER S. 783 (Word version) -- Senator McConnell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 51-13-720, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNING BOARD OF THE PATRIOTS POINT DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THREE ADDITIONAL MEMBERS OF THE BOARD AND THE MANNER OF THEIR TERMS AND APPOINTMENT. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. On motion of Senator SETZLER, the Bill was carried over. NONCONCURRENCE H. 4244 (Word version) -- Rep. Limehouse: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-130-10, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON BOARD OF TRUSTEES, SO AS TO ADD AN ADDITIONAL TRUSTEE TO BE APPOINTED BY THE COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON ALUMNI ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS, TO SET HIS TERM, AND TO PROVIDE CRITERIA FOR HIS SELECTION. The House returned the Bill with amendments. Senator SETZLER moved to nonconcur in the House amendments. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 31; Nays 1 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Ford Grooms Hayes Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Rose Scott Setzler Shoopman Verdin Total--33 NAYS Bryant Total--1 The Senate nonconcurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. CARRIED OVER S. 912 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-22-950 OF THE 1976 CODE, AS ADDED BY ACT 36 OF 2009, RELATING TO PROCEDURES FOR EXPUNGEMENT OF CRIMINAL CHARGES WHICH HAVE BEEN BROUGHT IN SUMMARY COURT, TO REMOVE THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE COMPLETED EXPUNGEMENT ORDER BE FILED WITH THE CLERK OF COURT. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. On motion of Senator SETZLER, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER S. 104 (Word version) -- Senators Verdin and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND TITLE 46 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO AGRICULTURE, BY ADDING CHAPTER 53, TO LIMIT THE LIABILITY THAT AN AGRITOURISM PROFESSIONAL MAY INCUR DUE TO AN INJURY OR DEATH SUFFERED BY A PARTICIPANT IN AN AGRITOURISM ACTIVITY, TO PROVIDE THAT AN AGRITOURISM PROFESSIONAL MUST POST A WARNING NOTICE AT THE AGRITOURISM FACILITY, TO PROVIDE THAT WARNING NOTICES MUST BE INCLUDED IN CONTRACTS THE AGRITOURISM PROFESSIONAL ENTERS INTO WITH PARTICIPANTS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT THE AGRITOURISM PROFESSIONAL'S LIABILITY IS NOT LIMITED IF THE PROPER WARNING NOTICES ARE NOT PROVIDED TO PARTICIPANTS. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. On motion of Senator VERDIN, the Bill was carried over. HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED, CARRIED OVER S. 217 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-20, OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CODE, TO SUBSTITUTE THE TERM "REGIONAL COUNTY OR MUNICIPAL JAIL" FOR THE TERM "COUNTY JAIL", AND TO INCLUDE FACILITY MANAGERS OF THE COUNTY, MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATORS, OR THEIR EQUIVALENT AS PERSONS WHO THE STATE MUST OBTAIN CONSENT FROM TO HOUSE AS AN INMATE IN A LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL FACILITY; TO AMEND SECTION 24-3-27, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DECISION TO ASSIGN WORK OR DISQUALIFY A PERSON FROM WORK IN A FACILITY IS IN THE SOLE DISCRETION OF THE OFFICIAL IN CHARGE OF THE FACILITY AND MAY NOT BE CHALLENGED. (ABBREVIATED TITLE). The House returned the Bill with amendments. Senators MALLOY and FAIR proposed the following amendment (JUD0217.001), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking page 37, lines 13-29, in their entirety and inserting the following: / "(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, except in a case in which the death penalty or a term of life imprisonment is imposed, or as provided in this subsection, a prisoner an inmate convicted of a 'no parole offense', as defined in Section 24-13-100, and sentenced to the custody of the Department of Corrections, including a prisoner an inmate serving time in a local facility pursuant to a designated facility agreement authorized by Section 24-3-20, or Section 24-3-30, is not eligible for work release until the prisoner inmate has served not less than eighty percent of the actual term of imprisonment imposed. This percentage must be calculated without the application of earned work credits, education credits, or good conduct credits, and is to be applied to the actual term of imprisonment imposed, not including any portion of the sentence which has been suspended. A person is eligible for work release if the person is sentenced for voluntary manslaughter (Section 16-3-50), kidnapping (Section 16-3-910), carjacking (Section 16-3-1075), burglary in the second degree (Section 16-11-312(B)), armed robbery (Section 16-11-330(A)), or attempted armed robbery (Section 16-11-330(B)), the crime did not involve any criminal sexual conduct or an additional violent crime as defined in Section 16-1-60, and the person is within three years of release from imprisonment. Except as provided in this subsection, Nothing nothing in this section may be construed to allow a prisoner an inmate convicted of murder or a prisoner an inmate prohibited from participating in work release by another provision of law to be eligible for work release. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator MALLOY explained the amendment. The question then was the adoption of the amendment. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 28; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Verdin Total--28 NAYS Total--0 On motion of Senator KNOTTS, the Bill was carried over. CONCURRENCE S. 329 (Word version) -- Senators Fair and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 5, CHAPTER 3, TITLE 24 OF THE 1976 CODE BY ADDING SECTION 24-3-580, TO PROHIBIT THE DISCLOSURE OF THE IDENTITY OF MEMBERS OF AN EXECUTION TEAM AND TO ALLOW FOR CIVIL PENALTIES FOR A VIOLATION OF THE SECTION, AND BY ADDING SECTION 24-3-590, TO PROHIBIT LICENSING AGENCIES FROM TAKING ANY ACTION TO REVOKE, SUSPEND, OR DENY A LICENSE TO ANY PERSON WHO PARTICIPATES ON AN EXECUTION TEAM. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the amendments. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 28; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Verdin Total--28 NAYS Total--0 The Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification. HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED RETURNED TO THE HOUSE The House returned the Bill with amendments. Senator CLEARY proposed the following amendment (S-337 CLEARY), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, beginning on page 23 by striking lines 31-40 and on page 24 by striking lines 1-3 and inserting: / SECTION 25. This act takes effect July 1, 2010; provided, the provisions of this act do not apply to any matter pending before a court of this State prior to June 1, 2010. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator CLEARY explained the amendment. The question was the adoption of the amendment. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 28; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Verdin Total--28 NAYS Total--0 The Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. HOUSE AMENDMENTS AMENDED RETURNED TO THE HOUSE WITH AMENDMENTS S. 348 (Word version) -- Senators Fair, Sheheen, S. Martin, Lourie, Shoopman, Knotts and Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-95, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO INFLICTION OF GREAT BODILY INJURY UPON A CHILD, SO AS TO PROVIDE A MINIMUM TERM OF IMPRISONMENT OF TWO YEARS FOR A PERSON WHO IS CONVICTED OF THIS OFFENSE AND WHO IS REGISTERED WITH OR LICENSED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES PURSUANT TO CHILDCARE FACILITIES LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS; TO PROVIDE THAT NO PORTION OF THE SENTENCE MAY BE SUSPENDED; AND BY ADDING SECTION 63-13-825 SO AS TO REQUIRE FAMILY CHILDCARE OPERATORS AND CAREGIVERS ANNUALLY TO COMPLETE A MINIMUM OF TWO HOURS OF TRAINING APPROVED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES. The Bill was returned from the House with amendments. Senator FAIR proposed the following amendment (JUD0348.002), which was adopted: Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting: / SECTION 1. Section 16-3-95 of the 1976 Code is amended to read: "Section 16-3-95. (A)(1) It is unlawful to inflict great bodily injury upon a child. A person who violates this subsection is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than twenty years. (2) A person who is registered with or licensed by the Department of Social Services, pursuant to Chapter 13, Title 63 or who is employed by or contracts with a person registered with or licensed by the department, pursuant to Chapter 13, Title 63, who violates subsection (A)(1) is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than twenty-five years. (B) It is unlawful for a child's parent or guardian, person with whom the child's parent or guardian is cohabitating, or any other person responsible for a child's welfare as defined in Section 63-7-20 knowingly to allow another person to inflict great bodily injury upon a child. A person who violates this subsection is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction, must be imprisoned not more than five years. (C) For purposes of this section, 'great bodily injury' means bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious or permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ. (D) This section may not be construed to prohibit corporal punishment or physical discipline which is administered by a parent or person in loco parentis in a manner which does not cause great bodily injury upon a child. (E) This section does not apply to injuries sustained in traffic accidents unless the accident was caused by the driver's actor's reckless disregard for the safety of others." SECTION 2. Article 7, Chapter 13, Title 63 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 63-13-825. (A) An operator of a family childcare home and any person employed by or who contracts with an operator of a family childcare home, annually shall complete and provide documentation to the Department of Social Services of a minimum of two hours of training approved by the department. (B) The department shall indicate on its website those family childcare homes that are, and those that are not, in compliance with this section and may include, but are not limited to, the amount of training the operator and other persons employed by or under contract with a family childcare home have reported to the department." SECTION 3. Section 16-3-740 (B) is amended to read: "(B) Upon the request of a victim who has been exposed to body fluids during the commission of a criminal offense, or upon the request of the legal guardian of a victim who has been exposed to body fluids during the commission of a criminal offense, the solicitor must, at any time within forty-eight hours, excluding weekends and legal holidays as defined in Chapter 5 of Title 53, after the offender is charged, or at any time within forty-eight hours, excluding weekends and legal holidays, as defined in Chapter 5 of Title 53, after a petition has been filed against an offender in family court, petition the court to have the offender tested for Hepatitis B and HIV. An offender must not be tested under this section for Hepatitis B and HIV without a court order. To obtain a court order, the solicitor must demonstrate the following: (1) the victim or the victim's legal guardian requested the tests; (2) there is probable cause that the offender committed the offense; (3) there is probable cause that during the commission of the offense there was a risk that body fluids were transmitted from one person to another; and (4) the offender has received notice of the petition and notice of his right to have counsel represent him at a hearing. The results of the tests must be kept confidential and disclosed only to the solicitor who obtained the court order. The solicitor shall then notify only those persons designated in subsection (C)." SECTION 4. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor./ Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Senator LARRY MARTIN explained the amendment. The question then was the adoption of the amendment. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 28; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Bright Bryant Campsen Cleary Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Grooms Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Verdin Total--28 NAYS Total--0 The Bill was ordered returned to the House of Representatives with amendments. CARRIED OVER S. 452 (Word version) -- Senators Campbell, Leatherman, Reese, Shoopman, Williams, Mulvaney, Pinckney, O'Dell, Ford, Knotts, Bryant, Land, Grooms, Hutto, Fair, Peeler, Sheheen, Ryberg, Massey, Elliott, Alexander, McGill, Bright, L. Martin, Matthews, Setzler, Rose, Hayes and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 4, TITLE 49 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL AND REPORTING ACT, TO PROVIDE THAT SUBJECT TO CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWALS MUST BE MADE PURSUANT TO A PERMIT, TO PROVIDE FOR COMPLETE EXEMPTIONS FROM THE PERMITTING REQUIREMENT, TO PROVIDE THAT REGISTERED SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWERS MAY WITHDRAW SURFACE WATER WITHOUT A PERMIT BUT SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS, TO PROVIDE FOR NONCONSUMPTIVE SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PERMITS, TO PROVIDE FOR AN APPLICATION PROCEDURE FOR SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWERS THAT OWN AND OPERATE A LICENSED IMPOUNDMENT OR NEW SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWERS THAT WITHDRAW WATER FROM A LICENSED IMPOUNDMENT, TO PROVIDE FOR REPORTS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES FROM PERMITTED AND REGISTERED WATER WITHDRAWERS AND THE CONTENTS OF THOSE REPORTS, TO PROVIDE THAT REGISTERED AND EXEMPT SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWERS MAY APPLY FOR A SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL PERMIT, TO AUTHORIZE NONRIPARIAN USE OF SURFACE WATER, TO PROVIDE FOR A PERMITTING PROCESS FOR NEW SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWERS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE CONTENTS OF THE APPLICATION, TO PROVIDE FOR THE DEPARTMENT'S DETERMINATION CONCERNING THE PERMIT, TO PROVIDE FOR PUBLIC HEARINGS CONCERNING NEW PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR INTERBASIN TRANSFERS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE CONTENTS OF ISSUED PERMITS AND THE RIGHTS CONFERRED BY A PERMIT, TO PROVIDE FOR CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A PERMIT MAY BE MODIFIED, SUSPENDED, OR REVOKED, TO PROVIDE FOR NOTICE TO THE DEPARTMENT CONCERNING CERTAIN NEW WATER INTAKES, TO PROVIDE FOR TEMPORARY PERMITS, TO PROVIDE AUTHORIZED WITHDRAWAL AMOUNTS, TO PROVIDE FOR OPERATIONAL AND CONTINGENCY PLANS, TO PROVIDE FOR POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CONCERNING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHAPTER, TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS, TO PROVIDE FOR PERMIT APPLICATION FEES; AND TO REPEAL CHAPTER 21, TITLE 49, RELATING TO THE INTERBASIN TRANSFER OF WATER, TO PROVIDE THAT CHAPTER 1, TITLE 49, RELATING TO GENERAL PROVISIONS CONCERNING WATER, WATER RESOURCES, AND DRAINAGE IS NOT AFFECTED BY AND SUPERCEDED BY CHAPTER 4, TITLE 49 AND TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE DEFINITIONS. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. On motion of Senator VERDIN, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER S. 594 (Word version) -- Senator Leatherman: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 59-147-30 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE ISSUANCE OF REVENUE BONDS UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION REVENUE BOND ACT, TO CLARIFY THOSE ELIGIBLE FACILITIES WHICH MAY BE FINANCED UNDER THE ACT; AND TO REPEAL SECTION 59-147-120 RELATING TO LIMITATIONS ON THE ISSUANCE OF CERTAIN REVENUE BONDS. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. On motion of Senator COURSON, the Bill was carried over. CONCURRENCE S. 850 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-6-5060 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION ON AN INCOME TAX RETURN OF A VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTION TO CERTAIN FUNDS, TO PROVIDE THAT A TAXPAYER MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SOUTH CAROLINA FORESTRY COMMISSION FOR USE IN THE STATE FOREST SYSTEM. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. Senator O'DELL explained the amendments. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 24; Nays 2 AYES Alexander Campsen Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Knotts Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Massey McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Reese Rose Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Verdin Total--24 NAYS Bright Bryant Total--2 The Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification. CONCURRENCE S. 1070 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING PART VII TO ARTICLE 5, TITLE 62 SO AS TO ENACT THE "UNIFORM ADULT GUARDIANSHIP AND PROTECTIVE PROCEEDINGS JURISDICTION ACT", TO DEFINE NECESSARY TERMS, PROVIDE A UNIFORM PROCEDURE FOR JURISDICTION OVER ADULT GUARDIANSHIPS, CONSERVATORSHIPS, AND OTHER PROTECTIVE PROCEEDINGS TO ENSURE ONLY ONE STATE HAS JURISDICTION AT A GIVEN TIME. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. Senator MALLOY explained the amendments. On motion of Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, the Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification. CARRIED OVER S. 879 (Word version) -- Senator Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3150, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO ASSESSABLE TRANSFERS OF INTEREST FOR PURPOSES OF DETERMINING THE VALUE OF REAL PROPERTY FOR PROPERTY TAXATION, SO AS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INSTANCES OF PROPERTY TRANSFERS NOT CONSIDERED ASSESSABLE TRANSFERS OF INTEREST, INCLUDING TRANSFERS OF FRACTIONAL INTERESTS CONSTITUTING NOT MORE THAN FIFTY PERCENT OF FEE SIMPLE TITLE, TRANSFERS INTO AND OUT OF A SINGLE MEMBER LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY NOT TAXED AS A CORPORATION WHEN THE SINGLE MEMBER IS THE TRANSFEREE AND TRANSFEROR, TRANSFERS RELATING TO EASEMENTS, TRANSFERS TO QUIET TITLE OR ESTABLISH A BOUNDARY LINE, AND TRANSFERS CREATING OR TERMINATING A JOINT TENANCY WITH RIGHTS OF SURVIVORSHIP IF THE GRANTORS AND GRANTEES ARE THE SAME. The House returned the Bill with amendments. Senator CAMPSEN explained the Bill. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. On motion of Senator ALEXANDER, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER S. 901 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell, Elliott and Courson: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 1-3-500, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN THE GOVERNOR LEAVES THE STATE, HE MUST NOTIFY THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR, WHETHER OR NOT THE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR'S OFFICE IS TRANSFERRED TO THE LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR; AND BY ADDING SECTION 1-3-630, SO AS TO DEFINE "EMERGENCY", "FULL AUTHORITY", AND "TEMPORARY ABSENCE" IN ORDER TO CLARIFY WHEN A LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR HAS THE FULL AUTHORITY TO ACT IN AN EMERGENCY IN THE EVENT OF THE TEMPORARY ABSENCE OF THE GOVERNOR FROM THE STATE. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Bill was carried over. CARRIED OVER S. 1025 (Word version) -- Senator Cromer: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-73-737 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO DRIVER TRAINING COURSE CREDIT TOWARD LIABILITY AND COLLISION INSURANCE COVERAGE, TO REDUCE THE INITIAL COURSE FROM EIGHT TO SIX HOURS, TO ALLOW FOR A FOUR HOUR REFRESHER COURSE EVERY THREE YEARS, AND TO ALLOW THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE TO PROMULGATE REGULATIONS FOR FIFTY-FIVE YEARS AND OLDER DRIVER SAFETY INTERNET COURSES. The House returned the Bill with amendments. Senators MULVANEY, BRIGHT and ROSE proposed the following amendment (1025R002.MM), which was ruled out of order: Amend the bill, as and if amended, page 7, line 31 by adding an appropriately numbered new SECTION to read: / SECTION ___. A. Chapter 1, Title 38 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding: "Section 38-1-40. (A) For purposes of this section: (1) 'Health care provider' means a physician, surgeon, osteopath, nurse, oral surgeon, dentist, pharmacist, chiropractor, optometrist, podiatrist, or similar category of licensed health care provider, including a health care practice, association, partnership, or other legal entity. (2) 'Health care system' means any public or private entity whose function or purpose is the provision, management, processing, enrollment of individuals for payment of, in full or in part, health care services, data, or information for its participants. (3) 'Lawful medical services' means any medical-related service or treatment to the extent that the service or treatment is permitted or not prohibited by law or regulation that may be provided by persons or businesses otherwise permitted to offer such services. (4) 'Pay directly' means payment for lawful health care services without a public or private third party, not including an employer, paying for any portion of the service. (5) 'Penalties or fines' means any civil or criminal penalty or fine, tax, salary or wage withholding, surcharge, or any named fee with a similar effect established by federal law or rule that is utilized to punish or discourage the exercise of rights protected under this section. (B) The citizens of this State have the right to enter into private contracts with licensed health care providers for authorized health care services and to purchase private health care coverage from a licensed insurer. No law may interfere with the right of a person to be treated by or receive services from a licensed health care provider of that person's choice. No law may restrict a person's freedom of choice of private health care systems or private health care plans of any type. No law may interfere with a person's or an entity's right to pay directly for lawful medical services. No law may require any person to participate in any health care system or plan, or impose a penalty, tax, or fine, of any type, for choosing to obtain or decline health care coverage or for participation in any particular health care system or plan. This section shall not apply to individuals voluntarily applying for coverage under a state-administered program pursuant to Title XIX or Title XXI of the Social Security Act. This section shall not apply to students being required by an institution of higher education to obtain and maintain health insurance as a condition of enrollment. Nothing herein shall impair the rights of persons to privately contract for health insurance for family members or former family members." B. The Attorney General is directed to challenge the constitutionality of any provision enacted by the United States Congress that would violate any of the requirements of Section 38-1-40 and join with other states that are like-minded to make a similar challenge. No state agency, agent, department, instrumentality, or subdivision shall cooperate or participate in any way with any mandate passed by Congress upon notification by the Attorney General that the mandate must be challenged pursuant to this section, unless and until otherwise ordered to so by a court of competent jurisdiction. C. If any section, subsection, paragraph, item, subitem, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of Chapter 1, Title 38 of the 1976 Code as added by this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of the chapter, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed each and every section, subsection, item, subitem, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective. D. This SECTION takes effect upon approval by the Governor. / Renumber sections to conform. Amend title to conform. Point of Order Senator LARRY MARTIN raised a Point of Order that the amendment was out of order inasmuch as it was violative of Rule 24A. Senator MULVANEY spoke on the Point of Order. The PRESIDENT Pro Tempore sustained the Point of Order. The amendment was ruled out of order. On motion of Senator KNOTTS, the Bill was carried over. NONCONCURRENCE S. 1027 (Word version) -- Senator McGill: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 11, TITLE 50 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 50-11-770 TO ENACT THE "RENEGADE HUNTER ACT", TO PROHIBIT USING DOGS TO HUNT ON PROPERTY WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE LANDOWNER, AND TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE PENALTIES. The House returned the Bill with amendments. On motion of Senator McGILL, with unanimous consent, the Senate nonconcurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. CONCURRENCE S. 1154 (Word version) -- Senators Malloy, Knotts, Campsen, McConnell, Fair, Cromer, Ford, Elliott, Scott, Nicholson, Coleman, Massey, Cleary, Hutto, Peeler, Williams, Land, Rose, Campbell, L. Martin, Leventis, Leatherman, Setzler, O'Dell, Hayes and Pinckney: A BILL TO ENACT THE OMNIBUS CRIME REDUCTION AND SENTENCING REFORM ACT OF 2010, RELATING TO CRIMINAL OFFENSES, CORRECTIONS, PROBATION, AND PAROLE PROVISIONS, SO AS TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, TO ENACT RECOMMENDATIONS PROPOSED BY THE SENTENCING REFORM COMMISSION REPORT OF FEBRUARY 2010. The House returned the Bill with amendments. The question then was concurrence with the House amendments. Senator MALLOY explained the amendments. The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows: Ayes 46; Nays 0 AYES Alexander Anderson Bright Bryant Campbell Campsen Cleary Coleman Courson Cromer Davis Elliott Fair Ford Grooms Hayes Hutto Jackson Knotts Land Leatherman Leventis Lourie Malloy Martin, Larry Martin, Shane Massey Matthews McConnell McGill Mulvaney Nicholson O'Dell Peeler Pinckney Rankin Reese Rose Ryberg Scott Setzler Sheheen Shoopman Thomas Verdin Williams Total--46 The Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. Ordered that the title be changed to that of an Act and the Act enrolled for Ratification. CONCURRENCE S. 1434 (Word version) -- Senator Campsen: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE NEWLY CONSTRUCTED REPLACEMENT BRIDGE THAT CROSSES COVE INLET ALONG SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 703 IN CHARLESTON COUNTY THE "BEN SAWYER MEMORIAL BRIDGE" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS AT THIS BRIDGE THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "BEN SAWYER MEMORIAL BRIDGE". The House returned the Resolution with amendments. Senator CAMPSEN explained the House amendments. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. CONCURRENCE S. 1450 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen and Verdin: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO CELEBRATE THE SESQUICENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FLAG, TO DECLARE JANUARY 28, 2011, AS "SOUTH CAROLINA FLAG DAY", TO REQUEST THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE TO CONDUCT APPROPRIATE INTERPRETIVE AND EDUCATIONAL EVENTS AT THE FORT MOULTRIE, A UNIT OF FORT SUMTER NATIONAL MONUMENT, AND TO ENCOURAGE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS TO PARTICIPATE. The House returned the Resolution with amendments. Senator CAMPSEN explained the House amendments. On motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, with unanimous consent, the Senate concurred in the House amendments and a message was sent to the House accordingly. CARRIED OVER S. 717 (Word version) -- Senators Coleman, Setzler, Land, Campbell and Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 12-36-2120 AND 12-37-220, BOTH AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SALES TAX EXEMPTIONS AND PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, SO AS TO EXEMPT MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT, BUILDING AND OTHER RAW MATERIALS, AND ELECTRICITY USED BY A FACILITY OWNED BY A TAX EXEMPT ORGANIZATION INVESTING AT LEAST TWENTY MILLION DOLLARS OVER THREE YEARS IN THE FACILITY WHEN THAT FACILITY IS USED PRINCIPALLY FOR RESEARCHING AND TESTING THE IMPACT OF NATURAL HAZARDS SUCH AS WIND, FIRE, EARTHQUAKE, AND HAIL ON BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS. The House returned the Bill with amendments. On motion of Senator SETZLER, the Bill was carried over. LOCAL APPOINTMENTS Confirmations Having received a favorable report from the Senate, the following appointments were confirmed in open session: Initial Appointment, Hampton County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014 Charles A. Grill, P.O. Box 207, Varnville, SC 29444 VICE William T. Armstrong Reappointment, Florence County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2010, and to expire April 30, 2014 Eugene Cooper, 205 East Williams Road, Coward, SC 29530-5079 Initial Appointment, Richland County Magistrate, with the term to commence April 30, 2007, and to expire April 30, 2011 Benjamin F. Byrd, 13 Chasewood Court, Columbia, SC 29203 VICE Nikiya M. Hall At 5:05 P.M., on motion of Senator LARRY MARTIN, the Senate adjourned to meet tomorrow at 11:00 A.M. under the provisions of Rule 1 for the purpose of taking up local matters and uncontested matters which have previously received unanimous consent to be taken up. Recorded Vote Senator MULVANEY desired to be recorded as voting against the motion to adjourn. * * * This web page was last updated on Tuesday, February 22, 2011 at 2:14 P.M.	2019-10-16T07:46:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3191308081150055, "perplexity": 8840.363655306666}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986666467.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016063833-20191016091333-00117.warc.gz"}
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S014AET&home=sumtabM	# ${{\boldsymbol \pi}^{+}}{{\boldsymbol \pi}^{-}}{{\boldsymbol e}^{+}}{{\boldsymbol e}^{-}}$ DECAY-PLANE ASYMMETRY PARAMETER ${{\boldsymbol A}_{{\phi}}}$ INSPIRE search In the ${{\mathit \eta}}$ rest frame, the total momentum of the ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ pair is equal and opposite to that of the ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ pair. Let $\hat{{\mathit z}}$ be the unit vector along the momentum of the ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ pair; let $\hat{{\mathit n}}_{ee}$ and $\hat{{\mathit n}}_{ {{\mathit \pi}} {{\mathit \pi}} }$ be the unit vectors normal to the ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ and ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ planes; and let $\phi$ be the angle between the two normals. Then sin$\phi$ cos $\phi$ = [($\hat{{\mathit n}}_{ee}{\times }\hat{{\mathit n}}_{ {{\mathit \pi}} {{\mathit \pi}} }$) $\cdot{}$ $\hat{{\mathit z}}$] ($\hat{{\mathit n}}_{ee}\cdot{}\hat{{\mathit n}}_{ {{\mathit \pi}} {{\mathit \pi}} }$) , and ${{\mathit A}_{{\phi}}}{}\equiv$ ${{{\mathit N}_{{{sin{{\mathit \phi}}~cos{{\mathit \phi}}>0}}}}~−~{{\mathit N}_{{{sin{{\mathit \phi}}~cos{{\mathit \phi}}<0}}}}\over {{\mathit N}_{{{sin{{\mathit \phi}}~cos{{\mathit \phi}}>0}}}}~+~{{\mathit N}_{{{sin{{\mathit \phi}}~cos{{\mathit \phi}}<0}}}} }$ . VALUE ($10^{-2}$) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT $-0.6$ $\pm2.5$ $\pm1.8$ $1555$ $\pm52$ 2009 B KLOE ${{\mathit e}^{+}}$ ${{\mathit e}^{-}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \phi}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \gamma}}$ Conservation Laws: $\mathit CP$ INVARIANCE References: AMBROSINO 2009B PL B675 283 Measurement of the Branching Ratio and Search for a $\mathit CP$ Violating Asymmetry in the ${{\mathit \eta}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$( ${{\mathit \gamma}}$) Decay at KLOE	2020-07-14T23:51:57	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.964739203453064, "perplexity": 658.7279968819305}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657151761.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714212401-20200715002401-00545.warc.gz"}
https://asphalt.fandom.com/wiki/User_blog:Guy_Bukzi_Montag/Drop_Rates_Explained:_5th_Anniversary_(III)	FANDOM 4,553 Pages This is part III of a series on the maths behind drop rates. This part continues the explanations of part II and will show you how to calculate your chances if you open more than one box. The 5th Anniversary boxes will serve as examples, but the methods also work for other boxes. Introduction "I need 2 more blueprints to assemble my SLK 55 SE. If I buy a Specialist Bundle, my chance of getting a blueprint is 10 %. I have 4,825 coins, so I can buy 32 bundles. Will that be enough to get my 2 missing blueprints?" One box If you buy one box, there are only two possibilities: either you get a blueprint or not. • Your chance of getting a blueprint is $\tfrac{1}{10}$, • and $\tfrac{9}{10}$ of getting none. Two boxes Buying two boxes already offers four possibilities, each with its own probability: • blueprint in the first one: $\tfrac{1}{10}$ • blueprint also in the second one: $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} = \tfrac{1}{100}$ • no blueprint in the second one: $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} = \tfrac{9}{100}$ • no blueprint in the first one: $\tfrac{9}{10}$. • blueprint in the second one: $\tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} = \tfrac{9}{100}$. • no blueprint also in the second one: $\tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} = \tfrac{81}{100}$. As you need 2 blueprints, only the first of the four combinations is successful and has a probability of $\tfrac{1}{100}$ = 1 %. A chance of 1 % is not very satisfying, but we now know how to find the values for three boxes. Three boxes In the following table, "B" stands for blueprint, "0" for no blueprint and P for the probablity of the combination. Successful combinations with at least two blueprints are highlighted: Combination P % 0-0-0 $\tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} = \tfrac{729}{1000}$ 72.9 % 0-0-B $\tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} = \tfrac{81}{1000}$ 8.1 % 0-B-0 $\tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} = \tfrac{81}{1000}$ 8.1 % B-0-0 $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} = \tfrac{81}{1000}$ 8.1 % 0-B-B $\tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} = \tfrac{9}{1000}$ 0.9 % B-B-0 $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} = \tfrac{9}{1000}$ 0.9 % B-0-B $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} = \tfrac{9}{1000}$ 0.9 % B-B-B $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} = \tfrac{1}{1000}$ 0.1 % As you see, there's more than one way to get two blueprints: You can get them from the first and second, second and third or from the first and third box. And there's also the possibility of getting even three blueprints, so 4 out of 8 sequences are successful. The probability of getting at least 2 blueprints from 3 boxes is $\frac{9}{1000} + \frac{9}{1000} + \frac{9}{1000} + \frac{1}{1000} = \frac{28}{1000} = 2.8 %$. If you never buy more than three boxes, you can stop here. You can make a small table, multiply the probabilities and sum up the successful sequences. But that's not realistic as events like the 5th Anniversary grant a lot more than three boxes. Calculations Permutation And that's where the problem starts: Technically you have been examining all possible ways of drawing 3 elements from 2, with repetition (you put pack what you have drawn, because a 0 or a B can appear several times), and where order matters (because 0-0-B is not the same as B-0-0). In combinatorics, this is called a permutation with repetition.[1] Unfortunately, those permutations have the nasty habit to generate extremely large numbers. If you draw once, you have only two possibilities: 0 and B. The second draw (box) adds two more possibilities to every existing one, so you get $2 \cdot 2 = 2^2 = 4$ possibilities, then $2 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 2^3 = 8$ and so on. Ten boxes would already generate a table with $2^{10} = 1,024$ rows, so counting manually all successful combinations becomes impractical with increasing numbers of draws (boxes). But now we know how to calculate the total number of possibilities: Buying $n$ boxes granting 1 random item per box generates $2^n$ possibilities. And more general: Buying $n$ boxes granting $r$ random items of a kind per box generates $(r+1)^n$ possibilities (as not getting the item counts as an additional possibility). For our SLK 55 SE example, this means: If you buy 32 boxes, you get $2^{32} = 4,294,967,296$ possible sequences. Combination Now we have to find all those of our $2^n$ sequences that contain at least the desired number of blueprints $d$. In our example table with 3 boxes and 2 desired blueprints we had $2^3 = 8$ sequences of which 4 were successful. How can we calculate the 4 successful ones? Let's have a closer look at them: • The three sequences 0-B-B, B-B-0 and B-0-B have in common that they are arrangements of 2 blueprints in a set of 3 items. • The fourth sequence consists of 3 blueprints in a set of 3 items: B-B-B. Note that this time the order of the Bs doesn't matter: blueprint is blueprint. For example, there is no distinction between a possible B1-B2-B3 and B1-B3-B2. They are all treated as one sequence B-B-B, so there is only one way to arrange 3 blueprints in a set of 3 items. In mathematics, the selection of $k$ items from a set with $n$ elements, such that the order of selection doesn't matter, is called a combination[2] and is denoted by $\tbinom nk$ (read as "n choose k"). If you have a scientific calculator and wondered what the nCr button does: Read it as "n choose r" and you can do the calculations in this chapter by yourself! $\tbinom nk$ is called a binomial coefficient[3] and can be calculated as follows: $\binom nk = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$ For our example with three boxes this means that the number of different combinations of 2 blueprints in a set of 3 is: $\binom 32 = \frac{3!}{2!(3-2)!} = \frac{6}{2 \cdot 1} = 3$ And the number of different combinations of 3 blueprints in a set of 3 is: $\binom 33 = \frac{3!}{3!(3-3)!} = \frac{6}{6 \cdot 1} = 1$ If we add these two results, we have exactly the number of successful sequences found in the table (4). For other examples, the term "if we add" has to be a little bit more specific: We have to add all binomial coefficients starting with $k = d$ ($d$ being the number of desired blueprints), then $k = d + 1$, $k = d + 2$, ... up to $k = n$ (because we can get more than the 2 desired blueprints up to the possibility of getting a blueprint in each of the $n$ boxes). So generally the number of possible combinations $c$ of at least $d$ desired items in $n$ boxes is the sum of the binomial coefficients with $k = d$, $k = d + 1$, $k = d + 2$, ... to $k = n$: $c = \sum_{k = d}^n \binom{n}{k}$ Now we can use this formula for the SLK 55 SE blueprints: We have $n = 32$ boxes and want $d = 2$ blueprints, so the number $c$ of combinations containing at least 2 blueprints is $c = \sum_{k = 2}^{32} \binom{32}{k} = \binom{32}{2} + \binom{32}{3} + \binom{32}{4} + ... + \binom{32}{32} = 4,294,967,263$. If you want to use your scientific calculator, you have to calculate each binomial coefficient from $k = 2$ to $k = 32$ with the nCr button and build the sum of all the results. Probability Now we are very close to what we wanted to have: the probability of all those combinations with at least 2 blueprints. Let's go back to the above table for 2 blueprints from 3 boxes: The probability for the sequence B-B-0, for example, was $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{9}{10} = \tfrac{9}{1000}$. If the probability for an event $B$ (getting a blueprint) is $\tfrac{1}{10}$, the probability of the complementary event $\bar B$ (not getting one) is $P(\bar B) = 1 - P(B)$,[4] thus $1 - \tfrac{1}{10} = \tfrac{9}{10}$. If $d$ is the number of desired blueprints, then what we did in the table was multiplying $d$ times the probability of $B$: $\tfrac{1}{10} \cdot \tfrac{1}{10} = (\tfrac{1}{10})^2$. We did the same with $\bar B$, but it's not that evident, because in a set of 3, there is only 1 event $\bar B$ left: $\tfrac{9}{10} = (\tfrac{9}{10})^1$. The product of these two values was the final probability of the sequence: $\left ( \frac{1}{10} \right )^2 \cdot \left ( \frac{9}{10} \right )^1 = \frac{1}{10} \cdot \frac{1}{10} \cdot \frac{9}{10} = \frac{9}{1000}$ Generally said, the probability of one combination in the table is $(P(B))^d \cdot (P(\bar B))^{n-d} = (P(B))^d \cdot (1 - P(B))^{n-d}$, where • $d$ is the number of desired blueprints, • $n$ the number of boxes, • $P(B)$ the probability of getting a blueprint. As all combinations of 2 Bs in a set of 3 (B-B-0, 0-B-B and B-0-B) have the same probability, we can multiply this probability with the number $c$ of possible combinations to obtain the total probability of all combinations of 2 blueprints in a set of 3. Fortunately, we already know that $c$ is the binomial coefficient $\binom32$, so we get $\left ( \frac{1}{10} \right )^2 \cdot \left ( \frac{9}{10} \right )^1 \cdot \binom32 = \frac{9}{1000} \cdot 3 = \frac{27}{1000} = 2.7 %$. Analogously, the probability for 3 blueprints in a set of 3 is $\left ( \frac{1}{10} \right )^3 \cdot \left ( \frac{9}{10} \right )^0 \cdot \binom33 = \frac{1}{1000} \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{1000} = 0.1 %$. To get the total probability of at least 2 blueprints in a set of 3, we add these probabilities and get exactly the 2.8 % from our table above. So generally the probability $P_{n,d}$ of getting at least $d$ desired items from $n$ boxes is as follows: $\sum_{k = d}^n (P(B))^k \cdot (1 - P(B))^{n-k} \cdot \binom{n}{k}$, where $P(B)$ is the probability of getting the item. With this formula we are able to answer the question of the beginning: We have $n = 32$ boxes and want $d = 2$ blueprints of which each has a probability of $P(B) = \tfrac{1}{10}$, so the probability of getting at least 2 blueprints from these boxes is \begin{align} &\sum_{k = 2}^{32} \left (\frac{1}{10} \right )^k \cdot \left (1 - \frac{1}{10} \right )^{32-k} \cdot \binom{32}{k}\\ \\ \\ &= \left (\frac{1}{10} \right )^2 \cdot \left (\frac{9}{10} \right )^{30} \cdot \binom{32}{2} + \left (\frac{1}{10} \right )^3 \cdot \left (\frac{9}{10} \right )^{29} \cdot \binom{32}{3} + ... +\left (\frac{1}{10} \right )^{32} \cdot \left (\frac{9}{10} \right )^{0} \cdot \binom{32}{32}\\ \\ \\ &= 84.36 %. \end{align} Did I calculate this manually? Definitely not. I wrote a few functions for this which I'll share with you in Part V. But first, we'll come back to the "box in the box" principle. There are still some problems concerning boxes granting variable numbers of blueprints, but now we know the methods to solve them. Part IV will show you how. If you have questions or find mistakes: Feel free to comment! References 1. See Wikipedia: Permutation. 2. See Wikipedia: Combination. 3. See Wikipedia: Binomial coefficient. 4. See Wikipedia: Complementary event. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	2020-07-03T11:35:01	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9630492329597473, "perplexity": 560.4829343814994}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00484.warc.gz"}
http://dlmf.nist.gov/21.7	§21.7 Riemann Surfaces §21.7(i) Connection of Riemann Theta Functions to Riemann Surfaces In almost all applications, a Riemann theta function is associated with a compact Riemann surface. Although there are other ways to represent Riemann surfaces (see e.g. Belokolos et al. (1994, §2.1)), they are obtainable from plane algebraic curves (Springer (1957), or Riemann (1851)). Consider the set of points in that satisfy the equation 21.7.1 where is a polynomial in and that does not factor over . Equation (21.7.1) determines a plane algebraic curve in , which is made compact by adding its points at infinity. To accomplish this we write (21.7.1) in terms of homogeneous coordinates: 21.7.2 by setting , , and then clearing fractions. This compact curve may have singular points, that is, points at which the gradient of vanishes. Removing the singularities of this curve gives rise to a two-dimensional connected manifold with a complex-analytic structure, that is, a Riemann surface. All compact Riemann surfaces can be obtained this way. Since a Riemann surface is a two-dimensional manifold that is orientable (owing to its analytic structure), its only topological invariant is its genus (the number of handles in the surface). On this surface, we choose cycles (that is, closed oriented curves, each with at most a finite number of singular points) , , , such that their intersection indices satisfy 21.7.3 For example, Figure 21.7.1 depicts a genus 2 surface. Figure 21.7.1: A basis of cycles for a genus 2 surface. On a Riemann surface of genus , there are linearly independent holomorphic differentials , . If a local coordinate is chosen on the Riemann surface, then the local coordinate representation of these holomorphic differentials is given by where , are analytic functions. Thus the differentials , have no singularities on . Note that for the purposes of integrating these holomorphic differentials, all cycles on the surface are a linear combination of the cycles , , . The are normalized so that Then the matrix defined by 21.7.6, is a Riemann matrix and it is used to define the corresponding Riemann theta function. In this way, we associate a Riemann theta function with every compact Riemann surface . Riemann theta functions originating from Riemann surfaces are special in the sense that a general -dimensional Riemann theta function depends on complex parameters. In contrast, a -dimensional Riemann theta function arising from a compact Riemann surface of genus () depends on at most complex parameters (one complex parameter for the case ). These special Riemann theta functions satisfy many special identities, two of which appear in the following subsections. For more information, see Dubrovin (1981), Brieskorn and Knörrer (1986, §9.3), Belokolos et al. (1994, Chapter 2), and Mumford (1984, §2.2–2.3). §21.7(ii) Fay’s Trisecant Identity Let , be such that Define the holomorphic differential Then the prime form on the corresponding compact Riemann surface is defined by where and are points on , , and the path of integration on from to is identical for all components. Here is such that , . Either branch of the square roots may be chosen, as long as the branch is consistent across . For all , and all , , , on , Fay’s identity is given by where again all integration paths are identical for all components. Generalizations of this identity are given in Fay (1973, Chapter 2). Fay derives (21.7.10) as a special case of a more general class of addition theorems for Riemann theta functions on Riemann surfaces. §21.7(iii) Frobenius’ Identity Let be a hyperelliptic Riemann surface. These are Riemann surfaces that may be obtained from algebraic curves of the form 21.7.11 where is a polynomial in of odd degree . The genus of this surface is . The zeros , of specify the finite branch points , that is, points at which , on the Riemann surface. Denote the set of all branch points by . Consider a fixed subset of , such that the number of elements in the set is , and . Next, define an isomorphism which maps every subset of with an even number of elements to a -dimensional vector with elements either 0 or . Define the operation Also, , , and . Then the isomorphism is determined completely by: 21.7.13 21.7.14 21.7.16 Furthermore, let and . Then for all , , such that , and for all , , such that and , we have Frobenius’ identity:	2013-12-09T05:33:37	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9787194728851318, "perplexity": 428.29341574671287}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163906438/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133146-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Tilde	# Tilde The tilde (/ˈtɪldə/[1] or /ˈtɪldi/; ˜ or ~)[2] is a grapheme with several uses. The name of the character came into English from Spanish and from Portuguese, which in turn came from the Latin titulus, meaning "title" or "superscription".[1] ~ Tilde The reason for the name was that it was originally written over a letter as a scribal abbreviation, as a "mark of suspension", shown as a straight line when used with capitals. Thus the commonly used words Anno Domini were frequently abbreviated to Ao Dñi, an elevated terminal with a suspension mark placed over the "n". Such a mark could denote the omission of one letter or several letters. This saved on the expense of the scribe's labour and the cost of vellum and ink. Medieval European charters written in Latin are largely made up of such abbreviated words with suspension marks and other abbreviations; only uncommon words were given in full. The tilde has since been applied to a number of other uses as a diacritic mark or a character in its own right. These are encoded in Unicode at U+0303 ̃ COMBINING TILDE and U+007E ~ TILDE (as a spacing character), and there are additional similar characters for different roles. In lexicography, the latter kind of tilde and the swung dash (⁓) are used in dictionaries to indicate the omission of the entry word.[3] ## Common use This symbol (in US English) informally[4] means "approximately", "about", or "around", such as "~30 minutes before", meaning "approximately 30 minutes before".[5][6] It can mean "similar to",[7] including "of the same order of magnitude as",[4] such as: "x ~ y" meaning that x and y are of the same order of magnitude. Another approximation symbol is the double-tilde , meaning "approximately equal to".[5][7][8] The tilde is also used to indicate congruence of shapes by placing it over the "=" symbol, like so: . In the computing field, especially in Unix based systems, the tilde indicates the user's home directory. ## History ### Use by medieval scribes The text of the Domesday Book of 1086, relating for example, to the manor of Molland in Devon (see image left), is highly abbreviated as indicated by numerous tildes. The text with abbreviations expanded is as follows: Mollande tempore regis Edwardi geldabat pro quattuor hidis et uno ferling. Terra est quadraginta carucae. In dominio sunt tres carucae et decem servi et triginta villani et viginta bordarii cum sedecim carucis. Ibi duodecim acrae prati et quindecim acrae silvae. Pastura tres leugae in longitudine et latitudine. Libras ad pensam. Huic manerio est adjuncta Blachepole. Elwardus tenebat tempore regis Edwardi pro manerio et geldabat pro dimidia hida. Terra est duae carucae. Ibi sunt quinque villani cum uno servo. Valet viginti solidos ad pensam et arsuram. Eidem manerio est injuste adjuncta Nimete et valet quindecim solidos. Ipsi manerio pertinet tercius denarius de Hundredis Nortmoltone et Badentone et Brantone et tercium animal pasturae morarum. ### Role of mechanical typewriters The incorporation of the tilde (~) into ASCII is a direct result of its appearance as a distinct character on mechanical typewriters in the late nineteenth century. When all character sets were pieces of metal permanently installed, and number of characters much more limited than in typography, the question of which languages and markets required which characters was an important one. Any good typewriter store had a catalog of alternative keyboards that could be specified for machines ordered from the factory. At that time, the tilde was used only in Spanish and Portuguese typewriters (keyboards). In Modern Spanish, the tilde is used only with ñ and Ñ. Both were conveniently assigned to a single mechanical typebar, which sacrificed a key that was felt to be less important, usually the 1214 key. Portuguese, however, uses not ñ but nh. It uses the tilde on the vowels a and o. So as not to sacrifice two of the tightly limited keys to ã Ã õ Õ, the decision was made to make the ~ a separate "dead" character in which the carriage holding the paper did not move. Dead keys, which had a notch cut out to avoid hitting a mechanical linkage that triggered carriage movement, were used for characters that were intended to be combined (overstruck). On mechanical typewriters, Spanish keyboards (the first, or one of the first, non-English keyboards) had a dead key, which contained the acute accent (´), used over any vowel, and the dieresis (¨), used only over u. It was a simple matter to create a dead key for a Portuguese keyboard (created later than the Spanish one) to be overstruck with a and o and so the ~ was born as a typographical character, which did not exist previously as a type or hot-lead printing character. That was probably a product of the first and leading manufacturer of (mechanical) typewriters, Remington. ## Connection to Spanish As indicated by the etymological origin of the word "tilde" in English, this symbol has been closely associated with the Spanish language. The connection stems from the use of the tilde above the letter "n" to form "ñ" in Spanish, a feature shared by only a few other languages, all historically connected to Spanish. This peculiarity can help non-native speakers quickly identify a text as being written in Spanish with little chance of error. In addition, most native speakers, although not all, use the word "español" to refer to their language. Particularly during the 1990s, Spanish-speaking intellectuals and news outlets demonstrated support for the language and the culture by defending this letter against globalisation and computerisation trends that threatened to remove it from keyboards and other standardised products and codes.[9][10] The Instituto Cervantes, founded by Spain's government to promote the Spanish language internationally, chose as its logo a highly stylised Ñ with a large tilde. The 24-hour news channel CNN in the US later adopted a similar strategy on its existing logo for the launch of its Spanish-language version. And similarly to the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Spain men's national basketball team is nicknamed ÑBA. Confusingly, in Spanish itself the word tilde is used more generally for diacritics, including the stress-marking acute accent.[11] The diacritic ~ is more commonly called virgulilla or la tilde de la eñe, and is not considered an accent mark in Spanish, but rather simply a part of the letter ñ (much like the dot over the i). ## Diacritical use In some languages, the tilde is used as a diacritical mark ( ˜ ) placed over a letter to indicate a change in pronunciation, such as nasalization. ### Pitch It was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, as a variant of the circumflex, representing a rise in pitch followed by a return to standard pitch. ### Abbreviation Later, it was used to make abbreviations in medieval Latin documents. When an n or m followed a vowel, it was often omitted, and a tilde (i.e., a small n) was placed over the preceding vowel to indicate the missing letter; this is the origin of the use of tilde to indicate nasalization (compare the development of the umlaut as an abbreviation of e.) The practice of using the tilde over a vowel to indicate omission of an n or m continued in printed books in French as a means of reducing text length until the 17th century. It was also used in Portuguese, and Spanish. The tilde was also used occasionally to make other abbreviations, such as over the letter q ("") to signify the word que ("that"). ### Nasalization It is also as a small n that the tilde originated when written above other letters, marking a Latin n which had been elided in old Galician-Portuguese. In modern Portuguese it indicates nasalization of the base vowel: mão "hand", from Lat. manu-; razões "reasons", from Lat. rationes. This usage has been adopted in the orthographies of several native languages of South America, such as Guarani and Nheengatu, as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and many other phonetic alphabets. For example, [ljɔ̃] is the IPA transcription of the pronunciation of the French place-name Lyon. In Breton, the symbol ñ after a vowel means that the letter n serves only to give the vowel a nasalised pronunciation, without being itself pronounced, as it normally is. For example, an gives the pronunciation [ãn] whereas gives [ã]. ### Palatal n The tilded n (ñ, Ñ) developed from the digraph nn in Spanish. In this language, ñ is considered a separate letter called eñe (IPA: [ˈeɲe]), rather than a letter-diacritic combination; it is placed in Spanish dictionaries between the letters n and o. In Spanish the word tilde actually refers to diacritics in general, e.g. the acute accent in José,[12] while the diacritic in ñ is called "virgulilla" (IPA: [birɣuˈliʝa]).[13] Current languages in which the tilded n (ñ) is used for the palatal nasal consonant /ɲ/ include: ### Tone In Vietnamese, a tilde over a vowel represents a creaky rising tone (ngã). ### International Phonetic Alphabet In phonetics, a tilde is used as a diacritic that is placed above a letter, below it or superimposed onto the middle of it: • A tilde above a letter indicates nasalization, e.g. [ã], [ṽ]. • A tilde superimposed onto the middle of a letter indicates velarization or pharyngealization, e.g. [ɫ], [z̴]. If no precomposed Unicode character exists, the Unicode character U+0334 ̴ COMBINING TILDE OVERLAY can be used to generate one. • A tilde below a letter indicates laryngealisation, e.g. [d̰]. If no precomposed Unicode character exists, the Unicode character U+0330 ̰ COMBINING TILDE BELOW can be used to generate one. ### Letter extension In Estonian, the symbol õ stands for the close-mid back unrounded vowel, and it is considered an independent letter. ### Other uses Some languages and alphabets use the tilde for other purposes: • Arabic script: A symbol resembling the tilde (U+0653 ـٓ ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE) is used over the letter ا (/a/) to become آ, denoting a long /aː/ sound ([ʔæː]). • Guaraní: The tilded (note that G/g with tilde is not available as a precomposed glyph in Unicode) stands for the velar nasal consonant. Also, the tilded y () stands for the nasalized upper central rounded vowel [ɨ̃]. A small number of other alphabets also use . • Syriac script: A tilde (~) under the letter Kaph represents a [t͡ʃ] sound, transliterated as ch or č.[14] • Estonian uses the tilde above the letter o (õ) to indicate the vowel [ɤ], a rare sound among languages. • Unicode has a combining vertical tilde character: U+033E ̾ COMBINING VERTICAL TILDE. It is used to indicate middle tone in linguistic transcription of certain dialects of the Lithuanian language.[15] ### Precomposed Unicode characters The following letters using the tilde as a diacritic exist as precomposed or combining Unicode characters: Letter Code point Name U+1EB4LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE U+1EB5LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE AND TILDE U+1EAALATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE U+1EABLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE ÃU+00C3LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE ãU+00E3LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE U+1D6CLATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1D6DLATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1EC4LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE U+1EC5LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE U+1E1ALATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW U+1E1BLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE BELOW U+1EBCLATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH TILDE U+1EBDLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH TILDE U+1D6ELATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1E2CLATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW U+1E2DLATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE BELOW ĨU+0128LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE ĩU+0129LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE U+2C62LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE ɫU+026BLATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+AB5EMODIFIER LETTER SMALL L WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+AB38LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE ◌ᷬU+1DECCOMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH DOUBLE MIDDLE TILDE U+1D6FLATIN SMALL LETTER M WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1D70LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH MIDDLE TILDE ÑU+00D1LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE ñU+00F1LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE U+1ED6LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE U+1ED7LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE U+1EE0LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE U+1EE1LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH HORN AND TILDE U+1E4CLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE U+1E4DLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND ACUTE U+1E4ELATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS U+1E4FLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND DIAERESIS ȬU+022CLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON ȭU+022DLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE AND MACRON ÕU+00D5LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE õU+00F5LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE U+1D71LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1D73LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH FISHHOOK AND MIDDLE TILDE U+1D72LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1D74LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1D75LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH MIDDLE TILDE U+1EEELATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE U+1EEFLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH HORN AND TILDE U+1E78LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE U+1E79LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE AND ACUTE U+1E74LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW U+1E75LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE BELOW ŨU+0168LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE ũU+0169LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE U+1E7CLATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH TILDE U+1E7DLATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH TILDE U+1EF8LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH TILDE U+1EF9LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH TILDE U+1D76LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH MIDDLE TILDE ## Similar characters There are many Unicode characters for tildes, symbols incorporating tildes, and characters visually similar to a tilde: Character Code point Name Comments ~U+007ETILDESame as keyboard tilde. In-line. ˜U+02DCSMALL TILDERaised but quite small. ˷U+02F7MODIFIER LETTER LOW TILDE ◌̃U+0303COMBINING TILDE ◌̰U+0330COMBINING TILDE BELOWUsed in IPA to indicate creaky voice. ◌̴U+0334COMBINING TILDE OVERLAYUsed in IPA to indicate velarization or pharyngealization. ◌̾U+033ECOMBINING VERTICAL TILDE ◌͂U+0342COMBINING GREEK PERISPOMENIUsed as an Ancient Greek accent under the name "circumflex"; it can also be written as an inverted breve. ◌͊U+034ACOMBINING NOT TILDE ABOVERaised, small, with slash through. ◌͠◌U+0360COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE ◌֘U+0598HEBREW ACCENT ZARQAHebrew cantillation mark. ◌֮U+05AEHEBREW ACCENT ZINORHebrew cantillation mark. ◌᷉U+1DC9COMBINING ACUTE-GRAVE-ACUTEUsed in IPA as a tone mark. U+2053SWUNG DASH U+223CTILDE OPERATORUsed in mathematics. In-line. Ends not curved as much. U+223DREVERSED TILDEIn some fonts it is the tilde's simple mirror image; others extend the tips to resemble a ᔕ, or an open . U+223FSINE WAVE U+2241NOT TILDE U+2242MINUS TILDE U+2243ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO U+2244NOT ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO U+2245APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO U+2246APPROXIMATELY BUT NOT ACTUALLY EQUAL TO U+2247NEITHER APPROXIMATELY NOR ACTUALLY EQUAL TO U+2248ALMOST EQUAL TO U+2249NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO U+224AALMOST EQUAL OR EQUAL TO U+224BTRIPLE TILDE U+224CALL EQUAL TO U+22CDREVERSED TILDE EQUALS U+2368APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL TILDE DIAERESIS U+236BAPL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL TILDE U+236DAPL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STILE TILDE U+2371APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE U+2372APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE U+2972TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW U+2973LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR U+2974RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR U+29E4EQUALS SIGN AND SLANTED PARALLEL WITH TILDE ABOVE U+2A24PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE ABOVE U+2A26PLUS SIGN WITH TILDE BELOW U+2A6ATILDE OPERATOR WITH DOT ABOVE U+2A6BTILDE OPERATOR WITH RISING DOTS U+2A73EQUALS SIGN ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR U+2AC7SUBSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR U+2AC8SUPERSET OF ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR U+2AF3PARALLEL WITH TILDE OPERATOR U+2B41REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW U+2B47REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW U+2B49TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW U+2B4BLEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR U+2B4CRIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE REVERSE TILDE OPERATOR U+2E1BTILDE WITH RING ABOVE U+2E1ETILDE WITH DOT ABOVE U+2E1FTILDE WITH DOT BELOW U+2E2FVERTICAL TILDE U+301CWAVE DASHUsed in Japanese punctuation. U+3030WAVY DASH ◌︢U+FE22COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE LEFT HALF ◌︣U+FE23COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE RIGHT HALF ◌︩U+FE29COMBINING TILDE LEFT HALF BELOW ◌︪U+FE2ACOMBINING TILDE RIGHT HALF BELOW U+FE4BWAVY OVERLINE U+FE4FWAVY LOW LINE U+FF5EFULLWIDTH TILDEEm wide. In-line. Ends not curved much. ~ U+E007ETAG TILDEFormatting tag control character. ## ASCII tilde (U+007E) Serif: —~— Sans-serif: —~— Monospace: —~— A tilde between two em dashesin three font families Most modern proportional fonts align the plain ASCII spacing tilde at the same level as dashes, or only slightly upper. This distinguishes it from the small tilde ( ˜ ) introduced with Windows-1252, which is always raised. But in some monospace fonts, especially used in text user interfaces, ASCII tilde character is raised too. This apparently is a legacy of typewriters, where pairs of similar spacing and combining characters relied on one glyph. Even in line printers' age character repertoires were often not large enough to distinguish between plain tilde, small tilde and combining tilde. Overprinting of a letter by the tilde was a working method of combining a letter. ## Punctuation The tilde (~) is used in various ways in punctuation: ### Range In some languages (though not generally in English), a tilde-like wavy dash may be used as punctuation (instead of an unspaced hyphen, en dash or em dash) between two numbers, to indicate a range rather than subtraction or a hyphenated number (such as a part number or model number). For example, "12~15" means "12 to 15", "~3" means "up to three", and "100~" means "100 and greater". Japanese and other East Asian languages almost always use this convention, but it is often done for clarity in some other languages as well. Chinese uses the wavy dash and full-width em dash interchangeably for this purpose. In English, the tilde is often used to express ranges and model numbers in electronics, but rarely in formal grammar or in type-set documents, as a wavy dash preceding a number sometimes represents an approximation (see below). ### Approximation Before a number the tilde can mean "approximately"; "~42" means "approximately 42".[16] When used with currency symbols, the tilde precedes the dollar or pound or euro sign, thus "~$10" for about ten dollars.[17] ### Japanese The wave dash (波ダッシュ nami dasshu) is used for various purposes in Japanese, including to denote ranges of numbers, in place of dashes or brackets, and to indicate origin. The wave dash is also used to separate a title and a subtitle in the same line, as a colon is used in English. When used in conversations via email or instant messenger it may be used as a sarcasm mark. The sign is used as a replacement for the chouon, katakana character, in Japanese, extending the final syllable. #### Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash Correct JIS wave dash. Previous Unicode wave dash (incorrect). In practice the full-width tilde (全角チルダ zenkaku chiruda), Unicode U+FF5E, is often used instead of the wave dash (波ダッシュ nami dasshu), Unicode U+301C, because the Shift JIS code for the wave dash, 0x8160, which is supposed to be mapped to U+301C,[18][19] is instead mapped to U+FF5E[20] in Windows code page 932 (Microsoft's code page for Japanese), a widely used extension of Shift JIS. This avoided a shape definition error in the Unicode code charts: the wave dash reference glyph in JIS / Shift JIS[21][22] matches the Unicode reference glyph for U+FF5E,[23] while the reference glyph for U+301C[24] was reflected, incorrectly,[25] when Unicode imported the JIS wave dash. In other platforms such as the classic Mac OS and macOS, 0x8160 is correctly mapped to U+301C. It is generally difficult, if not impossible, for users of Japanese Windows to type U+301C, especially in legacy, non-Unicode applications. A similar situation exists regarding the Korean KS X 1001 character set, in which Microsoft maps the EUC-KR or UHC code for the wave dash (0xA1AD) to U+223C (Tilde Operator),[26][27] while IBM and Apple map it to U+301C.[28][29][30] The current Unicode reference glyph for U+301C has been corrected[25] to match the JIS standard[31] in response to a 2014 proposal, which noted that while the existing Unicode reference glyph had been matched by fonts from the discontinued Windows XP, all other major platforms including later versions of Microsoft Windows matched the JIS reference glyph for U+301C.[32] The JIS / Shift JIS wave dash is still formally mapped to U+301C as of JIS X 0213,[33] whereas the WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 follows Microsoft in mapping 0x8160 to U+FF5E.[34] These two code points have a similar or identical glyph in several fonts, reducing the confusion and incompatibility. ## Mathematics ### As a unary operator A tilde in front of a single quantity can mean "approximately", "about" or "of the same order of magnitude as." In written mathematical logic, the tilde represents negation: "~p" means "not p", where "p" is a proposition. Modern use often replaces the tilde with the negation symbol (¬) for this purpose, to avoid confusion with equivalence relations. ### As a relational operator In mathematics, the tilde operator (Unicode U+223C), sometimes called "twiddle", is often used to denote an equivalence relation between two objects. Thus "x ~ y" means "x is equivalent to y". It is a weaker statement than stating that x equals y. The expression "x ~ y" is sometimes read aloud as "x twiddles y", perhaps as an analogue to the verbal expression of "x = y".[35] The tilde can indicate approximate equality in a variety of ways. It can be used to denote the asymptotic equality of two functions. For example, f (x) ~ g(x) means that ${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {f(x)}{g(x)}}=1}$.[4] A tilde is also used to indicate "approximately equal to" (e.g. 1.902 ~= 2). This usage probably developed as a typed alternative to the libra symbol used for the same purpose in written mathematics, which is an equal sign with the upper bar replaced by a bar with an upward hump, bump, or loop in the middle (︍︍♎) or, sometimes, a tilde (≃). The symbol "≈" is also used for this purpose. In physics and astronomy, a tilde can be used between two expressions (e.g. h ~ 10−34 J s) to state that the two are of the same order of magnitude.[4] In statistics and probability theory, the tilde means "is distributed as";[4] see random variable. A tilde can also be used to represent geometric similarity (e.g. ABC ~ ∆DEF, meaning triangle ABC is similar to DEF). A triple tilde () is often used to show congruence, an equivalence relation in geometry. ### As an accent The symbol "${\displaystyle {\tilde {f}}}$" is pronounced as "eff tilde" or, informally, as "eff twiddle" or, in American English, "eff wiggle".[36][37] This can be used to denote the Fourier transform of f, or a lift of f, and can have a variety of other meanings depending on the context. A tilde placed below a letter in mathematics can represent a vector quantity (e.g. ${\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},\ldots ,x_{n})={\underset {^{\sim }}{\mathbf {x} }}}$). In statistics and probability theory, a tilde placed on top of a variable is sometimes used to represent the median of that variable; thus ${\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathbf {y} }}}$ would indicate the median of the variable ${\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }$. A tilde over the letter n (${\displaystyle {\tilde {n}}}$) is sometimes used to indicate the harmonic mean. In machine learning, a tilde may represent a candidate value for a cell state in GRUs or LSTM units. (e.g. c̃) ## Physics Often in physics, one can consider an equilibrium solution to an equation, and then a perturbation to that equilibrium. For the variables in the original equation (for instance ${\displaystyle X}$) a substitution ${\displaystyle X\to x+{\tilde {x}}}$ can be made, where ${\displaystyle x}$ is the equilibrium part and ${\displaystyle {\tilde {x}}}$ is the perturbed part. A tilde is also used in particle physics to denote the hypothetical supersymmetric partner. For example, an electron is referred to by the letter e, and its superpartner the selectron is written . ## Economics For relations involving preference, economists sometimes use the tilde to represent indifference between two or more bundles of goods. For example, to say that a consumer is indifferent between bundles x and y, an economist would write x ~ y. ## Electronics It can approximate the sine wave symbol (∿, U+223F), which is used in electronics to indicate alternating current, in place of +, −, or ⎓ for direct current. ## Linguistics The tilde ~ may indicate alternating allomorphs or morphological alternation, as in //ˈniː~ɛl+t// for kneel~knelt (the plus sign '+' indicates a morpheme boundary).[38][39] ## Computing ### Directories and URLs On Unix-like operating systems (including AIX, BSD, Linux and macOS), tilde normally indicates the current user's home directory. For example, if the current user's home directory is /home/user, then the command cd ~ is equivalent to cd /home/user, cd$HOME, or cd. This convention derives from the Lear-Siegler ADM-3A terminal in common use during the 1970s, which happened to have the tilde symbol and the word "Home" (for moving the cursor to the upper left) on the same key. When prepended to a particular username, the tilde indicates that user's home directory (e.g., ~janedoe for the home directory of user janedoe, such as /home/janedoe).[40] Used in URLs on the World Wide Web, it often denotes a personal website on a Unix-based server. For example, http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ might be the personal web site of John Doe. This mimics the Unix shell usage of the tilde. However, when accessed from the web, file access is usually directed to a subdirectory in the user's home directory, such as /home/username/public_html or /home/username/www.[41] In URLs, the characters %7E (or %7e) may substitute for tilde if an input device lacks a tilde key.[42] Thus, http://www.example.com/~johndoe/ and http://www.example.com/%7Ejohndoe/ will behave in the same manner. ### Computer languages The tilde is used in the AWK programming language as part of the pattern match operators for regular expressions: • variable ~ /regex/ returns true if the variable is matched. • variable !~ /regex/ returns false if the variable is matched. A variant of this, with the plain tilde replaced with =~, was adopted in Perl, and this semi-standardization has led to the use of these operators in other programming languages, such as Ruby or the SQL variant of the database PostgreSQL. In APL and MATLAB, tilde represents the monadic logical function NOT, and in APL it additionally represents the dyadic multiset function without (set difference). In the C, C++ and C# programming languages, the tilde character is used as bitwise NOT operator, following the notation in logic (an ! causes a logical NOT, instead). In C++ and C#, the tilde is also used as the first character in a class's method name (where the rest of the name must be the same name as the class) to indicate a destructor – a special method which is called at the end of the object's life. In ASP.NET application tilde ('~') is used as a shortcut to the root of the application's virtual directory. In the CSS stylesheet language, the tilde is used for the indirect adjacent combinator as part of a selector. In the D programming language, the tilde is used as an array concatenation operator, as well as to indicate an object destructor and bitwise not operator. Tilde operator can be overloaded for user types, and binary tilde operator is mostly used to merging two objects, or adding some objects to set of objects. It was introduced because plus operator can have different meaning in many situations. For example, what to do with "120" + "14" ? Is this a string "134" (addition of two numbers), or "12014" (concatenation of strings) or something else? D disallows + operator for arrays (and strings), and provides separate operator for concatenation (similarly PHP programming language solved this problem by using dot operator for concatenation, and + for number addition, which will also work on strings containing numbers). In Eiffel, the tilde is used for object comparison. If a and b denote objects, the boolean expression a ~ b has value true if and only if these objects are equal, as defined by the applicable version of the library routine is_equal, which by default denotes field-by-field object equality but can be redefined in any class to support a specific notion of equality. If a and b are references, the object equality expression a ~ b is to be contrasted with a = b which denotes reference equality. Unlike the call a.is_equal (b), the expression a ~ b is type-safe even in the presence of covariance. In the Apache Groovy programming language the tilde character is used as an operator mapped to the bitwiseNegate() method.[43] Given a String the method will produce a java.util.regex.Pattern. Given an integer it will negate the integer bitwise like in different C variants. =~ and ==~ can in Groovy be used to match a regular expression.[44][45] In Haskell, the tilde is used in type constraints to indicate type equality.[46] Also, in pattern-matching, the tilde is used to indicate a lazy pattern match.[47] In the Inform programming language, the tilde is used to indicate a quotation mark inside a quoted string. In "text mode" of the LaTeX typesetting language a tilde diacritic can be obtained using, e.g., \~{n}, yielding "ñ". A stand-alone tilde can be obtained by using \textasciitilde or \string~. In "math mode" a tilde diacritic can be written as, e.g., \tilde{x}. For a wider tilde \widetilde can be used. The \sim command produce a tilde-like binary relation symbol that is often used in mathematical expressions, and the double-tilde is obtained with \approx. The url package also supports entering tildes directly, e.g., \url{http://server/~name}. In both text and math mode, a tilde on its own (~) renders a white space with no line breaking. In MediaWiki syntax, four tildes are used as a shortcut for a user's signature. In Common Lisp, the tilde is used as the prefix for format specifiers in format strings.[48] In Max/MSP, a tilde is used to denote objects that process at the computer's sampling rate, i.e. mainly those that deal with sound. In Standard ML, the tilde is used as the prefix for negative numbers and as the unary negation operator. In OCaml, the tilde is used to specify the label for a labeled parameter. In Microsoft's SQL Server Transact-SQL (T-SQL) language, the tilde is a unary Bitwise NOT operator. In JavaScript, the tilde is used as a unary bitwise complement (or bitwise negation) operation (~number). Because JavaScript internally uses floats and the bitwise complement only works on integers, numbers are stripped of their decimal part before applying the operation. This has also given rise to using two tildes ~~number as a short syntax for a cast to integer (numbers are stripped of their decimal part and changed into their complement, and then back. The net result is thus only the removal of the decimal part). For positive numbers, this is equivalent to the mathematical floor function. In Object REXX, the twiddle is used as a "message send" symbol. For example, Employee.name~lower() would cause the lower() method to act on the object Employee's name attribute, returning the result of the operation. ~~ returns the object that received the method rather than the result produced. Thus it can be used when the result need not be returned or when cascading methods are to be used. team~~insert("Jane")~~insert("Joe")~~insert("Steve") would send multiple concurrent insert messages, thus invoking the insert method three consecutive times on the team object. ### Backup filenames The dominant Unix convention for naming backup copies of files is appending a tilde to the original file name. It originated with the Emacs text editor[49] and was adopted by many other editors and some command-line tools. Emacs also introduced an elaborate numbered backup scheme, with files named filename.~1~, filename.~2~ and so on. It didn't catch on, as the rise of version control software eliminates the need for this usage. ### Microsoft filenames The tilde was part of Microsoft's filename mangling scheme when it extended the FAT file system standard to support long filenames for Microsoft Windows. Programs written prior to this development could only access filenames in the so-called 8.3 format—the filenames consisted of a maximum of eight characters from a restricted character set (e.g. no spaces), followed by a period, followed by three more characters. In order to permit these legacy programs to access files in the FAT file system, each file had to be given two names—one long, more descriptive one, and one that conformed to the 8.3 format. This was accomplished with a name-mangling scheme in which the first six characters of the filename are followed by a tilde and a digit. For example, "Program Files" might become "PROGRA~1". The tilde symbol is also often used to prefix hidden temporary files that are created when a document is opened in Windows. For example, when a document "Document1.doc" is opened in Word, a file called "~\$cument1.doc" is created in the same directory. This file contains information about which user has the file open, to prevent multiple users from attempting to change a document at the same time. ### Other uses Computer programmers use the tilde in various ways and sometimes call the symbol (as opposed to the diacritic) a squiggle, squiggly, or twiddle. According to the Jargon File, other synonyms sometimes used in programming include not, approx, wiggle, enyay (after eñe) and (humorously) sqiggle /ˈskɪɡəl/. It is used in many languages as a binary inversion operator, swapping a number's binary 1's and 0's for example ~10 (binary ~1010) is equal to 5 (binary 0101). In Raku, "~~" is used instead of "=~". ## Juggling notation In the juggling notation system Beatmap, tilde can be added to either "hand" in a pair of fields to say "cross the arms with this hand on top". Mills Mess is thus represented as (~2x,1)(1,2x)(2x,~1)*.[50] ## Keyboards Where a tilde is on the keyboard depends on the computer's language settings according to the following chart. On many keyboards it is primarily available through a dead key that makes it possible to produce a variety of precomposed characters with the diacritic. In that case, a single tilde can typically be inserted with the dead key followed by the space bar, or alternatively by striking the dead key twice in a row. To insert a tilde with the dead key, it is often necessary to simultaneously hold down the Alt Gr key. On the keyboard layouts that include an Alt Gr key, it typically takes the place of the right-hand Alt key. With a Macintosh either of the Alt/Option keys function similarly. In the US and European Windows systems, the Alt code for a single tilde is 126. For Mac use option+'n' key KeyboardInsert a single tilde (~)Insert a precomposed character with tilde (e.g. ã) Arabic (Saudi Arabia) ⇧ Shift+ذّ Croatian Alt Gr+1 Czech Alt Gr+1 Danish Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter Dvorak Alt Gr+= followed by Space, or Alt Gr+⇧ Shift+' followed by Space Alt Gr+= followed by the relevant letter, or Alt Gr+⇧ Shift+' followed by the relevant letter English (Australia) ⇧ Shift+ English (Canada) ⇧ Shift+ English (UK) ⇧ Shift+# English (US) ⇧ Shift+ Ctrl+~ followed by the relevant letter Faroese Alt Gr+ð followed by Space Alt Gr+ð followed by the relevant letter Finnish Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space, or Alt Gr+¨¨ Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter French (Canada) Alt Gr+ç followed by Space, or Alt Gr+çç Alt Gr+ç followed by the relevant letter French (France) Alt Gr+é followed by Space, or Alt Gr+éé ⌥ Option+n (on Mac OS X) Alt Gr+é followed by the relevant letter French (Switzerland) Alt Gr+^ followed by Space, or Alt Gr+^^ Alt Gr+^ followed by the relevant letter Bépo (French Dvorak) Alt Gr+N followed by Space, or Alt Gr+K Alt Gr+N followed by the relevant letter German (Germany) Alt Gr++ German (Switzerland) Alt Gr+^ followed by Space, or Alt Gr+^^ Alt Gr+^ followed by the relevant letter Hebrew (Israel) ⇧ Shift+~ Ctrl+⇧ Shift+~ followed by the relevant letter Hindi (India) Alt Gr+⇧ Shift+ the key to the left of 1 Hungarian Alt Gr+1 Icelandic Alt Gr+' (the same key as ?) Italian ⌥ Option+5 (on Mac OS X) Alt Gr+ì (on Linux) Alt+126 (on Windows) Norwegian Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space, or Alt Gr+¨¨. On Mac: Ctrl+⌥ Option+¨, or ⌥ Option+¨ followed by Space. Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter. On Mac: ⌥ Option+¨ followed by the relevant letter. Polish ⇧ Shift+ followed by Space, or ⇧ Shift+ The dead key is not generally used for inserting characters with tilde; when followed by [ a c e l n o s x z ], it results in [ ą ć ę ł ń ó ś ź ż ]` instead. Portuguese ~ followed by Space ~ followed by the relevant letter Slovak Alt Gr+1 Spanish (Spain) Alt Gr+4 followed by Space, or Alt Gr+44 (on Windows) On Linux: Alt Gr+4, or Alt Gr+¡ followed by Space. On Mac: Ctrl+⌥ Option+Ñ, or ⌥ Option+Ñ followed by Space. Alt Gr+4 (on Windows) followed by the relevant letter. Alt Gr+¡ (on Linux) followed by the relevant letter. On Mac: ⌥ Option+Ñ followed by the relevant letter. Spanish (Latin America) Alt Gr++ Swedish Alt Gr+¨ followed by Space, or Alt Gr+¨¨ Alt Gr+¨ followed by the relevant letter Turkish Alt Gr+ü followed by Space, or Alt Gr+üü Alt Gr+ü followed by the relevant letter ## References 1. tilde in the American Heritage dictionary 2. Several more or less common informal names are used for the tilde that usually describe the shape, including squiggly, squiggle(s), and flourish. 3. "Swung dash", WordNet (search) (3.0 ed.) 4. "Tilde". Wolfram/MathWorld. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 5. "All Elementary Mathematics – Mathematical symbols dictionary". Bymath. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 6. "Character design standards - Maths". 7. Quinn, Liam. "HTML 4.0 Entities for Symbols and Greek Letters". HTML help. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 8. "Math Symbols... Those Most Valuable and Important: Approximately Equal Symbol". Solving Math problems. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 9. "26 argumentos para seguir defendiendo la Ñ". La Razón. Retrieved 31 January 2016. 10. AFP (18 November 2004). "Batalla de la Ñ: Una aventura quijotesca para defender el alma de la lengua". Periódico ABC Paraguay. Retrieved 31 January 2016. 11. Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia Española 12. Ortografía de la lengua española. Madrid: Real Academia Española. 2010. p. 279. ISBN 978-84-670-3426-4. 13. "Lema en la RAE". Real Academia Española. Retrieved 10 October 2015. 14. Nestle, Eberhard (1888). Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary, by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889. p. 5]. 15. Lithuanian Standards Board (LST), proposal for a zigzag diacritic 16. "Other symbols", Abstract Math 17. "Appendix 1: Shift_JIS-2004 vs Unicode mapping table", JIS X 0213:2004, X 0213. 18. Shift-JIS to Unicode, Unicode. 19. "Windows 932_81". Microsoft. Retrieved 30 July 2010. 20. "ISO-IR-087: Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange" (PDF). JP: Information Technology Standards Commission of Japan (IPSJ/ITSCJ). 21. "ISO-IR-233: Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange, Plane 1" (PDF). JP: Information Technology Standards Commission of Japan (IPSJ/ITSCJ). 22. Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (PDF) (chart), Unicode. 23. CJK Symbols and Punctuation (Unicode 6.2) (PDF) (chart), Unicode. 24. Errata Fixed in Unicode 8.0.0, Unicode 25. "windows-949-2000 (lead byte A1)". ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode. 26. "Lead Byte A1-A2 (Code page 949)". MSDN. Microsoft. 27. "ibm-1363_P110-1997 (lead byte A1)". ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode. 28. "euc-kr (lead byte A1)". ICU Demonstration - Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode. 29. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Korean encoding to Unicode 3.2 and later". Apple. 30. CJK Symbols and Punctuation (PDF) (chart), Unicode 31. Komatsu, Hiroyuki, L2/14-198: Proposal for the modification of the sample character layout of WAVE_DASH (U+301C) (PDF) 32. Shift_JIS-2004 (JIS X 0213:2004 Appendix 1) vs Unicode mapping table, x0213.org 33. "Shift_JIS visualization", Encoding Standard, WHATWG 34. Derbyshire, J (2004), Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics, New York: Penguin. 35. "Tilde". Wolfram Research. Retrieved 4 June 2018. 36. Choy, Stephen TL; Jesudason, Judith Packer; Lee, Peng Yee (1988). Proceedings of the Analysis Conference, Singapore 1986. Elsevier. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 37. Collinge (2002) An Encyclopedia of Language, §4.2. 38. Hayes, Bruce (2011). Introductory Phonology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 87–88. ISBN 9781444360134. 39. "Tilde expansion", C Library Manual, The GNU project, retrieved 4 July 2010. 40. "Module mod_userdir", HTTP Server Documentation (version 2.0 ed.), The Apache foundation, retrieved 4 July 2010. 41. RFC 3986, IETF. 42. "The Groovy programming language - Operators". 43. Groovy Regular Expression User Guide, Code haus. 44. Groovy RegExp FAQ, Code haus. 45. "Type Families", Haskell Wiki. 46. "Lazy pattern match - HaskellWiki". 47. "CLHS: Section 22.3". Lispworks.com. 11 April 2005. Retrieved 30 July 2010. 48. Emacs Manual 49. "The Internet Juggling Database". Archived from the original on 28 July 2005. Retrieved 6 November 2009. This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. 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https://agilescientific.com/blog?offset=1422624240000&category=Writing	# Geocomputing: Call for papers 52 Things .+? Geocomputing is in the works. For previous books, we've reached out to people we know and trust. This felt like the right way to start our micropublishing project, because we had zero credibility as publishers, and were asking a lot from people to believe anything would come of it. Now we know we can do it, but personal invitation means writing to a lot of people. We only hear back from about 50% of everyone we write to, and only about 50% of those ever submit anything. So each book takes about 160 invitations. This time, I'd like to try something different, and see if we can truly crowdsource these books. If you would like to write a short contribution for this book on geoscience and computing, please have a look at the author guidelines. In a nutshell, we need about 600 words before the end of March. A figure or two is OK, and code is very much encouraged. Publication date: fall 2015. We would also like to find some reviewers. If you would be available to read at least 5 essays, and provide feedback to us and the authors, please let me know In keeping with past practice, we will be donating money from sales of the book to scientific Python community projects via the non-profit NumFOCUS Foundation. What the cover might look like. If you'd like to write for us, please read the author guidelines. ### Matt Hall Matt is a geoscientist in Nova Scotia, Canada. Founder of Agile Scientific, co-founder of The HUB South Shore. Matt is into geology, geophysics, and machine learning. # The road to Modelr: my EuroSciPy poster At EuroSciPy recently, I gave a poster-ized version of the talk I did at SciPy. Unlike most of the other presentations at EuroSciPy, my poster didn't cover a lot of the science (which is well understood), or the code (which is esoteric). Instead it focused on the advantages of spreading software via web applications, rather than only via source code, and on the challenges that we overcame — well, that we're still overcoming — to get our Modelr tool out there. I wanted other programmer-scientists to think about running some of their code as a web app for others to enjoy, but to be aware of the effort involved in doing this. I've written before about my dislike of posters, though I'm told they are an important component at, say, the AGU Fall Meeting. I admit I do quite like the process of making them, and — on advice from Colin Purrington's useful page — I left a space on the poster for people to write comments or leave sticky notes. As a result, I heard about Docker, a lead I'll certainly follow up, ### What's new in modelr This wasn't part of the poster, but I might as well take the chance to let you know what we've updated recently: • You can now add noise to models by specifying the signal:noise. • The app now returns the elastic moduli of the rocks in the model. • You can choose a spatial cross-section view or a space–offset–frequency view. ### Where's the reproducibility? Compared to the amazing level of reproducibility we saw at SciPy — where the code to reproduce virtually every tutorial, talk, and poster was downloadable — books are still rather black box. For example, the figures are often drafted, not generated. A notable (but incomplete) exception is Chris Liner's fantastic (but ridiculously expensive) volume, Elements of 3D Seismology, in which most of the figures seem to have been generated by Mathematica. The crucial final step is to share the code that generated them, and he's exploring this in recent blog posts (e.g. right). I can think of three examples of more reproducible geophysics in print: 1. Gary Mavko has shared a lot of MATLAB code associated with Quantitative Seismic Interpretation and The Rock Physics Handbook. The code to reproduce the figures is not provided, and MATLAB is not really open, but it's a start. 2. William Ashcroft's excellent book, A Petroleum Geologist's Guide to Seismic Reflection contains (proprietary, Windows only) code on a CD, so you could in theory make some of the figures yourself. But it wouldn't be easy. 3. The series of tutorials I'm coordinating for The Leading Edge has, so far, includes all code to reproduce figures, exclusively written in open languages and using open or synthetic data. Kudos to SEG! ### Will the web win? None of this comes close to Sergey Fomel's brand of fully reproducible geophysics. He is a true pioneer in this space, up there with Jon Claerbout. (You should definitely read his blog!). One thing he's been experimenting with is 'live' reproducible documents in the cloud. If we don't see an easy way to publish live, interactive notebooks in the cloud this year, we'll see them next year for sure. So imagine being able to read a technical document, a textbook say, with all the usual features you get online — links, hover-over, clickable images, etc. But then add the ability to not only see the code that produced each figure, but to edit and re-run that code. Or add slider widgets for parameters — "What happens to the gather if if I change Poisson's ratio?" Now, since you're on the web, you can share your modification with your colleagues, or the world. Now that's a book I'd be glad to pay double for. ### Some questions for you We'd love to know what you think of technical books. Leave a comment below, or get in touch • Do you purchase technical books regularly? What prompts you to buy a book? • What book keeps getting pulled off your shelf, and which ones collect dust? • What's missing from the current offerings? Workflows, regional studies, atlases,...? • Would you rather just consume everything online? Do you care about reproducibility? ### 400 posts The last post was our 400th on this blog. At an average of 500 words, that's about 200,000 words since we started at the end of 2010. Enough for a decent-sized novel, but slightly less likely to win a Pulitzer. In that time, according to Google, almost exactly 100,000 individuals have stopped by agilegeoscience.com — most of them lots of times — thank you readers for keeping us going! The most popular posts: Shale vs tight, Rock physics cheatsheet, and Well tie workflow. We hope you enjoy reading at least half as much as we enjoy writing. ### Matt Hall Matt is a geoscientist in Nova Scotia, Canada. Founder of Agile Scientific, co-founder of The HUB South Shore. Matt is into geology, geophysics, and machine learning. # Atlantic geology hits Wikipedia WikiProject Geology is one of the gathering places for geoscientists in Wikipedia.Regular readers of this blog know that we're committed to open scientific communication, and that we're champions of wikis as one of the venues for that communication, and that we want to see more funky stuff happen at conferences. In this spirit, we hosted a Wikipedia editing session at the Atlantic Geoscience Society Colloquium in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, this past weekend. As typically happens with these funky sessions, it wasn't bursting at the seams: The Island of Misfit Toys is not overcrowded. There were only 7 of us: three Agilistas, another consultant, a professor, a government geologist, and a student. But it's not the numbers that matter (I hope), it's the spirit of the thing. We were a keen bunch and we got quite a bit done. Here are the articles we started or built upon: The birth of the Atlantic Geoscience Society page gave the group an interesting insight into Wikipedia's quality control machine. Within 10 minutes of publishing it, the article was tagged for speedy deletion by an administrator. This sort of thing is always a bit off-putting to noobs, because Wikipedia editors can be a bit, er, brash, or at least impersonal. This is not that surprising when you consider that new pages are created at a rate of about one a minute some days. Just now I resurrected a stripped-down version of the article, and it has already been reviewed. Moral: don't let anyone tell you that Wikipedia is a free-for-all. All of these pages are still (and always will be) works in progress. But we added 5 new pages and a substantial amount of material with our 28 or so hours of labour. Considering most of those who came had never edited a wiki before, I'm happy to call this a resounding success. Much of my notes from the event could be adapted to any geoscience wiki editing session — use them as a springboard to get some champions of open-access science together at your next gathering. If you'd like our help, get in touch. 1 Comment ### Matt Hall Matt is a geoscientist in Nova Scotia, Canada. Founder of Agile Scientific, co-founder of The HUB South Shore. Matt is into geology, geophysics, and machine learning. # 6 questions about seismic interpretation This interview is part of a series of conversations between Satinder Chopra and the authors of the book 52 Things You Should Know About Geophysics (Agile Libre, 2012). The first three appeared in the October 2013 issue of the CSEG Recorder, the Canadian applied geophysics magazine, which graciously agreed to publish them under a CC-BY license. Satinder Chopra: Seismic data contain massive amounts of information, which has to be extracted using the right tools and knowhow, a task usually entrusted to the seismic interpreter. This would entail isolating the anomalous patterns on the wiggles and understanding the implied subsurface properties, etc. What do you think are the challenges for a seismic interpreter? Evan Bianco: The challenge is to not lose anything in the abstraction. The notion that we take terabytes of prestack data, migrate it into gigabyte-sized cubes, and reduce that further to digitized surfaces that are hundreds of kilobytes in size, sounds like a dangerous discarding of information. That's at least 6 orders of magnitude! The challenge for the interpreter, then, is to be darn sure that this is all you need out of your data, and if it isn't (and it probably isn't), knowing how to go back for more. SC: How do you think some these challenges can be addressed? EB: I have a big vision and a small vision. Both have to do with documentation and record keeping. If you imagine the entire seismic experiment upon a sort of conceptual mixing board, instead of as a linear sequence of steps, elements could be revisited and modified at any time. In theory nothing would be lost in translation. The connections between inputs and outputs could be maintained, even studied, all in place. In that view, the configuration of the mixing board itself becomes a comprehensive and complete history for the data — what's been done to it, and what has been extracted from it. The smaller vision: there are plenty of data management solutions for geospatial information, but broadcasting the context that we bring to bear is a whole other challenge. Any tool that allows people to preserve the link between data and model should be used to transfer the implicit along with the explicit. Take auto-tracking a horizon as an example. It would be valuable if an interpreter could embed some context into an object while digitizing. Something that could later inform the geocellular modeler to proceed with caution or certainty. SC: One of the important tasks that a seismic interpreter faces is the prediction about the location of the hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Having come up with a hypothesis, how do you think this can be made more convincing and presented to fellow colleagues? EB: Coming up with a hypothesis (that is, a model) is solving an inverse problem. So there is a lot of convincing power in completing the loop. If all you have done is the inverse problem, know that you could go further. There are a lot of service companies who are in the business of solving inverse problems, not so many completing the loop with the forward problem. It's the only way to test hypotheses without a drill bit, and gives a better handle on methodological and technological limitations. SC: You mention "absolving us of responsibility" in your article. Could you elaborate on this a little more? Do you think there is accountability of sorts practiced in our industry? EB: I see accountability from a data-centric perspective. For example, think of all the ways that a digitized fault plane can be used. It could become a polygon cutting through a surface on map. It could be a wall within a geocellular model. It could be a node in a drilling prognosis. Now, if the fault is mis-picked by even one bin, this could show up hundreds of metres away, depending on the dip of the fault, compared to the prognosis. Practically speaking, accounting for mismatches like this is hard, and is usually done in an ad hoc way, if at all. What caused the error? Was it the migration or was it the picking? Or what about the error in the measurement of the drill-bit? I think accountability is loosely practised at best because we don't know how to reconcile all these competing errors. Until data can have a memory, being accountable means being diligent with documentation. But it is time-consuming, and there aren’t as many standards as there are data formats. SC: Declaring your work to be in progress could allow you to embrace iteration. I like that. However, there is usually a finite time to complete a given interpretation task; but as more and more wells are drilled, the interpretation could be updated. Do you think this practice would suit small companies that need to ensure each new well is productive or they are doomed? EB: The size of the company shouldn't have anything to do with it. Iteration is something that needs to happen after you get new information. The question is not, "do I need to iterate now that we have drilled a few more wells?", but "how does this new information change my previous work?" Perhaps the interpretation was too rigid — too precise — to begin with. If the interpreter sees her work as something that evolves towards a more complete picture, she needn't be afraid of changing her mind if new information proves us to be incorrect. Depth migration, for example, exemplifies this approach. Hopefully more conceptual and qualitative aspects of subsurface work can adopt it as well. SC: The present day workflows for seismic interpretation for unconventional resources demand more than the usual practices followed for the conventional exploration and development. Could you comment on how these are changing? EB: With unconventionals, seismic interpreters are looking for different things. They aren't looking for reservoirs, they are looking for suitable locations to create reservoirs. Seismic technologies that estimate the state of stress will become increasingly important, and interpreters will need to work in close contact to geomechanics. Also, microseismic monitoring and time-lapse technologies tend to push interpreters into the thick of the operations, which allow them to study how the properties of the earth change according to operations. What a perfect place for iterative workflows. You can read the other interviews and Evan's essay in the magazine, or buy the book! (You'll find it in Amazon's stores too.) It's a great introduction to who applied geophysicists are, and what sort of problems they work on. Read more about it. Join CSEG to catch more of these interviews as they come out. Comment # 2013 retrospective It's almost the end of the year, so we ask for your indulgence as we take our traditional look back at some of the better bits of the blog from 2013. If you have favourite subjects, we always like feedback! ### Most visits Amazingly, nothing we can write seems to be able to topple Shale vs tight, which is one of the firsts posts I wrote on this blog. Most of that traffic is coming from Google search, of course. I'd like to tell you how many visits the posts get, but web stats are fairly random — this year we'll have had either 60,000 or 245,000 visits, depending on who you believe — very precise data! Anyway, here are the rest... We got our 1000th blog comment at the end of September (thanks Matteo!). Admittedly some of them were us, but hey, we like arbitrary milestones as much as the next person. Here are the most commented-on posts of the year: Hackathon skull ### Proud moments Some posts don't necessarily win a lot of readers or get many comments, but they mark events that were important to us. A sort of public record. Our big events in 2013 were... ### Our favourites Of course we have our personal favourite posts too — pieces that were especially fun to put together, or that took an unusual amount of craft and perspiration to finish (or more likely a sound beating with a blunt instrument). Evan Matt I won't go into reader demographics as they've not changed much since last year. One thing is interesting, though not very surprising — about 15% of visitors are now reading on mobile devices, compared to 10% in 2012 and 7% in 2011. The technology shift is amazing: in 2011 we had exactly 94 visits from readers on tablets — now we get about 20 tablet visits every day, mostly from iPads. It only remains for me to say Thank You to our wonderful community of readers. We appreciate every one of you, and love getting email and comments more than is probably healthy. The last 3 years have been huge fun, and we can't wait for 2014. If you celebrate Christmas may it be merry — and we wish you all the best for the new year. Comment ### Matt Hall Matt is a geoscientist in Nova Scotia, Canada. Founder of Agile Scientific, co-founder of The HUB South Shore. Matt is into geology, geophysics, and machine learning. # Ten ways to make a difference After reading my remarks yesterday about geoscience wikis, perhaps you're itching to share some of what you know. Below are ten quick ways to get started. And if you're going to SEG next week, you're in luck: you'll find a quick way to get started. ### Ten things you can do First, if you really just want to dive in, here are ten easy things you can do in almost any wiki. Let's use SEG Wiki as an example — but this applies equally well to SubSurfWiki, PetroWiki, or Wikipedia. 1. Read it — find a page or category that interests you, and start exploring the content 2. Edit it — nothing tricky, but if you find a typo or other small error, hit Edit and fix it (you can do this without logging in on Wikipedia, but most other wikis require you to make an account first. This isn't usually a deliberate effort to put you off — allowing anonymous editing results in an amazing amount robot spam. Yes, robot spam.) 3. Share it — like most of the web, wikis need to be shared to survive. When you find something useful, share it. 5. Add a sandbox — Edit your user page, add this: [[/Sandbox/]], then save your page. You'll see a red link. Click on it. Try some editing — you can do anything you like here. Again, here's mine — click Edit and copy my code. 6. Fix equations — most of the equations in the SEG Encyclopedic Dictionary are poorly formatted. If you know LaTeX, you can help fix them. Here's one that's been fixed. Here's a bad one (if it looks OK, someone beat you to it :) 7. Add references — Just like technical papers, wikis need citations and references if they are to be useful and trusted. Most articles in SEG Wiki have citations, but the references are on another page. Here's one I've fixed. 8. Add a figure — Again, the figures are mostly divorced from their articles. The Q article shows one way to integrate them. Some articles have lots of figures. 9. Improve a definition — Many of the Dictionary definitions are out of date or unhelpfully terse. Long articles probably belong in the 'main' namespace (that is, not the Dictionary part) — so for example I split Spectral decomposition into a main article, apart from the short dictionary definition. 10. Add an article — This may seem like a big step, but don't be shy. Be bold! We can worry later if the new article needs to be split or combined or renamed or reformatted. The point is to start. Wiki markup takes a little getting used to, but you can get a very long way with a little know-how. This wiki markup cheatsheet will give you a head start. ### One place you can start At the SEG Annual Meeting next week, I'll be hanging about the Press Room from 11 am till 1 pm every day, with John Stockwell, Karl Schleicher and some other wiki enthusiasts. We'd be happy to answer any questions or help you get started. Bring your laptop! Spread the word! Bring a friend! See you there! Comment ### Matt Hall Matt is a geoscientist in Nova Scotia, Canada. Founder of Agile Scientific, co-founder of The HUB South Shore. Matt is into geology, geophysics, and machine learning. # Wiki world of geoscience This weekend, I noticed that there was no Wikipedia article about Harry Wheeler, one of the founders of theoretical stratigraphy. So I started one. This brings the number of biographies I've started to 3: • Karl Zoeppritz — described waves almost perfectly, but died at the age of 26 • Johannes Walther — started as a biologist, but later preferred rocks • Harry Wheeler — if anyone has a Wheeler diagram to share, please add it! Many biographies of notable geoscientists are still missing (there are hundreds, but here are three): • Larry Sloss — another pioneer of modern stratigraphy • Oz Yilmaz — prolific seismic theoretician and practioner • Brian Russell — entrepreneur and champion of seismic analysis It's funny, Wikipedia always seems so good — it has deep and wide content on everything imaginable. I think I must visit it 20 or 30 times a day. But when you look closely, especially at a subject you know a bit about, there are lots of gaps (I wonder if this is one of the reasons people sometimes deride it?). There is a notability requirement for biographies, but for some reason this doesn't seem to apply to athletes or celebrities. I was surprised the Wheeler page didn't exist, but once you start reading, there are lots of surprises: I run a geoscience wiki, but this is intended for highly esoteric topics that probably don't really belong in Wikipedia, e.g. setting parameters for seismic autopickers, or critical reviews of subsurface software (both on my wish list). I am currently working on a wiki for AAPG — is that the place for 'deep' petroleum geoscience? I also spend time on SEG Wiki... With all these wikis, I worry that we risk spreading ourselves too thinly? What do you think? In the meantime, can you give 10 minutes to improve a geoscience article in Wikipedia? Or perhaps you have a classful of students to unleash on an assignment? Tomorrow, I'll tell you about an easy way to help improve some geophysics content. Comment ### Matt Hall Matt is a geoscientist in Nova Scotia, Canada. Founder of Agile Scientific, co-founder of The HUB South Shore. Matt is into geology, geophysics, and machine learning. # The plainest English If you're not already reading xkcd — the must-read sciencey thrice-weekly comic strip — then please give it a try. It's good for you. Check out this wonderful description of the Saturn V rocket, aka Up Goer Five, using only the 1000 most common words in English → This particular comic took on a life of its own last week, when Theo Sanderson built a clever online text editor that parses your words and highlights the verboten ones. Then, following the lead of @highlyanne, a hydrologist, scientists all over Twitter quickly started describing and sharing parsimonious descriptions of what they do. Anne and her partner in crime, @Allochthonous, then compiled a log of every description they could find. It's worth looking at, though it would take a while to read them all. What's it like using only the simplest words? I tried to define a well... A deep, round, empty space in the ground that is only about as wide as your hand. The empty space is very deep: up to about seven tens of hundreds of times as deep as a man is tall. It is full of water. After making the empty space, we can lower small computers into it. As we pull them out, the computers tell us things about the rocks they can 'see' — like how fast waves move through them, or how much water the rocks have in them. It's quite hard. But refreshingly so. Here's reflection seismic... We make a very loud, short sound on the land or in the water — like a cracking sound. The sound waves go down through the rocks under the ground. As they do so, some of them come back — just as waves come back from the side of a body of water when you throw in a small rock. We can listen to the sound waves that come back, and use a computer to help make a picture of what it looks like under the ground. Is a world without jargon dumbed down, or opened up? What is it we do again?... It is very hard to do this work. It takes a lot of money and a long time. The people that do it have to think hard about how to do it without hurting other people or the world we live in. We don't always manage to do it well, but we try to learn from the past so we can do better next time. Most people think we should stop, but if we did, the world would go dark, our homes would be cold (or hot), and people would not be able to go very far. Check out Up Goer Six — Theo's new editor that colour codes each word according to just how common it is. Try it — what do you do for a living? The image is licensed CC-BY-NC-2.5 by Randall Munroe at xkcd.com.	2019-08-25T00:19:10	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.25544649362564087, "perplexity": 1723.1708946596202}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00432.warc.gz"}
https://control.com/textbook/flip-book-animations/differentiation-and-integration-animated/	# Understanding the Calculus Concepts of Differentiation and Integration ## Chapter 35 - More Principles of Industrial Instrumentation (Animated) The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time) applied to the filling and draining of a water tank. [animation_calculus_tankfilling] The animation shows two graphs relating to the water storage tank: one showing the volume of stored water in the tank ($$V$$) and the other showing volumetric flow rate in and out of the tank ($$Q$$). We know from calculus that volumetric flow rate is the time-derivative of volume: $Q = {dV \over dt}$ We also know that change in volume is the time-integral of volumetric flow rate: $\Delta V = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} Q \> dt$ Thus, the example of a water storage tank filling and draining serves to neatly illustrate both concepts in relation to each other. • Share Published under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License	2021-04-11T16:37:18	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4957959055900574, "perplexity": 658.7122302343283}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064520.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411144457-20210411174457-00547.warc.gz"}

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