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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "Most probably your transcription is correct: もちあたぼうよ\n\nIt is divided as\n\n * [もち](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%82%E3%81%A1/#jn-219250) - a contraction of もちろん\n * [あたぼう](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%BC%E3%81%86/#jn-4581) - a slangy version of あたりまえ\n * [よ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%88/#jn-226011) - a particle.\n\nRegarding よ, I'm not really sure which definition applies, but it may be\n語調を整えたり、強めたりする意を表す. Essentially it does not affect the meaning.\n\nOn your question of _how_ , colloquial expressions are often not covered in\nJapanese-English dictionaries, so it may be necessary to consult decently\nlarge Japanese dictionaries.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-28T23:59:01.803", "id": "90552", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T23:59:01.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90550", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think your translation is mostly right and your understanding of 痛し痒し is\ncorrect - so it is its use in the sentence that is incorrect. I think it means\njust _annoying_ (= painful and itchy) here.\n\nThe sentence can be analyzed as\n\n * [ [顔が怖いの] は いかんともしがたいっつーの ] が 痛し痒し\n\nSo a translation would be\n\n * Nothing can be done about the face being frightening - it is annoying.\n\nI'm not sure what exactly the context is, esp. about being possessed, and\nabout what 狼男の悲劇 refers to. But my feeling is that the use of 痛し痒し is\nincorrect in the sentence anyway (a possible cause would be 憑かれていよーが憑かれてまいが,\nwhich sounds like a choice).\n\n* * *\n\nThe translation _something I can't help_ may be possible for いかんともしがたい, but\nI'm just not sure whether the situation is supposed to be in the speaker's\ncontrol.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-29T07:34:39.067", "id": "90556", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-29T12:51:44.467", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-29T12:51:44.467", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90551", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "No, this is not the 「～たところで」 meaning \"as soon as\". This\n[「～たところ」](https://nihongokyoshi-net.com/2018/09/14/jlptn3-grammar-tatokoro/)\nmeans A happened, and then B unexpectedly happened. There is a stressed\nimplication that B was not expected to happen; and there is a strong element\nof surprised associated with the occurrence or discovery of B.\n\nNote that the two usages could both translate as \"when\", but the former\nstresses a temporal connection between the two events, whereas the latter\nconveys a sense of unexpectedness.\n\nSo here, 「Aについて聞いたところ、B」 means \"when asked about A, (the event) B happened\"\n\n定着{ていちゃく} means for a habit to become established. 定着したことを示す means \"to state\nthat (the habit) has become established,\" and it indeed modifies\n「ほかの人が使うのが気にならない」.\n\n>\n> この中で物事の『程度』を示す新しい表現について聞いたところ、「とても」を意味する『めっちゃ』については、定着したことを示す「ほかの人が使うのが気にならない」と答えた人が81％に上り、58％が「使うことがある」と答えました。\n\ncan be rendered as:\n\n> In this survey/study, when asked about using new phrases to describe the\n> degree of things, as many as 81% of the surveyed people answered they were\n> used to using めっちゃ to mean 「とても」 by indicating they wouldn't notice it when\n> other people use that phrase; and 51% said they sometimes use it themselves.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-29T05:24:31.860", "id": "90555", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-29T05:39:36.617", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-29T05:39:36.617", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90554", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "The source of the confusion seems that you misunderstand the meaning of 前夜祭,\nwhich literal means _pre-festival night_ or _eve festival_. Usually it refers\nto festive activities held at night before the beginning（i.e., the eve) of a\nfestival (e.g. it happens on October 10 when the festival starts from October\n11).\n\nAs suggested in the comment, その here is _its_. Thus it means _The harvest\nfestival starts from tomorrow, Today is its 'eve festival', so practically we\ncan say the harvest festival already has started today_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-15T14:21:49.230", "id": "90751", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-15T14:21:49.230", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90559", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is 三河弁｛みかわべん｝, a dialect used in parts of 愛知県｛あいちけん｝.\n\nConjugating with りん is a sort of \"soft\" imperative, suggestive rather than\ncommanding.\n\nAs for your sentences, the parts with the りん therefore translate to the\nfollowing:\n\n```\n\n You (亜也) are good at English, so you should master it completely.\n \n (It is good to) hold the hand rail while going up.\n \n```\n\nSome other examples are\n\n```\n\n 来｛く｝る　ー＞　来｛こ｝りん\n 食｛た｝べる　ー＞　食｛た｝べりん\n \n```\n\nNote that 五段活用{ごだんかつよう｝ verbs, such as 書｛か｝く and 行｛い｝く do not get the り, but\nsimply a ん like\n\n```\n\n 書く　ー＞　書きん\n \n```\n\nI am not sure about Kansai, but on Kyushu a similar form is common with just\nthe り part, such as 食{た}べり (する is conjugated to しぃ in this case on Kyushu).\nThe ん is not added on Kyushu. On Kyushu ん is instead added in other\nconjugation to produce the negative of the verb.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-29T19:55:23.420", "id": "90563", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-29T23:21:04.633", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-29T23:21:04.633", "last_editor_user_id": "20305", "owner_user_id": "20305", "parent_id": "90562", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is one of characteristics of\n[明朝体](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_\\(typefaces\\)), the stylized emphases\nat the start and end of a brush stroke. In calligraphy, you are instructed to\nsink down your brush firmly at the beginning of every stroke. Then you will\nsee more or less a 45-degree northwest-ward sesami-shaped blot there in each\nhandwritten stroke, which is the ultimate origin of it.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZLACT.png)\n\nHowever, if I had to name someone as the inventor of this highly exaggerated\nornament that you see, I'd perhaps suggest an Irish-American called William\nGamble, who directed\n[美華書館](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8)\n(The American Presbyterian Mission Press). He made the first modern moveable\ntype font of Chinese characters in order to print Bible. By analogy to Western\nserifed typefaces, he introduced many geometrical features and stylization\ninto the 明朝体 design at his time, resulting such a typeface below (see the\nparticular stroke-initial element of 冷)\n([source](https://read01.com/2GRNdBK.html)).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SqEQG.png)\n\nCompare it with the Kangxi dictionary head-character, representing a more\nstandard style for the woodblock printing technology at that time, with\nhumbler stroke-initial tittle more faithful to handwriting practice.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nUj77.png)\n\nAlthough his typeface looks somewhat clunky, it was imported in Japan and\nserved as the earliest prototype of then-cutting-edge metal type technology to\nset the standard, which is why many Japanese old-style 明朝体 typefaces still\ninherit this feature.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-01T07:38:43.707", "id": "90583", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-01T07:38:43.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "90564", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "I should probably leave it to a native-speaker or someone with a better\nunderstanding to answer.\n\nBut, a quick answer is that when you address someone there's never a particle\nlike は or が or を following. If you see ジョン without a particle or ジョンよ it's\nmost likely direct address. But also, context often makes it very clear that\nsomeone is being addressed.\n\nAlso, the older the material you read the more structured the writing style\ntends to be. So whereas in casual speech particles can often be omitted, you\nare not likely to see this in literature from earlier periods. But even when\nparticles happen to be omitted, you can usually tell.\n\nIf I write in English\n\n> John pass the peas!\n\nwith a proper context, like you know John is sitting with Nancy at the dinner\ntable, it's not too difficult to understand even without a comma.\n\nThe form of the verb itself can be a give away. Is it a command, is it an\ninvitation, is it a suggestion?\n\nYet also, when we speak, there are no commas. Commas are a mere visual clue in\nwritten text. In English, we barely have any inflected forms. In the spoken\nword, we can hear the intonation and rhythm and understand what's being said.\nIn the written word, for English, this is all virtually lost. And so in the\nwritten word, in English, we need visual clues to guide and assist us--in\nfact, we've come to depend upon punctuation to a certain extent that makes\nreading _older_ documents a challenge, particularly those from previous era\nwhen punctuation may have been less indulged in.\n\nIn any Japanese sentence, the verb must be inflected one way or another. The\nform of the verb conveys a lot of information: いく is not a command, it's a\ndeclarative sentence. いこう is a statement that conveys some kind of intention.\nいけ is clearly a command.\n\nTo say ジョンいく sounds a bit odd. What might you mean by it? But, to say ジョンいこう\nor ジョンいけ can make sense pretty much on their own, no punctuation is necessary\nin the written word. (Perhaps with proper context, ジョンいく could sound natural,\nas in \" _John, I'm going_.\")", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-30T02:40:10.493", "id": "90568", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-30T09:07:12.097", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-30T09:07:12.097", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90567", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The answer is nothing. Japanese does not have a special form for\n[vocative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case) other than nominative\n(not many languages have), and before the introduction of punctuation, you can\njust guess it from the context that it is an address. Even today, you hardly\nsee commas and periods in speech balloons of manga, that means you still have\nto sometimes. And it is not very difficult (no match for Biblical Syriac that\nyou can't even tell question from declarative).\n\nClassical Japanese had a particle よ like _O_ in \"O captain!\", that was used a\nlot more commonly than today, but was far from obligatory. For example, below\nis a page from a manuscript of 竹取物語\n([source](https://opac.kokugakuin.ac.jp/library/lime/tkm9133111/pages/page040.html)),\nthe oldest known Japanese novel.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hMyT3.jpg)\n\nIn the line on the center of the right page, you see\n\n> くるまをよせていざ **かぐや姫** きたなき所にいかで[か]… \n> （るまよせさくや姫き所） \n> _...pulled over (the coach, and said:) \"Come, **Princess Kaguya** , why do\n> you (have to be) in the unclean place...\"_\n\nand there is literally no punctuation at all.\n\nThe situation wouldn't change much either in English before the modern\northography, for example, a medieval manuscript of _Beowulf_\n([source](http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=cotton_ms_vitellius_a_xv_f140r)):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/48Z4O.jpg)\n\nYou see lines in upper half contain:\n\n> ...ꝥ hie **þeoden min** ƿið þe moton \n> _...that they, **my lord** , with you (at the) assembly..._\n\n> geteoh ðinra gegn cƿida **glædman / hroðgar**... \n> _...issue your reply, **gracious (man) Hrothgar**. ..._\n\nall addressed with nominative, with no visible punctuation (the period-like\nmarks seen in the page denote verse lines).", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-01T06:17:31.487", "id": "90581", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-01T06:17:31.487", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "90567", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

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[ { "body": "I am Japanese and I've been learning English for a few years but I'm not good\nat English.\n\nFirst one is correct and second one is incorrect due to Japanese people never\nsay \"知っていませんでした\". I think \"知っていませんでした\" is weird. I'm sorry I cannot explain\nthe reason why I think it's weird correctly but I can tell you some correct\nforms like below.\n\nWe always say like this and this means we never says another forms. \nPositive form \n1.\"知っています\" \n2.\"知っている\" \n3.”知ってる” \nNegative form \n4.\"知らない\" \n5.\"知りません\" \n\nIf you have any question, please feel free to contact me and I will\ninvestigate and tell you as much as I can", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-03-23T12:33:52.263", "id": "93808", "last_activity_date": "2022-03-23T12:33:52.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "90572", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The way I think about this (native English speaker) is\n\nしっています implies on going “knowing” of said thing. I know (and always will know)\nTanaka-san.\n\nしっていません would therefore imply ongoing not and therefore never knowing. IE\n“I’ll never know” Tanaka-san but presumably in Japanese it’s more akin to\nexpressing that void of knowledge can never be filled and therefore you’d\nnever say it.\n\nTherefore しらない implies to me “I don’t, yet know” but that may change. IE I\nhaven’t yet met Tanaka-san.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-06-26T02:44:20.467", "id": "100081", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-26T02:46:05.080", "last_edit_date": "2023-06-26T02:46:05.080", "last_editor_user_id": "56881", "owner_user_id": "56881", "parent_id": "90572", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not sure about other Asian languages but this is how Japanese happens to\nbe: a lot of kanjis have more than one reading (and meaning). How to find out\nthe reading in each specific case? Well, bad news is that you'll have to\nmemorize this. Sometimes it gets to be almost absurd. Check this out:\n\n * 生 — **nama** — raw; uncooked; fresh\n * 生 — **sei** — life; living\n * 生 — **ki** — pure; undiluted; raw; crude\n * 生 — **iku** — vital; virile; lively​\n * 生 — **fu** — area of thick growth (of trees, grass, etc.)​\n * 生きる — **i** kiru — to live; to exist\n * 生まれる — **u** mareru — to be born\n * 生じる — **shou** jiru — to produce; to yield; to cause​\n * 生憎 — **ai** niku — unfortunately; sorry, but ...​\n * 生る — **na** ru — to bear fruit​\n * 生える — **ha** eru — to grow; to spring up; to sprout\n * 生業 — **nari** rei — occupation; calling\n * 生垣 — **ike** gaki — hedge\n * 生い茂る — **o** ijigeru — to grow thickly; to be overgrown; to thrive\n * 生毛 — **ubu** ke — downy hair; down; vellus hair; peach fuzz; fluff\n\nFortunately, this is a rare example. Most of the kanjis have 2-3 readings.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-30T23:46:37.513", "id": "90578", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-01T00:11:46.417", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-01T00:11:46.417", "last_editor_user_id": "48311", "owner_user_id": "48311", "parent_id": "90573", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I personally don't think that's hard to express. While it may sound strange\n(Where can we find a fish with legs?), I think appropriate translation would\nbe:\n\n * なぜ(なんで/どうして)私は足がある魚じゃないんですか？\n\nYour translation is completely missing **am I**. That's the only error I could\nfind of.\n\nMaybe your friend's idea of \"natural\" and your idea of \"natural\" have a\ndifferent meanings; In the sense of \"this can only be a weird sentence no\nmatter how I translate it,\"(As I said above, there's no fish with legs in real\nlife... or is there?) and in the sense of \"this can't be sound natural no\nmatter how I translate it.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-30T20:40:00.483", "id": "90575", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-30T20:40:00.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90574", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Thinking of all the senses that are possible for each of the individual terms\nis likely leading to a mish-mash of confusing ideas.\n\nConsidering the meaning of the total phrase, we can work backwards to figure\nout which meanings must be relevant for the pieces.\n\n * 始末【しまつ】に負【お】えない \n_\" impossible to handle, can't manage\"_\n\nFrom this phrasal meaning, I look up each of the parts in my local copy of the\n_Shin Wa-Ei Chū-Jiten_. Here are the fitting senses:\n\n * 始末【しまつ】: _\" an end to something: settlement, dealing with, putting in order\"_\n * に: indicating direction of action: _\" to\"_\n * 負【お】えない: negative potential form of verb 負【お】う, _\" to bear or shoulder a burden, to take responsibility for something\"_\n\nLiterally, and horribly clunkily, 始末に負えない could parse out in English to\nsomething like _\" cannot bear [something] to its settlement\"_.\n\nMore colloquially, we might say _\" cannot carry [something] through [to its\nconclusion]\"_.\n\nEven more simply, we might say _\" cannot carry it through\"_. Depending on the\nphrasing, we could change this to describe the thing (rather than the\nabilities of the person) as _\" not manageable, not feasible\"_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-01T04:15:22.857", "id": "90579", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-01T04:15:22.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90577", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The first two sentences can be considered as contracted versions of\n\n * 田中さんが女優であるということは言わない,\n\nand mean the same: _I do not disclose the fact that Ms. Tanaka is an actress._\n\nIt is rather that である or という can be omitted in this case than であること and ということ\nare interchangeable.\n\nFor example, if the verb inside the clause is **not** である, obviously ということ\ncannot be replaced by であること while omitting という is possible.\n\n * 私が新宿に行くということは言わない (or ...行くことは...)\n * ×私が新宿に行くであることは言わない\n\nThe third sentence can mean the same as the first two, but it sounds more like\na version of\n\n * 田中さんを女優とは言わない _I wouldn’t call Ms. Tanaka an actress (but something else)_.\n\n* * *\n\nNote that it is not always the case that という can be omitted in ということ (whose\nusage is rather broad). Just one example:\n\n * 田中さんは女優だったということだ. _They say Ms. Tanaka was an actress._\n * ×田中さんは女優だったことだ.\n\nA contraction is だったと **の** ことだ.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-01T14:13:21.800", "id": "90587", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-01T14:13:21.800", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90580", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This として is like \"as\" used to mark a function/role. It's the same as として in\nthe following examples:\n\n * 贈り物として時計をあげる \nto give a watch as a gift\n\n * 母は私を子供として扱う。 \nMy mother treats me as a child.\n\nThus ～の後続措置として means \"as a next measure following ～\" or \"as a follow-on action\nafter ～\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-01T07:40:05.383", "id": "90584", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-01T07:40:05.383", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90582", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is the teiru-form of 信じられる, which has a potential meaning here (\"to be\nable to believe\"). So the difference between 信じている and 信じられている is basically\nthe same as that between 歩いている (\"is walking\") and 歩けている (\"can be walking\").\nThus the literal translation is \"I wonder how many of them can be believing\n...\", but the translator may have thought this sounded redundant as an English\nsentence.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-04T01:15:57.480", "id": "90613", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-04T01:15:57.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90588", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "One important thing to note here is that this potential form doesn't translate\nto \"can\" or \"being able to\" in English. The general meaning taken in this\ncontext is a conditional: \"I wonder _**if**_ they believed that [...]\". This\nusage is reflected in English with the use of \"would\" and \"could\". This\ndistinction is not present in Japanese. A representative translation of both\nwould be:\n\n * \"I wonder how many of them were believing that [...]\"\n * \"I wonder how many of them _**could**_ have been believing that [...]\"\n\nBoth of these sentences mean almost exactly the same thing, but as @naruto\nsuggested, the second sentence might indeed put more emphasis on the fact that\nthe situation is hard to believe. I suppose the nuance is the same in\nJapanese.\n\nThe second one might seem a little redundant in English, because the sentence\nstarts with \"I wonder\", implying at the same time that you're questioning\nwhether they believe something or not. This information already tells us that\nthe situation is hard to believe in some sense. I'm guessing that, since that\ninformation is at the end in the Japanese sentence (のだろうか), it might feel more\nnatural to mention it before.\n\nAnother thing to note is that the progressive tense of \"believe\" is generally\nnot used in English to the point where I'm wondering if the two sentences I\nwrote are correct. The reason is that \"believing\" is thought to be something\nmore general, a _belief_. To believe \"continuously\" is something that doesn't\nneed to be precised in English. This is why we prefer using something like \"I\nwonder how many of them believed [...]\". To talk about something happening\nright now, \"thinking\" is generally preferred in that situation.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T11:06:45.297", "id": "90624", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-05T14:33:06.307", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-05T14:33:06.307", "last_editor_user_id": "45176", "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "90588", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "演奏する only means you operate an instrument so that the melody is played. In\nyour example, you should most naturally use 流す (\"broadcast, let it play\") or\nかける (\"put on\").\n\n> 運動する時、「その血の運命」をかけるのが好きです。\n\nThere is another word 再生する (\"revive, play back\") you may often see in software\nUI where English would have \"Play\", but this one is more focused on the action\nof having recording machines reproduce the audiovisual content, and may not\nimply a human enjoys it.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-01T20:20:24.010", "id": "90592", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-02T02:24:56.757", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-02T02:24:56.757", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "90591", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Some Japanese nouns can function as -suru verbs. That means that these nouns\ncan be expressed as in a state of being in reality and as in a state of doing\nwhatever their assumed function of existing in reality is, which can lead to\nthe type of grammatical ambiguity that you are experiencing. (To expound on\nthe second sentence: a waterwheel is often moving. It does not move without\nsome form of human interaction, but when you paint a mental picture of one, it\nmay very likely be moving, which means that this state does not need to be\nimplied with a verb, but can be for increased clarity.)\n\nTo me, it is the difference between saying \"If they start fighting,\nI/they/he/she will change the strategy.\" (for suru) and \"If they start\nfighting, there will be a strategical change/change of strategy.\" (for da)\nThere is a change in perception or emphasis when comparing these two\nvariations.\n\nI am not 100% sure of the correctness of this answer, though, as desu appaears\nto effectively be a shortening of desuru, with de being used to- seemingly,\nfrom the standpoint of this question, redundantly- a means, time, or location.\n\nIt may just come down to intentional omittance for practicality's sake.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-02T15:00:20.867", "id": "90598", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-02T15:00:20.867", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20390", "parent_id": "90593", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "It is gradually known that various grammaticalized copula-ending constructions\nplay key roles in the Japanese grammar. For this reason, Japanese as a whole\nexhibits a strong preference for noun predicate in comparison to average\nEuropean languages. (FYI there is [a\nbook](https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110670844/html)\n(didn't read) recently published in English that claims it is an areal feature\nin Asia-Pacific, but Japanese still as an extreme example of it.)\n\nMore specifically, that type of expression in your example is often classified\nas 動作性名詞述語文. 動作性名詞 refers to the bare stem of suru-verbs (勉強, 買い物, and 変更),\nwhich serve somewhat as English gerund. Among their usages, the description is\nvery clear for your case ([source](http://www.ls-\njapan.org/modules/documents/LSJpapers/meeting/161/handouts/b/B-7_161.pdf)):\n\n> a. 未来時における成立が発話時以前に既に確定している事象、または、 \n> b. ある条件の下でその成立が確定するような事象 \n> ((a) an event whose future occurrence is determined prior to the point of\n> utterance, or (b) an event determined to occur under a certain condition.)\n\nBy using this construction here, you mean it _shall_ (destined to) happen when\nthe condition is met, or declare the decision practically a done deal to that\neffect.\n\nThe pragmatic difference between e.g. もし戦いになったら作戦変更 **する** is that, ～する\nrepresents a strong will of speaker towards a future with possible\nuncertainty, while ～だ is not that passionate but rather like talking as a\nmatter of course or already planned.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-02T23:17:09.170", "id": "90602", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-15T15:42:34.690", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-15T15:42:34.690", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "90593", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "Looking at [this](https://www.kvbro.com/luyen-thi-jlpt/n3/ngu-\nphap-n3/bai-14a-%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E3%81%AE%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86%E3%80%80b-%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%AE%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E5%83%8D%E3%81%8D%E3%82%92%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%80/)\nfor example, 助詞のような働きをする言葉 refers to a group of phrases such as について, によって,\nに対して etc. Their 名詞につく形 should be those with the ending changed appropriately\nso that they connect to nouns (e.g. によって→による, に対して→に対する).\n\nAs for について, ついて does not conjugate, but ～についての can be considered 名詞につく形 of\n助詞のような働きをする言葉 that ends in について, which makes the first rule unnecessary. Or\nboth rules can be considered as the same rule depending on whether\n助詞のような働きをする言葉's endings conjugate or not.\n\n* * *\n\nThe rest of your questions should be resolved if you understand the above, but\nconsider 生命について本を書いた. Here 生命について works like 助詞 on 本を書いた. When 生命について modifies\n本, it becomes 生命について + の + 本. (As for the 2nd rule, NOUNs in the rules are バス\nand 反対意見.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-02T09:32:16.920", "id": "90595", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-02T11:16:30.767", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-02T11:16:30.767", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90594", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As a matter of fact, there is a food called 梅漬. The difference between 梅干 and\n梅漬 is that 梅干 is made by drying the plums in the sun and then pickling them in\nsalt, while 梅漬 is made without any drying in the sun.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-02T15:24:39.533", "id": "90599", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-02T15:24:39.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90597", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a specific usage to headlines in newspaper. Practically it means _it is\ngoing to happen_ , which derives from the most basic sense of へ: direction.\n\nThe line in the question has が and を omitted: 日本郵政 **が** 「かんぽの宿」 **を** すべて売却へ,\nwhich means _Japan Post will sell all of its 「かんぽの宿」 (hotel business)._\n\n* * *\n\nExactly what particles are omitted varies, and to get the full meaning the\nomitted particles must be guessed.\n\n * 東京オリンピック延期へ : _Tokyo Olympic games will be postponed._ （が is omitted, passive)\n * Apple新型iPad発表へ : _Apple will reveal new iPad._ (が、を are omitted, active)\n * 首相辞任へ : _Prime Minister will resign._ （が is omitted, active)\n\n(The first can also be considered as を omitted and active: _They postpone..._\n)\n\n* * *\n\nGenerally headlines ending in へ・も・か are used to avoid definitively stating\nsomething as a fact (especially も and か). (Cf. [新聞記事の「へもか」\n](http://fanblogs.jp/sagamimuneo/archive/103/0))", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-02T23:01:44.290", "id": "90601", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-03T00:00:22.820", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-03T00:00:22.820", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90600", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "It's read しょく, and is a suffix that means \"mood\", \"smell\", \"sign\" or\n\"appearance\". It follows only a small set of words, including:\n\n * 国際色\n * 地方色\n * 郷土色\n * 対決色\n * 保守色\n\nIt's also in lexicalized compounds like 敗色, 古色 and 異色.\n\n安保 is short for 安全保障, and it's typically used in the context of\n[日米安保](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Alliance). Having 安保色\nmeans stimulating some other countries, as well as some people in Japan.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-03T03:39:33.120", "id": "90605", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-04T04:09:21.580", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-04T04:09:21.580", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90603", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I agree with @Simon in the comments: since the gemination comes from the く in\nひゃく, ひゃっ should be the natural choice when writing ひゃっキロ in kana and I would\nnot be too surprised to see\n\n> [100]{ひゃっ} [km]{キロメートル}\n\nas _furigana_ in a textbook. (That said, in all textbooks for beginners I\ncould find, there actually seem to be no _furigana_ at all — try to search the\nweb for images with something like `単位 教科書`.)\n\nNote that numbers are usually not written in _kana_ , so one should not expect\nany reliable corpus data to confirm this — e.g. the Balanced Corpus of\nContemporary Written Japanese has 0 hits for both ひゃっキロ and ひゃッキロ.\n\nHowever, @a20 has found a paper titled \"Morphology of numerical expressions in\ncontemporary Japanese\", where the pronunciation of numbers plus counters in\nwritten in kana and you can find the following:\n\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DY5f8.png)\n\nAlso interesting is the following:\n\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/qXrIl.png)\n\nwhich says that for 6 and 100 (which end in く), gemination essentially always\noccurs, but for 1 and 8 (which end in ち), there is some variation.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-03T20:59:03.737", "id": "90608", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-15T19:23:55.623", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-15T19:23:55.623", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "90606", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "In response to the comment above...\n\n_since the gemination comes from the く in ひゃく, ひゃっ is more sensible than ひゃッ_\n\nI can add the following sentence found here\n\n<https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASN7F2QDMN76UPQJ009.html?iref=pc_extlink>\n\n長期休【ちょうきやす】みが来【く】るとホッとしたし、終【お】わりに近【ちか】づくと「また学校【がっこう】が始【はじ】まる」とつらかった\n\n_I was relieved when the long vacation came, and when it was nearing the end,\nit was hard to think that school would start again._\n\nin which we see the following vocabulary item with two different gemination\northographies, according to Jim Breen's wwwjdic:\n\nホッとした from : ほっと(P); ホッと(P); ホっと (adv,vs) (1) (on-mim) with a feeling of\nrelief; with a sigh of relief; (adv) (2) (on-mim) deeply (sigh)\n\nIn light of this example, it consequently appears hard to justify the\nstatement that \"gemination comes from\" a word, or that any particular\northography is \"more sensible.\" Perhaps responses should be based on\nobjectifiable information, such as frequency of a word's or a spelling's\noccurrence or at least percentages of their acceptability as determined by\npolls.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T07:12:06.323", "id": "90684", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T16:17:29.280", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-10T16:17:29.280", "last_editor_user_id": "31150", "owner_user_id": "31150", "parent_id": "90606", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your sentences are all grammatically correct, but as a response to a question\nlike \"What did you do yesterday?\", the third sentence is the most natural. The\nsecond one sounds unnatural because it lacks a topic.\n\nThe first one is natural in casual conversations only when saying わたしは\nexplicitly is natural, for example when asked like \"I went on a picnic\nyesterday, how about _you_?\" Otherwise, we usually just drop わたしは and choose\nきのう as the topic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-04T00:55:25.467", "id": "90612", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-04T00:55:25.467", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90609", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "There is no rule regarding how to combine jinmeiyō/jōyō kanji to create a\nname. So technically and legally speaking, 蓮藤香 and 廉藤香 are valid names, simply\nbecause they consist only of jinmeiyō/jōyō kanji. I'm sure a local office will\nnot refuse this name.\n\nHowever, of course that does not mean every kanji combination is **natural**.\n(Vrleio is a legally valid English name but that does not mean it's as natural\nas Oliver, right?) Judging whether a certain name is good or bad is a\nsubjective matter, and is not within the scope of this site. At least, I'd say\n蓮藤香 or 廉藤香 is unique and eye-catching.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T01:29:50.597", "id": "90616", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-05T01:29:50.597", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90614", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think that if you put 特に, then both reasonably satisfy your goals 1 and 2.\n\nGenerally, use of と sounds more of an exclusive choice. So comparing\n\n 1. 文法と漢字に集中したほうがいいよ。\n 2. 文法や漢字に集中したほうがいいよ。\n\n1 sounds more urging to forget about things other than grammar and kanji than\n2. But note that **without 特に** (like 文法と漢字 sentences), both do not sound\n**particularly** \"open to other possibilities\". (I mean, logically, A{と,や}B do\nnot exclude other possibilities, but usually are interpreted as exclusive\nlisting, especially AとB.)\n\n* * *\n\nAn alternative would be to use など, which can be used with or without 特に.\n\n 1. **特に** りんご **と** バナナを食べたいです。\n 2. **特に** りんご **や** バナナを食べたいです。\n 3. りんご **と** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。\n 4. りんご **や** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。\n 5. **特に** りんご **と** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。\n 6. **特に** りんご **や** バナナ **など** を食べたいです。\n\nOf these, ～と～など(3,5) sound less natural (though still acceptable to me). 4 may\nnot satisfy your goal 1 (sounds like just listing some examples). 6 may sound\nmore explicitly open to other possibilities due to など than 1,2.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T11:47:27.477", "id": "90625", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-05T13:50:39.090", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-05T13:50:39.090", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90615", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I think the confusion comes from the function of the particles. It's a little\nbit hard to grasp because it adds a dimension that we don't have in English.\nEven if they function as exhaustive and non-exhaustive, it's **strictly for\nwhat is mentioned, not the point you're making**. I think it's easier to\nunderstand if we translate them:\n\n 1. 文法と漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should focus on grammar and kanji.\n 2. 文法や漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should focus on grammar and kanji (and others I didn't mention).\n 3. 特に文法と漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should especially focus on grammar and kanji.\n 4. 特に文法や漢字に集中したほうがいいよ - You should especially focus on grammar and kanji (and others I didn't mention).\n\nAs you can see, the や here simply add the meaning that you didn't mention\nsomething else. Why you didn't mention them is not implied. It doesn't mean\nyou care or don't care about them. Now you might be wondering why else omit\nit? We can be creative, maybe you forgot something and you know it so you use\nや to not exclude it. Maybe you guess there's another one that correspond to\nyour statement but you can't quite identify it. Knowing all that, it's natural\nto see that, just like in English, we add something like 特に to make our point\nclear because that particle alone isn't enough to imply what you want.\n\n_\" Since と is used for exhaustive lists, wouldn't this wording imply that I\ndon't really care at all about any other fruits?\"_\n\nFor the situation of the fruits yes, but in general it only means you listed\neverything you wanted for your point instead of \"caring\". The 特に will add the\nmeaning \"especially\", so the whole point you're making is changing because\nyou're now saying \"especially just those two, (implied) others also, just not\nespecially\".\n\n_\" Since や is usually used to give examples within a larger list, wouldn't\nthis suggest that I care about the apples and bananas just as much as any\nother fruits (or is 特に enough to counteract this)?\"_\n\nNo, rather than implying that you care about _any_ other fruits, it implies\nthat you also care as much _only for the fruits you didn't mention._ Likewise,\nwith 特に, it becomes \"especially focusing on grammar and kanji, plus the ones I\ndidn't mention, (implied) and the others too but not especially\".\n\nIn other words, there is three categories instead of two. The words you\nlisted, the ones you didn't list and finally the ones that aren't related to\nyour statement.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T18:08:59.510", "id": "90633", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-06T00:20:24.860", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-06T00:20:24.860", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "90615", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you may be confused. A verb in 〜て form is just that verb, in the 〜て\nform. て-ness has no effect whatsoever on transitivity.\n\nIn addition, with few exceptions (notably, 〜ている), a verb in the 〜て form\nfollowed by another verb represents two separate actions. In the expression\n「見つめられて困った」, there are two verbs, both of equivalent \"main\"-ness. The 困った on\nthe end has no effect whatsoever on the transitivity of the 見つめられる.\n\nIn another addition, you exhibit more confusion in the statement, _\" 困った is in\nplain past form and so is 見つめられて.\"_ While 困った is indeed in the plain past\nform, 見つめられて is not in the plain past form -- it is instead in the conjunctive\n〜て form.\n\nAnd to add on one more thing, note that any text in translation is exactly\nthat -- a text in translation. Depending on context, intended audience,\ngrammatical differences, and other factors, various and sundry things may\ndiffer between the translation and the source. The translated form does not\nnecessarily have anything informative to tell us about the grammar and nuance\nof the source form.\n\nLooking again at your question:\n\n> Do verbs in て form inherit the intransitivity of the main verb?\n\nIn short, **no**. There is no \"main verb\" in your sample text, and no\ninheritance of any transitivity.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T06:03:39.750", "id": "90618", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-05T06:03:39.750", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90617", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Is this friend of yours a native speaker?\n\n行く doesn't have the \"leave behind\" meaning, so that wouldn't be good even with\nwhatever particle you use.\n\nYou can take the で away but then it would have a totally different meaning.\n\nI would say something like\n\n> 私を置いていかないで。 Don't leave me behind.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T08:58:56.380", "id": "90622", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-05T09:17:22.227", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-05T09:17:22.227", "last_editor_user_id": "48344", "owner_user_id": "48344", "parent_id": "90620", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "I'm not sure what exactly is confusing to you, but first the whole quote seems\nto be an inner speech of the protagonist, who apparently has some handicaps.\n\nSecond, when one says 気持ちの整理がつく, what is 'put in order' is the feelings\nthemselves. The opposite is 気持ちが乱れる = to feel disturbed, annoyed, etc. So\n気持ちの整理がつく means roughly _to calm down_ , or in this context, to accept the\nsituation (of being transferred to a school for disabled).\n\nThe whole quote describes the protagonist felt bad about the teacher N having\nmade roundabout complaints to her(?) mother, instead of saying directly to her\nthat she was becoming a burden. The last sentence means _the protagonist would\nfeel much better if the teacher said so._ ( _feel better_ for the translation\nof 気持ちの整理がつく might be too liberal, but it is close to さっぱりする in this context,\nwhich means something like _get something off one's chest_ )\n\n* * *\n\nEdit\n\nIn the second paragraph the following are compared\n\n 1. わざわざお母さんに、「教室移動の時間が長くなっている」と遠まわしに言わなくとも、\n 2. ズバッと、わたしに向かって、「お前は東高じゃあ面倒みきれんで養護学校へ行け」と言ってくれた方が\n\n1 is what actually happened, and the protagonist wishes if 2 had happened\ninstead (it didn't).\n\nA fairly natural interpretation is the protagonist didn't like 1 because it\nmade her feel that the teacher wasn't frank/honest with her in the sense that\nthe teacher did feel the protagonist was a burden but did not tell her so.\nThen the protagonist wishes if the teacher frankly told her so, which would\nclear off her chest simply because it would mean the teacher was at least\nhonest with her.\n\n* * *\n\nOn 気持ちの整理がつく. It is more or less a set phrase, but a literal approach would be\nas follows.\n\nFirst, in this context it is 私の気持ちの整理がつく (although the possessive would be\nusually omitted to avoid consecutive の), which is _my feelings is ordered_.\n\nSecond [a dictionary\nsays](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86/#jn-122988)\n\n> 乱れた状態にあるものを整えて、きちんとすること。「資料を整理する」「気持ちの整理がつく」「交通整理」\n\nSo 気持ちの整理がつく means \"change from disturbed state to ordered state\", which\nessentially means \"to feel less disturbed, to calm down\".\n\nSo どんなにか私の気持ちの整理がつくか is\n\n * How more ordered my feelings will be\n\nThe condition to this \"ordered feeling\" is _if the teacher had told the\nprotagonist, face to face, that she is becoming too burdensome to take care of\nin East high, so she should go to the school for disabled_.\n\n* * *\n\nYet another approach is to consider の in 気持ちの整理がつく as the subject marker.\nどんなにか気持ちの整理がつくか would be どんなにか **私は** 気持ちの整理がつくか, which in turn becomes どんなにか\n私は 気持ち **が** 整理がつくか or どんなにか 私は 気持ち **が** 整理 **される** か, which is like\n\n * How much more ordered the feelings will be for me\n\nOf course, these expressions are totally unidiomatic, but possibly helpful in\nunderstanding the sentence.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-06T11:26:08.323", "id": "90642", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-06T12:47:51.017", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-06T12:47:51.017", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90628", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "Both describe almost same degree of high certainty.\n\n~に違いない implies it is highly likely to be something in an assertive, conclusive\nsense.\n\nきっと～でしょう also implies it is highly likely to be something\ngenerally/objectively/ speaking.\n\nBoth are kind of a subjective assumption. ~に違いない sounds more definitive than\nきっと～でしょう.\n\nFor example, if weather forecaster says it will be a heavy rain tomorrow due\nto typhoon approaching, 明日は大雨に間違いなくなるでしょう。 sounds more natural than\n明日は大雨にきっとなるでしょう。 .", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-06T00:12:41.157", "id": "90638", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-06T00:12:41.157", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90631", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I see two differences. Basically きっと is even more subjective.\n\n * きっと is typically used to describe a _desirable_ outcome. きっと失敗するだろう is grammatical but this can sound you are hoping someone will fail. 失敗するに違いない is neutral in this regard.\n * きっと tends to be used when you say something based on your subjective/personal expectation rather than an objective estimation. Saying きっとうまくいくよ (\"It's gonna be fine\") to encourage someone is usually safe even when the objective chance of success is 50%. Saying うまくいくに違いない in a situation like this can sound irresponsible.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-06T03:01:06.303", "id": "90640", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-06T03:01:06.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90631", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "If you're talking about why kanjis are in the language, this is the history of\nJapan with China, you might want to read some literature about the subject.\n\nIf you're asking about the utility of using kanji, there is a couple. It's\nseparating words and grammar in a broad sense (because words don't consist\nexclusively of kanjis). Also, the same word can have different kanjis giving\ndifferent variations of nuances. Finally, each symbol holds a certain meaning\nso, in some sense, you can understand the text without knowing how to\npronounce it. There is also inconvenients, mostly that you need to learn them\nall. This is generally known as\n[Logograms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram), if you want to study this\nin more details.\n\nSadly the different\n[readings](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/24310/why-are-there-\nmultiple-katakana-readings-for-a-single-kanji) for the same kanji are an extra\nlayer of complexity that we just cannot avoid, it's part of the language and\nhow it evolved. Writing in hiragana is not \"wrong\" because you'll be\nunderstood, but it doesn't look serious so it will depend on the context. It\nwould be suited for a casual things like mangas, chatting, learning, etc. But\neven then, you'll rarely see text completely in hiragana. For journals,\ndocuments, business and literature, kanjis are mandatory.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T20:16:57.060", "id": "90635", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-05T21:15:40.310", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-05T21:15:40.310", "last_editor_user_id": "45176", "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "90632", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The noun phrase わたしの知らないこと is the result of replacing the placeholder in the\nfollowing sentence with the noun こと and modifying it with the rest of the\nsentence.\n\n> わたしが＿＿＿＿＿を知らない。\n\nWhat comes in the placeholder is the direct object of the verb 知る and\ntherefore marked with を in the original sentence. However, when it is\nconverted into a noun phrase, the particle that goes with the modified noun\nneeds to be dropped.\n\nThe の in the noun phrase is because the subject marker が can be replaced with\nの in a noun-modifying clause as explained in the following question.\n\n * [How does the の work in 「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/43676).\n\nわたしが知らないこと is also grammatical.\n\nThe sentence that resulted in わたしに分からないこと is the following.\n\n> わたしに＿＿＿＿＿が分からない。\n\nIf you are not already familiar with these usages of に and が, you may want to\ntake a look at the following questions.\n\n * [が and に interchangeability and difference in meaning](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4440/43676)\n * [Why is it 日本語がわかります instead of 日本語をわかります?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2505/43676).\n\nThis usage of に is uncommon, if not ungrammatical, with the verb 知る.\n\nThe が is dropped in the noun phrase for the same reason the を is dropped in\nthe first example.\n\nケーキを食べる時間 is the result of replacing the placeholder in the following\nsentence, which expects a time expression (e.g. ３時), with 時間 and modifying it\nwith the rest of the sentence.\n\n> ＿＿＿＿＿にケーキを食べる。\n\nThe に gets dropped for the reason explained above, but the object marker を\nremains because it goes with ケーキ, not 時間.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-06T00:11:36.257", "id": "90637", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-06T00:11:36.257", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90634", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The answer to the first question is yes, て can be used to combine the\nconditions.\n\nAs for the second, it does sound like a sequence, but it is by no means strict\nand \"if AしてBしたら\" is understood simply as \"if A and B, then...\".\n\nTwo exapmles (with unnatural literal translation):\n\n 1. お風呂に入って歯を磨いたら寝なさい If you take a bath and brush your teeth, then go to bed.\n 2. コーヒーを飲んで一服したら出かけよう If we have a cup of coffee and take some rest, then let's go.\n\nThe mother won't get angry if the child brushes his teeth first and having a\ncup of coffee is a part of rest.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-06T11:35:21.210", "id": "90643", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-06T11:35:21.210", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90639", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "**SHORT ANSWER**\n\n * 「まだ」という言葉のみ (No other than the word which is \"mada\")\n\n* * *\n\n**CASUAL EXAMPLE**\n\n * 「まだ」としか言いませんが、それで意味分かりますか？ (I'll only say \"mada\", will that make sense?)\n\n**PRACTICAL EXAMPLE**\n\n * これから「まだ」としか言いませんが、その発言だけで伝わりますか？ (Hereafter I will only say \"mada\", but will that phrase alone be enough to express (my intention?)\n\n**LONG SENTENCE EXAMPLE**\n\n * ゲームをしましょう。私はこれから一つの言葉のみを使います。その言葉は…「まだ」。「まだ」以外の言葉は使いません。「まだ」という言葉のみを使用することで問題ありませんか？ (Let's play a game. Hereafter I will use only one word. That word would be... \"mada\". Words other than \"mada\" will not be used. Will this be not a problem, that I only use the word \"mada\"?)", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-07T00:48:06.240", "id": "90647", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-07T01:41:25.243", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-07T01:41:25.243", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "90646", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> \"Is it ok if I only say [まだ], can you understand?\", in a context where I'm\n> speaking with a Japanese person and I want to ask if saying something\n> without extra information is understood in that context.\n\nI would say\n\n> 「まだ」と言うだけでわかりますか？ - _lit._ By only saying \"まだ\", is it understandable? / \n> 「まだ」と言うだけでいいですか？ - _lit._ By only saying \"まだ\", is it okay?\n\nor maybe\n\n> 「まだ」だけで、わかりますか？ - _lit._ By only \"まだ\", is it understandable? / \n> 「まだ」とだけ言えば、わかりますか？ - _lit._ If I say only \"まだ\", is it understandable?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-07T01:20:53.920", "id": "90648", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-07T01:28:56.637", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-07T01:28:56.637", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90646", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "意味は同じになるのですが、「我慢しなさい」の「なさい」と「我慢なさい」の「なさい」は、文法的にちょっと異なるもので、\n\n「しなさい」= 動詞「する」の連用形「し」+ やわらかな命令を表す補助動詞「なさい」 \n「なさい」= 動詞「なす・する」の尊敬語「なさる」の命令形\n\nなので、\n\n「我慢しなさい」は、サ変動詞「我慢する」の連用形「我慢し」+ やわらかな命令を表す補助動詞「なさい」\n\n「我慢なさい」は、サ変動詞「我慢する」の「する」が尊敬語「なさる」に、更に命令形「なさい」になったもの\n\nのように考えてはどうでしょうか。\n\n「～なさい」のほうは、「～しなさい」よりも、少し古風な、より丁寧な、やわらかい感じがします。そのため、男性よりも女性に使われることが多く、女性的な響きがあるのかな、と思います。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-07T03:43:29.667", "id": "90651", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-07T03:43:29.667", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90649", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "* 終点 is the end point/destination where a train stops in a service planning diagram.\n * 終着駅 is the last train station explicitly stated in a service planning diagram.\n\n終点 is often announced by a train officer aboard the train.\n\nNote that neither indicates the end points on which a train may move. In a\ndifferent schedule, another train might stops beyond the end point where your\ntrain stops or the end point might be extended.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-07T03:45:20.210", "id": "90652", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-07T11:25:26.853", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-07T11:25:26.853", "last_editor_user_id": "34735", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90650", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Short answer is no, AFAIK.\n\nHowever, if I may go beyond your restriction of \"na-adjectives\", things get\ninteresting.\n\nFor example, daikon だいこん is pronounced as deekon でーこん. Daikon is not an\nadjective, but you see a similar pattern as sugoi / sugee.\n\nBTW, this is not limited to Tokyo-ben. We say Okayama-ben turns \"daikon\ntaitoite\" だいこんたいといて （i.e. 大根を炊いておいて） into \"deekon teeteete\" でーこんてーてーて. In\nfact, Okayama おかやま itself can be pronounced as Okyaama おきゃーま.\n\nSo when you mention \"In Tokyo Dialect, they transform some i-adjectives so\nthat they become...\", well, it's not just Tokyo Dialect, and it's not just\nadjectives.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-07T14:17:45.863", "id": "90656", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-07T14:17:45.863", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "90654", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It mostly corresponds to う・よう in Tokyo dialect (≒ べし in classical).\n\nSumming up the sources below, it means 推量・勧誘・断定.\n\n* * *\n\nFrom [here](https://hougen.u-biq.org/hokkaido.html)\n\n**(推量) ～だろう / でしょう ⇒ ～べ (男性)**\n\n * 寒いだろう ⇒ 寒いべ\n * 日本人でしょう ⇒ 日本人だべ\n\n**[意向形] / [辞書形]ぞ ⇒ [辞書形]べ (男性)**\n\n * 飲もう ⇒ 飲むべ\n * 帰ろう ⇒ 帰るべ\n\n* * *\n\nFrom\n[北海道方言#代表的な文末表現](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80#%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AB%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE)\n\n**動詞・形容詞+「べ」、名詞+「だべ」**\n\n> 推量および勧誘の助動詞\n\n> 「遊ぶべ」＝「遊ぼう（よ）」、「寒いべ」＝「寒いだろうね」、「これだべ」＝「これだろう？」\n\n**「〜（だ）べさ」（主に女性）、「〜（だ）べや」（主に男性）**\n\n> 「そうだべさ」＝「そうでしょうよ」、「それくらい、いいべや」＝「それくらい、いいじゃないか」 ※「（だ）べや」はいかにも男性的な荒々しい印象\n\n> 疑問形として、「〜だべ（さ）？」＝「〜でしょう？、〜だろう？」、「あしたは雪だべな？」「うん、そうだべな。」\n\n> 断定の意味にも「〜だべさ」を用いる。「お前が悪いんだべ（や）。」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-09T04:37:22.053", "id": "90668", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-09T04:37:22.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90655", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "If you are starting to ignore particles and rely on guesslation, that's a bad\nhabit. For example, if you ignore the difference between は and が, you will\neasily run into a trouble like\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57911/5010). But if you are\nbecoming less conscious of particles (or grammar in general) while listening,\nthat's a good thing. Native children speak fluently without even knowing what\nparticles are. Of course particles are often omitted in casual speech, but it\nhappens under certain rules. If a particle is replaced or removed\ninappropriately, native speakers definitely notice it and get confused even in\nhasty conversations.\n\nWhen listening to a long sentence, native speakers do (unconsciously) remember\neach particle they hear until they get the matching predicate. See this for\nexample: <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/44447/5010>\n\nNote that there are also deeply nested sentences in English, and fluent\nEnglish speakers parse them without thinking. When a sentence starts like the\nfollowing, you unconsciously keep track of how deep you are at, and \"wait\" for\nthe matching expression.\n\n> (Although (the moment (I heard (there was a mountain (that has a huge cave\n> at the...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-08T00:07:06.983", "id": "90659", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-08T00:22:29.877", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-08T00:22:29.877", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90658", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "V1 あいだに V2 has a little tricky connotation. It either implies the subject of\nV2 deliberately times the action, or V1 causes a lacuna of attention, or\nnegligence that allows V2 to take place.\n\n> 寝ている間に家に忍び込む (← take advantage of sleeping hours) \n> 見ない間に大きくなった (← grown up while they haven't noticed)\n\nSo, 口の中に食べ物があるあいだにしゃべる sound as if somebody tries to speak while eating\nbecause, say, an evil curse only allows them to speak while eating.\n\nYou can still use あいだ correctly in following constructions:\n\n> 口の中に食べ物があるあいだ、しゃべってはいけません \n> 口の中に食べ物があるあいだはしゃべってはいけません\n\nBut these tend to sound like an objective, technical instruction that tries to\ndefine the start and end of \"no-speak period\" (backed by e.g. infection\nprevention purpose). So usually what you hear for the English meaning is the\noriginal Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-08T04:45:13.007", "id": "90661", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-08T06:34:55.273", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-08T06:34:55.273", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "90660", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Both are grammatically correct, and share little difference in how to use them\nas far as I am aware. Breaking it down into specifics:\n\n```\n\n きれいな先生だ\n \n```\n\nThis is, as you said, [adjective] + な + [noun]. A _literal_ translation would\nread something like:\n\n\"Beautiful teacher.\"\n\nWhile your other sentence:\n\n```\n\n 先生はきれいだ\n \n```\n\nWould read _literally_ as:\n\n\"As for the teacher, [he/she/they are] beautiful.\"\n\nLike Aguijonazo pointed out, this difference is very subtle. With the example\nwords you've provided, the following would read like (in a more natural way):\n\n[adjective] + な + [noun] = A beautiful teacher.\n\n[noun] + は + adjective = The teacher is beautiful.\n\nSo, is there a difference? Should one be used over the other? The answer is:\nmost _likely_ not. It probably doesn't matter. In most situations it most\nlikely won't. But there is a _slight_ emphasis on the words depending which\nroute you choose.\n\nRecall, は is a topic marking particle. By saying 先生はきれいだ you are marking 先生 -\nthe teacher - as the topic. To me, in this vain, using は (in the context of\nspeaking to someone else) sounds like trying to start a conversation, while\nthe former is more of a passing comment. Of course this isn't _always_ true,\nbut it's more of the vibe I get.\n\nContext is also a factor, of course. If you and a friend are chatting about\nsome other topic - say, your classes (好きな授業は何ですか？) - and the teacher suddenly\nwalks in, I think it'd be more correct to say 先生はきれいだ, as you are switching\nthe topic to something different. (Although this is admittedly abrupt\nsounding).\n\nIf you're unsure, I'd probably just use 先生(は/が)きれいだ.\n\nI'm still learning myself so feel free to correct me if I made a mistake.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-15T03:05:13.053", "id": "90747", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-15T03:05:13.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45258", "parent_id": "90662", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes といえど = と + いう + ど.\n\nFrom [a dictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A9/#jn-154703)\n\n> ［接助］活用語の已然形に付く。\n>\n> １ 逆接の確定条件を表す。…が、しかし。…けれども。\n>\n> ２ 上の事柄を受け、それを条件として予想されることに反する事柄がいつも起こることを表す。…の場合でも、きまって。…ても。\n>\n>\n> [補説]「ども」と同じ意味・用法をもつが、中古から中世にかけて、漢文訓読文系統では「ども」が多用されているのに対し、仮名日記系統では「ど」が圧倒的に多かった。中世中ごろからは女性も「ども」を多く用い、「ど」は衰えた。現代語では文章語として、「といえど」「と思えど」「待てど暮せど」など慣用的表現に用いられる。\n\n已然形 is roughly the classical equivalent of modern 仮定形. As noted above, ど\nappears mostly as set phrases in modern usage.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-09T04:52:06.883", "id": "90669", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-09T04:52:06.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90663", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I recommend plugging phrases like this into\n[Jisho](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA%E4%BA%8B%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89)\nto help you get a breakdown.\n\nLike Simon mentioned, it's a combination of three parts:\n\nそんな means \"that kind of\" and usually comes before a noun to describe a focus\non a particular type of that noun.\n\n事｛こと｝ has tons of meanings, but is usually used as a placeholder noun for a\nsituation or event that was mentioned or occurred previously in context.\n\nなら is a conditional device that means the phrase before it is a condition for\nthe following phrase, so XならY is like \"if X is true, then do Y\"\n\nPutting it all together, it's describing that \"if such kind of an event\nhappened, then...\". You can see how the translation \"after all that, ...\" is\njust a generalization of this phrase.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-09T09:10:37.883", "id": "90671", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-09T09:10:37.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45675", "parent_id": "90664", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "* **そんな～** : \"such a ～\", \"～ like that\", \"～ as it is now\"\n * **こと** : (refers to the current situation/event at hand)\n * **なら** : \"if\"\n\nSo the literal translation is \"if such a thing (is happening)\" or \"if (it's a)\nsituation like that\". This is a set phrase that is normally translated like\n\"if that's the case\", \"if so\", \"if that's what you mean\", etc. \"After all\nthat\" may be also usable depending on the context (i.e., when there has been a\nlong discussion before this line).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T01:35:45.417", "id": "90703", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T01:35:45.417", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90664", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "So, the question is a bit awkwardly phrased and the emphasis on “fuck” is a\nbit over the top, but I did try to find a native Japanese word for “to have\nsexual intercourse”.\n\nAs you may know, native Japanese words are commonly called 大和言葉 (Yamato\nkotoba), so I searched for “性交する 大和言葉” and came across [this\npage](https://joshi-spa.jp/236726) which reviews a book “Speaking Yamato\nJapanese beautifully” and cites some examples.\n\nAs the expression for セックス／エッチ it gives 「契りを結ぶ」and by looking it up I\ndiscovered that 契{ちぎ}る [does have such a\nmeaning](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%A5%91%E3%82%8B). Although it’s only\na secondary one, I suspect it will be understood correctly with proper context\n(the dictionary gives an example 男と契る).\n\nI guess that’s probably the closest you can get without further euphemisms,\nbut I think it will sound strange and awkward in modern setting (similar to\nmany other Yamato words).\n\nP.S. Following the cross references, it seems まじわり can also mean “sexual\nintercourse” (as in 夫婦のまじわり), however the verb itself (交わる) is more neutral\nand does not imply sex by default.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-08T22:50:33.793", "id": "90666", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-08T23:26:05.397", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-08T23:26:05.397", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "90665", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I also believe the word _fuck_ has too many meaning too, but...\n\nThere's a word for it:\n[まぐわう](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%90%E3%82%8F%E3%81%86). \n[This](https://renso-ruigo.com/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%90%E3%82%8F%E3%81%86)\ndictionary even has \"ファックする\"(To fuck).\n\nIt's a word that we don't see much anymore (because we have ヤる, セックスする,\netc...), but I think it will be understood by most people. ...Maybe.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-08T23:05:24.960", "id": "90667", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-08T23:05:24.960", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90665", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Japanese kindergarteners cannot enjoy haiku yet, but I think most of them can\ncount \"the number of sounds\" in a word based on the mora system. See my answer\nin this question: [Do native speakers think of prolonged vowels as one long\nvowel, or two vowel sounds following each\nother?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30035/5010)\n\nThe mora system is important not only with classical poetry but also with\nmodern songs and wordplays\n([example](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30106/5010)). Articles [like\nthis](https://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%94%E8%AA%BF%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7)\nhave little to do with classical Japanese, but are based entirely on the mora\nsystem. They don't need to explain how to count morae because everyone\nunderstands it intuitively. Everyone thinks that the number of \"sounds\" in 東京,\n大阪, 埼玉 and 神奈川 are all 4. On the other hand, I have never met a Japanese\nspeaker who counts the number of \"sounds\" based on (English-style) syllables,\nand I still do not know how to do that properly.\n\nResearches show that Japanese babies recognize morae even before they turn 1\nyear old: [Do native speakers learn consonant and vowel length easily, or is\nit difficult?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/73355/5010)", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T13:48:33.783", "id": "90687", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T15:48:04.850", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-10T15:48:04.850", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90670", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, する, した or しよう has been omitted at the end. In news headlines and such, する\nis usually omitted to save space.\n\n * [what is the name of the abbreviated writing style used in newspapers?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14512/5010)\n * [What does the phrase \"日本アニメ、米中が爆買い ネット配信の覇権争い過熱\" mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57166/5010)\n\nEnglish also has a set of tricky rules for headlines\n([headlinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline#Headlinese)).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-09T11:48:01.837", "id": "90673", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T06:32:39.617", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-10T06:32:39.617", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90672", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Do you know how [～かねない](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AD%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-kanenai-meaning/) and\n[～かねる](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AD%E3%82%8B-%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AD%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-kaneru-\nkanemasu-meaning/) work? かねる is a verb that literally means something like \"to\nfind it impossible/difficult\" or \"rather not\". With this in mind, the phrase\nin question can be parsed like this:\n\n * **でんぐり返し** : \"roll (on a floor)\"\n * **も** : \"even\" (∼すら)\n * **うち** : \"to do (でんぐり返し)\" (this 打つ is a verb collocated with でんぐり返し; see [this](https://myokoym.net/aozorasearch/search?word=%E3%81%A7%E3%82%93%E3%81%90%E3%82%8A%E8%BF%94%E3%81%97))\n * **かね** : continuative form of かねる\n * **まじく** : \"in a way that (something) seems unlikely/impossible\" (continuative/adverbial form of [まじ](https://classicaljapanese.wordpress.com/2015/03/18/maji/), which is an auxiliary for negative inference)\n\nPut together, でんぐり返しもうちかねまじく literally means \"in a way that even avoiding\ndoing a roll seemed impossible\". The ordinary way to say this in modern\nJapanese would be ひっくり返らずにはいられない(だろうという)ほど驚かされた (or more simply\nひっくり返りそうなくらい驚かされた). So he was so surprised at the voice that he almost\ntumbled.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T14:48:31.530", "id": "90689", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T15:33:57.337", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-10T15:33:57.337", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90674", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This is because 山田 is an _in-group_ person in this situation. As a rule, when\nconversing with an external person, you need to use humble language to\ndescribe the actions of \"insiders\". Even when you explain what your president\ndoes, you have to use the humble language if you are talking with an external\nguest.\n\n> ### [Honorific speech in\n> Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese#In_groups_and_out_groups)\n>\n> When using polite or respectful forms, the point of view of the speaker is\n> shared by the speaker's in-group (内 uchi), so **in-group referents do not\n> take honorifics**. For example, members of one's own company are referred to\n> with humble forms when speaking with an external person; similarly, family\n> members of the speaker are referred to humbly when speaking to guests.\n> Similarly, the out-group (外 soto) addressee or referent is always mentioned\n> in the polite style (though not necessarily with honorifics).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T06:31:35.693", "id": "90683", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T06:31:35.693", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90675", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not a native speaker, but my feeling is that the 'させる' part emphasizes\nthat it is someone else's experience. 'にする' is more for things that are for\nyou and affect you.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T04:52:48.273", "id": "90681", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T04:52:48.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48395", "parent_id": "90676", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Focusing on 不安にさせる/不安にする, both sound ok to me, so 人を不安にしといて works. But\nprobably 不安にさせといて is more common.\n\nI guess that this would be best understood simply as a pragmatic fact for\nlearners.\n\n* * *\n\n[This paper (pdf will\ndownload)](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/198566509.pdf) cites a seemingly\nrelevant reult:\n\n> I : 感情形容詞の連用形に後接するスル-サセル置換では「サセル」が、属性 形容詞の連用形に後接するスル-サセル置換では「スル」が優先される傾向\n> にある。\n>\n> Ⅱ：感情形容詞・属性形容詞の種別を問わず、形容詞の連用形に後接するスル -サセル置換では、Ｘ項（ガ格）が非情物であるのが典型となる。 （森 2004 ,\n> p.37）\n\nNote this seems corpus-based and does not give any definite rules.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI: some other examples\n\n * 幸福にさせる(0) is not acceptable. 幸福にする(21) is the only option.\n * 不愉快にさせる(1)・不愉快にする(4) are both fine.\n * 不快にさせる(9) sounds more natural than 不快にする(5)\n\nThe parenthesized numbers are results returned by\n[BCCWJ](https://bonten.ninjal.ac.jp/bccwj/string_search). Also 不安にさせる/不安にする =\n23/2.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T04:45:32.983", "id": "90704", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T04:45:32.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90676", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "ピエロ and クラウン are almost interchangeable in Japan. I think ピエロ was more common\nthan クラウン at least before Joker's movie. Since Japanese do not distinguish l\nand r, I imagine \"crown\" which is an ornament for the king more often than\n\"clown\" which is an actor in a circus. Maybe people see ピエロ juggling ball in a\npachinko game setting.\n\nHowever Halloween gets popular in Japan in this decade and a costume play is\noften influenced by movie, I am not so sure about how the term really used for\nyounger generations.\n\n道化師 is the most traditional one for a circus clown you imagine.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T02:38:44.267", "id": "90679", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T02:38:44.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90677", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Japanese happens to have two sets of characters for representing the sounds of\nthe language that could be used the same way. These are called hiragana and\nkatakana.\n\nFor instance here are 5 of the sounds in the language, in romaji, hiragana,\nand katakana\n\na - あ ア \ni - い イ \nu - う ウ \ne - え エ \no - お オ \n\nSo you could easily create a message where everything was written in hiragana\nexcept for the message you wanted to \"hide\" dispersed as katakana.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T14:53:40.467", "id": "90690", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T15:01:31.020", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-10T15:01:31.020", "last_editor_user_id": "20479", "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "90688", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "> A) どこもに行く時に必ず携帯電話を持って行きます\n>\n> B) どこにも行く時に必ず携帯電話を持って行きます\n\nThey are both ungrammatical, and it has to be either どこに行くときにも (as you\nmentioned) or どこに行くときも.\n\n「どこにも」is usually used with negation:\n\n * 「鍵を探しているけど、どこにもない。」\"I am looking for the key but [the key] isn't anywhere\"\n * 「私の居場所はどこにもないんだ。」\"I don't belong anywhere\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-10T23:27:58.373", "id": "90692", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-10T23:27:58.373", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36955", "parent_id": "90691", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As far as I'm concerned, relatives clauses are placed before the noun they\nmodify unlike in English. 「他のヒーローが俺くらい活躍をしてる」 modifies 「現場」to convey the\nmeaning _A place **where** other heroes are doing as well as I am_. As for\nyour second sentence, I think it conveys another meaning because で marks the\nlocation of the action. Therefore, 「他のヒーローが現場で俺くらい活躍をしてる」means _Other heroes\nare doing as well as me **in the field**_. Finally, by adding 「なんて見たことがない」, it\nchanges the meaning to _I've never seen **a scene where** other heroes are\ndoing as well as I am_ and _I've never seen another hero do as much **in the\nfield** as I do_, respectively.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-11T01:55:28.373", "id": "90695", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T01:25:55.087", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-12T01:25:55.087", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90694", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think your understanding is (somewhat) wrong at the first place. I would\nsay:\n\n * _I've never seen a field/crime scene where another hero is as successful as I am._\n\n\"他のヒーローが俺くらい活躍をしてる\" modifies \"現場\" to convey the meaning \"A place where other\nheroes are doing as well as I am...\"\n\nI don't know the context so I don't know if there's a (or, many) heroes that\ncame to field/crime scene but struggles to success, but if that's so then yes\nit can be \"他のヒーローが現場で俺くらい活躍をしてるなんて見たことがない\". Which indicates that other hero\nhasn't done much in the field/crime scene.\n\nThough, it changes translation a little bit:\n\n * _I've never seen another hero do as much in the field/crime scene as I do._\n\nStill, the meaning is same.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-11T02:18:34.570", "id": "90696", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-11T02:41:04.680", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-11T02:41:04.680", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90694", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally, yes, 痛み includes non-physical pain.\n\nTypically 心が痛む (or 胸が痛い) means something like _My conscience bothers me_ and\nnot any kind of cardiac problems.\n\n* * *\n\nBut, in the particular example you give, 痛み is unlikely to be used in the\nfirst place. Possible translations would be:\n\n * そのつらさ(は)わかります\n * お気持ち( or 心中)お察しします\n\n(Note that these are overly polite when you are talking to friends)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-11T04:27:47.087", "id": "90698", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-11T04:27:47.087", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90697", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "> I would like to listen? or is it : I would like to ask?\n\n**I would like to ask** is the answer.\n\n> Can you let me listen to what your mail address is? or is it: Is it ok for\n> me to ASK what your mail address is?\n\n**Is it ok for me to ASK what your mail address is?** is the answer.\n\n* * *\n\nIn both cases, 聞く doesn't mean _the speaker wants to \"listen\"_. Instead, _the\nspeaker wants to ask (a question)_.\n\nIt's safe to say the following are **practically** the same:\n\n * お聞きしたいんですが。\n * 教えていただきたいんですが。\n\n* * *\n\n**EXAMPLES**\n\n聞く = ask (a.k.a 訊く - see bottom of answer)\n\n * メールアドレス聞いていい？\n * 道を聞く\n * StackExchangeで聞く\n\n聞く = listen (a.k.a 聞く or 聴く - see bottom of answer)\n\n * このCD聞いていい？\n * 声を聞く\n * Spotifyで聞く\n\n* * *\n\n**JFYI**\n\nみる (see/watch/look) has _at least_ three kanjis - 見る 観る 診る. きく\n(hear/listen/ask) has multiple kanjis too - 聞く 聴く 訊く. You can practically get\naway with using just 聞く in this day and age. There's a lot of history and\npolitics behind how the usage of kanjis are evolving in Japanese society, so\ndetermining which set of kanjis are \"correct\" is not easy. There are kids,\nstudents, adults, elders, grammer nazis, scholars, etc... they all have their\npreference. Strictly speaking, when you \"ask a question\", 訊く is probably\n\"correct\" kanji. However, 訊く is also excluded from the [list of \"commonly\nused\" kanjis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji) . In\nreality, this list is just a guideline and most Japanese have experience with\nthe kanji 訊く and know how to read/use it... but when we start writing/typing a\nmessage, we simply use 聞く instead of 訊く and most people don't complain.\n\nSo the conclusion is, 訊く for asking, 聴く for listening with your heart and\nsoul, and 聞く for listening with your ears...\n\n「メールアドレス、訊いてもいい？」 is \"correct\" but 聞く can be used to replace all use-cases of\n聞く・聴く・訊く, so 「メールアドレス、聞いてもいい？」 works perfectly.\n\nNote that there will be exceptions and it all depends on the time, place,\noccasion, and people.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T00:13:48.330", "id": "90702", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T00:55:14.153", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-12T00:55:14.153", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "90701", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> 受付の人に質問したいことはあります\n\nWhen the tai-form of a verb is used in a **statement** , the subject must be\nthe speaker. Hence, it translates as follows: \" **I** have a question for the\nreceptionist.\"\n\nHumble language is not being used here because the verb isn't in humble form\nto start with.\n\nThe above also applies to `うかがいたいんですが`.\n\n* * *\n\n> An in-group includes one's family, close friends, and those who work in the\n> same company or institution. An out-group includes the others. **...**\n>\n> Essential Japanese Grammar, [page\n> 65](https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=CUXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT94&dq=The%20usage%20of%20honorific%20forms%20is%20conditioned%20by%20the%20notions%20of%20in-\n> group%20and%20out-\n> group.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8puaXrMbzAhX6SDABHbmvAYUQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=The%20usage%20of%20honorific%20forms%20is%20conditioned%20by%20the%20notions%20of%20in-\n> group%20and%20out-group.&f=false).\n\n> The respectful form is used to elevate the stature of the person or the\n> person's in-group members (insiders) to whom or about whom the speaker is\n> talking, or used to upgrade or value that person's belongings. _..._\n>\n> Essential Japanese Grammar, page 65.\n\nThis is why _sonkeigo_ is used when addressing your boss. It's a way of saying\nthat you acknowledge your position as a subordinate.\n\n> _Kenjōgo_ 'humble language', on the other hand, shows the speaker's humility\n> concerning his or her own actions (or those of an in-group member) towards\n> another referent in the sentence.\n>\n> Language and Identity across Modes of Communication, page\n> [192](https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=F_JeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&dq=difference%20between%20humble%20and%20courteous%20language%20japanese&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjv5MfVucbzAhXcRzABHVglDRwQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=difference%20between%20humble%20and%20courteous%20language%20japanese&f=false).\n\nThis other referent is someone you want to show respect to.\n\n* * *\n\n`お聞きになります` is in the respectful form, following the pattern: お + STEM + なる. As\nmentioned, we use _sonkeigo_ **to refer to other's actions** , so you\nshouldn't use it to refer to your own. Therefore, it cannot convey the\nmeaning, _**I** would like to ask you a question_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T01:07:58.343", "id": "90733", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T01:16:41.537", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T01:16:41.537", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90705", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are a couple of things going on here.\n\nFirst, you could certainly say the following.\n\n> 効果の高い頭痛薬はどれですか\n\nThat would translate to\n\n> Which of _your_ headache medicines are highly effective?\n\nIf you were instead to drop 高い, then you're left with an _ungrammatical_\nsentence\n\n> 最も効果..??..頭痛薬はどれですか\n\nFirst, how are you going to connect 効果 with 頭痛薬? You need some kind of _glue_\nhere. Without 高い you'd need to have some other kind of _connector_.\n\nBut also, 最も is not describing 効果; it's an adverb. 最も is modifying 高い.\n\nFrom this perspective,\n\n> 最も効果の高い頭痛薬はどれですか\n\ncan be rendered\n\n> Which of _your_ headache medicines are the most highly effective?\n\nConsider Kanshudo's translation, which you provided,\n\n> What's your _strongest_ type of headache pill?\n\nNotice that _strongest_ is a superlative. This is a grammatical feature of\nEnglish that does not exist in Japanese. I'm not saying these ideas can't be\nexpressed. Obviously they can, but there is no form an adjective can take to\nexpress this idea in Japanese. And even in English we have adjectives which\nalso lack a superlative for: For example, consider the adjective _excellent_.\nYou can't say \"excellent _est_ \". To get the idea of a superlative you need a\nparaphrastic expression like \"most excellent\".\n\nThat's basically what's happening in the Japanese. たかい just means _high_. But,\nもっともたかい expresses the idea of _higher_ or _highest_ (translation depending on\nusage).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T16:46:41.050", "id": "90707", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T17:00:07.247", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-12T17:00:07.247", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90706", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Short answer is yes, the meaning is the same. I believe the thing that changes\nin these three cases is **focus**.\n\n* * *\n\nMy understanding in detail, starting with **case 1** :\n\n> The basic sentence is: フットボールは人気でした。 \n> Literary: `Football was popular`\n\nExtra information about the location is then added.\n\n> むかし、フットボールはギリシャで人気でした。 \n> Literary: `In the old days, football was popular in Greece` \n> むかし、フットボールはロームでも人気でした。 \n> Literary: `In the old days, football was popular in Rome too.`\n\nIn one sentence this becomes:\n\n> むかし、フットボールはギリシャでもロームでも人気でした。 \n> Literary: `In the old days, football was popular in Greece and in Rome\n> too.`\n\nThe focus is on the _popularity_ of the _locations_. `は` is an extra piece of\ninformation saying **what** was popular in `Greece and Rome`, but it can also\nbe excluded. The sentence then becomes a simple:\n\n> 人気でした。 \n> Literary: `It was popular.`\n\nSo `は` _loosely_ adds an extra piece of information that could possibly be\nexcluded, giving more focus on the adjective.\n\nThis is the exact opposite of **case 3** with `が`. In this case, choosing `が`\nallows us to emphasize on the sport and adding this piece of information with\na more _\" necessary\"_ feel to the sentence.\n\n**Case 2** is a bit more interesting. If you were to try translating it word-\nby-word and take the _long way around_ , you would end up with something like\nthis:\n\n`In the old days, as far as football is concerned, in Greece and in Rome too,\nthere was popularity.`\n\nThis of course done to emphasize on this part: `there was popularity`. You can\nalso add `to be found`, to the end of that to get a better understanding. It\ngives the hint that there is a bit more than the word itself states. \nHowever, the most important difference is **formality** and **respect**. This\nway of saying it is a lot more formal and respectful.\n\nThese are my thoughts when reading these three sentences. I hope they are\nhelpful to you, and hopefully answered your question. \n_PS: Go Greece! <3 Haha :D_", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T19:08:10.677", "id": "90711", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T19:08:10.677", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "40640", "parent_id": "90708", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "What about something like `自分【じぶん】に誇【ほこ】りを持【も】て！` or even the simpler\n`誇【ほこ】りを持【も】て！` ?\n\nThis translates to \"have pride in yourself\" or \"have pride\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T22:24:21.340", "id": "90713", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T22:24:21.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32857", "parent_id": "90709", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This quote from Miyamoto Musashi fits this bill very well. I having been\nliving by this for the past few months:\n\n身【み】を捨【す】てても名利【みょうり】は捨【す】てず\n\nIt is frequently translated as, \"You may abandon your body, but you must\npreserve your honor.\"\n\nPerhaps a more literal translation would be, \"Even if you throw away your\nbody, do not throw away your honor.\"\n\nBreakdown: 身【み】を Body + (Indicator of direct subject or otherwise recipient of\nverb)\n\n捨【す】てて Throwing away, abandoning, leaving, deserting, resigning\n\nも Also, too, even if\n\n名利【みょうり】は Fame and fortune (lit. name + benefit/profit) + (topic marker)\n\n捨【す】てず Not throwing away, not abandoning, etc.\n\nIf you are looking to stray shortly from your path, I am not a native speaker,\nbut, I would go with 軽蔑【けいべつ】.", "comment_count": 14, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T23:05:46.587", "id": "90714", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-13T09:20:24.930", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-13T09:20:24.930", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "20390", "parent_id": "90709", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "Maybe [堕落](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%A0%95%E8%90%BD) .\n\n**We do say:**\n\n * 堕落する\n * 堕落した\n * 堕落するな\n\n**We don't say:**\n\n * 堕落る\n * 堕落い\n\n**Example:**\n\n * 堕落した人生を過ごしたいのか？ (Are you sure you want to spend your life in a state of 堕落?)\n * <https://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E5%A0%95%E8%90%BD>\n\nNot to be confused with\n[脱落](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E8%84%B1%E8%90%BD) .\n\n* * *\n\n**Here's why...**\n\nYour question is:\n\n> Which is the best way to translate \"disrespect\" in this context?\n\nSo you want a **Japanese word which expresses the state of disrespecting (i.e.\nnot complying to) your values**. That means, we must begin by translating the\nstate of going against your values: _\" finding excuses and allowing oneself to\nslack\"._\n\n* * *\n\nIf I focus on the _\" finding excuses\"_ part, I can't think of a word that\ndescribes such state, except for the straightforward 言い訳する人 (person who finds\nexcuses). Focusing on _\" allowing himself to slack\"_ gave me the word 怠け者\n(lazy person).\n\nCombining the two, we at least get 言い訳するな、怠け者になるな (No excuses, don't be a\nslacker) but that's not really creative and doesn't answer you question so\nlet's dig deeper.\n\nWhat happens when you find excuses and slack off? You lower your value. Use\ncase can be 己の価値を下げるな (don't lower your (my) value).\n\nWhat happens when you lower your value? You lower yourself down to a point\nexpressed in Japanese as 堕落 (corrupt, degraded, etc.). This may allow the **\"\nstate of disrespecting oneself until a point one has reached its lower limit\"\nto be translated as 堕落した状態。**\n\n* * *\n\nI hope the above answered the question partially, if not completely. Next, on\nto your purpose:\n\n> I want to write a short quote to hang up on my wall.\n\nThere's always a [4-kanji set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yojijukugo) for\nanything (四字熟語). I have gathered some examples that possibly depict the\n\"disrespectful state\" you wish to express. Apparently simple search didn't\nyield translations and synonyms so I have provided simple translations.\n\n * 放恣佚楽 Live one's life doing whatever it wants\n * 放蕩三昧 All about sex, drink, enjoying life\n * 酔生夢死 Live a dull non-productive life\n * 曠日弥久 Wasting years being non-productive\n * 腐敗堕落 Spoiled and 堕落\n * 飽食終日 Living the entire day in gluttony\n\nThey sound like an awesome life, but are basically used in a negative manner,\nkind of like the [seven\nsins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-13T12:14:41.547", "id": "90719", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T00:03:24.940", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T00:03:24.940", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "90709", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "ゲロシブ splits into the part of ゲロ and シブ.\n\nシブい comes from [渋み](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%8B%E3%81%BF). It\ndescribes bitterness or a bit of sourness. The aesthetic nuance describes\nmaturity, so it's actually fashionable not in a so young and fresh way.\nProbably it means “dandy” in this context.\n\nゲロ literally means “a vomit”, but it is simply used as an intensifier like\n“damn” cool or “badass”.\n\nThus the sentence explains “the suit is very dandy and it suits you” or alike.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T23:15:49.883", "id": "90715", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-13T00:13:13.983", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-13T00:13:13.983", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90712", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "ゲロ = vomit シヴ = civilization ? It could mean a suit that is reminiscent of\nbum/dirtbag, non-conformist, dadaist, or punk (or any combination of these,\nfor that matter) culture. This could possibly be related to what you read that\ninvolved bikes and cars in the sense of punk roughly equivocating biker or\ndragracer, if those are the types of bikes and cars we are talking about. lol.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-12T23:23:15.997", "id": "90716", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T23:23:15.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20390", "parent_id": "90712", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 } ]

[ { "body": "は does not mark the subject; it marks the _topic_. The topic can serve any\nother function in the sentence. Often the _topic_ is the _subject_. But, it\ncan also be the _object_ (direct/indirect) of the verb. は also can be used to\nmark contrast.\n\nNotice, the topic is actually 値上げ, the increase in price.\n\nWith 東京電力では, the use of は adds a sense of contrast. Various other electric\ncompanies might explain the increase in prices in other ways but here _at\nTokyo Electric_ the explanation is that which was quoted.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-13T17:50:05.273", "id": "90721", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-13T17:50:05.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90720", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "\"見てみない?\" does not necessary mean \"let's see/watch it together\". Besides, the\nsecond person said ありがとう, which indicates the first person **lent** the DVD to\nthe second person. If this scene were of two people in the same room\ndiscussing what to watch now, saying ありがとう would be unnatural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-13T23:50:14.910", "id": "90728", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-13T23:50:14.910", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90722", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As Eddie Kal has mentioned in the comments, you might want to take a look at\non'yomi and kun'yomi. However, for this case in particular, はる meaning spring\nis always written as 春. 陽 is a nanori when pronounced はる, meaning it is\nusually only pronounced that way when used in names. It is typically\npronounced ひ (kun'yomi) or ヨウ(on'yomi). The kanji is used in words like\n太陽(たいよう) related to the sun, light, or bright personalities.\n\nA tip on looking up words: please don't use google translate. Although it does\nhave its own cons, a Japanese-English dictionary like Jisho.org might be\nbetter.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-13T19:49:01.230", "id": "90726", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-13T19:49:01.230", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "90723", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "よう has many meanings, and it can indicate the speaker's own will, too. For\nexample 海に行こう(か) can mean either \"Let's go to the sea (together)\" and \"(Okay)\nI'll go to the sea\" depending on the context.\n\nSo you should check the previous context:\n\n> ゴミ、捨てに行くけど、ついでに\n\nClearly, the first speaker is the one who's doing ゴミ捨て, and\n[ついでに](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/78789/5010) indicates the first\nspeaker is thinking of doing another thing while doing so. In this context,\nこれも捨ててこようか only means \"should/will **I** ～?\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T00:02:21.410", "id": "90729", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T00:31:45.960", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T00:31:45.960", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90724", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "In this case, the man is already in the tennis club, so 佐藤さん is the only\nperson who may join the club. When よう works as a suggestion that only involves\nthe second-person (i.e., \"why don't **you** \" rather than \"why don't **we**\n\"), it sounds strong and obligatory. It's perhaps like \"You'd better join,\ntoo\" or \"(I know / Of course) you're gonna have to join, too\". This type of\n～ようか is used only if you have a good reason to have some control over the\nother person's thoughts and actions. 佐藤さんも入ろうか may even be taken as a\nharassment depending on the relationship of the two.\n\nOn the other hand, \"入らない?\" is a safe and casual suggestion (just asking what\nthe woman thinks about it).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T00:28:02.420", "id": "90731", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T00:52:29.917", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T00:52:29.917", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90725", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> What does Eren mean by 誰かを？\n\nIt means **\" (for) someone\"**.\n\n> I hope I got most of the translation right.\n\nAlmost right! Good try but a bit off here and there.\n\n* * *\n\nFirstly, you translated as 待っていたんだろう. It should be 待っていたんだろ. The former can be\ntranslated into an assumption \"(it) must have been waiting\". The latter can be\ntranslated into a rhetorical-ish question \"(you) were waiting, weren't you?\"\n\n**Translation should be:**\n\n待っていたんだろ,ずっと [Been waiting haven't you, throughout]\n\n二千年前から [since 2,000 years ago]\n\n誰かを [for someone]\n\nIn plain simple English: **\" (You've) been waiting, haven't you, for someone\nthis whole time, since 2,000 years ago\".**\n\nWords came out in following order: **\" (You've) been waiting, haven't you,\nthis whole time, since 2,000 years ago, for someone\".**\n\nWords are shuffled but doesn't change the meaning of sentence/phrase. Such\nshuffling (倒置法) might have made it hard to translate, [but you're not\nalone.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/search?q=%E5%80%92%E7%BD%AE%E6%B3%95)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T00:39:59.470", "id": "90732", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T00:56:03.867", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T00:56:03.867", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "90730", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all, スクリーンショット **を** 絵文字のし方 is ungrammatical. し方 works as a normal\nnoun, rather than a verb phrase followed by the noun 方, and therefore doesn’t\ntake an object with を like that.\n\nスクリーンショット **の** 絵文字のし方 is a grammatical noun phrase, where the noun し方 has two\nmodifiers, both ending with の. However, its meaning is ambiguous, and\ntherefore, you should avoid this structure and consider modifying a noun with\na verb phrase, like スクリーンショットを絵文字にする方法, instead.\n\nIn general, a modifier with の seems to sound unambiguous and natural if the\noriginal particle is either (1) が to indicate the subject of the verb, (2) を\nto indicate the direct object of the verb, or (3) に to indicate a destination\nwith a motion verb. As long as these conditions are satisfied, a noun phrase\ncan have more than one modifier with の.\n\nFor example, the following sound completely natural.\n\n> 彼女の字の書き方 (from 彼女 **が** 字 **を** 書く)\n\n> 彼の自転車の乗り方 (from 彼 **が** 自転車 **に** 乗る)\n\nThese are precisely the cases when the meaning of the original sentence is\nunderstood even if the particles are omitted. While whether or not 乗る should\nbe categorized as a “motion verb” may be debatable, 「彼、自転車乗る」 is definitely\nunderstood with no ambiguity.\n\nOmitting に doesn’t always work, however. For example, 「スクリーンショット、絵文字する」 sounds\nbroken, and this is probably why スクリーンショットの絵文字のし方 sounds unnatural. In another\nexample, 「彼女、プレゼントあげる」 would be most likely understood as a colloquial form of\n彼女 **が** プレゼントをあげる, rather than 彼女 **に** プレゼントをあげる, and therefore, this に\nshould not be omitted if the latter is meant. Therefore, 彼女 is the giver in\n彼女のプレゼントのあげ方, not the recipient.\n\nBy the way, this に could be converted into a modifier with への. For example, 彼女\n**への** プレゼントのあげ方 sounds natural. In the case of your example, the verb should\nbe changed from する to another with a clearer sense of “change”, as in\nスクリーンショットの絵文字への変え方.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T08:31:59.583", "id": "90735", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:02:09.743", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:02:09.743", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90734", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It is not impossible to think 原チャで5分の距離 as the object of 通院する. English also\nhas _travel a distance_.\n\nAccording to a\n[dictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%92/#jn-239138), を can\nmean\n\n> ３ 移動の意を表す動詞に応じて、動作の経由する場所を示す。…を通って。「山道を行く」「廊下を走る」「山を越す」\n>\n> ４ 動作・作用の持続する時間を示す。「長い年月を過ごす」「日々を送る」 ,\n\nso that the usage in question is something in between (or simply 3). It means\nthe distance associated with the motion verb.\n\nSo 原チャで５分の距離を通院もした means _I went on a regular basis to the hospital which is a\n5-minute ride by moped away_.\n\n* * *\n\nSome other examples\n\n * 電車で2時間の距離を毎日通学した = 毎日電車で2時間かけて通学した _went to school every day and it took 2 hours by train_.\n * 歩いて10分の距離を車で移動した _used a car to travel the distance of a 10 minute walk_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T23:47:27.037", "id": "90746", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T23:47:27.037", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90736", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "なんだか is three words なん + だ + か but it's become a set phrase and is used as a\nword itself pretty much to express an idea like _somehow, somewhat,_ or\n_rather_.\n\n> 今日はなんだかさむい\n\n> It's rather cold today.\n\nなんか is different with a couple of different uses. It's usually an informal\nversion of なにか or など.\n\n> なんか冷たいものが飲みたい。\n\n> I want something cold to drink.\n\nOr\n\n> 絵や音楽なんかに興味がない\n\n> I have no interest in things like painting and music.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T20:15:40.020", "id": "90743", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T20:20:42.967", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T20:20:42.967", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90737", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "[なにか](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B_%28%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8B%29/#jn-164507)\ncan mean _something_ as well as _somehow_ while\n[なんだか](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%95%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8B/#jn-165831)\nis always the adverb _somehow_. なんか is a less formal, more colloquial version\nof なにか with its に changed to ん (cf.\n[撥音便](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BE%BF#%E6%92%A5%E9%9F%B3%E4%BE%BF))\n\nAlthough だ should be etymologically the copula, but as you can see in the\nlink, it would be simpler to consider them as independent words on their own.\n\nSome examples:\n\n * なんだか悲しい気分だ = なんか悲しい気分だ _I feel sad for some reason_\n * なんか食べたい _I want something to eat_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-15T06:57:40.547", "id": "90748", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-15T06:57:40.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90737", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Are you able to read the definitions?\n\nThe circled numbers are separating broad differences in meaning. The circled\nkatakana are providing subsenses within a particular broad meaning.\n\nThis seems to be following pretty standard dictionary practices. Whether in\nEnglish or Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T16:25:06.413", "id": "90739", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-14T16:40:02.373", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-14T16:40:02.373", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90738", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Here are some clues that might help you understand the sentences. I'll write\nthese as questions. Can you figure out how to answer these questions?\n\n> **どうして** 私は健康に注意するようになったか。\n\n> 日本の世界地図は **どのように** かかれているか\n\n> この小説家は **どんな** 小説をたくさん書いている。\n\nAre you able to translate these questions into good English? If you are and\nare comfortable with that. Then you're on the way to making sense of the\noriginal sentences.\n\n* * *\n\nWhat makes the first sentence more of a challenge to translate is the phrase\nをきっかけとして.\n\nきっかけ means an _opportunity_ , the _occasion for something to begin_ , an\n_excuse_. It's a very flexible word in Japanese and to translate it into\nEnglish requires a bit of reflection.\n\nIn this context, I would render 入院をきっかけとして as \" _having been admitted to the\nhospital became the opportunity for ..._ \"\n\nIt's not a particularly good _translation_ because I'm inverting the word\norder and which part of the sentence is the main clause and which the\nsubordinate clause. But some things are just said differently in Japanese.\n\nFor example, in English it is quite natural to say\n\n> Lots of Japanese like _okonomiyaki_.\n\nAnd as a beginning Japanese student who speaks and thinks in English, you are\nlikely to translate this into Japanese as follows:\n\n> たくさんの日本人はお好み焼きが好きです。\n\nYou'll be understood. But it isn't very natural sounding. This sort of\nexpression sounds more natural as\n\n> お好み焼きが好きな日本人は多いいです。\n\nI think it is useful to think of きっかけ this way too. In other words, you might\nwant to flip the order of what's what from Japanese to English.\n\n* * *\n\nA couple other things to point out. 中心 here definitely does not mean\n_concentration_. 中心 just means _center_.\n\nThe other thing I think I see you doing is rushing in too quickly to decide\nwhat the object of the sentence is etc.\n\nI would recommend you start from the main verb. Since that's always at the end\nof the sentence it is easy to identify. Pay attention to the verb. Is it\n_active_ or _passive_? For example かかれている is a passive-form derived from the\nverb かく. And, in the case of _maps_ , you _draw_ a map. So, かかれている means \"\n_something_ is drawn\".\n\nAlso, in noticing the verb, check to see whether the _real_ verb is somehow\nmore deeply embedded. In the first sentence it is not very useful to just\nnotice なった as the main verb. The _verbing_ is being done with 注意するようになった. And\nit'll be important to recognize that this is a kind of set phrase to express\nthe idea that a _habit_ (in this case) that hadn't previously been established\nbegan to be developed.\n\nNext, what is the subject and object for the verb (if there is even an\nobject). Don't latch onto the first が or を you see. Those might be embedded in\na relative or subordinate clause. And keep in mind that は only marks the\ntopic, but grammatically the topic can be the subject or object or just be the\nperspective from which the sentence is expressed.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-14T21:07:43.407", "id": "90745", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-16T00:16:26.843", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-16T00:16:26.843", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90744", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "It seems you hit a snag with さえ. One of さえ's usages, as explained in Google's\ndefinition, goes something like:\n\n> 《「ば」など条件化の表現を伴って》 後ろに言う事が、その前に言う事だけの条件で満たされる意を表す。\n\nThis sense occurs with the [已然形・仮定形\n(hypothetical)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E5%BD%A2) of\na verb and expresses a condition. It works in roughly a similar way to \"as\nlong as\", and sometimes can also be rendered as \"unless\" in sentences.\n\nFor example, this line means:\n\n> メールアドレスさえあれば、誰でも登録できます。 \n> Anyone can log into the account, as long as they have the email address.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-15T22:13:50.073", "id": "90754", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-15T22:13:50.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90753", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the speaker of the sentence focused on what his living at foreign\ncountry is long than what he was living at foreign country. On those\noccasions, we use での after a location word.\n\nIf you focused on 生活 itself, you can use 海外で and following words will be\n生活していました and so on.\n\n彼は海外で生活していました means he was living at foreign country. 彼は海外での生活が長いです means his\nliving at foreign country is long.\n\nSo, my answer to your question, Is 彼は海外で生活が長いです also correct?, is \"It could\nmake us sense, but we don't use a phrase like this\".\n\nHave a good learning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-16T09:33:38.483", "id": "90758", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-16T09:33:38.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48452", "parent_id": "90755", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems the issues you are having with this line may be similar to those in\n[this other question of yours\nhere](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/90762).\n\nI linked [a very helpful\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/54632/what-is-\nthis-%E3%81%A8/54637#54637) in my answer there.\n\n> 私はこの失敗を出発点としてもう一度初めから頑張るつもりです。\n\ncan be rendered roughly as:\n\n> I intend to take this failure as a new point of departure, start over, and\n> work hard.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-16T20:41:01.380", "id": "90765", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-16T20:41:01.380", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90761", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This として is explained here in [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/54637/30454). Taking the sentence\napart:\n\n> 週三回以上働けること を 条件 として \n> Noun phrase particle noun 連用形 of とする\n\nThis phrase means \"using [being able to work at least days (times) a week] as\na condition\"\n\nThe gist is:\n\n> [They] were looking for part-timers, using being able to work at least days\n> (times) a week as a condition.\n\nOr\n\n> [They] were looking for part-timers who could work at least three days a\n> week.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-16T20:36:30.557", "id": "90764", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-16T20:36:30.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90762", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First, this 会 means _club_ , _group_ or _society_ rather than an individual\n_meeting_. Second, there is no word for _if_ in your sentence. Third, いろいろな活動\nis _various activities_ , and there is no word for _exciting_ in your\nsentence. Fourth, you have [already asked about this Aを中心に\nconstruction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/90744/5010) (or more\nbroadly `AをBに`) several times. `AをBに` is a very important pattern and you can\nread dozens of questions about it\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/linked/20854?lq=1).\n会長の木村さんを中心に is adverbially modifying 活動をしている.\n\nWithout this part, the sentence should be easy:\n\n> この会はいろいろな活動をしている。\n>\n> This group is working on various activities.\n\nAnd with the Aを中心に part:\n\n> この会は **会長の木村さんを中心に** いろいろな活動をしている。\n>\n> (literally) This group, **with the chairman Mr. Kimura at its center,** is\n> working on various activities.\n>\n> This group, led by the chairman Mr. Kimura, is working on various\n> activities.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-17T22:48:05.583", "id": "90786", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-17T22:48:05.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90763", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「だらっ」 is defined in several sources.\n\nAs per\n[プログレッシブ和英中辞典(第３版)](https://kotobank.jp/jeword/%E3%81%A0%E3%82%89%E3%81%A3):\n\n> 1 〔粘っこい液体が垂れる様子〕 \n> 赤ん坊はだらっとよだれを垂らしていた \n> The baby was drooling [slobbering].\n>\n> 2 〔だらしない様子〕 \n> だらっとする \n> ⇒だらける \n> だらっとしてないで勉強しなさい \n> Stop loafing [fooling about] and start studying.\n\nSimilarly, [this page](http://sura-sura.com/archives/3372.html) has:\n\n> 力なく、または、だらしなくたれ下がるさま。 \n> 液体が不快な感じで、したたるさま。\n\n「だらっ」 is etymologically and semantically related to\n[だらだら](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%A0%E3%82%89%E3%81%A0%E3%82%89)\n\n> 3. sluggishly; endlessly; lengthily​ \n> Onomatopoeic or mimetic word\n>\n> 4. leisurely; idly; slowly; slovenly​ \n> Onomatopoeic or mimetic word \n> 話は三時までだらだらと続いた。 \n> The talk dragged on till three o'clock.\n>\n>\n\nIn your sentence, it means something along the lines of slowly, sluggishly,\nendlessly.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-16T21:36:54.653", "id": "90768", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-16T21:36:54.653", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90766", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "の sounds feminine only when it is used to make the statement less direct. The\nexamples in the question mean the imperative.\n\nCf. [の](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AE/#jn-171157) (emphasis\nadded)\n\n> ［終助］活用語の連体形に付く。\n>\n> **１ （下降調のイントネーションを伴って）断定の言い方を和らげる意を表す。多く、女性が使用する。**\n> 「伺いたいことがあるの」「あいにく母は留守ですの」\n>\n> ２ （上昇調のイントネーションを伴って）質問または疑問の意を表す。「君は行かないの」「そんなに悲しいの」「なぜなの」\n>\n> ３ 強く決めつけて命令する意を表す。「余計なことを言わないの」「遊んでばかりいないで勉強するの」\n>\n> ４ 念を押すような気持ちで、詠嘆・感動の意を表す。「仲がよいことだの」", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-16T23:22:16.917", "id": "90770", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-16T23:22:16.917", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90767", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "It's a quotative particle that goes with 気がついた. (Thanks to @aguijonazo for\npointing out) 「相手の話の途中で話を始めるくせがある」 is being quoted as something which the\nspeaker noticed after being told that.\n\nYour translation is slightly off. It's more like:\n\n> I only noticed my bad habit of interrupting other people when they are\n> talking when I was told that.\n\nThings like \"for the first time\" are redundant and dispensed with in this\nrough rendering.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-17T06:10:13.977", "id": "90774", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-17T16:16:22.070", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-17T16:16:22.070", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90773", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "ゆく and いく are two of the readings for 行く. Note that, ゆく and いく are not two\ndifferent verbs but two different readings for 行く. When a verb conjugates the\nokurigana changes. So, the conjugation for 行く(not いく or ゆく) would be い/ゆ + the\ncorresponding okurigana.Thus, the conjugation doesn't change for a different\nreading. \nNote that the readings for the same word may not be interchangeable.\nPersonally, I haven't seen the ゆく reading of 行く being used in polite form.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-17T10:56:20.600", "id": "90778", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-17T10:56:20.600", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39625", "parent_id": "90775", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 }, { "body": "In modern Japanese, ゆく is not used in the -te, -ta, -tari, -tara(ba), -tarō,\nor -tatte forms, i.e. the forms that undergo 音便. If you need to use these\nforms, you would use those of いく instead. So things like 出てゆいて on the page you\nlinked are incorrect. Otherwise, ゆく conjugates like a regular consonant-stem\nverb. Here are the main forms:\n\n辞書形 ゆく \n連用形 ゆき \nマス形 ゆきます \n否定形 ゆかない \nバ形 ゆけば \n命令形 ゆけ \n意向形 ゆこう \n受身形 ゆかれる \n使役形 ゆかせる \n可能形 ゆける", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-19T07:46:51.017", "id": "90808", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-19T07:46:51.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35050", "parent_id": "90775", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding is correct. Unless you already know what actually happened,\nit is practically impossible to understand from that sentence alone that the\ngrandmother didn’t herself ask the writer to write the letters.\n\nI guess the use of もらう is still acceptable here because, as the recipient of\nthe letters, the grandmother could be seen as the ultimate beneficiary of the\nact by the writer.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-17T08:42:42.300", "id": "90777", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-17T08:42:42.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90776", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The sentence has the [A **を** Bと思う\nconstruction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/55169/5010) (\"to think of A\nas B\"), but the Bと part is replaced to どう, and どう思う is placed before the\nobject\n([倒置法](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/search?q=%E5%80%92%E7%BD%AE%E6%B3%95)).\nThe implied subject of 思う is (seemingly deceased) あなた. 私 is modified by the\nrelative clause あなた無しで生きてる (\"who is living without you\").\n\nIn the normal word order, the sentence is:\n\n> もし(あなたが)今の私を見れたなら、 \n> (あなたは)あなた無しで生きてる私をどう思うでしょう\n\nWhich can be translated to:\n\n> If you could see me as I am now, \n> What would you think of me living without you?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-17T15:56:09.023", "id": "90780", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-18T01:22:58.290", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-18T01:22:58.290", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90779", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> -しい can be appended to nouns to turn them into adjectives\n\nNo. There are a few i-adjectives that appear to be in the form of `noun + しい`\n(e.g., 大人しい, そらぞらしい and みずみずしい), but -しい is **not** a productive suffix. You\ncannot attach it to an arbitrary noun. 田中しい makes no sense.\n\nしい and らしい are different, and the latter can attach to an arbitrary noun.\nHowever, Aらしい normally means \"to be typical of A\". For example, あなたらしいね means\n\"That's very you\" or \"That's typical of you\". Likewise, 田中らしいね is used to\ndescribe what Tanaka himself does, not what a dog does or looks like.\n\nA colloquial suffix that forms an i-adjective analogous to English _-ish_ is\n[-っぽい](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%A3%E3%81%BD%E3%81%84). この犬はとても田中っぽい means\nthe dog is very Tanaka-ish.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-18T01:41:20.977", "id": "90788", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-18T01:41:20.977", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90781", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think here 安定する means something like \"to be established\", \"to operate\nnormally and stably\".\n\n[A similar example](https://cheercareer.jp/company/detail/4031) from a random\nGoogle search:\n\n> これからの日本で安定した基盤を持って、かつ成長していくことができる企業には、3つの要素があると私たちは考えています。 \n> We believe there are three elements to companies that have a stable\n> foundation and can grow in Japan in the future.\n\nLet me take a stab at it:\n\n> 政府は、世界と競争をするためには、日本で安定して半導体を作る工場ができることは大事だと言って \n> The government says that in order to compete with other countries building\n> stably functional semiconductor fabrication plants in Japan is important.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-17T19:13:11.447", "id": "90785", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-17T23:00:48.123", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-17T23:00:48.123", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90782", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you have [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/90675/5010) in mind, but this\nrule is not related now. 先生 is higher than the speaker, the speaker has to\nrespect 先生, and that's all. The speaker is not speaking on behalf of his/her\nteacher or school.\n\nPretty simply, Sentence 1 uses 尊敬語 because the subject is 先生, whereas Sentence\n2 uses 謙譲語 because the subject is 私. Note that くださる is the honorific form of\nくれる (\"to give\") but いただく is the humble form of もらう (\"to receive\"). If you\nexplicitly write the subjects using は:\n\n 1. **先生は** (私に)推薦状を書いて下さいました。 \n**My teacher** wrote (me) a recommendation letter.\n\n 2. **私は** (先生に)ピアノを教えていただきました。 \n(literally) **I** received a favor of teaching piano (from my teacher).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-18T00:14:14.917", "id": "90787", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-18T00:19:19.507", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-18T00:19:19.507", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90783", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "It is treating\n[レベル上げ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92/#:%7E:text=%E3%83%AC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E2%80%90%E3%81%82%E3%81%92%E3%80%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%80%91,%E3%83%AC%E3%83%99%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%80%82)\nas a noun and the verbal is レベル上げをする. And then for the -やすい construction you\nget the masu stem of する + レベル上げ: 上げしやすい", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-18T15:51:55.200", "id": "90794", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-18T15:51:55.200", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90792", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]