Datasets:

---

p1atdev

/

japanese-stackexchange

like 2

[ { "body": "In general, `AがBだ` would sound natural as a response to a question about B to\nwhich A is the answer. This means A is new information for the listener. If it\nis a sentence, it needs to be nominalized somehow in order to take the\nsubject’s spot in a cleft sentence. の serves this purpose. In your case, the\nhidden question and answer could be something like 「差別って奴の根本とは（どういうものだ）」 and\n「分かってても割り切れない （ものだ）」. The cleft sentence structure puts the new information\n分かってても割り切れない into focus. (I wouldn’t put a comma there if I were the author.)\n\nIn contrast, `AはBだ` is a straightforward statement about A. Since A is the\ntopic, it is assumed to be already known to, or easily identifiable by, the\nlistener. It may just happen to be a nominalized sentence referring to either\na particular thing or person (の) or a general concept (こと).\n\nWhether your examples sound natural after は is substituted with が depends on\nthe context. The meaning, or the focus of the sentence, would not be the same\nbecause of the difference explained above.\n\n(This [question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/86802/43676) also\ndiscusses the difference between が and は in a cleft sentence.)\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nIn their most straightforward interpretations, the three sentences with 割り切れない\nin them all answer the question “How is B?” or “What is B like?”\n(「差別って奴の根本とは（どういうものだ）」 is just one such question, isn’t it?)\n\nThe の could be understood as referring to a particular “something” as opposed\nto all other things in the world. In the case of the last sentence, it may be\nmore specifically referring to a particular kind of worry, as opposed to all\nother worries.\n\nFor the last sentence to (unambiguously) mean what you thought it meant, the の\nshould be replaced with こと to refer to a general act. In this case, what is\ndescribed as 割り切れない (i.e. what cannot be explained by logic) must be clear\nfrom the context. (In addition, 恋愛にまつわる悩み should probably be rephrased to\nsomething like 恋愛における悩み.)\n\nThis is based on the understanding I got from your comments below about how\nyou interpreted the last sentence. The original translation with “what”\nsomewhat blurs the crucial distinction between the particular and the general.\n\nIn any case, all this has little to do with the difference between のが and のは,\nwhich I thought was the focus of the question, and a lot more to do with the\ndifference between の and こと.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T01:30:24.150", "id": "87230", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:58:12.137", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:58:12.137", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87227", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "That's もう一本止めてやれ たれorしたれis dialect of somewhere in Japan.\n\n止めてやるmeans I'll (verb)for you. But てやるis often used when he/she is angry.\n\nI waited but he didn't come. I'll eat them all. 全部食べてやる。(ぜんぶたべてやる)\n\nHe didn't come? Eat them all. 全部食べてやれ This is self-talk or suggestion to\nsomeone. It sounds angry.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T07:51:14.637", "id": "87303", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T07:51:14.637", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87229", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The たれ is a contracted pronunciation of てやれ, which consists of the て-form +\nやれ. So [止]{と}めたれ is a contracted pronunciation of [止]{と}めてやれ. As you can see\nin these threads:\n\n * [ておく → とく in other contexts; similar 2-kana to 1-kana shortcuts?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30995/9831)\n * [What is this colloquial / dialect form? 〜たるけんね](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11932/9831)\n * [How is たる being used here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/76509/9831)\n\n～てやる can contract to ～たる. So can its imperative form ～てやれ to ～たれ. This\ncontraction sounds colloquial and dialectal.\n\nThe subsidiary verb (～て)やる functions similarly to (～て)あげる, which basically\nmeans \"do something for someone\", but ～てやる sounds more vulgar and less polite,\nand has another meaning/usage: `To (proactively) perform an action so as to\nprove one's ability to others.` For more on this, please refer to:\n\n * [what does てやる mean when it is not used for giving?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14413/9831)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T15:47:49.613", "id": "87327", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T15:57:43.860", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-04T15:57:43.860", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "87229", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This しね is not 死ね, but the particle し, which conveys that the clause is one\nreasong among several, and the end particle ね serving its usual function.\nとも言います is essentially just 'they [also] say'.\n\n難しくて is the て form of 難しい. It indicates that there's more to the sentence left\nunsaid, like 'Japanese is difficult, [and so I messed up]'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T06:18:11.043", "id": "87232", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T06:25:27.473", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-28T06:25:27.473", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "87231", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You can always rephrase the question to not use ぐらい/くらい, and ask for a\nspecific unit of time. Examples：\n\n 1. 何分休みましたか？ - How many minutes did you rest?\n 2. 何時間寝ましたか？ - How many hours did you sleep?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T22:18:44.623", "id": "87243", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T22:18:44.623", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45375", "parent_id": "87233", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "How about using だけ, as in:\n\n> (正確に、)どれ **だけ** 寝ましたか？ \n> (正確に、)どれ **だけ** (の時間)休みましたか？ \n> (正確に、)どれ **だけ** (の)時間がかかりましたか？", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-30T02:09:17.303", "id": "87261", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-30T02:09:17.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "87233", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "You can safely forget the word 鰐魚【がくぎょ】, which is basically not used in\nJapanese, unless you read Classical Chinese literature.\n\nJust as you noted, 鰐【わに】 is the only native word that covers all\n[crocodilians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia), and is preferred in\nJapanese over any subdivision such as _alligator_ , _caiman_ , _crocodile_ ,\n_gharial_ etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T18:00:44.263", "id": "87241", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T18:00:44.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "87239", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I've played some card games, but not this one so I could be off a bit, but my\ntranslation would be: Choose one character card with a combat power equal or\nless than that of the user, and discard it/place it in the graveyard. This\ncard can not be used during an action.\n\nI'm not too good at explaining but hope this makes sense.\n\n戦闘力が使用キャラカードの戦闘力以下のキャラカードを１枚撰び。\n\n使用キャラカード is referring to the character card that is using the skill card.\n\n以下 means equal or less than\n\n一枚選び means choose one (of something that is counted using the 枚 unit, ie\ncards).\n\nSo,\n\n 1. The の in 使用キャラカードの戦闘力 indicates possession of the 戦闘力 trait by the 使用キャラカード。\n\n 2. The が is indicating the condition / property of the 戦闘力 trait (beginning of sentence). The condition / property is that it is 使用キャラカードの戦闘力以下\n\n 3. The second の in 戦闘力が使用キャラカードの戦闘力以下のキャラカード indicates possession of the 戦闘力 trait, described in the above bullet, by the キャラカード。\n\n 4. を is used to represent the target of the verb, in this case 一枚選び。The target is 戦闘力が使用キャラカードの戦闘力以下のキャラカード.\n\nSo, with the above in mind, the target of the verb (一枚選び) is the キャラカード, who\npossesses a 戦闘力 trait that is equal or less than that of the 使用キャラカード\n(使用キャラカードの戦闘力以下).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T23:31:37.533", "id": "87247", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T23:37:21.440", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-28T23:37:21.440", "last_editor_user_id": "45375", "owner_user_id": "45375", "parent_id": "87242", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It shows ”ろく たす なな“. To obfuscate sentence, It use combination of HIRAGANA and\nKATAKANA.\n\n6+7", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T23:05:38.370", "id": "87246", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T23:05:38.370", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45377", "parent_id": "87245", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Ultimately because Japanese does not have the cardinal/ordinal dichotomy built\nin the grammar. Most of what you list are counters addressing different\nnotions that may translate into a single word \"first\".\n\n * **最初** : at the start; first in (chrono)logical order; firstly\n\n * **一番** : literally \"number one\", \"1 in number\" \nIt is a very basic word, but not always ordinal (simply referring to a numeral\nID). When used ordinal-like, it roughly means \"first in significance\", which\nis why it also has the meaning \"most\" for adjectives. Translation-wise it does\nnot correspond well to \"first\", but usually \"best\", \"worst\", \"biggest\" etc.\naccording to the context.\n\n * **一番目** : \"number one in order\" \n～目 is a suffix to any counter to embed ordinality. Thus it is but a special\ncase of context-aware `n + [counter] + 目` construction e.g. 一個目のリンゴ \"first\napple\", 20回目の誕生日 \"20th birthday\". The specific 一番目 is only appropriate for\nuniform and conceptual items, such as the first element of array by index.\n\n * **一次/第一次** : first stage/phase; first in existence \nIn my opinion, it should be understood as \"primary\" most times, in the way it\nis the most essential or the origin, then 二次 \"secondary\", 三次 \"tertiary\"....\n(Adding 第 or not is discussed below.)\n\n * **一位/第一位** : the first place; first in rank \nAs you can imagine, this is widely used in competitive situations where\nparticipants ranked by number. But in races competing on speed, 一着 \"first\narrival\" may be preferred.\n\n * **首位** : top (= the first place)\n\n * **第一** : literally \"order one\", \"priority one\" \nThis is etymologically a Chinese phrase (duh) rather than a word that has a\nmonolithic meaning in Japanese, but roughly speaking, \"before any(one/thing)\"\nas a standalone word, or \"the first of a fixed set of items\" as prefix.\n\n* * *\n\n**第- or not** : This is mostly a remnant of Chinese grammar, where 第 is\n_required_ for ordinals. However, it sometimes has actual meaning when the\ncounter can be semantically cardinal or ordinal. [第- and -目 are slightly\ndifferent, too](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68750/7810), that the\nformer suitable for items inherently serial or sortable, and the latter those\nnot.\n\n> 二回 \"twice\" \n> 二回目 \"the second time\" \n> 第二回 \"the second (round of some event)\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-29T08:20:04.243", "id": "87253", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-29T08:20:04.243", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "87248", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Osake and sake both are referring to alcoholic beverages, and are both\ncorrect. The kanji for these would be お酒 and 酒, respecitvely. As you can see,\nthere is an お / o in front of the kanji. This is because Japanese sometimes\nadds honorific prefixes, such as お / o and ご / go, to certain words to make\nthem more polite. However, some words have completely different meanings\nwithout the honorifics, such as お巡りさん (omawarisan).\n\nAs a general observation, between sake and osake, most people say osake when\nreferring to alcoholic beverages. Although, beer and wine are referred to as\nビール and ワイン, respectively, and お酒 / 酒 usually only refers to Japanese\nalcoholic beverages. In some cases though, お酒 / 酒 can encompass alcoholic\nbeverages in general, including beer and wine.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-29T03:38:55.420", "id": "87251", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-29T03:38:55.420", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45375", "parent_id": "87250", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Yes. In this case, 腕 itself means skill. You can also think that it's got\nshortened from \"腕前\", which also means skill / talent.\n\n\"前\" in this case is suffix that emphasize the previous word. e.g. 男前:handsome\nman.\n\nSimilar words are \"手腕\", \"手並み\" - which also means skill / talent.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-30T01:01:18.790", "id": "87259", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-30T01:01:18.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87254", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I did more digging and I understand it now.\n\n 1. It seems like 渡さん is indeed a shortened version of 渡さない. According to this [thread](https://www.japanesepod101.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=5344), you will sound old and formal if you use it, which corresponds to the story since it's an old merchant carrying some kind of caravan.\n\n 2. According to this [post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23515/meaning-behind-adding-%E3%82%81-after-someones-name), \"め is a suffix of contempt when attached to a noun or another person's name\".\n\nWith all this in mind, I can confidently say the translation would be: \" **I\nwon't hand the cargo to you, stupid thief!** \". I believe that last が is for\nthe subject, but it's put at the end to make emphasis on the thief.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-29T22:13:16.497", "id": "87257", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-29T22:37:55.797", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-29T22:37:55.797", "last_editor_user_id": "45176", "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "87255", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I agree with the comment by Leebo. (I'm too newbie to put acomment) '喉首目がけて'\nmeans '(イルーシュ) aim for the throat'.\n\n喉首 may not be in some dictionary but used as obj when someone attacks or hits\nthe throat-neck. Because it sounds more lurid than just '首' or '喉'.\n\nFor example, there is a card in M:tG '喉首狙い' originally 'Go for the Throat'.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-30T01:13:35.610", "id": "87260", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-30T05:05:40.497", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-30T05:05:40.497", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "45391", "parent_id": "87258", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, this 感【かん】 is a noun, and it's sometimes used like a colloquial suffix\nmeaning \"feeling\", \"atmosphere\", or simply \"-ness\". This 埋もれたい感 refers to\n'I-wanna-be-covered (sort of) atmosphere/attractiveness'. (Still, I don't\nquite get what the second guy is trying to say with this much of the context.\nMaybe he is comparing the \"slits\" of the two girls, or maybe he is saying\n埋もれたい感 is better than a \"slit\".)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-30T05:02:03.323", "id": "87264", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-30T06:00:03.687", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-30T06:00:03.687", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87262", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Yes, こって is a corrupted form of ことで. It's rarely used in reality, and it\nusually has a scornful overtone in fiction, like in this scene.\n\nThis ご苦労なこって may look like an appreciation, but it actually is a sarcasm. It's\nlike \"What a (pointless) effort\" or \"You're working hard for nothing\". Zoro is\nsaying Luffy is putting effort to something meaningless.\n\n**EDIT:** Here are other typical examples of こって:\n\n * のんきなこって。 \nHa, [you] are so easygoing (though you shouldn't be).\n\n * 幸せそうなこって。 \n[He] seems so happy (though it's not enviable).\n\nThis type of こって is interchangeable with こった ([modal-\nta](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21347/5010)).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-30T07:54:09.393", "id": "87266", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-01T00:20:59.680", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-01T00:20:59.680", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87265", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "This is indeed an uncommon adverbial usage of 勢い, but it means something\ndifferent from what you are thinking:\n\n> ### [勢い](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%8B%A2%E3%81%84)\n>\n> Adverb \n> 4. naturally; necessarily\n\n> ### [勢い](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%8B%A2%E3%81%84/)\n>\n> [副］その時のなりゆきで。必然的に。\n\nSo what is the previous sentence? Does \"naturally\" make sense?\n\n\"Hit with force\" would have been 勢いよく打ち付けた, 勢いをつけて打ち付けた, etc.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-01T00:24:39.660", "id": "87271", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-01T00:24:39.660", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87270", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I know this is not going to be a comprehensive answer, but it’s too long to\nfit in a comment anyway.\n\nSpecifically about your example, if the same person who swept the blade in the\nfirst sentence is later referenced by their name, I would assume the first\nsentence was also spoken from a third person’s perspective. (If イルーシュ is not\nthe one who swept the blade, on the other hand, the later sentence doesn’t\nnecessarily represent a switch of perspectives and both sentences could still\nbe part of a first-person narrative.)\n\nGenerally, I wouldn’t say it’s common to switch perspectives in one novel. I\nwould think a work that freely switches between first-person and third-person\nmodes would be considered a poor piece of writing.\n\nI agree with you when you say it’s a genuine question. It somehow reminded me\nof 雪国 by Kawabata Yasunari.\n\n> 国境の長いトンネルを抜けると雪国であった。夜の底が白くなった。信号所に汽車が止まった。向側の座席から娘が立って来て、 **島村**\n> の前のガラス窓を落した。 \n> \n> _「雪国」川端康成_\n\nYou would need to wait till you come across 島村 to know the novel is probably\nnot written from the first person’s perspective. Even then, it’s hard to tell\nunless you already know 島村 is the name of the protagonist. Only after you\ncontinue reading do you realize it’s indeed written from a third person’s\nperspective. The definite key is in the absence, rather than the presence, of\nsomething, namely the absence of a first-person pronoun.\n\nLet’s look at another example.\n\n>\n> 親譲りの無鉄砲で小供の時から損ばかりしている。小学校に居る時分学校の二階から飛び降りて一週間ほど腰を抜かした事がある。なぜそんな無闇をしたと聞く人があるかも知れぬ。別段深い理由でもない。新築の二階から首を出していたら、同級生の一人が冗談に、いくら威張っても、そこから飛び降りる事は出来まい。弱虫やーい。と囃したからである。小使に負ぶさって帰って来た時、\n> **おやじ** が大きな眼をして二階ぐらいから飛び降りて腰を抜かす奴があるかと云ったから、この次は抜かさずに飛んで見せますと答えた。 \n> \n> _「坊っちゃん」夏目漱石_\n\nAlthough a first-person pronoun (おれ to be precise) doesn’t appear till much\nlater, you can still tell that this is a first-person narrative. One clear\nsign is the use of おやじ, which is normally used to refer to one’s own father.\nHowever, even before that, the absence of a name or a third-person pronoun to\nrefer to the subject in the very first sentence, as well as in later\nsentences, makes you suspect that the person who is 無鉄砲 is the one talking.\n(In comparison, it should be much easier to tell 吾輩は猫である is a first-cat\nnarrative…)\n\nIt’s hard to tell what exactly to look for, but how people are referenced will\ndefinitely provide hints.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-01T07:37:31.980", "id": "87273", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-01T07:37:31.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87272", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Excluding the two irregular (Group-3) verbs (i.e. します and [来]{き}ます), a verb is\nan _ichidan_ (Group-2) verb if it satisfies either of the following\nconditions.\n\n 1. The syllable immediately before ます is of the /e/ sound (e.g. あげます, [食]{た}べます, [出]{で}ます)\n 2. It has only one syllable before ます (e.g. います, [見]{み}ます, [着]{き}ます)\n\nAs a rule, all other verbs are _godan_ (Group-1) verbs.\n\nHowever, there are exceptions such as [起]{お}きます, [降]{お}ります and [借]{か}ります,\nwhich are _ichidan_ (Group-2) verbs despite having multiple syllables before\nます and the final one is of the /i/ sound. You should memorize them as\nexceptions.\n\n[Note] If the syllable immediately before ます is not of the /e/ sound, it is\nalways of the /i/ sound.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-01T10:31:36.120", "id": "87275", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-01T10:31:36.120", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87274", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> Are they used by older people/in formal situations?\n\nThis depends on the word. Some are old enough and safe in business settings\n(e.g., メモる, トラブる, サボる). Some are rare and/or slangy. They are generally\navoided in very formal legal documents, etc.\n\n> Are they really slang?\n\nGenerally yes, but many are widely used in day-to-day business settings, and\nthere are many that are considered as industry-specific jargon shared by\nexperts. See [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/80457/5010) for\nexamples.\n\n> I'm curious if youth invent them or anyone starts using them.\n\nYoung people tend to like coining new words, and I suppose this is true in any\nlanguage. There is nothing special in relation to loanword-based godan-verbs.\n\n> Are 造語 made because there is no \"traditional\" Japanese word for them?\n\nSometimes yes (of course there was no traditional Japanese version of グーグル),\nbut usually no. The main reason is because such 造語 sound catchy, shorter,\nhumorous, etc.\n\n> Or can any loanword be made into one?\n\nThree- or four-mora loanwords ending with ル are most easily turned into godan\nverbs. Longer loanwords may be truncated and turned into godan verbs, but it's\nless common. See [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24351/5010).\n\n> Do you use both stem + る and loanword + する or do you have to choose one?\n> Like I've heard of ゲットる and ゲットする, is one used more/differently?\n\nThey are hardly interchangeable. `Loanword + する` is the standard way to use\nloanwords as verbs. Besides, not all loanwords take する in the first place. For\nexample, you have to say グーグルを使う, not グーグルする. By the way, ゲットる should be very\nrare (I haven't heard it).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-02T01:28:05.883", "id": "87281", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-02T01:28:05.883", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87277", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The key idea behind するのに is the idea of purpose. It has a different, more\nspecific meaning than \"することについては\".\n\nDon't think of するのに as a set phrase because it isn't - think of it as the\npurpose marker に, except the の is added to convert a preceding verb in する form\nback to a noun. As such, the する or の may not always be there.\n\nMost of the time, (するの)に and (する)には can be used interchangeably. Again, するの is\nbracketed because they are not always needed if the preceding word is already\na suitable noun (as you will see in some of the examples below).\n\nHere are the four main uses of these purpose markers that I could think of,\nwith some example sentences:\n\n 1. To describe a use of an item\n\n * 電子レンジはご飯を温めるのに使います。(The microwave is used to heat up meals.)\n * 私は通勤するのにこのバイクを使います。(I use this bike to commute.)\n\n 2. To evaluate something for a given purpose\n\n * この本は英語を勉強するのにとてもいいです。 (This book is very good for studying English.)\n * 彼は君のプロジェクトを完成するのにかなり役に立つと思う。(I believe he will be a big help for you to finish your project).\n * これは一人で食べるには多すぎる。(There's too much food for one person.)\n\n 3. To state requirement(s) for a given purpose\n\n * おにぎりを作るにはおいしいご飯が必要です。(To make onigiri, good rice is needed.)\n * おにぎりを食べるのにスプーンは要りません。(You don't need a spoon to eat onigiri.)\n\n 4. To state costs in resources for a given purpose\n\n * この電車に乗るには３０００円がかかります。(It costs 3000 yen to board this train.)\n * 注文を決めるのに１時間もかかった。(It took me a whole hour to decide on what to order.)\n\nA rule of thumb for choosing between のに and には is that のに is usually used for\npersonal or individual contexts, while には is usually used for general\nstatements. には also tends to place emphasis on what comes after while のに tends\nto be more neutral. You may have noticed these in the examples above.\n\nFor your example sentence, 連絡 is repeated and the meaning of the sentence is\nnot very clear to me. But here are some options you could go with:\n\n * 連絡するにはどうすればいいですか。(What should I do to contact you?)\n * 連絡するにはどの番号へ電話をかけばいいですか。(What number should I call to contact you?)\n * 連絡するのにいい時間帯とかありますか。(When is the best time of the day to contact you?)\n\nNote that のに/には should be replaced with ために/ためには if the purpose is the clear\ntopic. For example, 日本語を勉強するために日本に来た。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-02T02:13:29.050", "id": "87282", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-02T02:13:29.050", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41182", "parent_id": "87280", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "* 間違い (noun); 間違った (adjectival); 間違う (verb)\n * 誤り (noun); 誤った (adjectival); 誤る (verb)\n * 正しくない (adjectival)\n * 偽【ぎ】 (noun; used only in the context of logic or programming)\n\n誤る is more formal than 間違う. \"That statement is false/incorrect\" can be:\n\n * その発言は間違っています。\n * その発言は間違いです。\n * その発言は誤っています。\n * その発言は正しくありません。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-02T06:29:43.450", "id": "87284", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-02T06:29:43.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87283", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The word \"どことも知れぬ\" means \"No one knows where\" or something like that.\n\"どこででもある\" is \"can be anywhere\".\n\nIf I were to translate this, I would translate it to \"This is a country of\neverywhere and nowhere\". Does that make sense to you?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T10:49:13.337", "id": "87305", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T10:49:13.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87285", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "\"～するつもり（だ/です）\" is used in everywhere, no matter if it's polite or casual. The\nonly exception is when you're talking to your boss / superior person, in that\ncase you will be using \"～する予定です\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T11:04:23.527", "id": "87306", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T11:04:23.527", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87286", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "週末にたけしさんとテニスをします is an affirmation that you are going to play tennis on the\nweekend. It is definite. Note that there is no such thing as a future tense or\nan auxiliary verb that would correspond to English “will” in Japanese. It’s\njust that the present (or non-past) affirmative form of a verb is used with an\nexpression that can be interpreted as referring to a future time. The same\nsentence could be understood as describing what you do every weekend.\n\n週末にたけしさんとテニスをするつもりです is more like saying you are planning on playing tennis\nwith Takeshi on the weekend. It is possible that you haven’t even talked to\nTakeshi about it. It is only your intention and you know it might not happen\nas you plan. Depending on the context, you could sound like you are\ndeliberately avoiding commitment.\n\n週末にたけしさんとテニスをする予定です sounds more definite. It is likely that playing tennis\nwith Takeshi is already scheduled for the weekend.\n\nThe three sentences above are all neutral in register.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T14:42:56.250", "id": "87325", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:51:26.760", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:51:26.760", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87286", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "かい is simply another version of the question particle か. You can read this\n[post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2864/in-what-situation-\ncan-i-use-%E3%81%8B%E3%81%84-for-interrogative-question) for details, but the\nmain nuance is that you only use it when it's a yes and no question. You are\ncorrect for the meaning of てもらう and ため. The main subtlety here is that てもらう is\nused to **request the ocean** , not someone.\n\nThe literal translation would be something like: \"In order to request that\nyour tears are washed away\".\n\nBut the correct english equivalent would be: \"Did you turn your attention to\nthe rippling tide **in the hope** that it would wash away your tears of\nloneliness?\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T07:08:23.333", "id": "87301", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T07:19:28.457", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-03T07:19:28.457", "last_editor_user_id": "45176", "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "87288", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "～ても means something like 'even if' or 'no matter'. Because the sentence pairs\nit within a question word, here we have 'no matter where one goes'.\n\nおまえのような ヒーローきどり is a whole noun phrase, ヒーローきどり itself being one noun.\n'Wannabe heroes like you'.\n\nしゃしゃりでる essentially means to butt into things that don't concern you. から\ndirectly following a predicate means 'because'.\n\n'And, because wannabe heroes like you butt in no matter where we go...'\n\nI believe こう here is simply 'like this' or 'this way'. じゃい has a similar\nmeaning to だよ and is mainly used in fiction or certain dialects. 'This is what\nwe'll do!'", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-02T19:47:06.933", "id": "87292", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-02T19:47:06.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "87291", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Are you going to sleep because you didn't sleep last night?\n\nIf this situation is this morning and you stayed up from last night,\n昨日起きていたから寝ますか？\n\nAre you going to sleep tomorrow because you are going to stay up all night?\n\n今日寝ないから明日は寝ますか？ 今日起きてるから明日は寝ますか？\n\nNo I'm not going to sleep because I have to work\n\nいいえ 働いているので起きています。\n\nFirst sentence depends on the time last night or tonight. But Your question is\nのでorから.\n\nIn this case, both are correct. But usingので in polite Japanese is trend.\nActuallyので means \"cause of\",\"due to\".\n\nからis \"because\" . But Japanese usage has changed to useので in every situation.\nSo I assume other Japanese people would answer のでis natural.\n\nIf it's a little bit casual conversation, we tend to use 今日 or 今日の夜 instead of\n今夜. 今夜sounds like formal.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-02T23:22:14.900", "id": "87296", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-02T23:22:14.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87293", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no commonly used counter word for some foreign words such as\n\"frames\". フレーム will simply be added after the number e.g. １フレーム, ２フレーム, and so\non. It is usually pronounced as いちフレーム, にフレーム...\n\nOther examples of this are セット or タイプ, although for these it's easier to\nrephrase the sentence to make sure of the general counter 一つ、二つ...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T01:33:09.293", "id": "87297", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T01:33:09.293", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41182", "parent_id": "87294", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "When you are talking about individual frames of something like a movie or\nmanga, there's the word 「 **コマ** 」, but for video game frame rates and\nwhatnot, I think you'll find most people just use **フレームレート** and **fps**.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T07:12:53.387", "id": "87302", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T07:12:53.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1761", "parent_id": "87294", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "キリ means gimlet. 型means \"type\" There are some type of screwdriver. Name is\ndifferent on the shape.\n\nI don't know much about when getting stucked\n\nキリisn't 切り(cut)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T02:03:51.393", "id": "87298", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T02:03:51.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87295", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "は is often used in place of をto add emphasis to that specific object, in this\ncase 僕 (no other than JUST me).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T13:47:47.303", "id": "87324", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T13:47:47.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45429", "parent_id": "87308", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I googled the title. It wasドリンコはママの味 Fujiya (candy company)have a drink called\ndrinkはママの味 It means it tastes like mommy made. TV show made parody of Fujiya.\nドリンコmeans someone's name or drink name maybe. But you need to watch the show.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-03T17:56:16.597", "id": "87311", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-03T19:10:27.277", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-03T19:10:27.277", "last_editor_user_id": "45415", "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87310", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems to be just onomatopoeia. If it means something, the closest I can\nthink of is _WHAT?!_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T09:33:04.483", "id": "87317", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T14:32:43.153", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-04T14:32:43.153", "last_editor_user_id": "3295", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87314", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This is not an independent word, but either a part of どうして/どういうこと (\"Wha...!\")\nor just a meaningless scream (\"Argh!\", \"Oh\").\n\n(どっ is not a usual interjection used in a situation like this, but a fictional\ncharacter can have an idiosyncratic way of being surprised...)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T11:19:51.930", "id": "87319", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T11:19:51.930", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87314", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is just my feeling as a native Japanese speaker. They are interchangeable\nin most cases but have different implicit nuances.\n\nSome articles just say \"interchangeable\" because the differences are really\ntiny, especially verbal communication. For beginners or intermediate-level\nlearners, it doesn't matter, because the nuances are less than the\npronunciation effect, so until your pronunciation becomes perfect as native,\nthey are interchangeable.\n\nOn the other hand, when it is used in text like a novel, lyrics, dialogue,\netc... the author has the reason why choose one.\n\nAnd your feeling is correct. \"のか\" has some more pressure than just \"か\".\n\nBut this is not always correct. In this sentence \"君が何したのかしりたい\", it is used \"君\"\nand \"が\" and \"何した\". They are also some alternative like \"あなた\", \"お前\" or\n\"(name)\", and \"は\", and \"何をした\".\n\nFor example, those sentences are also translated \"I want to know what you did\"\n\n * 君 が何をしたのかしりたい\n * お前 が何をした かしりたい\n * あなたは何をしたのかしりたい\n * etc...\n\nbut the nuances or images are different.\n\nSo those words already show some relationship between \"you\" and \"I\" and some\nsituation.\n\n * \"君\" means \"I\" are higher position than \"you\" or really closer with \"you\".\n * \"何したか\" have impatience feeling than \"何をしたか\".\n * \"が\" feels like not one of them but you(Obj) than \"は\".\n\nIn brief, the sentence feels like \"I\" doubt something about \"you\" already. So\nin this situation, \"のか\" make the sentence some more interrogative because the\n\"のか\" emphasize the feeling.\n\nIn my opinion, \"のか\" can emphasize the sentence's feelings than just \"か\". So If\nthe sentence just has flat nuance, they are interchangeable. For example, (I\nwant to know who did fix the problem.)\n\n * 誰がその問題を解決したのかしりたい\n * 誰がその問題を解決した かしりたい\n\nThey are the same feeling, But if\n\n * 君がその問題を解決したのかしりたい (I doubt you but...)\n * 君がその問題を解決した かしりたい (I just want to know if you did)\n\nThey are not the same for me.\n\nI hope it helps you!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T10:48:00.790", "id": "87318", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T10:48:00.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45391", "parent_id": "87315", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This に is a location-of-existence marker used with ある, いる, ない, etc. You\nprobably know this already, but if you need a refresher, see:\n<https://www.learn-japanese-adventure.com/arimasu-imasu-existence.html>\n\n記憶 is treated as a location, and そんなこと is the subject (は is omitted after\nそんなこと). Thus the literal translation is \"There is no such thing in my memory\"\nor \"Such a thing does not exist in my memory\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T12:42:38.493", "id": "87322", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T14:29:18.827", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-04T14:29:18.827", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87320", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm inclined to think that the use of this に is either that of\n\"動作・作用の行われる時・場所を表す\" (\"indicating the time or place where some action or effect\ntakes place\") or that of \"ある属性や能力を持っている対象を表わす\" (\"indicating an object/thing\nwith regard to which [some entity] has a given attribute or ability\").\n\nThe \"動作・作用の行われる時・場所を表す\" function is synonymous with \"において\" and comparable to\n\"in\", \"during\", \"when\". etc. in English, while the \"ある属性や能力を持っている対象を表わす\" one\nis comparable to \"for\" (\"肌に良い\" \"good for skin\") , \"at\" (\"日本語に熟達している\"\n\"proficient at Japanese\"), \"against\" (\"熱に弱い\" \"weak against heat\") , etc.\n\nLet's see how these uses work with a couple of examples.\n\n * この辞書は技術的な翻訳に重宝する \"This dictionary is useful in/for technical translation.\"\n\nOn the \"time/place\" reading of the に, technical translation is the\n(figurative) place where, or time when, the dictionary comes in handy. It's\nlike saying \"This dictionary is useful in technical translation.\"\n\nOn the \"object\" reading, technical translation is the thing for (or with\nregard to) which the dictionary has the attribute of \"being useful\". It's like\nsaying \"This dictionary is useful for technical translation.\"\n\n * このサイトは日本語を学ぶのに役立つ\n\nOn the time/place reading: \"This website is useful in (or when) learning\nJapanese.\"\n\nOn the \"object\" reading: \"This website is useful for learning Japanese.\"\n\nMoving onto the problem at hand:\n\n> 仕上げには重宝してるよ\n\nSince the implied subject of 重宝してる would be the person the speaker is talking\nabout, it may be translated like this\n\n> S/he comes in very handy in finishing (the work). (on the \"time/place\"\n> reading)\n\n> S/he comes in very handy for finishing (the work). (on the \"object\" reading)\n\n(The two uses seem to me to sort of blur into each other. I think the two uses\ncan be covered by \"when it comes to\" in English.)\n\nAddressing the discussion in the comments, I think insofar as we consider the\nsubject of \"重宝する\" to be the person the speaker is talking about, the\nrole/capacity (\"as\" or \"for\") reading of the \"に\" requires one to regard that\nperson themselves as a 仕上げ, and that seems something of an irregularity and\nrather improbable in the context, since \"仕上げ\" refers to the act of finishing,\nthe final step, something that serves to finish some work and such, but it\ndoes not have an established, purely agentive use as meaning \"one who finishes\nsomething\". In the previous question, the role/capacity reading of the \"に\"\nworks since what would be considered a 仕上げ is the act of putting on a \"band-\naid like thing\", which fits the meaning of \"仕上げ\" well.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-22T11:16:32.193", "id": "87593", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-22T11:16:32.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11575", "parent_id": "87323", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe the book is referring to a special construction where a sentence\nends with ように. It is used in a prayer, and therefore, it is not said to any\nparticular person (but to a god or something). And, yes, it is preceded by the\nます-form of a verb.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T16:13:37.190", "id": "87328", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T16:13:37.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87326", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "First of all, do you understand what 連用形 is? The 連用形 of 治る are not 治ります but\n**治り** and **治っ**. And 連用形 never directly connects to よう whatsoever. 治りように and\n治っように are both grammatically incorrect no matter what. See: [Do I have a good\ngrasp on the basics of what the continuative form\nis?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65936/5010)\n\nThis is because よう is a [special type of **noun** called\n形式名詞](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/83146/5010). Since it's technically\na noun, you need an attributive (noun-modifying; 連 **体** 形) form to modify よう.\nSo please check if your textbook really says 連用形. If it really says 連用形, it\nshould be a typo.\n\nよう has several meanings, but it takes an attributive form regardless of its\nmeaning (the following is not a full list):\n\n 1. ように meaning \"in order to ～\"\n * 忘れ物をしないようにしましょう。\n * 風邪が早く治るように病院で薬をもらった。\n 2. ように meaning \"like/as\"\n * ここに書いてあるように\n * ご存じのように\n 3. (ます)ように used to make a wish upon a star/god/etc. \n * 母が治りますように。\n * 神のご加護がありますように。 May the God's blessing be with you.\n\nNote that 連体形 and 終止形 [look very\nsimilar](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42906/5010) in modern Japanese,\nso your textbook may be using 終止形 instead of 連体形 to explain this. Strictly\nspeaking, this form is 連体形, as Chocolate explains.\n\nThe third usage is a special construction derived from the first one. It's\nalmost always used with ます because you have to be polite in front of a god,\netc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T02:53:40.233", "id": "87344", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T03:00:20.397", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-05T03:00:20.397", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87326", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The `Vt-てある` construction describes the way something is intentionally left in\nthe resulting state of an earlier action upon it. When a sentence focuses on\nthe resulting state, the object of the action usually takes the subject’s slot\nfollowed by が.\n\n> テーブルの上に本 **が** 置いてある。 \n> A book is left on the table.\n\nThe object marker を seems to put focus more on the action than its resulting\nstate, and the agent of the action may be specified with が in this case.\n\n> （彼が）昼ごはん **を** 作ってある。 \n> He has lunch prepared (for someone).\n\nIf you omit the object, you end up with a sentence like the following.\n\n> 彼 **が** 作ってある。 \n> He has it prepared (for someone).\n\nThe object or the agent may be topicalized or singled out for contrast with は.\n\n> 昼ごはん **は** 作ってある。[object]\n>\n> 彼 **は** 作ってある。[agent]\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nLet me give you a pair of examples in which a person is the object of a verb\nin one and the agent of the same verb in the other.\n\n> 1. 中村さん **を** [任命]{にんめい}してあります。 \n> We have Nakamura-san assigned (for some purpose).\n>\n\n> 2. 中村さん **が** 任命してあります。 \n> Nakamura-san has someone assigned (for some purpose).\n>\n\nIt’s hard to interpret the second sentence in the same way as the first (i.e.\nto see 中村さん as the object) because a person is not usually described with ある.\nThe first sentence doesn’t describe Nakamura-san’s state as much as it does\nthe fact that someone has assigned him/her.\n\nIt could become more ambiguous if it were about a robot. ロボットが置いてある could go\neither way.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T17:22:52.740", "id": "87332", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:49:59.070", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:49:59.070", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87329", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "彼が殺してある He has already killed someone for him/her/something.\n\nOr\n\nHE has already killed someone for him/her/something.\n\n彼を殺してある I have already killed him for him/her/something.\n\nOr\n\nI have already killed HIM for him/her/something.\n\nOr Someone have already killed him for him/her/something.\n\n彼は殺してある Someone has already killed HIM for him/her/something.\n\nOr\n\nHE has already killed someone for him/her/something.\n\nXがVてある equals XがVしておいた X prepared V for him/her/something\n\nYou can look up the word しておく(present tense), しておいた(past tense, present\nperfect)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T18:46:56.217", "id": "87333", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T19:00:15.503", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-04T19:00:15.503", "last_editor_user_id": "45415", "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87329", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "正社員扱いにする means treating as a full-time employee. In this situation, he/she is\na part-time worker or a temporary staff. You can get more benefits. 扱いにする\nmeans treating as higher rank or lower rank.\n\n扱いする example sentence are 子供扱いする、 treating as if she is a child. 妻を家政婦扱いする\ntreating his wife as if she is a housekeeper.\n\nIt's used like treating as something else(other status) in a bad way.\n\nIn this sentence, 正社員扱いしてあげるよ is possible, but 正社員扱い **に** してあげる is way\nbetter. Basically 扱い is used in a bad way.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T17:15:40.447", "id": "87331", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T13:09:59.643", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-05T13:09:59.643", "last_editor_user_id": "45415", "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87330", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "`Noun + 扱いする` typically has a negative or condescending overtone. `Noun +\n扱いにする` is neutral, and it's suitable in legal or business-related contexts.\n\nFor example, 子供扱いする means to treat someone as an immature/childish person,\nwhich is usually rude. 子供扱いにする means to (temporarily) regard someone as being\na child for some socially valid reason.\n\nIn your case, saying 正社員扱いする in casual speech is not necessarily rude (because\nwe all understand 正社員 is a good thing), but 正社員扱いにする is a lot safer. In formal\nwritten text, I think it's safe to say 正社員扱いする is wrong.\n\n(Note that 正社員扱いにする in this context probably means to actually employ him as a\n正社員, not \"regarding\" him as a 正社員.)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T04:13:55.997", "id": "87345", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T05:56:40.470", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-05T05:56:40.470", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87330", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In this context, the の particle essentially turns the dictionary form of the\nverb 「見る」- to watch, into 「見るの」- watching, in the sense that it can now\nfunction as a noun in the sentence and become a subject or object. You will\nalso often see 「こと」 used this way.\n\nSo, yes, it is required. It is not the possessive の particle that you are\nthinking of, but a different の particle.\n\nEdit - just to clarify - it's required when it's a verb, not when the thing\nyou like is already a noun.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-04T21:14:48.203", "id": "87336", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-04T21:22:56.163", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-04T21:22:56.163", "last_editor_user_id": "45432", "owner_user_id": "45432", "parent_id": "87334", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Those two Japanese sentences mean the same thing, although the latter is more\nnatural. Japanese word order is more flexible than that of English.\n\nThe Japanese language does not have the equivalents of \"a\", \"the\" and \"-s\". If\nthere is absolutely no context, even a bilingual human cannot often tell if\nthe correct English translation of 猫 in a sentence is \" **the** cat\", \" **a**\ncat\", \"cat **s** \", or \" **the** cat **s** \". In your case, a human would\nprobably think \" **a** movie\" (singular) is most likely, but no one can be\n100% sure. And if there are two translations that are equally possible, you\ncannot predict which is chosen by Google Translate.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T01:16:07.600", "id": "87340", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T01:30:14.123", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-05T01:30:14.123", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87335", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Whether to translate 映画 as “a movie”, “movies”, “the movie”, or “the movies”\ndepends on the context and cannot be determined by its position in a sentence\nalone. However, word order does affect the focus of a sentence.\n\nWhen there is no additional context, 私は映画を仕事のあと見た looks like a (bit redundant)\nresponse to a question about when the speaker watched 映画. In other words, the\nsentence somewhat puts 仕事のあと into focus. If it is indeed a response to such a\nquestion, 映画 must be old information to the listener. Google Translate might\ntake that into consideration when it translates it as “the movie”.\n\n仕事のあと映画を見た, on the other hand, looks more like a response to a question about\nwhat the speaker did after work. 映画を見た is put into focus. Then, 映画 is new\ninformation to the listener and “a movie” may be more appropriate.\n\nBut that’s when these are written as independent sentences. How they are\ninterpreted in real life highly depends on the context and also on which part\nis given prominence when pronounced.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T01:57:26.427", "id": "87341", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:45:48.650", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:45:48.650", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87335", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You are correct. ～ても仕方(が)ない means two different things:\n\n * there is no point in doing ～; doing ～ is meaningless\n * one cannot help doing ～; doing ～ is undesirable but unavoidable\n\nAs always, the correct interpretation depends on the context. For example:\n\n * もう間に合わない。だから走っても仕方がない。 \nI can't make it in time anymore. So there's no point in running.\n\n * ここで走るのは禁止されているが、遅れるとクビになる。だから走っても仕方がない。 \nI know it's forbidden to run here, but if I'm late, I'll be fired. So I have\nno choice but to run.\n\n(By the way, only the latter is interchangeable with 走るのは仕方がない.)\n\n* * *\n\nNow your problem:\n\n> それなのに、マーテルがこの世界を愛していたことも痛いほど伝わってきました。ミトスのように、世界を恨んでも仕方がないと思うのに…。\n\nThis is indeed ambiguous, and the correct interpretation of the second\nsentence depends on the context. At first sight, my intuition was \"There is no\npoint in hating the world like Mitos does\", because the previous sentence was\nabout how one should love the world. However, after reading your explanation,\nI noticed \"She (=Martel) might well hate the world like Mitos does\" is a\nperfectly valid interpretation, too.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T00:56:47.423", "id": "87339", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T04:52:37.033", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-05T04:52:37.033", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87338", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "> I thought there was no sarcasm in Japanese\n\nlol.\n\nAnyway, this くれる is shortened from くれてやる, which is strong way of saying \"あげる\",\nso in this case that sentence is translated to \" _Today is the day I'm going\nto show you how horrible we are!_ \"(I'm not sure if this is proper\ntranslation).\n\nNote that あげる is used for any circumstances but くれる is mostly only used in a\nbad way, such as when you act in a way that is detrimental to someone else(as\n@Jimmy Yang pointed out in comment.).\n\nSide note: Those only applies when you(or someone) is doing/acting something.\nWhen you are giving or receiving a thing, くれる does not mean to be bad. e.g.\n彼が持ってきて _くれる_ そうだ is often used when someone is bringing something to you,\nthere's no bad meaning.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T06:51:15.290", "id": "87347", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T06:58:07.430", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-05T06:58:07.430", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87346", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Don't worry, your translation is correct. Let's break it down one by one:\n\n> Me(watashi) and my(to watashi no) girlfriend(kanojo) live in tokyo(wa tokyo\n> ni sunde imasu).\n\nThe reason you're repeating watashi twice is _watashi_ and _watashi no_ is\nentirely different.\n\nI know that it's not the best way to describe it, but it's not the same as\nsaying she's my property(watashi no), and yourself(watashi).\n\nEven if the listener didn't know about your girlfriend we'd still use _wa_ ,\nif you used _ga_ it'd be translated to _Me and my girlfriend **are living** in\nTokyo._.\n\nI know it's not much of a different, but even small differences are important\nto a language.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T08:07:52.313", "id": "87350", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T08:07:52.313", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87348", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I found several people who think らぐ is some kind of suffix, but looks like\nthis is not explicitly listed in dictionaries as a standalone suffix. If らぐ is\na suffix, it should be similar in purpose to English\n[_-ate_](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ate#Suffix) used to turn words into\nverbs (e.g., _formulate_ , _activate_ ).\n\n * <https://kogani.com/text/japanese/arekore_11.html>\n\n> 動詞には接尾辞を伴った(ように思える)言葉があります。例としては\"なう\"、\"しむ\"、\"らぐ\"、\"めく\"などがあります。 \n> やすらぐ(安らぐ)、やわらぐ(和らぐ)、たいらぐ(平らぐ)、ゆらぐ(揺らぐ)、うすらぐ(薄らぐ)など\n\n * <https://hoshinahouse.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-1226.html>\n\n> 「はららぐ」\n>\n\n>>\nそれから二十何年後か後の初夏、まったく人気のない浅間山の中腹を登っていた。道がくのｊ字に折れる所へきて、折れてびっくり、声をあげた。狭い道の両側から卯の花と茨の花が、たわわに咲き重なって真っ白く、あたり一面が濃く匂って、森閑と静寂、とき折りひとりでに花は\n**はららいで** こぼれ落ちていた。（「川と山のにおい」P16）\n\n>\n> 「はらはら」の「はら」に接尾語「らぐ」が付いたもの。「安らぐ」「薄らぐ」「和らぐ」など、「らぐ」の付く語はあるけれども、擬態語に付くのは珍しい気がする。\n\nYou may be interested in [this research\npaper](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41885984.pdf) (PDF, in Japanese) which\nattempted to categorize \"suffix-like\" verb endings (e.g., まる as in 高まる, 固まる,\n太まる; める as in 丸める, 細める, 緩める).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-06T00:54:38.717", "id": "87357", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-06T01:33:23.703", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-06T01:33:23.703", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87349", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems you're thinking about the て-form a bit too narrowly. It doesn't just\nmap onto one grammatical structure in English.\n\nThe ~てほしい construction works just as the ~てください construction does.\n\n> 待ってください\n>\n> Please wait.\n\n> 待ってほしい\n>\n> I want you to wait.\n\nThey're both expressing that you want/desire something from someone else. One\nis a polite request; the other expresses your desire, but isn't necessarily a\nrequest for anything.\n\nI'm not sure if I'm reading what you're saying correctly, but it seems you\nmight be thinking that 待ってほしい and 待ちたい mean the same thing. This isn't at all\nthe case. (And, I apologize if I've misunderstood what you were trying to say\non this point.) Again, 待ってほしい means \"I want you to wait\". 待ちたい means \"I want\nto wait.\"\n\nDon't just think of the て-form as expressing \"[doing something] and\". That's a\ntoo narrow reading. Instead, the meaning of the て-form can't really be\nresolved until you read/hear what follows.\n\n~ることがほしい doesn't really make sense. When you use the structure ~がほしい the ~\nisn't some abstraction; it's something concrete: りんごがほしい.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T14:27:33.153", "id": "87353", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-05T14:41:27.013", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-05T14:41:27.013", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "87352", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "@A.Ellett's explanation is correct. There are various auxiliaries that are\ngrammatical for specific verb forms. There's a small selection of examples for\nthe て形 on\n[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation#te_form:_Auxiliary_verbs),\nand there are some other auxiliary examples that are specifically compatible\nwith the 連用形 (\"masu stem\"), also on\n[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation#Conjunctive:_Auxiliary_verbs).\n\nI'm not sure if it's a comprehensive list, but the DBJG lists many auxiliaries\nfor the て形 (p. 593, Appendix 4: \"F. Vte+__\") which you can learn more about\nfrom.\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** This answer is still correct, but I now understand the author's\nconfusion. Let this be clear: 欲しい (adjective) ≠ 〜て欲しい (auxiliary verb). There\nis no grammatical syntax pattern that allows arbitrary i-adjectives to append\nthe \"te-form\". Rather, there is a small list of auxiliary verbs (less than 20)\nthat exist for attaching to the te-form. Somewhere in the history of the\nlanguage, 欲しい somehow became one of the te-form auxiliary verbs; but the\nreason for this has nothing to do with the word being an adjective.\n\n**tl;dr:** You cannot randomly attach i-adjectives to the te-form of a verb.\nYou can only attach one of the auxiliary verbs intended for the te-form, and I\nassume there are less than 20 such verbs, one being 〜て欲しい.\n\n* * *\n\n**Citation:** Makino, Seiichi; Tsutsui, Michio (1989). A Dictionary of Basic\nJapanese Grammar (80 ed.). Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times., p. 593, ISBN\n978-47-89004-54-1.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-05T14:50:50.683", "id": "87354", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-20T13:51:33.177", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-20T13:51:33.177", "last_editor_user_id": "27424", "owner_user_id": "27424", "parent_id": "87352", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "it works in some cases but not in others. Your example seems to belong to the\nlatter category.\n\nLet’s look at an example in which X and Y can be safely exchanged.\n\n> 日本協会は京都を試合会場にした。 \n> The Japanese Association picked Kyoto as the venue of the match.\n\n> 日本協会は試合会場を京都にした。 \n> The Japanese Association set the venue of the match in Kyoto. \n> (The Japanese Association decided on Kyoto for the venue of the match.)\n\nI wouldn’t say they are completely interchangeable, but both sentences are\ngrammatical and they basically mean the same thing (at least the same result).\n\nThe following pair brings them closer to your example, and they still work.\n\n> 作家は京都を小説の舞台にした。 \n> The author picked Kyoto as the setting of her novel.\n\n> 作家は小説の舞台を京都にした。 \n> The author set her novel in Kyoto. \n> (The author decided on Kyoto for the setting of her novel.)\n\nHowever, the original example is closer to the following pair, and this is\nwhere the X and Y seem to stop being exchangeable.\n\n> 小説は京都を舞台にしている。 \n> The novel has Kyoto as its setting.\n\n> 小説は舞台を京都にしている。[unnatural] \n> (*) The novel has its setting as Kyoto.\n\nThe second sentence clearly sounds unnatural, and that’s also the case with\nthe following pair.\n\n> 試合は京都を会場にしている。 \n> The match has Kyoto as its venue.\n\n> 試合は会場を京都にしている。[unnatural] \n> (*) The match has its venue as Kyoto.\n\nSo the problem is not with the word 舞台. The difference in aspect, between した\nand している, doesn’t seem to matter either.\n\nIt’s probably the subject and how the `XをYにする` construct is interpreted in\ncombination with it. As my translations show, the natural-sounding examples\ncan be understood as referring to some kind of conscious decision, and this\nseems possible because the (topicalized) subject is someone or something that\ncan make such a decision.\n\n`XをYにする` seems to require a different interpretation when the subject is\nsomething like 小説 or 試合. The most natural would be to understand it in the\nsense of “have X as Y”, but X and Y are not always interchangeable in this\nconstruct.\n\nFor the sentence to sound natural with 舞台 as X and 京都 as Y, it would require a\nverb with a more specific meaning than just する. For example, the following\nsounds OK.\n\n> 小説は舞台を京都に設定している。 \n> The novel has its setting (set) in Kyoto.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-06T04:06:33.613", "id": "87360", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:38:07.710", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:38:07.710", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87355", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "In ビルさんは日本語は簡単だ **と** 言いました, Bill is the one who said “Japanese is easy.” The\nstatement clause is 日本語は簡単だ. (By the way, 簡単だ is not a verb but an adjective.)\n\nSimilarly, Mike is the one who doesn’t know who will come in マイクさんはだれが来る **か**\n知りません. The original clause だれが来る is a question because it contains a question\nword だれ.\n\nと is the only correct choice in the practice question. か doesn’t work because\nthe original clause このレストランが一番おいしい is not a question but a statement. かどうか is\nnot used with 思います. “Do you think **whether** this restaurant is the most\ndelicious?” must sound strange in English, too.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nMy explanation in the last paragraph above was misleading. か doesn’t work for\nthe same reason かどうか doesn’t work. It’s because the verb of the main clause is\n思う. Even if the subordinate clause were どのレストランが一番おいしいですか, which is clearly a\nquestion, the correct answer would still be と, making the final sentence\nどのレストランが一番おいしい **と** 思いますか.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-06T01:02:37.170", "id": "87358", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:44:00.043", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:44:00.043", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87356", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think \"体が動かない\" can mean both _My body won't move_ and _I can't move my\nbody_. I believe it's just matter of situation.\n\n_I can't move my body_ would fit better with \"体が動か **せ** ない\" though.\n\n_Edit:_ Forgot to mention that \"体が動けない\" doesn't sound natural to me. If you\nmeant to use it as \" _My body won't move_ \", it's fine with \"体が動かない\" as I\nstated above. If you meant to use it as \" _I can't move my body_ \", then use\n\"体が動かせない\", which sound more natural in most case.\n\nSo here goes the difference between \"動かない\" and \"動かせない\".\n\nThe word \"動かない\" is used when the thing you want to move does not behave as you\nwant it to, for example, when the car does not move as you want it to.（車が思うように\n**動かない** 。）\n\nThe word \"動かせない\" is used when you want to do something but it is impossible,\nfor example, _I want to move the box from here, but it is too heavy to move._\n（ここから箱を動かしたいけど、重すぎて **動かせない** 。）", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-06T06:07:29.823", "id": "87364", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-06T07:25:20.950", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-06T07:25:20.950", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87361", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding is correct. から marks the beginning of a period and should\nnot be used with an instantaneous verb like （やって）くる. I would say that sentence\nis grammatically incorrect.\n\nHaving said that, though, a sentence like that is not uncommon in everyday\nconversation. The meaning of いる is inferred from やってきた and いる is compatible\nwith から.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-06T12:30:51.237", "id": "87369", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-06T12:30:51.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87367", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "よこす is limited to when the speaker is the recipient of the item: this makes\nthe word almost always used in a command form e.g. よこせ, よこしなさい. This is also\nbecause this word is considered rude/casual compared to the others, making it\ncommon for verbal demands.\n\n渡す is the regular and neutral word for \"to hand over\", often used with polite\nforms お渡しする/お渡し致す. As far as I know, there is no restriction on the direction\nof handing the item over when using this word. Other than that, it has the\nsame meaning as よこす.\n\n譲る has a different meaning from the first two, as you correctly pointed out.\nWhat I notice about 譲る is that it is often preferred over the others when\ntalking about more abstract, non-physical items. One example is\n\"別の機会に譲る/後日に譲る\", which means to save something (an opportunity or a\ndiscussion, etc.) for another time. Your example is another case in point,\nsince 一歩 also has no physical form.\n\nThere are even more synonyms than these three, however. The most interesting\none, given what has been discussed, might be 譲渡する.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-06T23:12:07.720", "id": "87375", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-06T23:12:07.720", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41182", "parent_id": "87372", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You pretty much have it... Yes いままで is the same as 今まで. And Here it is used as\na point in time for relative to なかった. なかった simply meaning something did not\nexist in the past. So put together it is \"A pattern we haven't seen until\nnow.\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-07T01:25:18.140", "id": "87376", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-07T01:25:18.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38959", "parent_id": "87374", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "デコった is the past tense of デコる, a slangy way to say \"to decorate.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-07T07:05:54.483", "id": "87379", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-07T07:05:54.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "87378", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think it's shortened usage of \"デコりやがった\" or more clearly \"～しやがった(の(は))\",\nwhich is strong way of saying \"した\" / \"したの(は)\", in this case the complete\nsentence will be \"(俺の)右腕をデコレーションしたのピンクだな!?\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-07T07:12:58.413", "id": "87380", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-07T07:12:58.413", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87378", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Let’s first compare three sentences without ところだ or ところだった.\n\n> 狂三は死体の処理方法を調べねばならなくな **る** 。 \n> It will become necessary for Kurumi to search for how to get rid of a\n> corpse. \n> (Kurumi will have to search for how to get rid of a corpse in the future.)\n\n> 狂三は死体の処理方法を調べねばならなくなっ **た** 。 \n> It has (just) become necessary for Kurumi to search for how to get rid of a\n> corpse. \n> (Kurumi now has to search for how to get rid of a corpse because of a\n> recent change in the situation.)\n\n> 狂三は死体の処理方法を調べねばならなくなっ **ていた** 。 \n> It had (already) become necessary for Kurumi to search for how to get rid\n> of a corpse. \n> (Kurumi was already in a situation where she had to search for how to get\n> rid of a corpse because of an earlier change in the situation.)\n\nThey were a bit hard to translate because of なる. I resorted to beginning each\nsentence with “it” so the verb “become” would fit well to express a change in\nthe situation at various points in time. The translations may look awkward as\na result.\n\nAnyway, these are precisely the situations Kurumi would have found herself in\nif someone had seen her, as described from a third person’s perspective at the\ntime of the event. This should make sense because if ところ means anything, it is\n“situation” or “circumstance”, and the part before it describes what kind of\nsituation or circumstance it is. (We had a similar discussion about つもり\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/86548/43676).)\n\nConceptually speaking, adding ところ **だった** at the end of each Japanese sentence\nwould be like adding “The situation **would have been** such that …” at the\nbeginning of its English translation and back-shifting the tenses inside the\n_that_ -clause, whereas adding ところ **だ** would correspond to beginning the\nEnglish sentence with “The situation **would be** such that …” The former is\nused to look back at a counterfactual situation in the past, while the latter\ndescribes one in the present. (The past tense may also be used to describe a\npresent situation, but let’s leave it aside here.)\n\nThe distinction between 〜 **る** ところ **だった** and 〜 **た** ところ **だ** seems to get\nblurred when the part before ところだ describes a state, rather than an action or\na change of state, that would have resulted from said counterfactual\ncondition, and that’s usually the case when 〜 **ていた** ところだ is used. The reason\nthe distinction gets blurred could be because the same state would have\ncontinued till the present, making it unimportant whether the reference point\nis set at a past time or in the present.\n\n> 狂三は死体の処理方法を調べねばならなくな **る** ところ **だった** 。 \n> The situation would have been such that Kurumi now had to search for how to\n> get rid of a corpse. \n> (Kurumi would have had to begin to search for how to get rid of a corpse.)\n\n> 狂三は死体の処理方法を調べねばならなくなっ **ていた** ところ **だ** 。 \n> The situation would be such that Kurumi was already in a situation where\n> she had to search for how to get rid of a corpse. \n> (Kurumi would have already had to search for how to get rid of a corpse.)\n\nAlthough we haven’t considered it so far, 調べねばならなくなっ **ている** ところ **だった** also\nworks fine. Actually, this is the direct result of swapping the position of\nthe tense marker on 調べねばならなくなっ **ていた** ところ **だ**.\n\nWhile 調べねばならなくなっ **た** ところ **だ** may not be totally unacceptable, it doesn’t\nseem to work so well as the other options probably because 調べねばならなくなっ **た** is\nmore naturally understood as describing a past change than its resulting\nstate, and therefore, it doesn’t sound like referring to a counterfactual\nsituation that would have lasted till the present as much as 調べねばならなくなっ\n**ていた** does. It sounds more like a normal expression of aspect.\n\nI guess 空に飛ばしてやっ **た** ところだ in one of your comments is OK because its focus is\nnot so much on a past act of throwing as it is on its result. The person in\nquestion would be in the sky by now.\n\nIn general, I would say 〜 **ていた** ところだ sounds more natural than simple 〜 **た**\nところだ when expressing a counterfactual situation. In the\n[link](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=18734) you provided, every example that\nmatches 〜 **た** ところだ also matches 〜 **ていた** ところだ, and they can be rephrased\nusing 〜 **ている** ところ **だった** without changing their meanings much.\n\n> 父が生きていたら、一緒にテーブルを囲んで料理を食べ **ていた** ところ **だ** ろう。 \n> 父が生きていたら、一緒にテーブルを囲んで料理を食べ **ている** ところ **だった** ろう。\n\n> 手伝ってくれなければ、とっくに諦め **ていた** ところ **だ** 。 \n> 手伝ってくれなければ、とっくに諦め **ている** ところ **だった** 。\n\n> 落とした財布を届けてくれなかったら、今頃途方に暮れ **ていた** ところ **だ** 。 \n> 落とした財布を届けてくれなかったら、今頃途方に暮れ **ている** ところ **だった** 。\n\n> 秘密がバレたら大喧嘩になっ **ていた** ところ **だ** 。 \n> 秘密がバレたら大喧嘩になっ **ている** ところ **だった** 。\n\n> アドバイスをくれなければ逃げ出し **ていた** ところ **だ** 。 \n> アドバイスをくれなければ逃げ出し **ている** ところ **だった** 。\n\n> パソコン修理してくれなかったら今頃買い替え **ていた** ところ **だ** 。 \n> パソコン修理してくれなかったら今頃買い替え **ている** ところ **だった** 。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-08T03:37:31.917", "id": "87393", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T11:05:28.967", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T11:05:28.967", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87382", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is くそしゃかい.\n\nRendaku is never applied to 社会. 社会 is a kango (Chinese-origin on-reading\nword), which normally resists rendaku. See: [Rules or criteria for 連濁: Voiced\nor unvoiced syllables in compound\nwords](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2526/5010)\n\nBesides, the reading of this 糞 is くそ, not ふん. くそ is a derogatory word\nanalogous to English \"shit(ty)\" or \"crap(py)\". 糞 read as ふん is more of a\ntechnical term meaning \"feces (of animal/insect)\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-07T11:24:48.250", "id": "87384", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-07T12:49:25.187", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-07T12:49:25.187", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87383", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "According to your explanation - `since the boy speaking is raised by his mom\nonly and doesn't know his dad,` - it is very possible that he used the word to\nmean that his father is so rare that he hardly have a chance to see his father\nduring his lifetime.\n\nI think it's very likely that the word was used in such a way, as there is\nalmost no chance to see a 天然記念物/natural monument during one's lifetime (in the\nsense of actually seeing it in front of one's eyes, rather than looking it up\non the Internet, or place like zoo, etc.).\n\nIn this case, his father abandoned him (and his mother) and disappeared\nsomewhere (according to your description), so I think it's safe to say that\nthe father is very rare, if not a \"天然記念物\".\n\n(I'm not sure if \"rare\" is the right word, please let me know if there's some\nwords that sounds right)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-07T18:09:38.097", "id": "87386", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-08T01:11:45.507", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-08T01:11:45.507", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87385", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "These words are not interchangeable. 「役立たぬ」「役立たない」 cannot replace 「役立たず」 to\nmean \"worthless person\".\n\nAs you know, the continuative form (連用形) of a verb can function as a noun, and\nthere are quite a few established nouns, eg:\n\n> 遊ぶ → 遊び \n> 戦う → 戦い \n> 皿を+洗う → 皿+洗い* → 皿洗い \"washing-up\" \n> 物を+知る → 物+知り* → 物知り \"knowledgeable person\" \n> 足を+[踏]{ふ}む → 足+踏み* → 足[踏]{ぶ}み \"stomping feet\", etc. \n> (* 複合語/compound of [noun]+[noun form of verb])\n\n役立たず also derived from the continuative form of a verb phrase. ず is the\ncontinuative form of the classical negative auxiliary ず (predicative\nform/終止形). (ぬ is its attributive form/連体形.) Some examples of established\nnouns:\n\n> 役に+立たず → 役+立たず* → 役立たず \n> 世間を+知らず → 世間+知らず* → 世間知らず \n> 恩を+知らず → 恩+知らず* → 恩知らず \n> 医者が+要らず → 医者+要らず* → 医者いらず \n> 親知らず, [水入]{みずい}らず, 舌足らず, [土踏]{つちふ}まず, etc. \n> (* 複合語/compound of [noun]+[noun form of verb])\n\nSo, the ～ず is the 連用形, and that's why 役立たず can function as a noun. Since it's\nan established noun, it cannot be replaced with 役立たぬ or 役立たない.\n\nAlso please note that the noun 役立たず is read やく **た** たず, not やく **だ** たず,\nwhile 役立たぬ, 役立たない are read as やく **だ** たぬ, やく **だ** たない as they are the\nconjugated forms of the established verb 役[立]{だ}つ (This だ is voiced due to\nrendaku, as you may know). Their pitch accents are also different:\n\n> 役立たず - [やくたたず]{LHHLL}\n>\n> 役立たぬ- [やくだたぬ]{LHHHL}\n>\n> 役立たない - [やくだたない]{LHHHLL}", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-08T01:55:44.033", "id": "87392", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-09T04:47:20.170", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-09T04:47:20.170", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "87388", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "In the most straightforward interpretation, いつも modifies the whole of\n音楽を聴きながら勉強します, in which the adverbial clause 音楽を聴きながら modifies the main verb\n勉強します.\n\nThis is because いつも is an adverb of frequency, and this kind of adverb tends\nto work on the whole sentence. Thus, the sentence is talking about the\nfrequency of your habit, and your habit in this case is to study while\nlistening to music.\n\nIt would have been different if the adverb were ずっと.\n\n> ずっと音楽を聴きながら勉強します。 \n> I study while always (≈ constantly) listening to music.\n\nずっと is an adverb of manner and it would most likely be associated with\n音楽を聴きながら to describe how you listen to music because 音楽を聴きながら is closer in\nposition than 勉強します.\n\nInterestingly, it could go either way with ときどき.\n\n> ときどき音楽を聴きながら勉強します。 \n> a) I sometimes study while listening to music. [frequency] \n> b) I study while sometimes (≈ intermittently) listening to music. [manner]\n\nThe English translations attempt to contrast the difference in the function of\neach adverb by its position only. Some might sound awkward.\n\nBy the way, I thought your question was confusing because of the alternate\ntranslation you provided (and your own statement that “it’s contextually about\nthe same thing” as the original translation) and left a comment about it\nhoping you would clarify. If your focus was on the function of an adverb as\nthe title suggests, I think the alternate translation should have been “I\nstudy while always listening to music,” rather than “I always listen to music\nwhile studying.”", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-15T02:16:30.453", "id": "87501", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:26:34.127", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:26:34.127", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87391", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "うれしい:\n\n> If we can win this game, we'll win the championship.\n>\n> →We won.\n>\n> → **うれしい！**\n\n幸せ:\n\n> With the prize money we won, we bought new equipment, had a victory party\n> with our friends, and did many other fun things.\n>\n> →There were many happy and good things.\n>\n> → **幸せ！**\n\nUnnatural/non interchangeable usage:\n\n> うれしい人生. This is wrong usage of うれしい.\n>\n> 幸せな人生. This is good usage of 幸せ.\n\nBasically, うれしい is for short-term happiness, when compared to 幸せ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-08T08:38:18.693", "id": "87395", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-09T02:33:51.037", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-09T02:33:51.037", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87394", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Basically 幸せ means happiness. But I have seen this conversation in an American\nmovie:\n\n> Mother: Is she your girlfriend? _Looking disappointed_\n>\n> Son: No, are you happy?\n\nThis \"happy\" is 嬉しい in Japanese. So it depends on the context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-08T18:00:47.947", "id": "87396", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-09T03:33:48.373", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-09T03:33:48.373", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87394", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "はーい is correct. You can add more dashes or use 〜 if you want, or you might\nspell it はぁい (or perhaps はあい), but ははい has an extra h-sound.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-08T22:23:54.813", "id": "87402", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-08T22:23:54.813", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "40410", "parent_id": "87397", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Essentially answered in the comment, but hopefully the following clarifies\nyour question.\n\nFirst of all, 常用漢字 is not about simplifying characters and almost never did,\nexcept 燈 → 灯.\n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97#1981%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%9A%E6%99%82%EF%BC%88%E5%BD%93%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E9%81%95%E3%81%84%EF%BC%89>\n\nIt is more about which characters are acceptable for official use, and the\nlinked document discusses fluctuations in some characters, including 稽 in your\nquestion.\n\nSimplification (in Japanese Kanji context) usually refers to the\nsimplification enforced in 1946, and that is 当用漢字.\n\nSecond, on the 旨 and 上+日 relationship, they are called variants (異体字). This\ndoes not necessarily mean one is derived from the other, but rather that they\nare listed as the same character in some old Chinese character dictionary.\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E7%A8%BD/>\n\nSo technically any kanji containing 旨 could have its 旨 replaced with 上+日.\n\nThat said, I guess 上+日 could be derived from 旨. Because\n\n * as noted in the linked document, 上+日 was conventional in 楷書体 which is the standard style in calligraphy (I mean Chinese calligraphy with brush)\n * Straight lines in 上 is easier to write than ヒ.\n * FYI 明朝体 is the standard style for printing (with movable types)\n\nLastly, though probably not the kind of answer you are asking for, but one\nexample where 常用漢字 have more stokes than its variant: 涼 vs 凉.\n\n===\n\nAlso I found the following.\n<https://koikekaisho.hatenadiary.org/entry/20120201/1328061513>\n\nIt says 者 was originally without the dot, but later the dotted version was\nintroduced in a Chinese dictionary 説文解字 and made its way into 当用漢字.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-11T00:30:57.130", "id": "87425", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-11T00:30:57.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87404", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "That can roughly translated to _If he can see land, he'll get off the bird by\nhimself, because that's what he's like._\n\n\"～の事だからな\" is a word that describes a particular person(in this case, Luffy),\nindicating that he/she has some habitual or character trait. It's used when\nthe speaker's subjective judgment is expressed on the basis of that person's\ncharacteristics.\n\nAs you can probably tell from the explanation so far, \"自力で下りるだろう\" refers to\nLuffy. It means that he will get off the bird by himself.\n\nI wonder if Luffy can do that though, I only vaguely remember One Piece, but\nI'm pretty sure he couldn't swim, right?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-09T06:12:46.250", "id": "87406", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-09T06:12:46.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87405", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "「何のことも話さない」 - lit. \"don't talk about anything\".\n\nMaybe this would work in your context?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-04T22:40:42.850", "id": "93996", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-04T22:40:42.850", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "87407", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "\"Talk about nothing\" here I believe means talk about things that are not\nimportant or don't matter.\n\nIn that case you could say \"くだらない話をしてもいい\" you could also use 意味のない話 or similar\nwords.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-05T12:43:10.470", "id": "94010", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-05T12:43:10.470", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50976", "parent_id": "87407", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "No, most Japanese kanji words have only one correct reading. For example, the\ncorrect reading of 電車 is always でんしゃ. Just because a character can be read in\ntwo ways does not mean a word using that character can be read in two ways. In\npartucular, many on-readings make sense only as part of longer compounds.\n\nHowever, some kanji words do have multiple possible readings, and you have to\ndetermine the correct reading from the context. For example, please see:\n[Difference between こんにち and\nきょう](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17752/5010)\n\nNote that the number of such words is not large, and that English also has a\nsimilar problem (e.g., \"lead\", \"wind\", \"minute\", and [many\nmore](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronym_\\(linguistics\\))).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-09T09:11:57.560", "id": "87409", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-09T16:22:14.717", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-09T16:22:14.717", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87408", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Afaik, we don't use spaces in any sentence, except at the beginning of a\nparagraph (However, this use is only seen in novels, textbooks, news articles,\nand newspapers).\n\nInstead, we use punctuation marks (句読点 | I know the English language has them\ntoo). I don't think 何時までですか would use 句読点, though.\n\nAs for the comment of yours, it's very likely that such spaces are left to\nmake it easier for children and Japanese learners to understand.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-09T11:01:40.200", "id": "87411", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-09T14:39:47.410", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-09T14:39:47.410", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87410", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "お時間を取っていただきありがとうございます。correct\n\nわざわざお時間を取らせていただいたのに \nno correct\n\nBecause いただく is 謙譲語\n\nFor your reference <https://biz.trans-suite.jp/21158>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-09T19:54:19.760", "id": "87415", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-10T00:33:02.043", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-10T00:33:02.043", "last_editor_user_id": "45415", "owner_user_id": "45415", "parent_id": "87412", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Let me put what I said in my comments in an answer, just for easier reference\nfor future readers.\n\nYour understanding of いただく is correct. Your confusion stems from your\nmisreading of 時間をとる. It’s the professor’s action. The professor took the time\nto meet the student.\n\nThe\n[question](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1014827245)\non chiebukuro is different. It is asking whether saying 時間をとっていただいて would be\nappropriate when the listener (the doer of the favor) took time to meet\nsomeone for the speaker (the beneficiary) without the speaker being present,\nrather than spend that time to meet with the speaker. The asker felt\n時間をとらせてしまって might be a possibility but was not sure. Either way, 時間をとる is the\nlistener’s action. (The causative とらせる is the speaker’s.)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-09T07:42:57.907", "id": "88838", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:56:06.310", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:56:06.310", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87412", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "I don't have very grammatical explanations, but let's focus on the second\nsentence.\n\nSuppose he arrived 10 July 2020. Today it is 10 July 2021.\n\nThen '彼がここへ来てから一年が経つ' can be used yesterday (09 July) or today or tomorrow (11\nJuly). Or in past (say a week ago) or in future (a week later).\n\n'..経った/経っている' on the other hand can be used today or after, not yesterday. (I\nmean, strictly speaking the sentence '彼がここへ来て一年が経った/経っている' is false on 09 July\n2021)\n\nIn English, I believe 'it's been a year since' and 'it is a year since' are\nboth acceptable (the latter being probably less formal). I guess ' _it is a\nyear since he came here'_ is not (particularly) considered to be false on 09\nJuly 2021 in the above setting while ' _it's been a year..._ ' is technically\nfalse on that day. I thought the difference 経つ/経った might be similar.\n\nIf the last paragraph is correct, then the simple explanation would be that\nthe present tense includes some time in near-past and in near-future in both\nEnglish and Japanese.\n\n**Edit: some more comments**\n\nOf course, 経った/経っている can be used in both of your examples, and that might be\nmore precise. But the present tense here just refers to a fuzzy time period\naround now.\n\nThere is also something to do with the length of time concerned.\n\nSuppose you poured hot water into cup noodle and are waiting for 3 mins. Then,\n\n * '3分経つ' can be used only slightly before 2'59''\n\n * '3分経った' is used after 3'00''.\n\nThis is probably because the length of time is too short to accommodate the\npast and future.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-10T05:53:57.607", "id": "87420", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-10T09:14:46.863", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-10T09:14:46.863", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87417", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "\"なる\" = \"to be\" \"ように\" = \"like\" \"なれ\" = \"Be\"\n\nSo it means something like \"let it be\" in a negative tone. He gets desperate.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-10T10:07:21.570", "id": "87421", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-10T10:07:21.570", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45494", "parent_id": "87419", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> I also wonder why だ is used at the end.\n\nIt quotes the phrase 「なるようになれ」 as a noun referring to the policy \"let it be\".\nSo to complement a context, it kind of says:\n\n * I'll bet on \"let it be\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-10T15:07:47.900", "id": "87422", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-10T15:07:47.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "17885", "parent_id": "87419", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "'昨日私のおじさんをてつだいました' is the correct one.\n\n * Xをてつだいました when X is the object of 'help'\n * 'にてつだいました' is possible as a sequence in other cases. See <https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10135898565>\n\nAlso as a side note, '昨日おじさんをてつだいました' would be more usual (without '私の') if\nthe helper is 'I'.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-11T02:28:38.983", "id": "87426", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-11T02:28:38.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87424", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is a fixed pattern used with a time length, a distance, etc. It sounds\ndramatic as compared to simple 20分待つと, etc.\n\n * オーブンに入れて待つこと20分、美味しいケーキが焼けました。 \nTwenty minutes in the oven and ....\n\n * 自宅を出て車で走ること15km、隣町のショッピングセンターに到着した。 \nFifteen kilometers after leaving home, and ...\n\n * 遡ること2日、この部屋では別の事件が起きていた。 \nTwo days back, ...\n\n * 考え続けること実に3時間、我々はついにひとつの結論に達した。\n * ベルを鳴らすこと10回、いまだに返事はない。\n\nBasically this こと should be a nominalizer, but unfortunately, I could not find\nthis usage in my usual dictionaries, nor could I find this pattern in well-\nknown JLPT learning sites.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-11T14:14:03.813", "id": "87436", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-11T14:52:26.073", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-11T14:52:26.073", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87429", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Practically speaking, you can take _[clause]_ + こと + _[numerical expression]_\nto mean 'Now I talk about things when I do _[clause]_ _[numerical exp]_. It is\na rhetoric to arouse listener's attention.\n\nYour Examples:\n\n * 今を去ること20年前 : (Now I talk about) 20 years ago\n * 今を去る20年前 : I think this can be think of the version where こと is dropped\n * 東京を去ること200キロ : I went 200km from Tokyo, then you know what?, (something interesting should follow)\n\nAlso さかのぼること20年(前) means '(Going back) 20 years ago'\n\nDuration:\n\n * 研究すること10年 : I've been investigating for 10 years\n\nAlso number of times can be used:\n\n * 繰り返すこと100回 : I repeated it 100 times\n * 失敗すること100回 : I failed 100 times\n\nSorry this doesn't directly answer your question, but こと in these construction\ndoes not have concrete meaning, but rather functions as a glue between\n_[clause]_ and _[numerical exp]_ so to speak.\n\n===\n\nI found a long discussion (most probably with no conclusion) on this\nconstruction.\n\n[https://www.atmarkit.co.jp/bbs/phpBB/viewtopic.php?topic=10367&forum=3&start=16](https://www.atmarkit.co.jp/bbs/phpBB/viewtopic.php?topic=10367&forum=3&start=16)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-11T14:23:53.987", "id": "87437", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-11T14:23:53.987", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87429", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Employee\" is 従業員 in Japanese. 被雇用者 is also used in strict legal contexts.\n\nThe other two are very different.\n\n * 職人: artisan; craftsman\n * 実業家: entrepreneur; business owner/executive; business person (who has a high position in a company)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-11T13:47:42.093", "id": "87434", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-11T13:47:42.093", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87430", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "'従業員' should suffice for 'employee', as far as I can think of.\n\n * 職人 means craftsmen or skilled workers, those who actually make things (furniture, houses, instruments etc)\n * 実業家 cannot be an employee. The word means those who own business, so chances are that s/he is an employer. (Of course, one can be employed somewhere and starts some business on their own, but s/he will not be called a 実業家 as a member of the company where s/he is employed)\n\nAn example of ambiguous case is a person employed in some factory. They can be\n職人 and 従業員 at the same time. How to call them simply depends on which aspect\nof them you have in mind. The worker is a 従業員 if you think of him as a member\nof the company; he is a 職人 if the particular skills matter. In general 従業員 is\nmore neutral and safer in this case, I think.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-11T13:48:25.610", "id": "87435", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-11T13:48:25.610", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87430", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The name of this NPC is ひもりめ in hiragana ( _Himorime_ in romaji).\n\n * **ひ** is the most common kun-reading of 火.\n * **もり** corresponds to 防, but this is a nonstandard kun-reading even native Japanese speakers do not know. もり is usually regarded as a kun-reading of 守, which is a kanji with similar meaning (\"watcher/keeper/protector\").\n * **め** is one of the uncommon kun-readings of 女. It sounds archaic.\n\nUnfortunately, guessing the correct reading of this name is too difficult for\na beginner; even native Japanese speakers cannot read this correctly at first\nsight, mainly because of this 防. And such a tricky and archaic reading is what\nmakes this name interesting. Real historical people often have kanji names\nwhose reading is almost unpredictable to modern native speakers.\n\nBy the way, if you have seen かぼたん ( _Kabotan_ in romaji) somewhere, that's a\nnickname coined by fans of _Demon's Souls_. Even native speakers didn't know\nhow to read this character officially, so they started calling her using this\ntentative nickname, and it gained popularity. The official reading of the\ncharacter was eventually revealed on\n[_Famitsu_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-11T13:25:31.220", "id": "87433", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-11T14:34:39.480", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-11T14:34:39.480", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87432", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "I hardly think there is any difference there. However, as you mentioned, \"でしょ\"\nis only used in very casual situations, so it's best to avoid it outside of\neveryday conversation.\n\nHowever, I personally think that \"でしょ\" tends to be used at the end of\nquestions and \"でしょう\" at the end of affirmative sentences.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T01:25:50.277", "id": "87440", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T01:25:50.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87438", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In general, ～ようにする is simply about making/keeping something in(to) some\nstate/situation described by the preceding verb. ～ことにする is about making a\ndecision/rule/resolution.\n\n * 見えるようにする to make it visible\n * 見えるようになる to turn/become visible\n * 見えることにする to decide to make it visible\n * 見えることになる a decision is made to make it visible\n\n* * *\n\nNow let's look at each example:\n\n> * 忘れ物をしないようにしましょう。\n> * 忘れ物をしないことにしましょう。\n>\n\nThe former is the natural choice. The latter means something like \"Let's (make\nit a rule) not to forget anything (from now on)\", which is an odd statement.\nIt sounds like it was fine to forget something until now!\n\n> * 寝る前に日記を書くようにしています。\n> * 寝る前に日記を書くことにしています。\n>\n\nThese are mostly interchangeable. The よう version is a neutral description of\nthe speaker's habit. The こと version sounds a little stricter, like this is a\nprivate _rule_. See also: [ことにする versus\nようにする](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42581/5010)\n\n> * ここの電気は人が通るとつくようになっています。\n> * ここの電気は人が通るとつくことになっています。\n>\n\nThe former is a neutral description of this mechanism. The latter implies \"the\nlight is supposed to be turned on\" or \"the rule is that this light will be\nturned on.\" When I hear something like this, I would wonder if the light is\nnot working.\n\n> * 田中さんは家庭の事情で中国旅行には参加しないようになりました。\n> * 田中さんは家庭の事情で中国旅行には参加しないことになりました。\n>\n\nIn this case, the こと version is the natural choice because it's about\nsomeone's decision. The former is not wrong, but may sound like someone is\ndodging responsibility. You have to use ようになる when you describe a natural\nphenomenon (e.g., 冬が近づき、夜に冷たい風が吹くようになりました).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T01:26:48.840", "id": "87441", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T03:54:31.447", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-12T03:54:31.447", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87439", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This ポン is an onomatopoeia which represents a tiny explosive sound, like\n\"Pop!\" or \"Pong!\". で is technically a method/means/situation marker here\n(e.g., \"With 住所, something pops\").\n\nWhat ポン represents depends on the title.\n\n * 住所でポン: ポン describes how a phone number \"pops\" up.\n * パネルでポン: ポン describes how the matched panels \"pop\".\n * ミルモでポン: (I don't know the story, but ポン is a common sound of a magic spell.)\n * ヨシりんでポン: ( Maybe just a parody of other ～でポン, or this may describe the book is like a toy box from which random contents pop up.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T04:46:13.693", "id": "87443", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T04:51:20.467", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-12T04:51:20.467", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87442", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This is Kansai dialect.\n\nWhen translated into standard Japanese, it becomes, \"知ってる顔にでも会ったのか？\".\n\n会うた + んか = 会った + のか?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T05:38:21.997", "id": "87445", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T06:35:41.203", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-12T06:35:41.203", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87444", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Here\n\n * なきゃ＝なければ(ならない) : must\n * と makes a clause like と言う\n * もがいている : is struggling\n\nA simple way of understanding this would be to add '思って' after 'と'. Thus\n\n * 生きなきゃともがいている = 生きなければならないと思ってもがいている\n\nstruggling because he thinks he must live\n\n * 前に進まなきゃともがいている\n\nstruggling because he thinks he must go forward.\n\nAnother way is to take this construction as a mix of\n\n * ・・・しようともがく: struggle / try hard to [do], and\n * なきゃ : 'must', adding the sense of duty or obligation\n\nso the above sentences mean 'telling himself to live on' / 'trying to persuade\nhimself to go forward'.\n\nThe both ways shouldn't make a lot of difference, but I suppose the latter is\na better way to understand them (based on my understanding of the English\nversion.)\n\n**A side note:**\n\nなきゃ does not always mean 'must'. See e.g. [this\npost.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/30194/how-to-\nuse-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8D%E3%82%83-correctly) Unlike your example, such なきゃ (as\nin the title of the post) can be replaced only by なければ, and not by なければならない.\n(Both can replace なきゃ in your example)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T11:31:34.760", "id": "87451", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T11:31:34.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87446", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm just guessing.\n\nI think it means that the author of this manga has _**taken**_ the image that\nmanga lovers have of the main heroine and used it in the character design.\n\nA little above this sentence, there is a sentence that says,\n\n> 「女戦士」って言われたら、真っ先に『ドラゴンクエスト III』のヘルメットをかぶった鳥山明先生の[女戦士の]イラストが思い浮かぶのと同じで」\n\n> \"It's like when someone says 'female warrior', the first thing that comes to\n> mind is Akira Toriyama's illustration of a female warrior wearing a helmet\n> from Dragon Quest III.\"\n\nJust like that sentence, I think there is a certain common image of the main\nheroine among manga lovers. So, the author _**took**_ that image, and used it\nfor the main heroine's design.\n\nI don't read a lot of manga, so I don't know if this is correct or not, but I\nthink the idea is close.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T07:25:55.500", "id": "87448", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T07:25:55.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87447", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I think 拾う here means ( uphold / stick by / carry over ) the イメージ像\n(expectations).\n\nEdit:\n\nTo paraphrase, 光永 was explaining how the character design of the main heroine\ncame to be. He mentioned certain イメージ像 (expectations) that come to people's\nminds when they hear certain keywords, and that they have become so since a\nnumber of generations. Then another speaker tried to come up with a reason why\npeople have such expectations. Finally, 光永 said\nメインヒロインに関しては、そこは正直に拾っていきたい気持ちがありました。\n\n~~The そこ may refer to either the character design of the main heroine, or the\nexpectations, but there's a high chance that it's the character design since\nit's already the topic of the sentence. Assuming this is the case, then what\n光永 said is \"Regarding the main heroine, I honestly wanted her (character\ndesign) to _pick up_ (become popular with people).\"~~", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T08:28:43.040", "id": "87449", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T18:48:39.030", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-12T18:48:39.030", "last_editor_user_id": "39694", "owner_user_id": "39694", "parent_id": "87447", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "In English, \"to pick\" used with intangible objects can mean something like \"to\nchoose (or pay attention to) important ones (from similar entities)\". 拾う in\nJapanese has a similar usage, as shown in the following examples:\n\n * 彼の発言を拾う \nto pick up on his statement (among many statements in a conference)\n\n * 面白そうなコメントを拾う \nto pick interesting comments (among hundreds of comments)\n\n * 本を拾い読みする \nto skim the book\n\n拾う in question is the same, too. The context (albeit not explicitly mentioned\nnear this sentence) is that he, as a mangaka, had many options to characterize\nthis dark elf in his mind. And the sentence is saying he wanted to\n_choose/pick_ the most straightforward option, i.e., the most well-known\nstereotype of dark elf. If you don't like \"to pick\", other possible free\ntranslation would include \"to respect\", \"to adopt\", \"not to ignore\", etc.\n\n正直に implies he did not want to do something tricky against his intuition. This\nそこは is almost like an idiom used to describe minimum/natural expectations in\nsimilar situations.\n\n * そこはまあ、黙っておきました。 \nAs is expected, I kept quiet.\n\n * そこは怒るべきだ！ \nThat's where you should be angry!\n\n * そこは、ねえ、ほら。 \nIn a case like this...well...you know.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T15:58:24.440", "id": "87456", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T23:58:10.143", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-12T23:58:10.143", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87447", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Some other verbs are possible, but probably まくる is more versatile.\n\n * その日は飲みに飲んだ\n\nI drank a lot that day.\n\n * 東京五輪はもめにもめた\n\nThere were a lot of disagreements in Tokyo Olympics.\n\nThe construction implies a sort of excess.\n\n**Examples where this construction is not possible:**\n\n * I read a lot of manga\n\n?漫画を読みに読んだ.\n\n漫画を読みまくった is more natural.\n\n * I watched a lot of films\n\n*私は映画を見に見た\n\n私は映画を見まくった is the only option.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T13:37:36.510", "id": "87452", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T13:37:36.510", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87450", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "What gave you the idea that ものが means 'nothing'? A natural sounding\ntranslation of the sentence might be 'I have nothing to give to you', but\nliterally it's 'There are no things I will give to you.'\n\nもの is simply 'things', and が is serving its usual grammatical purpose of\nmarking a subject. 何も here is acting as mere emphasis for a negative sentence,\nmuch like in the sentence 何も心配する必要はない.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-12T14:16:59.940", "id": "87454", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-12T14:16:59.940", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "87453", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "「ものが」is not one word. It is two (「もの」(\"thing\") + 「が」(subject particle))\n\nHere, the modifying clause「あなた に あげる」(\"give to you\") is put on the front\nof「もの」(\"thing(s)\") to make「あなた に あげる もの」(\"thing(s) to be given to you\").\n\nThis whole construction is then made the subject of the larger sentence by\ntacking on the subject particle (が), thus:\n\n * 私は -- \"as for me\"\n * あなたにあげるもの -- \"(the) thing(s) to be given to you\"\n * が (subject particle)\n * 何も -- \"nothing\" (used with a negative verb)\n * ない -- \"isn't\" (so 何もない basically means \"(there) is nothing\" or \"(there) isn't anything\")\n\n--> \"As for me, the things to be given to you are nothing.\" --> \"There is\nnothing for me to give you\" / \"There is nothing I will give you\" / etc.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-13T01:06:02.420", "id": "87460", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-13T01:06:02.420", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "87453", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "Not many scripts/alphabets have two \"cases\" like the Latin script does. The\nLatin (English, German, French, ...), Cyrillic (Russian, Ukrainian, ...),\nGreek and Armenian scripts have cases ([Indo-European\nlanguages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages)), but most\nother scripts are [unicase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicase).\n\n * [Quora - What are the languages that have both capital letters and lowercase letters? Other than English?](https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-languages-that-have-both-capital-letters-and-lowercase-letters-Other-than-English)\n\nJapanese has two different phonetic alphabets (hiragana and katakana), but\nneither is \"upper\" nor \"lower\". They are used depending on the type of the\nword. For example, インターネット (the katakana word for _Internet_ ) is written like\nthis, in all katakana, regardless of its position in a sentence. イ is always イ\nregardless of its position in a word. There is no such thing as\n\"uppercase/lowercase kanji\", either.\n\nSome hiragana/katakana do have [small\nversions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/44342/5010), but their role is\nclose to that of Latin diacritics. Small hiragana/katakana basically indicate\na variation of the sound of the previous character. Just as Ü is a variation\nof U in German, ティ is a variation of テ in Japanese (note that イ is small).\nThis is very different from the concept of uppercase/lowercase or [small\ncaps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_caps) in English.\n\nYou can read an introduction of the [Japanese writing\nsystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_writing_system) on Wikipedia.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-13T01:40:52.680", "id": "87461", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-14T00:49:49.077", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-14T00:49:49.077", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87458", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "The safest and easiest response a beginner can use would be\n[どうも](https://www.nhk.or.jp/lesson/english/easytravel_j/s1_ep7.html?cid=wohk-\nfb-org_site_phrase-201910-001) (dōmo) or ありがとうございます (arigatō gozaimasu).\n\n(A tourist who knows only a few Japanese words should not try to say something\nmore complicated than these. Of course a fluent speaker can make much wittier\nand longer responses.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-14T01:59:57.510", "id": "87470", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-14T09:43:42.950", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-14T09:43:42.950", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87463", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "Providing more alternatives to [naruto's\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/87463/what-is-an-\nappropriate-respectful-and-pleasing-to-the-other-person-response-\nto/87470#87470), you can follow the Japanese culture of \"lowering your self\"\nby saying:\n\n> JP:「とんでもないです。」(tondemonai desu)\n>\n> EN: \"It's not that good\".\n\nFollowed up with:\n\n> JP:「知【し】ってる単語【たんご】も僅【わず】かしかないです。」(shitteru tango mo wazuka shika nai desu)\n>\n> EN: \"I only know some characters.\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-14T07:02:59.593", "id": "87477", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-14T13:21:25.337", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-14T13:21:25.337", "last_editor_user_id": "39516", "owner_user_id": "45539", "parent_id": "87463", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You don't need kanji to speak Japanese, but I would suggest that not learning\nkanji would make learning the vocabulary harder.\n\nYou don't strictly need to know kanji to write understandable Japanese.\nHowever, if you do write entirely in kana it will make your writing incredibly\ndifficult for other people to read.\n\n50,000 is a big exaggeration. The standard list is a little over 2000 kanji.\n\nYou didn't ask, but if you want to **read** Japanese you will make almost no\nprogress without learning kanji.\n\nIn short, learn kanji. It's hard but it can be fun and very rewarding.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-13T21:28:08.720", "id": "87468", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-13T21:28:08.720", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "87467", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "If you only want to speak Japanese, writing will be less important. I think\nthat you will eventually reach a ceiling on how well you can speak it,\nthough-- to reach a reasonably natural degree of speaking ability eventually\nyou'll have to interact with written material which assumes you can read at\nleast some kanji.\n\nIf you want to _write_ Japanese then kanji is pretty important. You don't need\nto learn anywhere near 50,000, but writing only in hiragana and katakana will\ncome across as juvenile and not truly literate. You will also have trouble\nreading Japanese, as not all material has a phonetic version available.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-13T21:28:30.487", "id": "87469", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-13T21:28:30.487", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "26094", "parent_id": "87467", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "From first to sixth grade, Japanese children in school currently (since 2020)\nlearn 1026 characters.\n\nSource: Wikipedia\n\nAccording to some sources, children in Japan learn approximately the following\nnumbers of kanji in the first six years of school:\n\n * First school year (80 kanji)\n * Second school year (160 kanji)\n * Third grade (200 kanji)\n * Fourth school year (202 kanji)\n * Fifth school year (193 kanji)\n * Sixth school year (191 kanji)\n\nIn the course of compulsory schooling, a Japanese student should have learned\nabout 2136 characters.\n\nThe figures given by the sources vary somewhat, as the number of characters on\nthe curriculum has changed slightly several times over the course of time.\n\nSee how many kanji and by the way as a additional information, how much\nvocabulary you need to learn as foreigner for the different levels of the JLPT\nTest:\n\n * JLPT Test, N5, 120 Kanji, 800 vocabulary\n * JLPT Test, N4, 320 Kanji, 1.500 vocabulary\n * JLPT Test, N3, 650 Kanji, 3.000 vocabulary\n * JLPT Test, N2, 1000 Kanji, 6.000 vocabulary\n * JLPT Test, N1, 2000 Kanji, 10.000 vocabulary\n\nSource: <https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-\nLanguage_Proficiency_Test#Pr%C3%BCfungsinhalt>\n\nI hope this helps to estimate the effort required to learn Japanese.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-14T17:15:11.597", "id": "87497", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-08T15:11:17.807", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-08T15:11:17.807", "last_editor_user_id": "56218", "owner_user_id": "56218", "parent_id": "87467", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "I do not think that you need to learn **all** the kanji to write Japanese. You\ncould just learn the most simple ones, like the kanji for \"Japanese\", or\n\"sun\", or \"moon\".\n\nThese days, not many people are able to remember and recognize the 50,000\nkanji. Most people are only able to read 2,000 kanji. Still, you do not need\nto learn all 2,000 just to be able to speak and write Japanese. Like I said,\njust learn the most basic one.\n\nKanji will no doubt take some time to learn, but it will certainly be worth\nit.\n\nHave fun!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-15T02:24:06.840", "id": "87502", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-15T02:24:06.840", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45550", "parent_id": "87467", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The short answer is 'Yes'. But it's not as simple as that, obviously.\nProficiency is a spectrum. And knowledge of kanji is integral for an all-round\ndevelopment of Japanese ability in other areas. It's a misnomer that you don't\nneed kanji. The better your kanji knowledge is, the richer your vocabulary\nwill be, the deeper your understanding of grammar will be, and the sooner you\nwill be able integrate new information into your interlanguage skills.\n\nIt's not about knowing kanji or not knowing kanji. Just treat it as another\npart of expanding your Japanese language skills. Practise your receptive\nskills (listening and reading) and practise your productive skills (speaking\nand writing). Kanji will help you develop as a learner. Don't see it as an\nobstacle. See it as an opportunity.\n\nAnd by the way, knowledge of even around 1000 kanji will allow you to read and\nunderstand a lot of authentic Japanese materials like blogs, novels, newspaper\narticles, manga, etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-17T20:03:02.200", "id": "87532", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-17T20:03:02.200", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "25875", "parent_id": "87467", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "ねー and ねえ are both corrupted ない ([ai-to-ee\ncontraction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18454/5010)). よ and ぞ are\nsentence-final particles (ぞ sounds relatively stronger). んだ is short of のだ,\nwhere this の is an explanatory- _no_ , which in this case is used to convince\nthe listener.\n\n * じゃねーよ = じゃないよ = ではない + よ\n * じゃねえんだぞ = じゃないんだぞ = ではない + の + だ + ぞ\n\nThus a very literal translation would be:\n\n> Not \"[happened to be] born!\" [It] is not a hamster!\n\nThe first Xじゃねーよ is a common pattern of _tsukkomi_ used after repeating\nsomeone's silly statement. It's like \"How dare you say X?\", \"X? Seriously?\" or\nsimply \"Ha! X!\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-14T07:20:42.510", "id": "87480", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-14T15:23:08.473", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-14T15:23:08.473", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87474", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Whether は can be inserted in `[V1]-て[V2]` seems to be determined less by the\ncombination of verbs itself than by the function of the て-form, which, of\ncourse, restricts combinations of verbs.\n\nIt works best when `[V1]-て[V2]` makes up a compound verb to express one idea.\n分かっている, 進んでいく, and 追いかけてくる in your examples all satisfy this condition as you\nobserved.\n\nOther examples include:\n\n> 一応買ってはおいたが、使わなかった。【〜おく】\n\n> やってはみたけど、うまくいかなかった。【〜みる】\n\n> 気付いたら、どうしても気になってはしまう。【〜しまう】\n\nIt also seem to work if the て-form of V1 expresses either a means or attendant\ncircumstances, but mostly in a negative sentence that emphasizes that the\naction of V2 is not performed by the said means or under the said\ncircumstances.\n\n> 箸を使っては食べない。\n\nI’m not very sure if this は should be considered part of the `[V1]-ては[V2]`\nconstruction you asked about.\n\nI cannot think of an example that sounds natural, not even a negative one, in\nwhich the て-form of V1 expresses a cause, a reason, or one of a series of\nactions.\n\nIn 座って落ち着く in the other answer, 座って can be interpreted as expressing either a\nmeans, attendant circumstances, or the first of two sequential actions. Either\nway, 座っては落ち着く doesn’t make much sense. If I had to make some sense out of\nnegative 座っては落ち着かない, I would understand it as meaning this person chooses to\nrelax not by sitting but by other means.\n\n飲んで食べる, which I used as a counter example in my comments above, also describes\ntwo actions except they don’t necessarily happen sequentially. 飲んで **は** 食べる\nis possible but it describes a way someone repeats to drink and eat\nalternately and doesn't have the emphasizing effect.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-14T16:10:40.910", "id": "87496", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:30:35.543", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:30:35.543", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87481", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't see much difference in the nuances of those two sentences. However,\nthe latter sounds more natural than the former. I feel like 「どちらが」 is strongly\nbound to 「いいでしょうか」 so that there's no room for 「の方」.\n\n「の方」 could be used more naturally in situations you choose one out of two. For\nexample:\n\n> 「ゲームとマンガ、おみやげはどっちがいい?」\n\n> 「あー、ゲームの方がいいかなぁ」\n\nPlus, it would be perfect if you correct here:\n\n> おみやげはゲームとマンガ **の** どちらがいいでしょうか。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-22T02:24:32.553", "id": "87589", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-22T02:24:32.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19830", "parent_id": "87484", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Consider a pattern \"XとY、{どちら/どちらのほう}がZ\". どちら will be preferred in following\ncases:\n\n * Z is unique: (Looking at a photo showing two women) 右と左、どちらがあなたの奥さんですか？ Which is your wife, right or left?\n * Z lists alternatives with どちらがZ1でどちらがZ2: (Speaking of an argument between two people A and B) AとB、どちらが正しくてどちらが間違っているというわけではない. It is not that A is right and B is wrong or vice versa.\n\nSlightly more generally, if what Z describes has an exclusive nature (like\nuniqueness), then どちら sounds more natural; Otherwise if what Z describes has a\nnature of spectrum, どちらのほう sounds more natural.\n\n**[Edit]** Regarding your particular examples,\n\n * ゲームとマンガどちらの方が: The speaker assumes both can be ok, and asking which is better. As a matter of common sense, this is the more likely case and sounds more natural (いい is understood as expressing a spectrum).\n * ゲームとマンガどちらが: The speaker assumes one is fine but the other is not, and asking which the present must be. (いい is understood as opposed to だめ=bad)\n\nIn other words, どちら imposes a choice; どちらのほう should be the norm if the\nquestion is a comparison.\n\nThat said, practically you can use どちら/どちらのほう interchangeably. In my examples\nabove, using どちらのほう should be acceptable. And in your example, using どちらが will\nnot change the meaning. (the responder will not really reply in the sense of\n_which the present must be_ ).\n\n### On preceding particles の/と/Zero\n\nShort answer is: there are cases の is required for grammatical reasons; と is\nused mostly for a style; As long as the sentence is grammatical, の/と/Zero does\nnot give any difference in meaning.\n\n**Use of の**\n\n * 二人のどちらがやったんですか？ Which of the two did it?\n\nの is required so that 二人 modifies どちら. 二人と/二人 would be ungrammatical in this\nsentence.\n\nOne artificial example that makes preceding の (almost) ungrammatical when\nnominalized verbs are compared:\n\n * 歌うのと踊るの(と)どちらが好きですか？ Which do you like better, singing or dancing?\n * *歌うのと踊るののどちらが好きですか？\n\nThe latter might be acceptable to some ears. At least this is unlikely to be a\nwritten form.\n\n**Use of the second と**\n\nAs for と, which seems to be categorized as a 並列助詞, sometimes it is preferred\nto use AとB **と** rather than AとB for clearly indicating what are put in\nparallel. As such it does not give any difference of meaning. But the second と\nis more for writing, and usually omitted in speech.\n\nWith the same reason as above (avoiding a consecutive appearance of the same\ncharacter), one may come up with an example where the second と is unlikely to\nbe used by considering a noun ending in と.\n\nFYI 'preferred' above: I remember _the use of the second と should be\npreferred_ claimed in a book written by a journalist.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-15T03:21:22.687", "id": "88922", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-16T12:27:33.390", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-16T12:27:33.390", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87484", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Your translation sounds nice and correct. 仕舞った（しまった） sounds a regrettable\nnuance so the second one is also done well.\n\n* * *\n\nOther than marking the method, で may appear next to a duration when you do\nsomething in the (limited) duration.\n\n> A: 夏休{なつやす}みの宿題{しゅくだい}を[3日]{みっか}で[終]{お}わらせたよ。」 \n> (I finished the homework of the summer holidays in 3 days.) \n> B: [3日]{みっか}で！？ \n> (Only 3 days!?)\n\n* * *\n\n> A: [手伝]{てつだ}ってくれない？[5分]{ごふん}でいいから \n> （Could you help me? It'll take only 5 minutes.） \n> B: [忙]{いそが}しいけど[5分]{ごふん}ならいいよ。 \n> (I'm busy now but, okay, only 5 minutes.)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T13:33:45.243", "id": "90228", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-03T17:17:37.757", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-03T17:17:37.757", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "5353", "parent_id": "87489", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "According to\n[this](https://toro.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/gamerpg/1373034324/59-84), オ●●/●●ギ\nand ピ●● are probably [おすぎ and\nピーコ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%99%E3%81%8E%E3%81%A8%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3),\nrespectively, who are twin brothers who have been nationally-known as being\nオカマ/おネエ since the 70's. I suppose ●●ン● is also a concrete name of someone, but\nI have no idea who it is.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-15T06:43:11.290", "id": "87505", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-15T06:43:11.290", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "87498", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this is really something that different kids will know at different\ntimes - because it's a symbol, not a kanji character, as the linked question\nanswers.\n\nI personally was taught this symbol and its origins by asking my teacher when\nI was in the middle grades of elementary school, but that's just me. I'm sure\nthat there are others who knew about it earlier, and others who never learned\nabout it from their teachers.\n\nIn fact, I remember that in my Japanese textbook, this symbol suddenly\nappeared in the text and there was no explanation of its meaning or origins.\n\nHowever, when it appeared in the Japanese textbook, everyone probably already\nknew the meaning of the symbol somehow, and since the word itself is very\ncommon(like 時々, 人々, 堂々, etc...) , I guess no one asked about it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-14T22:52:49.933", "id": "87500", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-14T22:52:49.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "87499", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "る is the 終止形 ending of the verb. So as you comment, V + っちゃ + V + けど would be\nthe general pattern.\n\n * 忙しいっちゃ忙しい (in the post) = I got things to do, but not ultra-busy.\n\n * クラシックを聞くっちゃ聞く = I listen to classical music, but not a huge fan.\n\n * そいつを知ってるっちゃ知ってる = I know that guy, but not very well.\n\nFor the meaning, I think you already get it right.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-15T07:56:55.830", "id": "87510", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-15T07:56:55.830", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "87504", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I'll attempt to answer the question, but your confusion over the meaning is\ndue to a general misconception you seem to have about how Kanji work.\n\nYou may have noticed that 償 has a _Kun_ and an _On_ reading, whereas 賠 only\nhas an _On_ reading. 償 can be part of a word, for example 償還【しょうかん】 where you\nwould use the On reading. It can also be used by itself as the verb 償【つぐな】う =\nto make up. In contrast, 賠 is never used by itself and must always be used\nwith another Kanji. Kanji that don't appear by themselves are hard to define\nin a dictionary and they typically take on the meaning of the words they're\nmost commonly associated with. Since 賠 is most commonly written in the word\n賠償【ばいしょう】= compensation, 賠 is defined as also meaning compensation.\n\nYour question about when to use which of the two is missing the point: Knowing\nthe meaning of Kanji doesn't tell you anything about how to use them and which\nwords you can write with them. Also, knowing all the pronounciations of a\nKanji doesn't tell you how to pronounce it in a given word. You'll simply have\nto learn the meaning of japanese words, memorize how they are written and also\nmemorize how they are read.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-16T05:38:15.430", "id": "87518", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-16T23:20:30.243", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-16T23:20:30.243", "last_editor_user_id": "39903", "owner_user_id": "39903", "parent_id": "87513", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "As a standalone word, 償 is used to write a Japanese word つぐなう (償う) that means\n\"pay for (a crime or damage)\". 賠 could also be read つぐなう, but virtually unused\noutside reading Classical Chinese books ([kanbun\nkundoku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbun)).\n\nAs a part of Sino-Japanese compounds, 賠【ばい】 and 償【しょう】 have different\nconnotations. 賠 means \"pay money for damage or harm\", while 償 is \"give\nsomething (beneficial) in return to something done (good or bad)\". It would be\nuseful to know when you end up with coining a new word, which would be\nextremely rare though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-05T03:56:02.163", "id": "88759", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-05T03:56:02.163", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "87513", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm glad you picked up on this topic. In short, 「と」here doesn't mean anything.\nIt's just a custom used in 九州弁 or 博多弁 when asking a question.\n\nMy grandma lives in Fukuoka for a long time and I feel like she usually says\n「何しとる **と** (ね)?」or something like that. It's attached at the end of the\nsentence to form a question.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-16T09:24:50.300", "id": "87519", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-16T09:24:50.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19830", "parent_id": "87514", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You are correct in your assumption, it is used like 「の」 in standard dialect.\nAnd like 「の」, it can be use in questions and answers.\n\n```\n\n Q: 何ばしよっと？ → 何をしてるの？\n A: ご飯作っとーと。 → ご飯作っているの。\n \n```\n\nJust be careful not to confuse it with the 「とー」 in the middle, which means\n「ている」.\n\nYou can find plenty of info in Japanese (like\n[here](https://www.travelbook.co.jp/topic/42723) or\n[here](https://www.jalan.net/news/article/460806/)) on the basics of Hakata\ndialect. which as you know, share similarities with the Saga dialect.\nNowadays, there are even lessons on Youtube about it!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-17T07:08:29.327", "id": "87530", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-17T07:08:29.327", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9508", "parent_id": "87514", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As you may already know Japanese has a lot of peculiar nuances. In this case\nit's somewhat contextual.\n\nIf you are out of reach of a box of tissue and you are asking someone to pass\nyou a tissue then there is an implication that you would like a tissue.\nTherefore the sentence \"ティッシュを取ってください\" is more akin to \"Can you pick up a\ntissue [for me]?\".\n\nOn the other hand if you are gesturing and holding a box of tissue in front of\nsomeone the same sentence could also literally mean \"Please take a tissue\" as\nyou rightly guessed.\n\nRegarding it's usage in other scenarios perhaps it makes more sense to look at\nthe root sentence \"ティッシュを取り出す\". Here we can make note that \"取る\" signifies the\naction of pulling/picking a tissue out of the box.\n\nTherefore you can use \"取る\" to refer to any action that involves plucking or\npicking up something. For example \"引き出しからフォークを取ってください\" (Please take a fork\nfrom the drawer).\n\nHowever if an object is simply being passed to you it would be strange to use\n\"取る\", instead we would use the term \"渡す\" ( _watasu_ - To hand over). For\nexample \"鉛筆を渡してください\" (Please pass [me] a pencil).\n\nIt is possible to completely omit the action and simply say \"ティッシュをください\"\n(Please give me a tissue). This would make more sense in the context of a\nrestaurant where you may not physically see them retrieve the tissue.\n\nAs a rule of thumb \"取る\" is generally used when a container of some sort is\ninvolved, but confusingly it can also be used to pick things up from a table,\nshelf, etc. For new learners trying to navigate casual conversation it may be\nuseful to omit these action descriptions that often have to be memorized.", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-15T23:16:59.803", "id": "87517", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-16T02:46:25.067", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-16T02:46:25.067", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "36799", "parent_id": "87516", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "One option is to use と言うのは, or と言うのも, at the beginning of a sentence.\n\n> いつから休みですか。 **と言うのは** 、来週誰かに子供（の面倒）を見て欲しい **ん** です。\n\nThe sentence sounds natural if the main part ends with 〜んです (with an\nexplanatory の reduced to ん).\n\nThe difference between と言うのは and と言うのも is explained\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/65657/43676). It’s very subtle.\n\nIn a more casual conversation, you might hear something like the following\nmore often.\n\n> いつから休み？来週誰かに子供（の面倒）を見て欲しい **ん** だけど。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-17T00:56:22.510", "id": "87525", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T02:23:44.513", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T02:23:44.513", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "87520", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]