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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "I have the impression this does not answer your question (because it is more\nor less the same as the linked one), but in that case you should clarify your\nquestion.\n\nConsider この本は読まれる as a more ordinary setence.\n\n 1. この本は読まれる This book is read\n 2. この本は読まれ **うる** This book **can** be read\n 3. この本は読まれ続ける This book continues to be read\n 4. この本は読まれ続け **られる** This book **can** continue to be read\n\nAs alternatives to 2, (2-1) この本は読まれられる and (2-2) この本は読まれることができる are\ntheoretically possible, but (2-1) is barely acceptable (or maybe not), and\n(2-2) is rather unnatural.\n\nAs alternatives to 4, (4-1) この本は読まれ続けうる and (4-2)この本は読まれ続けることができる. Again (4-1)\nbarely acceptable and (4-2) unnatural.\n\n* * *\n\nChoosing (ら)れる and うる could be a personal taste. As for the use of ことができる,\nhowever, there is one thing to consider: the subject is animate.\n\nI found\n[this](http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/072.html).\n\n> 「Vこと」に使える動詞は意志動詞に限られます。以下のような無意志動詞は使えません。\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the sentence of you question,\n\n * これから一生妹さんに食われることができる？\n\nwould be the right one, because I guess the intended meaning is _Are you\nwilling to be eaten by your sister for the rest of your life?_. Using られる/うる\nhere would sound like asking logical possibility of being eaten.\n\nBut note that all the sentences above are not equally natural, even if they\nare acceptable (at least to most native speakers). Just like in English, not\nall sentences sound natural in passive (e.g. _I have a cat_ cannot really be\npassive, right?).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T12:10:13.480", "id": "90304", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-13T12:10:13.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90300", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "食われ続けられる sounds natural because of 続ける. It turns the passive act of being\neaten into something you do. You are the one who continues to be eaten. The\npotential form refers to your ability to do so. 食われ続けることができる would be equally\nacceptable.\n\n食われることができる sounds as unnatural as 食われられる to me. As the other answer indicates,\nthis construct is normally used with a volitional verb. By definition, it\ndoesn’t go well with a passive form.\n\n[得]{え／う}る as an subsidiary verb is used to talk about a general possibility,\nrather than someone’s ability to do something. For example, 食べ得る doesn’t mean\nyou have the ability to eat something but something is generally edible or can\nbe eaten (under particular circumstances). 食われ得る would mean there is a\npossibility of being eaten, and therefore, doesn’t seem to fit in this\ncontext. 食われ続け得る wouldn’t work for the same reason, either. Besides, the word\nchoice of 食う, as opposed to neutral 食べる, doesn’t quite match the formality of\n得る.\n\nAs for alternative ways to express this idea, I think you could say\n食われることを許容できる to stress the permissibility of the situation. Or you could also\nsay 食われてもいい to be much less formal and wordy. If you have to use a potential\nform (in the narrow sense of the term), 食われて（い）られる should be acceptable. This\nrefers to the permissibility of a state, that of (continuously) being eaten.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T14:56:44.740", "id": "90310", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:14:57.543", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:14:57.543", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90300", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "～に言われても, literally \"even if (this) is said by ～\", is a common set phrase used\nfor _tsukkomi_. It roughly means the same thing as the English set phrase \"You\ncan talk\" or \"Look who's talking\". It's a little milder version of\n[お前が言うな](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%8A%E5%89%8D%E3%81%8C%E8%A8%80%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA).\nSo MC is thinking A was doing something equally reckless.\n\n> 賊退治をB-sanと二人でしてた愛紗に言われてもなぁ……\n>\n> (literally) Even if this is said by 愛紗, who were exterminating the bandits\n> alone with B, well... [it's not convincing].\n>\n> → Look who's talking! Wasn't she exterminating the bandits alone with B?\n\n(Note that ～に言われても can also mean \"You're talking to a wrong person\" or \"～ is\nnot in charge of that\" due to the [ambiguity of に in passive\nsentences](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/87144/5010). あなたに言われても\ntypically means \"You can talk\", whereas わたしに言われても typically means \"I'm not in\ncharge of this\", \"Don't tell that to me\", etc.)\n\nYour understanding of the latter half is basically okay, but here 流石に has a\nnuance of \"still\" or \"nonetheless\"; it implies he thought it was not the right\ntime to say something humorous. See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/82331/5010).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-14T01:07:23.143", "id": "90321", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-14T01:13:49.690", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-14T01:13:49.690", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90301", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As for parsing, there is an omission of は: 弊社 **は**. So the structure of the\nsentence is:\n\n * 弊社は、[現在vtuberなどで..事業をしている]者なのですが、\n\nso that a literal translation would be _our company is a guy that currently\nmakes avatars used by vtubers and do some community activities_.\n\n弊社は..者なのですが is already a bit strange (like _our company is a guy_ ), and\n'vtuberなどで' is most likely to be a confusion of vtuber and platform (like\nyoutube) for which で is appropriate (or they thought _vtuber_ means both\npeople and platform). As you are aware, 'vtuberに' is more regular.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T11:04:36.683", "id": "90303", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-13T11:04:36.683", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90302", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a direct quote. Like when folks say things like わすれないように or かぜをひかないように.\nThat's the complete utterance.\n\nSo, what the father said to the mother was just the words 渡すように, \"[please]\nhand it over\". (Without more context it's a bit hard to say more than that.)\n\nThis is just an abbreviated form of\n\n> 渡すようにしてください\n\nSo for example わすれないように, \"[please] remember\" (lit \"[please] don't forget\").\nかぜをひかないように, \"[please] keep healthy\" (lit \"[please] don't catch a cold\")", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T14:07:04.377", "id": "90307", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-23T05:23:03.497", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-23T05:23:03.497", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90306", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This 同じ is a 形容動詞 (called na-adjective in English) that modifies 一日 (a day). I\nwouldn't call 同じ一日 a set phrase like 今日も一日. It is just a noun phrase composed\nof an adjective and a noun. 同じ, when used before a noun that it modifies,\noften occurs without な.\n\nFor example, 彼と同じ学校だ means \"the same school as the one he attends\"\n\n> 今日はいつもと同じ一日だった。\n\nJust means\n\n> Today was just another day, same as usual.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T18:36:41.500", "id": "90313", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-13T18:36:41.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90312", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You should use the most distinguishable reading, and the kun-reading is\nusually better for this purpose, although there can be exceptions. In your\ncase, saying わるい can safely specify which kanji you are referring to, but the\non-reading あく is shared by another easy kanji (握). Many on-readings are worse\n(e.g., ひょう = 表, 票, 評, 豹, 標, 雹, ...). Note that even kun-readings can have\nhomophones (e.g., はな = 花, 鼻; はなす = 話, 離, 放).\n\nWhen you cannot think of a distinct reading (which is very common), you can\ngive a compound or a set phrase as an example using [の meaning \"as\nin\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42531/5010). For example, you can\nsay 善悪の悪 to refer to 悪, or say 握手の握 to refer to 握 over the phone.\n\nSee this answer for alternative methods to convey kanji in speech: [Japanese\ndon't learn kanji meaning only readings? Does it make sense for a kanji to\nhave a key meaning to identify\nit?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9570/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-14T04:49:44.963", "id": "90327", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-15T02:33:34.040", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-15T02:33:34.040", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90323", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In general, it is true combining color adjective with te-form would sound\nunnatural like そのシャツは赤くて白いです. It sounds like _the shirt is red and white_ ,\nwhich is not possible. That said, practically, it may well be understood as\n_Red and white are used for the shirt (there are red part and white part in\nthe shirt)_.\n\nUsing noun form is fine, but you should use nouns for both: そのシャツは赤と白です.\n\nMy impression is that usually the description is more specific.\n\n * そのシャツは白地に赤のロゴ入りです The shirt has a red logo with white background.\n * そのシャツは青と黄色の縞模様です The shirt has blue and yellow stripes.\n\n`Color A と Color B` is more likely when it is understood how they are used.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-14T09:29:09.880", "id": "90329", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-14T09:29:09.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90328", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Literally, it means _**With this course** of conversation, it should be **me**\nthat you think is A-san_.\n\n(Presumably) with 風格がたりない, G2 implicitly suggested that s/he is superior to\nA-san, which (G2 assumed) would increase the chance of G2 being taken as the\nleader. So G2 expected G1 to think that s/he is the leader. Then G1 directed\nってことは... to G3 (again, presumably), which contradicted G2's expectation,\nwhence この流れなら私だろ！.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-14T11:15:38.957", "id": "90332", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-14T11:32:02.497", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-14T11:32:02.497", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90331", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "There are several things potentially going on here there are confusing you.\n\nThe first that comes to mind is a grammatical point being somewhat obscured by\nthe use of _formal_ structures.\n\nTo me, it looks like there are three different types of sentences you're\nlearning to express here.\n\n 1. **Noun Phrase** is **Adjective**\n 2. It is **Noun Phrase**.\n 3. **Noun Phrase** is **Noun Phrase**\n\nThese would correspond to the following three rules for Japanese\n\n 1. Noun は Adjective (い-adj or な-adj) です\n 2. Adjective (い-adj or な-adj) Noun です (Notice this differs from your rule 2)\n 3. Adjective (い-adj or な-adj) Noun は [Noun Phrase] です\n\nThese are expressing three rather different ideas.\n\nExamples first in English.\n\n 1. The red book is expensive.\n 2. It is a tall mountain.\n 3. The young woman is a student.\n\nIn Japanese, using plain forms (which you may not have learned yet), these\nwould be expressed as\n\n 1. [赤]{あか}い[本]{ほん}は[高]{たか}い\n 2. [高]{たか}い[山]{やま}だ\n 3. [若]{わか}い[女]{おんな}は[学生]{がくせい}だ\n\nTo move these into a more formal register, you would change them as follows.\n\n * For sentences ending in an い-adjective, the sentence is made formal by adding です\n * For sentences ending in だ, change だ to です\n\nSo, applying these to the three sentences above (to make them formal), you get\n\n 1. [赤]{あか}い[本]{ほん}は[高]{たか}いです\n 2. [高]{たか}い[山]{やま}です\n 3. [若]{わか}い[女]{おんな}は[学生]{がくせい}です\n\nThere is no Japanese grammatical structure that is composed as\n\n * < _Noun phrase_ >はです。\n\nIf you're starting with < _Noun phrase_ >は and ending with です then between the\ntwo you need to be saying something about < _Noun phrase_ >.\n\nSo, it's ungrammatical to say\n\n> あかいほんはです\n\n> The read book is .... < _what? you haven't said_ >\n\nBut you can say\n\n> あかいほんです\n\n> It's a red book.\n\nYou can also say\n\n> あかいほんはこれです\n\n> The red book is this.\n\n# Conclusion\n\nI suspect that the there is a typo in your rule two. It should perhaps read\n\n 2. Adjective (い-adj or な-adj) Noun です\n\nNotice the omission of the particle は.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-14T14:21:52.927", "id": "90335", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-14T15:03:17.420", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-14T15:03:17.420", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90334", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The word 両手【りょうて】 specifically refers to \"both hands\" as a single unit. This\nmakes it more likely, in my non-native-speaker understanding, that this is a\nsingle sword held in \"both hands\".\n\nLater in the text, we get further confirmation that this is one sword held in\n\"both hands\", when we get a description of what Sera is holding (emphasis\nmine):\n\n> それは葉っぱだった。細長く伸びた **[一]{●}[枚]{●}** の巨大な葉っぱ。\n\nIf she's holding **[一]{●}[枚]{●}** の...葉っぱ in 両手【りょうて】, we can be pretty sure\nthat the author does not intend for this to be two swords, each held in one\nhand.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-14T22:46:13.080", "id": "90338", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-14T22:46:13.080", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90337", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I'm a native speaker and was also confused at the 二刀流 part. (I have no prior\nknowledge about this work.)\n\n * **秘剣・燕返し** (p. 83): Okay, 燕返し usually refers to something like [this](http://fukuitravel.com/%E5%89%A3%E6%8A%80%E7%87%95%E8%BF%94%E3%81%97%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0-%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%97%E6%BB%9D%E3%80%8D/)\n * **両手には刃物のようなもの (snip) 一枚の巨大な葉っぱ** (p. 84): So she's holding one huge leaf as a two-handed sword\n * **セラは剣を持った両手を広げる** (p. 86): Huh? How can she do this while holding a big sword?\n * **二刀流で切り刻む** (p. 87): Why 二刀流? But he seems to be referring to someone else here...\n * **両手にある二枚** (p. 88): Oh, so she is clearly holding two swords at this point. Did I miss something? Did she switch to duel wielding at some point?\n\nThen I read everything again and concluded she was probably holding two blades\nfrom the beginning. ( **EDIT** : Or maybe she switched the two styles silently\nbecause there are many floating leaves to serve as swords, shields, ranged\nweapons or wings.)\n\nThe Japanese language does not distinguish between singular and plural forms.\n両手に持った剣 in isolation is ambiguous, and it can refer to one two-handed sword or\ntwo swords. それ can refer to plural objects, too. Still, in this case, I think\nthe author's writing style is unclear, and 一枚の巨大な葉っぱ is particularly\nmisleading; maybe the author somehow failed to add それぞれ(の腕) here?", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-15T00:33:08.550", "id": "90339", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-15T03:36:51.603", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-15T03:36:51.603", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90337", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It is very confusing.\n\nI’m guessing from the following part that she grabbed one of the leaves that\nfell off her wings during the last series of attacks and she was still holding\none when it was over.\n\n> 彼女の持つ剣だけじゃない。俺の周りにある葉も剣になっているからできる攻撃だ。\n\nI don’t know how she spread out her arms when she was still holding one big\nsword with her both hands, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-15T02:29:04.913", "id": "90340", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-15T02:29:04.913", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90337", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The word \"火垂る\" in \"火垂るの墓\" is just an\n[ateji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateji).\n\nThe meaning is somewhat clear from the movie itself, which is a visualization\nof the [Kobe Air Raid during World War\nII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II). In the\nfilm, there is a scene where the main characters, a boy and a girl, are\nwatching the bombs of the Kobe air raid burning beyond the window of a train.\nThis is the \"火垂る\". The word \"火垂る\" comes from bombs(=things that creates\nfire:火), dripping(垂[れ]る) down from bomber.\n\nThat's all it means. As far as I know, it's not actually used in real life to\ndescribe fireflies.\n\n_**Edit:**_ Looks like it wasn't complete creation of the author, and was\nactually used to describe fireflies during Edo period.\n\nIt seems that the light of the fireflies was compared to fire, and the way the\nfireflies were floating was described as \"fire dripping\" - \"火垂る\". It has a\nvery literary feel to it.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-15T08:56:33.643", "id": "90342", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-15T10:13:00.007", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-15T10:13:00.007", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90341", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "乗る on its own only describes the action of mounting or boarding itself. The\n\"destination\" marked by に must be a vehicle (or a boat, a horse, etc), not\nsome geographical location. 東京に乗る or 仕事に乗る does not make sense (although \"to\nride to Tokyo\" is a valid expression in English). 車に乗る does not necessary mean\nyou travel to somewhere; you may just sleep in the car after 乗る.\n\nYou can combine 乗る and 行く using the te-form. For example, 自転車に乗って行きます is\nalmost the same as 自転車で行きます, and 車に乗って東京に行きます means the same thing as\n車で東京に行きます.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-15T12:00:49.057", "id": "90346", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-15T12:12:43.783", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-15T12:12:43.783", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90343", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "何の～ is \"what (kind of) ～\". 役に立つ is a set phrase meaning \"to be\nuseful/helpful\", but this 役 is a noun (\"role/function\"), so it can be modified\nby 何の. って after 来たから is short for といって. っていうんだ forms a rhetorical question in\nthis context. See the links in the comment.\n\n> それに \n> Besides,\n>\n> たとえ こいつが来たからって \n> even if he came,\n>\n> 何の役に立つっていうんだ? \n> what kind of role can he play? \n> how can he be of any help?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-17T02:01:19.823", "id": "90369", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-17T02:01:19.823", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90347", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "### い-adjectives\n\nFor い-adjectives the く-form is used in a number of contexts.\n\nAs you noted, if you wanted to say\n\n> It's not dark.\n\nyou'd say\n\n> 暗くない\n\nIf you want to say\n\n> It'll get dark.\n\nyou'd say\n\n> 暗くなる\n\nSo, in the example sentence you provided\n\n> もう暗くなったから、帰りましょう。\n\n> Because it's already gotten dark, let's head home.\n\n* * *\n\n### な-adjectives\n\nAnd for completeness sake, let's look at how this would correspondingly work\nfor な-adjectives, like きれい\n\nIf you wanted to say,\n\n> It's not pretty.\n\nyou'd say\n\n> きれいではない (less formally) きれいじゃない\n\nIf you wanted to say\n\n> It'll become pretty\n\nthen you'd say\n\n> きれいになる\n\n* * *\n\n### Inflected forms for い-adjectives\n\nAnd because you mentioned the past tense, there are a few more points to be\nmade.\n\nAdjectives (like verbs) inflect in Japanese. For い-adjectives, the inflected\nform (if it's not plain non-past), the い is dropped and replaced with _k_.\nThere are then three different usages that follow this pattern\n\nPast tense: くらい => くらかった (it's dark)\n\nConditional form: くらい => くらければ (if it's dark)\n\nand the く-form you've been encountering\n\nto form a negative: くらくない (it's not dark)\n\nto describe a changing state: くらくなる (it'll get dark)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-15T17:40:43.077", "id": "90349", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-15T18:25:16.907", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-15T18:25:16.907", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90348", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I cannot think of a Kansai-specific humble form, but I think ～さしてもらう (or\n～させてもらう) is more commonly heard in Kansai-ben. (Strictly speaking, this may\nnot be called a humble \"form\", but it's a humble expression anyway.) For\nexample, a stereotypical Osakan merchant may say 見さしてもらいます instead of 拝見します.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-17T02:09:23.827", "id": "90370", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-17T02:09:23.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90350", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> 私は日本に行ったことがある。 \n> I have been to Japan.\n\nIn this sentence, 私 is the topic of the entire sentence, and it's not in any\nrelative clause. (Very literally: \"As for me, a having-gone-to-Japan [fact]\nexists.\") Structurally, this is yet another \"double-subject\" sentence (`Aは +\nBが + predicate`) such as 彼は背が高い, 今日は仕事がある or このレストランは料理が美味しい. Naturally, 私\nmust be marked with は.\n\nIf が is used instead of は, it would work as an exhaustive-listing が (\"It's\n_me_ who has been to Japan\"). This is still grammatical but makes sense only\nin a special context.\n\nWhen you wrap this entire sentence in a subordinate clause...\n\n> 彼 **は** [私 **が** 日本に行ったことがあること]を知らない。 \n> He does not know [that I have been to Japan].\n\nNow, you must say 私が because 私 is in a subordinate noun clause (marked with\nthe square brackets) and the topic of the main (outermost) clause is 彼.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-16T06:31:25.637", "id": "90358", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-16T06:31:25.637", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90351", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "`今度はきっと成功するはずです` means `It should be successful this time`.\n\n今度 means [this time](https://jisho.org/search/%E4%BB%8A%E5%BA%A6), きっと is an\nadverb indicating\n[certainty](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%8D%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8), 成功する is a\nsuru verb that means [to succeed](https://jisho.org/search/%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F)\nand [はず](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AF%E3%81%9A), a noun, which can\nappear at the end of a sentence followed by だ or です to mean 'to be supposed to\n(do)'. It is used when the speaker draws a conclusion from preexisting\nunderstandings.\n\n`だから、こんなにいい結果が出たわけです` means `In this way, I got a good outcome`.\n\nだから is a conjunction indicating\n[consequence](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89), こんなに is\nan adverb meaning [in this\nway](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%93%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AB), いい is an\nadjective meaning [good](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%84%E3%81%84), 結果 is a\nnoun meaning [result](https://jisho.org/search/%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C), 出た is the\npast form of 出る that, in this case, means [to\nget](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%87%BA%E3%82%8B). Finally, わけ is a noun that\nmeans [reason](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%91). This noun can be\nfollowed by だ or です at the end of a sentence to mean 'that's why' and it can\nfollow:\n\n * Adjectives and verbs in the dictionary or ta-form.\n * Adjectival nouns or nouns + na/no or datta\n\nIn this case it follows 出た.\n\n* * *\n\nAs for `実験のやり方を変えてみたんです`, which means `I changed the way I experimented`, you\nmay consult:\n\n * [Saying \"try\" in Japanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/29928/saying-try-in-japanese) ~てみる\n * [What is the meaning of ~んです/~のだ/etc?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5398/what-is-the-meaning-of-%EF%BD%9E%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99-%EF%BD%9E%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A0-etc)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-16T04:15:18.843", "id": "90356", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-18T14:56:58.337", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-18T14:56:58.337", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90354", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I agree that `暑くてお酒を飲みたい` sounds a bit unnatural, but the following is fairly\nusual:\n\n * 暑くてお酒を飲みたいと思ったけど、冷蔵庫を見たら何もなかった\n * It was hot and I wanted to drink alcohol, but there was nothing when I checked the fridge.\n\nSome examples with ...て...たい without being followed by additional phrases:\n\n * 暑すぎて裸になりたい It is too hot and I want to go totally naked.\n * 恥ずかしくて穴があったら入りたい I'm so ashamed, and want to hide in a pit if there is any.\n * 失恋して死にたい I got my heart broken and want to die.\n\nAfter thinking and a bit googling about ...て...たい, it is true that such\nsentences tend to become unnatural, but it can be ok especially when the\nintended meaning is _it is too ... that I want to ..._.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-16T12:21:28.127", "id": "90362", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-16T12:30:55.877", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-16T12:30:55.877", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90359", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I’m not sure I get the context right.\n\nLet\n\n * A = 俺の事件 \n * B = 京子の事件\n * C = 連続殺人事件.\n\nNow `京子ちゃんの事件は連続殺人事件とは別件なのだろうか？` means the speaker's suspect B ≠ C and\n`俺の事件が連続殺人とは関係なく` means A ≠ C. These make contrast whence 逆に. It is more or\nless _**or**_ here.\n\n関係なく here is used synonymously with 別件(だ), that is _**to be unrelated**_.\n\nThe passage describes the following line of thoughts:\n\n * The first sentence seemingly assumes A = C, and ユー is the murderer for both;\n * The second means B ≠ C, whence 京子 survived;\n * the third, A ≠ C, ユー is the murderer for C.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-16T11:42:32.310", "id": "90361", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-16T11:42:32.310", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90360", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Regardless of how you interpret 逆に, your second interpretation of 俺の事件 **が**\n連続殺人とは関係なく is syntactically improbable. This is because 俺の事件 is the subject of\n関係ない in it.\n\nFor your interpretation to be possible, the subject must be something else,\nsuch as the question of whether or not Yu is the serial killer, and 俺の事件 must\nbe put inside a subordinate clause to be part of what that subject is\nunrelated to or unaffected by, as in:\n\n> （〜が）［俺の事件が連続殺人（の一件） **であること** ］とは関係なく\n\nor\n\n> （〜が）［俺の事件が連続殺人（の一件） **か（どうか）** ］とは関係なく", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-17T08:06:14.037", "id": "90377", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:10:48.487", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:10:48.487", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90360", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There are two types of compound verbs: _syntactic_ and _lexical_.\n\nAccording to [Compound Verb Lexicon](https://db4.ninjal.ac.jp/vvlexicon/en/),\nthere are 30 syntactic compound verbs in Japanese. You can find the full list\nin the link (Click \"Syntactic and Lexical Compound Verbs\" on the left pane).\n続ける and 始める belong to this category, so their meanings are straightforward\nregardless of what comes as the first verb. The meanings of most syntactic\ncompound verbs are related to starting, ending, continuing, repeating, etc.\n\nOn the other hand, there are also thousands of lexical compound verbs, and it\ntakes time to master them. They are called _lexical_ because they are\nunpredictable and there is no clear rule (although there are weak tendencies\nwhich you can gradually notice). Basically you have to remember each\ncombination one by one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-17T01:33:30.600", "id": "90368", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-17T01:33:30.600", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90363", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "空いて【すいて】いる means the restaurant is not crowded (there are many empty tables),\nwhereas 空【から】だ means the restaurant is completely empty (there are no\ncustomers). The same is true also when the subject is a theater, a train or a\ntheme park.\n\nNote that the correct reading of the latter is から. そらだ (\"is the sky\") is\nnonsense in this context.\n\nYou may also want to know\n[がら空き【あき】](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%8C%E3%82%89%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%8D)(だ),\nwhich means there are very few customers.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-17T01:14:16.067", "id": "90367", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-17T01:14:16.067", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90365", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There is always a change in pitch after the first mora in the standard Tokyo\ndialect. So the only patterns that work in that dialect are\n\n * [歯が]{HL} H(L)\n * [名が]{LH} L(H)\n\nRegarding other dialects (like Kansai-ben), I know next to nothing.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-17T02:41:29.297", "id": "90371", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-17T13:50:34.287", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-17T13:50:34.287", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90366", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "The answer given above is obviously wrong, the rule about the change of pitch\nis valid only inside the same word, so it cannot apply to monomoraic words.\nThus, heiban words have pattern L(L), e.g. 胃が accented words are H(L), e.g.\n絵が. Pattern L(H) is absurd in Tokyo Japanese.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-05-20T15:10:42.063", "id": "94603", "last_activity_date": "2022-05-20T15:10:42.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51395", "parent_id": "90366", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "From an ordinary modern speaker's point of view,\n\n * It is pronounces soko **ha** katonaku; and\n * There is absolutely no awareness that the は is a topic marker.\n\n* * *\n\n新明解語源辞典 supports the 2nd option of the linked chiebukuro answer : そこはかと =\nそこ(pronoun) + はか (目当て）+ と, based on the fact that 日葡辞書 has an entry for soco\n**fa** cato, so that は is not a particle (because it would be soco **wa** cato\nif it is).\n\nI'm not sure to what extent this argument is valid. そこはかと seems to appear\nalready in the tale of Genji (11th century) while 日葡辞書 was compiled 1603-04.\nIt could be that the etymology was simply forgotten by then.\n\n* * *\n\nPersonal opinion:\n\n * Even before looking up all these, I pronounce it like そこ/はかと/なく\n * The accents are the same: そこ[はかと]{HHL} and [はかが]{HHL}いく (which uses the same はか=目当て).\n * The accent is different for 其処[は彼]{LH}となく (according to me)\n\nI know nothing about how the accents have changed over these 1000+ years, and\nthe above may not be good reasons, but anyway I そこはかとなく feel that this theory\nlooks more plausible.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-17T11:34:17.727", "id": "90378", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-17T23:06:00.330", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-17T23:06:00.330", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90375", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

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[ { "body": "When the two words overlap, the pronunciation of the second words change. This\nrule is called 転音 (ten'on).\n\nFor example:\n\n> Umbrella: 雨 (ame) & 傘 (kasa) = a _ma_ gasa, **not** a _me_ gasa\n>\n> Sake barrel: 酒 (sake) & 樽 (taru) = sa _ka_ daru, **not** sa _ke_ daru\n\nReferenced by: <https://nihongokyoiku-shiken.com/disjointment-phenomenon-\nsummary/>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-18T02:01:39.427", "id": "90380", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-19T03:27:02.390", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-19T03:27:02.390", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "11680", "parent_id": "90379", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "There are several websites saying that reading 木 as こ is an example of 転音.\n\n * 木 alone is always read as き\n * 木 + 陰 is read as こかげ\n\n[This chiebukuro\nanswer](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10172573345)\nlists such words. It seems much more common for surnames (e.g. 木暮=こぐれ). (NB\nthe linked answer doesn't say it's a 転音.)\n\n* * *\n\nPersonally I have some doubts き→こ is really an instance of 転音. First, I guess\na large majority of native speakers would read 木の下 as きのした. (Not that このした is\nwrong, there is a dictionary entry.)\n\nA few other words with 木の..:\n\n 1. 木の実\n 2. 木の芽\n\nOf these, 1 would be read mainly as このみ, while きのみ is perfectly acceptable. As\nfor 2, I think きのめ is more common than このめ. Anyway, these two 木 have both\nreadings of き and こ, as 木の下.\n\n[This](https://japanknowledge.com/articles/blognihongo/entry.html?entryid=368)\nsays\n\n>\n> 「このめ」の方が「きのめ」よりも古い例が存在することも確かである。『日本国語大辞典』の「このめ」の例は、サンショウの新芽のことではないが、平安時代の右大将藤原道綱の母の日記『蜻蛉日記（かげろうにっき）』（974年頃成立）の`「三月になりぬ。このめすずめがくれになりて（＝3月になった。木の芽が茂ってスズメの姿が隠れるほどになり）」`\n> という例が一番古い。\n\nA written form appearing earlier may not prove everything, but it should be\nsafe to say that こ reading is just as old as き.\n\nBased on these, my opinion is that both き and こ have existed as very old\nnative Japanese words, and somehow combined with the introduction of the\nChinese character 木. Hence the answer to the question is 'that is just the way\nit is'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-18T04:11:39.927", "id": "90382", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-18T12:57:14.403", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-18T12:57:14.403", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90379", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

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[ { "body": "> 私は明日と来週の火曜日を休みにする\n\nwill always mean \"I decided to take tomorrow next Tuesday off.\"\n\nIf you wanted to imply that someone else made that decision, then you would\nsay\n\n> 私は明日と来週の火曜日が休みになった", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-18T18:48:11.330", "id": "90386", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-18T19:46:53.537", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-18T19:46:53.537", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90385", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Grammatically, rather than 如何に ～ か being a construction on its own, the\npattern is <疑問詞> ～ か when embedding questions. So か is the usual question\nmarker.\n\n[如何に](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E3%81%AB/#jn-10135)\nis more or less the same as the English _how_ , and just like _how_ , can be\nused for questions and exclamations.\n\nEmbedding questions and exclamations are done by <疑問詞>～か:\n\n * I realized how difficult the problem is. **どれほど** 問題が難しい **か** に気づいた\n * She asked me where I went last night. 彼女は私に昨夜 **どこに** いったの **か** 尋ねた\n * He told me how he did that. 彼は私にそれを **どのように** やったの **か** 教えた\n\nThe sentence of the question has _I realized_ omitted:\nそして、母さんが、如何に高いレベルにいたかって事 **に気づいた**. So, it is an embedded exclamation\nrequiring か. (って事 can be omitted: it is possible to end the sentence\n...レベルにいたか or to use ...レベルにいたか気づいた.)\n\n* * *\n\nIf not embedded, どれほど/如何に～ことか can be used.\n\n * How difficult the problem was! 如何にその問題が難しかったことか！\n\nこと is optional: 如何にその問題が難しかったか！\n\nFYI: (I assume) Like in English, expressing an exclamation in a full sentence\nwould be rare, and in this sense 如何にその問題が難しかったか is not really natural. And,\nalso like in English, there is a general ambiguity between interrogative and\nexclamatory sentences. (如何に is mostly for embedded exclamation in modern\nusage, I think.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-19T11:08:20.893", "id": "90391", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-19T11:08:20.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90387", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "一般 is _general_ as opposed to _special_ , and can also be a translation of\n_ordinary, average_ (in the sense of non-special). 世間 originally meant\n_secular world_ (as opposed to the world of Buddhist monks), and 世間一般 can be\ntranslated as _worldly, ordinary, average_.\n\nA short answer is, in the sense of _average, ordinary_ , you can most probably\nuse always 一般 without changing the meaning (much).\n\nDifferences:\n\n一般 can be attached to other nouns without の, 世間一般 can't. 一般[人]{じん}、一般の[人]{ひと},\n世間一般の[人]{ひと} are fine, but not 世間一般人.\n\n世間一般 sounds more collective. Since both of your examples refer to a group of\nordinary students/teachers, I don't see much difference 一般の学生/世間一般の学生 or\n一般の先生/世間一般の先生. But\n\n * その芸能人は一般の人と結婚した The TV celebrity married a person who is not in the show business.\n\nHere 世間一般の人 wouldn't fit because it refers to a single person.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-20T04:06:24.993", "id": "90398", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-20T04:06:24.993", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90389", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "下を向く is just looking down, moving/keeping your head towards your feet.\n\n見下ろす is used when you are looking at something that is at lower altitudes than\nwhere you are - looking at the scenery from a mountain, looking at the clouds\nfrom inside an airplane, looking at the streets below from a building, looking\nat someone from the second floor etc.\n\nSo in your case, 下を向く is the only option. 下向く is ok, but informal. As such, if\nyou use it, you must make the whole sentence informal, e.g.,\nいつも下向いてちゃけっして虹は見えないよ.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-19T11:20:16.747", "id": "90392", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-19T12:00:19.900", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-19T12:00:19.900", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

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[ { "body": "As the comment says, this is a deformed version of the common idiom\n[三度目の正直](https://jisho.org/word/%E4%B8%89%E5%BA%A6%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%A3%E7%9B%B4)\n\"third time lucky\". It's common to \"hide\" a part of a well-known long\ncliché/proverb using なんとやら, etc (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/40915/5010)). By not saying\neverything, you can convey a you-know-what-I-mean sort of sentiment. This 的な\nis just _-ish_ or _-like_ , but it is applied to 何度目かの正直 as a whole.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T09:57:20.800", "id": "90414", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T09:57:20.800", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90394", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'd say it can be both. Since 昼 can mean (as you wrote in the OP) noon, lunch,\nso it depends on situation. If you are planning to have lunch with someone\nwhen you meet them, you can use \" _afternoon_ \"; if you don't plan to, you can\nuse \" _after lunch_ \".\n\nI think \" _afternoon_ \" is the most commonly used, since either way he'll come\nto you at afternoon anyway.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-19T22:32:11.860", "id": "90396", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-19T22:32:11.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90395", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "昼過ぎ means early afternoon. I would say between a few minutes past noon and\naround two at the latest. Whether you have had lunch is not important. If I\nwanted to say \"after lunch,\" I wouldn't say 過ぎ. It's purely about time.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-20T03:05:04.337", "id": "90397", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T11:47:42.893", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-21T11:47:42.893", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90395", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "I would translate it by\n\n> He will come in the early afternoon\n\nor\n\n> He comes in the early afternoon\n\ndepending on the context to capture the meaning of 昼過ぎ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-20T09:17:56.157", "id": "90401", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-20T09:17:56.157", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48200", "parent_id": "90395", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I assume you know the meaning of 頑張って、頑張ろう、頑張れ etc. The exact meaning of these\nphrases is hard to pin down. Culturally and semantically, they are an\nequivalent of \"Good luck!\" \"Do your best!\" \"Go for it!\"\n\nお互いに頑張ろう/頑張りましょう is a really common expression, conveying a very simple idea.\nFor example, say A is a student and A's class is having a test tomorrow. It is\nvery common and idiomatic for A to say to their friends:\n\n> お互い頑張ろうね！\n\nIt means A hopes their friends will do their best and get good results, and at\nthe same time those wishes are also directed at A themself. Also implied in\nthat line is A saying, \"I will also do my best, and I hope I will get a good\nscore too, (in addition to wishing y'all good luck).\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-20T06:14:24.217", "id": "90400", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-20T06:14:24.217", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90399", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In simplest form, on'yomi and kun'yomi are ways of reading kanji that relate\nto the meaning of the character. So, for example, if 独 is referring to\nsomething being alone, then you're using either an on'yomi (e.g. doku) or a\nkun'yomi (e.g. hitori).\n\nIf you take a kanji's reading and use it to write another word, then that's\nateji. For example, if you use 独 as the \"do\" in \"doitsu\", meaning Germany,\nthen that's an ateji.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T03:57:49.270", "id": "90410", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T03:57:49.270", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "16022", "parent_id": "90402", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, パンツ【HLL】 tends to refer to underwear, and パンツ【LHH】 tends to refer to\ntrousers. パンツ in Japanese traditionally referred to only the former, and the\nlatter is a relatively recent usage initially used in the apparel industry\n(cf. [words borrowed twice](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17501/5010)).\nIf I understand correctly, younger or fashion-conscious people tend to\ndistinguish between these pronunciations strictly, while middle-aged and older\ngenerations tend to just use ズボン.\n\nFor some words, 平板 accent indicates a newer meaning of a word. See アクセントの平板化:\n[Are there any rules to the intonations they are discussing in this\nvideo?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/74609/5010)\n\n**EDIT** : There is no standard rule to use arrows for accent notation, and\nwhich pattern `パ(↑)ンツ` refers to is not clear to me (of course it can be\nunderstood from the context). The person who wrote パ(↑)ンツなら下着じゃね must have\nthought it denoted パンツ【HLL】. 発音1ではなく0 is technically correct, but I think most\nnative speakers don't understand what this means.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-20T22:01:28.317", "id": "90405", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T03:52:32.017", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-21T03:52:32.017", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90404", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "「事」looks more formal, so I'd assume it's in katakana to make the word sound\nmore casual. I'd have to have more context to know for sure, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T22:43:08.907", "id": "93997", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T22:43:08.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "90406", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "The た-form would be correct if the sentence ended there.\n\n> 日本語をずっと前から勉強してき **た** 。結局はやめた。\n\nThe compound verb 勉強してくる is used in its て-form to connect these two sentences\ninto one, in one of the most basic functions of the て-form.\n\n> 日本語をずっと前から勉強してき **て** 、結局はやめた。\n\nThe sentence sounds a bit unnatural to me, though. I would probably use an\nadversative conjunction.\n\n> 日本語をずっと前から勉強してき **たが** 、結局はやめた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T09:25:23.550", "id": "90411", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T09:25:23.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90407", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The talker is saying \"トイレの個室で何叫んでるんだよ\" (Roughly means _What the hell are you\nyelling about in the bathroom stall?_ ) in [Kansai\ndialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_dialect), not slur.\n\nIt can be divided like:\n\n * トイレ | の | 個室 | で | 何 | 叫んどん | ねん\n * トイレ | の | 個室 | で | 何 | 叫んでるん | だよ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T01:29:34.617", "id": "90409", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T01:29:34.617", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90408", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "叫んどんねん is short for 叫んどるねん, which is short for **叫んでおるねん** , which is\n叫んでいるんだ(よ) said in Osaka-ben. There is no negation.\n\n 1. おる is used instead of いる in many western dialects to denote progressive aspect. See: [おる in honorific contexts](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26091/5010) and [Existence verbs in the Kansai Dialect](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/61178/5010)\n 2. ておる/でおる very commonly contracts to とる/どる. See [this chart](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18159/5010).\n 3. `/r/ + vowel` before `/n/` can contract to ん (also in Tokyo colloquial speech). See: [Why is the て-form being used before ん？](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/61958/5010)\n\nねん is a Osaka-ben specific sentence-final particle which can replace\nんだ(よ)/のだ(よ).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T09:31:57.060", "id": "90412", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T09:31:57.060", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90408", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not sure I want to delve into the matter of _past_ vs _perfect_ at the\nstart of this (see the bottom of this answer for this detail).\n\nLet's consider the phrase that you have:\n\n> みぎ手をあらわす「」と、「口」（くち）をあわせた字\n\nWe can make a whole sentence for what's being said,\n\n> 右という字はみぎ手をあらわす「」と、「口」（くち）をあわせた字です。\n\nWe can translate this into English as\n\n> The character 右 is a character that has joined 口 (mouth) with , which\n> expresses the right hand.\n\nI looked in my own 小学館 kanji dictionary for the same character. Here's the\nexplanation of the composition of the character I found there.\n\n> 口をかばう、みぎ手をあらわすじ。\n\n> A character that expresses the right hand protecting the mouth\n\nSo, what I want you to notice here is there is a bit of _editorial_ choice or\nstyle going on here in how to express the **composition** of the character 右.\nIn other words, the definition you found could easily have been written as\n\n> 右という字はみぎ手をあらわす「」と、「口」（くち）をあわせる字です。\n\nIn English, this would be\n\n> The character 右 is a character that joins 口 (mouth) with , which expresses\n> the right hand.\n\nYou might like \"has joined\" over \"joins\" (or visa-versa), but that's a\nstylistic choice. Either way, we understand what's being said. Semantically,\nthere is perhaps a very slight difference, which I'd say is more philosophical\nthan anything.\n\n**[Indulge me a bit in some speculation.]** When using \"has joined\" (あわせた)\nwe're thinking of the character as something that was \"created\" sometime in\nthe past and continues to preserve this form: so, we're thinking about the\ncharacter a bit historically. When using \"joins\" (あわせる) we're not thinking of\nthe character as something from the past but as something being presented to\nyou right now in a particular form. ( _Really, this is rather a pedantic bit\nof hair-splitting speculation. Neither an English speaker or a Japanese\nspeaker is going to necessarily analyze (or think of) it this way. I'm just\npresenting this _interpretation_ as a way for you to think of these two uses:\nie., to help you wrap your head around what you're encountering._)\n\nAll that said, what I also want you to notice is that it wouldn't really be\nquite accurate to call \" _a character that has joined..._ \" something in the\npast. It's expressing the idea of _how **this** was made **and** continues to\nbe_. The character is still the same; what's being said is **not** that at\nsome point in the past it was one way and now no longer is. It continues to be\nthe way it was constructed. This idea of something done in the past which\ncontinues to be true into the present is called the _perfect_. The _past_\ntense is used to express an idea that is located in the past which may (or may\nnot) be true anymore.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T13:38:11.547", "id": "90419", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T14:05:32.873", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-21T14:05:32.873", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90416", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It must be:\n\n> お[先]{さき}にいただいてます。\n\nいたらいています makes no sense. The verb you have in mind must be [至]{いた}る. Its\nて-form is いたって.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T12:12:27.073", "id": "90418", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T12:12:27.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90417", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "に can be used when you are going 'to', 'at' or 'towards' a location, while へ\ncan be used only when you are going 'towards'. The exceptions exist in case of\nへ because of this fact; you can't use へ when you are going 'to' or 'at' at a\nlocation.\n\nAs a side note, this limitation of へ makes it far less popular to use as\nlocation marker; に can do it's work, plus other work too.\n\nEven natives prefer to use に all the time.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-03-23T06:17:59.707", "id": "93805", "last_activity_date": "2022-03-23T06:17:59.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50886", "parent_id": "90421", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "There is not much you can do or need to do.\n\nどんなはは犬です is grammatical, but it would give a difficulty in parsing especially\nbecause どんな is an existing word. For the particular case, it is better to\nwrite ドンナハは犬です. (BTW Donnaha is really a possible dog name?)\n\nSimilarly use of Kanji and punctuations would make sentences more readable.\nThe sentence given in the comment is an instance of classic quiz. Slightly\ndifferent versions:\n\n * はははははじょうぶだ。\n * ははのははははははははははははははとわらう。\n\nSee [here](http://radphys4.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/%7Etorii/home/etc/hahaha.html) for\nthe answers (click the link). Also note that, being written only in hiragana\naside, they are a bit artificial.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T22:41:47.537", "id": "90425", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T22:56:02.207", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-21T22:56:02.207", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90422", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Well, 「札幌本社」 works, but it changes the meaning of the sentence.\n\n> チャンさんは札幌から本社の鈴木さんに電話をしました\n\nMs. Chan called from Sapporo. She was in Sapporo and probably at their Sapporo\nbranch. She called Mr. Suzuki who was at the headquarters, and the implication\nis that the headquarters were not in Sapporo.\n\n> 札幌本社から鈴木さんに電話をしました\n\nNow this sentence is saying the headquarters were located in Sapporo and Ms.\nChan called from there. It doesn't say anything about Mr. Suzuki's location.\n\nThe particle の is needed in the noun phrase 本社の鈴木さん because 本社鈴木さん doesn't\nmake sense unless that person is called 「本社鈴木」. This の particle expresses\nbelonging, like Mr. Suzuki **of** the main office. It indicates that Suzuki is\na member of the main office.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T21:16:19.277", "id": "90424", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T21:16:19.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90423", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "I recommend plugging phrases like this into\n[Jisho](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%81%95%E3%82%93%E3%81%AF)\nto help you get the breakdown of the characters.\n\nさん written in hiragana is typically the standard honorific marker. It tells\nyou that the katakana before it is a name and that can translate to \"Mr.\nTawapon\" or \"Ms. Tawapon\".\n\nは is a topic marker particle and it is pronounced like \"wa\" when used as a\nparticle. It just indicates that Mr. Tawapon is the topic of your sentence,\nand since it ends with a question mark it's like saying \"As for Mr. Tawapon?\"\nThis question could mean a lot of things so it's important to know the full\ncontext for a better translation.\n\nAs for the way さ is written, it's exactly the same as さ. It is just a\ndifferent handwriting style, similar to how English has print and cursive\nstyle.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-22T13:31:04.337", "id": "90430", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-22T13:31:04.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45675", "parent_id": "90429", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "For me personally, I have never seen or heard the word \"Mikasa\" used to refer\nto oranges. I was born and spent a lot of time in Japan, but I have never\nheard of the word \"Mikasa\" except for:\n\n * [A company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikasa_Sports)\n * [Mikasa city in Hokkaido](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikasa,_Hokkaido)\n * [The mountain in Nara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wakakusa) and [the battleship named after it](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa)\n * The anime character you mentioned\n * And lastly, the names of people, and a family of [Imperial house of Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan).\n\nI did a bit of googling to make sure my knowledge was correct, but it seems\nthat the word Mikasa is never used for oranges. I think you may have\nmisremembered something.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-22T14:59:57.287", "id": "90432", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-22T14:59:57.287", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90431", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "For もんか, please see [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/21320/30454). In a lot of cases,\nもんか expresses a strong sense of disbelief, denial, conviction, or challenge to\nanother person.\n\nThis マネ/真似 doesn't mean copying, pretending, or imitation. It means behavior\nor act. Per\n[デジタル大辞泉（小学館）](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%9C%9F%E4%BC%BC_%28%E3%81%BE%E3%81%AD%29/):\n\n> 行動。ふるまい。「ばかな真似はよせ」\n\nHere 器用な真似 means something that requires skills or high level of ability to\naccomplish. In this context\n\n> そんな器用なマネができるもンかッ！\n\nmeans \"Something difficult like that is beyond my reach!\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-22T20:28:41.473", "id": "90435", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-22T20:28:41.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90433", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It looks like らぁ in your examples denotes quickly pronounced/slurred るわ:\n\n人には忘れちゃならねーもんがあらぁ → 人には忘れちゃならねーもんがあるわ\n\nおまえを男にしてやらぁ、ジム。→ おまえを男にしてやるわ、ジム。\n\nあと勇気があらぁ → あと勇気があるわ(or possibly あと勇気があるな)\n\nほとんどなんでも塩梅してくれらぁね。→ ほとんどなんでも塩梅してくれるわね。\n\nこれでPS2でも録画できらぁ → これでPS2でも録画できるわ\n\nGoing by the Stevenson’s quotes on Weblio, it seems to be used for “rough men”\nspeech.\n\nOriginally it may have come from the characteristic Tokyo Shitamachi\npronunciation; see [What does the 「たあ」 do in this\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/32933)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-22T22:30:23.710", "id": "90437", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-22T22:36:04.630", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-22T22:36:04.630", "last_editor_user_id": "3295", "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "90434", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In most cases you can use them interchangeably.\n\nMy feeling is that 日本人女性 sounds more like an individual while 日本の女性 more\ncollective. (Somewhat similar to _a Japanese woman_ vs. _Japanese women_ , but\nmaybe not always.)\n\nFor example, 私は **日本の女性** が好きだ means _I like Japanese women **in general**_ ;\n私は **日本人女性** が好きだ is acceptable, but it would be more natural to use it when\nyou like a particular woman who is a Japanese: 私は **その日本人女性** が好きだ = _I like\n**the** Japanese woman_; Again, 私はその日本 **の** 女性が好きだ is acceptable, but sounds\nkind of awkward due to the repetition of の.\n\n日本人の女性 can be used for both individual and collective cases, but it sounds to\nme kind of redundant ([BCCWJ](https://bonten.ninjal.ac.jp/bccwj/string_search)\nreturned 126/97/21 results for 日本人女性/日本の女性/日本人の女性).\n\nAll these differences are subtle, and I don't think you need to worry too much\nwhich to use when.\n\n* * *\n\nRelated: [What's the difference between 日本人の学生 and 日本の学生\n?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/40892/whats-the-difference-\nbetween-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F-and-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-22T23:40:48.820", "id": "90438", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-22T23:40:48.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90436", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "[A dictionary\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A8%82%E6%AD%A3/#jn-150116) has\nthe example : 発言を訂正する. So it can be used in the situation like the question.\nBut I would use 取り消せ to mean _take that back_.\n\nPossibly, if you have in mind how it should be corrected, 訂正しろ might sound\nnatural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T04:48:42.657", "id": "90441", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T04:24:17.377", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-24T04:24:17.377", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90439", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[This is what I\nfound](https://www.wdic.org/w/MOE/%E3%81%8D%E3%82%83%E3%82%8B%E3%80%9C%E3%82%93%E2%98%86):\n\n> きゃる〜ん☆\n>\n> 辞書：萌色用語の基礎知識 ゲーム・アダルト編 (GADULT) \n> 読み：きゃるーん \n> 品詞：感動詞\n>\n> 1996(平成8)年12月発売、カクテルソフト制作の18禁ゲームソフト、きゃんきゃんバニープルミエール2で登場したキャラ \"スワティ\" の決めゼリフ。\n>\n>\n> 同社が初めて声を入れた作品で、電源を入れると最初にいきなり椎名へきるの声でこのセリフが入る。当時はまだゲームに音声を入れるのが一般的でなかった時代にそのインパクトは計り知れず、きゃんきゃんバニー=きゃる〜ん☆という図式が出来上がるほどであった。\n\nSummary:\n\nIn [Can Can Bunny Premiere 2](https://www.mobygames.com/game-group/can-can-\nbunny-series), an adult game produced by [Cocktail\nSoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_Soft) and released in December\n1996, a character called\n[スワティ](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3) uses this\nas her catchphrase. This was the first game with voice produced by that\ncompany. When the power was turned on, this line suddenly came out in [Hekiru\nShiina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekiru_Shiina)'s voice. At a time when\nit was uncommon for games to have recorded voice, the impact was immeasurable.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T05:40:29.627", "id": "90442", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-23T05:40:29.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90440", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Like the English verb _open_ , 開店 is ambiguous between _start a new shop_ and\n_open in the morning_. (For the latter, usually most shops open in the\nmorning, I suppose, but it could be in the evening or at night. Anyway for the\nfirst time in the day.)\n\n開店時 in the first sense is read as かいてんじ.\n\n開店時 in the second sense can be read both as かいてんじ and かいてんどき of which my\nimpression is that かいてんどき is more common.\n\nThe 開店時 in the question is in the ~~second~~ first sense, so it can be read as\n~~both~~ かいてんじ.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T09:51:47.550", "id": "90449", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T23:06:05.740", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-28T23:06:05.740", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90444", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "First of all, it’s never かいてんとき. If it’s not かいてんじ, it must be かいてんどき with a\n_dakuon_.\n\nI would read it as かいてんじ in either sense of 開店.\n\nかいてんどき sounds to me like a good time for opening a business.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T01:33:23.883", "id": "90465", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T01:33:23.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90444", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "年 by itself can mean _old age_. From\n[goo辞書](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%B9%B4_%28%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%29/#jn-158729)\n\n> 人生の盛りを過ぎた年齢。老齢。\n\nなんだ is a form of なのだ, essentially the same as だ.\n\n * [Origin of the usage of な in ~なんだ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/66524/origin-of-the-usage-of-%E3%81%AA-in-%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0)\n * [コトバンク entry for なのだ](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A0-589358)\n\nThus 年なんだから無理 means _Because (the woman is (too)) old, (her project is)\nimpossible_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T09:33:00.497", "id": "90448", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-23T12:52:37.250", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-23T12:52:37.250", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90445", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Sundowner's answer is good.\n\nTo build on that, I'd like to note that なのだ adds a sense of explanation that\nis missing from just だ. Whereas だ is basically just _\" [it] is\"_, なのだ is\nperhaps closer to _\" it is **because** [it] is\"_. [This other\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/66524/origin-of-the-usage-\nof-%e3%81%aa-in-%e3%81%aa%e3%82%93%e3%81%a0/66541#66541) takes a deep dive\ninto this structure in terms of grammar and meaning. [This other (shorter)\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/82641/what-\nis-%e3%81%aa-%ef%bd%93function-in-this-sentence/82649#82649) contrasts the\nchange in sense between です and （な）のです.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T17:53:28.580", "id": "90455", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-23T17:53:28.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90445", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "One common reason to say じーっ out loud while staring at someone/something is to\nintentionally signal what you are doing. Its implication depends on the\ncontext, but it's typically something like \"I've been watching you\", \"Are you\nserious?\" or \"I'm interested in this\". This is a bit childish act, but that is\nnot to say adults never do this. Of course no one wants to say じーっ when they\nare seriously sneaking.\n\nA childish or kawaii-type character in anime often say onomatopoeias out loud\n(e.g., saying わくわく when excited, or しくしく when sad). Such a character may also\nsay じーっ innocently and unintentionally while staring at something. This is\nbasically an anime-only phenomenon, but real people may occasionally speak\nlike this, usually jokingly.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T03:17:53.297", "id": "90469", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T05:20:23.447", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-24T05:20:23.447", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90446", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "By 止す, do you mean よす? It is almost always written in kana alone. Besides, 止める\nhas two readings (とめる and やめる) and two meanings. Which do you refer to? You\nhave to choose the right verb depending on the intended meaning:\n\n * **とめる** : to stop doing something (that is already in progress) / to stop (a physically moving object)\n * **やめる** : to refrain from doing something (usu. before starting it) / to quit (a habit, a company, etc) / to cancel (an event)\n * **よす** : to refrain from doing something (usu. before starting it)\n\nAs you can see, よす and やめる can be interchangeable when they mean \"to refrain\nfrom doing something\".\n\n * 行くのはよそう。 \n∼ 行くのはやめよう。 \nLet's (change our plans and) not go.\n\n * 冗談はよしてくれ。 \n∼ 冗談はやめてくれ。 \nStop joking!\n\n * よしません？ \n∼ やめません？ \nWhy don't we think twice?\n\nI think there is no difference in terms of fanciness or register. It is\nnatural for anyone to use them, both in speech and in writing, as long as they\nare used correctly. The only difference I can see for now is that よす is almost\nalways used in the context of requesting or suggesting. 彼は冗談をやめなかった is okay\nbut 彼は冗談をよさなかった sounds awkward to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T02:50:25.790", "id": "90468", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T02:50:25.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90452", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "No, your sentence is not grammatical. What is that な before ちゃう supposed to\nbe? ちゃう must follow the 連用形 of a verb, and な is not even a verb.\n\nIf you want to use the ～ないといけない construction, you can use ちゃう after the main\nverb before ない.\n\n> 帰っちゃわないといけませんでした。\n\nBut this sounds wordy, and I feel 帰らないといけませんでした should be enough. If you are\nspeaking politely, you can add\n[残念ながら](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%AE%8B%E5%BF%B5%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8C%E3%82%89),\ntoo.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T02:00:31.990", "id": "90467", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T02:00:31.990", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90453", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "しまう is usually used with verbs that describe an action or a change of state.\nIt may be used with いる, which is stative, but that’s when you regret your\naction, or no-action, that puts you in a certain state as a result.\n\n`[V ない-stem]-なければならない` refers to a state (where you have to do something) and\ndoesn’t go well with しまう as it is.\n\nOne option is to add しまう to the verb.\n\n> 帰っちゃわなければなりませんでした。（more formally 帰ってしまわなければなりませんでした。）\n\nHowever, this doesn’t quite sound like the speaker regrets the situation. It\nsounds to me more like the act of 帰る is complete in some sense.\n\nAnother option is to convert the state into a change of state by adding なる and\nthen add しまう to it.\n\n> 帰らなければならなくなっちゃいました。（more formally 帰らなければならなくなってしまいました。）\n\nThis sounds like the speaker regrets the change that resulted in a situation\nthat forced them to go home.\n\nHowever, 帰らなければなりませんでした already conveys a sense of regret because it sounds\nlike the speaker is describing the situation as something they have no control\nover.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-25T06:47:40.233", "id": "90883", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T00:50:28.717", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T00:50:28.717", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90453", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "As @[aguijonazo](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/43676/) and\n@[naruto](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/5010/) have both noted,\n～ちゃう just doesn't fit with the ～なければならない construction.\n\nTo express the sense of _\" **unfortunately** , I have to XYZ\"_, I'm used to\nhearing speakers add 「[残念]{ざんねん}ながら、…」 or 「[生憎]{あいにく}、…」 (more formal) on the\nfront. Depending on circumstances, a speaker might instead say something like\n「[面倒]{めんどう}なんですが、…」 ( _\" It's a bother, but...\"_) or even just 「[悪い]{わるい}けど、…」\n( _\" It's bad, but...\"_). Various expressions are possible.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-25T18:05:02.820", "id": "90890", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-25T18:05:02.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90453", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "There are no strict rules when to use kanji and when to use kana. So\nultimately, it is your decision.\n\nPractically speaking, in my opinion, it is better to write it always as また.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI. Since the また in question is the adverb _again_ , the following is not\nexactly relevant, but you may be interested. Following this recommendation,\nyou should use 又は to mean _or_.\n\n[An official\nrecommendation](https://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/sanko/koyobun/pdf/kunrei.pdf)\nhas the following: (emphasis mine; also this is just a recommendation and not\nstrict rules to be followed.)\n\n> オ 次のような接続詞は，原則として，仮名で書く。\n>\n\n>> 例 おって かつ したがって ただし ついては ところが ところで **また** ゆえに\n\n> ただし，次の４語は，原則として，漢字で書く。\n>\n\n>> 及び 並びに **又は** 若しくは\n\n* * *\n\nRelated : [Are there general rules on when to use kanji vs.\nkana?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15141/are-there-general-\nrules-on-when-to-use-kanji-vs-kana)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T03:32:34.780", "id": "90470", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T04:53:20.613", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-24T04:53:20.613", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90454", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "移行する is not used in this sentence. It's the te-form of\n[～にする](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%AA-\nadjective-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-ni-suru-meaning/) (\"to make [something]\n～\") followed by the [subsidiary verb\n行く](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/5010) (\"gradually\", \"over time\")\nin its volitional form. A very literal translation would be \"Let's (gradually)\nmake (our society) such a society.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T01:41:45.287", "id": "90466", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T01:41:45.287", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90456", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The core verb here is 過ごす【すごす】, which means \"to pass or spend [a period of\ntime]; to pass over something\". This is the transitive form of 過ぎる【すぎる】, which\nmeans \"to pass by; to surpass; to be excessive\".\n\nAs a transitive verb, 過ごす【すごす】 can take a direct object. In your sample\nsentence, this is 土日【どにち】 (\"Saturday and Sunday\"): 土日を...過ごして.\n\nThe 寝て【ねて】 in the middle may have confused you. This indicates what the\nspeaker intends to do to pass the time -- in this case, sleep. :) This 寝て is\nan intransitive verb, and cannot logically take an object, so we know that the\n`[NOUN]`を cannot be for this verb. If this middle verb happened to be a\ntransitive verb, and especially if the speaker were adding an object of this\nverb as well, the sentence would probably require restructuring to avoid\nconfusion and awkwardness.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T20:58:36.543", "id": "90460", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-23T20:58:36.543", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90457", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "> I was wondering why there is a を there. I thought that if the first verb is\n> intransitive, and if the second one is transitive you could put a を?\n\nRight. Here 土日 is the object of transitive 過ごす. Please refer to:\n\n * [How can verb て become an adverb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/34647/9831)\n * [Can the を in ～を通して be replaced with は?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68590/9831)\n\nFrom @naruto's answers in the pages above:\n\n> the first verb before て describes how the second verb is done, in which\n> situation the second verb is done, etc. That's why 重ねて尋ねる means \"ask in a\n> repetitive manner\" rather than \"repeat, and then ask\".\n\n> [in a phrase みなさんのパフォーマンスを通して聞く] Note that the object of みなさんのパフォーマンス is 聞く,\n> not 通す. 通して is the te-form of 通す, and here it's working like an adverb that\n> describes how the main action (聞く) is done. Compare: 音楽を座って聞く (\"to listen to\n> the music while sitting\"), リンゴを急いで食べる (\"to eat an apple in a hurry\").\n\nAs you can see, the first verb 寝る in Verbて+Verb 寝て過ごす can describe how the\nsecond verb 過ごす is performed. 寝て is working like an adverb that describes how\nthe main action 過ごす is done. You can understand your example in the same way\nas @naruto's examples 音楽を **座って** 聞く \"to listen to the music **while sitting**\n\" and リンゴを **急いで** 食べる \"to eat an apple **in a hurry** \": 土日を **寝て** 過ごす\n\"spend Saturday and Sunday **while sleeping** \".\n\n* * *\n\n> What you're waiting for is to spend Saturdays and Sundays sleeping, and a\n> lifestyle of a working adult who faces Monday mornings with hopelessness.\n\nI'm afraid you're not parsing the sentence correctly. One grammar point you\nshould be aware of is:\n\n「V₁てはV₂」 = \"do V₁ and V₂ repeatedly/habitually as in a pair\" \"habitually do V₂\nright after V₁ as a paired action\", in this part:\n\n> 土日をただ寝て過ごし **ては** 、絶望の月曜の朝を迎えるだけ\n\nwhich would mean \"just spend Saturdays and Sundays sleeping, and face Monday\nmornings with hopelessness, repeatedly/habitually\", \"just repeat spending\nSaturdays and Sundays sleeping, and facing hopeless Monday mornings\". Point is\nthat **the two actions 土日をただ寝て過ごす and 絶望の月曜の朝を迎える are just repeated\nhabitually, in a pair**.\n\nFor this grammar point, please see:\n\n * [\"Te-form\" versus \"masu-stem + して\" (消しているうちに versus 消ししているうちに)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41658/9831)\n * [What does ては mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43618/9831)\n * [〜しては is this a grammar pattern?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6669/9831)\n\nNow I believe you can see why 土日をただ寝て過ごしては、絶望の月曜朝を迎えるだけ should modify 社会人生活,\nas @aguijonazo pointed out in the comment. The structure of your sentence is:\n\n> 待っているの **は** （V₁ては、V₂の）社会人生活 **です** よ。\n\nAs you have already noticed, this is a [cleft\nsentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19204/9831). [This\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/61088/9831) may also help. I\nthink you can understand it as:\n\n> 「社会人生活が（あなたを）待っている」⇒「（あなたを）待っているのは、社会人生活だ」 \n> A life as a member of society awaits you ⇒ What awaits you is a life as a\n> member of society\n\nSo, to summarize all the above, the sentence should be parsed as and literally\nmeans:\n\n> 待っているのは（土日をただ寝て過ごしては、絶望の月曜の朝を迎えるだけの）社会人生活ですよ。 \n> What awaits you is a working businessman's lifestyle （in which you just\n> repeatedly and habitually spend Saturdays and Sundays only sleeping and face\n> Monday mornings with hopelessness）.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-27T03:52:12.550", "id": "90533", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-27T03:52:12.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90457", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This の functions as a nominalizer here, indicating whatever it was that the\nspeaker 「最初に見た」. If the speaker were being fully explicit, the の would be\nfollowed by the noun that was whatever they saw first. But this noun (or noun\nphrase) is omissible if the antecedent has already been established by\ncontext.\n\nThis usage is broadly similar to the use of \"the one\" in English:\n\n> じゃあ、最初に見たほう **[の]{●}** にします。 \n> _\" So, we'll go with **the one** we saw first.\"_", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T20:56:04.150", "id": "90459", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-23T20:56:04.150", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90458", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Okurigana is to help the reader know which _reading_ of the character is being\nused. As such, okurigana only ever applies the the kun-reading of the\ncharacters.\n\nWhen you're seeing something like\n\n> [先]{さき}に\n\nに here is not _okurigana_. The に is not part of the reading of the character.\nIt is the particle に applied to the noun さき. Also, you can think of さきに as\nsomething of a set phrase for a beginning student of Japanese--that's probably\nthe reason they provided it for you.\n\nIndeed for each character you need to sometimes learn multiple _on_ -readings\nand _kun_ -readings. This can seem daunting at first, but with practice\nreading, you will catch on and begin to build an intuition.\n\nThe okurigana helps you distinguish between different possible _kun_ -readings\nfor the same character. The characters you chose to highlight, in terms of the\nreadings provided, don't shed much like on why you might need okurigana. So,\nhere are some examples for clarification.\n\n* * *\n\nTo give a notable example, consider 開く 開ける\n\n開 generally means to open. _On-yomi_ -wise (On-reading) it's very straight\nforward: かい. But it has four other possible readings.\n\n * [開]{あ}く\n * [開]{あ}ける\n * [開]{ひら}ける\n * [開]{ひら}く\n\nThe English translation for all of these is essentially \"open\".\n\nI give this example because it's one that confused me and gave me many\nheadaches when I was first learning Japanese. My thinking went this way, \" _I\nthought okurigana was supposed to help you figure out the readings, but here\nfor a given okurigana there are still two possible readings for the\nunexpressed part of the reading. How do you figure this out!_ \"\n\nWell, the Japanese have super-powers. lol.\n\nNot quite, but if you're a native speaker of English, there's a distinction\nthat is made with every Japanese verb that is essential to bang into your\nhead. Every verb is either transitive or intransitive. So, if you're reading a\nJapanese sentence, you should eventually intuit whether the Japanese is\nbuilding toward a transitive or an intransitive sentence. Your clue for this\ncan just be the particle を. This particle always _(please read the label,\nrestrictions and exceptions may apply)_ indicates a sentence that takes an\nobject: hence a transitive sentence.\n\nSo here are the same verbs again.\n\n * [開]{あ}く to open (intransitive)\n * [開]{あ}ける to open (transitive)\n * [開]{ひら}ける to open (intransitive) but often used in figuratively with meanings ranging from _to cultivate_ to _to be open minded_. This one is pretty easy to spot because of its figurative uses even if you don't remember that it's intransitive.\n * [開]{ひら}く to open (transitive)\n\nPlease don't ask why there are so many verbs for _to open_. There are slight\nnuances here that you **will** be able to learn to discern.\n\nSo, if you see the sentence.\n\n> ふたを開く\n\n> Uncover a lid. (ie. to open a jar with a lid or something like that).\n\nthe particle を there is the clue that the verb is being used transitively. So\nthe reading for 開く is ひらく.\n\nIncidentally, please don't ever rely on the English translation to determine\ntransitivity of the Japanese. Often the English and Japanese will be at odds\n(mostly what's expressed intransitively in Japanese is expressed transitively\nin English).\n\n* * *\n\nWAIT!!!! I wasn't asking about transitive vs intransitve verbs. I was asking\nabout okurigana.\n\nYes, I know. I gave perhaps one of the nastier examples here. But still, the\nokurigana reveals to a observant reader the underlying reading of the\ncharacter.\n\nMore generally, the situation is a lot more straight forward.\n\nFor example\n\n * [行]{い}く\n * [行]{おこな}う\n\nHere the _okurigana_ facilitate knowing which reading to use with the\ncharacter 行", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T23:13:18.290", "id": "90462", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-23T23:56:09.117", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-23T23:56:09.117", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90461", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "There are quite a few words in which 大 is read おお without being followed by\n_okurigana_ , such as [大雨]{おおあめ}, [大雪]{おおゆき}, and [大男]{おおおとこ}. That’s probably\nwhy おお is listed separately from おお(きい).\n\nSimilarly, 二 is read ふた in some words, such as [二言]{ふたこと}, [二重]{ふたえ}, and\n[二葉]{ふたば}.\n\nWhen みつ or よつ appears in a word, on the other hand, 三 and 四 are usually\nfollowed by つ, as in [三]{み}つ[葉]{ば} and [四]{よ}つ[葉]{ば}. Although this つ may be\nomitted especially in names, as in [三谷]{みつや} and [四谷]{よつや}, み(つ) and よ(つ) are\nconsidered the more standard readings.\n\nThe に in 先に is not _okurigana_. It’s a particle.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T01:14:45.147", "id": "90464", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T01:14:45.147", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90461", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "書く方が難しい or 書くことの方が難しい is the way to go.\n\n書くの方が難しい is 100% ungrammatical. As I said in the linked question, 書くのの方が難しい is\nnot 100% incorrect but it sounds fairly awkward at least to my ears. I suppose\nthat heritage Japanese speaker felt the same way I did, but made a simple\nmistake while correcting it.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T05:29:30.900", "id": "90472", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T05:47:57.620", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-24T05:47:57.620", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90471", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "(Disclaimer: I'm not very good at classical Japanese, so please take this with\na grain of salt.)\n\n * **は** : (topic marker)\n * **くみし** : 連用形 of [くみす](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BF%E3%81%99) (\"to ally\", \"to go with\", \"to agree\")\n * **も** : \"also\", \"even\"\n * **せよ** : \"even if\", \"Do ～ (, but...)\"\n * **くみせ** : 未然形 of くみす\n * **[いで](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7/#jn-13814)** : \"not ～ing\"\n * **も** : \"also\", \"even\"\n * **あれ** : imperative form of あり (\"Be/Keep/Stay ～!\")\n\nSo I think it literally means \"Go with 天道 (if you like), but also don't be\ngoing with 天道\", i.e., \"Even if you believe in 天道, try to keep a little\ndistance from it, too\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T06:54:05.997", "id": "90474", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T06:54:05.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90473", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The full sentence is:\n\n> \"守道者ハ、天道ハクミシモセヨ、クミセイデモアレ、各々吾ガ志ニ従テ守道マデヨ\"\n\n天道{てんどう} is a destiny beyond human power to control humans. I think we call\nthat 運命{うんめい} nowadays, like I said, it's basically a destiny.\n\n守道者 is, I think, is a shortened version of 泉守道者{よもつちもりびと}, which is the keeper\nof 黄泉平坂{よもつひらさか} - In Japanese mythology, the 黄泉平坂{よもつひらさか} is said to be on\nthe border between this world, where the living live, and the other world,\nwhere the dead live.\n\nAs far as I can remember, the 泉守道者{よもつちもりびと} sometimes be a messenger between\nGod and God. I think this sentence is a story that brought some kind of\nrevelation to human beings in the process.\n\nSo, let's modernize it:\n\n> 運命は従うも良し、従わざるも良し。各々が自らの意志で守道まで(来い)\n>\n> Fate can be obeyed or disobeyed. Each of you come here(黄泉平坂) of your own\n> free will.\n\nDon't forget that I can be totally wrong! I just have been interested in\nJapanese mythology in the past. I could be wrong, so please don't take my word\nfor it.]\n\n_**Edit:**_ I completely forgot to mention the meaning of くみす... I think\nyou're on the right track on that.\n\nAs you said, it means to follow something or to be on the side of something.\nSo in this sentence, it's following the fate or not.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T06:57:16.293", "id": "90475", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T07:06:01.527", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-24T07:06:01.527", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90473", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You've said that the meaning of くみす is contrary to you understanding of the\nword 天道, but you haven't said what you believe 天道 means. This term (pronounced\nてんどう or sometimes てんとう) can actually have a wide range of meanings and\nconnotations depending on the context, but here we are dealing with a\nquotation from 『史記抄{しきしょう}』, a 15th-century Japanese commentary on the Chinese\nclassic 『史記』 ( _Shi Ji_ , or _Records of the Great Historian_ ). Thus, the\nrelevant context is the body of East Asian philosophical and political thought\nthat originated in China and is broadly termed \"Confucianism\"*** in English.\n(See note below.) In such a context, 天道 is usually translated as \"Heaven,\" and\nit refers to the force or set of principles that governs the workings of the\nuniverse, including the affairs of humankind. \"Confucian\" thinkers sometimes\nportrayed this force as abstract and impersonal (rather like the laws of\nphysics), but in other cases they treated it as something akin to a deity.\n\nWith that in mind, let's look at the full sentence from which this short\nfragment has been excerpted. As another respondent has noted, that sentence\nreads as follows:\n\n> 守道者ハ、天道{てんだう}ハクミシモセヨ、クミセイデモアレ、各々{おのおの}吾{わ}ガ志{こころざし}ニ従{したがひ}テ守道マデヨ\n\nThe topic of this sentence is 守道者. As modern readers, we're likely to read\nthat as しゅどうしゃ, but since we are dealing with a text by a 15th-century Rinzai\nmonk, it's possible that it's intended as a bit of embedded Chinese or\n_kanbun_ -- in other words, we could read it as ダウをまもるもの or possibly even\nみちをまもるもの. Either way, it means \"those who follow the Way,\" where \"the Way\"\nrefers to the moral, ethical, and ritual standards that guide (or ought to\nguide) human behavior. So 守道者 are those who strive to uphold those standards,\nand in particular, rulers who seek to apply them to political governance. So\nthe topic of our sentence is \"those who follow the Way,\" with the\nunderstanding that this refers primarily to righteous rulers who seek to\nimplement the teachings of what Westerners call \"Confucianism.\"\n\nNow let's look at the predicate. I'd argue that in this case the embedded\n_kanbun_ reading of 守道 is probably preferable, since it supplies us with a\nnecessary verb, so we have:\n\n> 各々{おのおの}吾{わ}ガ志{こころざし}ニ従{したがひ}テ守道{ダウをまもる}マデヨ\n\nThis is quite straightforward: 各々 means each; 吾が means \"one's own\"; 志 means\n\"aim, intention, aspiration, etc.,\" and especially, in premodern religious and\nphilosophical texts, \"the aspiration to behave morally and ethically\"; ニ従テ\nmeans \"according to\" or \"in accordance with\"; 守道{ダウをまもる} means \"follow the\nWay\"; and マデ and ヨ are both sentence-final emphatic particles.\n\nSo if we put the subject and the predicate together, ignoring that middle\nclause for the moment, that gives us\n\n> \"Those who follow the Way […] all follow it in accordance with their own\n> individual aspirations.\"\n\nNow, what about that middle clause -- the one you asked about?\n\n> 天道{てんだう}ハクミシモセヨ、クミセイデモアレ\n\nThe key point is that although this clause contains two instances of the\n命令形{めいれいけい} (せよ and あれ) and therefore looks like it could be an imperative,\n**it is actually a \"whether x or not x\" clause**. I'm sure this site contains\nmuch better explanations of this usage of the 命令形 than I could provide, so\nI'll limit myself to noting that in medieval Japanese, such clauses used the\nphrase 〜もせよ where modern Japanese would use 〜にせよ or 〜にしろ, and that the word\npreceding 〜もせよ functions as a direct object of せよ. (That's why the 連用形 of くみす\nis used here, rather than the 終止形 we would expect with 〜にせよ or 〜にしろ in modern\nJapanese.) It's also important to note that the particle following 天道 here is\nは, not に. This marks 天道 as the subject and not the object of くみす, which as you\nhave already noted basically means \"to ally oneself with [someone or\nsomething].\"\n\nSo in light of the above, we can translate 天道ハクミシモセヨ、クミセイデモアレ as \"whether\nHeaven allies itself with them or not\" or \"whether Heaven favors them or not.\"\n(The former option is more faithful to the literal meaning of the original and\nhighlights the fact that in this particular instance, Heaven seems to be\nunderstood as an active agent rather than an impersonal principle; the latter\noption is more ambiguous on the question of agency, but arguably a bit more\nidiomatic in English.)\n\nA clumsy, overly literal, phrase-by-phrase translation of the whole sentence\nwould be something like\n\n> As for those who follow the Way, whether Heaven allies itself with them or\n> not, they all follow the Way in accordance with their own individual\n> intentions.\n\nAnd a more idiomatic way of saying this in English, while also fleshing out\nsome of the implied connotations, would be\n\n> Those who follow the Way follow it in accordance with their own individual\n> aspirations [to perfect themselves morally and be just rulers], and they\n> [continue to] do so whether Heaven favors them or not.\n\nIn other words, a righteous ruler doesn't conceive of following the Way as a\nkind of \"deal\" he makes with Heaven, in exchange for which he expects to\nreceive good fortune as a kind of reward. And conversely, he doesn't abandon\nthe ideal of following the Way if things go badly for him. Rather, he\nrecognizes that ethical rulership is a worthy end in its own right, and he\npursues that goal whether he experiences good fortune or not.\n\nWhen we consider the historical context in which『史記抄』was produced, and the\nfact its original intended readers would have been warlords who ruled in a\ntime of constant turmoil, this seems like a sound and necessary caveat.\nClassic “Confucian” political theory held that if a ruler followed the Way,\nHeaven would in fact reward him with its favor, with very concrete results:\nHis realm would be prosperous and at peace, he would easily vanquish any enemy\nfoolish enough to attack him, and even the natural world would support him\n(the weather would be mild and favorable for agriculture, there would be no\nearthquakes or other natural disasters, etc.) He would also enjoy the\nenthusiastic and grateful support of his subjects, and he and his descendants\nwould remain in power for as long as they continued to follow the Way.\n\nIn practice, of course, there was no guarantee that even the most\nconscientious ruler would really enjoy all these benefits, particularly under\nthe conditions of continual warfare that obtained in late medieval Japan. The\nauthor of 『史記抄』was well aware of this reality, and he was doubtless also aware\nthat many warlords tended to behave in precisely the way he is saying they\nshouldn't, jettisoning ethical principles in favor of harsh repression\nwhenever they felt their hold on power was in jeopardy.\n\n* * *\n\n***The term \"Confucianism\" is problematic, and some Japanese readers may even\nfind it confusing, as it is meant to encompass a vast corpus of material not\ndirectly associated with the historical personage westerners call \"Confucius.\"\n儒学{じゅがく} is probably the closest Japanese equivalent to the way that\n\"Confucianism\" is used in English-language literature on East Asian thought.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T00:02:04.167", "id": "90490", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T18:43:19.877", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-25T18:43:19.877", "last_editor_user_id": "33934", "owner_user_id": "33934", "parent_id": "90473", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It's Japanese equivalent of the word\n[doge](https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/doge) and doggo(thanks to @naruto). It's\na slang for a word 犬/イヌ, that was born in famous Japanese BBS, 2ch.\n\nSo no, you shouldn't be using this word in normal conversation. You can\nhowever, use this word in a tweet like that.", "comment_count": 15, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T07:13:57.513", "id": "90477", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T07:30:09.663", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-24T07:30:09.663", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90476", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I don't know if it can be called as a stylistic choice, but the 'spelling' イッヌ\nis intentional. It is a slang which originated from a (notorious) Japanese\nwebsite (then) called 2ちゃんねる.\n[This](https://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%8C) explains how it\ngot created.\n\nAs such, if you know nothing about the website, it is better to stay away from\nwriting ッヌ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T07:22:25.297", "id": "90478", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T07:22:25.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90476", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically, 影 is a 2-dimensional shape (with contour) created on a surface by\nan object blocking light (cast on the surface) and 陰 is 3-dimensional space\nbetween the object and the shadow where it is dark.\n\nI think it is better to look at [examples](https://kotokurabe.com/shadow/) to\nget the idea. And of course, you need to consult dictionaries for figurative\nuses.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI [\"Shade\" vs.\n\"shadow\"](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/7990/shade-vs-shadow)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T10:07:39.543", "id": "90481", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T10:07:39.543", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90479", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "In Japan, when you use the word \"勝負\" with \"もらう\" it means この勝負は僕が貰ったね。\"I've got\nthis game, haven't I?\n\nOr...この勝負は君にあげるよ。\"I'll give you this game.\"\n\nThese phrases are common.\n\nSure. この勝負、私にくれる？ \"Can I have this game?\n\nIt is also common to say.\n\nHowever, except when you say things like these, you don't say あげる, もらう, くれる\nthe game.\n\nAlso, be aware that these expressions are used in casual settings rather than\nformal ones. If you are using them for a friend, there is no problem.\n\nTherefore, these expressions cannot be used when the outcome of a game is\ndecided from the standpoint of a third party. This is only for one-on-one\nconversations.\n\nWhen \"勝負\" is used as a noun, it refers only to a match,a game or a\nconfrontation.\n\nMy English is not very good, so I don't know if I'm answering your question\ncorrectly, but I think these are the only ways to use the word \"勝負\". It's a\ndifficult expression, but it would be cool to use!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T12:00:46.053", "id": "90483", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T13:21:08.713", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-24T13:21:08.713", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "48248", "parent_id": "90480", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It is used more or less in the literal sense of pushing and pulling. Maybe you\ndon't _push_ or _pull_ knives (on the object to be cut) in English, but in\nJapanese 押して切る means moving your knife away from you and 引いて切る moving your\nknife towards yourself.\n\nTypically, _sashimi_ is a thing you 引いて切る (hence 刺し身を引く means _cut out slices\nof sashimi_ ). Cf. [刺し身の引き方 - How to Slice Sashimi at\nyoutube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2X0afRMoIWM)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T13:11:59.533", "id": "90484", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T13:11:59.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90482", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "I think it still holds a literal meaning of 押す: push and 引く: pull in your\nsentence, so the merchant has confirmed it’s a junk knife since it does not\ncut anything after his attempt of pushing and pulling.\n\nYou can use it metaphorically when you challenge something. In that case, 押す\nmeans trying to be aggresive and 引く means trying to be defensive. In a\nmarketing sense, 押し引き may mean estimating the balance of companies' campaign\nto the customer.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-24T13:20:01.783", "id": "90485", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-24T13:20:01.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90482", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Both are possible but in (subtly) different contexts.\n\nRoughly 普段に means _for non-special occasions, daily uses_ and its implication\nis that something different is used for special occasions. 普段は means _usually_\n, with implication being that the speaker is doing otherwise for some reason.\n\n 1. このセーターを普段に着る\n 2. このセーターを普段は着る\n\n普段に(1) means _I wear this sweater for non-special occasions_. The focus of the\nsentence is simply on _this sweater_ , and it is saying that the sweater is\nnothing special and the speaker wears it for daily use. Practically, you see\nit in combinations like 普段に使う, 普段に着る etc. A relevant related phrase in this\nsense is\n[普段使い](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%AD%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84/#jn-193245).\n\n普段は(2) means _I usually wear this sweater_ , and the implication is that the\nspeaker will wear something different for some reason (by the function of は,\nyou may already know this or can search on this site).\n\nAn additional set of examples to clarify the difference:\n\n 3. このドレスを普段に着る\n 4. このドレスを普段は着る\n\n3 is rather unlikely unless the speaker is someone who has a party almost\neveryday. 4 is fine (assuming the speaker is a party goer) and it means _I\nwear this dress normally (on a occasion like this or for most parties)_.\n\n* * *\n\nNote that all of the above sentences (esp. 1) may sound a little strange by\nthemselves. They would appear more like このセーターを普段に着るのは躊躇する _I hesitate to wear\nthis sweater daily (because I cherish it so much or it is so expensive)_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T01:03:04.030", "id": "90492", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T01:47:06.637", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-25T01:47:06.637", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90486", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> 学校の校長と看護婦が今来ている。 \n> Only two people are coming (Other guests may not come). \n> 学校の校長や看護婦が今来ている。 \n> School principals and nurses are also coming now. (Others may come)\n\nBut above sentences do not show any other information. But I can guess 「来ている\ncoming」 is used for guests. Or they do not have any plan to go there (may be a\nholiday or day-off), students found them at the school unexpectedly.\n\nYou can say for workers at this school. 「いる exist」 or 「戻ってきている return」can be\nused.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T01:46:13.723", "id": "90494", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-29T04:14:18.697", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-29T04:14:18.697", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "48258", "parent_id": "90487", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> 学校の校長と看護婦が今来ている。\n\nIn the end, I would interpret both the school principal and the nurse to be\nworkers of the school, just because it sounds natural, and I would use such\nexpression. But I can definitely challenge that and prove wrong, as follows.\n\n* * *\n\n> My question is; can the の particle be used to indicate possession (or any of\n> the other uses it has in joining nouns) for multiple items when you have a\n> list using と or や?\n\nYes it can, but depends on the situation.\n\n> For instance, If I said: 学校の校長と看護婦が今来ている。\n\nThis is no different from English. Take the following sentence:\n\n**\" The nurse and the principal from the school are here with us now\"** It can\nmean either:\n\n * The nurse from the school and the principal from the school\n * The nurse NOT from the school and the principal from the school\n\nTechnically there may be a rule that takes away the ambiguity, but in real\nlife I'd say this is subjective.\n\n> What I want to understand is if the sentence above indicates that the nurse\n> in question also works at the school, or if it gives no indication of that,\n> or if it is ambiguous.\n\nFor the above reason, the answer is \"it is ambiguous\". But there are hints. We\ndon't really have 看護婦 in most schools. We mostly have a 保健室の先生 :) So this may\nbe a hint that the 看護婦 is not affiliated with the school. But some schools do\nhave nurses too, so we can't be sure. And the word 看護婦 can start a whole new\ndebate in modern society if we start overthinking!\n\n**学校の校長と教頭 (VP or dean) が今来ている**\n\nThey're both probably from the school\n\n**学校の校長と警察官 (police officer) が今来ている**\n\nCome on, the cop can't be from the school\n\n> Is there some other construction to indicate explicitly that both the\n> principal and the nurse are from the \"school\"?\n\nNot elegant but explicitly: **学校の校長と学校の看護婦が今来ている。**\n\n> What about the other side of the particle? Would this be correct:\n> 私と弟の文書はかばんにあった？ My brother's documents and mine were in the bag.\n\nIt would be correct, but only because of common sense. We know that you can't\nbe found inside a bag. But what is I were to say:\n\n**鉛筆と弟の文書はかばんにあった？**\n\nor say like this:\n\n**鉛筆と、弟の文書はかばんにあった？**\n\nNow this would NOT mean \"My brother's documents and pencil's (documents) were\nin the bag.\", would it? It would mean \"My brother's documents and (someone's)\npencil were in the bag\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-25T05:55:11.360", "id": "90882", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-25T06:14:48.087", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-25T06:14:48.087", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "48366", "parent_id": "90487", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "First I guess acceptability is inevitably subjective after all, so the\nfollowing may apply only to me.\n\nGenerally 思い is more about emotion while the other can be reasoning. As for 思考\nand 思索, they are more the (inner) act of thinking, less of its result (though\nthey can be). Between 思考 and 思索, there is more emphasis on process in 思索\n(hence 思考過程 is fine while 思索過程 is not due to redundancy).\n\n * That {思考,思索}を述べる are not acceptable can be explained by 思考/思索 being more of act.\n\n * 主観的な思い is not acceptable because of redundancy or a matter of collocation. I assume _subjective emotion_ is not really usual in English either (If I'm wrong on this, then it is only that Japanese and English are different). Also: 客観的な思い is simply impossible.\n\n * 哲学的な思考 actually is possible. BCCWJ has 3 examples, one of which is \"きわめて深い 哲学的な思考 をも示した、アメリカの心理学者エイブラハム・マズロー\". BCCWJ also gives an example of 思考にふける, so 哲学的な思考にふける should be at least partially acceptable. Maybe simply an error in the dictionary.\n\n* * *\n\nI know redundancy may not always make some expressions unacceptable, but I\nguess sometimes it does.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T01:45:41.953", "id": "90493", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T01:45:41.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90488", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The noun 思い vs 考え vs 思考 vs 思索 may sound differently using some modifier.\n\nFor 1. and 2., I think you can use all 4 nouns if you explain background of\nwhat you want to say.\n\n 3. 主観的な...を排す sounds very definitive predicate, so only 考え and 思考 sound natural since 思い and 思索 sound more sentimental and speculative the former two.\n\n 4. 哲学的な...にふける sounds more of a mind wandering or pondering, so 思索 and 考え may fit well. But it depends on the context, 思考 and 思い may work too.\n\nProbably only for No3, the phrase itself tries to exclude something concrete,\nso 考え and 思考 may fit better than 思い and 思索 which are more speculative.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T01:58:52.367", "id": "90495", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T01:58:52.367", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90488", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Though I am not sure if I am getting what you are asking,\n\"[PTA](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTA)\" is an acronym for \"Parent-Teacher\nAssociation\", which sounds similar to \"wardship\" in your comment. Every\nstudent is more or less cognizant of PTA influencing their school indirectly.\n\nAn association for only teachers and students should be\n\"[[生徒会]{せいとかい}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%BE%92%E4%BC%9A)\". I\nthink it is more of an autonomous group for students.\n\nThe literal translation of \"wardship\" should be [後援会]{こうえんかい}. Though it may\ndiffer between regions, it often applies to an athlete, an artist or a\npolitician and so on and so forth.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T00:14:55.133", "id": "90491", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T04:37:49.823", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-25T04:37:49.823", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90489", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Okay I found the source. This line seems to come from the anime 『ダーウィンズゲーム』\nwhich I happen to have seen. Please include the source and more context next\ntime if you can. (See [this Meta\npost](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/a/2190/30454)) [The original\nline](http://anicobin.ldblog.jp/archives/56299950.html) is\n\n> ソロの新人が初戦を生き残る確率は1割以下というのに。まさかルーキー狩りのバンダ君に続いて、 **無敗** の女王にまで土をつけるとは。\n\nYes, 無敗の女王 is the \"undefeated queen.\" 「土を付ける」 seems to come from the term\n「土が付く」, as defined in\n[デジタル大辞泉（小学館）](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%9C%9F%E3%81%8C%E4%BB%98%E3%81%8F/)\n\n> 相撲で、力士が負ける。\n\nIt is a sumo wrestling term that means what you guessed it means, \"defeat\".\nThe variant used in the anime contains the transitive verb 付ける as opposed to\nthe intransitive 付く, supposedly putting emphasis on the defeat being the\nresult of an active action on the part of カナメ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T03:14:48.583", "id": "90497", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T03:14:48.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90496", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "土を付ける is an idiomatic phrase derived fron Sumo match. The defeat is sentenced\nwhen you fell down onto the ground or you cross the boundery of circle called\nDohyo ring in Sumo match.\n\nWhen the lost one leaves the dohyo ring, you can see his body with dirt. So,\nan idiom comes from the scene.\n\n無敗 literally means undefeated and should be considered as undamaged. So, 土を付ける\nis a natural phrase to describe for someone defeating him/her for the first\ntime.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T03:23:39.547", "id": "90498", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T03:29:49.643", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-25T03:29:49.643", "last_editor_user_id": "34735", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "90496", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "See\n[デジタル大辞泉（小学館）](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6/)\n\n> ［係助］《断定の助動詞「だ」に係助詞「とて」の付いた「だとて」の音変化という》名詞・副詞、一部の助詞に付く。「でも」に似るが、語調がより強い。\n>\n> 疑問・不定を表す語、または、数量・程度を表す語に付いて、例外なくそうである意を表す。…でも。…も。「だれだって知っている」「一度だって姿を見せない」\n\nだって has multiple meanings. In this usage, there is a strong sense of \"even\nthat\" where that could refer to an amount, a degree, or anything along those\nlines. 「一度だってないのだ！」= (literally) there is not even once = Not even once\n(something has happened)\n\nない is omitted in that line from the anime, but I am not sure how commonly this\nkind of omission occurs.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T05:45:34.627", "id": "90500", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T05:45:34.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90499", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The だって in your example means:\n\n> だって 〘副助〙 \n> ❹《最小を表す語に付いて、下に打ち消しの語を伴って》全面的否定を表す。…も。 \n> 「こんな会社は一日 **だって** 我慢でき **ない** 」 「わずか **だって** ミスは許され **ない** 」 \n> (明鏡国語辞典)\n\nUsed in this sense, だって(≈も) is always followed by negation. eg\n\n> 「一回 **だってない** 。」「一度 **もない** 。」 \n> （*「一回だってある。」 *「一度もある。」 ← incorrect)\n\nAnd you can see 一回だって/一度も \"even once\" as a [negative polarity\nitem](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16060/9831). From the linked\nanswer:\n\n> Unlike English, Japanese is verb-final, and negation usually comes toward\n> the end of a sentence. Many Japanese NPIs appear early, and they're often\n> signals that a negative predicate is coming up:\n>\n\n>> ​ 7a. ​ 決して忘れたりしない。 \n> ​ 7b. *決して忘れたりする。\n>\n> In many cases, this signal is strong enough that you can leave out the\n> actual part of the predicate containing the negation (as long as it can be\n> inferred from context): ​\n>\n\n>> 8a. ちっとも変わらない。 \n> ​8b. ちっとも。\n\nSimilarly, with 一回だって/一度も the predicate containing the negation can often be\nleft out:\n\n> 「行ったことあったっけ？」 -- 「一度も。」/「一回も。」 \n> \"Have you been there before?\" -- \"No, not even once.\" \n> 「疑ったことなど、これまでに一度だって！」 \n> \"I have never doubted even once!\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T05:50:55.563", "id": "90501", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T06:05:27.127", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-25T06:05:27.127", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90499", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "I think I understand now from the comments, I was getting hung up on a complex\nmeaning of nara - that may not exist.\n\nThe iu just stands for “say”, so “if you say you will return to .., then, …”\n\nSilly, I know", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T06:48:50.643", "id": "90503", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T06:48:50.643", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "40291", "parent_id": "90502", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "You can use が instead of を in the sentence.\n\n * 日本人はなぜ欧米人 **が** 野蛮人だと思ったのでしょうか\n\nwhich translates literally :\n\n * _Why did Japanese think that Westerners were barbarians?_\n\nwhereas the sentence in the question translates literally:\n\n * _Why did Japanese consider Westerners as barbarians?_\n\nSo arguably the answer is that it is a matter of the writer's choice of\nconstruction. Also the use of は is most likely to be excluded for avoiding a\nconsecutive は-phrase. (E.g. see [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/62145/noun%E3%82%92nounverb-\nstem-expressions-\nie-%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96%E3%82%92%E6%B5%81%E3%82%8C-%E6%88%B8%E6%83%91%E3%81%84%E3%82%92%E8%A1%A8%E3%82%8C-etc)\nfor ～を～と construction.)\n\nAlternative: generally there is a research topic called 格の交替 for which you can\nfind tons of papers on the web (like the one in the liked question). I guess\nit is also possible to see the above two sentences is an instance of 格の交替,\nwhich is usually considered to occur by some difference of perspectives. But I\ndon't really see any difference by use of が/を in the particular sentence.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T11:36:56.577", "id": "90507", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T11:36:56.577", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90504", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The sentence you have in mind would be parsed this way:\n\n> 日本人はなぜ『欧米人 **が** 野蛮人だ』と思ったのでしょうか。\n\nThe と is quoting the clause 欧米人が野蛮人だ.\n\nOn the other hand...\n\n> 日本人はなぜ欧米人 **を** 野蛮人だと思ったのでしょうか。\n\nHere, 欧米人 is the object of 思った. The structure is 「XXをYY(だ)と思う」\"think of XX as\nYY\", not 「欧米人を野蛮人だ」と思う.\n\n「XXをYYと思う」 can be used this way:\n\n> 子猫 **を** かわいい **と** 思う \n> 自分 **を** 特別だ **と** 思う \n> 山田君 **を** 正直者(だ) **と** 思う\n\nThis structure can also be used with verbs 考える, みなす, etc:\n\n> 努力 **を** ムダ(だ) **と** 考える \n> 同性間の結婚 **を** 合法 **と** みなす", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T16:18:10.607", "id": "90511", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-26T15:14:18.283", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-26T15:14:18.283", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90504", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "They are not interchangeable in this circumstance. In general, boarding a\nvehicle takes the particle に with 乗る. Getting off a vehicle often takes the\nparticle を to mark the object of the action of getting off.\n\nAs a memory trick (if it helps), think of getting on something as movement\nupwards (stepping up onto a train, getting up on a bike, climbing on a horse,\netc.), and associate that movement with the particle に. When you are getting\noff (getting down), think of the vehicle as the object of the verb (get off\n[object]), and associate that with を. It's not technically accurate but it\nmight help to conceptualize it in this way.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T16:11:24.327", "id": "90510", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T16:11:24.327", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "25875", "parent_id": "90505", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "No, it is not an independent adjective, but can be divided as 悲しき + かな, where\n悲しき is a classical 連体形 (pre-noun form) and\n[かな](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AA/#jn-43372) is a\nparticle\n\n> 体言・活用語の連体形に付いて、感動・詠嘆を表す。…だなあ。\n\n> _Preceded by nouns or pre-noun form, indicates being impressed/exclamation.\n> Translated as_ だなあ.\n\nSo a modern version would be 悲しいなあ, meaning _oh, how sad..._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T11:45:55.333", "id": "90508", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T11:45:55.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90506", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It should be a typo. やって来た is always read やってきた.\n\nA wild guess is that up to some point it was やって[来]{く}る and changed at the\nlast minute.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-25T23:07:28.017", "id": "90515", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-25T23:07:28.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90513", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In the video, I think Yama-chan says:\n\n> 「YOUさんに、『婿にしたいランキングぶっちぎりのビリ』と **言われ** た (or 言われて)...」\n\nYOUさんに...言われた means \"I was told by YOU-san\" (i.e. \"YOU-san told me\").\n\n婿にしたい literally means \"want to make (someone) one's 婿\".\n\n[婿]{むこ} can mean either \"husband / groom\" or \"son-in-law / daughter's husband\nor fiancé\".\n\nFrom the surrounding context in the video, Yama-chan got lost in a supermarket\nin Hawaii and YOU-san told him 「(山ちゃんは)婿にしたいランキングぶっちぎりのビリ(だ)」, \"You're in the\nlowest position of the ranking list of people I would want to make my 婿 / want\nto choose as my 婿,\" because Yama-chan is too 頼りない(unreliable), compared to\nTokui-san.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-27T10:52:28.517", "id": "90539", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-29T05:55:57.760", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-29T05:55:57.760", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90514", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, 難しく and 考える are grouped here. The ku-form is a form used to modify a\nverb, in other words, it works like an adverb. See [this\narticle](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/i-adjective-ku-form/), too.\n\n * 速く走る to run fast\n * よく考える to think hard\n * 弱く叩く to hit/tap lightly\n * 格好良く踊る to dance in a cool manner\n\nLikewise, 難しく考える means \"to think in a difficult/complicated way\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-27T01:57:27.383", "id": "90532", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-27T01:57:27.383", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90516", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Nouns never conjugate. There is no such thing as \"the te-form of a noun\" in\nthe first place. That で is a case particle because it directly follows a noun.\nSemantically, で like this broadly marks a condition/situation/scope, and it\ncorresponds to various English prepositions such as _in_ , _with_ , _by_ or\n_among_. `noun + で + いい` is a common construction used to say \"fine with\n[noun]\" or \"[noun] is acceptable\".\n\n見学 is also a suru-verb, so you cay say 見学して (the te-form of 見学する). In this\nspecific case, 俺は見学していいですか happens to make sense, too.\n\n**EDIT:** By \"te-form of a noun\", do you mean \"te-form of だ (the copula)\"\nexplained in [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/88667/5010)?\nThen that's not the case here; this で is not interchangeable with でして or であり.\nThis `noun + で` is modifying `いい` (\"fine _with_ [noun]\").", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-27T01:43:45.960", "id": "90531", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-27T17:14:21.023", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-27T17:14:21.023", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90517", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I learned at school that we can infer the verb type from its ない form:\n\nthe sound right before ない has an あ(a) vowel ⇒ 五段(godan) verb \nthe sound right before ない has an い(i) vowel ⇒ 上一段(kami-ichidan) verb \nthe sound right before ない has an え(e) vowel ⇒ 下一段(shimo-ichidan) verb\n\nFor example, you can infer that...\n\n聞く is 五段 verb from its ない form き **か** ない (kik **a** -nai) \n見る is 上一段 verb from its ない form **み** ない (m **i** -nai) \n食べる is 下一段 verb from its ない form た **べ** ない (tab **e** -nai)\n\n* * *\n\nYou can also infer whether the verb is 五段 or 一段 type from its volitional form:\n\nThe volitional form ends with う ⇒ 五段 \nThe volitional form ends with よう ⇒ 上一段 or 下一段\n\nFor example, you can infer that...\n\n聞く is 五段(godan) verb from its volitional form きこ **う** \n見る/食べる is 一段(ichidan) verb from its volitional form み **よう** /たべ **よう**\n\n* * *\n\nThere might be more, but this is all that I can think of right now.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-26T13:26:49.830", "id": "90520", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-26T14:50:39.407", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-26T14:50:39.407", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90518", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically yes, 国に帰る can be used in such a situation.\n\n国（くに) in the expression is sometimes written as 故郷 (with the pronunciation\nくに), _homeland_. So 国に帰る can be used as long as the speaker perceives it as\nhis/her homeland.\n\nAs such in some cases 国に帰る may not be used or can be ambiguous - if A was born\nin the US and moved to Japan at the age of three, then A wouldn't seriously\nsay 国に帰る to mean going to the US. Or if a 50-year-old American person B has\nlived in Japan for thirty years and he says 国に帰る somewhere outside Japan and\nthe US, then it can be ambiguous - going to Japan or to the US (To me it\nsounds more like to the US, though).\n\n* * *\n\n**Added** If a Japanese says 国に帰る, then usually it means going back to his/her\nhometown for a long term/permanently.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-26T13:36:43.843", "id": "90521", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-26T13:56:21.527", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-26T13:56:21.527", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90519", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding of ようだ is correct. It does mean something like “parece\nser.”\n\nようで and ような are both derived from ようだ. The former is the conjunctive form\nwhereas the latter modifies a noun like a な-adjective. In this case, 恋をしているよう\nand 躍らされてるよう are connected by で and they both modify 鼓動, which is also\nmodified by 高鳴る.\n\n踊らされてる is the result of the following series of transformations.\n\n 1. The core verb is 踊る.\n 2. 踊らす is one of the causative forms of 踊る, meaning “to make someone dance.” (The other is 踊らせる.)\n 3. 踊らされる is the passive form of 踊らす, and therefore, one of the causative-passive forms of 踊る, meaning “to be made to dance.” (The other is 踊らせられる.)\n 4. 踊らされている is the continuous/progressive form of 踊らされる.\n 5. 踊らされてる is a colloquial, contracted form of 踊らされている.\n\nSo, the heart beats are such that it seems like you are in love and at the\nsame time you are being made to dance.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-27T09:57:53.990", "id": "90537", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:04:32.573", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:04:32.573", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90523", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The representative phrase that contains 姓名 is\n[姓名判断](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%93%E5%90%8D%E5%88%A4%E6%96%AD),\nwhich is based on a superstition that the fate of a person is determined by\nthe number of strokes of each kanji in their name. This is surely related to\n名前のつけ方 or _how to name [a child]_. This is a fixed phrase, and you cannot\nreplace 姓名 to 氏名 here.\n\nAside from this, 姓名 may be used in stiff and formal contexts where one wants\nto say \"the surname AND the given name, not only just the surname\" explicitly.\nFor example, you may see 利用者の姓名を記録すること in a formal documentation. Technically\n氏名 should be enough, but it sounds less explicit.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-27T01:33:43.853", "id": "90530", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-27T01:33:43.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90524", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [this chiebukuro\nanswer](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1213205497),\nthe use of のむ is dated.\n\n> はい、昭和４０年代ごろまでは、「のむ」はまだごくふつうに使われていたと記憶していますし、\n> 古い人ほど「のむ」を使い、「吸う」は新しい言い方が次第に優勢になって定着したものだと思います。\n\n(昭和40年代 = 1965 - 1974)\n\nAs given in the comments, I personally never heard it used either.\n\nTo me, のむ sounds sort of natural with\n[水たばこ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%90%E3%82%B3)\n(obviously due to the word 水). But I know nothing about how Hookah works or\nhave never seen it. Anyway if you mean cigarettes, のむ never sounds natural.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-26T22:12:24.467", "id": "90529", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-26T22:12:24.467", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90525", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "The short answer is that both meanings are applicable and the only way to know\nis from context.\n\nThe problem here is that in spoken language, なに tends to be shortened into なん,\nsuch that the two meanings \"by what means\" and \"for what reason\" overlap. If\none wants to be clear, one should say なにで when referring to \"by what means\",\nand in writing it is good to not use the kanji in this case. In written text,\nthey should be distinguished (なに for \"by what means\") but since the text in\nyour image refers to spoken language, it is shortened there.\n\nI remember having the same question when I first started learning Japanese\nmany years ago, also with that book. However, I cannot really recall having\nheard it used in the sense of \"by what means\" in real life, people will\ninstead say なに. Perhaps there is a regional difference, I've mostly lived in\nFukuoka.\n\nHere is some data from a survey I found:\n<http://nhg.pro.tok2.com/reserch/reserch1-3.htm>\n\nThe survey asks \"Do you use なに or なん when asking about commuting method?\". In\ntotal, 71.4 % prefers なに. In 近畿｛きんき｝ more people prefer なに than in 関東{かんとう｝ ,\nalthough only 105 people were interviewed so no strong conclusions can be\ndrawn from this survey.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-26T20:59:22.100", "id": "90528", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-26T21:07:15.733", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-26T21:07:15.733", "last_editor_user_id": "20305", "owner_user_id": "20305", "parent_id": "90527", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The translation of the sentence does not seem quite accurate. ～ことはない is\nusually used to express the negation of possibility of something (or lack of\nnecessity of something). In this case, the possibility of 美味しくない is being\nnegated. Also, the も is the standard usage of も to indicate 'also'. In other\nwords, the writer is saying that the curry, as well as other items in the\nshop, is good but that they would prefer it to be hotter.\n\nこの店のカレー **も** 美味しくないことはないが、私はもっと辛いのが好きだ。 \nIt's not that the curry in this shop isn't **also** good, but I like spicier\n(curry).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-27T10:26:37.303", "id": "90538", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-27T10:26:37.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "25875", "parent_id": "90535", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "This is similar to kandyman's answer, but hopefully somewhat helpful.\n\nFirst ないことはない is a double negation, so the sentence means the same if dropped:\n\n * この店のカレーも美味しいが, 私はもっと辛いのが好きだ\n\nSo the speaker compares two curries, the shop's and the spicier, and prefers\nthe latter. But the speaker thinks **both** are good, hence using も meaning\n_also_.\n\n * This shop's curry is also good, but I like spicier ones better (or I would like it spicier).\n\nA possible difficulty is that this _also_ may not really be idiomatic, I guess\na more proper translation would be without it: _This shop's curry is ok..._\n\n* * *\n\nTo be more precise, as given in the links in the comment, this も is used to\nweaken the statement/express reservation on the statement, which is also the\nfunction of the double negation. As such この店のカレーも美味しくないことはない can be thought of\nこの店のカレーはおいしい being wrapped with many _maybe_ 's.\n\nI think in any case this weakening sense of も derives from _also_.\n\n* * *\n\nExamples for も in the 強く否定する context. They are usually translated as _at all_\nor _even_.\n\n * 何もない There is nothing at all.\n * 返事もしない There is not even a reply.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-28T11:17:33.860", "id": "90546", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T23:09:49.570", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-28T23:09:49.570", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90535", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The following is my intuition. I think for most verbs, you can use dictionary\nor タ or テイル forms interchangeably without changing the meaning, even if there\nare some nuance difference. In particular, the sentences in the question mean\nmostly the same with any of those forms, as long as they are acceptable.\n\ndictionary | -タ | -テイル | English \n---|---|---|--- \n〇知る | ×知った | 〇知っている | as far as I know \n〇聞く | 〇聞いた | 〇聞いている | as far as I heard \n〇見る | 〇見た | 〇見ている | as far as I observe \n〇見える | 〇見えた | 〇見えている | as far as I can see \n×覚える | ×覚えた | 〇覚えている | as far as I remember \n×記憶する | ×記憶した | 〇記憶している | as far as I remember \n \n〇: can be followed by 限りでは/×: cannot be followed by 限りでは\n\n* * *\n\nテイル forms sound more like _repetitive, happens regularly, etc_. For example\n\n * 我々がメジャーのテレビ中継を見ている限り\n\nsounds like _we_ regularly follow NLB games, which are still going daily. On\nthe other hand\n\n * 我々がメジャーのテレビ中継を見た限り\n\nsounds like _we_ saw a particular NLB game on TV, or at least NLB is off\nseason.\n\nBut these differences are subtle, and both are interchangeable to some extent.\n\n* * *\n\nUnderlying principles should be a research-topic kind of thing and I doubt\nthere is any definite answer. You can search 瞬間動詞と継続動詞.\n\nFYI : 知る seems to be known as particularly irregular\n\n * [日本語の問題児「知る」の謎を探る。](http://urgell.blog62.fc2.com/?mode=m&no=176)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-28T08:07:37.987", "id": "90542", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T11:18:50.833", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-28T11:18:50.833", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90536", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "These two sentences are not the same.\n\nThe first sentence could definitely be a question of Yamada-san and Sato-san.\n\"Yamada-san! Sato-san! Will you have some coffee\". (Exclamation point is used\nonly to emphasize that you're directly addressing them in the first sentence.)\n\nThe second sentence (ignoring that you left out the object marker を) is a\nquestion: \"Are both Yamada-san and Sato-san going to drink coffee?\" (Notice,\nyou're not directly addressing either Yamada or Sato in the second sentence.\nYou talking _about_ them.)\n\nGenerally, in this sort of situation though, you would ask more indirectly\n\n> 山田さん、佐藤さん、コーヒーは のみませんか", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-28T13:48:47.513", "id": "90547", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T13:48:47.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90540", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "That そう is neither of them, but an adverb.\n\n * [そのように。](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86/#jn-127918)\n\nSo...it translates _**so**_.\n\n* * *\n\nFirst note there are quotes omitted: 店長に「休みたいならそう言え」といわれた. Now consider\n休みたいならそう言え.\n\nFrom a learner's point of view, you can get the translation as follows\n\n * 休みたい _want to rest / want a day off_\n * なら _if_ (although it means more _then_ )\n * そう _so_\n * 言え _say_ in the imperative\n\nCombined, _If you want a day off, say so_.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI: Another fairly common phrase is\n\n * そう思います _I think so._", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-28T10:57:39.363", "id": "90545", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T14:11:50.260", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-28T14:11:50.260", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90543", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]