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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "# Why?\n\n\"Why\" is seldom a useful question to ask when it comes to language and words\n-- it is awfully broad. :)\n\nTo narrow the scope a bit, and to focus on the etymology that you mention,\nlet's look at the structure and derivation, and whether these words are\nrelated at all.\n\n_(Note: This gets long.)_\n\n# Analysis tips\n\n## Underlying word structure\n\nYou describe _\" three-kana kun'yomi\"_. It's important to recognize that\nspelling is often not a useful lens when looking at Japanese derivations,\nparticularly of _kun'yomi_ , as kanji spellings obscure the structure of the\nunderlying word. For instance, all of your example terms are more than three\nmorae (a \"[mora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_\\(linguistics\\))\" is one\n\"beat\" in the rhythm of the word; if spelled entirely in kana, one mora = one\nkana).\n\n * [謝る]{あやまる} = 4 morae\n * [扱う]{あつかう} = 4 morae\n * [現れる]{あらわれる} = 5 morae\n * [表す]{あらわす} = 4 morae\n * [諦める]{あきらめる} = 5 morae\n * [争う]{あらそう} = 4 morae\n * [改める]{あらためる} = 5 morae\n\n## Divining the derivation: finding older forms\n\nHere's your list of seven sample words. I'm including the historical kana,\nsince those older spellings reveal somethings, as well as my interpretation of\nthe underlying forms.\n\nModern kana | Historical kana | Underlying forms \n---|---|--- \nあつかう | あつかふ | あつく* + ふ \nあらわれる | あらはれる | ある + ふ + れる \nあらわす | あらはす | ある + ふ + す \nあらそう | あらそふ | あら + す* + ふ \nあらためる | あらためる | あらた + む \nあきらめる | あきらめる | あきら + む \nあやまる | あやまる | あや + む \n \n## Divining the derivation: common suffixes\n\nWe see a number of common endings combined in different ways: ～ふ, ～す, and む,\nand one ～れる. Let's look at these in turn.\n\n### ～ふ\n\nThis is a [助動詞]{じょどうし}, often glossed as \"auxiliary verb\". These were very\nproductive in Old Japanese, and were used as suffixes to derive new senses\nfrom existing verb roots. The auxiliary ～ふ was used to indicate a repeated or\nongoing action or state. [Here's the Kotobank\npage](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B5-614866) with entries from various\nmonolingual Japanese dictionaries.\n\nThe ～ふ auxiliary attached to the [未然形]{みぜんけい} or \"irrealis form\" (where\n\"irrealis\" = \"hasn't happened yet\" or \"hasn't completed yet\"; see also\n[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood)) of a verb. This fits\nfor most of the cases above where we have ～ふ.\n\nAs a regular sound shift, medial (mid-word) //f// sounds (technically the\n[bilabial consonant\n[[ɸ]]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative), not the\n[labiodental consonant\n[[f]]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative) that we\nhave in English) shifted to //w// before //-a//, and generally vanished\notherwise. This is why we have things like [買う]{かう}, but also [買わない]{かわない}\nwith that //w// that appears -- this comes from older //kafu//. So the //f//\nin ふ shifted and disappeared, so all the verbs that ended in ～ふ now end in ～う\ninstead.\n\n⇒ If you see a modern verb that ends in ～う, it might be from this iterative /\nrepetitive / stative auxiliary ～ふ. Consider the meaning, and whether the part\nbefore the ～ふ might be another verb in the [未然形]{みぜんけい} conjugation ending in\n//-a//.\n\n### ～す\n\nThis is ultimately cognate with the everyday verb する (\"to do\"), and the\ncausative endings ～させる・～せる. It serves to make a verb causative (\"make\nsomething do\") or transitive (\"do something to something else\").\n\n### ～む\n\nThis appears to be ultimately cognate with the everyday verb [見る]{みる} (\"to\nsee\") and noun [目]{め} (\"eye\"), and probably also the suppositional /\nvolitional auxiliary ～む that became the modern _-ō_ or _-yō_ ending, as in\n[書こう]{かこう} or [食べよう]{たべよう}. The basic meaning in your sample verbs above is\nsomething like \"seems like, having that quality\" in the intransitive form ～まる,\nand \"make something seem like, make something have that quality\" in the\ntransitive form ～める.\n\n### ～れる\n\nThis is from older ～る, possibly in turn cognate with ある (\"is, to be\"). The\nbasic sense is \"happening spontaneously, or caused to happen by something\nelse\", basically in line with the modern _-areru_ or _-rareru_ passive /\npotential ending.\n\n## Divining the derivation: each word\n\nLet's look at each of the words in your sample list.\n\n### あつかう from あつく* + ふ\n\nThis is described on Kotobank in [the _Kokugo Dai Jiten_ (KDJ)\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%89%B1%E3%83%BB%E5%99%AF%E3%83%BB%E5%88%B7-2002469)\nas derived from [熱い]{あつい}・[暑い]{あつい} (\"hot\"), from the idea of worrying oneself\nabout something. Consider the English expression \"hot under the collar about\nsomething\". Over time, this shifted to \"worry oneself about something and get\nthat something done\", and from there to \"getting something done\", as in\n\"handling something\". The ～ふ appears to imply ongoing or repeated action.\n\n### あらわれる from ある + ふ + れる\n\nThis appears to be from ある (\"to come into being\") + ～ふ (\"continuing or ongoing\nstate\") + ～れる (\"spontaneous action happening on its own\"). Thus, \"to be coming\ninto being on its own\" → \"to appear, to manifest\".\n\n### あらわす from ある + ふ + す\n\nThis is the causative / transitive counterpart to あらわれる, and appears to be\nfrom ある (\"to come into being\") + ～ふ (\"continuing or ongoing state\") + ～す\n(\"causative / transitive suffix\"). Thus, \"to make something come into being\" →\n\"to make something apparent, to make something manifest\" → \"to reveal, to\nshow, to expose\".\n\n### あらそう from あら + す* + ふ\n\nThis appears to be ある (\"to come into being\") → あら (irrealis form, \"not done\ncoming into being\", i.e. \"raw, rough, unrefined\" → \"rough\") + ～す (\"causative\nor transitive suffix\") + ～ふ (\"continuing or ongoing state\").\n\nThe ～す* here is more speculative. The expected form for ～ふ to attach would be\nあらさふ, but the oldest texts (even as far back as 712) record this term as あらそふ.\nThere is a sound shift from //sau// to //sou// in Japanese, but that happens\nmuch later. I have also noticed an apparently //-a-// ↔ //-o-// alternation in\nvarious ancient vocabulary terms, where the //-a-// variant has nuances of\n\"external, outward, surface\" and the //-o-// variant has nuances of \"internal,\ninward, inherent\", and I wonder if this might be one such example.\n\nWe _can_ clearly point to almost-synonym あらがう, as referenced in the [語誌]{ごし}\nsection of the KDJ entry\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%89%E3%83%BB%E8%AB%8D-2003760), pointing\nto the root あら～ as the start of the verb.\n\n### あらためる from あらた + む\n\nThis is [新]{あらた} (\"new\") + ～む (\"to seem like, to have that quality\") in the\ntransitive ～める form (\"to make something seem like, to make something have that\nquality\"). Thus, \"to make something seem new, to make something have the\nquality of new-ness\" → \"to renew\", and by extension, \"to improve something; to\ncorrect something\".\n\n### あきらめる from あきら + む\n\nThis appears to be [明]{あきら} (\"bright, clear, distinct, visible\") + ～む (\"to\nseem like, to have that quality\") in the transitive ～める form (\"to make\nsomething seem like, to make something have that quality\"). Thus, the original\nmeaning may have been \"to make something clearly visible\", as described in the\nDajisen entry [here at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%AB%A6-573333).\nI'm not sure how the modern \"to quit\" sense might have arisen; perhaps from\n\"make something clear\" → \"make one's intentions clear (to stop doing\nsomething)\" → \"to quit\"?\n\n### あやまる from あや + む\n\nThis appears to be root あや as in [危うい]{あやうい} (\"risky, dangerous\") or\n[危ぶむ]{あやぶむ} (\"to worry that something is risky\") or [怪しい]{あやしい} (\"odd,\ntroublesome, vexing, irksome\") + ～む (\"to seem like, to have that quality\") in\nthe intransitive form ～まる. According to the [語誌]{ごし} notes in the KDJ entry\n[here at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%AA%A4-493470), the original\nsense was something like \"to draw close to peril\", shifting from there to a\ntransitive sense of \"to acknowledge one's mistake (in drawing close to peril)\"\n→ \"to apologize\".\n\n# Conclusion: not all related, but some are\n\nThere is only a limited set of roots possible that start with あ, and these\nroots appear in various derived terms that have developed over the years.\n\n* * *\n\nPlease comment if the above does not address your question, and I can edit to\nupdate.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-06T23:42:51.577", "id": "86509", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-07T06:49:07.207", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-07T06:49:07.207", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86494", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "JIS 0208 is frozen in development, in two versions (with different glyph\nforms): as JIS X 0208:1997 (the 1990 forms) and as JIS X 0208 (2004 forms). It\nhas basically never revised its contents since 1997, and only once, in 2004,\ncorrected the particular forms of the glyphs in it.\n\n人名用, however, are in constant development. Especially important was the case\nof 2004, when \"484 characters and variant forms of 209 jōyō kanji were added,\nbringing the total number of the jinmeiyō kanji to 983\". Of course, these\nincluded many characters that were not incorporated to 0208 years before.\n\nAs for the particular characters mentioned:\n\n俠 was JIS 0208:22-02 in 1978, but since the 1982 revisions, its place in 0208\nwas taken by 侠.\n\n焰 was JIS 0208:17-75 in 1978, but since the 1982 revisions, its place in 0208\nwas taken by 焔.\n\n禱 was JIS 0208:37-88 in 1978, but since the 1982 revisions, its place in 0208\nwas taken by 祷.\n\netc.\n\nI think the pattern in clear: these particular characters represent the\nreversal of the trend to [extended\nshinjitai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_shinjitai). Originally, when\n0208 was being compiled in 1978, the characters outside the, back then, [Tōyō\nkanji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji) list were included\nunsimplified. However, the 1982 revision wholesale replaced parts of\ncharacters even outside the list by analogy with tōyō. However, to 2004 the\npolicy was reversed, and now even adding the character to Jōyō is [not\nconsidered enough reason to\nsimplify](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/65354/27977). Hence, the newly\nappended name-allowed characters appeared in jinmeiyō in their unsimplified\nforms - which were thus not in 0208, from which the unsimplified forms were\ncut in 1982.\n\n**Further reading:**\n\n * Lunde, Ken - _CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing_ - O'Reilly Media (2009)\n * Lunde, Ken - _Prescriptive Kanji Simplification_ - PhD Wisconsin-Madison (1995), on the specific matter of 1982 0208 replacements.\n\nNote that the extended shinjitai matter does not explain all of the entries\nmentioned: for example, 吞 was explicitly added to jinmeiyō without any 0208\nprecedence. In fact, this character was only added to Adobe-Japan1-4 standard\nand thus is not even covered by simplest of Japanese fonts.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-06T09:01:51.570", "id": "86501", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-06T09:01:51.570", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "27977", "parent_id": "86497", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Is 来る strictly for coming to a physical location[?]\"\n\nThe answer to this part of the question is no, of course not. Google/Oxford\nDictionary:\n\n> 近づいてここに至る、届く。「いつかきた町」「手紙が―」「中村から連絡が―」。こちらに通ずる。 \n> 「山村に電灯がきた」\n\n\"[C]an it be used to describe a product a product release[?]\"\n\nYes, it works but 来る is not the best word for contexts involving movies. It is\nnot uncommon that 来る collocates with games. People often say things\nlike「ガンダムのゲームが来るぞ！」 But with movies, you got better word choices such as\n「上映」「公開」「封切る」(the last one often occurs in the passive 封切られる. Please see\n@aguijonazo's comments)\n\n> その映画は来月上映されます。\n\n> その映画は来月公開されます。\n\nIf it is music, 「リリース」is the most common word, and yes it came from \"release\".\nリリース also works with software and research reports.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-06T00:06:25.727", "id": "86499", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-06T00:38:04.623", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-06T00:38:04.623", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "86498", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This と is essentially the same as in と言う or と思う. In this case it makes an\nadverb out of the small sound word before it. Similar examples include ギュッと\nand ボーッと.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-06T12:51:42.547", "id": "86503", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-06T12:51:42.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "86502", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "飲めば, 言えば, etc. are conditional forms. `[V cond. form]-いい` literally means “if\nyou do (the act of the verb), it will be good.” Since the speaker is asserting\n“it will be good” giving only one condition, I think it would be safe to say\n`[V cond. form]-いい` indeed has the implication of “only if”.\n\nActually, it doesn’t always have the advice sense of “should.” Depending on\nthe context, いい could mean “I’m good with anything” or “I don’t care”.\n\n> 食べたいものを食べればいい。 \n> Eat whatever you want to eat. (I wouldn’t mind it.)\n\n> 好きなようにすればいい。 \n> Do as you wish. (I don’t care.)\n\nAs an expression for giving advice, `[V cond. form]-いい` could sound a bit\npushy. `[V た-form]-方がいい` would be a safer choice in most cases. This literally\ntranslates into something like “the alternative of having done (the act of the\nverb) would be better (than other alternatives)”, or more idiomatically, “it\nwould be better if you did (the act of the verb)”.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-06T16:46:59.973", "id": "86506", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-06T16:53:36.110", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-06T16:53:36.110", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86504", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "* 妙に: \"strangely\", \"oddly\", \"weirdly\"\n * 調子がいい: \"in good condition\"\n * も: (\"among other reasons\")\n * し: nonexhaustive reason marker\n\nSo C1 is saying she is feeling stronger/better than usual but she does not\nknow why. Since this is an _isekai_ story, this 妙に is may be a foreshadowing.\nMaybe this world is giving her power, for example.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-06T23:13:24.733", "id": "86508", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-07T02:26:49.980", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-07T02:26:49.980", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86507", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> What is the purpose of these obscure readings?\n\nIt is a question that would lead to the entire\n[Begriffsgeschichte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_history) of\nkun'yomi, but in a quick understanding, those kun readings are a different\nnotion from those in discussion of Japanese orthography.\n\nKanji dictionaries are conceptually a form of Chinese-Japanese dictionary.\nThus as [what I wrote in another\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32284),\n\n> Technically, kanji were foreign notions in Japanese; _on'yomi_ was the\n> **pronunciation** , and _kun'yomi_ was its **definition** in Japanese\n\nin the context of those dictionaries. The readings are intended to be at best\nJapanese glosses, not that you are recommended to substitute the kanji for an\nordinal word or phrase of Japanese. They can even contain on'yomi words as in\nyour こうじ or みかん. 字訓 of 大漢和辞典 (which sometimes are hilariously long) are [a\nperiodically viral internet\nmeme](https://dailyportalz.jp/b/cs/buzzly/article/160330196034/1.htm) (cf. [a\nMiku song](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjm-vUPfTf4)).\n\nQuite a few of those are indeed used in the [kanbun\nkundoku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbun) practice i.e. word-by-word\ntranslation of Classical Chinese into Japanese. Still, not many of them are\nemployed when you spontaneously write a Japanese text.\n\n> 掌丞天子、助理萬機（漢書・百官公卿表） \n> 天子【てんし】を丞【たす】け、萬機【ばんき】を助理【じょり】するを掌【つかさど】る", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T05:39:56.107", "id": "86539", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T05:39:56.107", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "86510", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Closest English counterpart I can think of is, \"what if\" or \"just imagine if\"\n\nふと脇を見て、そこに洗濯物がたたんであったりしたら。 What if, I looked to my side, and all the landries\nwere nicely folded right there. (how convenient would that be!)\n\nIt is a form of ommission, unique to Japanese. Imagine the full sentence being\nlike:\n\nふと脇を見て、そこに洗濯物がたたんであったりしたら、すごくありがたい。 What if I looked to my side and all the\nlaundries were nicely folded....that'd be handy!\n\nor\n\nふと脇を見て、そこに洗濯物がたたんであったりしたら、こわいぞ！\n\nWhat if I looked to my side and all the laundries were nicely folded....that'd\nbe spooky! (assuming you are the only one in the house)\n\nI have to see the context, so I can't give you the 100% translation - but I'd\nhazard a guess that - it's either someone lamenting how much laundry there is\nyet to be folded, or, cracking a joke about kind ghost that'd fold laundry for\nyou.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-07T11:20:32.200", "id": "86513", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-07T11:32:09.737", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-07T11:32:09.737", "last_editor_user_id": "14444", "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86512", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "したら is a conditional expression. This is a sentence (or a sentence fragment)\nthat consists only of a long \"if-clause\". The corresponding main clause has\nbeen left out.\n\nたり has two different roles:\n\n 1. Lists multiple actions \n\n> 休みの日は本を読んだりしています。 \n> On my days off, I read books or do something like this.\n\n 2. Indicates the marked verb is a rare/surprising possibility \n * [What is the meaning of 〜たりして?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5705/5010)\n * [What does 良いところだったりする mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52637/5010)\n * [Meaning of noun + だったりする](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13714/5010)\n\nThe correct translation would depend on the broader context, but this たり is\nprobably used in the latter sense. It probably implies that 洗濯物がたたんである in this\nsituation is a surprising (either positively or negatively) event to the\nspeaker.\n\n> ふと脇を見て、そこに洗濯物がたたんであっ **たり** したら。 \n> (I know this is unlikely but) In case [I/you/etc] happen to find the\n> laundry folded in there...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-07T11:57:14.473", "id": "86516", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-07T14:39:49.803", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-07T14:39:49.803", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86512", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "* 包丁 should be a larger knife which is used for cutting vegetables or meats. So, it is used to prepare large meals. (especially suitable for eastern Asian cuisine)\n\n * ナイフ should be a smaller knife which is used for cutting fruits or cakes. So, it is used to prepare desserts or something not so large. (especially suitable for western cuisine)\n\nIn addition to food preparation, ナイフ is used to describe a table knife (e.g.\nfor eating a steak) or an army knife (e.g. to protect yourself). We do not use\n包丁 in these situations.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-07T12:42:42.037", "id": "86518", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-07T16:20:18.717", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-07T16:20:18.717", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86517", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The second sentence (b) sounds natural, whereas the first (a) doesn’t, at\nleast not for what you wanted it to mean. It would mean you would do 予習 at the\nclass, which would be too late if it refers to preparations for that class.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-07T23:01:55.877", "id": "86527", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T00:42:59.283", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-08T00:42:59.283", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86520", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "You are correct, go with (b).\n\n出たら would be \"When you attend\"\n\n出るのなら would be \"If you plan to attend\"\n\nso, the latter is a better fit for \"You better study ahead.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T00:12:12.843", "id": "86531", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T08:53:08.300", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-08T08:53:08.300", "last_editor_user_id": "14444", "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86520", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The given translation seems perfect. That それ doesn't reference anything in\nparticular, just like that _that_ doesn't.\n\nIn most cases, それほど in a negative sentence should be understood as an\nadverbial expression as a whole whose function is to lessen a degree, just\nlike そんなに. Replacing it with あまり would cause as little difference in nuance as\nreplacing _that_ with _very_.\n\nそれほど sounds slightly more formal than そんなに but not so much as さほど.\n\nI wouldn't respond with それほど面白くなかった in your rock climbing scenario. It doesn't\nsound natural at all.\n\n> 週末ロッククライミングしたよ。君は？ \n> (*) それほど面白くなかった。\n\nFirst of all, it doesn't answer the question, which asks what the second\nperson did on the weekend. This problem has nothing to do with それほど. The\nproblem with それほど is precisely that それ would not be understood as referencing\nrock climbing or how interesting it was.\n\nThe following conversation solves the first problem and that in turn somewhat\nlessens the degree of the second, but the meaning of the response is ambiguous\nand it still sounds unnatural.\n\n> 週末ロッククライミングしたよ。君は？ \n> それほど面白いことはしなかった。\n\nThe following is better although some ambiguity still remains. そんな面白いこと would\nmost likely be understood as referring to rock climbing.\n\n> 週末ロッククライミングしたよ。君は？ \n> そんな面白いことはしなかった。\n\nそれほど in an affirmative sentence can be replaced with それぐらい. The referencing\nnature of それ is retained, but it usually refers to a degree that is mentioned\nor indicated earlier, rather than a concrete thing.\n\nFor example, それ in the second sentence below refers to what was stated in the\nfirst sentence: This book is so interesting that I have read it many times.\n\n> この本は何回も読んだ。この本はそれほど面白い。 \n> I have read this book many times. It is so interesting.\n\nIf I want to reference something concrete with それ in a sentence that states\nits degree in some quality is similar to something else, I would more likely\nsay それと同じぐらい as in the following example.\n\n> 先月面白い本を読んだ。この本はそれと同じぐらい面白い。 \n> I read an interesting book last month. This book is as interesting as that\n> one.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT] Added examples at the end and rephrased the explanation about それと同じぐらい.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-07T22:57:31.047", "id": "86526", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T12:22:57.953", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-08T12:22:57.953", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86522", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "While いけない can indeed mean “hopeless”, in this context it is used more in the\nmeaning of “not good; wrong”.\n\nSome examples from Kenkyusha J-E dictionary:\n\n> なんていけない子だろう. \n> What a naughty child you are!\n>\n> いけない, いけないと思いながら, つい彼の言いなりになってしまった. \n> Against my better judgment, I went along with him.\n>\n> 君がいけないんだ. \n> It’s your fault. | You are to blame.\n\nEspecially the last example fits your context well.\n\nAdditionally, 綺麗 means not only “beautiful/pretty” but also “clean/pure (i.e.\nfree of dirt/impurities)”, both in literal and figurative sense.\n\nSo the phrase could mean something like:\n\n> It’s all because your heart/soul is so pure", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-07T23:12:54.593", "id": "86529", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T14:41:26.440", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-08T14:41:26.440", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "86523", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "It is usually used before consonants that are categorized in phonetics as\nplosives or stops, affricates, and unvoiced fricatives, or more precisely\nunvoiced sibilants.\n\nStops: the initial sounds of か /k/, が /g/, た /t/, だ /d/, ぱ /p/, and ば /b/\n\nAffricates: the initial sounds of ち /tɕ/, じ or ぢ /dʑ/, つ /ts/, and ず or づ /dz/\n\nUnvoiced sibilants: the initial sound of さ /s/ and し /ɕ/\n\nThe initial sounds of は /h/, ひ /ç/, and ふ /ɸ/ are also unvoiced fricatives,\nbut (not being sibilants) they are usually not used with a small っ, at least\nnot in Japanese words.\n\nHow foreign words are spelled is rather arbitrary as you can see in the pair\nof バッグ (bag) and バグ (bug). The reason ポスト has no small ッ is probably because\nthe vowel in “post” is a so-called “long” vowel and it doesn’t sound like ポッスト\nto a Japanese ear. (ポスット is even less likely.) In addition, the /s/ sound,\nunlike /t/, /p/, etc., doesn’t usually require a small っ unless it is followed\nby a vowel. For example, “bus” is spelled バス and “pass” as パス, whereas\n“message” is written メッセージ. There are a few exceptions to this rule as “kiss”\nmay be spelled either キス or キッス. The latter sounds a bit comical.\n\nIn some foreign names or words, a small ッ appears before a sound that is\nusually not used with it, as in バッハ (Bach), ハインリッヒ (Heinrich), カペッロ (Capello),\netc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-07T23:58:22.127", "id": "86530", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T00:04:22.023", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-08T00:04:22.023", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86524", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "いく in 出来上がっていく describes a process of change that goes on into the future.\nこうやってニートが出来上がるのね is also fine. いく adds a nuance that this process, of neets\nbeing created like that, will continue. She may have in mind other people like\nthe person she is talking to becoming neets through a similar process.\n\n部活をする or 部活をやる refers to the act of engaging in some activity as a member of a\nclub at school. 部活 here is the object of the verb する or やる.\n\nYou should understand 何の部活もやらない the same way you would other sentences with a\nquestion word like 何 and も, such as 何も食べない.\n\n何の部活もやってこなかった describes a process that has led to the current state in this\ncontext. So the translation seems correct.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T00:39:03.583", "id": "86532", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T00:39:03.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86525", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I figured it out!\n\nit seems [noun + っていったって] is a spoken form of [noun + と言っても], which means\n[even though (I) say \"noun\"].\n\nand だいたい can indicate the origin of a bad outcome in some cases (like \"in the\nfirst place\")\n\nso the whole sentence would be something like: [Even though I say \"sports\nwriter\" to begin with, these days it’s nothing but scandal coverage!]", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T02:27:26.327", "id": "86535", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T02:27:26.327", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43878", "parent_id": "86533", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As suggested in the comment above, this is a case of omitted comma, or, てん\nand/or かぎかっこ「」。\n\n「たくさん、食べるぞ！」、って【いう】日は、お休みの前日とかにしてます。\n\nWell ya know, sometimes you wanna eat till you burst. But I make a point to\nnot do that before a workday.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T09:04:38.873", "id": "86541", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T09:04:38.873", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86534", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "My _literal_ translation would be:\n\n> Today, when you thought about death, is the same day those who died\n> yesterday would have killed to live.\n\nAs you can tell, I am not a native speaker of English and therefore cannot\ntell how much this really makes sense or to what extent the part with “would\nhave killed” retains the original pun.\n\n* * *\n\nA second try...\n\n> Today, when you thought of dying, is the same day those who died yesterday\n> had been dying to live.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T03:15:43.657", "id": "86537", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T05:00:05.343", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-08T05:00:05.343", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86536", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "Let me share my translation attempt too:\n\n> You were thinking of dying today, while those who died yesterday would have\n> died for being alive [today].", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T23:28:31.750", "id": "86545", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T23:33:42.163", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-08T23:33:42.163", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "86536", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "It seems that the [original\nquote](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q139018818)\ncomes from a book called 「カシコギ」by Korean author 趙 昌仁 (Cho Chang-in).\n\n> あなたが虚{むな}しく過ごした今日という日は、きのう死んでいったものが、あれほど生きたいと願ったあした。\n>\n> To the people who died yesterday, this day that you spent idling away your\n> life, the day you call today, will forever be a tomorrow that they\n> desperately wanted to, but never got to live.\n\nIt seems that 今日 and あした in the original quote definitely refer to _today_ and\ntomorrow, but I feel like 今日 and 昨日 are sometimes used as metaphors for _the\npresent_ and _the past_ (although I can't think of any examples off the top of\nmy head).\n\nSo considering the metaphorical use of 今日 and 昨日, maybe your quote could be\ntranslated like this:\n\n> Before you think about dying, just consider those who couldn't afford to\n> live another day.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T10:26:52.973", "id": "86553", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T13:32:03.233", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-09T13:32:03.233", "last_editor_user_id": "39516", "owner_user_id": "39516", "parent_id": "86536", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I'm a bit confused by the question and the answers here where there's all this\ntalk about _literal_ translations but no one seems to be noticing the たい of\n死にたい or 生きたい. This is completely glossed over.\n\n@JansthcirlU seems to come closest to a literal rendering and an interesting\nsource for this quote, but then returns to translating 死にたいと思う as \"think about\ndying\" rather than \"hoping/wanting to die\".\n\nI was interested in seeing what others would say about 死ぬほど. It seems a bit of\nan exaggeration given that they're dead and they want to live to the point of\ndying.\n\nSo here's my rendering:\n\n> Today when you wish to die is a day those who died yesterday _desperately_\n> hoped to live for.\n\nto keep the pun\n\n> Today when you wish to die is a day those who died yesterday wanted to live\n> for so much they could die.\n\nI think this is clearly a rebuke (though without any further context, that's\nreally hard to say). To translate 死にたいと思う as \"thinking about dying\" seems too\ncasual and the rebuke is almost lost. あなた wants to die; あなた is being rebuked\nfor this desire on the grounds that there are those who've died who would have\nwished to live today. It's almost like, \" _how dare you wish to die when there\nare others who've already died who would have equally wished to live another\nday._ \"\n\nAnd so perhaps a bit closer (and I question whether this really comes through\nat all in the Japanese, but here I go)\n\n> あなたが「死にたい」と思った今日は、昨日死んだ人達が _死ぬほど_ 「生きたい」と思った日なんです\n\n> Today when you want to die is the day when others who died yesterday wanted\n> to live _to the degree that you die_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T13:56:03.303", "id": "86563", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T16:14:30.763", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-09T16:14:30.763", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86536", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> ベッドの上でうろんな貝の気分になっている。\n\nThis passage brings to me an image of someone curled up on the bed, like a\nhuge mollusk retreating into its shell. With this little context I can't\nfigure who exactly is this about and why would they feel like that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T10:25:15.340", "id": "86543", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T10:25:15.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "86540", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "私がどのようにして友達のマイケルに出会ったのか is \"how I met my friend Michael\". This is a long noun\nphrase known as [embedded\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/13038/5010). の before か is a\nspecial noun called [explanatory-\nno](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010).\n\n * どのようにして: how (see [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17622/5010)) \n * どのように: which way / what way\n * して: (by) doing\n * 友達のマイケル: my friend Michael\n * の: [explanatory-no](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010)\n * か: question marker, forming an embedded question\n * ～について: about ～\n\n> さあ[私がどのようにして友達のマイケルに出会ったのか]についてお話しましょう。 \n> Now, let me talk about [how I met my friend Michael].", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T03:28:16.777", "id": "86550", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T03:28:16.777", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86542", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "For the sake of explanation, let’s first look at a set of sentences in which\n舐めた／舐めていた／舐めている modifies a concrete noun.\n\n> 1-a) 昨日舐め **た** 飴がここにある。 \n> 1-b) 以前よく舐め **ていた** 飴がここにある。 \n> 1-c) 毎日舐め **ている** 飴がここにある。 \n>\n\nThe tense of the main clause is the present as in your example. Despite the\nsimilar difference in tense in the part before 飴, you should have little\ndifficulty distinguishing their meanings. The action of 舐める happened at a\nspecific point in time in the first, whereas it is a past and current habit in\nthe second and the third, respectively.\n\nNow, let’s look at another set with a more abstract noun.\n\n> 2-a) 相手を舐め **た** 訳ではない。 \n> 2-b) 相手を舐め **ていた** 訳ではない。 \n> 2-c) 相手を舐め **ている** 訳ではない。\n\nHere the verb 舐める is used figuratively and the 〜ている form in this usage is more\nnaturally understood as describing a state of mind than an ongoing action or a\nhabit. Otherwise, there is not much difference from the first set. The act of\nunderestimating the opponents happened at some specific point in time in the\nfirst (perhaps at a planning stage before the battle began), whereas it is a\npast state (perhaps when the battle was still at its early stages) and a\ncurrent state of the speaker’s mind in the second and third, respectively.\n\nThis doesn’t fundamentally change in the following.\n\n> 3-a) 相手を舐め **た** つもりはない。 \n> 3-b) 相手を舐め **ていた** つもりはない。 \n> 3-c) 相手を舐め **ている** つもりはない。\n\nWhat is not your “intention” (つもり) in each corresponds to what is denied by\n〜訳ではない in the set above.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nWith regard to the additional question (in the comments) about whether 把握し\n**ていた** つもり can be replaced with 把握し **ている** つもり in the following example, my\nshort answer would be “yes.”\n\n>\n> 言葉というのは難しいね。理解したつもりでも、状況や込められた感情によって意味が異なる。私もそのときは意味を把握していたつもりだったのだけれど、今になって考えてみると、シンの言葉を正確に捉えられているかが不安になってきたんだ……\n\nI guess what is happening here is like this. Technically speaking, the 把握していた\nin 把握し **ていた** つもりだった is supposed to refer to a state at an earlier time than\nthe time at which she thought it was her “intention” (つもり). However, with no\nexpression in the sentence that clarifies when it was, this time frame gets\nshifted forward and merged into the latter time and thus blurs the distinction\nfrom 把握し **ている** つもりだった.\n\nAlternatively, 把握していた could be understood as describing a completed state. The\npunctual act of 把握する had happened earlier and she was already in the resulting\nstate of 把握している at that time, or that’s what she thought was the case. 把握し\n**ていた** つもりだった works better than 把握し **ている** つもりだった in this case, although the\nfinal state (of “understanding”) she thought she was in is the same.\n\nHere is my attempt to explain the difference with English translations.\n\n> 把握し **ている** つもりだった \n> I thought I understood it (then).\n\n> 把握し **ていた** つもりだった \n> I thought I understood it (then). [same as above] \n> I thought I had understood it (by then). [completed state]\n\nIn the first of the two English translations, the verb “understand” is used in\nits stative sense, to describe a past state of mind, whereas in the second\n(last), the same verb is used in its punctual sense (“grasp”), to describe a\nchange of state that had happened earlier. The result is the same. She thought\nshe understood it in the end.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T00:02:46.983", "id": "86548", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T00:07:03.213", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T00:07:03.213", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86544", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is the common grammatical structure that emphasizes an absence of\n[something].\n\n`何{なん}の + [something] + も + [negative verb]`\n\nFor example, the opposite of「役に立つ」is「何の役にも立たない」, which means \"useless\" or \"not\nhelpful.\" Another example,「何の意味もない」means \"devoid of meaning.\"\n\nBack to your question,「何の躊躇いもない」means \"no hesitation.\" When it is in 連用形, it\nmeans \"without hesitation.\" The whole sentence can be understood as\n\n> I want to become a person who answers without hesitation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T11:45:16.867", "id": "86556", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T11:45:16.867", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "86555", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "> How much does the sentence's meaning change if it weren't there?\n\nIt would be slightly less emphasized.\n\nIt's like the difference between appending \"whatsoever\" at the end or not in\nEnglish.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T13:19:05.130", "id": "86560", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T13:19:05.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86555", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "1. [Mother] (Yamada's) dinner is ready. (Yamada is a house guest and it's been some time, like a week)\n\n 2. [Tanaka] Which room? (in the house)\n\n 3. [Mother] Well, figured Zashiki (Japanese style guest room, not to stay but to greet/dine) would be good?\n\n 4. [Tanaka] Hmm, not sure about that, isn't it high time Yamada's part of the fam? What do you say Yamada? (suggesting s/he eat at dining room or kitchen with the family) (literal translation; we should stop treating him/her like a guest. But IMO it could sound either positive or negative when spelt so in English)\n\n 5. [Yamada] Indeed, I'd like that.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T13:11:22.140", "id": "86558", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T13:11:22.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86557", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I see a common pattern here, a lot of people wonder \"What is useage of X at\nthe end of the sentence?\" It's often some form of omission. The sentence\nhasn't ended. The rest is just chopped off, so the usual grammar apply. You\njust have to supplement the missing bits.\n\n「まあ、そりゃそうだよな、【 圧力計の 】針【 を 】振り切る【 くらい 】なら【 まあそのくらい力の強い人間もいるだろうと理解できるけれども 】バネ 【\nを 】引き千切るって【\nいうのは想像を絶するような握力であり、そんな怪力を持った人間が身近にいればそれは想像を絶する事！だけど、士道が説明してくれたことによって、バネが切れたのは金属疲労によるためと分かったから、まあそういうことなら話は分かる\n】」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T13:32:36.833", "id": "86561", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T13:32:36.833", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86559", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This って is working as a colloquial and emphatic topic marker (=(の)は, とは,\nというのは).\n\n * [What is the meaning and grammatical construction of 人って?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12327/5010)\n\n> Being used as a colloquial topic marker (instead of は or とは)\n\n * [Confused about って in this sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/50246/5010)\n\nAnd とは/って can express a surprise, a _tsukkomi_ , or a similar sentiment:\n\n * [Help with お逃げになられるとは](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24976/5010)\n\n> The important thing is that one can end a sentence with this 「とは」 without\n> directly stating how one feels about an event/situation.\n\n * [The usage of とは in 緊急招集とは、おだやかではないな](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25323/5010)\n\nSo バネ引き千切るって is a colloquial version of バネを引き千切るのは or バネを引きちぎるとは, which\nliterally means \"(but) tearing off the spring was (impossible / surprising /\netc)\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-10T01:02:31.430", "id": "86571", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-10T01:09:34.477", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-10T01:09:34.477", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86559", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I thought I might add a note on intonation.\n\nって at the end of a sentence is spoken with a rising intonation if you are\nactually asking or asking for something, such as a definition of a word or\nphrase, or an explanation for a situation. When spoken with a falling\nintonation, it usually indicates surprise, incredulity, or bewilderment on the\npart of the speaker.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-10T01:23:26.540", "id": "86572", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-10T01:23:26.540", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86559", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Although it also has multiple meanings, 調子 is commonly used for describing\none’s physical state as in 調子がいい or 調子が悪い (can be made even more explicit by\nusing 体{からだ}の調子)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-09T16:15:49.687", "id": "86565", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-09T16:15:49.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3295", "parent_id": "86564", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The kanji 江 does mean \"river\", too, although this meaning is almost obsolete.\nSee [this entry](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%B1%9F-1). For example, 江 is in the\nname of 長江 ([Yangtze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze)). [This\npage](https://chu-\nchannel.com/%E5%B7%9D%E3%81%A8%E6%B2%B3%E3%81%A8%E6%B1%9F-7110) (written in\nJapanese) explains the differences of three kanji that means \"river\" (川, 河,\n江).\n\nAs for the reading, the only \"official\" kun-reading of 江 is え today, but the\nreadings of kanji were not very standardized in the past. Since 江 meant\n\"river\", かわ could have been recognized as a valid kun-reading of 江 in the\npast. In addition, kanji in proper nouns can have lots of unpredictable\nreadings (sometimes referred to as [_nanori_\nreadings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanori)). There are so many place\nnames and person names having such special readings that even native Japanese\nspeakers often cannot read them.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-10T02:04:44.243", "id": "86573", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-10T02:21:47.970", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-10T02:21:47.970", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86566", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "話さなくている is already ungrammatical without (て)しまう/ちゃう. The correct form is\n話していない (\"is not talking/telling\" or \"has not told\") or 話さないでいる (\"to keep it\nuntold\"). There are two ways of combining (て)いる and ない. See: [～ないでいる verb\nending](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13635/5010) and [〜ていない vs\n〜ないでいる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72992/5010). Also note that (て)いる\nhas [two different meanings](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010)\n(progressive and perfect).\n\nTo conjugate 話す, see the table below. When you \"stack\" conjugations, there is\na certain order you have to remember. I didn't know whether you wanted to say\n話していない or 話さないでいる, so the following table contains the conjugations of both.\n\n| plain | -te-simau | -chau \n---|---|---|--- \nnonnegative | 話す | 話してしまう | 話しちゃう \nnegative | 話さない | 話してしまわない | 話しちゃわない \npast | 話した | 話してしまった | 話しちゃった \npast-negative | 話さなかった | 話してしまわなかった | **話しちゃわなかった** \nwith ている | 話している1 | 話してしまっている2 | 話しちゃっている2 \nwith ていない | 話していない3 | 話してしまっていない4 | **話しちゃっていない** 4 \nwith ないでいる | 話さないでいる5 | 話してしまわないでいる6 | **話しちゃわないでいる** 6 \n \n1 can mean either \"is talking/telling\" or \"has told\" \n2 \"has told it (already, regrettably)\" or sometimes \"is telling it (although\nthat's undesirable)\" \n3 can mean either \"is not talking\" or \"has not told\" \n4 \"has not told it (yet, because telling it is undesirable)\" \n5 \"is keeping it untold\" \n6 \"is keeping it untold (because telling it is undesirable)\"\n\n**EDIT:** In case you wanted to say something like \"Unfortunately I haven't\ntold it (to someone) yet\" (i.e., the \"untold\" state itself is undesirable),\nit's difficult to express this using (て)しまう/ちゃう. You have to say\n(残念ながら)(まだ)話せていません or something.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-10T00:31:59.560", "id": "86568", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-10T05:54:04.850", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-10T05:54:04.850", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86567", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "ちゃう is a contracted form of てしまう. You use てしまう (ちゃう) when you regret something\nyou have done or something has been completed. It doesn’t go well with a non-\naction like 話さない.\n\nHaving said that, it can be used for a change that has resulted in that state.\nThe change that results in the state of “not speaking” can be expressed as\n話さなくなる. If you regret that change or want to express its completeness, you can\nsay 話さなくなってしまう or 話さなくなっちゃう.\n\nHowever, this sounds like you are referring to someone other than yourself.\nIt’s more natural to say [黙]{だま}っちゃう if you are talking about yourself.\n\nBy the way, 話さなくている sounds unnatural. It should be 話さないでいる.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-10T00:33:35.157", "id": "86569", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-10T01:52:17.627", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-10T01:52:17.627", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86567", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "ちゃう can be used in several completely different ways. Since you mentioned\nnegation, I am certain you are entering the wild and wonderful world of the\nOsakan dialect.\n\nAs standard Japanese:\n\n[Verb] + \"ちゃう\" means: （a contraction of て しまう）\n\n 1. \"go ahead and...\" (wasn't sure if you had permission to do so.) (see a delicious-looking cake and) 食べちゃう！ (I'm gonna eat it, though I'm not if it's for me or I'm even allowed.) This usage often conjugates as: 食べちゃおう！(with a nuance that _I_ am hereby deciding to go ahead and...) WHen you have slight doubt; 食べちゃおうかな・・・？(maybe I'm gonna eat it...maybe not....dunno.)\n\n 2. \"I screwed up and... A well-regarded marathon athelete, Seko, once said こけちゃいました！ in an interview. He tripped and fell, but picked himself up and kept going. こける means to trip while running. こけちゃう、 a contraction of こけてしまう、 means I tripped!\n\nBut ちゃう can be seen very often as an Osaka (Kansai) dialect of 違う(incorrect).\n\nちゃうでそれ。 no, that ain't right.\n\nOsakan A: １０たす１２は２３やろ？\n\nOsakan B: ちゃう、２２や。\n\nA funny tongue twister with that would be:\n\nPerson A: \"Hey, I see a little dog over there - is that a Chow chow?\"\n\nPerson B: \"That's not a chow chow. See?\"\n\nthe second line goes:\n\nちゃうちゃうちゃうんちゃう？\n\n【その犬が】チャウチャウ【であるという事は】違う（ちゃう, dialect）のでは（ん、dialect）ないですか（ちゃう？）\n\n* * *\n\nNow with that explained,\n\n> If to say \"I'm not speaking\" is 話さなくている then to use ちゃう in here, do I say\n> 話さなくちゃた to say \"I didn't speak\"?\n\nThis, I'm sorry, sounds and is incorrect. If I hear someone say 話さなくちゃた, the\nfirst thing I'd think is this person isn't a native speaker. The giveaway is\nthat the Osakan dialect ちゃう never conjugates. It never becomes ちゃた。 or\nちゃった。And therefore, I'm forced to interpret it as the standard Japanese\nちゃった。So the second thing I'd think is, probably it's meant to be:\n\n話さなくなっちゃった, a contraction of 話さなくなってしまった。\n\n(The person was takative, but all the sudden became quiet, and you wonder why\ns/he isn't talking anymore. You wonder if you've said something wrong.)\n\nIn sum, if you were trying to use ちゃう as a negative, you have to do a deep\ndive in Osaka dialect, which is no small feat if you are learning Japanese.\n\nはなしとんちゃうでー！ which is missing a piece, in this usage it needs a topic it is\nabout 国籍の話しとんちゃうで nooo I wasn't talkinga bout nationality! スープの話しとんちゃうで nooo I\nwans't talking about the soup!\n\nIf this is too confusing, don't use ちゃう to mean negative. You can do without\nit - in fact you want to refrain from using it to mean negative outside of\nOsaka/Kansai region. It would go as well as doing a thick new york accent in\nsoutern California. If you do want to master it, live in Osaka for a couple of\nweeks and that'll do!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-10T00:38:05.967", "id": "86570", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-13T06:28:56.703", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-13T06:28:56.703", "last_editor_user_id": "14444", "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86567", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "There is not much difference in these particular cases. Both に and で indicate\na cause.\n\nHaving said that, I personally sense a subtle difference in nuance. The\nsentence with に in each pair brings me a more vivid image of the subject\nenduring the cold or the fear, shivering. This may be because the particle に\nmakes me imagine the subject _in_ that situation. It also sounds a bit\nliterary. The sentence with で sounds to me more neutral and matter-of-fact.\nBut this is subjective.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-11T02:55:42.133", "id": "86582", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-11T02:55:42.133", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86575", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "-風（ふう）\n\n-style\n\n韓国風焼肉 Korean BBQ\n\n和風パスタ Japanese style pasta\n\nyakiimo (baked sweet potato) ice cream - [it\nexists!](https://www.google.com/search?q=%E7%84%BC%E3%81%8D%E8%8A%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9&rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS737US737&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUnYGu_8DwAhXUqZ4KHeB-\nBQoQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1895&bih=1036)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-11T06:26:30.687", "id": "86585", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-11T06:26:30.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86577", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all, you don’t use a humble form to refer to something a customer\ndoes. So, that お持ち込み was not part of a humble form absorbed into a preceding\nnoun phrase, to begin with. You should treat it like any other noun with a\npoliteness or honorific prefix お, such as お食事.\n\nThen, the sentence must start looking not much different from a sentence like:\n\n> こちらでのお食事はできません。\n\nの is necessary here in order for こちらで to modify お食事 to form a noun phrase. The\nの in 機内へのお持ち込み is necessary for the same reason. The reason it has to be へ,\ninstead of に, is that にの is not a valid combination.\n\nBy the way, the corresponding honorific form is お持ち込みになる.\n\n* * *\n\n[Clarification]\n\n機内へお持ち込みはできません and 機内にお持ち込みはできません are both as valid as こちらでお食事はできません. If you\nwant to make it a noun phrase, you need の and の doesn’t go well with に.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-10T23:19:49.850", "id": "86581", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:59:59.803", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:59:59.803", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86578", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think みたい is the answer because the person B seems surprised and glad to\nhear what the person A said. The situation would be:\n\n * The person A sang a song of a popular singer or one who is considered to be a good singer.\n * The person B gave him/her a compliment for his/her voice.\n\nThere are slight difference among みたい, そう and っぽい。 When you say みたい, it is\nalmost true and you can hardly find difference. When you say そう, it is\nprobably true and -ish but you are not sure for that. When you say っぽい, it\nsounds/seems same or resembles to the original one but you don't think it is\nthat. You can find similar part of that but you also find many difference\nbetween them.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-12T05:44:47.780", "id": "86598", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-12T05:44:47.780", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43925", "parent_id": "86580", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「～という」は、『同格』や、「～と言っている」「～という内容の」のような『引用』のほかに、「～という状況・立場の」「～という気持ち・性格の」といったような『説明』にも使われます。例えば、\n\n> 人前で話すのが苦手 **という** 人 \n> どうやって勉強したらいいかわからない **という** 人\n\nなどは、\n\n> 「人前で話すのが苦手な人、苦手な性格の人」 \n> 「どうやって勉強したらいいかわからない人、わからないと思っている人」\n\nというような意味合いだと考えてよいと思います。\n\nご質問の例の、\n\n> そろそろ初めての定期テスト **という** 方 \n> まだ持っていない **という** 方 \n> 連休明けから定期テスト **という** 方\n\nは、「～という状況の、立場の」というような意味で、\n\n> 「『そろそろ初めての定期テスト(だ)』という（状況の）[方]{かた}」 \n> 「『まだ持っていない』という（状況の）[方]{かた}」、「まだ持っていない方」 \n> 「『連休明けから定期テスト(だ)』という（状況の）[方]{かた}」\n\nというような意味合いだと考えてよいと思います。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-12T01:18:44.160", "id": "86593", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-12T01:18:44.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86584", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe the correct answer should be 「書こうにも」.\n\nGrammatical sentences are:\n\n> 「手を怪我してしまった。これでは急ぎの書類を **書こうにも書けない** 。」 \n> 「こう毎日レポートや試験に追われていては、国の両親に手紙を **書こうにも書けない** 。」\n\n「書き **よう** にもかけない」 is not correct.\n\nThe formula is: 「volitional form 書こう + にも + potential negative 書けない」.\n\n書きよう is not the volitional form. It's 書き+[様]{よう}, \"way of writing\".\n\nTo use 「書きよう」 you could say:\n\n「～の **書きようがない** 。」 \"There's no way to write...\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-11T13:52:37.743", "id": "86588", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-11T13:52:37.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86587", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, 体験を送る is understandable by analogy from 生活を送る, but 体験を送る is not a common\ncollocation. This sentence would be more natural if it were 幼児時代を過ごしている,\n幼児時代を送っている, 父親の愛情なしに育っている or something. (The standard verb used with 体験 is する\n(e.g., つらい体験をする), but 父親の愛情なき幼児体験をする doesn't make much sense anyway, because\nloveless-ness is not a one-time episode/event.)\n\nYou can check which noun is used with which verb using a corpus like\n[this](https://nlb.ninjal.ac.jp/). 体験を送る is not listed as a set phrase. I\nsuppose this is just a typo or author-specific misuse.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-11T23:13:47.583", "id": "86590", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-11T23:13:47.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86589", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "幼児体験で育つ would also be understood but it doesn’t sound any more natural than\n幼児体験を送る, which is indeed uncommon. When the verb 育つ is used with the particle\nで, one would expect that で to indicate a place or environment where the person\ngrows up. 体験 doesn’t quire meet this requirement. (It doesn’t quite make sense\nas a means, either.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-11T23:51:32.460", "id": "86591", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-11T23:51:32.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86589", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This あげられる is the honorific form of あげる.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nI realized the problem is in your understanding of the verb あげる, rather than\n(or at least before) your interpretation of 〜られる here.\n\nKeiko cannot be the recipient in the following sentence, to begin with.\n\n> それを圭子さんは古美門先生にあげられた。\n\nIf she were the recipient, Kimie would have said:\n\n> それを圭子さんは古美門先生にもらった。\n\nThat’s supposing Kimie doesn’t use honorific language to Keiko.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-12T02:34:51.967", "id": "86595", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-12T03:10:00.510", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-12T03:10:00.510", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86594", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "かまっち is just the [name of a monster in\nDQ9](https://wikiwiki.jp/dqdic3rd/%E3%80%90%E3%81%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A1%E3%80%91)\n(かま is 鎌, and [-っち](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/29647/5010) is a kind\nof suffix). って is a colloquial version of という.\n\n> かまっちって魔物 \n> monster called Kamatchi", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-12T04:23:35.760", "id": "86597", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-12T04:23:35.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86596", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "I don’t have enough context but my guess would be something like this.\n\n> B: We cannot rule out that possibility. But I think we should \"take a hit or\n> two\" (on our enemies) at this stage. It would be beneficial from the\n> viewpoint of our men’s exhaustion (or energy consumption).\n\n> A: Indeed. Just staying alert would exhaust them.\n\nThe quoted part above is my very literal translation of ひと当てふた当てする as 当てる\nmeans “to hit” or “to strike”. I suppose the speaker is referring to some kind\nof attack.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\nI later found that \"make a strike or two\" would make much more sense in this\ncontext and be still literal enough.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-12T11:56:36.910", "id": "86601", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-12T14:14:32.967", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-12T14:14:32.967", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86600", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Firstly, ~と言えば literally means \"~ speaking of\", but there's an idiomatic usage\nwhere you use it to present things that are typical, are representative, or\ncome to your mind in regards of ~. For example:\n\n> スペインと言えば、パエリアと闘牛です。 Literal translation: \"Speaking of Spain, paella and\n> bullfights.\" What it really means: \"Paella and Bullfights are typical\n> Spanish things.\"\n\nI think this is the usage in your sentence. So, if the sentence starts\n日本の名所といえば, what I expect would follow are things representative/typical of\nfamous places in Japan. One of such places is the 温泉.\n\nAs regards も, here it is signalling that there are other (unmentioned, or\nperhaps mentioned previously in the conversation) 日本の名所 besides 温泉.\n\nFinally, as you noticed, ~ことができる means \"to be able to ~\", so the negative form\nwould mean \"not to be able to ~\" or \"can't ~\". For this reason, 忘れることはできません\ncan be translated as \"[We] can't forget\".\n\nAll in all, I would translate it as\n\n> Onsen is another famous Japanese place we can't forget about.\n\nor\n\n> When it comes to Japanese famous places, we can't forget about onsen,\n> either.\n\nWhatever clicks better for you.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-12T18:58:39.010", "id": "86606", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T21:12:03.610", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-14T21:12:03.610", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "86602", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "> 1. \"The conjugations have a commutative property (\"causative passive\" is\n> semantically identical to the \"passive causative\")\n>\n\nThis would be categorically false. Can you throw me several examples you think\nit might work? (by commutative I assume it is meant like how addition is\ncommutative, like 2+3=3+2, i.e. can flip orders)\n\n> 2. The \"causative passive\" is euphonically preferred (「聞かせられる」 is easier\n> to say and more pleasing to hear than 「聞かれらせる」);\n>\n\nAs I commented above, I can defintiely tell that 聞かれらせる is - before it's easy\non the ear or not - absolutely wrong. So regardless of where you are coming\nfrom - Hypothesis (2) does not have a leg to stand on, since it is assuming\nboth forms are valid but one is preferred. That is not the case.\n\nTo list the examples posted here:\n\n聞かせられる: Forced to listen to (against will).\n\n聞かれらせる: wrong, can't even guess what it wants to say.\n\n聞かれさせる: almost there, what you really want is 聞かさせられる.\n([reference]](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10137159955))", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-12T23:37:35.350", "id": "86607", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-13T05:28:38.233", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-13T05:28:38.233", "last_editor_user_id": "14444", "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86605", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "There is no \"passive-causative form\" as you suggest in Japanese. Japanese verb\nconjugations can be \"stacked\", but not all combinations are possible. There is\na correct order you have to respect. If you want the causative-passive meaning\ndescribed in your textbook, you must always use させられる, not られさせる.\n\n * つまらない音楽を聞かせられた。(or ～を聞かされた) \nI was made to listen to boring music. (i.e., They made me listen to boring\nmusic.)\n\n * 私は泣かせられた。(or 泣かされた) \nI was made to cry.\n\nSometimes, there are situations where you want to \"make someone/something be\nin some passive state\". Even in such cases, \"passive-causative\" られさせる is not a\nthing. Instead, you need to say ～れるようにする, ～れろと言う/命じる, etc.\n\n * 音楽が聞かれるようにした。 \nI let the music be heard. \n(×聞かれさせた is incorrect)\n\n * 彼に殴られろと命じた。 \nI told him that he must be beaten. \n(×殴られさせた is incorrect)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-13T00:01:03.727", "id": "86608", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-13T00:06:26.030", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-13T00:06:26.030", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86605", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Your first hypothesis simply doesn’t hold. If you thought it might, you may\nnot understand how causative-passives work.\n\nIf such a thing exists at all, the passive-causative form of 聞く would be\n聞かれさせる, not 聞かれらせる. (A passive form is also valid as an _ichidan_ , or\nGroup-2, verb, and a verb in that group takes -させる to form a causative.)\n\nIf 聞かれさせる means anything, its main function would be that of させる, its final\ncomponent. It would be understood as causing some situation that in turn is\ndescribed with a passive. Order matters.\n\nI can think of two imaginary usages.\n\n> (*) XにYを聞かれさせる。\n\n> (*) XにYに聞かれさせる。\n\nThe situation to be caused would be described as Yを聞かれる in the first and\nYに聞かれる in the second. Either way, X would not be an active agent in this\nsituation. (If X is the one who hears Y in the first case, you would simply\nsay XにYを聞かせる.)\n\nThat means X would also have to somehow “cause” that situation indirectly.\nIt’s like doing so on behalf of the speaker in the above sentences.\n\nSuch ideas can be expressed as:\n\n> XにYを聞かれるようにさせる。 \n> I will have/make X see to it that Y is heard.\n\n> XにYに聞かれるようにさせる。 \n> I will have/make X see to it that it is heard by Y.\n\nNow, why would you need passive-causatives?", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-13T01:22:25.950", "id": "86609", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-13T01:22:25.950", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86605", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "(a), (d) and (f) are correct. Compare:\n\n「V1たらV2する」- V2 occurs after V1. \"will do V2 when/after V1 has completed\" \n「V1ならV2する」- V2 occurs at the same time as, or before V1. \"will do V2 if you\n(are going to) do V1\"\n\n> ◎ a. 専門書を買ったら、私にも見せてください。 \n> × b. 専門書を買うなら、私にも見せてください。\n\n(a) 買ったら is correct because the action 見せる will occur after the action 買う has\ncompleted. (b) sounds strange because it would sound like \"If you're going to\nbuy the book, please show it to me before you do so.\"\n\n> ◎ d. 今年の夏、国へ帰るなら、私も連れて行ってください。 \n> ◎ f. 料理を作るなら、私も手伝いましょう。 \n> × c. 今年の夏、国へ帰ったら、私も連れて行ってください。 \n> × e. 料理を作ったら、私も手伝いましょう。\n\n(d) and (f) are correct because 連れて行く/手伝う will occur at the same time as\n帰る/作る, NOT after the action 帰る/作る has completed. (c) and (e) sound strange\nbecause these would sound like \"Please take me with you when you've returned\nhome\" \"I'll help you when you've cooked\".\n\nA few examples:\n\n> 「飲ん **だら** 乗るな、乗る **なら** 飲むな。」 \"Don't drink and drive.\" \n> 「捨てる **なら** 、もらわない」 \"If you can't reuse it, refuse it\" \n> 「帰っ **たら** 手を洗おう。」 \"Wash your hands when you get home.\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-13T17:45:58.913", "id": "86614", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T15:24:15.930", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-14T15:24:15.930", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86611", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is not 命令形。 Nobody is telling anyone what to do here, but rather a\nsomewhat poetic description of the actions.\n\nThink of it as shortened 「ずらせて」「脱がせて」。\n\nBesides, 命令形 would be: ずらせろ。脱がせろ。Then, you are telling person A to undress\nperson B.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-13T23:32:18.670", "id": "86619", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-13T23:51:43.290", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-13T23:51:43.290", "last_editor_user_id": "14444", "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86612", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Have you heard that there are two types of causative form (long and shortened)\nin Japanese? What you are seeing is the 連用形 (aka masu-stem/pre-masu-form) of\nずらせる/ぬがせる (ichidan), not ずらす/ぬがす (godan). The masu-stem of ずらせる happens to be\nthe same as the imperative form of ずらす. (I assume you know how 中止法 works, but\nin case you don't, please see the links in the comment section first.)\n\ndictionary-form | masu-stem | te-form | imperative | potential \n---|---|---|---|--- \nずらす (godan) | ずらし | ずらして | **ずらせ** | **ずらせる** \n**ずらせる** (ichidan) | **ずらせ** | ずらせて | ずらせろ | ずらせられる \n \nThe problem is, while ずらせる should be technically correct as the causative form\nof ずる, modern Japanese speakers almost always prefer ずらす over ずらせる. Basically\nyou can think ずらす is an established transitive verb rather than a form of an\nintransitive verb. Similar verbs include 動かす; while 動かせる should be technically\ncorrect as the causative form of 動く, we almost always use 動かす (動かせる is\nnormally regarded as the potential form of 動かす). Likewise, ずらせ in your example\nis technically not wrong but sounds fairly unnatural to me. (I don't know\nwhether this is Murakami's style.)\n\nOn the other hand, there are many verbs where long and shortened causative\nverbs are used interchangeably. Example include 泣く (泣かして = 泣かせて), 驚く (驚かせ! =\n驚かせろ!) and 巡る (巡らした = 巡らせた). 脱ぐ is one of such verbs, and ぬがし, ぬがして, ぬがせ and\nぬがせて sound equally natural in this context to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-14T00:23:12.097", "id": "86621", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T06:28:54.097", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-14T06:28:54.097", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86612", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "I think what you are looking for is something like this.\n\n> 昨日テレビで見た、大ヒットした映画\n\n映画 here was taken out of the following two sentences to be modified by both at\nthe same time.\n\n> 昨日テレビで映画を見た。\n\n> （その）映画は大ヒットした。\n\nI don’t see it as a nested relationship, though. I see it as a sequential\nrelationship, where two relative clauses are placed one after the other.\n\nIf this is what you were looking for, yes, It is possible. However, care must\nbe taken. Although it’s not the case with the above example, ambiguity could\neasily arise, as in the following example.\n\n> 昨日食べた、お母さんが作った料理\n\nWithout the comma, the food could be interpreted as having been prepared by\n昨日食べたお母さん. And this _is_ a nested relationship as I see it. The relative\nclause 昨日食べたお母さん (with the particle が) is part of a bigger relative clause\nthat as a whole modifies the noun 料理.\n\nLastly, I would have little trouble understanding what you mean if you said\nsomething like:\n\n> この問題と関係のある、（今）飛び交っている障害\n\nI’m not familiar with your use of 飛んでいる.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-14T11:10:40.297", "id": "86625", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T11:10:40.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86613", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「一応」is a word very difficult to render into a literal translation. It is\nfrequently employed to impart modesty to an otherwise boastful or pretentious\nstatement. Without more context, I'd assume this 一応 is a\n[hedge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_\\(linguistics\\)) word that's meant\nto express a certain degree of hesitation or uncertainty.\n\nThe hedge 一応 often occurs in the response to a question about one's occupation\nor some other things that one is supposed to be proud of.\n\n> お仕事は何ですか？ \n> 一応公務員です。\n\nWhen you use 一応 this way the intended subtext is \"Yes I work in the government\nbut nobody knows how long I will be able to hold that job. So it's not that\nbig a deal.\"\n\nIn my view, \"actually\" is not a good _literal_ rendering, because there isn't\nreally the same kind of modesty _semantically_ intended with 一応. Of course\npeople can say \"Actually, I have a degree from Harvard Law\" and try to be\nmodest about it, but the meaning is different from that of 一応, both literally\nand effectively. Also \"actually\" can carry the opposite intended meaning:\n\"Hey! Have we met somewhere? Did you also go to Boston Community College?\"\n\"Actually I went to Harvard.\" 一応 does not have this sense of correcting the\nother party and providing new information. All that is to say there is really\nno global or literal translation for the word 一応, it'd have to be done case by\ncase and I do think \"kind of\" works in a lot of cases.\n\nAlso note that this usage could grate on some people's ear too, although\noriginally intended as a modest hedge expression. Legend has it that if you\nask a University of Tokyo graduate/student where they graduated from (or where\nthey go to school), they will invariably say 「一応東大」. Some people find that\njarring, if not downright vexing and condescending. For your reading pleasure:\n[1](https://kihara-poker.hatenablog.com/entry/2019/10/18/153226),\n[2](https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/194eee8171818e4defac4d15b60b0e2aaac7209c)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-13T22:52:22.877", "id": "86618", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T07:20:25.373", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-14T07:20:25.373", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "86615", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "一応 has a sense of “not fully qualified” or “not completely proper” and is\noften used to show modesty when people talk about their achievements,\nstrengths, etc.\n\nIn your example, however, the speaker is not necessarily being modest. Because\nof how he looks, people might not expect him to be a government employee.\nNonetheless, he is one. If anything is “incomplete” here, it is the degree to\nwhich his appearance matches people’s expectations. He's not suggesting he is\nany less qualified or serious as a government employee with an intention to\nsound modest.\n\nIf we are to be loyal to the etymology, 一応 would be better written 一往, which\nliterally means “one going”. I guess the current sense of casualness,\nincompleteness, etc. arose from the image of one taking a path only once as\nopposed to repeatedly till it is beaten, or something like that.\n\n応 is more commonly used than 往 nowadays.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-14T10:47:29.700", "id": "86624", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T10:47:29.700", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86615", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, the _kana_ に is derived from the Chinese character ([漢字]{かんじ}, _kanji_ )\n仁. See also [the English Wiktionary\npage](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AB#Japanese) and [the Japanese\nWikipedia page](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AB), among other\nreferences.\n\nAll _kana_ derived from _kanji_. In fact, the word _kana_ originally meant\nsomething like \"provisional / borrowed + name / label\" (from older _kari na_\nor 仮り名), in reference to the way that the kanji were _borrowed_ and then used\nas _labels_ for the sounds of Japanese.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-13T21:45:01.137", "id": "86617", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-13T23:18:29.187", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-13T23:18:29.187", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86616", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 } ]

[ { "body": "This usage is called [中止法](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9771/5010).\nYou can use it safely in formal speech, but it's rare in casual speech. For\nexample, a mother would almost never say 早く歯を磨き学校に行きなさい to her children.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-14T02:46:08.160", "id": "86622", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T10:03:35.673", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-14T10:03:35.673", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86620", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The first translation is correct.\n\nIn the second [link](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18153/43676), the\nverbs used before ように, namely [拗]{す}ねる, [諦]{あきら}める, and [思]{おも}い[切]{き}る, all\ndescribe a person’s state of mind. You cannot tell for sure that another\nperson is in a particular state of mind. You rely on what you can observe from\nthe outside for that judgment. That’s where the verbs in the main clause come\nin. They all describe a person’s external behavior, namely [頬]{ほほ}をふくらませる,\n小さく[頷]{うなず}く, and 口を[開]{ひら}く. Each sentence is saying that the way the person\nin question behaved made her look as if she was in the said state of mind.\n\n作る in your example, on the other hand, describes a concrete action. If you see\nsomeone making a snow statue, you can tell for sure she is making a snow\nstatue. Besides, the same verb is used in the main clause, too. The sentence\nis simply comparing two concrete actions, now and then. She did make snow\nstatues when she was a child.\n\nIf she didn’t make snow statues when she was a child yet she is making them as\nif she had, then the sentence would be something like:\n\n> （あたかも）子供の頃に作ったかのように雪で人や獣の像を作り、四方の壁に飾る。\n\nThis expresses the idea of an unreal \"as if\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-14T15:45:17.613", "id": "86627", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-14T15:45:17.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86626", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "### _On'yomi_ and Chinese: how sounds correlate\n\nIn almost* any discussion of kanji usage in Japanese, **do not** use the\nMandarin pronunciations as any kind of guide to the Japanese pronunciations.\n\n(* The exception is any discussion of recent borrowings from Mandarin, like\n[你好]{ニーハオ}.)\n\nMuch as Japanese has changed a lot in the last 1500+ years, so too has Chinese\nchanged. When exploring Japanese _on'yomi_ pronunciations of kanji, you'll\nwant to look at the Middle Chinese readings, not the modern Mandarin, and\nyou'll need to be aware of the Old Japanese pronunciations as well.\n\nHere's an exploration of the five kanji you listed. The Middle Chinese are the\n[Zhengzhang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhang_Shangfang)\nreconstructions, as shown in the English Wikipedia entries for each kanji (as\nlinked).\n\nKanji | Middle Chinese | Old Japanese | Middle Japanese | Modern Japanese \n---|---|---|---|--- \n[波](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2#Chinese) | /puɑ/ | pa | fa | ha \n[比](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94#Chinese) | /piɪX/ | pi | fi | hi \n[不](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D#Chinese) | /pɨu/, /pɨuX/, /pɨut̚/\n| pu | fu | fu, bu* \n[部](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%83%A8#Chinese) | /buoX/, /bəuX/ | bu,\npu* | bu, fu* | bu, fu* \n[保](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D#Chinese) | /pɑuX/ | po | fo | ho \n \nThe items marked with * show readings classed as _kan'yōon_ , which may be the\nresult of influence from different regional or dialectal variations within\nChinese.\n\nThe initial consonants in Middle Chinese and Old Japanese are a match. The\nvowels are _mostly_ a match, provided that we make certain allowances for\ndiphthongs (two-vowel sounds) in Chinese flattening into monophthongs (one-\nvowel sounds) in Old Japanese.\n\n### Sound shifts from Old Japanese to Modern Japanese\n\nHistorically, all of the はひふへほ kana in modern Japanese were pronounced more\nlike //pa//, //pi//, //pu//, //pe//, //po// in Old Japanese. See [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/82475/why-does-fu-changes-\nto-pu-while-its-not-started-with-h/82477#82477) for a fuller explanation of\nthe details.\n\n### Your question\n\nNow that we have the background in place, we can look at your question more\nfully.\n\n> Are there evolutions or relations of why and how the Chinese sounds\n> (Mandarin or old Chinese) **B sounds** evolved to the Japanese **h or f\n> sounds** for these Hiragana?\n\n * The modern Mandarin intial //b-// was formerly //p-// for four of these characters.\n * The modern Japanese \"h or f sounds\" were formerly also //p-//.\n\nThe one outlier is 部, which is reconstructed with initial //b-// in Middle\nChinese. I note that modern Min Nan has initial //p-//, and subjectively, I've\nnoticed that the _on'yomi_ for many characters seem to correlate most closely\nwith this variety of Chinese. I suspect that proto-Min Nan may likewise be the\nsource of the unvoiced //pu// reading in Old Japanese.\n\n### Addendum\n\nAbove, I was looking at _on'yomi_ and I didn't address 部 used as the source\nfor the kana へ.\n\nChinese of any dialect or historical stage is irrelevant in this case. へ is\nnot a Chinese-derived _on'yomi_ for 部, and is instead _kun'yomi_ , from the\nnative Old Japanese word that happened to have roughly the same meaning as 部.\nThis is why you won't find any clear correlation between any Chinese\npronunciation for 部 and the Japanese kana へ, even though the glyphs (character\nshapes) are historically related.\n\n* * *\n\nPlease comment if the above does not address your question and I can edit to\nupdate.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-14T21:39:21.273", "id": "86629", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T05:24:18.517", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-20T05:24:18.517", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86628", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "It is used for Executive Producer according to Wikipedia.\n\n * [エグゼクティブ・プロデューサー](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC)\n\n> エグゼクティブ・プロデューサー （英：executive producer）は、プロデューサーのさらに上の職で、管理職・幹部に当たる。\n> **製作/制作、製作総指揮/制作総指揮などの名義でクレジットされる場合が多い** 。\n\nNote that Nintendo seems to use katakana vesion of エグゼクティブ・プロデューサー for CEO of\nthe company.\n\n> コンピュータゲーム業界で見られる。任天堂においては「エグゼクティブ・プロデューサー」の肩書は代表取締役社長に対してのみ使用されている。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-15T01:47:06.753", "id": "86631", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-15T01:47:06.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86630", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "In tech and entertainment, people make up ridiculous titles as we all know,\nand in that sense it's not impossible. But, It's not likely to happen - for\none thing, it could read そうしき 葬式 \"funeral\" and the moment something goes wrong\nand the project dies, it'd be all over 2chan. On this particular matter,\nwikipedia lists him as Director ディレクター, so given the international nature of\ngame development these days, that's what I'd use.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-15T01:47:08.200", "id": "86632", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-15T01:47:08.200", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86630", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 } ]

[ { "body": "仕方 is indeed し方. 仕 is an [_ateji_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateji). The\nword looks more like a noun in its own right with a Chinese character at the\nbeginning than otherwise.\n\nI don’t know how this particular character came to be used for し, but it is\nalso used for the ます-stem of する in other words, such as:\n\n * [仕事]{しごと}\n * [仕様]{しよう} (しょうがない is a contraction of し様がない)\n * [仕合]{しあい} (more commonly written 試合)\n * [仕業]{しわざ}\n * [仕草]{しぐさ}\n * [仕組]{しく}み\n * [仕切]{しき}る", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-15T12:55:35.047", "id": "86635", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-15T12:55:35.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86634", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The subject is \"implicit I\" (or someone mentioned in the previous context).\nHere 起こす is used for some symptom/condition that a person develops\ninvoluntarily, and this is perfectly fine. You can say (彼女は)けいれんを起こした,\n(私は)発作を起こした, (彼は)かんしゃくを起こした and so on. See the 6th definition\n[here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%B5%B7%E3%81%99/). (By the way,\nEnglish \"develop\" used in similar situations seemed a bit strange to me at\nfirst sight.)\n\nAn allergen can 起こす (cause) an allergic reaction, too. If the subject were\nアレルゲン, the sentence would be interpreted as \"(An allergen) caused an allergic\nreaction to my boyfriend's cat\". So technically speaking, this sentence is\nambiguous. But this interpretation is highly unlikely unless this was said in\na very rare context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-16T00:15:45.713", "id": "86638", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-16T06:09:22.517", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-16T06:09:22.517", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86636", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

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[ { "body": "> [\"バスケット部がなんでいバスケット部が!\"]\n\nなんでい is the masculine form of なんだい,なんなの,なにさ, etc as explained in the comment.\nIt seems to be a variant of the Edo dialect べらんめえ口調.\n\nWithout the context, the meaning is hard to figure out. Probably the phrase is\nused in a condescending manner.\n\nThe speaker probably does not like the basketball club, so they uttered the\nsentence in that way. Is it a situation where they are recruiting someone to\nthe club?\n\nI'd assume the speaker's saying it is just a\n\"[Tamaire](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E5%85%A5%E3%82%8C)\".\n\n> _**Basketball club? So what? It's just a basketball club！**_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-16T10:06:38.780", "id": "86640", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-16T15:28:59.643", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-16T15:28:59.643", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86639", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This ある is just the usual verb denoting the existence of something i.e. \"there\nis\". お酒の力もある means \"there is also the effect of alcohol\".\n\nYou probably know that the te-form is used to join clauses with the meaning of\n\"and\", but it can also imply a degree of causality in the same way that the\n\"and\" in \"it's cold and I'm miserable\" also provides a causal connection, so\nお酒の力もあってとてもにぎやかになります would be \"there is the effect of alcohol and I get\nlively\".\n\nThere is still another way to think of the te-form. You are no doubt familiar\nwith the particle で with the meaning of \"by means of\" e.g. お箸で食べた (\"I ate with\n(by means of) chopsticks\"). You can also use the te-form to adverbially modify\nthe following clause. e.g. お箸を使って食べた (\"I ate using (by means of) chopsticks\".\nSo another way to think of お酒の力もあってとてもにぎやかになります is \"I get lively due to (by\nmeans of there existing) the effect of alcohol\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-16T12:28:44.337", "id": "86642", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-16T12:28:44.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "86641", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "Regarding the Kanji:\n\n * 冷 is for **objects** that are cold, such as drinks, food, or whatever _object_ you can think of.\n\n * 寒 applies to the temperature **around you** or the **atmospheric temperature** , not to the temperature of concrete objects.\n\nAlso take into account [user3856370's\nwarning](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/86644/whats-the-\ndifference-between-rei-%E5%86%B7-and-\nsamui-%E5%AF%92%E3%81%84#comment139896_86644%3C). 冷{れい} (rei) is not a word\nper se but it is usually a component of other words, whereas 寒{さむ}い (samui) is\nan actual word meaning cold (weather-wise).\n\nIf you want to use 冷 as an adjective, as opposed to 寒{さむ}い (samui), the word\nwould be 冷{つめ}たい (tsumetai).\n\nCompare both adjectives in the following sample sentences:\n\n> 今日{きょう}は寒{さむ}い ! / (kyou wa samui! ) / It's cold today!\n\n> このビールは冷{つめ}たくて 美味{おい}しい ! / (kono biiru wa tsumetakute oishii! ) This beer\n> is cold and tasty!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-16T15:35:05.307", "id": "86645", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-16T15:35:05.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "86644", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The three kanji are 黒厚釜 (as the user\n[aguijonazo](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/43676/aguijonazo)\npointed out).\n\nI will answer two of your other questions that haven't been addressed yet.\n\n> The second kanji seems to be a writing of the kanji 厚 I’m unfamiliar with.\n> Why is the top element written this way?\n\nWhen it comes to writting Kanji, they exist [several styles, such as 楷書{かいしょ},\n行書{ぎょうしょ}, 草書{そうしょ} 隷書{れいしょ} or\n篆書{てんしょ}](https://orientalsouls.com/blog/japanese-calligraphy/which-style-of-\nkanji-you-like-most-various-writing-styles-of-japanese-kanji-\ncharacters/#:%7E:text=You%20Like%20Most%3F-,Kaisho%20Style,the%20basic%20of%20Japanese%20characters.),\nso probably 厚 here is written in a different style than the one you are\nfamiliar with. There might be different reasons to prefer one style or the\nother depending on the situation. In my experience, kanji found in\nmanufactured goods brands or models tend not to follow the \"standard\" style\nprobably for marketing purposes or to be more eye-catching.\n\n> Truly bizarre, what is the recommended course of action when hitting these\n> kind of words?\n\nI would recommend looking up the reading if you know it (which is the case) as\na course of action. I just typed くろあつがま (kuroatsugama) in my phone's keyboard\nand 黒厚釜 appeared automatically as an option. If you know the reading\nbeforehand it's quite trivial to find out the corresponding kanji.\n\nIf you don't know the reading, I recommend the interactive search by radicals,\nfor example the one offered by [jisho.org](https://jisho.org).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-16T20:39:41.327", "id": "86651", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-16T21:48:09.327", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-16T21:48:09.327", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "86646", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Those kanji are 黒厚釜 in a handwriting style. This type of structure is fairly\ncommon for 厚 in handwriting. You can technically say it derives from\n[行書](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-cursive_script), a mildly cursive\nstyle. But even if you have not ever heard of it, you would agree that your\nhandwriting eventually looks more or less like this if you have ever tried to\nwrite characters rapidly (with the right hand), due to the motor economy.\n\nThere does not seem many real examples of 行書 on the internet, but you can try\nout any 行書 font out there to know its pattern\n([1](https://www.fontfactory.jp/font/detail/jsns00m/),\n[2](https://www.fontfactory.jp/font/detail/jska00h/)):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/20bue.png)\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hpZzn.png)\n\nAs for handwritten characters, they are not employed here in order to give\nsome \"fancier\" impression; in fact, they often symbolizes authority, quality,\nor of course, tradition. I remember I have mentioned it on [another\npost](https://japanese.meta.stackexchange.com/a/1580/7810), in a totally\nunrelated context:\n\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Acqwy.png)\n>\n> Let's look at the brand logo of a Japanese whisky. What do you get from the\n> alphabet letters? It gives me impressions of stability, tradition,\n> establishment, authenticity, and a hint of 19th-century flavor... so does\n> the brush kanji. They look so different, but have similar connotations.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T06:12:31.967", "id": "86664", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T06:30:49.113", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-17T06:30:49.113", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "86646", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "There are definitely other ways to say it. In Japanese, there are plenty of\nverbs that encompass the meaning of \"become\". Instead of attaching 過ぎる to\nadj＋なる＋すぎる, you can just attach it directly to a verb that has the same\nmeaning.\n\n冷める (cool down)→冷めすぎる (cool down too much) \n冷える (grow cold)→冷えすぎる (grow too cold) \n\nThere's nothing wrong with using なりすぎる either.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-16T20:28:38.593", "id": "86650", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-16T20:28:38.593", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "86647", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "(*) 寒すぎてなる doesn’t work. If someone says it to me, I would ask them 寒すぎて何になる？\n\nIf you want to use an adjective, 寒くなりすぎる is the way.\n\nThe construction might start looking less baffling to you if learn to you see\nit as describing an excessive degree of a change (なりすぎる), rather than its\nresult (寒い).\n\nI will say nothing about なさすぎる for now…", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T13:20:20.840", "id": "86668", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T13:20:20.840", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86647", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Phrases that comes to mind are 「寒くなってきた」 or 「冷えてきた」 but it just means \"it's\ngetting cold\" so it doesn't imply extreme cold.\n\nYou can also say 「最近寒すぎる」to imply that it's too cold these days.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-18T04:17:09.947", "id": "86680", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-18T04:17:09.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43984", "parent_id": "86647", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "* 獨 (独 in modern Japanese): alone, lone\n * 行: go\n * 道: way, path\n\nSo a character-by-character translation would be \"lone-going-way\", \"way to go\nalone\" or \"way of going alone\". (But that doesn't mean \"the path of aloneness\"\nis wrong.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T00:20:51.507", "id": "86652", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T00:20:51.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86648", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "These Japanese phrases are different, but they don't really map to your\ncategories.\n\n * **心ゆく** : This is almost always used in the set phrase 心ゆくまで \"to one's heart's content\". It's used almost exclusively in the context of a visitor/guest enjoying something (at a restaurant, amusement park, _onsen_ , ...). You'll see this often in ads and greetings from the host.\n * **気が済む** : This is associated mainly with venting one's anger/frustration, but sometimes can be used in the context of satisfying (wild) desires. This implies someone has been frustrated, so use this carefully.\n\n満ち足りる and 満足いく have similar meanings and are partly interchangeable.\n\n * **満ち足りる** : This means satisfied in the sense of \"happy because one has everything\". It's mainly associated with long-term happiness or even an entire life. It sounds a bit exaggerated if this is used after having enough food. Corresponds to your definition 3.\n * **満足いく** : This is a less common equivalent of 満足する. But I think it most commonly modifies a noun as a relative clause and means \"satisfactory\" in the sense of \"well-done/made\".\n\nHere are representable examples.\n\n * 心ゆくまで温泉を楽しんだ。 \nI enjoyed hot springs to my heart's content.\n\n * 気が済むまで壁を殴り続けた。 \nI kept punching the wall until I felt better.\n\n * 彼は満ち足りた生活を送りました。 \nHe lived a rich and full life.\n\n * 満足いく絵が描けるまで何度もやり直した。 \nI tried again and again until I could draw a satisfactory picture.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T00:56:44.107", "id": "86656", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T00:56:44.107", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86649", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "ギャンブラー and 博打【ばくち】打ち【うち】/賭博師【とばくし】 have fundamentally the same meaning, but\npeople tends to imagine ギャンブラー goes to western-style カジノ, whereas 賭博師 or 博打打ち\ngoes to Japanese-style gambling houses (賭博場, which is illegal in Japan). Try\n[Image Search](https://www.google.co.jp/imghp?hl=ja) and you'll get very\ndifferent results from these words. But that does not mean it's wrong to call\nwestern gamblers 賭博師, and vice versa. Why ギャンブラー is popular is a bit hard to\nanswer, but [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/84377/5010)\nshould be relevant.\n\n博徒 is a tricky word that refers to: 1) the same thing as 賭博師, 2) simply\nsomeone who regularly enjoys gambling, and 3) a certain type of historical\ngang-like organization originally formed by a group of gamblers (see\n[this](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%9A%E5%BE%92)).\n博徒 in the third sense is considered to be one of the origins of modern\n_yakuza_.\n\n勝負師 in present-day Japanese is usually someone who devotes their life to the\nworld of winning and losing, and it's not limited to gambling. For example, a\nprofessional _shogi_ player is often described as 勝負師, although it has nothing\nto do with gambling in modern Japan. It can also refer to a businessperson who\nlikes to do venturous things.\n\nBy the way, 博奕 is a very rare kanji and I believe almost no one can read it\nwithout furigana. The common kanji for ばくち is 博打.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T03:56:51.373", "id": "86660", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T04:18:11.020", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-17T04:18:11.020", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86653", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "先人 is read as せんじん. I've never seen/heard it read as さきひと. I don't think it\ncan be read otherwise, at least in modern Japanese.\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%85%88%E4%BA%BA/>", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T00:54:52.280", "id": "86655", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T00:54:52.280", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86654", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Your first guess is correct, and the sentence means:\n\n> At one point using sightseeing buses to evacuate stranded people to hotels\n> was considered, but ultimately abandoned, and the buses left.\n\nThe title of the video says 立往生 **解消** and the reporter says\nおとといから続いていました立ち往生、つい先ほど **１時間ほど前にすべて解消された** ということなんです, so the buses left\nwithout stranded passengers an hour before. The 案 of using buses was 一時は検討された,\nbut not implemented after all.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T01:58:23.387", "id": "86658", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T02:11:34.417", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-17T02:11:34.417", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86657", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> How should I express “somebody else is good at/bad at/dislikes/likes XYZ”?\n\nAs in, for example, \"cats generally don't like getting wet\"? Literally\ntrasnlated, it would go something like: ふつう、猫は濡れることを好まない。\n\nHowever, 苦手（にがて）may be the word you are looking for. The same can be said as:\n\n猫は、ふつう泳ぐのが苦手だ。 Generallys speaking, cats don't swin well.\n\nas an aside(since you mentioned \"like\"), 得意（とくい）is the opposite of 苦手 and they\nare frequently used together as bullet items.\n\n犬は、ふつう泳ぐのが得意だ。 Generally speaking, dogs swim well.\n\n得意科目は、算数です。 苦手科目は、英語です。\n\n得意・苦手 are often used to describe how someone posess or lacks a particular\nskill set. In a conversation among violinists, one might say pizzicato is\nhis/her 得意 or 苦手。\n\n## バイオリンは一応弾けますが、ピチカートは苦手です。 I play the violin but I'm not good at pizzicato.\n\n嫌い（きらい） is also a candidate for your original question. Compared to 苦手、it\nimplies dislike. にんじんは嫌い、注射は嫌い、etc. (I don't like carrots, I don't like shots)\n\n猫は、濡れるのを嫌う。 猫は、濡れるのが嫌いだ。 Cants hate getting wet.\n\nHere is a good disambiguation between 嫌い and 苦手。 I think\n[this](https://okurukotoba.tokyo/archives/1097) will help you.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T05:06:01.073", "id": "86662", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T05:11:25.533", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-17T05:11:25.533", "last_editor_user_id": "14444", "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86659", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "As you can see here,\n<http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/036.html>\n\nnegative form of ～です is ～ **ではありません** \nnegative form of ～でした is ～ **ではありません** でした\n\nIn other words,\n\npast tense form of ～です is ～ **でした** \npast tense form of ～ではありません is ～ではありません **でした**\n\nAlternatively, there are forms:\n\nnegative form of です is ～ではないです \nnegative form of でした is ～ではなかったです (not ではないでした)\n\nSo, if you want to say \"[person] _did_ not like [things]\" in the polite form\n(丁寧体):\n\n「[person]は[thing]が好きではありませんでした。」 \n「[person]は[thing]が好きじゃありませんでした。」(a bit more casual) \n「[person]は[thing]が好きじゃなかったです。」(less common in formal situation)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T08:22:32.957", "id": "86665", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T08:22:32.957", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86659", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It doesn’t change the meaning, but the first sentence sounds much more\nnatural. The problem with the second sentence is not so much the position of\nしか as the noun phrase ちょっとの時間. It seems to me like a clumsy translation of\n“(a) little time”.\n\nIt sounds much less unnatural when used with で as in the following example,\nthough.\n\n> ちょっとの時間で済ませる。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T06:09:16.480", "id": "86663", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T06:09:16.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86661", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You could say ひと[吠]{ほ}え and ふた吠え in the case of a dog’s barking. 吠え is a noun\nform of the verb 吠える (“to bark”). I cannot think of any realistic scenario\nwhere I would keep counting a dog’s barks beyond two, or maybe three, using\nthis counter, though. I would most likely say:\n\n> 犬が３回吠えた。\n\nMore generally, if the sounds come from an animal, you could use [声]{こえ}. In\nfact, there is this phrase,\n[鶴の一声](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B6%B4%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%A3%B0).\nBut again, it is practically never used beyond two or three.\n\nThere is also 〜[鳴]{な}き for sounds coming from certain animals, including birds\nand insects (e.g. cicadas). 鳴き is a noun form of the verb 鳴く.\n\nI cannot think of any counter for sounds that come from other sources than\nanimals.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T12:56:21.913", "id": "86667", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T13:04:22.080", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-17T13:04:22.080", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86666", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "* ドツボにはまる digging him/herself into the deeper hole.\n * 自らの首を締める cut your own throat.\n * 楽屋から火を出す (can’t find similar English phrase.literal translation should be “set fire to your dressing room”)\n * いたちごっこ A vicious cycle.\n\nare the most common idioms in my humble opinion.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-17T15:36:44.493", "id": "86671", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-17T15:36:44.493", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86669", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think (自分で)自分の首を締める is the closest and safest. It does convey the meaning of\n\"setting hurdles for themself or putting themself in a more difficult\nposition\". 自縄自縛 is also usable, but it's a relatively difficult 四字熟語 that is\nused mainly in serious essays and literary works.\n\n墓穴を掘る is not wrong but it doesn't necessarily have the above-mentioned nuance;\nit's more commonly used to describe a one-time \"backfiring\" mistake.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T01:15:46.387", "id": "86695", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T01:15:46.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86669", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "In the midst of a sentence, you would mostly use 月曜日, or maybe 月曜 particularly\nin less formal contexts.\n\nThe main time you would see just the first character (e.g. 月) is in things\ncalendars and opening hours, the same way you might see \"Mon/Tue/Wed\" written\nin English, where it is suitable to use an abbreviation and the context is\nabsolutely clear that it is referring to a day of the week. You would almost\nnever use it in spoken Japanese or in other written contexts.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-18T03:45:03.217", "id": "86676", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-18T03:45:03.217", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "16022", "parent_id": "86672", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "The noun 声 is modified by ここへきてから何年にも出した事 **が** ない. In a clause that modifies\na noun, が is often changed to の.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-18T02:43:53.750", "id": "86674", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-18T02:43:53.750", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86673", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "あなたの, 誠実な and 大きな all modify 背中. The author may have wanted to prevent あなたの誠実\nfrom being read as “your sincerity” with that space. It’s not a common\npractice at all. And 誠実な背中 is not a very common combination. This may have\nadded to the confusion.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-18T04:05:27.657", "id": "86679", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-18T04:05:27.657", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86675", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "「背中を見て...」is an expression, and while it means _look at one's back_ literally,\nit's used to mean _by someone's example_ metaphorically.\n\nI'm assuming it has something to do with students who learn their master's\ntechniques by peeking over their shoulder, though I can't find any sources for\nthat claim. However, the Japanese Thesaurus clarifies [a similar\nexpression](https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E7%88%B6%E3%81%AE%E8%83%8C%E4%B8%AD%E3%82%92%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%A6%E8%82%B2%E3%81%A4):\n\n> **「父の背中を見て育つ」**\n>\n> 子供が父親の物事に取り組む姿勢を見て、そこから学び大きくなること\n\nAll in all, I believe that passage boils down to meaning something along the\nlines of:\n\n> I'm sure she naturally attracts people, because she grew up to be sincere\n> and great, just like you.\n\nAlbeit a bit more literary.\n\nThe particle で is, as Shurim said in the comments, a way to apply multiple\nadjectives to a single noun.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-18T09:40:31.513", "id": "86681", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-18T09:47:03.750", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-18T09:47:03.750", "last_editor_user_id": "39516", "owner_user_id": "39516", "parent_id": "86675", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "今度{こんど} is a combination of 今{いま} and 度{たび}. If you look up what both mean,\nyou'll find that 今{いま} can mean \"now\", \"the present time\", \"soon\",\n\"immediately\" and 度{たび} means \"times\" as in a counter for occurences (e.g. one\n1 time = 1x / two times = 2x and so on). Together their meaning is combined\nand means exactly \"now, this time\".\n\nAs already aguijonazo has pointed out \"this time\" carries already an\nambiguity, which can be resolved only from context. The ambiguity actually\ncomes from the 今{いま} = \"now\" part of the word 今度{こんど} and it's behaviour is\nvery similar to the behaviour of the English \"now\":\n\n * I am thinking now - 今{いま}考{かんが}えている OR I am thinking this time - 今{いま}考{かんが}えている: The first case could be smbd's answer who was asked e.g.: \"What are you doing right now?\" In the second case \"What are you doing this time?\" The English verb+ing form and Japanese verb+ている are both continuuos forms and are telling what is happening in the present time. Clearly, both have the same meaning as your dictionary entry No.1: \"this time; now​\"\n\n * I will go now - 今{いま}行{い}く OR I will go this time - 今度{こんど}行{い}く: In most situations when you say this you are still talking to the people and not yet in motion, so the \"now\" \"this time\" will effectively happen in (a maybe very close but nevertheless still-not-happened) future and corresponds to your point 2. \"next time; another time; shortly; soon\"\n\n * The interview went well (right) now - 今{いま}面接{めんせつ}がうまく運{はこ}んだ OR The interview went well this time - 今度{こんど}面接{めんせつ}がうまく運{はこ}んだ: Clearly the past tense in English and Japanese tells you that the action has happened in the past. So \"now\", \"this\" and \"this time\" as well as 今{いま} and 今度{こんど} are all referring to \"this\" occasion, which has happened or was occuring in the past. This \"usage\" is as in No. 3 of your translation: \"recently; lately; the other day\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-28T14:10:51.110", "id": "90548", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-28T14:10:51.110", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "18895", "parent_id": "86678", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I think _aguijonazo_ hit the nail on the head in the comments. If you compare\nit to english, \"this time\" have the exact same ambiguities. Take these\ntranslations of your example:\n\n * (Literal, unnatural) For this time's interview, I bought a suit.\n * This time, for the interview, I bought a suit.\n * For the interview, this time, I bought a suit.\n * I bought a suit for the interview this time.\n\nNow put these four [examples] sentences in each situations and see if it\nworks.\n\n 1. **Past** : \"Did your interview go well?\". **Answer** : \"Yes, [examples], so I looked better.\"\n 2. **Present** : \"Is your interview going well? (asked while taking a break)\". **Answer** : \"Yes, [examples], so I look better.\"\n 3. **Future** : \"Your last interview didn't go well, are you ready for the one next week?\". **Answer** : \"Yes, [examples], so I should look better.\"\n\nAs you can see, we have the same problem in english. Context and verb tenses\nwill give us the information we need. This means that your sentence can mean\nall three depending on context.\n\n* * *\n\nAs a footnote, one interesting thing to realize is that, depending on the\nsentence structure, the isolated sentences gives different feelings. This is\nprobably due to the frequency of usage of one particular form in certain\nsituations. When I look at the literal translation of 今度の面接 (this time's\ninterview), I can see why someone would translate it as \"upcoming interview.\"\nFinally, in my limited Japanese experience, 今度の is also more often used for\nthe next occurence (I have no proof of that, this needs confirmation).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-29T00:24:51.150", "id": "90553", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-29T00:40:37.467", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-29T00:40:37.467", "last_editor_user_id": "45176", "owner_user_id": "45176", "parent_id": "86678", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "言ってんのね is just a contraction of 言っているのね, and って right before it is a quotation\nmarker. So the literal translation of ～って言ってんのね is \"It's that I'm saying ～\".\nThe captain's line contains nothing that directly corresponds to \"Do you get\nit?\"\n\nAfter watching the actual episode (available on Amazon Prime Video in Japan),\nI kind of understand why the translator chose \"Do you get it\" even though it's\ngrammatically a mistranslation. There is a long pause between 自覚しなさいって and\n言ってんのね, and 言ってんのね comes with a scary zoomed-in view of the caption, so \"Do\nyou get it?\" fits well here. If we translated this literally into English, the\nlast part of his line would be something like \"the same side of the net\", but\nuttering it with this visual effect might look a little unnatural. Anime\ntranslations are full of examples like this.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T06:47:05.163", "id": "86698", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T06:47:05.163", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86682", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I have watched the relevant part of the video in question, and gotten the\nimpression that he fits well into the male captain image.\n\nThe translation is definitely not literal and maybe too much a leap from the\noriginal. But I don't think it is a particularly bad translation since anime\ntranslation might be geared toward entertainment so that English subtitles can\nsynchronize with characters speaking Japanese. (I have no idea how\nprofessional translators would evaluate this translation.)\n\n言ってんのね here can be understood as a variant of 言っている that puts an emotional\nemphasis on what he's saying. The translation _\" Do you get it?\"_ apparently\nderives from this emphasis: what he has just said is extremely important.\n\nAs for the sentence in question:\n\n> 中学のときにネットを挟んだ敵同士だったとしても‌、今はネットのこっち側同士だってことを自覚しなさいって‌ **言ってんのね** 。\n\nI personally think that as you suggested, \"what I am saying\" is more true to\nthe original. The following is a roughly corresponding English sentence.\n\nWhat I want you to understand is that even if you were opponents on different\nsides separated by the net in junior high school, you must realize that you\nare now on the same side of the net.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T07:37:15.053", "id": "86699", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T07:37:15.053", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35664", "parent_id": "86682", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "First of all, that 拡げられる is not a potential form. It’s the passive form of\n拡げる.\n\nSecondly, calling that 〜ている “progressive” is misleading. It describes a state\nthat has resulted from some earlier action or change. 拡げられている describes such a\nstate in the present, whereas 拡げられていた describes one in the past. Although I\ncannot tell for sure because the main clause is missing, I guess the narrator\nis describing a state at some time in the past.\n\nとく (解く) is neither potential nor progressive. It is a transitive verb that\nmeans “to untie” or “to unpack”. 包み is its object here.\n\nI think part of the reason you find this sentence hard to understand is that\nとく is used in the active voice while 拡げる is in the passive as we have seen\nabove, yet those two are connected with a て-form. Since the subject is 見本, it\n_does_ sound like the samples unpacked their own packages (actively) and then\n(passively) be spread out (to stay in the resulting state). 見本が包みをとかれて拡げられていた\nwould have been better balanced and might have been easier to understand.\n\n* * *\n\n[EDIT]\n\n(in response to added #3)\n\nThe て-form itself is timeless. There are no such things as present て-forms or\npast て-forms. The tense is determined by the main phrase. といて拡げる and といて拡げた\ndiffer in tense but the difference in form is limited to their endings.\n\nA 〜ている form (which I would advise you stop calling “progressive”) can be\nconverted into its own て-form: 〜ていて. Saying 包みをといていて拡げられている or\n包みをとかれていて拡げられている is grammatically possible but it sounds very awkward. Like\nthe tense, the aspect to be expressed by 〜ている should also be left to the main\nphrase.\n\nIn this particular case, I speculate the translator saw 包みをといて拡げる as one act\nand used 包みをといて拡げられる as its passive form as a whole. The apparent mix-up in\nvoice can be explained by this.\n\nI don’t like the way he put it. テーブルの上には包みをといた (or 包みをとかれた) 布地の見本が拡げられていたが\nwould have been closer to the original (or its English translation) and easier\nto read.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-18T13:37:36.653", "id": "86685", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T05:14:08.103", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-20T05:14:08.103", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86684", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "This でね is roughly the same as sentence-end よ or からね in standard Japanese.\nThis type of でね is not used in western dialects I'm familiar with. I don't\nknow much about the areas where でね is used, but since the movie is set at a\nrural area in Gifu prefecture (middle Japan), it should be used at least in\nGifu.\n\nで that comes after the dictionary form of a predicate is a dialectal sentence-\nend particle similar to ぞ or よ. This particle itself is common also in Kansai-\nben (eg 行くで, 作ったで, 嬉しいで, 本当やで), but it's usually not followed by ね in Kansai.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T00:56:24.547", "id": "86694", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T02:47:11.253", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-19T02:47:11.253", "last_editor_user_id": "16104", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86690", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Subjectively, my sense is that [賃金]{ちんぎん} is closer in nuance to the English\nterm _wages_ (money paid for a specific unit of work, not necessarily\nongoing), while [給料]{きゅうりょう} is closer to _salary_ (money paid for a specific\nunit of time, usually as part of an ongoing contract). Much as in English,\nI've seen a certain amount of overlap between these two. That said, I'm not a\nnative speaker of Japanese, and I may have gotten the wrong end of the stick\nat some point.\n\nUser [aguijonazo](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/43676/) also\ncommented:\n\n> I agree with @EiríkrÚtlendi. And [賃金]{ちんぎん} sounds more technical. It is\n> used in such terms as [賃金交渉]{ちんぎんこうしょう} (between employers and unions),\n> [賃金水準]{ちんぎんすいじゅん} (of a particular industry, country, etc.),\n> [賃金未払い]{ちんぎんみはらい}, etc. It is not commonly used for individual payments\n> nowadays, not least by those on the receiving side.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T17:22:22.703", "id": "86735", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T06:35:19.383", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-21T06:35:19.383", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86691", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no problem in using a negative statement before からと言って. Your example\nwould sound more natural if you changed it as below, though.\n\n> 私 **が** 問わないからと言って、小さい事柄 **という** わけではありません。\n\nThat’s if you choose to use 問わない for “don’t mind”. I might say 気にしない.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-18T23:34:08.923", "id": "86693", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-18T23:34:08.923", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86692", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It should be read as 沖縄県 **が** 「緊急事態宣言」 **の** 政府への要請を正式決定. Note that 「緊急事態宣言」の\nmodifies 要請, not 政府. It means 沖縄県が「緊急事態宣言」を政府に要請することを正式に決定した.\n\nIn many cases, the first part is the subject and the last part refers to\nsomething it did, or was done if the noun at the end is normally used in the\npassive, such as 逮捕.", "comment_count": 14, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T04:40:00.860", "id": "86697", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T04:40:00.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86696", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "When 迷う is used with に, what comes before it usually refers to something you\nare undecided about, such as 判断 (judgement) and 去就 (course of action), not a\nplace. 道 in 道に迷う should be understood as “direction”, or a judgment about\nwhich way to go, not a concrete road or street.\n\nWhen you get lost in a particular place, で should be used. If you get lost in\na particular street, you might say 道で迷う just like you say 駅で迷う when you get\nlost at a station. 森で道に迷う means you get lost in a forest. 森で迷う basically means\nthe same.\n\nで can also be used to limit the scope of things between which you are\nundecided. ケーキを食べるかどうかで迷ってる and 拒否と受容の間で迷う in this\n[question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/84728/43676) can be seen as\nexamples of this usage.\n\n森に迷う is not commonly used in the sense of getting lost in a forest. It has a\nliterary sound to it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T10:03:38.827", "id": "86702", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T10:03:38.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86700", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "子 has been commonly and widely used for girl's name such as 英子、裕子、愛子 for\nabount 100 years.\n\nNowadays there are thousands of two-syllable+子 nicknames. It's safe to say any\nunusual name ends with 子 must be a girl's nickname.\n\nCHANEL=シャネ子 GUCCI=グチ子 COACH=コチ子\n\nケス子(kesu ko) sounds okay and similarly ケス美(kesu mi) may work.\n\nThere is one problem I should notice that 'ゲス'(gesu) means 'asshole' and 'ケス子'\ncould be misunderstood as 'ゲス子'(asshole girl). Searching 'ゲス子' results several\nhits on google(humble joke, I guess). To avoid that, 'けす子'(hiragana instead of\nkatakana) would be better.\n\nエ(e) sounds old since お多恵(otae),富江(tomie),千鶴枝(chizue) are quite old names.\n\nIf you dare want to use 'e', ヱ/ゑ(we) might be interesting. 'ケスヱ' or 'けすゑ',\neven 'けすヱ' or 'ケスゑ' (kesw e) looks original.\n\n'けーちゃん' / 'け～ちゃん'(k chan) / 'けすりん' (kesurin) sounds like child's nickname.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-21T16:04:23.267", "id": "86746", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T16:04:23.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5081", "parent_id": "86701", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "It's で + は. This で has the effect of limiting the scope of the topic not\nunlike in sentences with comparatives or superlatives. You can also say 友達の中では\nwithout changing the meaning. She may have talked about her abnormal family\nwith other people, such as teachers, but if the scope is limited to her\nfriends, Meiko is the only one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T00:58:12.273", "id": "86720", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T00:58:12.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86704", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "なんやねん is a Kansai dialect, and the meaning in this sentence is \"What is... ?\"\n\nThis sentence means: \"So, what is V?\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T15:41:01.910", "id": "86733", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T21:51:12.810", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-20T21:51:12.810", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "44010", "parent_id": "86707", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "年齢 is not a counter. It corresponds to the concept of “age”. I believe you are\nsometimes asked to fill in your age, alongside your name, in certain forms.\nYou are asked to fill in your 年齢. So (*) 私は22年齢 is incorrect. You can say\n私の年齢は22歳です, although it sounds a bit redundant.\n\n[歳]{とし} or [年]{とし} is also used for one's age. 年齢 sounds more formal.\n\nI wouldn’t say 才 is mainly used by elementary students. It is widely used\ninstead of 歳 as a sign of sorts to save strokes.\n\nI don’t see 年令 very often.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T00:30:57.960", "id": "86719", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:55:40.973", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:55:40.973", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86708", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Modern noun [恋]{こい} (\"love\", generally referring more specifically to romantic\nor carnal love) is derived as the [連用形]{れんようけい} (also known as the\n\"continuative form\" or \"stem form\") of verb [恋う]{こう}.\n\nThe historical kana spelling for the verb ([歴史的仮名遣い]{れきしてきかなづかい}, see also the\nWikipedia articles in\n[Japanese](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3)\nand [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography)) was\n[恋ふ]{こふ} instead, and the [連用形]{れんようけい} was [恋ひ]{こひ}.\n\n→ With the [送り仮名]{おくりがな}, we know that [恋ひ]{こひ} is intended not as the noun,\nbut rather as the [連用形]{れんようけい} of the verb. And [恋ふ]{こふ} must be understood\nas the verb.\n\n⇒ As [恋ひ恋ふ]{こひこふ}, this could be parsed as a compound verb, and as a\nreduplication (where the same element shows up multiple times), it comes\nacross as an intensifier: [吾が君]{わがきみ} doesn't just _love_ , they _really\nreally love_.\n\n * Regarding the historical shift in kana spellings, Middle Japanese apparently pronounced the final ふ and ひ etc. closer to how they are spelled -- so the verb [恋ふ]{こふ} was pronounced as something like _kofu_. Over time, the medial (mid-word) //h// and //f// sounds [lenited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition) (softened) and vanished (almost) everywhere except before //a//, where we now have modern わ. This is why [買う]{かう} gets that //w// that appears in [買]{か} **[わ]{●}** ない. \nFor some more about this historical shift, read [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/82475/why-does-fu-changes-\nto-pu-while-its-not-started-with-h/82477#82477).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T21:05:14.813", "id": "86710", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T21:47:57.963", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-19T21:47:57.963", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86709", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your guess isn't too far off the mark. A more idiomatic way of saying that in\nEnglish is _\" to harden one's heart\"_, generally in reference to when you need\nto do something that someone doesn't want you to do, but that might actually\nbe good for that person.\n\nAs explained in my personal copy of Daijirin:\n\n> **[心]{こころ}を[鬼]{おに}にする** \n> 気の毒に思いながら，その人のためを思ってやむなく厳しくする。「―＿して破門する」\n\nRelevant entries in\n[Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BF%83%E3%82%92%E9%AC%BC%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-500530)\n(all in Japanese), and in [bilingual\nWeblio](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%BF%83%E3%82%92%E9%AC%BC%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T21:19:36.840", "id": "86712", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T21:19:36.840", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86711", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The Japanese language does not have a special way to mark nonrestrictive\nrelative clauses. All relative clauses basically work restrictively by default\nas long as it makes sense. But when there is clearly only one entity that\ncorresponds to the relative clause, it would be appropriate to translate it as\na non-restrictive relative clause.\n\n * 初代アメリカ大統領であるジョージ・ワシントンは… \nGeorge Washington, the first President of the United States, ...\n\n * 昨日5歳になった私の息子が… \nMy son, who turned five yesterday, ...\n\nIn your 兄 example, you cannot tell whether this speaker has other older\nbrothers who live outside Osaka using syntax or intonation.\n\nIn your 大工 example:\n\n * 立派な家を建てる大工は大きな利益を得る。 \nThe builder who erects very fine houses will make a large profit.\n\nThis 立派な家を建てる works restrictively. In this case, you can force nonrestrictive\nreading by turning 大工 into 彼ら or 彼ら大工 because you have already introduced 大工\nin the discourse. Note that use of a comma doesn't change anything. But\nsimpler and preferred approach is to stop worrying about potentially ambiguous\nrelative clauses and just rephrase the sentence:\n\n * 彼ら大工は立派な家を建て、大きな利益を得る。\n\nPlease read this for similar examples: [Saying something was happening when\nsomething happened](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/35752/5010)\n\nIn particular, nonrestrictive _when_ and _where_ can be translated naturally\nonly by rephrasing the sentence into a compound sentence.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T23:50:36.487", "id": "86715", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T00:13:13.553", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-20T00:13:13.553", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86713", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Sentences (3) and (4) would be pronounced with no difference in prominence or\nintonation. Interpretation depends solely on the context.\n\nの works as well for both in this particular case.\n\n> (3)’ 大阪の母が東京に引っ越したいと言ってる (non-restrictive) \n> (4)’ 大阪の兄が東京に引っ越したいと言ってる (restrictive)\n\nIf it is one of your two older brothers who is living is Osaka (with the other\nliving somewhere else), you might say:\n\n> (4)’’ 大阪に住んでる方の兄が東京に引っ越したいと言ってる (restrictive)\n\nBut this doesn’t work if you have more than two older brothers.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T00:13:07.403", "id": "86718", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T00:13:07.403", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86713", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You could say 出しっぱなし works _like_ an adjective in that sentence, or you could\nalso see 出しっぱなしだ as a shorter way of saying 出しっぱなしになっている. Either way, it\ndescribes the state of the book and therefore the book deserves the subject’s\nspot.\n\n本を出しっぱなしだ is also possible. It means the same as 本を出しっぱなしにしている. This focuses\non someone’s earlier act on the book rather than the current state of the\nbook. The book is the object of the act in this case.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-19T23:54:13.910", "id": "86716", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-19T23:54:13.910", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86714", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "ネットの色々な辞書で検索して、「出しっぱなし」は「だす」+ 「しっぱなし」じゃなくて一つの単語として出てくるそうです。 品詞は名詞ですから、「A が B\nだ」という文型に合うと思います。\n\n * [出しっぱなし - Weblio](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%B1%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97)\n * [出しっぱなし - Jisho.org](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%87%BA%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%B1%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T00:08:21.193", "id": "86717", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T00:08:21.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "86714", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "You are correct. In both instances, で is synonymous--and interchangeable--with\nによって. As far as I know, there is no difference between them. In fact, they are\ninterchangeable when used in this kind of context.\n\n変わってくる here simply means 変わる, with てくる indicating that it is 挽き方 that changes\n味. (挽き方で味も変わってくる can be rewritten as 挽き方が味を変える with no semantic change.)\n\nAll in all, the quoted part can roughly translated as the following: Listen.\nThe taste of beans change by provenance or grinding method.\n\nOr when \"全く\" is reflected in English: Listen. Bean taste varies considerably\nfrom place to place, and changes by how they (beans) are ground.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-21T12:30:32.710", "id": "86744", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T12:30:32.710", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35664", "parent_id": "86722", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your intuition is pretty accurate. It's expressing a feeling of \"...what does\nthat have to do with anything?\" or \"why are you asking?\". Mugen doesn't\nunderstand why he's being asked his name.\n\nA similar pattern would be:\n\nA:「何才ですか？」\n\nB:「30才だけど...」\n\nA: How old are you?\n\nB: I'm 30... (what does that have to do with anything?)\n\nOr:\n\nA:「だれの車？」\n\nB:「俺のだけど...」\n\nA: Whose car is this?\n\nB: It's mine... (why are you asking?)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T08:38:04.893", "id": "86727", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T21:55:48.407", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-21T21:55:48.407", "last_editor_user_id": "7390", "owner_user_id": "7390", "parent_id": "86724", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "～の恐れ only means either of those things:\n\n * possessive: \n\n> 彼の恐れ _his fear_\n\n * modifier: \n\n> 一瞬の恐れ _a momentary fear; a flash of fear_\n\n * \"worrisome possibility of\" (risk/susceptibility...): \n\n> 逃亡の恐れ _being a flight risk_ \n> 大雪の恐れ _(unwelcome) likelihood of heavy snow_\n\nSo your sentence always means (2). Similarly, [clause] + 恐れ is always\nappositive, such as:\n\n> 地震で倒壊する恐れ _risk of collapsing during an earthquake_\n\nAlthough, as verb, 恐れる \"fear\" takes a direct object such as 人を恐れる \"be afraid\nof people\", its synonymous noun phrase is made with ～への恐れ or ～に対する恐れ, thus:\n\n> 自殺の恐れ _possibility of suicide_ \n> 自殺への恐れ _being afraid of committing suicide_\n\n* * *\n\n**PS** : In my third definition, ～のおそれ should be prescriptively [spelled with\n虞 instead of\n恐れ](https://www.bunka.go.jp/seisaku/bunkashingikai/kokugo/hokoku/pdf/ijidokun_140221.pdf),\nbut it is not obeyed by many.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T08:03:46.963", "id": "86726", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T08:10:07.863", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-20T08:10:07.863", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "86725", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "According to Frellesvig ( _A History of the Japanese Language_ , p338), the\n_masu_ auxiliary is derived from the polite auxiliary _marase_ , which\napparently is a humble word for 'give'. The _marase_ form emerged in Late\nMiddle Japanese (1200-1600) and is itself a causative form derived from the\nearlier _mawir_ ('come').\n\nBeyond that, I don't know anything, but I suppose you can imagine the concept\nof 'giving' being applied to one's own actions to suggest a\nhumbleness/politeness in a similar way that the current ～てあげる is used.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T15:39:37.023", "id": "86732", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T15:39:37.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "25875", "parent_id": "86728", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "要る is an **intransitive _verb_** that means \"to be necessary\" or \"to be\nneeded\" rather than \"to need\". (No i-adjective ends with る in Japanese.)\nThat's why we mark the needed thing using が rather than を. For example, the\nvery literal translation of お金が要る is \"Money is needed\", but in English, it's\nusually more natural to translate this as \"[I] need money\". Likewise, \"要る?\" is\nusually translated as \"Do you want/need it?\", but its literal translation is\n\"Is it necessary?\".\n\n(The link by Chocolate explains a rather exceptional case where 要る is used as\npart of the [`AをBと + verb`\npattern](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/55169/5010), but this doesn't\nmean 要る can take を alone.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-21T02:52:41.820", "id": "86740", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T02:52:41.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86729", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "Yes! と is used to mean \"similar to\" here.\n\nIt is intended to emphasize many salary envelopes which are likened to a\nmountain!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T16:13:05.090", "id": "86734", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-20T22:03:25.100", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-20T22:03:25.100", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "44010", "parent_id": "86731", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'd say you are pretty close, but I would translate it as:\n\n> It seems I am the only one who did not get completely excited\n\nLet's talk about the grammar and why I think this. Full sentence again for\nreference:\n\n> 俺は自分だけが勝手に高ぶってしまわないよう\n\nThe grammar break down:\n\n> 俺 = I/Me\n>\n> は = Particle declaring that the previous thing (I/Me) is the overall topic\n>\n> 自分 = Oneself\n>\n> だけ = Only\n>\n> が = Particle setting the previous thing (only oneself) the subject of the\n> sentence\n>\n> 勝手に = One's own way / Willfully\n>\n> 高ぶって = 高ぶる in the て form. Means to be / get excited and additionally XYZ.\n> The additionally XYZ part comes from it being in the て form\n>\n> しまわない = しまう in the negative form. しまう Means to do completely / accidently. \n> Taking it means \"completely\" here. So we are saying has not/did not do\n> completely\n>\n> よう = Seems \n> I say \"seems\" here because I'm assuming this is a complete sentence. Any\n> left off parts can easily change the meaning\n\nNow let's put it all together and convert it into \"English\":\n\n> I, only myself, in my own way did not excited and to completeness it seems.\n\n\"Cleaning\" it up to sound natural:\n\n> It seems I am the only one who didn't get completely excited.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-20T21:05:43.197", "id": "86738", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T06:31:51.863", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-21T06:31:51.863", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "30339", "parent_id": "86736", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Here is another sentence break down which I got from 1 guy in Discord ,in case\nanyone on internet want a reference . This is just MC thought about his\naction, could be \"excited about emotion /he's acting too fast because\nexcitement\n\n自分だけが Only myself\n\n勝手に arbitrarily\n\n高ぶってしまわない > 高ぶる to be excited + しまう involuntary action + ない negative\n\nよう in order to / so\n\n\"So I won't get all excited by myself\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-21T22:45:31.830", "id": "86750", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T22:45:31.830", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42363", "parent_id": "86736", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "In my explanation below, I took the liberty of swapping 私 and 彼 to eliminate\nthe underlying unnaturalness I saw in your examples.\n\nThe most matter-of-fact sentence to describe the act of me receiving a gift\nfrom him would be:\n\n> 私は彼にプレゼントをもらう。\n\nThe sentence still sounds natural after に is replaced with から, although it\nmight sound a bit colloquial to some.\n\n> 私は彼からプレゼントをもらう。\n\nDepending on the context, however, the second sentence could be understood as\nsomeone else’s gift for the speaker being handed by him to her. This\ninterpretation is not completely impossible from the first sentence with に but\nmuch less likely because of the stronger collocation of 〜にもらう.\n\n彼にもらったプレゼント and 彼からもらったプレゼント are simply noun phrases that describe the gift\nthus received and inherit the same nuances.\n\nIn the following sentences, に and から are no farther from the verb than they\nare in the base sentences above.\n\n> プレゼントは彼に私がもらう。\n>\n> プレゼントは彼から私がもらう。\n>\n> プレゼントを彼にもらうのは私だ。\n>\n> プレゼントを彼からもらうのは私だ。\n>\n> プレゼントを私が彼にもらう。\n>\n> プレゼントを私が彼からもらう。\n\nThey all seem to have the same nuances but nothing additional. If some of them\nsound unnatural, they do regardless of に or から.\n\nTo test the first of the two explanations that trouble you, we would have to\nseparate に and から farther from the verb.\n\nLet’s look at the following pair.\n\n> 彼に私はプレゼントをもらう。\n>\n> 彼から私はプレゼントをもらう。\n\nI don't find either one less natural or more ambiguous than the other.\n\nHowever, ambiguity could arise if the object of the verb is modified by an\nadjective or a clause.\n\n> 彼にぴったりな指輪をもらう。(ambiguous)\n>\n> 彼からぴったりな指輪をもらう。(less ambibuous)\n\nIn the first sentence, the ring might be just his size, not hers.\n\nThe farther に is from the verb, the more the chances of it inadvertently\ngetting bound with another word. The same can be said about から but に has many\nmore potential partners. I suppose this is what the first explanation is\nabout.\n\nから could sound awkward if another から appears before もらう.\n\n> 私は彼に故郷から送られてきた野菜をもらう。(ambiguous but less awkward)\n>\n> 私は彼から故郷から送られてきた野菜をもらう。(awkward)\n\nUsing もらう in the passive or causative form would add to the confusion because\nに plays a different role in those constructions.\n\n> 私は彼女に彼にプレゼントをもらわれる／もらわせる。(not really ambiguous but awkward)\n>\n> 私は彼女に彼からプレゼントをもらわれる／もらわせる。(less awkward)\n\nI think the same general rule applies to 聞く, 借りる, and 習う. The first might be\nused more often with から than the other two precisely because of the ambiguity\nof 彼に聞く; it can also mean “to ask him”.\n\nTo me, に sounds much more natural than から when used with compound verbs such\nas 見せてもらう, 教えてもらう, 貸してもらう, etc.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nHere are my translations of the last set of examples above.\n\nPassive:\n\n> 私は彼女に彼［から／？に］プレゼントをもらわれる。\n>\n> She receives a gift from him, to my annoyance.\n\nCausative:\n\n> 私は彼女に彼［から／？に］プレゼントをもらわせる。\n>\n> I have her receive a gift from him.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-22T02:48:04.743", "id": "86753", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:54:33.530", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:54:33.530", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86743", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, you can.\n\n> \"AとBとはC\" and \"AとBとではC\"\n\nthey have the same use in this case. Precisely speaking, `\"異なる\"` means `\"is\ndifferent\"`, so `\"AとBとは異なる\"` means `\"A and B is different\"`,\n\nand when someone says `\"AとBとでは異なる\"`, we Japanse get the feeling that `\"A is\ndifferent from B. But there's an existence of another element that resembles\nA\"`.\n\nTo add some information, \"それ\" means\"海\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-21T16:30:06.170", "id": "86747", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-22T01:48:04.700", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-22T01:48:04.700", "last_editor_user_id": "44026", "owner_user_id": "44026", "parent_id": "86745", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The original sentence sounds a bit unnatural to me. Replacing とは with either\nでは or とでは would make it sound more natural.\n\n> Aと、Bとは、存在感が異なっていた。(a bit unnatural)\n\n> Aと、Bでは、存在感が異なっていた。(natural)\n\n> Aと、Bとでは、存在感が異なっていた。(natural)\n\nThe scope of comparison or contrast becomes much clearer with で.\n\nとは may be used alone to indicate contrast but that’s due to the collocation of\n〜と（は）異なる.\n\n> Aは、Bとは、存在感がまるで異なっていた。(natural)\n\nHaving said that, though, それとこれとは話が違う seems more commonly used than\nそれとこれでは話が違う or それとこれとでは話が違う. It’s almost like an idiom as it is.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-21T23:43:13.317", "id": "86751", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-21T23:43:13.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86745", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "遅い has negative connotations when used to describe someone’s movement or\naction. It’s like saying “not quick enough”. For example, the following\nstatement sounds like a criticism.\n\n> 彼は歩くのが遅い。\n\nThis negative sense is clearer in the following.\n\n> 彼は仕事が遅い。\n\nゆっくり has no such connotations in itself. If it’s used in a criticism, that’s\ndue to sarcasm.\n\nMaybe that’s why 遅く歩いてください sounds weird.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-21T23:57:52.830", "id": "86752", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-31T03:54:53.623", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-31T03:54:53.623", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86748", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]