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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "こと refers to something intangible. This そんなこと refers to クロード's current\ncondition/situation/appearance. で after it is a particle that marks a\ncondition/situation/cause (like _with_ or _in_ in English). どうする literally\nmeans \"what do you do\", but here it's a rhetorical question that effectively\nmeans どうしようもない/どうにもならない (\"it's helpless\", \"you can't do anything\", \"it gets\nyou nowhere\", etc.). Put together, そんなことでどうする roughly means something like\n\"What can you do if you're like that\" or \"You're useless in such a condition\".\nNevertheless, this is indeed a set expression (if not an idiom), so you can\nremember it as-is. Likewise, if someone says こんなことでどうする to themself, it means\nsomething like \"This (situation) is not good, I must do better\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T00:26:58.657", "id": "88779", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T00:44:18.440", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-06T00:44:18.440", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88773", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Aside from loanwords, Katakana is good for onomatopoeia, strange plants and\nanimals or just for **emphasis**. Without knowing the context of where you saw\nit, I'd assume that the writer wanted to emphasize how relaxing something is.\nJust like italics in English, usage is not restricted to foreign words", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-05T19:28:35.663", "id": "88775", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-05T19:28:35.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34345", "parent_id": "88774", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Broadly speaking, the words can be broken up as follows:\n\n 1. 止まる{とまる} and 止める{とめる}\n 2. 止む{やむ} and 止める{やめる}\n 3. 止まる{とどまる} and 止める{とどめる}\n 4. Exceptions: 止す{よす} and 止す{さす}\n\nThe first three groups are made up of pairs where the first is intransitive,\nand the second is transitive. The fourth group contains two verbs that lack\nthis pattern.\n\nFor the first group (止まる{とまる}/止める{とめる}), they have a meaning of \"stop\" as\napplied to a **person or object**.\n\nMeanwhile, the second group (止む{やむ} and 止める{やめる}) are about stopping\n**actions**.\n\nThe third group of 止まる{とどまる} and 止める{とどめる} contain the idea of stopping as\n**keeping** or **remaining**. In other words, it is a kind of \"stop\" before\neven starting.\n\n止す{よす} is pretty close to 止める{やめる} in meaning, with some different nuances.\nAnd 止す{さす} is an auxiliary verb that adds the meaning \"stop in the middle of.\"\n\nBelow I have a more detailed breakdown of each case, along with the kanji that\ncan be used for it. I'm not including archaic uses.\n\nとまる:\n\n 1. To physically stop moving/halt. (止まる/留まる/停まる)\n 2. To come to a stop in a more abstract sense (ie: stop growing, the road stops, etc). (止まる/留まる/停まる)\n 3. To perch. (止まる/留まる/停まる)\n 4. To be fixed/pinned in place so to be unable to move (留まる)\n 5. Used along with 目/耳/心 to indicate that it got your attention/made an impression. (止まる/留まる/停まる)\n 6. Used in the expression お高くとまる with a meaning of something like \"Self-important.\" (止まる/留まる)\n 7. To spend (usually a single) night. (泊まる)\n 8. To dock at a harbor. (泊まる)\n\n停まる isn't a 常用 reading, and thus is much less common in general. The nuances\nbetween the three main readings are that 留 implies a longer/permanent stop,\nwhile 停 implies a short, temporary one. 止まる effectively is the \"default\" one,\nand could either be a temporary stop or a permanent one.\n\nとめる\n\n 1. To stop something that is physically moving. (止める/停める)\n 2. To stop something from continuing in a more abstract sense (ie: growth or supply) (止める/停める)\n 3. To park (a car). (止める/停める/駐める)\n 4. To fix/pin something in place so it can't move. (留める)\n 5. To break up a fight. (止める)\n 6. To detain/keep in custody. (留める)\n 7. Used with 目/耳 to mean \"watch/listen closely.\" (止める/留める/停める)\n 8. Used with 心/気 to mean \"keep in mind.\" (留める/停める)\n 9. Used with 息 for \"to hold one's breath.\" (止める)\n 10. To accommodate someone for a stay (usually a single night). (泊める)\n 11. To anchor a ship. (泊める)\n\nIn the meanings where multiple can be used, there remains the nuance of 留める\nbeing long-term and 停める being temporary, while 停める is the rarest of the trio.\nIn the case of 3, 駐める takes the place of 留める to be the \"long term\" one, though\nits pretty rare to see it at all.\n\nやむ\n\n 1. A natural phenomenon (like wind or rain) has come to a stop.\n 2. (For an event) to come to a stop.\n 3. Used in a few specific expressions like やむを得ない and やむに止まれず.\n\nIt can be written both 止む and 已む, and both ways can be used for any of the\nmeanings. Neither is 常用, but the nuance for writers that observe it is that 止む\nis used for a temporary stop, while the 已む used for a final one. Also, 止む is\njust more common in general.\n\nやめる:\n\n 1. To stop doing some (present) action. (止める/已める)\n 2. To cancel a plan. To not do what you planned. (止める/已める)\n 3. To quit a habit. (止める/已める)\n 4. To quit/resign from a job or position. (辞める)\n\nLike with 止む, 已 is used for something more long term than 止. And again,\nneither are 常用. But note that 已める is much rarer to see than 已む, so expect to\nsee 止める if kanji is being used.\n\n止す{よす}:\n\n 1. To stop doing some (present) action.\n 2. To cancel a plan. To not do what you planned.\n\nIt normally is written in kana. Also, it usually has its object marked with は\nrather than を.\n\nとどまる:\n\n 1. To be in a single place/position and not move. Only used with people, not objects.\n 2. To stay behind. Generally there is an implication of \"as opposed to going to some place.\" Again, only used with people, not objects.\n 3. To not exceed. To remain within.\n\nNone of the kanji readings are 常用, and it is usually written as kana. When\nkanji are used, its usually 留まる.\n\nとどめる:\n\n 1. To hold back.\n 2. To keep/preserve something in it's original form, particularly the memory of something.\n 3. To keep within a certain range/level.\n 4. Uses 7 and 8 from とめる, though some of the details are different.\n\nNone of the kanji readings are 常用, and it is usually written as kana. When\nkanji are used, its usually 留まる.\n\n止す{さす} is just an auxiliary verb for \"stop in the middle of\" for whatever the\nmain verb is, and it is usually written in kana.\n\nI'm not a native Japanese speaker, so please feel to correct any mistakes. My\nsources for this were:\n\n * Several GOO pages (both definitions and thesaurus)\n * [This 日本語早わかり post](https://nihon-go.jp/post-1470/)\n * [This 三省堂国語辞典 article](https://dictionary.sanseido-publ.co.jp/column/sankok46)\n * [This Wisdom Box article](https://wisdom-box.com/confusing/similar/tomeru/)\n * [Jisho](https://jisho.org/) (for searching with * wildcards to find expressions)\n * [mtfuji's response](https://hinative.com/ja/questions/3985385) on the differences between よす and やめる\n * [This Study Z page](https://study-z.net/100118379)\n * Various Google searching with quotations (to find out how common certain kanji usage was)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-05T21:31:25.847", "id": "88778", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T14:07:56.990", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-06T14:07:56.990", "last_editor_user_id": "38831", "owner_user_id": "38831", "parent_id": "88777", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "From [wp.stolaf.edu](https://wp.stolaf.edu/japanese/grammar-index/genki-i-ii-\ngrammar-index/ageru-kureru-morau-genki-ii-chapter-14/), the verb we use, くれる\nor あげる, **depends on the direction of the transaction and who carries out the\ntransaction**. Note that the giving takes places in the inward direction. To\nillustrate this, consider the following:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lPOX2l.jpg)\n\nRecovered from [wasabi-jpn.com](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-\ngrammar/receiving-and-giving/)\n\nEach person has an in-group and an out-group, which is encircled in the\nillustration. Your mother, naturally, is part of your in-group, so you share\nthe same circle. Strangers, however, do not.\n\nIf the transaction is in the direction of your in-group, then you use くれる. If\nthe transaction is in the direction of your out-group, then you use あげる. For\nexample: 山田さんは私の妹に花をくれました. We use くれる because Mr. Yamada gave a flower to your\nlittle sister, so the transaction goes towards your in-group.\n\nNow consider this sentence: 叔父は母に花をくれました. This may be a little confusing at\nfirst because both your uncle and mother are part of your in-group, your\nfamily, but your mother, naturally, is closer to you than your uncle, so you\nchoose くれました. Think of it this way: you, your mother and uncle share the same\nin-group, but you and your mother share another in-group, a mother-son bond.\n\nAnswering your first question: you can't interchange them. Take a look at your\nexamples: 友達が父にいいことを教えてあげた and 友達が父にいいことを教えてくれた. In both sentences you have\nthat the people involved, your father and friend, share the same in-group, but\nyou and your father share an in-group of its own, a father-son bond, so the\ntransaction takes places towards your in-group. Hence we use くれました and not\nあげました.\n\nAnswering your second question, considering the sentence: 山田さんは田中さんに本をあげました.\nNote the suffix さん. This creates a distance between the speaker and the people\ninvolved, so the transaction is taking place outside your in-group. Hence, we\nuse あげる.\n\nRephrasing your book explanation:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1UylYl.png)\n\nRecovered from [Practice Makes Perfect Complete Japanese\nGrammar](https://www.amazon.com.mx/Complete-Japanese-Grammar-Eriko-\nPH-D/dp/0071808353), page 58.\n\nBasically, you have two cases for when to use くれる:\n\n 1. **If the giver is part of the speaker's out-group** , the receiver must be the speaker or is a member of the speaker's in-group.\n 2. **If the giver is part of the speaker's in-group** , the receiver must be the speaker or is a member of the speaker's in-group, who is closer to the speaker than the giver.\n\nBecause of 2, the verb used in 叔父は母に花をくれました is くれる. The **speaker** is\nnaturally **closer to their mother** , who is the **receiver** , being marked\nby the particle に. Hence, we use くれる.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T05:19:59.200", "id": "88785", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T16:34:44.143", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-06T16:34:44.143", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "88781", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think its fine. But the most natural and, to answer your question, neutral\nway to introduce yourself is just [your name]です. If you are trying to be\nformal you should probably just say と申します. This is fairly common even outside\nof business interactions.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T06:25:37.003", "id": "88786", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T06:25:37.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38959", "parent_id": "88782", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You don't need 私は regardless of the formality level. As long as everyone\nunderstands you're introducing yourself, adding 私は is simply redundant and\nunnecessary (although it's not harmful, either). Saying 私は won't make you\nsound polite or formal.\n\nIf you need to be very formal (e.g., in a job interview), consider using a\nhumble verb like 申します:\n\n> ウィリアムと申します【もうします】。\n\nThis sounds much politer than ウィリアムです or ウィリアムといいます.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T05:13:21.633", "id": "88784", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T05:13:21.633", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88783", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This ～に is marking the target/destination of the 目. ～に used in a passive\nconstruction does not necessarily mark the doer (agent).\n\n> 俺 **に** 向けられる目 \n> stares cast **to** me \n> (not \"stares cast **by** me\")\n\nNow you may be wondering if に in a passive sentence can be ambiguous. The\nanswer is yes. See the following questions:\n\n * [Confusing 届ける 受身 form](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/54988/5010)\n * [Particle に in passive sentences?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/87051/5010)\n * [The meaning of ”あれは魔術師に与えられた祝福”](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/76392/5010) (see my answer)\n * [How does the passive form work here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38739/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T07:05:57.613", "id": "88788", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T07:11:14.050", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-06T07:11:14.050", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88787", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The kanji is [堂{どう}](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%A0%82) ( _dō_ ), and\nit usually means _hall_ or _temple_ when used in compounds (words that contain\nmultiple kanji characters), for example 食堂{しょくどう} ( _shokudō_ , dining hall,\ncanteen) and 講堂{こうどう} ( _kōdō_ , lecturing hall, auditorium).\n\nThe character usually doesn't appear on its own, so I'm curious to see the\nfull image if you have it.\n\nHere's a trick from [an answer to a similar\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/68692/39516): you can use [this\ntool](https://kanji.sljfaq.org/mr.html) to select kanji _radicals_ (building\nblocks of kanji) in the character you're trying to find. For 堂, I selected the\n土 and 口 radicals and then looked for it in the list of potential matches.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T08:51:41.910", "id": "88790", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T08:51:41.910", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39516", "parent_id": "88789", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "大辞泉 dictionary lists this as possibly being ateji.\n\nThe verb くどく probably shares its origin with the mimetic word くどくど\n(repetitively, at great length, etc.). Both would have existed prior to being\nwritten.\n\nThe idea is that the kanji 口 and 説 were then chosen as a way to represent the\nexisting word, ignoring how one would read them if the idea was to make a word\nfrom 口 and 説 from scratch.\n\nThis is not unusual, and represents a source of many exceptional readings.\n\nThe dictionary isn't absolute in its assessment though, leaving open the\npossibility of some other origin of the orthography.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T10:51:23.420", "id": "88792", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T10:51:23.420", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "88791", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's not a full sentence but a relative clause that modifies シンシャ. の after 察し\nindicates this is a relative clause. 察しがいい means \"perceptive/insightful\".\n\n> ……そうだな、孤立していて察しのいいシンシャなら...\n>\n> Let's see...if (I choose) シンシャ, who is isolated and perceptive, ...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T12:39:06.560", "id": "88796", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T12:39:06.560", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88794", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This みたいな is known as a slangy phrase used by stereotypical\n[ギャル](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaru) around the 90s. Basically it is\nused _at the end of a sentence_ to add a mood of \"kinda\", \"maybe\" or\n\"something like that\", but it is sometimes used almost meaninglessly, too:\n\n> * 学校休んじゃったーみたいなー。\n> * チョー楽しかったみたいなー！\n>\n\nThis boss uses it as if it's an independent interjection, but this is because\nshe is depicted as a heavily exaggerated ギャル. Normally, you cannot start a\nsentence with みたいな or use みたいな as a meaningless filler.\n\nTypical filler words used by ギャル include\n[てゆっか](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/85967/5010) and なんか.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-07T00:04:43.950", "id": "88804", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T01:04:23.447", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-07T01:04:23.447", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88797", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all, (-て)おく as a subsidiary verb **can** be used also with\nintransitive verbs. For example, 明日は試合だから今晩はよく寝ておく is a perfectly valid\nsentence even though 寝る is intransitive. All [those subsidiary\nverbs](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18965/5010) can be used regardless\nof the transitivity of the main verb.\n\nおく has several meanings. The best-known is \"to do something in advance\", but\nおく in the sentence in question means \"to do something and leave/forget it\".\nYou may know おく is used like this:\n\n * 彼には好きなように言わせて **おこう** 。 \nLet him say whatever he wants to say.\n\n * あいつのことは放って **おけ** 。 \nLeave him!\n\nIn your case, おいて in 遅れておいて is difficult to translate, but it indicates he has\ndone nothing after being late. This ～ておいて is a common pattern used to blame\nsomeone for doing something (usually bad) and not worrying about it. Examples:\n\n * あいつは大失敗をしておいて反省すらしない。\n * あの人はたくさん食べておいてお金を払わずに店を出て行った。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-07T00:29:23.910", "id": "88805", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T00:36:04.500", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-07T00:36:04.500", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88798", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The simple answer is that いらっしゃる is an irregular verb, so treating it as a\nregular verb (which is obviously the right thing to do without other\nknowledge!) leads to your totally natural confusion. Your thought that ます-form\nis just the [stem form]+ます is correct, it's just that いらっしゃる's stem-form is\nirregularly いらっしゃい.\n\nTo be more specific, いらっしゃる is one of the five polite \"ある special class\"\nverbs:\n\n> いらっしゃる・いらっしゃいます\n>\n> おっしゃる・おっしゃいます\n>\n> くださる・くださいます\n>\n> ござる・ございます\n>\n> なさる・なさいます\n\nThese all behave in the same way: the る does not turn into り/れ for ます-stem\n(aka continuative form, 連用形) / imperative stem (aka 命令形) respectively, but\nrather い for both the same. This pattern is seen with/\"explains\" how we get\nください as an imperative form of くださる.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T21:14:41.307", "id": "88800", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-06T21:14:41.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "33435", "parent_id": "88799", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It's important, when dealing with verbs, for you to recognize which ones are\nregular and irregular. For regular verbs, there are patterns you can follow to\nconjugate them, what you call \"rules\". For irregular verbs, there is not such\npatterns.\n\nThe verb 召し上がる (meshiagaru) is a regular verb. To be precise, an u-dropping\nverb, also called u verbs. They're called u-dropping verbs because the first\nstep to conjugate such verbs require you to drop the syllable _u_ (meshiaga\n**r** ) and add something else. In this case, います.\n\nNow, why います and not just ます? That's the pattern for u-dropping verbs that end\nin る. Nothing fancy: if its an u-dropping verb and it ends in る, drop _u_ and\nadd います to conjugate the verb to masu form.\n\nAnother way to look at this, as you've pointed out, just add ます to the stem\nform, also called pre-masu form. However, you would need to know the stem of\nthe verb in advance.\n\nThe verb いらっしゃる (irassharu) is an irregular verb and, as I said, there's no\npattern at all, like in english you have the verb sing, whose past form is\nsang instead of \"singed\". You just have to learn them off by heart! In short,\nthere's no rule for you to follow.\n\nHere's a table which exemplifies the conjugation patterns for regular verbs:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/esWvNl.jpg)\n\nRecovered from [Practice Makes Perfect Complete Japanese Grammar Book by Eriko\nSato](https://www.amazon.com.mx/Complete-Japanese-Grammar-Eriko-\nPH-D/dp/0071808353), page 39.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-06T21:35:12.940", "id": "88801", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T03:45:08.320", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-07T03:45:08.320", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "88799", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the narrator (俺) is only trying to defend himself throughout this\nscene. 回し蹴り, 三段蹴り and 体当たり are all from the bear, and 俺 is not attacking at\nall.\n\nくる could have been used (～を繰り出してくる), and the sentence would have been much\neasier to read with it. But the author seems to have preferred shorter\nsentences to make them look more dramatic.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-07T00:53:06.540", "id": "88806", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T00:53:06.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88803", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The sequence of attacks is done by the bear.\n\nAs suggested by aguijonazo in the comment, your misreading stems from\nidentifying the two 裏拳. Also the entire scene looks like kind of following\ntypical '格闘ゲーム/格闘マンガ' expression, that might be a source of difficulty too.\nYet another difficulty is that the subject changes almost line by line in the\n2nd paragraph.\n\nIn the first paragraph it is just the bear coming in front of 俺, no attack at\nthis stage. Then the first 裏拳 given by the bear; それを裏拳で受ける, where それ = the\nbear's 裏拳, so the sentence means _I defended with (my own) 裏拳 against the\nbear's_. The subject of 繰り出す is the bear - so all the sequence 回し蹴り to 体当たり is\nthe bear's attack.\n\nNow そんなの generally refers to the attacks made by the bear. Thus かわせねえよ、そんなの\nmeans _I cannot dodge that_.\n\nI guess what the author has in mind is something like\n[空中コンボ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/88803/who-is-doing-the-\naction-in-this-sentence) in fighting games. The main character is hit by 回し蹴り\nand then helplessly kicked up in the air by the bear's three kicks, and\nfinally got tackled and blown away. Never mind if these are physically\npossible - a real bear wouldn't be able to kick anyway :)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-07T03:56:40.607", "id": "88809", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T03:56:40.607", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88803", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "No, you cannot use it like this.\n\nです is used after い-adjectives or な-adjectives or nouns, making it polite. The\nnon-polite form would be だ or nothing for な-adj and nouns, or nothing at all\nfor い-adj.\n\nThe ましょう construct in question is one of the conjugations of Japanese\n_**verbs**_ , namely the volitional form in its polite version. The non-polite\nvolitional form would be simply *おう.\n\nです can NEVER go with _**verbs**_.\n\nExample:\n\n> Polite: 僕は学生です Non-polite: 僕は学生 / 僕は学生だ \n> Polite: 風が強いです Non-polite: 風が強い \n> Polite: 歌を歌いましょう！学校に行きましょう！ Non-polite: 歌を歌おう！学校に行こう！\n\nThe following is wrong:\n\n> 歌を歌いましょうです！ or 歌を歌おうです！", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-07T02:50:00.083", "id": "88808", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T02:50:00.083", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "88807", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think this is true.\n\nWe do use \"もらう\" when we received something unwanted.\n\nLike _変なモノもらっちゃった(I received something weird.)_ , or (a little bit tricky use)\n_風邪もらってきちゃったみたい(I think I've caught a cold.)_.\n\nIt's either the author of this article has misunderstood something, or he/she\ndoesn't fully understand the language.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-07T13:02:00.460", "id": "88814", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T13:02:00.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "88810", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a myth that 全然 must be accompanied by a negative word. Quoting from\n[here](https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20180301-590073/)\n\n * 「一体生徒が全然悪いです」(夏目漱石「坊っちゃん」明治39年)\n * 「全然、自分の意志に支配されている」(芥川龍之介「羅生門」大正4年)\n\nThese are examples where `全然 + positive` by famous writers.\n\nI think this is gradually 'demystified' over these years and people use `全然 +\npositive` freely. See e.g.\n[this](https://style.nikkei.com/article/DGXBZO37057770W1A201C1000000/).\n\nRegarding your question, 全然いいと思います means here _I think there is no problem (if\nsome people are LGBT)_. The point is, it is denying the negativity associated\nwith LGBT by older generation (according to the video). So a natural\nalternative is 全然問題ないと思います/何の問題もありません.\n\n[Edit] Another possibility is _I don't mind at all_ : {全然,まったく} + 気になりません. /\n気にしません. / かまいません.\n\n(I assume it is just like _totally fine_ being different from _very good_. But\nif both could mean the same, then it should have been _totally ok_ perhaps.)\n\nAs for others you mention:\n\n * The meaning of 結構です depends on the context, but it is either _No thank you_ or _It is very good_. The first does not clearly fit, and neither does the second because it is more for positively valuing the matter under discussion. In the video the speaker is denying the negative value, not positively advocating LGBT.\n * 完全にいい will be understood, but it is not acceptable (not something a native speaker would say). And again, this sounds more for positively valuing the thing - so does not fit for the context of the video either.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-07T10:05:40.637", "id": "88812", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-07T11:32:40.597", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-07T11:32:40.597", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88811", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Strictly speaking it may be\n[比較・割合の基準や、比較の対象を表す。](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AB/#jn-166083).\nIt shows the realm of things (= a type of toys) when the speaker thinks of\nthings similar to himself (僕のような）.\n\nBut I think you can consider the に in the sentence as a generalized version of\nthe most common use, that is _the places where actions are taken_. In the\nsentence of the question, it is not a physical place, but a category of toys\nin the speaker's mind.\n\nFor example the following (with 場所の「に」) has almost the same structure:\n\n * 新宿にそういう店があった気がする : I vaguely remember that in Shinjuku there was a shop like that.\n\n===\n\nA few notes:\n\n * the subject of 歩く is 玩具\n * 僕みたいな **の** = 僕みたいな玩具\n\nA(n awkward) translation would be\n\n_I feel that among those children's toys that make sounds when they walk there\nwas a toy like me._", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-08T05:19:09.113", "id": "88821", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-08T05:19:09.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88817", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Short answer: No.\n\n日本二の will be understood with appropriate contexts, but can be used only in\ncasual speech and half-jokingly.\n\n日本第二位の sounds ok, and at least does not sound like you describe. 日本が第二位である\nwould be used for something for which Japan has the 2nd place. But the\nfollowing will be more common:\n\n * 大阪は日本第二の都市だ : Osaka is the 2nd largest city in Japan. (Note: maybe it should be Yokohama in reality. It depends on what _large_ means.)\n * 日本はかつて世界第二位の経済大国だった : Japan was once the 2nd largest economy in the world.\n * 日本は X で世界第二位を占める : Japan occupies the 2nd place in X", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-08T05:34:43.917", "id": "88822", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-08T05:34:43.917", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88818", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I haven't watched the whole video, but it is unlikely to happen.\n\n * 結構です sounds rather distinctly from 欠航/決行です\n * In the context of talking about the ship's operation, 平常運行です/{平常通り,予定通り}運行します will be used instead of 決行する, to mean that they function normally.\n * 決行, as explained in the related question in the comment, is used about events. The most timely example would be パンデミックにもかかわらずオリンピックは決行された : _The Olympics were held in spite of the pandemic_ :)\n\nApart from 欠航/結構/決行, we rarely have such comedies of errors in reality. When\nwe sense something is wrong in the conversation, we just confirm with each\nother.\n\n===\n\nThere is a famous [comedian\nduo](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5)\n(one of them became quite notorious due to some affairs...) that make lots of\ncomedies of that type. I found [this](https://lion-news.tokyo/archives/13010),\nwhere the same type of (supposedly real) conversations are collected from\ntwitter. (Not all of them are about 同音異義語, but several. E.g. 7 in the link\ngives a conversation where 声優 (voice actor) and 西友 (a supermarket) are\nconfused).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-08T12:25:14.727", "id": "88825", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-08T12:25:14.727", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88820", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It's a good question.\n\nRegarding pitch, my resource tells me that 結構, 欠航, and 決行 all have the same\npitch accent, namely 平板. However @sundowner has said in their reply that they\nfeel 結構です would sound different from the two others.\n\nRegardless, in practice such confusion would only rarely occur. Context will\nresolve most potential confusions, and if someone isn't sure about something,\nthey can always rephrase their question or ask the other person to rephrase\ntheir statement if clarification is needed.\n\nDogen's video is good, but it's really more comedy than an illustration of an\nissue you're likely to encounter.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-09T01:27:28.017", "id": "88833", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-09T01:27:28.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "46821", "parent_id": "88820", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This Kanji was created by a character creation method called 会意(Kaii). 会意 is a\nmethod of constructing Kanji that combines two or more Kanji to form a single\nKanji and synthesizes its meaning.\n\nFor example, the Kanji \"休\" is composed of \"人\" and \"木\" and is said to have been\ncreated to express the meaning of rest, as a person rests leaning against a\ntree.\n\nSo, 益 is made up of a 皿 and 水 (think of the upper part as a collapsed version\nof 水). The overflowing of water(水) from the plate(皿) expresses the meaning of\noverflowing - Since Kanji \"益\" has such a meaning, which is why the words like\n\"利益( _profit_ )\" and \"有益( _beneficial_ )\" were created.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-08T11:37:25.797", "id": "88824", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-08T11:56:02.907", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-08T11:56:02.907", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "88823", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "時期 \n字體 | 字形 | 參考資料 \n---|---|--- \n[戰國](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period)・[秦](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_\\(state\\)) \n[璽印](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_\\(East_Asia\\)) |\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1jcfN.png)\n| 133 \n珍秦齋古印 \n[秦](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty) \n[簡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips) |\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ay9pH.png)\n| 秦律雜抄15 \n[睡虎地秦簡](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuihudi_Qin_bamboo_texts) \n[篆](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_seal_script) |\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jsG5T.png)\n| [皿部](https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=77390&page=36) \n[說文解字](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi) \n[西漢](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han) \n[隸](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_script) |\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GCXig.png)\n| 相馬經5上 \n[馬王堆帛書](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawangdui_Silk_Texts) \n[東漢](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han) \n隸 |\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uYNlR.png)\n| [華山廟碑](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%BB%9F%E7%A2%91) \n[楷](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_script) |\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3s9uK.png)\n| \n \n「益」 depicts a _shallow container / dish / vessel_ 「皿」 (see e.g. the bottom\npart of [「盟」](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=3135),\n[「盛」](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=2278), etc.) with\n_water_ [「水」](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian?kaiOrder=147)\noverflowing from the top, indicating the original meaning _to overflow_ ; this\nword is now complexified into 「{{zh-tw:溢}}」, made by adding an additional\n「水・氵」.\n\nThe original character 「益」 was later extended to mean _to gain, benefit_ ,\nwhich is its modern definition.\n\nNote that in 「益」, 「水」 is written **sideways**. For reference, you can compare\nit with something like 「清」:\n\n` \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jsG5T.png) \n`` \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/YJ7ba.png) \n`\n\n* * *\n\n**References:**\n\n * [漢語多功能字庫](https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf)・[「益」](https://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%9B%8A)\n * 季旭昇《說文新證》\n * [小學堂字形演變](https://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/yanbian)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-08T12:47:19.347", "id": "88826", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-08T23:22:34.357", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-08T23:22:34.357", "last_editor_user_id": "26510", "owner_user_id": "26510", "parent_id": "88823", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "Either bullet you listed is actually a frequent asked question in the Japanese\ngrammar, that has its name:\n\n * indirect passive (adversative passive) e.g. in [How to interpret indirect passives?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15933/7810)\n * gapless relative (external relative) e.g. in [Relative clauses distinguishing whom/with which/that](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14541/7810)\n\nThe original sentence is in the Classical Japanese, but you can create a word-\nfor-word translation to the modern grammar to make perfect sense.\n\n> 守衛が寝ている足を狐に噛まれる \n> _A janitor have his(?) foot bitten by a fox while sleeping._\n\nThe so-called \"indirect passive\" reflects the different origin of Japanese\npassive than English. Fortunately as in the linked post, a great portion of\ninstances in the form `AがBをCにVられる` can be easily transformed into English\nusing `A have B V-en by C` or `have C V B on A`. Note that English is also\nequipped with special constructions for this situation.\n\nFor the \"gapless relative\", you can see good examples of several types in the\nlink above too, but in general, Japanese allows you to extract any prop which\nis \"naturally\" entailed by the scene a clause describes, as a head noun to the\nclause. Most people, whether sleeping or not, are expected to have feet, so\nthat 寝ている足 sounds natural and you might translate it like \"the foot when (they\nare) sleeping\" or so.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-09T07:18:53.330", "id": "88837", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-09T07:23:58.923", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-09T07:23:58.923", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "88828", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The clue to how to understand the main verb here is in the noun 口 and the use\nof the particle に (here meaning _into_ ). Something is being placed in Jiji's\nmouth. I would guess that it's Jiji's forepaws.\n\n> ゆっくりと前足をひっこめて口にくわえました\n\n> He slowly drew in his paws, and held them in his mouth.\n\nThe effect would seem to be \" _oops, I screwed up!_ \"\n\nSomething to that effect.\n\nRegarding figuring out what was placed in the mouth, first consider what the\ntopic of the sentence is: Jiji. Now, if no topic were specified in this\nsentence, the topic of a previous sentence would still be in effect. So for\nexample, if the topic had just been _the door_ , then it might be possible\nthat it was the door which was in Jiji's mouth. (But I think that would be a\ntough call to make.)\n\nBut with Jiji being the topic, we need to find the object closer at hand (or\nat paw). The most natural choice is 前足 which has already been marked as the\nobject for ひっこめて and can thus also be inferred as the object of くわえました. And\nthis sort of behavior (putting one's hands in one's mouth or in this case\n_forepaws_ ) is almost a motif in anime and related genres (written and\notherwise).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-08T20:50:51.793", "id": "88831", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-08T21:00:19.073", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-08T21:00:19.073", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "88829", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "A J-J dictionary obviously needs to explain every word in Japanese, but this\nmatter could be made much clearer if they did in English.\n\n> 積み荷の **一部** _a part of cargo_ \n> 積み荷の **部分** _(the) cargo part_\n\nXの一部 means that X is the whole to the part, while in Xの部分 the noun X is an\nextra description of 部分 that forms apposition. This is because what comes\nimmediately before 部分 is interpreted as the qualifier, and 一部 = 一つの部分 \"a part;\none part\".\n\nWhen you want to mention the qualifier to the part and the whole thing at\nonce, e.g. \"many parts of the government\", you'd say:\n\n> 政府の多くの部分 \n> [the whole] の [qualifier] (の) 部分\n\nUsually, in a situation where you have to use the word \"part (of the whole)\",\nthere should be always some kind of qualifier gets in, but a rare exception is\n\"a part of —\", for which Japanese has a special word.\n\nAs a side note, while 一部分 is a complete synonym of 一部 when it means \"a part\nof\", 部 has other meanings besides \"part\" which cannot be replaced by 部分, such\nas 一部リーグ \"(League) Division 1\".\n\n**Edit:**\n\n> この文章で大切な **一部分** はどこですか\n\nAs the dictionary says, 一部 is not acceptable here (perhaps comparable to\nsaying \"*important a part\" in English). The reason why 一部分 is sometimes valid\nis that 一 can work as an emphasis marker added to 部分 (i.e. it is not a \"single\nword\" any more). So it means \"important **one** part\", or practically \"the\nmost important part\", instead of \"an important part\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-09T03:58:21.127", "id": "88835", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-09T05:04:53.820", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-09T05:04:53.820", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "88830", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "合拗音の直音化 was complete in the early 19th century in Edo. 合拗音 was more or less\npreserved until the late 19th century in many western dialects, and it was\npreserved until the 20th century in a few western dialects. Probably there are\nno dialects where the distinction is still widely preserved today.\n\n> ###\n> [日本語における合拗音の消失](http://user.keio.ac.jp/%7Erhotta/hellog/2018-08-27-1.html)\n>\n>\n> 江戸語では十九世紀初めにはすでに直音化していたのに対して，上方語ではあまり直音化が進んでいなかったことを物語っている．江戸語では『音曲玉淵集』に「くわの字，かとまぎれぬやうにいふべきこと」と注記されるように，上方語よりもいち早く十八世紀初期には合拗音の直音化が生じていたことがわかる．これに対して，上方語では十九世紀に入っても遅い時期に変化したようである．\n\n\"Modern standard\" Japanese as we use today is based on a dialect spoken in\nTokyo (Yamanote kotoba), but historically, dialects in western Japan tend to\nretain more elements of older Japanese, and sometimes they have been seen as\nmore orthodox. It's not surprising to me if a book published in 1886 treated\nwestern Japanese as being more standard.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T06:45:19.867", "id": "88914", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T07:12:45.897", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-14T07:12:45.897", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88832", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It just means \"No\". \"Not Today\" would be 今日じゃないです or 今日ではありません. (Keep in mind\nthat sentence structures are quite different from English.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-09T17:46:27.050", "id": "88841", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-09T17:46:27.050", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44057", "parent_id": "88840", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "For starters, your premise about いいえ not entirely correct. いいえ does not\ntranslate directly to English _**no**_ ; it really means what amounts to\n_**negative**_ or _**opposite**_. So while most of the time that _can_\ndirectly translate to _**no**_ , it \"naturally\" translates to English\n_**yes**_ when the preceding question is negative (and similarly for はい).\n\n> A: おい、[今日]{きょう}[公園]{こう・えん}に[行]{い}きますか: Hey, are you going to the park today? \n> B: いいえ、行きません: No (I'm not going)—sounds fine in English.\n\n> A: 今日公園に[行きません]{not going}か: Aren't you going to the park today?\n>\n> Natural English (what we'd say) → Japanese → Literal English (what it means)\n>\n> * You _**aren't**_ going: \" **No** , I am not going\" → 「 **はい** 、行きません」 →\n> Yes/Affirmative/Correct, I am [not going]{行きません}\n> * You _**are**_ going: \" **Yeah** , I am going\" → 「 **いいえ** 、行きます」 →\n> \"No/Negative/Incorrect (I am not [not going]{行きません}), I **am** going\"\n>\n\nSo its meaning is directly tied to the actual verb form used.\n\nSo now knowing a broader meaning of いいえ, you can see that it cannot be applied\nto \"not today\". As @Vue said, it has to be [今日じゃない or\n今日ではありません](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12846/78) (\"(it is) not\ntoday\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-09T19:46:16.217", "id": "88842", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-09T19:46:16.217", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "88840", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Personally, I think the word \"なくしては\" emphasizes the necessity/requirement of\nsomething, more than \"なしでは\".\n\nI don't know if there is really a difference, but for example, let's say you\nhave a sentence like this.\n\n * \"地図 **なくしては** 、この地域を旅する事はできないだろう。\" → \" _Without a map, it would be **impossible** to travel through this region._\"\n\n * \"地図 **なしでは** 、この地域を旅する事はできないだろう。\" → \" _Without a map, it would be **difficult** to travel through this region._\"\n\nIn other words, \"なくして（は）\" is an absolute requirement, but \"なしで（は）\" are\nnecessary.\n\n(Please keep in mind that this is just what I think it is, I don't know if\nit's really true)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-10T02:42:03.287", "id": "88845", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-10T02:42:03.287", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "88843", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I would say it’s safe to assume the difference is only in register. なくしては\nsounds formal and literary compared to なしでは and なしには, which are neutral.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-12T03:09:17.500", "id": "88881", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-12T03:09:17.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88843", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it works for other verbs too, and makes the sentence politer. Some\nexamples are :\n\n座る → お座り\n\n届ける → お届け *\n\n泊まる → お泊まり\n\nしまう → おしまい\n\n見舞う → お見舞い *\n\n釣る → お釣り *\n\n祭る → お祭り *\n\n出掛ける → お出掛け\n\n願う → お願い\n\n巡る → お巡り (In this case the reading changes from meguru to omawari.)\n\n薦める → お薦め (Frequently used by おすすめ or オススメ) *\n\nMost of these make the sentence politer, and the ones with * are frequently\nused as a noun, as if they are a different word.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-10T08:10:46.823", "id": "88849", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-10T08:10:46.823", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44057", "parent_id": "88846", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The pattern `お-[V ます-stem]-します` is not just polite. It is used to turn a verb\ninto a humble expression. Being a humble expression, the verb normally refers\nto something the speaker does to or for the listener, for example:\n\n> * お[受]{う}けします（from [受]{う}けます）\n> * お[持]{も}ちします（from [持]{も}ちます）\n> * お[送]{おく}りします（from [送]{おく}ります）\n> * お[迎]{むか}えします（from [迎]{むか}えます）\n> * お[届]{とど}けします（from [届]{とど}けます）\n> * お[薦]{すす}めします（from [薦]{すす}めます）\n>\n\nNote that the り in お[断]{ことわ}りします is part of the stem of this particular verb\n[断]{ことわ}ります.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-10T13:09:38.570", "id": "88854", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:53:56.320", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:53:56.320", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88846", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "お手数おかけいたします。\n\nお忙しい所かと思いますが何卒よろしくお願いいたします。\n\nなどでしょうか。私の場合は。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-10T06:58:19.820", "id": "88848", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-10T06:58:19.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "88847", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [3], 領外 means outside of territory(領土{りょうど} /領地{りょうち} ). I do\nthink this is _also_ a translation for out of bounds. I'll explain this later.\n\nSince I've never heard someone using 領外(IIRC) so I personally think 領外 is not\ncommonly used word.\n\nNow, as for the Japanese translation of out of bounds, I think this will\nchange depending on the case, and that's why 領外 is still valid for the\ntranslation.\n\nThe literal Japanese word for \"out of bounds\" would be \"立入禁止{たちいりきんし} （の）\" but\nI don't think that's what you want to say.\n\nLet's list a few examples. Out of bounds would be \"フィールド外{がい} \" if in soccer,\n\"場外{じょうがい} \" if in baseball, or \"区域外{くいきがい} /圏外{けんがい} \" if in general use. I\ndo sometimes hear \"エリア外{がい}\" too.\n\nSide note: The term \"OB\" is also used in Japanese golf. However, as you may\nknow, this is an abbreviation for out of bounds. If I were to translate it\ninto Japanese, I would say \"プレイ区域外{くいきがい} \".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-10T11:51:07.283", "id": "88852", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-10T11:51:07.283", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "88851", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I don't believe it is common as a written term, at least, for sporting\ncontexts. A search on the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese\nyields just [7\nresults](https://bonten.ninjal.ac.jp/bccwj/string_search?commit=%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2&string_search%5Bgenres%5D=PN_core%2CPN%2CPM_core%2CPM%2CPB_core%2CPB%2CLB_core%2CLB%2COW%2COB%2COC_core%2COC%2COY_core%2COY%2COL%2COM%2COP%2COT%2COV&string_search%5Bwords%5D=%E9%A0%98%E5%A4%96&string_search%5Byears%5D=1971%2C1972%2C1973%2C1974%2C1975%2C1976%2C1977%2C1978%2C1979%2C1980%2C1981%2C1982%2C1983%2C1984%2C1985%2C1986%2C1987%2C1988%2C1989%2C1990%2C1991%2C1992%2C1993%2C1994%2C1995%2C1996%2C1997%2C1998%2C1999%2C2000%2C2001%2C2002%2C2003%2C2004%2C2005%2C2006%2C2007%2C2008&utf8=%E2%9C%93),\nwhile the more modern but less balanced NINJAL Web Japanese Corpus gives [277\nresults](https://bonten.ninjal.ac.jp/nwjc/string_search?commit=%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2&string_search%5Burl_domain%5D=&string_search%5Bwords%5D=%E9%A0%98%E5%A4%96&utf8=%E2%9C%93).\nFor both, the examples seem to be from military and/or political contexts; I\nthink that is sort of imparted by the core meaning of 領 as a domain or\nterritory (I suppose something that is owned or controlled), rather than a\nsimple space or area. That said, with enough context, I think if 領外 were\nwritten down, it would be understood.\n\nNevertheless, you can, I think, express the same idea of something being 'out'\nsuccinctly in simple language, with something like 「ライン外で」 or\n「ボールがラインから外に出ること」or 「コート外に出てしまった」, depending on the type of sentence you want\nto construct and (obviously!) on the sport.\n\nI've heard the loaned 「アウトオブバウンズ」used in conversation, but perhaps less common\nas a written thing, with only 21 entries on BCCWJ. Relatedly, I've seen for\nthe first time today「OB」used to mean 'out of bounds', for instance:\n\n> ゴルフにおいて、OBの区域に打球が入ること。\n\nto mean\n\n> The state of hitting a ball out of bounds in golf.\n\nfrom EDR日英対訳辞書 (searched on Weblio).\n\nI would probably personally favour the simple native Japanese choices above\nthese foreign constructions just because I haven't heard them as much/ever,\nbut ultimately what you use should be based on what your purpose is, what tone\nyou wish to take, and what your audience will understand, which is\nunfortunately a judgement call with no simple answer.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-10T11:51:26.340", "id": "88853", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-10T12:09:02.800", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-10T12:09:02.800", "last_editor_user_id": "33435", "owner_user_id": "33435", "parent_id": "88851", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I took the diff of [JIS level 1](http://www13.plala.or.jp/bigdata/jis_1.html)\nand ~~[Jinmeiyokanji\n(pdf)](http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/%7Eyasuoka/publications/2019-07-26.pdf)~~\n[Wikipedia's\nlist](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%98%E9%8C%B2:%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7).\n(Neither is of the government, but at least I confirmed the numbers are\ncorrect.)\n\nThe things are not that simple, possibly the linked question gives some\nexplanation. I found also\n[this](https://seiai.ed.jp/sys/text/csd/cf14/c14a080.html).\n\nNotation:\n\n * JIS = 2965 chars, Joyo = 2136 chars, Jinmei = 863 chars, JinmeiFull = Joyo + Jinmei 2999 chars\n * X - Y : In X and not in Y\n\nJIS - JinmeiFull (293) [Edit] I checked (using [this list of\n常用漢字](https://www.benricho.org/kanji/kyoikukanji/check-jyoyo-kanji-\nichiran.html)) that the list below coincides with the set in the question _In\nJIS and neither in Jinmei nor in Joyo_.\n\n[ \"唖\", \"姶\", \"穐\", \"鯵\", \"姐\", \"虻\", \"飴\", \"袷\", \"吋\", \"嘘\", \"欝\", \"蔚\", \"鰻\", \"荏\", \"嬰\",\n\"洩\", \"盈\", \"穎\", \"頴\", \"厭\", \"掩\", \"焔\", \"鴛\", \"鴬\", \"鴎\", \"蛾\", \"咳\", \"碍\", \"蛙\", \"蛎\",\n\"鈎\", \"劃\", \"廓\", \"撹\", \"赫\", \"橿\", \"鰍\", \"鰹\", \"竃\", \"噛\", \"栢\", \"苅\", \"姦\", \"桓\", \"澗\",\n\"潅\", \"翰\", \"諌\", \"舘\", \"癌\", \"翫\", \"贋\", \"妓\", \"蟻\", \"吃\", \"黍\", \"仇\", \"渠\", \"禦\", \"侠\",\n\"僑\", \"兇\", \"彊\", \"怯\", \"粁\", \"倶\", \"狗\", \"躯\", \"轡\", \"粂\", \"卦\", \"珪\", \"畦\", \"繋\", \"罫\",\n\"荊\", \"頚\", \"鹸\", \"姑\", \"狐\", \"菰\", \"鈷\", \"佼\", \"垢\", \"糠\", \"肱\", \"砿\", \"濠\", \"麹\", \"鵠\",\n\"漉\", \"甑\", \"狛\", \"坤\", \"梱\", \"艮\", \"碕\", \"咋\", \"鮭\", \"匙\", \"鯖\", \"捌\", \"鮫\", \"餐\", \"屍\",\n\"痔\", \"鴫\", \"宍\", \"蔀\", \"屡\", \"蕊\", \"杓\", \"綬\", \"繍\", \"讐\", \"酋\", \"什\", \"戎\", \"夙\", \"薯\",\n\"藷\", \"鋤\", \"妾\", \"娼\", \"廠\", \"樵\", \"蒋\", \"醤\", \"鉦\", \"鍾\", \"擾\", \"蝕\", \"疹\", \"塵\", \"靭\",\n\"笥\", \"趨\", \"椙\", \"脆\", \"蝉\", \"栴\", \"煽\", \"箭\", \"舛\", \"賎\", \"糎\", \"岨\", \"鼠\", \"匝\", \"掻\",\n\"糟\", \"鎗\", \"詑\", \"柁\", \"騨\", \"岱\", \"腿\", \"鐸\", \"蛸\", \"叩\", \"狸\", \"鱈\", \"箪\", \"蛋\", \"蜘\",\n\"樗\", \"瀦\", \"苧\", \"凋\", \"諜\", \"銚\", \"鎚\", \"栂\", \"掴\", \"鍔\", \"壷\", \"嬬\", \"吊\", \"剃\", \"碇\",\n\"鏑\", \"轍\", \"甜\", \"顛\", \"澱\", \"屠\", \"菟\", \"鍍\", \"砺\", \"塘\", \"梼\", \"淘\", \"涛\", \"蕩\", \"鐙\",\n\"鴇\", \"涜\", \"禿\", \"橡\", \"椴\", \"苫\", \"瀞\", \"噸\", \"呑\", \"乍\", \"畷\", \"迩\", \"韮\", \"葱\", \"撚\",\n\"廼\", \"嚢\", \"膿\", \"覗\", \"蚤\", \"牌\", \"楳\", \"狽\", \"蝿\", \"矧\", \"粕\", \"駁\", \"硲\", \"櫨\", \"溌\",\n\"醗\", \"筏\", \"噺\", \"蛤\", \"叛\", \"釆\", \"匪\", \"誹\", \"簸\", \"稗\", \"髭\", \"弼\", \"逼\", \"謬\", \"錨\",\n\"鋲\", \"蒜\", \"蛭\", \"鰭\", \"斌\", \"埠\", \"弗\", \"鮒\", \"扮\", \"糞\", \"僻\", \"箆\", \"鋪\", \"呆\", \"庖\",\n\"烹\", \"鉾\", \"吠\", \"穆\", \"釦\", \"鮪\", \"桝\", \"侭\", \"粍\", \"鵡\", \"牝\", \"棉\", \"緬\", \"摸\", \"杢\",\n\"悶\", \"爺\", \"薮\", \"鑓\", \"愈\", \"揖\", \"涌\", \"猷\", \"熔\", \"慾\", \"莱\", \"葎\", \"燐\", \"苓\", \"聯\",\n\"婁\", \"榔\", \"牢\", \"篭\", \"聾\", \"蝋\", \"歪\", \"鰐\" ]\n\nJinmei - JIS (297)\n\n[ \"侑\", \"俠\", \"俐\", \"俱\", \"凜\", \"凛\", \"凰\", \"勁\", \"吞\", \"堯\", \"奎\", \"崚\", \"巖\", \"巫\", \"已\",\n\"彗\", \"徠\", \"惺\", \"摑\", \"昊\", \"昴\", \"晏\", \"晄\", \"晟\", \"晨\", \"暉\", \"檜\", \"栞\", \"梛\", \"椰\",\n\"槇\", \"橙\", \"櫂\", \"毬\", \"洸\", \"洵\", \"渚\", \"渾\", \"滉\", \"漱\", \"澪\", \"焰\", \"煌\", \"熙\", \"燎\",\n\"燿\", \"猪\", \"珈\", \"珀\", \"琢\", \"琥\", \"瑶\", \"皓\", \"眸\", \"祐\", \"禱\", \"祿\", \"禎\", \"稟\", \"穰\",\n\"穹\", \"笙\", \"簞\", \"絆\", \"綺\", \"綸\", \"繫\", \"繡\", \"羚\", \"翔\", \"脩\", \"苺\", \"茉\", \"莉\", \"菫\",\n\"萠\", \"萊\", \"蔣\", \"蕾\", \"蟬\", \"蠟\", \"詢\", \"諄\", \"赳\", \"迪\", \"逞\", \"遙\", \"醬\", \"釉\", \"頌\",\n\"顚\", \"颯\", \"驍\", \"鷗\", \"麒\", \"黎\", \"亞\", \"惡\", \"爲\", \"逸\", \"榮\", \"衞\", \"謁\", \"圓\", \"緣\",\n\"應\", \"櫻\", \"奧\", \"橫\", \"溫\", \"價\", \"禍\", \"悔\", \"海\", \"壞\", \"懷\", \"樂\", \"渴\", \"卷\", \"陷\",\n\"寬\", \"漢\", \"氣\", \"祈\", \"器\", \"僞\", \"戲\", \"虛\", \"峽\", \"狹\", \"響\", \"曉\", \"勤\", \"謹\", \"勳\",\n\"薰\", \"惠\", \"揭\", \"鷄\", \"藝\", \"擊\", \"縣\", \"儉\", \"劍\", \"險\", \"圈\", \"檢\", \"顯\", \"驗\", \"嚴\",\n\"廣\", \"恆\", \"黃\", \"國\", \"黑\", \"穀\", \"碎\", \"雜\", \"祉\", \"視\", \"兒\", \"濕\", \"實\", \"社\", \"者\",\n\"煮\", \"壽\", \"收\", \"臭\", \"從\", \"澁\", \"獸\", \"縱\", \"祝\", \"暑\", \"署\", \"緖\", \"諸\", \"敍\", \"將\",\n\"祥\", \"涉\", \"燒\", \"奬\", \"條\", \"狀\", \"乘\", \"淨\", \"剩\", \"疊\", \"孃\", \"讓\", \"釀\", \"神\", \"眞\",\n\"寢\", \"愼\", \"盡\", \"粹\", \"醉\", \"穗\", \"瀨\", \"齊\", \"靜\", \"攝\", \"節\", \"專\", \"戰\", \"纖\", \"禪\",\n\"祖\", \"壯\", \"爭\", \"莊\", \"搜\", \"巢\", \"裝\", \"僧\", \"層\", \"瘦\", \"騷\", \"增\", \"憎\", \"藏\", \"贈\",\n\"臟\", \"卽\", \"帶\", \"滯\", \"單\", \"嘆\", \"團\", \"彈\", \"晝\", \"鑄\", \"著\", \"廳\", \"徵\", \"聽\", \"懲\",\n\"鎭\", \"轉\", \"傳\", \"都\", \"盜\", \"稻\", \"德\", \"突\", \"難\", \"拜\", \"賣\", \"梅\", \"髮\", \"拔\", \"繁\",\n\"晚\", \"卑\", \"祕\", \"碑\", \"賓\", \"敏\", \"侮\", \"福\", \"拂\", \"佛\", \"勉\", \"步\", \"墨\", \"飜\", \"每\",\n\"萬\", \"默\", \"彌\", \"藥\", \"與\", \"搖\", \"樣\", \"謠\", \"來\", \"賴\", \"覽\", \"欄\", \"虜\", \"凉\", \"綠\",\n\"淚\", \"壘\", \"類\", \"禮\", \"曆\", \"歷\", \"練\", \"鍊\", \"郞\", \"朗\", \"廊\", \"錄\" ]\n\nJoyo - JIS (30 + 4)\n\n[ \"丼\", \"傲\", \"刹\", \"哺\", \"喩\", \"嗅\", \"嘲\", \"毀\", \"彙\", \"恣\", \"惧\", \"慄\", \"憬\", \"拉\", \"摯\",\n\"曖\", \"楷\", \"鬱\", \"璧\", \"瘍\", \"箋\", \"籠\", \"緻\", \"羞\", \"訃\", \"諧\", \"貪\", \"踪\", \"辣\", \"錮\" ] +\n塡 剝 頰\n\n**[Edit]**\n\nA comment regarding 4 characters in Alexander's answer. All four seem to have\ntheir variant 填 剥 叱 頬 in Joyo (at least in the list linked in this answer).\nThat's why they don't appear above.\n\nThe first part of Alexander Z's answer is consistent with the above counts:\n192 Level 2 + 105 outside JIS2080 = 297 in Jinmei - JIS. As for the second\npart, I have no idea what 514 characters fit in the above.\n\n**[Second Edit]**\n\nI added 塡 剝 頰 to Joyo - JIS.\n\nI didn't edit the other set. The variants 填 剥 叱 頬 are acceptable in Joyo as\nmentioned in [this quora answer](https://jp.quora.com/ya-nado-2010-nen-\njouyoukanji-omote-ni-tsuika-sa-re-ta-kyuu-jitai-no-kanji-ha-shin-jitai-no-\nitai-ji-wo-shi-e-ba-ii-desu-ka), citing a guideline from Agency for Cultural\nAffairs.\n\nThe point is that Joyo kanji is not simply a set of glyphs. A kanji has\n[variants](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%93#%E7%95%B0%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97),\nsometimes many of them, and these are not only about Shinjitai (simplified) /\nKyujitai (nonsimplified). The guideline cited above states in which cases\nidentifications of kanjis are possible. This means, as a set of glyphs, Joyo\nkanji contains more than those listed.\n\nOn the other hand, it may be fair to consider JIS as a set of glyphs - hence\nthe addition.\n\n===\n\nAn example I found interesting is 竜 / 龍. Both are in Jinmei; the latter is\nusually considered to be _the_ nonsimplified version of the former. But\naccording to [this](https://dictionary.sanseido-\npubl.co.jp/column/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%8C%E7%AB%9C%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%80%8C%E9%BE%8D%E3%80%8D),\nthe _correct_ one (in the sense of the glyph originally published) is the 龍\nwith the first stroke horizontal (see the link).", "comment_count": 18, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T00:42:16.197", "id": "88861", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-13T06:30:54.967", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-13T06:30:54.967", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88856", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "These are the data taken from the [Adobe-Japan1\nstandard](https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/Adobe-Japan1), according to the\n2004 forms of the characters (as opposed to 1990 forms).\n\nOut of 2,136 Jōyō kanji,\n\n4 (four) do not appear in the JIS X 0208 altogether:\n\n> 塡剝頰\n\nThe first three did appear in the predecessor of 0208, the JIS C 6226-1978\nstandard, all in Level 1, at positions 37-22, 39-77, and 43-43 respectively;\nhowever, in the 1983 revision, they were replaced by their [extended\nshinjitai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_shinjitai) correspondences\n填, 剥, and 頬. Instead of , 叱 has always been present in 0208. When extending\nthe Jōyō in 2010, however, the three unsimplified forms and were taken in\nJōyō, despite not appearing in 0208.\n\n2,102 characters appear in Level 1 of 0208. Finally, 30 characters are in\nLevel 2:\n\n> 丼傲刹哺喩嗅嘲毀彙恣惧慄憬拉摯曖楷鬱璧瘍箋籠緻羞訃諧貪踪辣錮\n\nOut of 863 Jinmeiyō kanji,\n\n566 are on Level 1:\n\n>\n> 娃阿逢葵茜渥旭葦芦梓斡絢綾鮎或粟庵按鞍杏伊夷惟謂亥郁磯溢鰯允胤蔭烏迂卯鵜窺丑碓姥厩瓜閏噂云叡曳瑛榎堰奄燕苑薗於甥襖荻桶牡伽嘉珂禾茄蝦嘩迦霞俄峨臥駕廻恢魁晦芥蟹凱鎧浬馨笠樫梶恰叶椛樺鞄兜蒲鴨茅萱粥侃柑竿莞巌雁嬉毅稀徽祇誼掬鞠桔橘砧杵汲灸笈鋸亨匡卿喬蕎饗尭桐欣欽禽芹衿玖矩駈喰寓櫛釧屑沓窪隈栗鍬袈祁圭慧桂戟訣倦喧捲牽硯絃諺乎糊袴胡跨伍吾梧檎瑚醐鯉倖宏巷庚弘昂晃杭浩紘腔膏閤鴻劫壕轟忽惚此昏些叉嵯瑳裟坐哉犀砦冴堺榊肴鷺朔窄笹薩皐錆晒撒燦珊纂讃仔孜斯獅爾而蒔汐竺雫悉篠偲柴縞紗勺灼錫惹洲蒐輯峻竣舜駿楯淳醇曙渚恕哨嘗庄捷昌梢樟湘菖蕉裳鞘丞杖穣埴燭晋榛秦壬訊諏厨逗翠錐錘瑞嵩雛菅頗雀摺棲栖蹟碩尖撰穿銑閃噌曾楚疏蘇叢宋惣槍漕綜聡蒼其揃舵楕陀苔黛鯛醍鷹瀧啄托琢茸凧只辰巽竪辿樽坦歎湛耽檀弛智馳筑註猪喋寵帖暢牒脹蝶槌槻佃柘辻蔦綴椿紬悌挺梯汀禎蹄鄭釘鼎擢纏兎堵杜砥套宕嶋燈祷董撞萄鳶寅酉惇敦沌遁凪薙灘捺楢馴楠汝賑廿濡禰祢乃之埜巴播杷琶芭盃煤這秤萩柏箔曝莫函肇筈幡畠鳩塙隼挽磐蕃庇斐緋樋枇毘琵柊疋彦菱畢桧紐彪瓢豹廟彬瀕冨斧芙撫葡蕪楓葺蕗淵吻焚頁碧瞥篇娩鞭圃甫輔戊菩峯捧朋萌蓬鋒鳳鵬卜殆幌哩槙柾鱒亦俣沫迄麿蔓巳箕湊蓑稔牟椋姪孟蒙儲勿尤籾貰匁也耶靖佑宥柚祐邑輿傭楊耀蓉遥淀螺洛蘭李裡掠劉溜琉龍亮凌梁稜諒遼淋琳鱗麟伶嶺怜玲憐漣煉簾蓮魯櫓狼禄肋倭鷲亙亘詫藁蕨椀碗\n\n192 are on Level 2:\n\n>\n> 乘亞佛侑來俐傳僞價儉兒凉凛凰剩劍勁勳卷單嚴圈國圓團壞壘壯壽奎奧奬孃實寢將專峽崚巖巫已帶廣廳彈彌彗從徠恆惡惠惺愼應懷戰戲拔拜拂搜搖攝收敍昊昴晏晄晝晨晟暉曉檜栞條梛椰榮樂樣橙檢櫂櫻盜毬氣洸洵淨渾滉漱滯澁澪濕煌燒燎燿爭爲狹默獸珈珀琥瑶疊皓盡眞眸碎祕祿禪禮稟稻穗穰穹笙粹絆綺綸縣縱纖羚翔飜聽脩臟與苺茉莊莉菫萠萬蕾藏藝藥衞裝覽詢諄謠讓賣赳轉迪逞醉釀釉鎭鑄陷險雜靜頌顯颯騷驍驗髮鷄麒黎齊堯槇遙凜熙\n\nNote that the last 5 here were appended to 0208 in 1982 and 1990.\n\n105 are outside 0208:\n\n>\n> 焰鷗俠繫繡渚蔣醬蟬琢簞摑顚禱萊蠟增德橫瀨猪神祥福綠緖薰諸賴郞都黑逸謁緣黃溫禍悔海渴漢器祈虛響勤謹揭擊穀祉視煮社者臭祝暑署涉狀節祖僧層巢憎贈卽嘆著徵禎突難梅繁晚卑碑賓敏侮勉步墨每祐欄虜淚類曆歷練鍊錄俱瘦吞寬廊朗懲\n\nOut of 514 [National Language Council\nkanji](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Index:Uncommon_kanji) which are neither\nJōyō nor Jinmeiyō,\n\n134 are on Level 1:\n\n>\n> 虻飴鰻嬰洩穎厭蛾咳蛙廓橿鰹姦桓澗翰癌翫贋妓蟻吃仇渠僑怯狗粂珪畦荊姑狐菰垢糠濠鵠漉甑鮭鯖捌鮫餐屍痔杓綬讐酋薯藷鋤妾娼鉦鍾擾蝕疹塵笥趨脆煽箭鼠腿鐸蛸叩狸蛋蜘瀦諜銚鎚吊剃碇轍澱屠淘蕩禿苫瀞韮葱撚膿覗蚤牌狽粕駁筏噺蛤叛誹稗髭逼謬蛭鮒扮糞僻呆庖鉾吠鵡牝悶爺鑓愈涌猷熔燐榔牢聾歪鰐\n\n360 are on Level 2:\n\n>\n> 乖于亢仄佇侘儘俤俯偈冑冤几剋匈卉叟曼吼呵咎呟呻咄咸咬咤哭啜啖唸喀喘啼嗚嗟嗜嘔嘴嚥囁囃囀址埃埒墟壙壺奢奸娑婉娶媚嬌孕孵宦宸寥尹屁屎屹峙崗嵌帚帛帷幟廂廬彎彷徊徘恍悍悸愕憚憑憫罹懺懼戌截戮扁抉抒拗拿拮捏掟揆揉揶揄攪撥攀攘攣敲斃旱晰暈曠曰朦朧杣枡柩檮梵棘椒棹楔楮楡槃榜榴檻櫃櫟欅殷毫毯沁泄洒浙濤涅涵涸滓漑灌漿滲瀑濾瀾炒炬炸焉熾燵爛爬狡猥瑕甕甦疆疇疵疽疸疼疱痒痙痰痺瘡瘤瘻癬皺盂眩睨睫睾瞑瞞瞰瞼砒磋礫祀祠祟祓禊穢窩竈竦筵箒箏篆篝簀籬紮絨絣綽罠翅翳耆聊聘聚聳肛胚胱脛腋隋脾腑腱膀膠膣膵臀臂臍臘舅舐艘芒芻苞茫莢荼萼蓼薨蕭薔藪薇蘆虔蛉蠣蛛蜀蜃蜻蝸蠅雖蟇衙袁袂袢裔褌褥襞襦襷訛訝訶誅誦諫諤諱謔諷謗謳譚賤賽贄贅趙趾跏跋踵蹊躁躇躊躬軋轢邇逍遽邁邱鄙鈔鉗鉤鋏鍼閨閻閾闊闍陝隕隧雉霰靄勒靱鞋韋竟頸頷頽顆飫饉饅饒騙髷髻鬘鬚鬢魏鮨鰺鰓鰊鴉鶯鸚鸞靡齟齬\n\n20 are absent from 0208:\n\n> 啞嚙軀鹼麴屢搔驒瀆囊潑醱麵屛攢噓﨟鄧姸幷", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T11:30:24.097", "id": "88867", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-11T20:10:42.637", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-11T20:10:42.637", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "27977", "parent_id": "88856", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Thanks to the very helpful answers by Alexander Z. and sundowner, I am now\nable to answer my questions to my satisfaction:\n\nMy first question was: \" **What are the characters on the list of 2,999 [the\njōyōkánji and jinmeiyōkánji] that aren't on the list of 2,965 [the kanji in\nlevel 1 of JIS X 0208]?** \"\n\nThe answer is the following 331 kanji (298 jinmeiyōkánji and 33 jōyōkánji):\n\n192 jinmeiyōkánji in level 2 of JIS X 0208: 乘 亞 佛 侑 來 俐 傳 僞 價 儉 兒 凉 凛 凰 剩 劍 勁\n勳 卷 單 嚴 圈 國 圓 團 壞 壘 壯 壽 奎 奧 奬 孃 實 寢 將 專 峽 崚 巖 巫 已 帶 廣 廳 彈 彌 彗 從 徠 恆 惡 惠 惺 愼 應\n懷 戰 戲 拔 拜 拂 搜 搖 攝 收 敍 昊 昴 晏 晄 晝 晨 晟 暉 曉 檜 栞 條 梛 椰 榮 樂 樣 橙 檢 櫂 櫻 盜 毬 氣 洸 洵 淨 渾\n滉 漱 滯 澁 澪 濕 煌 燒 燎 燿 爭 爲 狹 默 獸 珈 珀 琥 瑶 疊 皓 盡 眞 眸 碎 祕 祿 禪 禮 稟 稻 穗 穰 穹 笙 粹 絆 綺 綸\n縣 縱 纖 羚 翔 飜 聽 脩 臟 與 苺 茉 莊 莉 菫 萠 萬 蕾 藏 藝 藥 衞 裝 覽 詢 諄 謠 讓 賣 赳 轉 迪 逞 醉 釀 釉 鎭 鑄 陷\n險 雜 靜 頌 顯 颯 騷 驍 驗 髮 鷄 麒 黎 齊 堯 槇 遙 凜 熙\n\n106 jinmeiyōkánji outside JIS X 0208: 焰 鷗 俠 繫 繡 渚 蔣 醬 蟬 琢 簞 摑 顚 禱 萊 蠟 增 德 橫 瀨\n猪 神 祥 福 綠 緖 薰 諸 賴 郞 都 黑 逸 謁 緣 黃 溫 禍 悔 海 渴 漢 器 祈 虛 響 勤 謹 揭 擊 穀 祉 視 煮 社 者 臭 祝 暑\n署 涉 狀 節 祖 僧 層 巢 憎 贈 卽 嘆 著 徵 禎 突 難 梅 繁 晚 卑 碑 賓 敏 侮 勉 步 墨 每 祐 欄 虜 淚 類 曆 歷 練 鍊 錄\n俱 瘦 吞 寬 廊 朗 懲 plus the one that looks almost like 龍 but has a horizontal\nrather than vertical first stroke.\n\n30 jōyōkánji in level 2 of JIS X 0208: 丼 傲 刹 哺 喩 嗅 嘲 毀 彙 恣 惧 慄 憬 拉 摯 曖 楷 鬱 璧 瘍\n箋 籠 緻 羞 訃 諧 貪 踪 辣 錮\n\n3 jōyōkánji outside JIS X 0208: 塡 剝 頰\n\nFor the jōyōkánji , JIS X 0208 has only the official variant 叱. There are also\nofficial variants of the following jōyōkánji; none of those variants are in\nJIS X 0208: 茨 (2 extra variants), 韓 (2), 牙 (2), 栃 (1).\n\n* * *\n\nMy second question was: \" **Which 漢字 in level 1 of JIS X 0208 are neither\n人名用漢字 nor 常用漢字?** \"\n\nThe answer is the following 297 kanji:\n\n唖 姶 穐 鯵 姐 虻 飴 袷 吋 嘘 欝 蔚 鰻 荏 嬰 洩 盈 穎 頴 厭 掩 焔 鴛 鴬 鴎 蛾 咳 碍 蛙 蛎 鈎 劃 廓 撹 赫 橿 鰍 鰹 竃\n噛 栢 苅 姦 桓 澗 潅 翰 諌 舘 癌 翫 贋 妓 蟻 吃 黍 仇 渠 禦 侠 僑 兇 彊 怯 粁 倶 狗 躯 轡 粂 卦 珪 畦 繋 罫 荊 頚 鹸\n姑 狐 菰 鈷 佼 垢 糠 肱 砿 濠 麹 鵠 漉 甑 狛 坤 梱 艮 碕 咋 鮭 匙 鯖 捌 鮫 餐 屍 痔 鴫 宍 蔀 屡 蕊 杓 綬 繍 讐 酋 什\n戎 夙 薯 藷 鋤 妾 娼 廠 樵 蒋 醤 鉦 鍾 擾 蝕 疹 塵 靭 笥 趨 椙 脆 蝉 栴 煽 箭 舛 賎 糎 岨 鼠 匝 掻 糟 鎗 詑 柁 騨 岱\n腿 鐸 蛸 叩 狸 鱈 箪 蛋 蜘 樗 瀦 苧 凋 諜 銚 鎚 栂 掴 鍔 壷 嬬 吊 剃 碇 鏑 轍 甜 顛 澱 屠 菟 鍍 砺 塘 梼 淘 涛 蕩 鐙\n鴇 涜 禿 橡 椴 苫 瀞 噸 呑 乍 畷 迩 韮 葱 撚 廼 嚢 膿 覗 蚤 牌 楳 狽 蝿 矧 粕 駁 硲 櫨 溌 醗 筏 噺 蛤 叛 釆 匪 誹 簸\n稗 髭 弼 逼 謬 錨 鋲 蒜 蛭 鰭 斌 埠 弗 鮒 扮 糞 僻 箆 鋪 呆 庖 烹 鉾 吠 穆 釦 鮪 桝 侭 粍 鵡 牝 棉 緬 摸 杢 悶 爺 薮\n鑓 愈 揖 涌 猷 熔 慾 莱 葎 燐 苓 聯 婁 榔 牢 篭 聾 蝋 歪 鰐 填 剥 頬 龍", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T15:33:31.627", "id": "88917", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T15:48:49.500", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-14T15:48:49.500", "last_editor_user_id": "46840", "owner_user_id": "46840", "parent_id": "88856", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1. Considering the phrases by themselves, it is hard (for me) to tell any definitely different nuances.\n\n 2. Probably you have というと？ in mind. That is the only phrase to mean _What do you mean?_ / _Can you elaborate?_ The other two can be used as a one phrase sentence to ask for something that is naturally associated with the topic in the preceding conversation. E.g. Person 1 talks about 桜. Person 2 asks といえば/といったら?, urging Person 1 to give something that obviously pops up in mind by 桜 (expecting 吉野 for example).\n\n 3. I think 3 and 4 are mostly the same structure: Xといえば, Y(だ)が where が means _but_. Both といったら and というと can replace といえば.\n\n 4. Same as 3.\n\n 5. Both といったら and というと can replace と言えば. It might depend on contexts.\n\n 6. Neither といえば / というと can replace といったら.\n\nYou can include some examples if the above sounds inconsistent with what you\nhave in mind.\n\n===\n\nOther といえば constructions:\n\n**Xといえば YがZした**\n\nA topic X is mentioned in a conversation, which reminds the speaker that Y\ndid/was Z, where Y or Z is related to X. E.g. 結婚と言えば花子が最近婚約したって : _Speaking of\nmarriage, I heard that Hanako recently was engaged._ というと is not acceptable,\nといったら is possible but slightly strange.\n\n**XといえばXだが**\n\nIt express reservations on admitting the subject is X. E.g. このテレビはいいといえばいいが, :\n_You can say that this TV is good, but ...(there are things the speaker is not\nsatisfied with)_. In this construction というと cannot replace といえば; といったら can,\nbut should be less common.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T04:48:48.017", "id": "88865", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-11T14:44:49.083", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-11T14:44:49.083", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88857", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "始まっ **ている** 最中 itself sounds strange. The verb 始まる refers to an instantaneous\nchange of state, not a durable action. Therefore, 始まっている usually describes a\nstate where something has already begun. 最中, on the other hand, requires an\nongoing action.\n\n始まろうとしているとき refers to a stage where something is about to begin.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-10T23:27:30.047", "id": "88860", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:52:31.737", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:52:31.737", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88858", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "IMO 変数 is not bad even in the context you provided. 変数 in math and programming\ncontexts can safely hold non-numerical values such as strings, sets and\nfunctions. Still, if you do want to avoid 数, you can also use 変動要因 or パラメーター\nat least in that context.\n\n**EDIT:** 不確定要素 is another common phrase that can be used in this context.\n[This entry](https://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=variable) has an example. (And I'd\nsay it's very common despite its length; rest assured that any native Japanese\nadult understands this.)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T03:23:58.450", "id": "88864", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T10:32:52.007", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-14T10:32:52.007", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88863", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "可変値 is another translation for “variable” that is used in technical fields and\ncovers not only numbers but other types of values.\n\n可変要素 may be used in non-technical contexts, though it still sounds somewhat\ntechnical.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T17:22:51.940", "id": "88875", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:47:44.287", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:47:44.287", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88863", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I feel, that both current answers ander their comments together are the best\nfit for an answer. As an effort to \"accept both\", I merged their content here\nand made the answer a **Community wiki**. Please feel free to edit and\nimprove.\n\n@naruto:\n\n> IMO 変数 is not bad even in the context you provided. 変数 in math and\n> programming contexts can safely hold non-numerical values such as strings,\n> sets and functions. Still, if you do want to avoid 数, you can also use 変動要因\n> or パラメーター at least in that context.\n\n> It's hard to imagine someone who doesn't understand 変動要因. If you like to use\n> 要素, use 不確定要素 which is a fairly easy word despite its length.\n\n@By137\n\n> I've also run into situations where 変数 isn't understood like \"variable\" is\n> in English outside of math contexts. Using 要因 instead worked for me.\n\n@aguijonazo\n\n> `可変値` is another translation for “variable” that is used in technical fields\n> and covers not only numbers but other types of values.\n>\n> `可変要素` may be used in non-technical contexts, though it still sounds\n> somewhat technical.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-13T11:24:46.793", "id": "88898", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-13T11:24:46.793", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "46846", "parent_id": "88863", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "In this case, の works as a noun, similarly to こと. Therefore, 始めるの means\n\"starting (something)\" in this sentence. Divide the sentence as :\n始めるの/に/遅すぎること/は/ない.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T15:06:58.953", "id": "88872", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-11T15:06:58.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44057", "parent_id": "88871", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "If you were marking location, consider what you'd really be saying in English.\n\n> I brush on my teeth, wash on my face, and have breakfast every day.\n\nWhen you're using で you'd indicating where the action is occurring. Consider\nhow odd this sounds in English. It's the same in Japanese: unless there's\nsomething on your teeth that you were brushing or something on your face that\nyou were washing.\n\nIf you're using で to mark the location of an action, you're marking the\nlocation within which the action was occurring.\n\n> 図書館で本をよみました。\n\n> I read my book at the library.\n\nYou could say\n\n> 台所で歯を磨いて。。。\n\n> I brushed my teeth in the kitchen and ....\n\nIf you're thinking of your teeth or your face as a _tool_ , then the rendering\nin English would be to the following affect:\n\n> I brushed with my teeth, and I washed with my face....\n\nHopefully, you're not using your teeth as a tool for brushing something\n(you'll wear your teeth away and there are probably better _tools_ available).\nWhen you're brushing your teeth, you're using a toothbrush, not your teeth.\n\n> 歯ブラシで歯をみがきました。\n\n> I brushed my teeth with a toothbrush.\n\nAnd unless you're into strange sexual practices, you're probably not washing\nanything with your face.\n\n> ハンドタオルで顔を洗った\n\n> I washed my face with a washcloth.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T21:24:13.773", "id": "88877", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-11T21:40:07.417", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-11T21:40:07.417", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "88876", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "Forgive me if I'm wrong, I'm also a beginner, but by \"で could be used because\nI'm marking the location/tool/method/condition\", teeth meets none of theses\nconditions. location as in in the bathroom, tool as in the toothbrush, method\nas in a specific method for brushing(?), condition as like on saturdays, etc.\nSame for face. Your original translation has a meaning closer to you brushing\nsomething with/by using your teeth. In this case を is indeed the correct\nanswer as the teeth is the direct \"object\" being brushed.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T21:24:21.920", "id": "88878", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-11T21:24:21.920", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "46854", "parent_id": "88876", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You should understand the “location” marked by で as a “setting” or\n“surroundings” within which the action of the verb takes place, rather than a\npin-point location to which the effect of the action is applied. I don’t know\nhow to explain this with words so it is understood by learners, but I see what\nis marked by the location-で as _bigger_ than the action. Surroundings are\nalways bigger than what they surround, right?\n\nIf what is marked by で is _smaller_ than the action, it tends to be understood\nas indicating means, method, or tool. (で has other functions, of course, but\nlet's ignore them for now not to complicate the things.)\n\nTry to compare the _sizes_ of the things involved in the following sentences\nto see if this advice makes sense to you.\n\n> 新幹線で大阪に行った。\n\n> 新幹線で弁当を食べた。\n\n> 割り箸で弁当を食べた。\n\n> 大阪でUSJに行った。\n\nIn any case, neither usage matches your scenario. It must be hard to imagine a\nsituation where your teeth or face is a setting for some action, and you don’t\nuse those things to brush or wash something, either. Meanwhile, the verbs 磨く\nand 洗う both require a direct object (like the corresponding English verbs)\nunless it is specifically omitted as obvious from the context. So を is the\nright choice.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-12T02:42:08.770", "id": "88880", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-12T02:42:08.770", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88876", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "My best quick-rule for sensible use of the で grammar marker.\n\nThe で is used most often like the English word \" **within** \".\n\nExample:\n\n```\n\n 図書館で本をよみました。\n \n```\n\nTranslates to:\n\n```\n\n Within the library, I read my book.\n \n```\n\nMore natural English is probably:\n\n```\n\n I read my book at the library.\n \n```\n\nBut this rule has served me well in most cases.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-12T21:19:06.743", "id": "88892", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-12T21:19:06.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41194", "parent_id": "88876", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "As is pointed out in the comments, this て is not related to the gramatical\nて-form (て形 in some textbooks) for verbs or adjectives (like 食べて，行って, etc.),\nwhich is used in a lot of gramatical forms like ～てください，～てから，～ている, etc.\n\nThis is just an informal way of saying 「と言う」or 「と」or to repeat what someone\nsaid. Here are some examples I just found.\n\n(1) A: ねねここ行かない？ B: ここってどこ？\n\n(2) A: 困ったなぁ，どうしよう？ B: どうしようって，どうしようもないでしょう？\n\n(3) この説明書は読みにくいな．「線に沿って紙を切ってください」って書いてあるけど，どこにも線が見当たらないんだよね．なんだよって感じだよね．．．\n\n**Edit** : I write what it's on the comments below to improve the answer.\n\nAbout the translation of the phrase, since I don't know the context (and the\njapanese language depends a lot on the context), I don't know if this\ninterpretation is correct or not, but I would say that they are talking about\nsomething that \"appears\" or that \"emerges\" or \"can be seen\" in some place. For\nexample, let's say that they are talking about bears. The phrase can be\ntranslated as \"By the way, it seems that there is a place in this area where\nbears (or whatever) appear/come up, isn't it? Should we go? \nThe part 「ここら辺に出るって噂のところ」just refers to the place where there is a rumour that\nsays that bears (or whatever) \"appear\", and the part 「ここら辺に出る」(they appear\nhere) just before the って is used to characterize the noun 「噂のところ」(so-called\nplace, or the place of the rumour). The て is just used as という to characterize\nthat group of nouns 「噂のところ」", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-12T03:53:57.333", "id": "88883", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-12T09:52:58.637", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-12T09:52:58.637", "last_editor_user_id": "46827", "owner_user_id": "46827", "parent_id": "88879", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "> そういえばさ、 **ここら辺に出るって噂のところがある** らしいじゃん？\n\nYou can parse it as:\n\n> ここら辺に（「出る」って噂の）ところがある\n\nIts basic structure is:\n\n> ここら辺に、XXがある -- \"There's XX around here\"\n\n出る in 「出る」って噂のところ most likely means 幽霊が出る, \"ghosts appear\". The って is a\ncolloquial version of という. \nSo 出るって噂のところ can be rephrased as 「幽霊が出る」という噂の場所, _lit._ \"a place rumored that\nghosts appear\" → \"a place that's rumored to be haunted\"\n\nSo the sentence means:\n\n> \"By the way, I hear that there's a place rumored to be haunted around here.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-09-06T14:15:37.663", "id": "96136", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-06T15:48:48.583", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-06T15:48:48.583", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "88879", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> 「手紙が先生に送られた。」\n>\n> Can sentence 1 mean either \"The letter was sent by the teacher\" or \"The\n> letter was sent to the teacher\"?\n\nIt can only mean \"The letter was sent to the teacher\". To express \"The letter\nwas sent by the teacher\", a direct translation would be 「手紙が先生によって送られた。」, but\nthis is extremely awkward; it is way more natural to say 「手紙が先生から送られてきた。」\n\n> 「手紙を先生に送られた。」\n>\n> Can sentence 2 mean \"I was unfortunately sent a letter by my teacher\" or \"A\n> letter was sent to the teacher and it indirectly impacted me\"?\n\nIt can only mean \"I was unfortunately sent a letter by my teacher\". To express\n\"A letter was sent to the teacher and it indirectly impacted me\", it would be\n「先生に手紙が送られ(てしまっ)た」。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-12T07:09:00.160", "id": "88885", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-12T07:09:00.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36955", "parent_id": "88884", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You usually don't write numbers in katakana regardless of whether it's big or\nsmall.\n\nAs an exception, katakana _may_ be used for educational purposes to indicate\nhow to pronounce numbers, but hiragana is normally preferred for this purpose.\nBesides, some proper names derived from \"code numbers\" have been traditionally\nwritten in katakana. For example,\n[D51](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR_Class_D51)'s nickname is デゴイチ, and\n_Nintendo 64_ was sometimes written as ニンテンドーロクヨン in katakana.\n\nAnyway, if you are told to \"convert numbers written in kanji into their arabic\nnumbers\" but was given tests written in katakana, what you need to do is to\ncontact your client and clarify the requirements.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T02:18:42.640", "id": "88912", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T02:18:42.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88889", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "**From a dictionary**\n\n[さて](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%95%E3%81%A6/#jn-88595)\n\nAs an interjection:\n\n 1. When moving on to next action, used for talking to himself/herself or invite others. E.g. さて、そろそろ出かけようか\n\nThe other two senses listed are rare, so I omitted.\n\nAs a conjunction:\n\n 2. To change the topic E.g., さて、話は変わって\n 3. To move on to next action. Similar to _then_\n 4. To contradict the preceding sentence. Similar to _but_\n\n[さあ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%95%E3%81%82/#jn-84286)\n\n 1. To invite or urge others. E.g., さあ、始めよう\n 2. To answer vaguely in the negative E.g., さあ、よくわかりません\n 3. Before the new action. E.g., さあ、やるぞ\n 4. When interrupting the conversation partner.\n\n[さ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%95/#jn-84241)\n\n 1. Same as さあ(1)\n 2. When one is unsure. E.g., さ、これは困った. Similar to さあ(2)\n 3. Same as さあ(4)\n\n**Difference**\n\nSpeaking of difference in _nuance_ , さて(1) and さあ(1,3)/さ(1) are relevant. As\nthe definitions suggest\n\n * さて sounds more like the speaker saying to himself, thinking of the next action to take. There is no implied listener.\n * さあ sound more like urging. Usually it is assumed that it is directed at someone.\n * As such さて sounds less energetic and さあ more energetic.\n\nA concrete example (of inviting さて/さあ) :\n\n * さて出かけようか is just casually calling attention of someone you are supposed to go out; A possible translation is _Well, shall we go?_ If saying to himself, _Now it should be time to go._\n * さあ出かけようか is similar, but more passionately inviting and expresses your looking forward to going out. _Now let's go!_ It can be used in a saying-to-himself situation to encourage himself, but the use is rarer.\n\nSo the difference is not really formality, but さて does give the impression\nthat the speaker is a mature person or at least calm. Probably that is what\nmade you think さて more formal.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-13T06:20:34.130", "id": "88895", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-13T21:23:28.997", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-13T21:23:28.997", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88890", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "That で can be understood as indicating attendant circumstances.\n\n> 危険を承知 **で** 声がした方へ向かう。 \n> Knowing of the danger, I head towards where the voice comes from.\n\nIt could be rephrased as:\n\n> 危険を理解した上で声がした方へ向かう。\n\nIt is not very common for 承知 to be immediately followed by the copula (or the\nparticle で) like this. 〜を承知で may be seen as a fixed expression.\n\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%89%BF%E7%9F%A5/) has these\nexamples:\n\n> 無理を承知でお願いする。\n\n> 君の言うことなど百も承知だ。\n\n百も承知だ is another fixed expression as it is. It has the implications of “you\ndon’t need to explain.”\n\n危険を承知 **して** 声がした方へ向かう sounds odd because the verb form 承知する is often used in\nthe sense of “to consent (to)” or “to approve” as in the following example\nfrom the same dictionary.\n\n> 申し出の件、確かに承知した。\n\nIn the sense of “to know” or “to understand”, it is usually used in the forms\nof 承知しました and 承知しています／おります mostly in business settings. These are the humble\nversions of, respectively, わかりました and わかっています.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-13T02:53:51.347", "id": "88893", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:46:36.007", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:46:36.007", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88891", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This でも is a particle that means \"maybe\" or \"or something (else)\".\n\nまた次の機会に simply means \"(See you / Try) next time\". また次の機会にでも indicates the\nspeaker is less certain about if there will be an explicit \"next time\". What\nit actually implies depends on the context. Maybe the speaker simply has no\nfuture plan, but it could imply \"You don't have to wait, contact me anytime,\"\nor it could imply \"I doubt you'll get another chance.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T01:59:29.180", "id": "88910", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T01:59:29.180", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88894", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You can safely follow the difference of discovery/invention for 発見/発明, I\nsuppose.\n\n * 彼は遺跡を{発見した/*発明した} : He discovered/*invented the remains.\n * 彼はラジオを{*発見した/発明した}： He *discovered/invented radio.\n\n発明した is used usually for things made by the subject, just like _invent_. Let\nme know if I'm wrong in the assumption.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-13T06:45:45.377", "id": "88897", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-13T06:45:45.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88896", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "家族向け is not bad, but you can also say 家族で楽しめるゲーム, 家族で楽しめる映画, etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-13T18:07:49.827", "id": "88906", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:40:58.973", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:40:58.973", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88902", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no buzzer to beat in baseball.\n\nThe closest thing I can think of is サヨナラヒット, サヨナラホームラン, etc. They refer to a\nplay that scores a winning run in the bottom of the ninth or later inning and\nthus literally ends the game.\n\nIn sports commentary, [起死回生]{きしかいせい} is often used to refer to a late game-\nwinning action. It could also be used for a game-tying action in games in\nwhich a tie is worth something, such as football. For example, an equalizer in\nthe dying minutes of a match would be called 起死回生の同点ゴール. It is like saying an\nequalizing goal that brings the (otherwise-dead) team back to life.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-13T17:52:12.457", "id": "88905", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:41:35.263", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:41:35.263", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88903", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "1. 歓迎しましょう is literally _Let's welcome_. If you are with a friend A, and read an email that another friend B is coming to Japan next week, then you say to A \"(Bを)歓迎しましょう\".\n 2. 歓迎します is _I (will) welcome_. This is usually used with explicit objects and sounds somewhat formal (so common in writing). You can write to a guest あなたを歓迎します. The objects does not have to be animate: 質問を歓迎します _I welcome questions_.\n 3. ようこそ is the only option if you want a phrase to put in a banner (I mean a large sheet of cloth you hold e.g. at the gate of airport). It is also the most appropriate phrase to say to a guest who just arrived.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-13T21:44:47.163", "id": "88907", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-13T21:44:47.163", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88904", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "ようこそ is not a verb but a greeting meaning \"Welcome!\" As a word said to a\n**visitor** , ようこそ is by far the most common among the three. \"Welcome to Las\nVegas\" is almost always ラスベガスへようこそ or ラスベガスにようこそ. 歓迎します is correct if you want\nto speak snobbishly like an aristocrat, but it sounds unnatural in most cases.\n\n歓迎します is a verb, and is used mainly outside a context of welcoming a visitor.\nFor example, \"We welcome constructive comments\" is 建設的な意見を歓迎します. You cannot\nuse ようこそ in a case like this.\n\n歓迎しましょう is the [volitional form](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/verb-\nvolitional-form-you/) of 歓迎します. Roughly speaking, this ～しょう adds the nuance of\n\"Let us\" or \"Let me\" in English. This form is typically used when you've just\nmade up your mind to welcome someone, or when you somehow need to emphasize\nyour decision to welcome someone, or when you want to convince others to\nwelcome someone else.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T06:18:05.170", "id": "88913", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T06:18:05.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88904", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "忘れたくない is correct, because...\n\nThe auxiliary たい can attach to verbs, like this:\n\n忘れ+たい \n飲み+たい \n座り+たい\n\nand ない can attach to auxiliaries as well as verbs, like this:\n\n忘れ+ない \n飲ま+ない \n座ら+ない \n忘れたく+ない \n食べたく+ない \n忘れられ+ない \n食べさせ+ない\n\nOn the other hand 忘れなくたい is ungrammatical because たい can only attach to verbs\nand **auxiliaries (ら)れる and (さ)せる** :\n\n◎認められ+たい \n◎食べさせ+たい \n×忘れなく+たい ← incorrect \n×食べなく+たい ← incorrect\n\n* * *\n\nFor reference, 明鏡国語辞典 says:\n\n> たい 〘助動 形型〙 \n> 《動詞および助動詞「（さ）せる」、助動詞「（ら）れる」の連用形に付いて》希望を表す。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T15:41:57.383", "id": "88918", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T16:01:19.123", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-14T16:01:19.123", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "88908", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "一応 means something is not meeting a high standard, but should largely meet the\nminimum requirements. Similarly, it's used when something barely manages to\nqualify as something.\n\nE.g.\n\n * 急に雨が降ってきたので、一応窓だけは閉めておきました（床は見なかったのでまだ濡れているかもしれません）。\n * （アルバイトばかりしているのでフリーターだと思われるかもしれませんが）一応大学生です。\n\nIt's also used to 謙遜. For example: `一応社長やらせてもらってます` to appear less arrogant\ncompared to just saying `社長やってます`.\n\nConversely, it can also be associated with indicating that someone has a\nhigher social status (like in this specific case). Here, the 先輩 describes\nwhatever was done for the 後輩 was \"一応\". This subtly reinforces the relationship\nbetween the two.\n\nIf the 後輩 would use 「一応」to the 先輩 instead, it shows they are close or have\nalmost equal standing to each other. If not, it would sound rude. E.g. if the\n後輩, who just joined the club said 「楽器一応拭いときました」, then it would be rude and\n生意気.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T09:13:10.433", "id": "88916", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-14T09:13:10.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "88915", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I cannot explain well, but I will give you some sample sentences.\n\nI found a bear. 私はクマを見つけました。 \nI ate a bear. 私はクマを食べました。\n\nI talked to a bear. 私はクマに話しかけました。 \nHe looks like a bear. 彼はクマに似ています。\n\nI guess, if the object and the subject are on equal terms, we use \"に.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-14T22:22:55.310", "id": "88920", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-15T01:51:30.860", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-15T01:51:30.860", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45389", "parent_id": "88919", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 }, { "body": "It has to do with the etymology of the verb 会う. It has the same origin as 合う,\nand its core image is that of something coming close to something else. (合う\ndescribes a desirable result of that.) The particle に can be understood as\nindicating the target of that somewhat directional movement.\n\nBy the way, if the other party is a person, you can also use と.\n\n> 昨日、彼女 **と** 会いました。\n\nThis sounds like the meeting was prearranged by both parties, and therefore,\n「昨日、クマ **と** 会いました」 sounds surreal. For the same reason, と is not suitable for\nan accidental encounter with someone. It should be に as the target marker.\n\nI don’t think you should doubt your understanding of を and に just because of\nthis. You should simply treat it as a special case where English and Japanese\nexpress the same idea differently.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-15T00:30:57.470", "id": "88921", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:40:11.520", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:40:11.520", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88919", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Rather than surnames, 変体仮名 were frequently used in names (specially female\nnames). Before 1948 there were a lot of women with 変体仮名 in their registered\nnames. After that it seems that the law for naming a child changed and\nnowadays you can only use the registered かな and 漢字.\n\nIn this website you can take a look at a lot of registered 変体仮名 that were used\nbefore. <https://www.benricho.org/kana/a.html>\n\nAbout a specific 変体仮名 in a name, they are difficult to find but here is an\nexample.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7JU6Q.png)\n\nFrom right to left: すぎ、みな、、すゝ（すず）", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-15T14:17:05.093", "id": "88925", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-15T14:17:05.093", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "46827", "parent_id": "88924", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "So according to [this](https://metroid.fandom.com/wiki/Phazon), Phazon kills\nmost lifeforms instantly but mutates a few that survived into a stronger form.\n\n~~This Japanese translation is not a literal translation, but it does not\nappear to be a mistranslation either, as it conveys the intent of the original\nEnglish well.~~\n\nAccording to the discussion in the comments section below, the problem amounts\nto the interpretation of \"mutating organic life-forms **strong** enough to\nwithstand its poison\". The translator seems to have taken this _strong_ as the\n[complement](https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/object_complement.htm)\nof _mutating_ , as if the sentence is saying \" _making_ life-forms strong\nenough\" or \"mutating life-forms into a stronger form\". But if this _strong_ is\na [postpositional\nadjective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositive_adjective#In_modern_English)\nmodifying _life-forms_ , the literal translation of the sentence should be\nsomething like フェイゾンの毒性に耐え得る強度を持った有機生命体を変異させる.\n\n* * *\n\n> Also as a sidenote, does 生命体を〇〇強度へと異変させる make sense?\n\nYes. Just as この映画は暗い内容だ or 彼は陽気な性格だ makes perfect sense in Japanese,\nこの生命体は毒性に耐えうる強度だ is perfectly natural. Where English speakers expect _to have_\n, Japanese speakers may use だ or する.", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-16T00:22:17.413", "id": "88929", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-16T05:17:57.820", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-16T05:17:57.820", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88928", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, 任せているために is the modern plain version, whereas 任せているがために is its literary\n(and perhaps emphatic) equivalent. This が is an archaic possessive/noun-\nlinking particle that is still in use in a few fixed constructions including\nthis one. ～んがために is a literary version that also has an archaic volitional\nauxiliary む/ん.\n\nModern ために means both \"because\" and \"in order to\", but I think `plain-form +\nがために` tends to mean the former because it lacks む/ん. For example,\n車を買いたいがために貯金する sounds fine, but 車を買うがために貯金する and your second example sound a\nlittle unnatural to me, if not wrong. 車を買わんがために貯金する and 身を守らんがために sound much\nmore natural (although stilted).\n\n| ために | がために | む + がために \n---|---|---|--- \nGodan | 買うために \nin order to buy \nbecause someone buys | 買うがために \n(usu.) because someone buys | 買わんがために \nin order to buy \nIchidan | 見るために | 見るがために | 見んがために \nSuru | するために | するがために | せんがために \nPast | したために | したがために | N/A \nNa-adj | 有名であるために \n有名なために | 有名であるがために \n有名がために (rare) | N/A \nI-adj | 美しいために | 美しいがために | N/A \n \nFor details, please see the following questions:\n\n * [「が」vs「の」 with possessives](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39264/5010)\n * [Is there a difference between んがため and ために?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5396/5010)\n * [Why is there a が in 深淵に臨むが如し?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/70684/5010)\n * [未然形＋んが grammar?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/88664/5010)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-16T05:08:34.303", "id": "88931", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-16T16:43:31.840", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-16T16:43:31.840", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88930", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "あった is the past form of ある, so the difference is simple:\n\n * 何かあるのですか。 \nIs there something? \nIs something going on? \nWill something happen? \n(Very literally: Is it that something exists?)\n\n * 何かあったのですか。 \nWas there something? \nDid something happen? \n(Very literally: Is it that something existed?)\n\nのですか/んですか/のか/の at the end of a question is for seeking clarification (known as\nexplanatory-no). See [this article](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-\ngrammar/question-markers/) and [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010). のだ/のです/etc itself\nwon't be in the past form even when you're talking about something in the\npast.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-16T16:23:01.880", "id": "88936", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-16T16:23:01.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88933", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The verb is 見つかる, not 見つける. The former is intransitive (note the use of が),\nand the latter transitive.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-16T17:28:17.643", "id": "88938", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:39:15.117", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:39:15.117", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "@aguijonazo gave you the brief answer. As noted, there are several clues in\nthe sentence to help you determine what the verb is and what its most likely\ndictionary form is.\n\nThe first clue as @aguijonazo pointed out is the use of the particle が. That\nindicates that 言葉 is the subject of the sentence. So, either the verb is in\nthe passive voice or the potential form or it's an intransitive verb.\n\nWe can rule out the passive voice since the endings for that are either られ\nappended to the verb's stem or れ attached to the stem form used for the plain\nnegative form: in either case, in native grammars, this form is called the\n_mizenkei_. The absence of れ makes it clear this is not a passive.\n\nIn a similar vein, you can rule out that this is a potential--apart from the\nfact that you already have a translation. (There is much similar between the\nform for the passive and the potential, but strictly speaking the passive is\nformed off of the mizenkei, the potential is not.)\n\nSo what could the plain form of the verb be. We could make a number of\nguesses:\n\n * みつける -- this appears to be what you guessed. But there is no way to transform this into any form looking like みつから. If you've got the plain form of a verb, then at most only the last \" _syllable_ \" of the verb is affected by any inflected forms; no inflection will push back any further into the verb stem.\n * みつく -- apart from this not being a word, if we pretend for a moment, we could try to inflect this as みつか, which would be the mizenkai of this hypothetical verb, but there is no ending ら that is ever added to this form.\n * みつかる -- This is the verb you're looking for. How could you have found it?\n\nStart with the final ending of the verb, ない. That must be added to the\nmizenkei of some verb, which could only be みつから. This is neither a passive nor\na potential form in appearance. So this must be the mizenkei of a verb ending\nin る. Hence the dictionary form you're looking for is みつかる. .... which is a\nquick look in the dictionary will nicely confirm as correct.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-16T18:39:04.257", "id": "88940", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-16T18:53:52.410", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-16T18:53:52.410", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "88937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "ばかり on it’s own has many meanings that are not necessarily related to time.\nたばかり is a sentence pattern which indicates that the incident happened\nrelatively recently.\n\nたところ means that happened strictly “just now”. たばかり does not have an absolute\ntime limit.\n\nSource: <http://www.edewakaru.com/archives/9348750.html>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-16T23:22:58.340", "id": "88943", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-16T23:22:58.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36379", "parent_id": "88942", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The accepted answer to the\n[link](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2681/43676) in the comments or\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/69520/43676) should answer your\nfirst question.\n\nAs for 3日前ばかりに会った, I’m afraid it is totally wrong. 3日前 already refers to a\nspecific point of time and there is little ばかり can do with it. It might still\nplay some role with 3日, which is a duration, but 3日ばかり前に会った doesn’t mean what\nyou want it to mean. It basically means the same as 3日ほど前に会った as ばかり in this\nposition means “approximately,” not “just.”\n\n[This](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/86276/43676) might help you\nunderstand why ばかり in the sense of “just” doesn’t work the way you think it\ndoes.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-22T06:53:52.577", "id": "88995", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:38:18.797", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:38:18.797", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88942", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "I'm guessing the difficulty lies in (not) understanding how to get into\nJapanese universities in general.\n\nUnlike (at least most, I believe) US universities, if you want to attend a\nJapanese University X, you need to do the following.\n\n 1. Apply to University X. This usually means sending the application form + high school records. There is no 'statement of purpose' kind of thing (I don't know how exactly US college admission works, so ignore this comment if it is not common either.) Recommendation is usually a formality.\n 2. Take the 大学入学共通テスト (formerly センター試験) if X is a public university (as opposed to private uni). This is something like SAT/ ~~GCSE~~ A-levels in US/UK. This is usually for screening, you have only to reach a minimum score (set by the university X).\n 3. Take the second test which is prepared by the university X. You need to score top r% to pass it, where r depends on the capacity of the university X.\n\nThere are _many_ variations, but the normal procedure is as above.\n\nWhat is (probably) particular to Japanese (or many Asian) university admission\nis step 3: Each university prepares its own paper test, which is more or less\nproportionally difficult along with the prestige of the university. And this\nstep 3 is by far the most important (high school GPA does not matter really,\nagain I don't know how things are in other countries). Thus _being admitted to\na university X_ is largely synonymous to _passing the test prepared by the uni\nX_. Hence 大学を受ける means (その)大学の試験を受ける= _take the test prepared by the\nuniversity_ or _apply to the university_ , 大学に受かる means _admitted to the\nuniversity_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-17T11:26:36.927", "id": "88946", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-18T09:04:53.527", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-18T09:04:53.527", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88945", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "This 受ける basically means \"to take (an exam, a job interview, an audition,\netc.)\". We say 試験を受ける, テストを受ける, 面接を受ける, オーディションを受ける and so on.\n\nSince applying to a university/company/job almost always involves some kind of\ntest/interview, we can just say 京都大学を受ける, トヨタを受ける, シンデレラ(役)を受ける, and so on,\ntoo. Always saying ～の入学試験を, ～の入社試験を or ～役のオーディションを is bothersome, so 受ける in\nsuch cases automatically means taking the corresponding test without\nexplicitly saying it. \"To apply to ～\" is usually a natural translation, but\nyou cannot use 受ける if there is no exam. For example, you cannot say\nボランティアを受ける. The more direct translation of \"to apply to \" is ～に出願する, but this\nis a rather stiff kango verb that is not very common in informal speech.\n\nThis is a fairly common derivative usage of 受ける, although it was not listed in\nmonolingual dictionaries I checked.\n\n(By the way, does \"to take Kyoto University\" make sense in English, too? At\nleast DeepL recognizes this usage...)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-17T13:04:25.363", "id": "88947", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-18T01:08:27.160", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-18T01:08:27.160", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88945", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "にくい can transform both verbs _and verb phrases_ into _difficult to ..._.\n\n * 例文を作りにくい = (例文を作る) + にくい : It is difficult to make sample sentences.\n * 友達を作りにくい = (友達を作る) + にくい : It is difficult to make friends.\n\nHere **を** is used because 友達 is an object of the predicate 作る, and にくい makes\nthe whole verb phrases into adjectives.\n\nWhat you had in mind were probably\n\n * 例文は作りにくい = 例文は + (作る + にくい) : Sample sentences are difficult to make.\n * 友達は作りにくい = 友達は + (作る + にくい) : Friends are difficult to make.\n\nwhich are also valid (also が instead of は is possible). Here **は(が)** is used\nbecause they are subjects of the sentences.\n\nThere is not much difference. The former describes a property of action\n(making sentences or friends) and the latter a property of sentences or\nfriends in terms of making.\n\n**Additional comment**\n\nUsages of は/を/が above are not totally interchangeable, but it should require\nanother question.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-18T09:15:05.340", "id": "88956", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T01:19:38.707", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-26T01:19:38.707", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88948", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This がね is the [rendaku](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2526/5010) form\nof [**かね**](https://jisho.org/word/%E9%87%91), which is a wago (native\nJapanese word) that means \"money\" or \"metal\" depending on the context. はがね is\netymologically 刃 + かね (\"blade metal\"). こがね (\"yellow metal\"), くろがね (\"black\nmetal\"), あかがね (\"red metal\") are old words for gold, iron and cupper,\nrespectively.\n\nThe default kanji for かね in modern Japanese is of course 金, but as you can see\nin the link above, several other kanji have been historically assigned to かね,\ntoo. くろがね is basically an obsolete word, but you may still see it used in\nfiction (especially fantasy), and one of the old kanji for かね may be used as\nwell in such cases to add some flavor. So 黒鋼, 黒鉄 and 黒銀 are all possible kanji\nfor くろがね, but you can usually expect furigana when such nonstandard words are\nintentionally used in fiction. In modern standard Japanese, the only kun-\nreading of 鋼 is はがね, and it [plainly refers to steel (and only\nsteel)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC).\n\nBy the way, 白金 is a tricky word; it is normally read as はっきん and refers to\nplatinum (\"white gold\") in modern Japanese, but it used to be read as\nしろがね/しろかね and referred to silver (\"white metal\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-18T05:40:54.477", "id": "88952", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-18T11:36:11.540", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-18T11:36:11.540", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88949", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "健康 is a na-adjective, and ～でいる is the correct way to say \"to stay [state]\".\nでいられる is its potential form.\n\n * [What is the difference between でいる and である in this example?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/66270/5010)\n * [What is the meaning/grammar behind noun + でいる?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/62732/5010)\n * [～ないでいる verb ending](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13635/5010)\n\n> 健康でいられる \n> to be able to stay healthy\n\n～にいる means \"to be at/in [place]\" (e.g., 日本にいる = \"to be in Japan\"), but 健康 is\nnot a place.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-18T02:27:43.103", "id": "88951", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-18T02:27:43.103", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "～入ってる means that someone is \"in\" a particular state, or indicating/expressing\nsomeone's personality. So, in this case, it's latter: this scene is about him\nasking \" _He(高坂くん)'s a little \"天然\", isn't he?_\" to other people.\n\nThe meaning of the word \"天然\" is: People who are a little goofy, but have a\ncharming or gentle kind of vibe tend to be called \"天然\".\n\nSo, while I don't know who's the 高坂くん is, but I suspect that he's a goofy guy.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-18T08:36:15.353", "id": "88955", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-18T10:08:31.447", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-18T10:08:31.447", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "88953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "**人** is used to refer to the speaker himself. (In the scene, it is Madarame)\nIt literally means \"other person\", from the perspective of the listener, hence\nthe speaker himself.\n\nOther examples might help:\n\n 1. 人の言うことを聞け : Listen to what I say! = Listen to me.\n 2. よく人にそんなこと言えるな : How dare you say such a thing to me.\n\nNote that 人 can be really _other_ - that is, a third person: The first of the\nabove can also mean _Listen to him/others_.\n\n**入れた** means just _put_. The standard verb to set a song in Karaoke\n(カラオケで曲を入れる) . You can think it as inserting the song into the list of songs\nto be played.\n\n**に** might be a little irregular here, but a natural possibility is 人の入れた曲\n**に合わせて**.\n\n歌うな is obviously omitted at the end of the phrase, so the whole phrase is like\n\n * _(Don't sing) in tune with the song I set, and that in a tiny voice, and without standing(, and in bass)!_\n\n(I'm not sure how to properly phrase this, but hopefully you see what I mean).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-18T09:29:59.187", "id": "88957", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-18T09:42:31.423", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-18T09:42:31.423", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no problem with directions. When we do some action, it's the goal.\nWhen we receive some action, it's the source. You can notice that in both\ncases it marks the same person/place and the only difference is the direction\nof the action. Either we do ourselves, or we receive.\n\nHowever, comparing to many other particles, in my opinion に is the hardest for\ncombining. That's because some of it's functions are completely unrelated. We\ncan try to start with locations and then dative case is similar to a\ncontinuation of that, but instead of places we start to mark people, states or\nabstract things. Time can fit too, but instead of physical space, we talk\nabout timeline. But what about the cause/reason function? Sentences like this:\n\n```\n\n 本を読むのに眼鏡をかけた \"Put on the glasses to read a book\"\n \n```\n\nIt's hard to describe the goal of action as a location even in abstract sense.\nTechnically we can think about such explanation \"the goal is where we intend\nour action to move\", but it's quite stretched. To make matter worse に is used\nas adverbial copula too. For example, 正直に言う \"to say honestly\". While it's very\nsimple, we just take nouns or na-adjectives and describe with those our verb,\nit's hard to think about any possible connection with locations. And this is\nthe main reason why I think it's hard to combine all に functions into a single\nuniversal explanation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-28T22:00:19.097", "id": "89096", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-28T22:00:19.097", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41989", "parent_id": "88960", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is an example of _historical present_ , which is more common in Japanese\nthan in English. Please see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/73870/5010) for details. Here,\npresent tense is used to describe what's happening in the video vividly.\nSomething like this is especially common in sport news, so I think you can\nguess how it feels. It would not have been wrong at all to use the past tense\nconsistently.\n\nNote that ～てくる is not \"future tense\". This くる is simply describing the water\nis physically coming toward the river/camera. See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/5010).\n\nRegarding そこに, this そこ refers to \"the current scene (calm river)\", and this に\nis a direction/destination marker rather than a simple location marker. Here,\nそこに is an adverbial expression that describes something/someone entering the\nscene. I don't think this is a conjunction.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-18T21:10:53.463", "id": "88962", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-18T22:11:15.100", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-18T22:11:15.100", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88961", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think this is so much the difference between the two but rather a\ncombination of the two. Here the て-form is used in the continuous sense,\n休んでいる, and the なさい is simply applied to the end. In this case it is telling\nthe person to _continue_ to rest, instead of to rest from here on. A more\nintuitive reading would be like \"Just relax. Stay there.\" This type of\nrequest/command comes up here and there in various Japanese phrases. For\ninstance いい子にしてろ (heard in a manga once) \"don't act up\" or commonly 待ってて \"wait\nthere for me.\" It doesn't carry over to English easily, but once you get the\nconcept it comes quite intuitively.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-19T02:59:31.313", "id": "88965", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-19T02:59:31.313", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38959", "parent_id": "88964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It must have been derived from the English word used in the sense of a\nspecific sales area located in a commercial space, as in _kids' corner_.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-19T17:56:49.310", "id": "88968", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-19T17:56:49.310", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "88967", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "The general sense of \"corner\" in reference to \"a specific area for doing\nsomething\" was already well established in the the 1800s. See also Google\nNGram viewer for the English phrase _question corner_ , which first appears in\nEnglish-language works in Google's corpus as of 1861:\n\n * [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=question+corner&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cquestion%20corner%3B%2Cc0](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=question+corner&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cquestion%20corner%3B%2Cc0)\n\nClick the bubble marked **1800-1904** at the bottom of that page to get the\ncorresponding Google Books search results:\n\n * [https://www.google.com/search?q=%22question%20corner%22&tbm=bks&tbs=cdr:1,cd_min:1800,cd_max:1904&lr=lang_en](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22question%20corner%22&tbm=bks&tbs=cdr:1,cd_min:1800,cd_max:1904&lr=lang_en)\n\nWe can see numerous examples there. Many of them are irrelevant, like cases of\n_\" the [something] in question. Corner ...\"_ However, some of them are exactly\nthe kind of usage we see in the Japanese 質問コーナー, such as [this section of a\n1900 edition of _Midland\nSchools_](https://books.google.com/books?id=O0FIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA95&dq=%22question+corner%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqnqiO0sDyAhVGHzQIHQvoB_MQ6AEwBnoECAsQAg#v=onepage&q=%22question%20corner%22&f=false),\na publication from Des Moines, Iowa. Or [this section of an 1884 edition of\n_Woman's Work for Woman: A Union\nMagazine_](https://books.google.com/books?id=K-Yut2Rh6z0C&pg=PA195&dq=%22question+corner%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqnqiO0sDyAhVGHzQIHQvoB_MQ6AEwFnoECBMQAg#v=onepage&q=%22question%20corner%22&f=false).\n\nSometimes the source English term is simply archaic or unusual in our personal\nlects, leading us to think that the Japanese must be 和製英語. That was my first\nreaction to learning that パンツ means \"underwear\", whereas \"pants\" in my own\nsociolect means \"trousers\". And then I learned that, in standard UK English,\n\"pants\" does indeed mean \"underwear\". I had to rethink many of my ideas about\n\"Ingrish\" and unexpected meanings for terms.\n\nThis use of the term コーナー may be a similar example: ultimately, this appears\nto be a borrowing from regular English usage, and not 和製英語.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-20T22:36:14.223", "id": "88978", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-20T22:36:14.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "88967", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Additional difficulty other than those mentioned in the comments might be 土\nmeans soil in the first sentence and 土地 (in the sense of empty space) is\nomitted in the second (猫がそぐべるほど **の土地** ).\n\nThe first sentence:\n\n * カラスにぶつける : throw at crows (a relative clause modifying 土)\n * 土もねえ : there is no soil\n\nThe second:\n\n * 猫がそぐべるほど : a cat can lie on (a relative clause modifying the implicit 土地)\n * (の土地)もねえ : there is no land\n\nIn full, _There is no soil to (scoop up and) throw at crows. There is no land\nwhere a cat can lie_. Both mean how small the land is. I'm not sure of the\ncontext, but it sounds like at least there is some land, but making fun of how\nsmall it is (which is not consistent with the following lines). The sayings\n(if real) are not current.\n\n==\n\n * 土地持ちでねえ人間の事を バカにして そう言うんだ。\n\nYour reading is fine, but 土地持ちでねえ人間 = _non-land owners_ and そう言うんだ = _people\nsay_ , so a more faithful translation would be _People say these (proverbs),\nmocking those who don't own lands._\n\n==\n\nA current simile that comes to my mind is 猫の額ほどの土地 _land of the size of a\ncat's forehead_ , which means a tiny land.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-20T08:50:40.480", "id": "88972", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-20T12:30:00.000", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-20T12:30:00.000", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88971", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "下手になりました and 下手になっています may be used interchangeably in some situations, but\nthey are different.\n\n下手になりました is **\" became rusty\"** — it simply refers to what happened at some\ntime point in the past. It does not necessary mean your Japanese is bad _now_.\nFor example, you may have restarted studying Japanese last month and your\nJapanese may be good again _now_.\n\n下手になっています is **\" has become rusty\"** — it describes the [continuation of\nstate](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010) because なる is basically\nan instant state-change verb. This does not mean the process is still\ncontinuing, but rather means the deteriorating process happened _in the past_\nand its resultant effect is present _now_. That is, your Japanese is bad\n_now_.\n\nCompare:\n\n * 日本語が下手に **なりました** が、勉強を再開して、今はまた日本語が得意です。: ✅\n * 日本語が下手に **なっています** が、勉強を再開して、今はまた日本語が得意です。: ❌\n * 日本語が下手に **なっ[ていました](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/57195/5010)**が、勉強を再開して、今はまた日本語が得意です。: ✅\n\nIf you want to say you are still in the deterioration process ( **\" is\nbecoming rusty\"**), you can say 下手になりつつあります or 下手になってきています.\n\n**EDIT:** The teiru-form can mean two things, and you can \"force\" the\nprogressive reading using だんだん (gradually), どんどん (increasingly), 少しずつ (little\nby little), 毎日 (every day), etc., as pointed out by aguijonazo. どんどん下手になっています\nmeans \"is becoming rustier and rustier\".\n\n(By the way, 長い間勉強しなかったので or 長い間勉強せず is better than 長い間勉強しなくて in this\ncontext.)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-20T14:38:20.103", "id": "88975", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T00:42:05.457", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-21T00:42:05.457", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88974", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Just like 各省 means それぞれの省, 自省【じしょう】 means 自分たちの省. Since 自分 can refer to\n\"myself\", \"yourself\" or \"themselves\", this 自 can mean \"my\", \"our\", \"their\nown\", \"your own\", etc., depending on the context. In this context, 自省 is\n\"their own\". 自 works like a prefix, and you can say 自説, 自国, 自社, 自サイト and so\non.\n\n> 内務省の権限をこのさい **自省に** 移そうとする運動が、せきを切った \n> movements had been launched to transfer the authority of the Ministry of\n> Home Affairs **to their own ministries**.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T00:38:17.870", "id": "88980", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T00:38:17.870", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88979", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Your first reading is basically correct.\n\n * The subject of 移す should be 各省 (other ministries), without further contexts. So 自省 means here '(The movement where) other ministries try to transfer the authorities of MHA to themselves'.\n * 堰 in 堰を切る is literally a dam or a structure shutting a huge amount of water. So 堰を切る gives the idea of the movement getting going suddenly (like a dam breaking down and water overpouring).\n\nSince it is about dismantling MHA, it implies the division of authorities or\nprivileges of MHA. The sentence means that other ministries were trying to get\na share of those, and such a movement got a momentum in a short time.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T00:45:53.370", "id": "88981", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T00:45:53.370", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88979", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> ７つを１０００も重ねた間\n\nProbably it corresponds to\n[千重{ちえ}](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8D-565043) which implies a\nhuge accumulations.\n\nAccording to デジタル大辞泉,\n\n> ち‐え〔‐へ〕【千重】 たくさん重なること。\n\n> 「ま幸(さき)くて妹が斎(いは)はば沖つ波―に立つとも障(さは)りあらめやも」〈万・三五八三〉\n\nI believe [八重{やえ}](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8D-565043) has\nalso a similar nuance in Japanese culture and more common.\n\n> や‐え〔‐へ〕【八重】\n\n> １ 八つ重なっていること。転じて、数多く重なっていること。また、そのもの。「七重の膝(ひざ)を八重に折る」\n\nAlso, [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_of_the_number_7) is regarded\nas a symbolic number which has a great importance in many cultures.\n\nAll in all, the phrase might be a metaphor of \"very long period\" which is\nsimilar to the concept of [刧{こう}](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8A%AB-61344).\nProbably this kind of a metaphor for the time is seen in many folklore or myth\nin many cultures of human beings.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T07:51:06.303", "id": "88983", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T07:51:06.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "88982", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Nothing indicates it's specifically 7000 \"years\", so this should be taken as a\nmyth-esque, archaic-sounding way of saying \"very long time too long to measure\nprecisely\". In other words, it appears to me that it's a fancy way of saying\n\"countless ages\", not \"7000 years\".\n\nThis odd-looking expression should be loosely related to the fact that old\nJapanese (yamato kotoba) was poor at counting large numbers systematically and\nthe fact that 8 was treated as a [pronoun for large\nnumbers](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/51673/5010) (cf.\n[八千代](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%83%E4%BB%A3)). _Fire Emblem_ is\nnot set in Japan, but when Japanese people see an expression like this, they\nfeel it looks like an old myth or a legend.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T10:13:34.830", "id": "88986", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T14:48:27.183", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-21T14:48:27.183", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88982", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The original sentence is already perfectly natural, but I'm afraid to say your\nattempt makes no sense.\n\n言わせられてくれた is a causative-passive form followed by the past form of a donatory\nsubsidiary verb くれた. It would mean \"the instructor was (kindly) made (by\nsomeone) to say ～\", if it means anything. However, the causative-passive\nmeaning (\"the instructor was made to say ～\") has nothing to do with the\nintended meaning. Using くれる is not wrong if you are really thankful, but you\nusually don't need to thank for a simple advice like this.\n\nIt's possible rephrase the original sentence by using a simple passive form,\nlike so:\n\n> 運転教官に毎日運転するよう言われました。 \n> I was told to drive every day by the driving instructor.\n\nBut this is no better than the original sentence as far as the naturality is\nconcerned.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T09:05:37.803", "id": "88985", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T09:05:37.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "88984", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The literal translation is:\n\n> The role（役割） of the new character（新キャラ） is damage(DPS, Damage Dealer,\n> whatever you want to call it).\n\nThe original text itself seems to be missing a few necessary words (but the\nmeaning is conveyed, so I guess it's for Japanese speakers).\n\nI think it would be easier to understand if that sentence was written as:\n\n> \"新キャラの役目は、ダメージを出すという事を主としている - _The role of the new character is primarily\n> to deal damage._ \"\n\n* * *\n\n**Edit:**\n\nAs for 「になっている」 part.\n\nThe word \"になっている\" means that there is a rule, habit, or schedule/plan that\ndictates what you/someone/something will or will not do. So yes, I think it's\nsafe to say that you're on the right track.\n\nIn this case, the word \"になっている\" was used because it is _planned_ that a new\ncharacter will be implemented with the role of dealing damage.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T16:58:13.313", "id": "88989", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T17:50:59.343", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-21T17:50:59.343", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "88987", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "学年で means 同学年で(in the same grade), so it means \"I was the only one who moved\nfrom Shibuya in the same grade\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T17:53:37.423", "id": "88991", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T18:18:10.253", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-21T18:18:10.253", "last_editor_user_id": "7320", "owner_user_id": "7320", "parent_id": "88988", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it is けど rather than だけど in the first place.\n\nThe overall structure is\n\n * ステータス...だ + けど、+ ブラさん...?\n\nほど by itself means degree. As a pattern AはBほどだ can be translated _A is about\nB_ or _A is such that B_.\n\nThe implicit subject of the first clause is status, so it translates:\n\n * Looking at the status, it (=the status) is such that even bura-san can be beaten\n\nThis should usually worry bura-san. The second clause says (the speaker's\nguess of being) otherwise, so it is connected by けど= _but_.\n\n**[Edit]**\n\nIn above, it would be more precise to consider the person with that status as\na subject, but I think in general it does not make much difference. To be even\nmore precise, you have to consider what quality is being talked about.\n\n * Looking at the status, his/her strength/ability is such that he/she can beat bura-san; or\n * ..., he/she is strong/good enough to beat bura-san.\n\nAs another example, consider\n\n * 私の息子は大きくなって見上げるほどだ\n\nwhich translates\n\n * My son has grown up, he/his height is such that I have to look up (to see his face).\n\nTo get a proper translation, you have to think about all the implicit\nelements, of course. But in terms of understanding the sentence semantically,\n`AはBほどだ = A is such that B` looks good enough to me.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T23:28:23.367", "id": "88994", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-22T00:53:08.013", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-22T00:53:08.013", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88990", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "If you say\n\n> としょかんで べんきょうします\n\nthen you're saying,\n\n> I study at the library.\n\nIf you say\n\n> としょかんで べんきょうしません\n\nYou're saying, \"I don't study at the library\".\n\nIf you say\n\n> としょかんで べんきょうしませんか\n\nyou're asking a question which is more like an invitation,\n\n> How about studying at the library?\n\nIf you want to say something about what you study, you could say\n\n> としょんで すうがくを べんきょうします\n\nwhich would be\n\n> I study math at the library.\n\nIt is possible to say\n\n> としょかんで べんきょうを します\n\nwith this approach if you want to say _I study math at the library_ then you\nwould need to say\n\n> としょかんで すうがくの べんきょうを します", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-21T18:28:07.357", "id": "88993", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-21T18:34:19.717", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-21T18:34:19.717", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "88992", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [a dictionary](http://daijirin.dual-d.net/extra/nihongoon.html),\nit is /sɯ̈/ (with the dots on it).\n\nI'm not an expert, but according to quick searches:\n\nThere is a phenomenon called 中舌化, quoting from\n[here](https://japaneselanguageinstructorload.at.webry.info/200904/article_2.html)\n\n> 日本語の「ウ」は単独で発音すると非円唇後舌狭母音である。 しかし、「ス・ツ・ズ（ヅ）」のように舌先で発音される子音の後に\n> 続くときは下の盛り上がりの位置が前にずれて中舌よりになる。 これを母音の中舌化という。\n\nProbably this is why /sɨ/ is used in the tables of your link. But I guess the\nvowel is not completely centralized in general, and /sɨ/ sounds too different\nfrom す because of it.\n\n[This articles](https://museum.ninjal.ac.jp/area/post-428.html) mentions /sɨ/\nfor す as well, but the sounds do not really sound like /sɨ/ to me.\n\n===\n\n[Tohoku\ndialects](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80)\ntend not to differentiate し and す:\n\n>\n> イ段とウ段の母音は中舌母音[ï]・[ɯ̈]で発音される。このうち「し」対「す」、「ち」対「つ」およびその濁音「じ」対「ず」（「ぢ」対「づ」）は大半の地域で区別がなく、\n\n===\n\nThe pronunciation of Russian сын is written as スィーン in a dictionary at hand.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T08:35:17.767", "id": "89033", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T23:15:37.297", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-24T23:15:37.297", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "88996", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Because 咲く is an intransitive verb. Intransitive verbs don't take an object. を\nis an object marker.\n\n～を咲かせる means \"to make ～ bloom\". It is causative.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-22T15:33:43.107", "id": "88998", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-22T15:33:43.107", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7320", "parent_id": "88997", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> How will the following sentence be written using intransitive verb.\n> うちの前に高いビルを建てました。\n\nThe sentence literally means \"(Someone) built a tall building in front of my\nhouse.\" It's missing the subject.\n\nTo use an intransitive verb, you can say:\n\n> うちの前に高いビルが建ちました。 \n> \"A tall building was built in front of my house.\"\n\n建てる is transitive, and 建つ is intransitive.\n\n> Will the verb 建てる use が or を\n\n建てる takes a direct object. You can use 建てる this way:\n\n「(人)が(物)を建てる」 -- \"(Someone) builds (something)\"\n\n* * *\n\n> Will it be: \n> うちの前に高いビルが建てられて日当たりが悪くなりました。 \n> Or \n> うちの前に高いビルを建てられて日当たりが悪くなりました。\n\nThe former is a normal passive sentence (Direct Passive). It's the passive\nsentence of 「(誰かが)うちの前に高いビルを建てて日当たりが...」\n\nThe latter is Indirect Passive (間接受身), or Suffering Passive (迷惑の受身).\n\nCompare:\n\n(誰かが)ビルを建てる -- Active \"(Someone) builds a building\" \nビルが(誰かに)建てられる -- Direct Passive \"A building is built (by someone)\" \n(私が)(誰かに)ビルを建てられる -- Indirect Passive \"(Someone) builds a building (\n_implying:_ and it inconveniences me).\"\n\nFor more on Suffering Passive:\n\n * [How to interpret indirect passives?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15933/9831)\n * <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1777/9831>\n * <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/4947/9831>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T05:29:43.867", "id": "89009", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-23T05:46:34.670", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-23T05:46:34.670", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "88999", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "For godan verbs like 売る, its potential form and passive form look different.\n\n * **売る** : dictionary form, \"to sell (something)\"\n * **売られる** : passive form, \"(something) is sold\"\n * **売れる** : potential form, \"can sell (something)\"\n\n売られる almost always means \"is sold\", not \"can sell\" nor \"can be sold\".\n(Strictly speaking, there are a few old people that still use 売られる for the\npotential meaning, but it's fairly rare.)\n\n\"can be sold\" is **passive-potential** (the combination of potential and\npassive), which is tricky to express in Japanese (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29727/5010)). Depending on the\ncontext, you can say either 売られうる or 売られることができる, but it's usually better to\nrephrase it to the non-passive equivalent. If 売れる or 売ることができる works for you,\nyou can just use it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T01:46:54.270", "id": "89006", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-23T01:46:54.270", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89001", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "It depends on the romanization system which your writing or the words you\nencounter are based on. In nihon shiki and kunrei shiki, for example, the\nmacron is not used and in its place a\n[circumflex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex) appears above the vowel\nletter. Among the major romanization systems of the Japanese language, you\nonly see macrons used in Hepburn.\n\n[The Wikipedia page on\nHepburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization) is pretty clear\nand detailed and hard to improve upon, so I will just borrow the information\nfrom the relevant section:\n\n> In Hepburn, vowel combinations that form a long sound are usually indicated\n> with a macron ( ¯ ). Other adjacent vowels, such as those separated by a\n> morpheme boundary, are written separately:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/h28df.jpg)\n\n> There are many variations on the Hepburn system for indicating long vowels\n> with a macron. For example, 東京 (とうきょう) is properly romanized as Tōkyō, but\n> can also be written as:\n>\n> * Tokyo – not indicated at all. Common for Japanese words that have been\n> adopted into English, and the de facto convention for Hepburn used in signs\n> and other English-language information around Japan.\n> * Tôkyô – indicated with circumflex accents, as in the alternative Nihon-\n> shiki and Kunrei-shiki romanizations. They are often used when macrons are\n> unavailable or difficult to input, due to their visual similarity.\n> * Tohkyoh – indicated with an h (only applies after o). This is sometimes\n> known as \"passport Hepburn\", as the Japanese Foreign Ministry has authorized\n> (but not required) it in passports.\n> * Toukyou – written using kana spelling: ō as ou or oo (depending on the\n> kana). This is also known as wāpuro style, as it reflects how text is\n> entered into a Japanese word processor by using a keyboard with Roman\n> characters. Wāpuro more accurately represents the way that ō is written in\n> kana by differentiating between おう (as in とうきょう (東京), Toukyou in wāpuro) and\n> おお (as in とおい (遠い), tooi in wāpuro); however, it fails to differentiate\n> between long vowels and vowels separated by a morpheme boundary.\n> * Tookyoo – written by doubling the long vowels. Some dictionaries such as\n> the Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary and Basic English Writers'\n> Japanese-English Wordbook follow this style, and it is also used in the JSL\n> form of romanization.\n>", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T01:56:02.453", "id": "89007", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T00:24:24.057", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-24T00:24:24.057", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "89002", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "はしゃいじゃって's base verb is はしゃぐ. The conjugation breaks down like this\n\n> はしゃぐ = base\n>\n> はしゃいじゃう = base + helper verb しまう\n>\n> はしゃいじゃって = base + しまう + te-form", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T01:42:52.193", "id": "89005", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-23T01:42:52.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10045", "parent_id": "89004", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "To say \"He can't be satisfied by/with her anymore\", you use the particle に, as\nin:\n\n> 「彼はもう彼女 **に** 満足できない。」\n\nTo say \"He can't satisfy her anymore\", you'd say:\n\n> 「彼はもう彼女 **を** 満足 **させ** られない。」\n\nusing the causative form ～させる. (られる is the potential auxiliary.)\n\nBasic structures are:\n\n「AがBに満足する」 -- \"A is satisfied with B\" \n「AがBを満足させる」 -- \"A satisfies B\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T06:20:05.463", "id": "89011", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-23T06:20:05.463", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "89010", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "First things first - 99% of the time, the word \"バカ\" written on BBS is simply\nslander and has little to no joking meaning. Overseas people use \"baka\"\nlightly (I think it's because of baka mitai, or some animation), but as a\nJapanese person, I don't have many opportunities to slander people... except\nfor when I was a student.\n\n* * *\n\nAs far as I know, there are words to describe the strength of stupidity, such\nas 大馬鹿 and 小馬鹿. However, I don't think these are often used to emphasize\nstupidity (or vice versa). This is because in most cases, the word \"馬鹿\" is\nsimply written, and the words \"大馬鹿\" and \"小馬鹿\" are rarely used. In most cases,\nthe word \"馬鹿\" is enough, and there are not many opportunities to slander\npeople, as I said above.\n\nBy the way, there are other words such as \"アホ(stupid)\" \"ボケ(fool)\" and\n\"マヌケ(dumbass)\"(all of those translation is just my opinion based. Oh, and バカ\nis idiot for me.); but for some reason, the way they are perceived seems to\nchange depending on the region.\n\nFor example, people in the Kansai area, especially in Osaka, are very\nsensitive to being called \"バカ\", but not so sensitive to being called \"アホ\" \"ボケ\"\nor \"マヌケ\". One reason I can think of is that the comedians tend to use words\nlike \"アホ\" \"ボケ\" or \"マヌケ\" a lot, but I have not seen many comedians saying \"バカ\".\nIn the Kansai area, there are a lot of comedians and a lot of programs\nspecializing in comedy, so perhaps people don't pay much attention to words\nthey have been exposed to since childhood.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T09:45:39.847", "id": "89013", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-23T09:45:39.847", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "89012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "In terms of pronunciation, these could all be read as the same word. Though\ninstead of writing そーじ one generally would write そうじ.\n\nBut in terms of meaning, my dictionary lists eight different entries for そうじ\nonly one of which is 掃除.\n\nContext matters in Japanese. Some of these _homophones_ are very technical.\nSuch as 僧寺 or 奏事 and quite a few others are listed that I can't get my\ncomputer to easily render. (I put _homophones_ in italics because I'm a\nnonnative speaker and I'm unsure of the pitch accent of these words, but since\npitch accent is not apparent in hiragana that's perhaps not a detraction.)\n\nContext will determine these things. If you say,\n\n> うちのそうじ\n\nyou most likely will be understood to be saying\n\n> うちの掃除\n\nand not one of the other several homophones.\n\nYou might want to look at this\n[link](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1930/4875) to understand better\nhow/why hiragana, katakana, or kanji are used in various siutations.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T14:01:38.370", "id": "89016", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-23T14:17:44.017", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-23T14:17:44.017", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "89014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "`:-)` is not an universal symbol. Most Japanese people don't even notice it's\na face. Naturally, there is no established way of reading it in Japanese.\n\nThe generic term to refer to faces using characters is _emoticon_ or _smiley_\nin English, and 顔文字 ( _kaomoji_ , literally \"face character\") in Japanese. See\n[this](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticon#Japanese_style).\n\nIMEs often have \"readings\" for these kaomoji's (see [this\npage](http://www.hyou.net/a/ime-kaomoji.shtml) for examples), but these are\nmerely input aids, and do not mean people read these out loud the same way. I\nthink almost no one will read `(>_<)` as いたい.\n\nA smiling emoji () is sometimes referred to as ニコニコマーク or ニコちゃんマーク, but it's\nrarely read out loud like this in practice, either.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T00:33:55.670", "id": "89024", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T00:33:55.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89015", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First note that officially 灯 has only ひ as kun-reading (とう as on-reading).\n_Officially_ means other readings are not listed in 常用漢字.\n\n * [ともし](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%81%AF_%28%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%29/#jn-160374) is equal to [ともしび](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%81%AF%E7%81%AB_%28%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%E3%81%B3%29/#jn-160381). I don't think this reading is used today (as the reading of single 灯).\n * ともしび means a fire for light, typically the fire of a candle. An idiom 風前の灯火, literally _a (small) fire in front of wind_ , means something is in great danger.\n * あかり is a general term for light you need in darkness. As you are aware, in most cases you can stick to this for _light_.\n * ひ is just 火, fire. If you need something to light cigarettes, you can ask your friend 火ある？.\n\nRegarding あかり and ひ, most probably it will be understood as 明かり and 火（or 日,\nwhich has a different meaning). If 灯 is used for those readings in a novel,\nsay, then it suggests the light of torches, street lights, or something\nsimilar.\n\n**On how to read 灯**\n\nIf 灯 is used alone, then on-reading とう is unlikely. Between あかり and ひ, り tends\nto be added for 灯り for disambiguation. And ともしび tends to be written as 灯火, so\nthe chances are that a single 灯 is ひ, but there remains ambiguity without a\nruby. In general there are fluctuations in okuri-kana (送り仮名), and same words\ncan be written differently according to the author's styles or tastes (e.g.\n終わり / 終り).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T11:02:54.453", "id": "89035", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T01:29:46.163", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-26T01:29:46.163", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89017", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Adverbs describe the _manner_ in which something happens. In your example\nsentence, there is no _manner_ being described. Rather, the sentence describes\na transition into a particular state of being. (After a number of comments,\nperhaps it's just best to jump to the end of this post where I walk through\nthe traditional Japanese grammatical way of thinking about this. Japanese is\nnot like Indo-European languages, and so at some point, clinging to Indo-\nEuropean grammatical categories can get in the way.)\n\n# Thinking from an Indo-European Perspective\n\nI would be careful about how deeply you try to parse the grammatical forms.\n_Form_ and _function_ are two different things. It's important to keep them\nstraight (particularly when using non-native terminology to talk about the\ngrammar).\n\nIn English, you can say adverbs end in _ly_. Does that mean that **bully** is\nan adverb or that **silly** is an adverb? But, **fully** is indeed an adverb.\n\nAnalyzing 会わなく as an adverb is not going to help you understand the Japanese\nany better. 会わない is in form an i-adjective, as such it inflects much like an\ni-adjective does.\n\nIf I want to say, _My apple is red_ , you would say.\n\n> りんごがあかい\n\nIf you wanted to say _My apple is turning red_ , you would say,\n\n> りんごがあかくなる\n\nThis does not say, _My apple is becoming redly_.\n\n会わない is how you say \"they don't meet\". If you want to say, \"they've stopped\nmeeting\", then one way to say this is to use なる. But the grammar of なる\nrequires a particular form precede it.\n\nIf it's a noun, then になる\n\n> カエルになる\n\n> He turned into a frog.\n\nIf it's an i-adjective, you replace い with く\n\n> あたたかくなる\n\n> It'll get warm.\n\nNo one understands these as \"He becomes froggily\" or \"It'll get warmly\".\n\nYes, in form these could be construed as adverbs, but they don't actually\nfunction that way in the sentence; it's just part of the form into which the\nword must _inflect_ to function properly in the sentence.\n\nI can say\n\n> 去年ほんを毎日読んだが、さいきんほんを読まなくなっている\n\n> Last year I read books everyday but recently I've stopped reading books.\n\nThe last half of this sentence is not saying\n\n> I've become in the manner of not reading books\n\nAs convoluted as that sounds in English is just how convoluted it would be for\nan individual to understand 読まなく as an adverb in Japanese.\n\n## In summary\n\nAn adverb describes the manner in which something happens. But in these\nexample above, we're not describing _the manner_ in which something happened\nbut rather that state into which things transitioned.\n\nLikewise, Riko and Mai transitioned to a state where they were no longer\nmeeting each other. They did not become not-meetingly.\n\n# ADDENDUM: Thinking from a native Japanese grammatical perspective\n\nThe construction that you have is as follows\n\n> あう ＋ ない ＋ なる\n\nto link these together, you must sequentially construct the [連用形]{れんようけい} of\neach component--this not entirely true, please read on.\n\nThe 連用形 of あう is あい\n\nThe 連用形 of ない is なく\n\nExcept that ない does not attach to the 連用形; it requires the [未然形]{みぜんけい}.\nWhich, in the case of あう is あわ\n\nNow you can take\n\n> あう ＋ ない ＋ なる\n\nand modify the forms so that they can be glued together\n\n> あわ＋なく＋なる\n\nand thus you get\n\n> あわなくなる\n\nPerhaps the key here to help you understand what's going on is to remember (or\ndiscover if you didn't already know) that Japanese is largely an agglutinative\nlanguage. That means (pardon me if you already understand this much) that\nwords and grammatical structures are essentially built up by stacking them on\ntop of each other. But before you can stack them, they must be _tweaked_ into\nthe proper form to match the requirements of the parts that are being _glued_\ntogether.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T17:41:36.983", "id": "89019", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-23T18:23:51.630", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-23T18:23:51.630", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "89018", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The core of this sentence is\n\n> ウインナー を食べました\n\nwhich just means, \"I ate the sausage\".\n\nIn this context\n\n> 生のまま\n\nworks as an adverb describing the manner in which the sausage was eaten. This\nmay come across a bit strange, but まま is a noun essentially meaning _manner_.\nUnlike what you might expect, you can just use the bare word まま without\nadditional particles to get this _adverbial_ function.\n\nAlso in this case 生 is read なま. It is grammatically treated as a noun. In\nparticular, as a noun, it doesn't govern an object as a verb would. Thus を\ncannot be tied to it; を must be tied with the verb. The only verb present is\n食べました.\n\nAs a second example, you can say\n\n> 帽子をかぶったまま部屋に入った\n\n> They entered the room wearing their hats", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-23T18:40:32.120", "id": "89022", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T00:25:45.850", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-24T00:25:45.850", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "89020", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The first sentence\n\n> 黒い服が好きだった\n\ncan be interpreted as a shortened form of\n\n> 黒い服が昔から好きだった\n\nwhich implies that the character's preferences haven't changed.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T02:35:14.077", "id": "89028", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T02:35:14.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "33423", "parent_id": "89021", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "There is no semantic difference between ～てはいけない and ～てはならない. They both simply\nmean \"must not\", but the latter is stiffer and more literary. The latter is\nnaturally used in formal essays, legal documents, etc. In speech, ～てはいけない is\nthe normal choice unless you are imitating a samurai or speaking with a\nserious atmosphere.\n\n～わけにはいかない is never used to express simple \"Don't\" or \"must not\". わけ means\n\"reason\", so ～わけにはいかない is more nuanced. There is a situation-dependent\n\"reasoning\" when someone says ～わけにはいかない. It means something along the lines of\n\"～ is not going to make sense\", \"～ won't do in this situation\", \"had better\nnot do ～ (otherwise ...)\", or \"～ is not a reasonable choice (now)\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T02:01:32.980", "id": "89027", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T02:01:32.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89025", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "ヲ and ヰ/ゐ/ヱ/ゑ are different both in terms of standard-ness and frequency.\n\n * ヲ is a contemporary **standard** katakana taught in the first grade (and actually recognized by most kindergarteners before entering elementary school). ヰ/ゐ/ヱ/ゑ are **obsolete** kana that happen to be only relatively more common than [other obsolete kana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentaigana). (I didn't know ヰ/ゐ/ヱ/ゑ are still allowed in names; no one around me has such kana in given names.) You _can_ complete the modern standard kana list by learning ヲ, although you cannot complete the historical kana list by learning ヰ/ゐ/ヱ/ゑ. It's inefficient to not teach only one character in the standard list just because it's relatively infrequent. If someone excluded only this character when teaching kana, beginners would certainly wonder \"Is there a katakana version of を?\"\n\n * It is also wrong to think ヲ and ヰ/ゐ/ヱ/ゑ are similar in terms of pure frequency. ヲ is much more common than you might think. Someone who only reads \"textbook\" Japanese may not need it, but it's common in creative works including books for children. Go to [uta-net](https://www.uta-net.com/user/index_search/search2.html?frm=ichiran&kw=%E3%83%B2) and see how common ヲ is in song titles and lyrics. It's hard to imagine a Japanese child who becomes a teenager without exposure to any of those lyrics, Morse code, crossword puzzles, robot speech, gaijin speech, telegrams, retro games and so on. ヲ is also found in modern slang words, most notably ヲタク. See: [When is the katakana form of wo (ヲ) used?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/758/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T06:42:30.347", "id": "89031", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-25T00:11:15.807", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-25T00:11:15.807", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89029", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "思える is 可能動詞(potential verb). It means \"can think\".\n\nThe nai-form of godan inflectional paradigm verb + れる(auxiliary that means\n\"potential\") changes to potential verb.\n\nFor example, the nai-form of godan inflectional paradigm verb 読む is 読ま(ない). 読ま\n+ れる`changes to a potential verb 読める, which means \"can read\".\n\nSource:<https://www.kokugobunpou.com/%E7%94%A8%E8%A8%80/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E-10-%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E/#gsc.tab=0>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T09:02:37.800", "id": "89034", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T09:02:37.800", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7320", "parent_id": "89030", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "You are correct that 思はば in classical Japanese is basically a plain\nconditional (\"if I think\"). However, in this context, it has a mood of\n**counterfactual** assumption (\"if I were to think...\", \"if only I could\nthink...\"). The author was in despair because there was only one あなた in\nreality. The Japanese language does not have a direct equivalent of\n[counterfactual\nsubjunctive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional) in\nEnglish, and the simplest way to explicitly express this counterfactual mood\nin modern Japanese is 思えたら or 思えるなら. あなたが二人いると思ったら without のに would sound like\nthe author actually started to believe there is another あなた (\"now that I think\nthere are two _anata_...\").\n\nThis 何か歎かむ is a rhetorical question (\"what will I grieve about?\" → \"I won't\ngrieve about anything\"), so its modern literal translation should be 何を嘆こう,\nnot 何 **か** を嘆こう.\n\n**EDIT:** I think it's possible to use 思ったら in combination with のに to\ntranslate this waka into modern Japanese (あなたが二人いると思ったら何も嘆かない(でいい) **のに** ),\nbut then the rhetorical question part would have to be less literal.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-25T02:40:01.107", "id": "89041", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-25T04:40:29.637", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-25T04:40:29.637", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89030", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Here is the summary of comments.\n\nAs l'électeur points out コマ means\n[細切れ(2)](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%B4%B0%E5%88%87%E3%82%8C/#jn-81813),\nliterally meaning _finely chopped_. 豚コマ is contracted from 豚(の)コマ切れ. The other\ncommon コマ is beef: 牛コマ. It is usually cheaper, and (in a non-serious sense)\nkind of poor man's meat.\n\nAs far as I know, コマ肉 is not sold in supermarkets outside Japan, at least not\nin US or Europe. You can see [this video\nrecipe](https://www.kurashiru.com/recipes/19124a50-5b58-4fb1-b66e-5b422e468bd2)\nto see what it is like, and\n[another](https://www.kurashiru.com/recipes/73325e1c-9f81-4db0-8eaa-1c4522324c3e)\nfor the curry with コマ肉.\n\nGenerally, コマ肉 is used for stir-fry or stew type of dishes.\n\n===\n\nFYI 薄切り肉(thinly sliced), the other type of cut I mentioned, is commonly used\nfor\n[Sukiyaki](https://www.kurashiru.com/recipes/6f277fc8-860b-4b19-bde9-0785d48c7194).\nPreparing this type of meat could be a challenge for making this famous dish\nabroad (I was once told you should half-freeze a block meat, and then slice\nit).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T01:14:41.743", "id": "89058", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T01:14:41.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89036", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]