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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

like 3

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[ { "body": "I think the first interpretation is correct even after taking the context into\nconsideration, and this sentence doesn't seem ambiguous to me. See Will's\ncomment.\n\nFrom the text, the sizes of the species can be summarized as follows:\n\nロンドヴィルに生息するラット以外の固有種 ＞ 他の地域に生息する固有種のラット ＞ ロンドラット ＝ ラオブルマウス ＞ ラオロアマウス\n\nA sentence like this _can_ be ambiguous (see [this\ndiscussion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/46817/5010)), but in this\ncase, the simplest parsing strategy perfectly makes sense.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-22T11:16:19.550", "id": "86755", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-22T11:23:11.197", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-22T11:23:11.197", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86754", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I also think, and hope, the first interpretation is correct. It would be\nterrible writing if the author meant it in the second way. As pointed out by\nWill, 地域に生息する他の固有種 would have made this meaning crystal clear.\n\nHaving read the subsequent part, though, I think I understand why you thought\nthe second interpretation might be the case.\n\n> 他の固有種が軒並み巨体なロンドヴィルでの生息を可能とするために雑食で\n\nHere, the same word 固有種 is probably used to refer to endemic species in ロンドヴィル\nthat are not rats. This rat has evolved to be omnivorous to survive in a\nhabitat where it is surrounded by such huge animals. I think that’s what it\nmeans.\n\nHaving read the surrounding few paragraphs, I would still call this bad\nwriting. Some of the sentences are really hard to understand, including the\none I copied above. The part you asked about is not that bad.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-22T12:18:48.907", "id": "86756", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:53:40.273", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:53:40.273", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86754", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "I cannot imagine any particular case that Japanese people have to write わたし\ninstead of 私. To a beginner of the Japanese learning, I would like to advise\nto use 私 instead of わたし in any case.\n\nAs a Japanese writer, however, I often avoid using 私 in my writing, because I\nthink it better to use hiragana when using the words originated in Japan, not\nin China. So my ideal is to write original Japanese words in hiragana and to\nuse Chinese characters in writing many words originated in China. This is only\nmy rule or ideal. In practice, however, I often have to use 私 instead of\nわた(く)し in order to avoid ambiguity due to a long sequence of hiragana.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-23T00:23:28.060", "id": "86767", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-20T01:41:25.313", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-20T01:41:25.313", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86757", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Culturally speaking, we Japanese people do not have a custom to call your name\nmixing with English name like Stephanie, which sometimes is practiced in other\nEast Asian countries.\n\nIf you want yourself to be called \"Huáng Zhēn Yù\", the name with vowels\nwithout any accent and intonation seems easy to pronounce as ファン like :\"Fuann\"\n: [不安]{ふあん} , ホアン like \"Hoann\" : [保安]{ほあん} and ユー like \"Yu\" as [湯]{ゆ} : \"Hot\nWater\" respectively in Japanese.\n\n(Probably it is important to care about accents and intonations in Chinese\nLanguage?)\n\nIt is difficult for Japanese to pronounce \"Zhēn\" as ヂェン. I feel ジェン is easy\nfor Japanese to pronounce like \"Jenny\" in English Name. But it is up to you,\nwe call チェン (chen) sometimes. The \"z\" sound is your matter of taste, so you\nare the chef to decide flavour.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-23T01:23:58.380", "id": "86769", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-23T02:26:02.097", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-23T02:26:02.097", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86758", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It must be saying カードを[入]{い}れてください [kādo o irete kudasai]. The verb is\n[入]{い}れる [ireru], not [入]{はい}る [hairu]. The former is transitive and the\nlatter is intransitive.\n\n(*) 入りって makes no sense.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-22T16:27:49.250", "id": "86761", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-22T16:27:49.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86760", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "To him, perhaps \"うん、頑張る\" might have sounded too personal, but \"はい、頑張ります\" might\nhave sounded too official. This tweet sounds as if he first said うん to himself\nto make up his mind, and then said 頑張ります to externally declare his stance. In\nother words, he wanted to signal that this was basically a personal tweet, but\nat the same time, he was aware that he had to say something externally and\nmany people would read this.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-22T18:04:08.640", "id": "86765", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-22T18:04:08.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86762", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This よって is the te-form of よる, which is an auxiliary verb that expresses\ndisdain. Compared to やがる, よる sounds relatively old or dialectal. See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/78434/5010) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/28283/5010).\n\nThe te-form is sometimes used with an irritating voice to point out someone's\nbad or surprising behavior (I could not find the relevant definition in\nmonolingual dictionaries). For example, a mom may say \"またこんなに散らかして!\" (\"You've\nmade such a mess of the room again!\") to her child.\n\n≒ is a math symbol that means \"approximately equals\". This is very common in\nJapan, but other symbols including ∼, ≃, and ≈ are used outside Japan. See\n[this Wikipedia\narticle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equals_sign#Approximately_equal).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-22T17:47:42.353", "id": "86764", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-22T20:01:48.450", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-22T20:01:48.450", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86763", "post_type": "answer", "score": 19 } ]

[ { "body": "It is not so detailed answer though, No.2 seems the best answer in the option\nsince \"Fix in a match\"([八百長]{やおちょう}) is hidden. Therefore, describing it to\ncriticize with あからさま sounds perfect with the definition of the list (i.e The\nfix of a match seems obvious for the speaker to criticize).\n\nChoosing one in multiple choices in a language exam could be ambiguous.\nProbably No.1 is bit too off if it's saying cheek is red due to drinking sake.\nIt should be [赤]{あか}ら without さま. (i.e. お酒を飲んだので顔が赤らになっている。）", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-23T10:46:24.173", "id": "86771", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-23T10:46:24.173", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86770", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "In short, I would consider あからさま and 明らか as being analogue to “blatant”\n(slightly pejorative, subjective, perhaps referring to something that was or\nshould have been veiled) and “clearly” (more neutral, objective) in English.\n\nI think exactly because option 3 is talking about an objective reality 事実,\nthere 明らか would be a better fit. However, as something undesirable is going on\nin option 2 - the match fixing — you can use あからさま to communicate those\nadditional meanings.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-23T12:39:26.353", "id": "86772", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-23T12:39:26.353", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "33435", "parent_id": "86770", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "あからさま is used to describe obvious or undisguised manners in which someone does\nsomething or shows some emotion. It’s mostly interchangeable with 露骨.\n\nHere are some examples.\n\n> 彼はあからさまに嫌な顔をした。\n\n> 彼のあからさまな差別にはうんざりする。\n\nIt doesn’t go well with 事実 because a truth is not something you do in an\nobvious way.\n\n明らかな八百長 is a fix that seems obvious (in a more or less neutral sense), while\nあからさまな八百長 is one carried out in a blatant manner.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-23T13:41:47.053", "id": "86773", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-23T13:41:47.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86770", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It’s an example of\n[[倒置]{とうち}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%92%E7%BD%AE). これは is placed\nat the end for emphasis.\n\nさ is the _on’yomi_ of 唆 as used in [示唆]{しさ}. The character is used in\n[唆]{そそのか}す because it means that.\n\nI would say [唆]{そそ}る is a common misuse, although both my iPhone and Mac give\nit to me as a candidate when I type そそる. My dictionary has そそる in all\nhiragana. According to this [article](https://word-\ndictionary.jp/posts/4187#head-428ff9c8a856e9eb4eb52271278bae79), the anime you\nsaw it in made this usage popular. No wonder it looks to me like nothing but\nan error.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T00:15:05.023", "id": "86781", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T00:15:05.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86774", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "大した is used to express admiration for something one finds remarkable or\nextraordinary. 大したもんだ or 大したものだ is kind of like saying “You are something” but\nit sounds condescending. It may also be used sarcastically.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T01:36:30.817", "id": "86784", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T01:36:30.817", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86775", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "This is a set phrase that literally means \"That(it) is a big deal.\" But the\nconnotations and actual meanings depend on the context.\n\nA breakdown of the phrase goes:\n\n> [大した](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%A4%A7%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F) \n> considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal\n\n> もん＝もの \n> thing\n\n> だ \n> copula\n\nYou can use this expression to praise the someone else by marveling at their\nachievement.\n\nSimilar expressions\n\n大したものですね/大したものだね/すごいですね/すごいね/さすがですね/さすがだね\n\nThere is another expression 大したことではない/大したことない meaning \"not a big deal\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T01:36:59.110", "id": "86785", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T01:42:53.727", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-24T01:42:53.727", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "86775", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I like this [explanation](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/42816/43676).\nThis usage of に is not much different from that in 鳥取県にスタバはない. A right to\nrefuse doesn’t exist in us.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T01:01:36.643", "id": "86783", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T01:01:36.643", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86777", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "* The particle に, among other uses, means 'at, in or on' a point in time at which something takes place.\n\n * The adverb すぐ means 'at once, immediately, etc.', and signifies that time or physical distance is very short. に is optional unless you want to particularly highlight the time phrase and the sense of immediacy.\n\n**家に変えったらすぐ、寝てしまいました。** As soon as I got home, I went to bed. / I went to bed\nas soon as I got home, . There is no particular emphasis on either clause.\n\n**会ったすぐに、** 結婚を申し込んだ。 I proposed to her **as soon as I met her.** The emphasis\nis on the time phrase, rather than the act of proposing.\n\nSo if you add に to アリスはすぐ下に落ちた, you are emphasising that 'straight away' is\nimportant and not that she fell. アリスは,すぐに倒れた。\n\nIts use would depend on the context - for example, if you already knew Alice\nwas learning to walk again after an accident and was likely to fall but, you\nwere interested in knowing how long she could stay on her feet. Oh no! すぐに倒れた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-04-14T10:54:31.423", "id": "94109", "last_activity_date": "2022-04-14T10:54:31.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48882", "parent_id": "86779", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Tanaka is the speaker here. でございます is also a humble form of です. Someone who\nmerits the use (by Tanaka) of the honorific ご紹介いただく has just introduced him to\nan audience and he has now taken the turn to introduce himself.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nMy explanation above was misleading. ご紹介いただく is also a humble expression for\n紹介してもらう.", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T00:36:28.180", "id": "86782", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T01:24:31.607", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-24T01:24:31.607", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86780", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "They basically mean the same, but 凍りつく gives an impression that the resulting,\nfrozen state is more firmly set and doesn’t easily melt. I believe the “up” in\n“freeze up” adds a similar nuance compared to just “freeze”.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T03:08:25.997", "id": "86790", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T03:08:25.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86786", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The と is a normal conditional と.\n\nThe scope of the negation (～ない) is the whole 解いてから帰る, not just 帰る. \nI think you can think of it this way:\n\n> ［解いてから帰(る)］+ ないと、すっきりしないんだ \n> → If I don't do \"解いてから帰る\", I won't be relieved. \n> → _lit._ If I don't [go home after solving it], I won't be relieved. \n> i.e. If I don't solve it before going home, I won't be relieved.\n\nSome example sentences with this structure that I think you might come across\nin daily life:\n\n> 「豚肉は加熱して **から** 食べ **ないと** いけません。」 \n> 「予約して **から** 行か **ないと** 待たされます。」 \n> 「化粧を落として **から** 寝 **ないと** 肌に悪いですよ。」 \n> 「体を洗って **から** 湯船に入ら **ないと** ダメですよ。」 \n> 「お互いのことをよく知って **から** 結婚し **ないと** 、うまくいかないと思います。」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T02:23:21.453", "id": "86788", "last_activity_date": "2022-09-10T03:51:07.720", "last_edit_date": "2022-09-10T03:51:07.720", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86787", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "I think you could look at it this way.\n\nから binds 解く and 帰る closer to each other than 帰る is bound to ないと. Thus, 解いてから帰る\nrefers to an act of doing those two things in that order. Unless you do that,\nyour mind won’t get cleared.\n\nThe second interpretation is not completely impossible but から sounds a bit\njarring in that case. 解いて帰らないと would be more ambiguous, in which case you\nmight need to rely on the way the sentence is pronounced to get the correct\nmeaning.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T02:40:18.503", "id": "86789", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T02:40:18.503", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86787", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The proverb simply says “small things before big things” and this may be\ninterpreted in two completely opposite ways. The difference is not due to how\nit is parsed or how individual elements are interpreted.\n\nThis [site](http://kotowaza-allguide.com/ta/daijinomae.html) explains the two\nmeanings are follows:\n\n> 1. 大きな事を前にしたら、取るに足りない小さなことなどどうでもよい\n>\n\n> 2. 大きな事を成す前には必ず小さな事があり、その小さな事の積み重ねが重要だ\n>\n\nIf this is accurate, the word 前 may be used in its spatial sense in the first\nand in its temporal sense in the second. But I don’t think this distinction is\nimportant. Either way, it’s “small things before big things” and the rest is\nup to the context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T09:53:27.933", "id": "86795", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T09:53:27.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86792", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "It just means that start with small baby steps before doing something big. For\nexample: if you need to know JavaScript then you first need to learn HTML or a\ntoddler first needs to know how to walk before it knows how to fly", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-08-21T17:18:49.497", "id": "100746", "last_activity_date": "2023-08-21T17:18:49.497", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "57333", "parent_id": "86792", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "I would say 受け継ぐ is the most general in meaning and most commonly used. It can\nbe used for a wide range of things, including 伝統 (traditions), 特徴 (physical or\ncharacter traits), and 財産 (properties).\n\n引き継ぐ is often used for 仕事, tasks or responsibilities at a job that someone\nleaves behind when, for example, leaving an organization. You take over those\nthings not so much because you want to as an individual as because your\nposition requires you to. Though I don’t have enough context, I believe your\nexample of 自らの思想を引き継がせる is talking about passing on a certain philosophy to\nsomeone as a legitimate successor or something. 自らの思想を受け継がせる would be\nnaturally understood the same way, while 引き継いできた記憶 may sound a bit strange.\n始祖の巨人を引き継ぐ may work if 始祖の巨人 is some official title or something to be\nsucceeded.\n\n引き継ぐ may refer to an act of providing necessary information about tasks or\nresponsibilities so another person can take them over, as well as what the\nsecond person does in the same scenario.\n\nBeing a word of \"Chinese\" formation, 継承 has a formal sound to it. It is not\nusually used in a job scenario like the one used to explain 引き継ぐ above,\nalthough 継承してきた記憶 and 自らの思想を継承させる both sound natural enough.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T00:42:27.673", "id": "86852", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:41:08.120", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:41:08.120", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86794", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You are talking about two different types of そう which are grammatically and\netymologically different. Since they are unrelated to each other to begin\nwith, the meaning of one cannot explain the meaning of the other.\n\nそう as an adverb meaning \"so\" derived from the archaic adverb [然\n(さ)](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%84%B6_%28%E3%81%95%29/#jn-84236),\nwhich meant \"so\" or \"that way\". On the other hand, the etymology of そう(だ)\nmeaning \"to sound/look\" is not very clear, but dictionaries say it's probably\nfrom either 様 or 相.\n\nWhen you see そうです preceded by nothing, this そう means \"so\". If そう is preceded\nby a masu-stem or an adjective, it means \"looks/sounds\". (And of course there\nis [そう for hearsay](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2729/5010), too.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T13:20:00.323", "id": "86800", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T13:25:23.910", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-24T13:25:23.910", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86796", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "裂ける _does_ mean “to tear” in its intransitive sense. Like the English verb, it\ndoesn’t refer to a lasting state but either an instantaneous change (“to come\napart”) or a static property (“to be tearable”). 裂けている describes either a\nresulting state (“to be torn”) or an ongoing change (“to be coming apart”).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-24T13:35:30.700", "id": "86801", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-24T15:00:35.823", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-24T15:00:35.823", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86798", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In general, も has the effect of including the marked element in the same\ncategory as other similar or related things. Those \"other things\" are not\nalways explicitly stated and are sometimes hard to identify. Your example is\none of those cases.\n\nHowever, technically speaking, も still includes the time frame of 短大を卒業したのち in\nthe same category as at least one other time frame. The most likely candidate\nis 短大を卒業する前. You might think it's obvious this person doesn't find a (full-\ntime) job while she is still in junior college, but that doesn't matter. It\nstill serves the purpose of creating a contract in which 短大を卒業したのち is\nemphasized.\n\nAs a result, this も carries the sense of \"even\".\n\n> 短大を卒業したのち **も** \n> **even** after graduating from junior college\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nThe question, as I see it, is basically about what is different between\n短大を卒業したのち就職しない and 短大を卒業したのち **も** 就職しない and the latter _does_ emphasize the\nfact whoever is the subject of this clause doesn't get a job after graduating\nfrom college, something the former states in a pretty neutral fashion. Why\nwould they emphasize it? That's precisely because, as A.Ellett suggested, you\nare expected to look for a job after graduating from college (unlike when you\nwere still in college) but you still don't. The translation with \"even\" is not\nthat off. Whether to add も to 短大を卒業したのち or 就職 is a matter of choice, but I\ndon’t see why they would use も at all unless they intend this emphasizing\neffect.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T01:55:34.927", "id": "86824", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:46:36.223", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:46:36.223", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86799", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I would use は there.\n\nThe current sentence with が sounds as if it was meant to answer a question\nabout what event characterized the year 1244, rather than stating a fact about\nwhen the name Berlin was first used in historical documents. Since the year\n1244 is not mentioned earlier in the article, it sounds odd.\n\nIt’s like saying:\n\n> The earliest time the name Berlin can be traced back to in historical\n> documents is (none other than that famous) 1244.\n\nThe English translation is admittedly awkward but I think you get the idea.\n\nThe sentence would have sounded more natural with は in place of が.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nMaybe I should have explained why the sentence with が sounds the way it does.\nI think it is because the listener (reader) interprets only\nベルリンという名称が歴史的文書で最も古く遡れるの as new information and 1244年 as something they are\nsupposed to already know. The sentence sounds odd because the year 1244 is new\nto the listener. The sentence with は, on the other hand, presents the whole\nstatement as new information.\n\nLet’s look at this with simpler examples.\n\n> 1. こちらが田中さんです。\n>\n\n> 2. こちらは田中さんです。\n>\n\nWhen Mr. Tanaka is introduced with the first sentence, the speaker has most\nlikely talked about him with the listener before. No such prior knowledge on\nthe listener’s part is assumed in the second sentence.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T01:05:05.083", "id": "86810", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-25T04:44:05.927", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-25T04:44:05.927", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86802", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Although I know my [answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/86810/43676)\nhas been already accepted and I still find the sentence in question to be\n_very_ odd in its own context, I have been reminded that が is not totally\nunacceptable.\n\nAs part of my attempt to understand what is going on, I have come up with a\nscenario where 〜が田中さんです doesn’t necessarily sound weird to people who have\nnever heard of him.\n\nSuppose someone is introducing a sports team or something, and that person\nsays:\n\n> （このチームは）キャプテンが田中さんです。\n\nThis wouldn’t sound particularly odd to me even if I hadn’t heard of Tanaka-\nsan before. I would only expect something like 副キャプテンが山下さんです to follow.\n\nI think キャプテン here can be seen as one of a number of aspects of the topic,\nwhich in this case is the team Tanaka-san is the captain of, and therefore,\nthe above sentence can be understood as describing something (チーム) focusing on\na particular aspect of it (キャプテン). The particle が may be used to exclude other\naspects (e.g. 副キャプテン) for better focus. I cannot explain why, but I feel the\naspect to be focused with が has to be picked from a limited set, rather than\nan open-ended one.\n\nSo, if you can see ベルリンという名称が歴史的文書で最も古く遡れるの as the first of a number of\naspects of Berlin’s history to be discussed in that context, the sentence in\nquestion might not sound too odd to you. This is difficult for me because I\ncannot find anything that would correspond to 副キャプテン in the subsequent part of\nthe history section.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T12:04:24.067", "id": "86817", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:51:49.290", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:51:49.290", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86802", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> 1. How to use 何々 as a pronoun ? What role does it play in this sentence?\n>\n\n[何々]{なになに} is a placeholder for an unknown word, like \"so-and-so\" or \"blah-\nblah\".\n\n> 2. What's the meaning of 氏談 ? Is it a noun ? I can't find any clear entry\n> about it on Google or on jisho.org.\n>\n\n～[氏]{し} is a suffix \"Mr/Ms~~\". XX[談]{だん} is another suffix meaning \"talked by\nXX\" \"XX said\".\n\n> 自分の話が何々氏談などとして、新聞に載せられたりする...\n\nOne's story is put in the newspaper, as \"Mr. So-and-so said\"...", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T00:10:51.030", "id": "86807", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-25T00:23:27.830", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-25T00:23:27.830", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86804", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "ようだ basically just means \"looks/sounds/seems\". まるで is a guiding adverb that\nindicates the following part is not a real description but a\nfigurative/metaphorical expression.\n\nThe use of まるで may or may not change the meaning of the sentence. For example,\n夢のようだ and まるで夢のようだ are usually not very different because 夢のようだ is almost\nalways a figurative expression said when something wonderful happened _in\nreality_. Here, まるで does nothing but adding a small emphasis.\n\nOn the other hand, the two sentences you gave are very different in meaning.\n\n> 1. 彼はまるで答えを知っているようだ。 \n> It's as if he knew the answer.\n> 2. 彼は答えを知っているようだ。 \n> He seems to know the answer.\n>\n\nSentence 1 means he doesn't actually know the answer, while Sentence 2 means\nhe probably knows the answer. Here まるで indicates 答えを知っている is not a true\ndescription. In English, this is done by \"as if\" or \"as though\".\n\nSometimes, a sentence using ようだ may look ambiguous (to English speakers). For\nexample, 彼は死んでいるようだ may mean \"He looks as if he were dead\" or \"He seems to be\ndead\" depending on the situation. With まるで, the sentence will only mean the\nformer. But when he is clearly alive and everyone knows 死んでいる is merely a\nfigure of speech, まるで is not necessary nor important.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T21:41:44.140", "id": "86834", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T22:02:00.103", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-26T22:02:00.103", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86805", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "しまう has quite a few meanings, e.g. finish doing something, do something\ncompletely, thoroughly, accidentally, regrettably, unexpectedly, or\ninvoluntarily, etc...\n\n震えだしてしまう can be \"start shivering\" + \"do...involuntarily/unexpectedly\". Does it\nmake sense in your context?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T00:42:41.457", "id": "86809", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-25T00:42:41.457", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86806", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There are many alternatives, as you imagined. The following is a list of some\nexpressions among many. The list is arranged in the order of politeness, but\nnot so strict.\n\n * 明日、ひま。(very casual, used usually between close friends)\n * 明日、あいている。(casual, used usually between friends)\n * 明日は、ひまですか。\n * 明日は、あいていますか。\n * 明日は、時間がありますか。\n * 明日は、おひまですか。(polite)\n * 明日は、あいてみえますか。(polite)\n * 明日、時間はおありですか。(polite)\n * 明日は、おひまな時間がおありですか。(very polite)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T01:14:25.770", "id": "86811", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-25T01:14:25.770", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86808", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems the term is used in a hitting using a bat or golf club or etc.\nAccording to [this site related to baseball technique](https://batting-\nkoshien.net/entry19.html),\n\n> 腰が引けるとも言いますが体の重心が外側にかかってしまい当てるだけのバッティングになってしまいます。\n\n_“It is also called 腰が引ける. The center of the gravity of the body is inclined\nto outside the body, so his/her batting gets just touching to the ball.”_\n\nThe gif image shows Fujinami, a hanshin tigers pitcher, is widely known for\noften losing control of his pitching due to yips and a hitter is afraid of his\nball which might strike batter’s head or arm.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BEPCT.gif)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T12:29:03.907", "id": "86818", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-25T13:23:25.723", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-25T13:23:25.723", "last_editor_user_id": "34735", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86812", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, the subject of the 懐かしい adjective is the thing that's considered to be\nnostalgic. In other words, the sensory input (or memory/thought/etc) that\nellicits the nostalgia.\n\nHowever, if you want to emphasize the state of mind (i.e., the feeling) of\nnostalgia, you can do so by combining 懐かしい with 気持ち. For example:\n\n> あの道を歩いたら、何となく **懐かしい気持ち** になってきた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T09:20:45.680", "id": "86815", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-25T09:28:50.680", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-25T09:28:50.680", "last_editor_user_id": "5176", "owner_user_id": "5176", "parent_id": "86813", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Use \"nostalgic\" for self without showing anything concrete.\n\n(私は) \"なんだか\" 懐かしい\n\n\"なんだか\" is the same as \"somehow\". In this case, I can't explain what caused the\nnostalgia.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-28T10:39:05.053", "id": "87236", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-28T10:39:05.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45368", "parent_id": "86813", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "面白い in this particular sentence roughly means 驚く in Japanese, or amaze,\ndelight, impress, fascinate, or whatever in English.\n\nThis sentence is apparently a detergent marketing tagline, slogan, or the\nlike. So, 面白い is used in a non-standard way, and does not literally mean 面白い\nas we know it. It is apparently used in order to stress how effective and\ndelightful the product is.\n\nThe sentence can be translated as: This detergent removes dirt and stains to\nsuch an extent that it delights you.\n\nMeanwhile, as you suggested, 面白いように is synonymous with 面白いほど. In fact, they\nare interchangeable in this instance.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-25T11:51:14.163", "id": "86816", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-25T11:51:14.163", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35664", "parent_id": "86814", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "面白いほど and 面白いように are interchangeable, and these are set phrases used when\nsomething can be done very easily and pleasantly. You can probably call them\nidioms, too. This ように is \"in such-and-such a way/manner\". As for the meaning\nof 面白い itself, I think it basically means \"makes you smile/laugh\" rather than\n\"interesting\" here, but since this is a heavily-used idiomatic expression, \"so\neasily\" or \"pleasantly\" is just fine. Grammatically speaking, your analysis is\nnot wrong, but you may not have to translate it too literally like \"to the\npoint where it makes you laugh\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T21:59:50.467", "id": "86835", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T21:59:50.467", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86814", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Sorry in advance for my unnatural English. If you don't understand what I'm\nsaying, please point out my mistakes. \nIn addition **this answer is just a guess**. This is just my opinion.\n\n* * *\n\nAs a native Japanese, I feel \"人生の中の汚点を教えてください\"(without （笑）) would be a very\nvery rude question because it sounds like the questioner assumes the\nquestionee has 汚点 in their life. \nIn addition, I somehow feel 汚点 is a harsh word. So \"人生の中の汚点を教えてください\" would not\nonly be a rude question but also harsh one.\n\nBut with （笑）, this question sounds little more playful. That's why the editor\nput （笑） ... I guess.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T15:55:40.240", "id": "86827", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T15:55:40.240", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38613", "parent_id": "86819", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "That をして indicates the agent of a verb in a causative construction. It is an\nold form and should actually be paired with an old causative form, 〜しむ or\n〜しめる. 琴里をして息を呑ましめる would mean the same as 琴里に息を呑ませる. In modern usage, it is\noften used with the normal causative form 〜せる, as in 琴里をして息を呑ませる, and somehow\ntends to carry a sense of emphasis as if the agent is hard to make perform the\naction of the verb. It’s like saying 琴里にさえ／すら息を呑ませる.\n\nNow, in your example, the verb is not even causative. Though it seems a misuse\nto me, it still retains the emphasizing effect as the author probably\nintended. It’s like saying 琴里（で）さえ／すら息を呑んでしまう\n\nThis sense of emphasis may be because it is confused with を[以]{も}ってしても. I’m\nnot sure.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T00:57:44.403", "id": "86822", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:47:54.740", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:47:54.740", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86821", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "(人)をして is an archaic or old-fashioned usage. According to the grammar of the\nold Japanese, as Chocolate clearly stated, it should be 琴音をして息を呑ましめる or\n琴音をして息を呑ましむ just like this example.\n\n> 彼をして走らしむ。（彼を走らせる。）\n\nSo it will be safe to say that this sentence is a strange combination of\nmodern and archaic phrases. But to think of the author's intention of using\nthe archaic phrase of (人)をして, the author, of whom I have no idea, must have\nwanted to make his or her work seem more historical or archaic by spotting\narchaic words or phrases here and there in mainly modern Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T01:12:20.230", "id": "86823", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T01:12:20.230", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86821", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, this 何があったか is a noun clause meaning \"what happened\". か can form\nsomething called an embedded question. See: [Usage of か after a\nclause?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13034/5010)\n\n気づいてしまいました is made of the te-form of 気づく and the polite-past form of the\n[subsidiary verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010) **しまう**.\nHere, this しまう describes 気づく was an unintended and possibly-undesirable\naction. Perhaps you can use \"to happen to\" in this case. If you are new to\nしまう, please take the time to learn about it. It's very important and has\nvarious usages.\n\n> なにがあったか気づいてしまいました！ \n> I happened to notice what happened!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T21:08:40.473", "id": "86832", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T21:08:40.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86825", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As an introductory statement, 私は想像力が貧しい sounds the most natural in the first\nset. 私の想像力は貧しい is OK, but it is about 私の想像力 and this might sound a bit sudden\nunless you have been talking about someone’s imagination till that point.\n私の想像力 **が** 貧しい sounds like you are saying “It is my imagination (not anything\nelse's) that is poor”.\n\nIn the second set, 私の車は赤いです sounds the most natural. It is about 私の車 and\nrightly so. 私の車 **が** 赤いです has the same problem as 私の想像力が貧しい above. 私 **は**\n車が赤いです sounds weird as an introductory statement about the color of your car.\nIt is about 私 in contrast with another person who may have a car of a\ndifferent color or some other thing that is red.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T22:48:02.030", "id": "86837", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:44:15.430", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:44:15.430", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86826", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, 請じる/請ずる is indeed a rare literary verb, and I have not used it myself.\nStill, it's not an archaic word, and BCCWJ has at least 30 examples, most of\nwhich are used as part of 請じ入れる.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T20:57:57.380", "id": "86831", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T20:57:57.380", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86828", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not an expert, but I think this would be because イタリャ would be based on\nsome hypothetical word *Itaglia.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T18:18:23.363", "id": "86830", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T18:18:23.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "86829", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Your two examples use two different words -- 浮【う】かれる and 浮【う】く.\nDerivationally, they're cognate, but these aren't the same term. See [the\nKotobank page](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B5%AE-614915) (in Japanese), for\ninstance.\n\nIn terms of meaning, it might help to consider 浮【う】く as _\" to float; to remain\nunsettled\"_ and 浮【う】かれる as _\" to be buoyed up [especially regarding mood]\"_.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-26T22:17:02.973", "id": "86836", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-26T22:17:02.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86833", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "As long as you are interacting with the said person in its role of teacher,\nyou should use 先生. Meaning that you won't if the person is your friend, family\nmember, partner or any other relationship that doesn't involve its teacher\njob, even though it can still be used in this case as a joke, irony or to\nemphasis the teacher position.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-27T08:10:25.123", "id": "86839", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-27T08:10:25.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44085", "parent_id": "86838", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Additional Info: As long as you're learning something from an entity (doesn't\nnecessarily have to be a human being), it can be called \"先生\" (at least in\nspoken Japanese). For example: It is very common for people to say \"Google\n先生に教えてもらった\" (Google sensei ni oshiete moratta) when they learn something new\nvia Google.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-27T15:31:45.263", "id": "86844", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-27T15:31:45.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44089", "parent_id": "86838", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "**Full Text** :\nほとんどの夜、寝ている時にふと目覚めて金縛りのように感じます。体が麻痺している間、存在しないものが見えて、声の幻聴が聞こえて、怖いですよ。金縛りになったことがありますか。\n\nSentence 1: ほとんどの夜、寝ている時にふと目覚めて、金縛りのように感じます。\n\nJustification: I looked up some example sentences and it looks more common to\nuse 金縛り either with あう (with this character meaning: 遭) or になる in the\nfollowing manner: 「金縛りにあったように動けなくなる」「金縛りになっている」\n「恐怖で金縛りにあった。」「体が金縛りにあったように、指一本動かせないことに気づいた」\n\nSentence 2: 体が麻痺している間、存在しないものが見えて、声の幻聴が聞こえて、怖いですよ。\n\n * The 3 forms ～ながら, ～間、 and ～間に all mean while/during, but they have different nuances to them. Here's you should be using ～間 imo. Read some of the explanations on [this post](https://www.reddit.com/r/LearnJapanese/comments/4mbqwz/difference_between_nagara_and_aida_ni/).\n * It's incorrect here to say を見えて and を聞こえる。This has to do with what's called transitive and intransitive verbs. The short explanation that you say 雲を見る and 雲が見える. Similarly, say 音楽を聞くand 音楽が聞こえる。 -> **Q: How can you look things like this up?** A: I came across the [following corpus](https://tsukubawebcorpus.jp//search/) which lets you see the usage frequency of various words with different particles and adjacent words. When you search 見える on this site, you can see that が見える is used 106,000 times (over 80% of the time), whereas を見える is only used around 3000 (2%). The differences in sentence types are clear too.\n * I think the 自分の is unnecessary here because it's already clear that the 体 refers to the body of whoever is feeling 金縛り in the first sentence.\n\nSentence 3: 金縛りになったことがありますか。\n\n * Same reasoning as sentence 1\n\n**Bonus resource** : There's this website ([英辞郎](https://eowf.alc.co.jp/);\nit's free) I use because it's geared toward translation from native-sounding\nJapanese to native-sounding English. It's still super useful as an English\nspeaker because I can type in idiomatic phrases or figurative expressions and\nget natural translations rather than the literal ones from Google or\njisho.org. Ex. Searched \"sucking up\" and found \"He's always sucking up to his\nboss\" 「いつも上司にごまをすっています」. I end up using it sometimes when I'm writing", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-27T09:53:52.160", "id": "86841", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-27T16:27:26.357", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-27T16:27:26.357", "last_editor_user_id": "44087", "owner_user_id": "44087", "parent_id": "86840", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "They both mean the same:\n\n> I will be the white snow that you like.\n\nThere is not much difference here. In a clause that modifies a noun, the\nsubject marker が is often changed to の, especially when it is near the noun.\n\nHowever, since the predicate is 好き in this case, the first sentence with が\ncould have a second meaning:\n\n> I will be the white snow that likes you.\n\nIn this interpretation, 君 would be the object of the verb \"to like\" in\nEnglish. (好き is an adjective in Japanese.)\n\nMaybe this was intended.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-27T14:14:56.683", "id": "86843", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-27T14:57:05.370", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-27T14:57:05.370", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86842", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "It depends on people themselves or relationship between each other.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T06:58:20.787", "id": "86883", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T06:58:20.787", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4092", "parent_id": "86848", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's not a pun. According to sources, it's abbreviated 鬼のごとく正しい (\"correct like\nan _oni_ \", \"demonically correct\"). It's not a set phrase ordinary people\nrecognize. The heroine somehow liked this funny phrase after seeing it\nsomewhere, and started using it as a pet phrase.\n\nI have no idea where that HEX in the English translation came from.\n\nSee: <https://rightnonel.com/archives/760>\n\n鬼 can be used as a prefix meaning \"super-\" (e.g. 鬼かわいい, 鬼やばい). Although it's\nuncommon and slangy, young native speakers who are good at slang should be\nable to intuit the meaning of おにただ without explanation. See:\n<https://gamp.ameblo.jp/wasansensei/entry-12592348963.html>", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-27T23:22:55.903", "id": "86850", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-28T00:31:38.047", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-28T00:31:38.047", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86849", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Since the question was explicitly asked to be more about the lexical\nconstruction than about other considerations, and that the other answer eludes\nthat point. Here what I wanted to accept :\n\nIt is built as the abbreviated composition from 鬼(oni)+正しい(tadashii) ⇒ 鬼正\n(onitada). for more considerations about the meaning and using context, see\n[Naruto's answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/86850/27954).", "comment_count": 12, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-31T08:25:27.293", "id": "86913", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-31T08:25:27.293", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "27954", "parent_id": "86849", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 } ]

[ { "body": "一気に is like saying “in one breath” and it always describes the quickness of\nsome action, while 一度に is more like “at a time” in the sense of \"per time\" or\n“not on separate occasions”, and it says nothing about the duration. It may\njust happen to be a short time.\n\n> 彼は一気に水を３杯飲んだ。 \n> He drank three glasses of water in one go.\n\n> 彼は一度に水を３杯飲む。 \n> He drinks three glasses of water at a time (= per time).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T03:06:47.333", "id": "86881", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:16:40.973", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:16:40.973", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86851", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It depends on your style or relationship between the shop owner, but you are\nnot to be blamed as long as you use regular polite style.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T06:55:47.600", "id": "86882", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T06:55:47.600", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4092", "parent_id": "86854", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It is certainly a form of です, but it is a dialect rather than an archaism.\nAccording to\n[this](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q14109515549),\nusing でがす is seen in Kanto region and up, but sporadically.\n\nApart from real dialect, でがす is used to indicate unrefined character, which\nmay be the case with the sentence in the question. A typical character is an\nuntidy guy, maybe with beard, who is a 子分 type -- I'm not sure of what should\nbe an appropriate translation for 子分, maybe a henchman?. See also\n[this](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1426765579).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-01-05T12:39:45.303", "id": "92850", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-05T12:39:45.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "86857", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems to me that the phrase 前までしか in this sentence is practically\nequivalent to 前しか or までしか. So this phrase sounds a little awkward to me. It\nwill be safe to say that 前 is used to emphasize まで, or, in other words, to\navoid the misunderstanding of the context because almost all the Japanese do\nnot know the exact schedule of 大会の準備が本格化する.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T10:35:03.637", "id": "86863", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-28T10:35:03.637", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86860", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I think しか is complicating the situation.\n\n本格化するまで使える sounds natural but 本格化するまでしか使えない is a bit awkward. In the former,\n本格化する unambiguously marks the end of the period during which the vaccination\nsite can be used. The latter also expects the part before まで to mark the end\nof the same period but, for some reason, the verb 本格化する doesn’t seem to meet\nthis requirement as much as it does in 本格化するまで使える. This may be because\n本格化するまでしか使えない, with a negative predicate, shifts focus to the subsequent\nperiod during which the site _cannot_ be used and 本格化する seems to mark the\nstart of it, rather than the end of the earlier period during which the site\n_can_ be used. To come to think of it, even in 本格化するまで使える the bound seems to\nbe exclusive. In any case, 前 comes in to solve this problem by placing an\nexplicit end point immediately before the point at which 本格化 begins in 本格化する\n**前** までしか使えない.\n\nIn contrast, a phrase like ６月までしか使えない, with a noun before まで, sounds very\nnatural. In this case, the bound is inclusive. I could not come up with a\nsingle example with a verb that sounded as natural.\n\n本格化する前しか使えない would blur the end of the period.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nThe awkwardness of 本格化するまでしか使えない may be simply because `しか-[V ない-form]`\ndoesn't take another verb before it (unless the verb after しか is auxiliary\nする). Although まで nominalizes a verb in a sentence like ［本格化するまで］が大変だ, it may\nnot be noun enough in this case. Being a clearer noun, 前 solves this problem,\ntoo.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T12:08:10.450", "id": "86864", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:38:12.187", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:38:12.187", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86860", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1. に collocates with 乗る. It cannot be omitted.\n\n 2. The narrator speculates (with はず) that both the state of “waiting, on the assumption (or thinking) that he would take the five-o’clock train” (五時の汽車に彼が乗るものと思って待っている) and that of “having already reported that he was late” (彼が遅れたことをとっくに報告してしまっている) are true about the errand boy.\n\n 3. とっくに is an adverb. 彼が遅れたことを報告する is the main part and it has undergone the following transformation.\n\n> 1. （店の小使が）彼が遅れたことを報告する\n> 2. （店の小使が）彼が遅れたことを報告してしまう\n> 3. （店の小使が）彼が遅れたことを報告してしまっている\n>\n\nしまう adds a sense of regret, completeness, or both.\n\nている in this context describes a completed state.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T13:07:25.477", "id": "86866", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-28T13:07:25.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86861", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "The length of a text written in Japanese is usually measured in characters\n(e.g. 400文字).\n\nOne often writes handwritten assignments at school/university on 原稿用紙 _genkō\nyōshi_ (lit. \"manuscript paper\") which come in standardized sizes, for example\n20 x 20 = 400 characters. (See [What is the name of paper to train how to\nwrite kanji?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33584/1628)) So a\n2000-character essay would roughly be 5 pages of 400字詰めの原稿用紙.\n\nIn particular, the physical length of the essay does not depend on the\nhandwriting of the student and \"character count\" and \"number of pages\" can be\ntreated as equivalent metrics.\n\nYou're right that this way of counting will make the word 明日 2 characters long\nand the \"same\" word あした 3 characters long, but only the former is standard\northography, so for the purpose of writing an essay, there is not too much\nvariation.\n\n(In office applications, the \"word count\" of a text written in English usually\ncounts words as being strings of letters separated by spaces. Since Japanese\nhas no spaces this does not make sense as an operational definition of \"word\".\nLibreOffice gives a character count of all \"Asian characters and Korean\nsyllables\".)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T09:01:31.050", "id": "86886", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-01T08:52:30.890", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-01T08:52:30.890", "last_editor_user_id": "1628", "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "86865", "post_type": "answer", "score": 14 } ]

[ { "body": "Your grammatical interpretation is fine. It's just \"a (typical) high-school-\nstudent- or or grim-reaper-ish motive\". This 死神っぽい動機 is almost certainly a\nreference to [this famous\n死神](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuk_\\(Death_Note\\)), who interfered with\nhumans because he was \"bored\".\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4xjYLm.png) \n(Source: _DEATH NOTE_ , 1st episode)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T14:56:26.100", "id": "86868", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T07:42:59.560", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-29T07:42:59.560", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86867", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Whenever I encounter とはいえ it always strikes me as having a strong feeling of\none can/could say. The effect is much like のに. Also, I suspect (again\nnonnative speaker here), that とはいえ is not generally used in everyday\nconversation, but has become more of a literary form. It also feels a bit more\nobjective to me than のに. Native speakers (or otherwise knowledgeable folk)\nplease correct me lest I mislead", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T19:38:05.410", "id": "86877", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-28T19:38:05.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "You use とはいえ to partially deny, or say something contrary to, what was stated\nearlier while accepting it on the whole.\n\n> 試験に合格したとはいえ、まだ勉強しないといけない。 \n> Although I passed the exam, I still have more to study. \n> (While it is true that I passed the exam, I still have more to study.)\n\nOn the other hand, のに is used to state two contrasting or contradictory facts.\nIn addition, it carries a sense of unexpectedness or surprise on the part of\nthe speaker.\n\n> 試験に合格したのに、まだ勉強しないといけない。 \n> Although I passed the exam, I am still forced to study. \n> (Despite the fact that I passed the exam, I am still forced to study.)\n\nI would say とはいえ is closer in meaning to けど or けれども than to のに in that it\nlacks this sense of unexpectedness or surprise.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T02:22:48.833", "id": "86879", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T04:20:21.097", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-29T04:20:21.097", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86869", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Let me start by saying that _verb_ need not be equated with _action_. The verb\n_to be_ in English is definitely a verb, but you're not doing anything (and if\nyou want to say you are, then we've gone off into the land of philosophy).\nThink of _action_ as something actually performed, actually done. To _verb_\nisn't necessary to _do_ ; it can also just be a _state of being_.\n\nThere's a difference between saying みる and みたい. With みる, you're actually doing\nsomething, you're _seeing_ something. However, みたい is rather different. There\nis no _doing_ being done. みたい describes, not an action, but a frame of mind, a\ndesire for something.\n\nIt's the same with using the potential form. When you say, 食べられる you're not\nreally _doing_ anything. You're definitely not _eating_. 食べられる describes what\nyou're capable of doing.\n\nIn English we don't really care about these distinctions. So that creates a\nbit of a challenge.\n\nNow, what I am not sure about is verbs like 見える and 聞こえる. These are both\n_potential_ forms, but they are used a bit differently. For example,\n\nSuppose you were out in the woods bird watching. You could ask your fellow\nbirdwatcher\n\n> 鳥が見えますか？\n\nIt would sound very strange to ask\n\n> 鳥が見られますか？\n\nSo, I wonder whether the following is grammatical.\n\n> 鳥が見えれば写真を撮ってください\n\nI suspect that because it **is** a _potential_ form, it still falls safely\nwithin the realm where such a conditional construction is grammatical.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T16:20:30.147", "id": "86872", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-28T22:02:19.367", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-28T22:02:19.367", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86870", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This individual is basically using \"I'll be bad company\" as a euphemism, in\nthis case, for \"excusing\" their early departure. I think what's going on with\na lot of the translations, even the official ones, is not to aim for a\n_literal_ translation but rather a translation that best captures the mood.", "comment_count": 11, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T19:37:12.987", "id": "86876", "last_activity_date": "2021-11-02T15:36:07.443", "last_edit_date": "2021-11-02T15:36:07.443", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86871", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The use of だけ in some expressions in Japanese is not exactly logical/intuitive\nto learners coming from an English language background. For example: The\nexpression 「できるだけ」 actually means \"as much as one can\",\n\nhowever if you try to think logically and break into two words できる = can/be\nable to . だけ = only . So it ends up getting (mistakenly) translated as \"ONLY\nas much as one can\" (i.e, if your threshold is 80%, then ONLY do 80%. No need\nto beat yourself up over it).\n\nI can totally understand your feeling of uneasiness at the lack of grammatical\nlogic here, but the only way to get over it is to use it (and listen to people\nusing it) until it starts to 'feel' natural.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T18:13:02.563", "id": "86874", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-28T18:13:02.563", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44089", "parent_id": "86873", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 }, { "body": "Without further context, this sounds more like \"Let me at least do this.\" 許して\nhas dual meanings: \"allow me\" and \"forgive me\". Context here is extremely\nimportant to get the right gist and to understand why だけ could make sense.\n\nA further thought. Suppose someone were accused on multiple counts. Perhaps\nthe accused feels unjustly condemned, the accused might then request that at\nleast one of these counts be forgiven, the one the accused feels most unjustly\ncondemned on.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-28T19:34:21.613", "id": "86875", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-28T19:34:21.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86873", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I'm not sure why A.Ellett's answer is downvoted.\n\nThe original question seems to be missing the point that the sample is これだけ\n**は** and not これだけ.\n\nAs for the question, the original poster gets it right: これだけは indicates a\nlower bound. Thus これだけは許してください means _Let me keep at least this_ / _Let me do\nat least this_.\n\nIt depends on the context but the phrase is most typically used for begging a\npermission rather than forgiveness. For example, you are in debt and the\ncreditor takes your things away for compensation, one by one. Then he put his\nhand on your cherished book, then you beg with the phrase that he shouldn't\ntake that way and let you keep it.\n\nAnother example: If a group of bandits raiding your house and starts wantonly\nkilling your family members. Then you hold your kids and say この子たちだけは許してください,\nmeaning _Save these kids at least_. This is more for forgiveness.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-11T01:05:14.823", "id": "88862", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-11T01:05:14.823", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "86873", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "AがBをCとする can mean “A has B as C”. So, 日本語を母語としない人 here means people whose\nmother tongue is not Japanese.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T07:15:14.937", "id": "86884", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T07:15:14.937", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4092", "parent_id": "86878", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You say\n\n> I understand AはBとする as \"A assume/regard B.\"\n\nYou have the right idea but not quite the right implementation.\n\nLet's use the word 'regard'. This word takes three components: X regards Y as\nZ, where X is the subject, Y is the object and Z is the -- whatever you call\nthat in English. So the Japanese is Xは/がYをZとする. The thing that is getting\nregarded is Y so this makes sense as the object, and using と makes perfect\nsense here since it is a particle of comparison.\n\nIn your sentence the subject is 人, which is promoted to the head of the\nrelative clause so we have\n\n> 日本語を母語としない人 \n> People (X) who don't regard Japanese (Y) as their mother tongue (Z)\n\n**Edit** :\n\nI deleted this answer because I thought that maybe using the word 'regard' was\na little misleading. I think XをYと思う would be more literal, but since you seem\nconfused about the assume/regard angle maybe I should try and say some more.\n\nXをYとする literally means make X into/as Y. So I think \"regard X as Y\" is a\nreasonable translation. When it comes to 'assume' I can think of two meanings\nand I'm not sure which one you are thinking of. The first meaning would be 'to\nmake a judgment without evidence'. I don't think that fits here. The second\nwould be 'to take on a role/character/etc'. I guess 'people who take on\nJapanese as a native language' kind of fits here but it's a bit awkward. I\nthink it is easiest just to think of the literal translation, 'make X as Y'\nand mold it to the context using your native language.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T07:30:46.880", "id": "86885", "last_activity_date": "2022-01-22T08:23:37.393", "last_edit_date": "2022-01-22T08:23:37.393", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "86878", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "Maybe since 1985.\n\nFrom [here](https://www.dailyshincho.jp/article/2019/10190558/?all=1&page=2)\n\n> ところが、この「日本的氏名を用いる」という規定は1980年の国籍法、戸籍法の改正に伴って削除された。読売新聞が87年6月に報じた「韓国姓への復姓認める\n> 帰化二世が申し立て／京都家裁」という記事に、以下のような記述がある。\n\n> >\n> 《六十年一月の国籍法、戸籍法改正で、法務省は「帰化許可申請の手引」にある「日本的氏名を用いる」という規定を削除、漢字かカナなら外国姓のままで、帰化が可能になった》\n\n> この改正によって、基本的には、ラモス瑠偉やリーチマイケルという名前が認められたことになる。さらに結婚が影響を与えるケースもある。\n\nI'm not sure why the above says 1980, but 六十年 means 昭和60年＝1985, which looks\nlike when the law was changed (by googling).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-10-05T11:51:19.083", "id": "90626", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-05T11:51:19.083", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "86887", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "がや should be part of [Nagoya\ndialect](https://dic.nicovideo.jp/t/a/%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E5%BC%81)\nand is an ending particle used to describe a surprise or claim.\n\nThanks to the comment,\n\n> `So, I reckon しとーば should be a 名古屋弁{なごやべん}.`\n\nthis doesn't seem to be correct. However, there does seem to be a similar\nvariant used in Kumamoto dialect\n[ばい](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/dialect/3394/m0u/) as well as in Gunma\ndialect [ばい](https://twitter.com/johshu_ben/status/1087534908346716160).\n\nI guess it means しているので (Kumamoto) or してばかり（Gunma) in your contexts.\n\nちゅうても is also a dialect-ish phrase for といっても, but I think it's pretty common\neven in Kanto (not only in Nagoya).\n\nI think\n\n> 野球選手といっても、筋トレしすぎてケガしているので、１軍に上がったことはないんだ。\n\n> _Even if he is a professional baseball player, he has never played for the\n> first team due to an injury from excessive muscle training. (Somewhat\n> blaming in a way)._\n\nis standard Japanese.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T12:04:07.480", "id": "86889", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T22:02:47.657", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-29T22:02:47.657", "last_editor_user_id": "26484", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86888", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "I listened to the clip and I hear \"不参加で\" (short for \"不参加でお願いします\").", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-29T21:20:09.563", "id": "86892", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-29T21:20:09.563", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "44117", "parent_id": "86891", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "At first, I wanted to answer like this. When the teacher is about forty years\nold and the student is about fifteen, the teacher will not use the polite form\nof 子供がいましてね but 子供がいてね. But when the student is twenty-five, the teacher will\nprobably use 子供がいましてね.\n\nBut after reading the full conversation, I have found マイク using the very\npolite form of speech such as やっていらっしゃったそうですね. This kind of speech form makes\nme guess that マイク will be over twenty.\n\nMy answer is that this sentence sounds a little awkward among other sentences\nof polite form, or does not belong properly to the whole conversation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-30T02:15:58.123", "id": "86894", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-30T02:15:58.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86893", "post_type": "answer", "score": -4 } ]

[ { "body": "Is this sentence uttered by a Kansai dialect speaker? I think the で is a\nsentence-ending particle (終助詞) in Kansai dialect. せこいで（i-adjective + で) means\nせこいぞ or せこいよ （i-adjective + ぞ/よ）in standard Japanese.\n\nExamples of \"i-adjectives+で\":\n\n> 「ずるいで」 ≈ 「するいぞ」 \n> 「ええで」 ≈ 「いいよ」\n\nThis で is used this way:\n\n> あるで。（verb+で） ≈ あるよ。 \n> 帰ったで。 ≈ 帰ったよ。 \n> 知らんで。（negative+で）≈ 知らないよ。 \n> 持ってへんで。/ 持ってないで。 ≈ 持ってないよ。 \n> 日曜日やで。（noun+copulaや+で）≈ 日曜日だよ。 \n> きれいやで。（na-adjective+で）≈ きれいだよ。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-30T04:28:23.570", "id": "86896", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-30T05:52:23.950", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-30T05:52:23.950", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86895", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally, this kind of phenomenon seems to be called 格の交替 in Japanese\nlinguistics.\n\n中上級を教える人のための日本語文法ハンドブック says this happens (p185)\n\n> 1. 出来事を描く立場が変わる場合\n> 2. 出来事の状態的な側面を描く場合\n>\n\n1 is the one that happens by changing active/passive. Your case is (probably)\nincluded in 2.\n\nIf you google a keyword like \"ヲ格 ガ格 交替\", then you see lots of research\narticles - so it is beyond my knowledge to give a comprehensive answer.\n\nThe following are the を/が examples with 好きだ\n\n 1. 私は甘いものが好きだ I like sweets\n 2. 私が甘いものを好きだということを彼は知らない He doesn't know that I like sweets.\n\nMaybe it is not exactly about 出来事の状態的な側面, but I feel 1 and 2 have difference\nof perspectives.\n\n * 1 says something about _sweets_ so 甘いもの is treated like a subject (= use of が)\n * 2 says something about _I_ (due to the enclosing by ということ), so that 甘いもの is treated as an object and 私 as the subject.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-21T11:45:09.673", "id": "90415", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-21T11:45:09.673", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "86898", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As far as I can tell, aguijonazo is probably right in their comment, in that\n轢く is derived from 挽く. The question is then of course, what's the origin of\n挽く?\n\nFor that, I think the explanation [here on\n漢字ペディア](https://www.kanjipedia.jp/sakuin/doukunigi/items/0005891200) is\nsatisfactory (though I can't say if the site is trustworthy in general):\n\n> 挽く：無理にひっぱる意から、のこぎりで切る。ろくろで陶器などをつくる。うすなどをひいて細かくする。\n\nNote how the traditional ひき臼 are actually drawn by a handle, which should\nnaturally lead to the meaning of grinding.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T15:12:42.303", "id": "86978", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-07T15:12:42.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "16253", "parent_id": "86900", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Those are not valid sentences.\n\nRemoving する from a [N + する] verb has impacts on not only its object but also\nits subject and adverbs that modify it.\n\nSince the first sentence has no subject, the object 任務 gets marked with の to\nform the noun phrase 任務の達成. あす and 必ず pose some challenge. If left as they\nare, they would modify the only verb left in the sentence, namely 約束する. If\nthey are to modify 達成, they would have to be converted into noun-modifying\nforms. あす could be simply changed to あすの. However, since 必ず has no\ncorresponding adjective form, it would have to be substituted with an\nadjective with a similar meaning, such as 確実な.\n\n> あすの確実な任務の達成を約束する。\n\nThe second sentence has both the subject (私たち) and the object (この薬). While not\ntotally unacceptable, 私たちのこの薬の試用 would sound a bit awkward. This problem could\nbe avoided by marking 私たち with に so it collocates with 認める.\n\n> 彼らは私たちにこの薬の試用を認めた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-30T16:54:55.680", "id": "86903", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-31T00:58:13.277", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-31T00:58:13.277", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86902", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Might depend on where this is coming from, but in Hiroshima this is part of\nthe local dialect used by the older generation. じゃ equivalent to だ and のう\nequivalent to ね.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-31T00:37:15.720", "id": "86907", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-31T00:37:15.720", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38959", "parent_id": "86905", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "The Japanese tend to be rather indirect in their speech. This is to achieve\npoliteness. Simply stating your opinions may come across as a little too\nforceful. Adding と思います is one way to soften your speech. Oftentimes, there is\nno value in adding this as part of the English translation.\n\nThis link is vaguely related, though I'm sure there are more: [Why is being\nindirect more polite than being direct in\nJapanese?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/73006/why-is-being-\nindirect-more-polite-than-being-direct-in-japanese)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-31T07:30:11.363", "id": "86911", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-31T07:30:11.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "86910", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I wouldn't read too much into this. Translations and subtitles often take some\nliberties to convey the main meaning, especially given time or space\nconstraints. Another consideration is different cultural backgrounds. Live\ntranslations need to be direct and concise to easy understanding in real time.\nFor these reasons they may omit \"~と思います\" as it's clear from context. I've seen\nJapanese translations of news broadcasts and subtitles for foreign TV make\nsimilar omissions or give translations of something implied. If an English\nspeaker said \"I think that ~\" it would also be typical to omit that and simply\ntranslate to them saying what they think. It's clear that it's their opinion\nor thoughts from context. Since this is reciprocal between English and\nJapanese translations I think it is specific to either language but a\npracticality when translating such different languages concisely.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-01T15:24:12.267", "id": "86925", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-01T15:24:12.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14608", "parent_id": "86910", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It's probably Kansai dialect (or some western dialect). せないかん means しないといけない\n\"have to do\" in standard Japanese (deriving from せねばいかぬ to せにゃいかん to せないかん,\nperhaps?)\n\nHere in Kansai (esp. Kyoto and Osaka as far as I know) we also say\nせなあかん、しなあかん、しないかん, or せんとあかん、せんといかん to mean that.\n\nせな・しな・せんと means しないと・しなければ \nあかん・いかん means いけない", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-31T09:07:08.940", "id": "86915", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-31T09:12:43.087", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-31T09:12:43.087", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86914", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Blunt\" is one of the possible translations of 身も蓋もない, but it is more nuanced\nthan that. This is a set phrase that carries the meaning like \"it's indeed\ncorrect, but if you say that, it spoils the meaning of this discussion\", \"it's\ntoo outspoken and it makes it hard to continue this conversation\", \"true, but\ndon't go there now\", etc. It never simply means \"silly\" or \"stupid\".\n\nExamples of 身も蓋もない responses:\n\n * 「どうやったらアイドルになれますか？」「10歳若くないと無理です、諦めてください。」\n * 「どうすればこの商品はもっと魅力的になるだろう？」「有名人が宣伝すればどんな商品でも売れますよ。」\n * 「彼のような努力家がどうして合格できないんだろう。」「そもそも才能がないからでしょ。」\n * 「彼女が宝くじを当てた秘訣を知りたい。」「単純に運が良かったんでしょ。」\n\nAs you can see in the second and fourth examples, a 身も蓋もない statement itself\ndoes not have to be about a bad thing. The important connotation is \"Oh don't\nsay that now (even if it's correct)\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-02T07:15:20.410", "id": "86929", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-02T17:27:58.403", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-02T17:27:58.403", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86917", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "These syllables simply don't appear in Modern Japanese, so there are no\nstandard symbols to represent them. This also goes for the \"we\" and \"wi\".\nTheir pronunciation has shifted from \"we\" to \"e\" and \"wi\" to \"i\", so in native\nModern Japanese words, you can find them written as pronounced.\n\nEven if these syllables appear sometimes in loanwords, the katakana used to\nrepresent them isn't the traditional \"we\" and \"wi\" katakana, rather the \"U\"\nkatakana plus a small vowel symbol, like in ウェスト [WeSUTO] (waist)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-01T07:39:39.740", "id": "86923", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-01T07:39:39.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41049", "parent_id": "86920", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "They're not \"missing\", these hiragana characters aren't needed as they don’t\nexist in modern Japanese language. The language doesn't have these sounds so\nthey did not need to be represented. You cannot write them in hiragana.\n\nSome additional conventions exist to write foreign sounds in katakana but\nthere are still limitations as both systems were originally designed for\nwriting Japanese words. Until recently, these characters were only used to\nrepresent sounds that exist in Japanese that can be spoken by a Japanese\nreader. For example \"wu\" in chinese names is pronounced as \"bu\" in Japanese,\n\"gim\" in Korean names is pronounced as \"kim\" in Japanese, \"va\" in European\nnames is pronounced as \"ba\" in Japanese. Furthermore \"fu\" and \"hu\" or \"ra\" or\n\"la\" are not distinguished in Japanese loanwords from other languages.\n\nThere are several exceptions for historical reasons. \"wi\" (ゐ) and \"we\" (ゑ) are\nused very rarely for names but are now pronounced the same as \"i\" (い) and \"e\"\n(え) respectively. There is no longer any need to write them differently as the\nsounds in modern Japanese are the same. Some brands still use it as their\noriginal historical name such as \"Yebisu\" (ゑびす/ヱビス) beer.\n\nAnother source of confusion is inconsistent romanisation. The \"ye\" sound for\nexample, doesn’t exist in modern Japanese but ゑ was written as \"we\" or \"ye\"\nsince romanisation was not standardised at the time. This is also why 円 is\nwritten as \"Yen\" in English, it was historically read as \"wen\" (ゑん) and is now\nread as \"en\" えん. So despite non-standard romanisation suggesting it, the sound\n\"ye\" doesn't have a hiragana character as it is not spoken in Japanese.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-01T15:16:37.787", "id": "86924", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-02T14:35:48.650", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-02T14:35:48.650", "last_editor_user_id": "14608", "owner_user_id": "14608", "parent_id": "86920", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "As others have said, they're not used in modern Japanese and the characters\naren't taught in Japanese Elementary schools. However, saying they don't exist\nisn't technically correct; they do exist in an old textbook on Wikipedia. You\ncan find them here:\n[ヤ行イ](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E8%A1%8C%E3%82%A4)\n\nLinks to the specific kana charts for reference:\n\n * <https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tuzurizi12.jpg>\n * <https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Syougaku11.jpg>\n\nEdits: I misread the question originally and missed the specific context of\n\"yi\", \"ye, \"wu\". I don't know a modern specific situation where those have\nbeen used.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-02T06:18:31.710", "id": "86928", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-02T06:44:42.047", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-02T06:44:42.047", "last_editor_user_id": "7390", "owner_user_id": "7390", "parent_id": "86920", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "ところ has many abstract usages, one of which is to describe an\nordinary/regular/expected situation.\n\n * [Use of のところ for comparison?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/84644/5010)\n * [Does ところを always mean the same thing as のに? What is the difference between ところへ and ところに?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19173/5010)\n\nFor example, on home shopping programs, you can often hear something like\n\"10000円のところ(を)3000円で販売します!\" (We'll sell this for 3,000 yen instead of the\nregular 10,000 yen!)\n\nSo you can say the following (を after ところ is optional):\n\n * 14人乗りのところ **を** 30人は詰め込んで走る。\n * 14人乗りのところ30人は詰め込んで走る。\n\nIn your case it says ところ **に**. I think this is acceptable because this ところ is\nalso referring to a physical place (the bus).\n\n * 14人乗りのところ **に** 30人は詰め込んで走る。\n\nSimilar examples of ところ:\n\n * ごめんなさいと言うところでありがとうと言ってしまった。 \nI said thanks when I had to say sorry.\n\n * そこは「はい」と言うところだよ！ \nYou're supposed to say \"Yes\" in such a situation!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-02T09:10:04.657", "id": "86930", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-02T09:10:04.657", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86922", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "This てな is a highly colloquial variant of という or というような. てなことで is the same as\nということで, which in this context means \"therefore\" or \"for this reason\", not \"by\nthe way\".\n\n> **てなことで** 、修行なんてしなくとも、ただ飯を食っているだけで強くなれるんだな。 \n> **Therefore** , even if you don't train, you can get stronger just by\n> eating and spending time.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [Meaning of てなわけで at the start of a sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41231/5010)\n * [ということで in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/54875/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-02T18:12:41.010", "id": "86932", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-02T18:12:41.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86931", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "なんか is a word used to make light of the word before it. It's interchangeable\nwith なんて here. なんな right after it is a contraction of なるな. See [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/61959/5010) for the rule.\n\nSo the sentence is basically 冷静になるな (\"Don't be cool/calm\") but with the\nimplication that 冷静 is an undesirable thing to him for now. He noticed that\nthe dispassionate and realistic analysis in the previous pages would only make\nhim lose passion. So he started to encourage himself by saying 冷静になんかなんな.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-04T06:41:30.550", "id": "86945", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-04T06:46:47.323", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-04T06:46:47.323", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86939", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "[目に[遭]{あ}う](https://jisho.org/word/%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%AB%E3%81%82%E3%81%86) (not\n**ある** ) is a set phrase meaning \"to suffer/go through/'meet with' a bad\nexperience\".\n\nThe 目 is often preceded by negative descriptions (esp. adjectives) such as\nひどい・苦しい・不快な, etc. In this case, it's just 死にそうな.\n\nThe 時 is inconsequential here; just a normal \"when ～\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-03T20:03:06.713", "id": "86942", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-03T20:03:06.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "86941", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Let's think about this simpler example:\n\n * これは私の車です。 This is my car.\n * 私の車はこれです。 My car is this.\n\nAre these English sentences used interchangeably? No. The former is natural as\na response to \"What's this?\", whereas the latter is natural as a response to\n\"Where/Which is your car?\"\n\nLikewise, the two Japanese sentences you listed are different although the\nbasic information they convey is the same. The difference is the same as the\ndifference between \"My favorite food is sushi\" and \"Sushi is my favorite food\"\nin English. The phrase before は is the **topic** , or what you're trying to\ntalk about, and it is often omitted. For example, when you happened to pass by\na sushi restaurant while discussing what to have for lunch, I believe it's\nmore natural to say \"Sushi is my favorite food\", because the topic of the\nconversation is sushi, not someone's favorite food.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-04T05:44:10.027", "id": "86944", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-05T12:02:39.723", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-05T12:02:39.723", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86943", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

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[ { "body": "\"いう\" is abridged from The sentence.\n\nWith \"いう\"、you can say either \"なんちゃってドッキリでした ～といいながら出ていけば それでＯＫだ\" or\n\"なんちゃってドッキリでした ～といって出ていけば それでＯＫだ\".\n\n殊勝な心がけだと褒める\n\nis same as\n\n殊勝な心がけだといって褒める (\"admires his credible achievement\")", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-06T13:24:19.853", "id": "86962", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-06T13:24:19.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5081", "parent_id": "86948", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "* **破魔** : smiting evil, banishing demon, exorcism\n * **霊気** : aura, spiritual power, spiritual energy field\n * **纏える** : the potential form of the transitive verb 纏う \"to wear (coat, aura, ...)\"\n\n> 破魔の霊気を纏えるようになる \n> [you/someone/one] will be able to wear an evil-smiting aura.\n\nBut note that appropriate translations for fantasy terms like 破魔 and 霊気 can\nvary greatly from work to work. There may be translations that better fit the\natmosphere of the work you're reading.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-05T11:39:46.357", "id": "86953", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-05T11:50:48.570", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-05T11:50:48.570", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86952", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It transpired in the comments that the dot in the dictionary I linked to\nindicates the separation between that which is usually written in kanji-form\nand the remainder of the word. That is to say, the two letters before the dot\nindicate the pronunciation of the kanji, whereas the letter after it is just\nthe remainder which is usually just added after the kanji.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-05T17:38:35.860", "id": "86957", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-05T17:38:35.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45180", "parent_id": "86954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "It seems you're referring to\n[this](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_\\(Japanese_prosody\\)) Wikipedia\narticle regarding 'Ons' (I have personally never heard of this).\n\nJapanese pronunciation is usually broken up into 'moras', with each kana in a\nword being pronounced for the same length of time (There are a few exceptions\nto this such as きゃ、しょ etc..).\n\nThe dot notation on Jisho.org indicates where the 送り仮名 starts.\n\n悟る is pronounced さとる。 You can hear some native speakers saying it\n[here](https://sentencesearch.neocities.org/#%E6%82%9F%E3%82%8B).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T21:19:48.020", "id": "86982", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-07T21:19:48.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45190", "parent_id": "86954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Short answer, the dot you're referring to does not refer to boundaries between\n\"on\"s.\n\n> Now the Wikipedia article about ons uses a full stop in order to denote the\n> boundaries between the ons.\n\nThis is not the case. The dot is there to indicate where the 送り仮名（okurigana）\nstarts; in other words, the kana before the dot is represented by the kanji,\nthe kana after the dot cannot go into the kanji, and has to be added after it.\n\nIn your case, the dot in さと.る means it could be written as 悟る, where さと goes\ninto 悟, and the る, being the okurigana, remains.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-08T22:32:25.780", "id": "86996", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-08T22:32:25.780", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "86954", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The first part of the lyrics of this song is very figurative, and it's\ndifficult to interpret even to native speakers. Still, I'm certain that this\n舐める does NOT mean \"to look down\".\n\n舐め合う literally means \"to lick each other\", but this compound verb is almost\nalways used as part of the idiom 傷を舐め合う, which literally means \"to lick each\nother's wounds\" but actually refers to two unhappy people trying to comfort\neach other to feel a little better. I think most people would be reminded of\n傷を舐め合う just by hearing 舐め合う.\n\nIn this song, the object of 舐め合う is not 傷 but 恥ずかしい物語, but I think the basic\nmeaning remains the same; there are two people (\"lions\") trying to comfort\neach other regarding their regrettable past. Note that the first three lines\nof the song is about the unpredictability of one's life (cf. [butterfly\neffect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect)).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-05T17:24:26.477", "id": "86956", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-05T17:24:26.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86955", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "攻略 in gaming contexts refers to any \"attacking\" or \"how to\" articles/movies,\nregardless of its length. For example, a 神龍攻略動画 can be any movie (short or\nlong) where someone tries to defeat 神龍 or teach others how to defeat it. All\nthose game wikis available online are also fundamentally 攻略サイト full of 攻略記事.\n\nI don't think there is a catchy short phrase that directly matches that\ndefinition of longplay in Wikipedia. You probably have to explain\ndescriptively depending on your intent, like 全編完全攻略動画, 資料用プレイ動画,\n全編コメントなしウォークスルー, 実況なしプレイ動画.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-06T10:51:44.317", "id": "86960", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-06T10:51:44.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86959", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The former version seems correct according to the official MV and large\nJapanese lyrics databases approved by JASRAC. From my personal experience,\nuta-net.com is credible in the sense that it contains official lyrics.\n\nThe latter version from animesongz.com is incomplete, has a few weird kanji\nusages (お影様 and 応え), and ignores creative readings such as [人形]{doll} and\n[眼]{eye}. The page even has an \"Edit lyrics\" button! I think someone who did\nnot have access to the official lyrics tried to transcribe the song and made\nthis.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T04:26:13.247", "id": "86969", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-07T04:26:13.247", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86961", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The も in your example 「可愛らしくも...」 is a 接続助詞(conjunctive particle)「も」. From\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%82/#jn-218351):\n\n> も \n>\n> 2⃣［接助］形容詞・形容詞型活用語の連用形、動詞・動詞型活用語の連体形に付く。逆接の意を表す。…とも。…ても。…けれども。「見たくも見られない」「努力するも報われなかった」\n\nIt can attach to the continuative form (連用形) of i-adjectives and the\nattributive form (連体形) of verbs, and mean 「～とも」「～ても」「～けれども」 \"even though~~\"\n\"~~but\".\n\nSo your example:\n\n> 可愛らし **くも** どことなく生意気さが窺える\n\ncan be rephrased as:\n\n> 可愛らしい **けれども** どことなく生意気さが窺える\n\nThis usage of 「～～くも」 sounds pretty literary.\n\nA few examples:\n\n> 「美し **くも** [儚]{はかな}い」\"beautiful, but ephemeral\" \n> 「[微笑]{ほほえ}まし **くも** [切]{せつ}ない」\"heartwarming, but sad\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-06T15:04:54.163", "id": "86964", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-06T15:36:49.027", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-06T15:36:49.027", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86963", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The whole phrase in the context of describing both 一夫 and 吾朗, in a literal\nway, means: \"He (一夫) can appear absent-minded and you can't tell what he's\nthinking, so there are times when he can be percieved as off-putting\"\n\nI'll break it down, but first:\n\n1 - Yes, that ようにも is like a regular ように、but it also has the meaning of\naddition from the も - you are adding up descriptions that fit 一夫. (the\nnarrator is saying that _on top_ of him being a \"dreamer type\", he's ぼんやり, and\nyou can't tell what he's thinking)\n\n2 - 一夫 is the subject, yes. You can re-arrange the sentence as 一夫はぼんやりのように見える\n(this sentence alone sounds a bit weird, preferrably you'd preface it with a\nword implying that it's a frequent thing or not, such as 普通に)\n\n3 - Technically, no, the subject is an undetermined and tacit plural \"you\".\nOmitting such pronoun is standard practice in Japanese. 和子 is just the point\nof view character. (although not the narrator)\n\nFor the breaking down of the sentence, both the first and second clauses\n(\"ぼんやりのようにも見えるし\" and \"なにを考えているかわからない\") are connected by the ようにも you asked\nabout and the しparticle, which is used to link clauses. Both are also\ndescriptions of 一夫, since the last sentence's subject was also 一夫(and they fit\nthe idea of a person that's a 夢想家 type.) The third clause (きみ悪さが感じられるときもある)\ncan be hard to link to the first two, but with this context, it becomes clear\nthat those traits of 一夫can make him look a bit 気味悪い sometimes.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T00:03:41.760", "id": "86966", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-07T03:47:27.543", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-07T03:47:27.543", "last_editor_user_id": "44116", "owner_user_id": "44116", "parent_id": "86965", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "1. The structure of this sentence is:\n\n> 「Aも...し、Bも...」 \n> \"On one hand A, on the other hand B\" \"A, while B\"\n\nThe し here is used to enumerate two things (in contrast). Particle も usually\nco-occurs with this し. Some examples:\n\n> 得意な人 **も** いる **し** 苦手な人 **も** いる。 \n> 味 **も** いい **し** 香り **も** 申し分ない。 \n> 100万円のもの **も** あります **し** 、5万のもの **も** ありますよ。\n\nSo you can parse your sentence this way:\n\n> A［ぼんやりのように **も** 見える］し、B［（なにを考えているかわからない、）きみ悪さが感じられるとき **も** ある］。 \n> \"A[Kazuo may look absentminded], while on the other hand B[there are times\n> when he has creepiness (where what he's thinking is unclear)].\"\n\n何を考えているかわからない is a relative clause that modifies the noun 気味悪さ.\n\nRelated: <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/59151/9831>\n\n 2. Right.\n\n 3. Purely grammatically speaking, the subject for わからない is （一夫が）何を考えているか, and the subject for 感じられる is 気味悪さ. (The られる in 感じられる here is the spontaneous auxiliary (自発の助動詞) られる. eg. In 完成が待たれる, the subject is 完成.)\n\nIf you ask what the subject is for the English \"feel creepy\" and \"don't know\nwhat Kazuo's thinking\", then I think you could say it's Kazuko, or generic\n\"you\" seen from her standpoint.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T02:44:44.377", "id": "86968", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-07T03:45:52.370", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-07T03:45:52.370", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86965", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "## Resources\n\nI looked on the following two websites that provided an overview of some\nKumamoto dialect vocabulary and searched for the construction in your\nsentence.\n\n * [Narit (`Ctrl+F` とっと)](http://www10.plala.or.jp/narit/kmt/kmt_ben1.html)\n * [Kumamoto Kokufu (`Ctrl+F` トット)](http://www.kumamotokokufu-h.ed.jp/kumamoto/hougen/k_h-1ran.html)\n\n## Meaning of 「とっと」\n\nThe definition of とっと and some of the sentences and their standard Japanese\n(標準語{ひょうじゅんご}) equivalents I found on the sites:\n\n_Definition of トット（標準語：～ているの）_\n\n> アットット，イットット，ウットット\n>\n> 会っているの，行っているの，売っているの\n\n_Definition of ダランゴツ（標準語：話にならない、ばかげている）_\n\n> ナアンバ **言うとっと** かダランゴツ\n>\n> 何を **言ってるの** 話にならない\n\n_Definition of ナシテ（標準語：なぜ、どうして）_\n\n> ナシテ **オゴットット** ナ？\n>\n> なぜ **怒っているの** ？\n\n## Translating your original sentence\n\nFrom the definition and usage above, it's clear that「飼っとっとです」is「飼っているのです」in\nstandard Japanese and the meaning would be \"I currently own (a pony).\"\n\nHowever, I couldn't really make a lot of sense of the grammar of the sentence.\nFor one, you would expect the particle「を」for owning a pet,\ne.g.「犬・猫・ハムスターを飼っています」. Next,「一応」could mean \"just in case\" or \"for once\" or\neven \"for now\" depending on the context. Not to say that it doesn't make sense\nin this sentence, but I suspect the person may have said「一頭{いっとう}」instead,\nbecause「頭」is the counter for a lot of animals, although one could argue that\nfor a smaller animal like a pony, the counter「匹{ひき}」would be more appropriate.\n\nIf you had a link to the original dialogue, I could have another go at the\ntranscription and translation.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T07:10:43.650", "id": "86973", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-07T07:10:43.650", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39516", "parent_id": "86970", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, your six examples sentences are all correct.\n\nほか followed by no particle works as a conjunction. ほかの works attributively\n(i.e., modifies the following noun). This difference is important:\n\n * ほか、牛がいる。 \nIn addition, there is a cow. / Besides, there are (some) cows.\n\n * 猫のほか、牛がいる。 \nIn addition to the cat(s), there is a cow.\n\n * ほかの牛がいる。 \nThere is another cow. / There are other cows.\n\n * × 猫のほかの牛がいる。 (nonsense: \"cows other than cats\")\n\nほかに is tricky and it can work like both ほか and ほかの. There tends to be a small\npause or a comma when it works as a conjunction.\n\nは in your examples is just a topic/contrast marker, and it's often optional\n(see [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/74759/5010) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/28082/5010) for similar examples).\nIt's particularly [common in negative\nsentences](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1077/5010). It adds a slight\nemphasis, but doesn't change the overall meaning of the sentence.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T12:17:55.370", "id": "86976", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-11T14:20:43.390", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-11T14:20:43.390", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86974", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "The difference is very subtle, and I don't think using ほかに/は/には gives much\nnuance by themselves. It is rather that using one might be more natural than\nothers due to the emphasis put by は.\n\nSuppose Alice is asking Bob for the list of things he ate. Alice already knows\nhe ate pizza.\n\n * ほかに何を食べましたか？ is neutral, just asking anything else he ate.\n * ほかは何を食べましたか？ sounds like Alice knowing that Bob must have eaten something other than pizza.\n * ほかには何を食べましたか？ sounds the same as ほかは.\n\nAs an answer in the situation above,\n\n * ピザのほかは何も食べませんでした。\n * ピザのほかには何も食べませんでした。\n\nsound (slightly) more natural due to は of contrast. To think in the opposite\ndirection, the presence of は suggests Bob knows Alice knows that he ate pizza.\n\nIn a different situation where Bob was just found barely surviving in a snow\nmountain, and Alice asks _did you eat anything?_ , then as Bob's answer,\n\n * チョコレートひとかけのほかに何も食べてません\n\nwould sound more natural because は in the others emphasize that he did eat\nsomething (a piece of chocolate), which is not really important in the given\nsituation.\n\nNote that these are a bit artificial, and the uses are not really exclusive\n(actually likely to be interchangeable in most cases).\n\n**[Edit]**\n\nI came up with an example where only ほかは is acceptable. But again, this is not\nabout nuance but the grammatical function of は (or of absence of に).\n\nSuppose Alice is checking Bob's composition. She has pointed out several\nmistakes, and in order to say _the rest is fine_ , Alice can use only\n\n * ほかはOKです.\n\nほかには or ほかに cannot replace the ほかは above. This would be because (1) に means an\naddition to the previously mentioned (mistakes in this case) and (2) は\nindicates a subject.\n\nOn the other hand, to say _there is no other mistake_ , all three can be used\n(phrases in parentheses are implicit).\n\n * ほかに（間違いは）ありません\n * ほか（の間違い）はありません\n * ほかには（間違いは）ありません\n\nThe first (ほかに) might sound a little strange but should be understood. Note a\ncomment in naruto's answer that は is frequent in negative sentences.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-15T04:38:03.413", "id": "88923", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-16T07:31:37.510", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-16T07:31:37.510", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "86974", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Use the generic counter 個.\n\n> 数字が１２個あります。\n\nIf the count is limited, you can also use ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ and so on.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-08T00:28:59.633", "id": "86987", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-08T00:28:59.633", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86979", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "～ように思う is a different construction entirely that bears little similarity to\n～ようと（は）思う. See: [ように思う what is the exact\nmeaning?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/61489/%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AB%E6%80%9D%E3%81%86-what-\nis-the-exact-meaning).\n\nThe よう in this instance represents a volition, not a state of being or\nappearance, which takes the forms of ～ようとして, ～ようと思って, or simply ～ようと. There is\nno rule that says it cannot be used in passive form. A similar example:\n\n> 彼は党首に選ばれようとは思っていない．\n>\n> He will not seek election as leader of the party.\n\n(From Longman English-Japanese Dictionary)\n\nIt may sound odd, but the speaker is still acting on a volition to have said\nspecified action happen to them (or not). And in this case here it simply\nmeans that they show no intention (as the recipient of the action) of being\nforgiven; i.e. they won't go around asking for forgiveness. A possible\ntranslation: \"I am not looking to be forgiven, nor do I think I will be.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-07T23:33:07.393", "id": "86986", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-07T23:33:07.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "26484", "parent_id": "86980", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It depends on situations. In a daily conversation, it’s fine and may be more\nfrequent than other culture.\n\nIn a corporation, they may avoid a filler on the phone. Instead they use\n[え]{‘}[え]{’} in a sense of “Sure” pronouncing each vowels clearly not like えー\nor ああ as you are saying like \"ok\", \"uhm\" or \"mhm\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-08T00:29:24.563", "id": "86988", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-08T00:29:24.563", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86983", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "\"Mhm\", \"Hmm\" is easily understood by any Japanese speaker because they use\nsimilar interjections. (But they don't use \"Uh-huh\".)\n\nJapanese people use the rising intonation to change a sentence into a\nquestion, too. They can understand \"Book?\" is a question and \"Book!\" is not.\n\n\"OK\" is one of the first words Japanese people learn when they start learning\nEnglish at school. Unless you are talking to a very old person, you can\nusually assume the lister can understand at least \"Yes\", \"No\", \"OK\", \"Thank\nyou\", \"Hello\", \"Bye\", etc.\n\nRegarding rudeness, saying \"Mhm\" or \"Okay\" is never offending by itself, but\nof course you should try your best to use the language your listener\nunderstands.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-08T00:36:07.203", "id": "86989", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-08T00:36:07.203", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86983", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Whether the word marked by も is a question word or not is not important. In\nfact, the position of も remains unchanged when 誰 is replaced with 彼 in the\nfirst three examples.\n\n> 彼よりも輝く君を見て\n\n> 彼にも話せない\n\n> 彼の心にも、大切な場所がある\n\nAs for the last one, (*) いくつの季節 is ungrammatical to begin with.\n\nYou wouldn’t ask:\n\n> (*) いくつの季節がありますか。\n\nIt should be:\n\n> 季節はいくつありますか。\n\nいくつも _does_ have a similar structure to 何も, 誰も, どこも and so on. However, like\nいつも, it is listed as a separate entry in dictionaries. Its meaning is close to\nたくさん when used in an affirmative sentence and あまり in a negative one. Like たくさん\n(but not あまり), it can take the form いくつもの to modify a noun.\n\nYou shouldn’t chop it up in the middlle, just like you shouldn’t split いつも\ninto いつ and も.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-12T00:32:50.340", "id": "87037", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-12T00:32:50.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86990", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "何台かの車 is valid but 何台の車か isn’t. For example, you can say 何台かの車が走り去った or\n何台かの車を買った, but I think 車が何台か走り去った or 車を何台か買った is more natural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-06-08T13:13:17.607", "id": "86992", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-08T13:13:17.607", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19583", "parent_id": "86991", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]