Datasets:

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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

like 3

[ { "body": "Yes, you can attach 可能 to all suru-verbs (i.e., kango/gairaigo) as long as\ndoing so makes sense.\n\n * 施錠可能(な) lockable\n * 検索可能(な) searchable\n * 死亡可能(な) die-able(?) \n(e.g., 死亡可能回数 in life-based games such as _Super Mario_ )\n\n * 失敗可能イニシャライザ [failable initializer](https://developer.apple.com/swift/blog/?id=17)\n * ペイント可能(な) paintable\n * リサイクル可能(な) recyclable\n\nBut note that できる should be the initial choice in many cases. 可能 is used\nmainly in technical contexts. It's especially common when naming some concept\n(失敗できるイニシャライザ sounds too prose-like as a translation for _failable\ninitializer_ ).\n\nRelated: [What's the difference between 不可能 and\n不能?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/83102/5010)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T16:55:02.753", "id": "85983", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T01:48:27.577", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-06T01:48:27.577", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85976", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "As a native Kansai-an I have to point out: the natural way to say it is:\n\n> (a) 火遊びしたら危ないで！\n\n> (b) 火遊びしたらアカンで！\n\nIt'd be odd to say \"しちゃあかんで\" as you don't say しちゃ in Kansai dialect.\n\n”してもうたら” has a slightly different meaning and shouldn't be used in this case.\n\"してもうたら\" is used to describe the consequence of an action, e.g.\n火遊びしてもうたらもう許してもらえへんで or 火遊びしてもうたらもう不良やな", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T19:53:19.477", "id": "85984", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T19:53:19.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "85977", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "The two sentences are rather different.\n\nWhen you say\n\n> 仕事から家に帰る時に、日本語を勉強する\n\nYou probably meant \"I study Japanese when I go home from work.\" But, this is\nnot what the Japanese means. The Japanese says, \"I will study Japanese\n_before_ I return home.\"\n\n> 仕事から家に帰ると、日本語を勉強する。\n\nCaptures your most likely intended meaning.\n\nFirst とき really doesn't mean _when_ quite as we use it in English. It really\nhas more of a meaning of before/after depending on the _tense_ of the verb\npreceding it.\n\n> 帰る時 > _before_ I return home.\n\n> 帰った時 > _after_ I got home.\n\nWhen using < _S1_ >時< _S2_ >, event < _S1_ > describes the state of affairs\nthat define the time when event < _S2_ > occurs. Verbs of movement, like 帰る,\ncomplicate this since they are _instantaneous_ verbs in Japanese (ie., 帰る=>\"I\nwill return home\", 帰った=>\"I've returned home\"). It is possible to construe\n\n> 仕事から家に帰る時に、日本語を勉強する\n\nas meaning, \"On my way home from work, I studied Japanese.\" Since 帰る does not\ndescribe a completed state of affairs, it **cannot** be construed to mean you\nstudied after getting home since then the act of 帰る'ing (to create an\nlinguistic abomination) hasn't been completed: ie., you're not home yet.\n\nYou might ask, then how is 帰るとき and 帰る前 different?\n\nThe verb 帰る generally means \"to return home\". 帰る時 means \"before I got home\"\n(yes, I used past tense in English). But 帰る前 would mean something more akin to\n\"before I left to go home\".\n\nSo, if you say 仕事から家に帰るとき、日本語を勉強する。 you could mean that on your way home you\nstudy Japanese (on the bus or train) or you go to a language school or\nsomething like that. You've already left work, but you haven't made it home\nyet. All because 帰る hasn't been completed yet.\n\nSo, now let's revisit:\n\n> 仕事から家に帰ると、日本語を勉強する。\n\nI believe this would sound a bit off to a native Japanese speaker. In the\nconstruction < _S1_ >と< _S2_ >, event < _S2_ > is not generally something that\nyou have control over. と shows a correlation between two events (in which case\nwe usually translate it as _whenever_ ). Or, it expresses a consequence\nbetween two different events (event _S1_ having happened, _S2_ happens). But,\nin either case, _S2_ isn't something you really have much control over.\n\nSo, if you want to say something like \"When I get home from work, I study\nJapanese\" then try something like\n\n> 仕事から家に帰ってから日本語を勉強する。", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T16:30:28.653", "id": "85982", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T17:41:46.597", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-05T17:41:46.597", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "85981", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "I would read it as:\n\n> [暗]{あん}から[明]{めい}へ\n\neg\n\n[明]{めい}と[暗]{あん} \n[正]{せい}と[負]{ふ} \n[静]{せい}と[動]{どう} \n[陰]{いん}と[陽]{よう}", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-06T06:07:35.580", "id": "85988", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T06:13:25.903", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-06T06:13:25.903", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "85987", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Those are the bonji. They are sound vibrations used in meditation. In\nJapanese, they typically are germ characters, which are characters that\ngerminate other words, like a seed. In this context, it is likely to germinate\nnames of deities, and one or more of their various aspects are being invoked\nby these sounds, that is to say, \"whatever the requester had in mind without\nany strict rules\" as the OP states.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-06T12:49:10.997", "id": "85992", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T12:49:10.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34142", "parent_id": "85989", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "ということです seems to be something specific to formal writing and news reporting. I\nencounter it a lot in books on history or philosophy and generally in a\ncontext when the opinion of someone, who's not necessarily been specified, is\nquoted.\n\nI've struggled myself with how to translate it when I run across it in a text,\nbut generally it doesn't seem to translate well. Japanese is very sensitive to\nhow we get the information we're passing on: did we observe it ourselves or\ndid we learn from someone else.\n\nMy guess would be that ということです doesn't necessarily indicate a particular\nsource. It could be a conclusion reached by the impression you get from\nseveral different sources. In the article you're quoting it's perhaps\nsomething gleaned from what the Covid Research Groups have published. I think\nit's the lack of specificity of 研究班 that leads to this vague citation through\nthe expression ということです", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T00:29:51.060", "id": "86019", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T00:29:51.060", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "85991", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It indicates that the speaker is relaying something that they heard. It's not\nlimited to news and is also frequently used in stories, e.g. 故郷に帰った二人は仲良く暮らした\n**という**.\n\nThat said this use of いう is a tad archaic and you probably hear other forms\nlike らしい、って言ってたよ in its place much more frequent in colloquial speech.\n\nI'm not sure if there is a defined standard for when to use 伝聞形 in news. But\ngenerally, it's used to relay something you yourself haven't verified\nfirsthand. E.g. it'd be odd to say 太陽は明るいということだ, but it's natural to say:\n白夜の太陽は明るいという (assuming the speaker has never seen 白夜). And it's equivalent to\nsaying: 白夜の太陽は明るいらしい", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T06:02:21.947", "id": "86068", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T06:02:21.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "85991", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Let's break this sentence down.\n\n> 虫に変ってしまっているのに気づいた\n\nAt a basic level this sentence breaks up into two fundamental parts:\n\n> (A) 虫に変った -- Someone/thing changed into a bug\n\nand\n\n> (B) 気づいた -- Someone noticed something.\n\nWhat is noticed is being changed into a bug. That would make sentence **A**\nthe object of 気づいた. Two things need to happen here to complete this joining of\nsentence **A** and **B**.\n\nWhen you say \"I noticed A\" in Japanese, the particle that marks what you\nnoticed is に. So, \"I noticed A\" becomes\n\n> **A** に気づいた\n\nBut in Japanese, **A** must be a noun, it can't be a sentence or a verb or\nanything else. To make sentence **A** a noun we _nominalize_ it. There are\nvarious ways of doing this, but often in a situation like this the nominalizer\nused is の. This works as follows:\n\n> **A** + の --> 虫に変ったの\n\n(There's no nice way to translate this grammatical construction into English.)\n\nSo, now we can put **A** and **B** together.\n\n> **A** + の + に + **B** --> 虫に変った + の + に気づいた --> 虫に変わったのに気づいた。\n\nSo notice: the のに here is not the のに you're looking for; this is a different\ngrammatical construct. There are two distinctly different grammatical\nconstructs here: nominalizing a sentence with の and singling out that which\nwas noticed with に.\n\nTo get a bit of a better feel for this, let's change the sentence a bit to\n\n> Mr B saw Mr A change into a bug.\n\nAgain there are two basic underlying sentences:\n\n> Mr A changed into a bug --> Aさんが虫に変わった。\n\nand\n\n> Mr B saw [it]. --> Bさんは見た。\n\nIn this case, what is seen is marked by the particle を, but still Aさんが虫に変わった\nneeds to be nominalized (again we'll use の). Put together we get\n\n> Aさんが虫に変わったのをBさんは見た。\n\nOn to てしまう\n\nIn English we like short to-the-point _objective_ -sounding sentences: \"He\nnoticed he'd changed into a bug.\" Perfect! But, in Japanese these sorts of\nexpressions come across as blunt, emotionless, and rather inhuman. In other\nwords, 虫に変わったのに気づいた sounds a bit like a droid; it feels like it completely\nlacks any human feeling or emotion.\n\nThe てしまう construct has a wide range of meanings. On one level, it gives the\nsentence a sense of completeness.\n\n> 虫に変わってしまった --> He'd completely changed into a bug.\n\nAnd, I think for a native speaker, there is at least a minimal residue of this\nmeaning in the sentence. But, てしまう can also express shock, regret,\ndisappointment. Just try to imagine your reaction upon waking up noticing that\nyou were no longer human but a bug. You would be in a bit of shock.\n\n> [皿]{さら}が割れてしまった。\n\n> The dish was broken.\n\nHere てしまう expresses a sense of finality: the dish is broken and there's\nnothing that can be done about it; it's been destroyed. And if the dish were\nsomething that you were given by, let's say, your gramma, you might be very\nsad about this. This てしまう is a very powerful and useful construct for\nexpressing such emotions.\n\nBut, back to Kafka. We could write:\n\n> 虫に変わってしまったのに気づいた。\n\nThis would however leave the reader wondering, \"is he a bug or not?\" Perhaps\nhe only noticed somehow that during the night he'd been transformed into a\nbug, but currently he's not a bug.\n\nImagine a werewolf or vampire sort of story. You might read\n\n> 起きたとき夜[狼]{オオカミ}に変わってしまったのに気づいた。\n\n> When he woke up, he noticed that last night he'd changed into a werewolf.\n\nHe's not a werewolf right now, but there's some kind of clear evidence that\nthat's what happened.\n\nIn the case with Kafka, it's not just that he changed into a bug, but he's\n**still** a bug. So, to get this across, we need to say\n\n> 虫に変わってしまっている\n\nPerfect!\n\nWhy not instead just say\n\n> 虫に変わってしまう\n\n_Tense_ in Japanese doesn't work like in English. There's not really a\n_present_ tense in Japanese, just a non-past form and a perfective form. I\nrecommend you read up these different forms else where. But, in short, the\nnon-past form (which we often call the present tense) indicates an incomplete\nstate. So,\n\n> 虫に変わってしまう\n\nmeans something more like \"I will become a bug.\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-06T14:39:35.170", "id": "85994", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T15:31:45.573", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-06T15:31:45.573", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "85993", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "The grammar here is a bit more complex, and it looks like that's confused you.\nLet's take a closer look at this structure.\n\n> そんな濃密【のうみつ】な5年間【ごねんかん】を、記事担当【きじたんとう】のコラムを交【まじ】えつつ[振り返る]【ふりかえる】。\n\nThere are a few things going on here. If we diagram it a bit differently, it\nmight become more clear what's going on.\n\n> ５年間を 振り返る。 \n> そんな濃密な \n> コラムを交えつつ \n> 記事担当の\n\n * The simplest core of the main statement is that top line: ５年間【ごねんかん】を[振り返る]【ふりかえる】 (\"to look back on [those] five years\"). That's where that を fits in -- it marks the object of the verb [振り返る]【ふりかえる】.\n * The second line is a modifying phrase, used to tell us more about what kind of ５年間【ごねんかん】 we're talking about: そんな濃密【のうみつ】な (\"those rich and full / jam-packed ...\").\n * The third line is the simplest core of the embedded sentence: コラムを交【まじ】えつつ (\"while mixing in [newspaper?] column [content / articles / pieces]\"). This has the ～つつ ending, telling us that this action is happening alongside, or in a subordinate way to, the action of the main statement.\n * The fourth line is another modifying phrase, telling us more about what kind of コラム we're talking about: 記事担当【きじたんとう】の (\"belonging to the person in charge of articles\" → \"the editor's\").\n\nPutting it all back together, we might translate this as something like the\nfollowing. This assumes that the context is a newspaper, magazine, or similar\nmedium, that would have a regular feature section, in which this text appears.\n\n> We look back on those jam-packed five years, with a mix of columns from our\n> feature editor.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-06T21:03:34.523", "id": "85998", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T21:03:34.523", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "85996", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "1. The main confusion is that Xのように in this context means \"like/as X\" rather than anything related to \"trying to do\".\n\n 2. Xを下にして here means \"with X facing down\". を indicates that the thing which is facing down is 背中, his back.\n\nBreaking this down, we have:\n\n> 甲殻のように固い \n> As hard as a carapace\n\n> 甲殻のように固い背中 \n> (his) back, as hard as a carapace\n\n> 甲殻のように固い背中を下にして \n> with (his) back, as hard as a carapace, facing down\n\n> 彼は甲殻のように固い背中を下にして横たわり \n> lying down with his back, as hard as a carapace, facing down", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-06T21:50:48.920", "id": "86001", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T22:23:34.530", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-06T22:23:34.530", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "85999", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "IMO the correct way to parse it is:`〜的に〜だ` (so it doesn't modify the verb, it\nindicates what the topic relates to).\n\nE.g. you can say\n容姿的に無理だ、容姿的にちやほやされるタイプだろう、容姿的にちやほやしたくなる気持ちも分かる、容姿的にマスコミがちやほやしようとするのもわかるが、and\nalso 容姿的にマスコミが持ち上げようとするのもわかるが", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-06T22:06:32.830", "id": "86003", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T22:06:32.830", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "86000", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "pedophile is arguably the wrong interpretation. pedophile = someone who is\nsexually attracted to children. [ロリコン is short for \"Lolita\ncomplex\"](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9)\nand it just means attraction to young women\n\nHow young depends on the person. That image you posted I would not personally\nconsider \"lolicon\". You can find better representative images [by\nsearching](https://www.google.com/search?q=lolicon&tbm=isch)\n\nThe positive way to frame it is many people find kids and teens to be\nadorable, so they like to look at and read about characters that have those\nsame adorable characteristics and some women like to be those characters. You\ncan look at a young person and think \"they're sooooo cute!!!\" without it\nstraying into a bad place. Japanese culture has a strong attraction to cute\nthings (think Hello Kitty) and plenty of girls like to be considered cute and\none way to do that is to appear young and child like.\n\nAlso, maybe a controversial example, but Suicide Squad's Harley Quinn with her\npony tails is arguably an appeal to a similar idea. Pony tails are usually\nsomething associated with kids and young teens, not adults.\n\nOf course, given the topic, it does often stray into questionable areas. The\nname ロリ is short for lolita which comes from [a\nbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita) by that name about an older man\nwho has a relationship with a teenager. There are also cultural differences\nthroughout the world on what age it's okay to be sexually active and what age\ndifferences are acceptable.\n\nThe point I'm trying to make is \"pedophile\" has a much more negative meaning\nthan \"lolicon\". Search for \"pedophile\" and you'll pretty much only read about\ncriminals. Search for \"ロリコン\" on [Japanese google](https://google.co.jp) and\nyou'll find dressing tips, makeup tips, women showing off their \"lolicon\"\nlook, manga that you can by at every convenience store in Japan. You'll also\nprobably find lots of things you'd prefer not to have seen so be warned.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-07T07:22:53.473", "id": "86007", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-07T07:33:59.753", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-07T07:33:59.753", "last_editor_user_id": "43486", "owner_user_id": "43486", "parent_id": "86004", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "In the anime/manga fandom, a 15 year old girl is usually not called a ロリ\ncharacter in the first place. There are so many heroines of this age in\nJapanese manga/anime that if we considered them ロリ, almost all Japanese otaku\nwould have to be called ロリコン. This person\n([城戸沙織](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena_\\(Saint_Seiya\\))) is almost\ncertainly not called a ロリ character, either. A typical ロリコン from the\nstandpoint of Japanese otaku is someone who is attracted to girls around 3–12\nyears old. On the other hand, in the real society, an adult who shows sexual\ninterest in girls of 15 years old, regardless of their appearances, would be\naccused of being ロリコン.\n\nIn manga/anime, ロリ is used mainly based on the character's appearance and\nchildlike behavior. Thus, a person who is technically an adult but looks like\na child is often regarded as a subtype of ロリ. See\n[合法ロリ](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA) and\n[ロリババア](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%90%E3%82%A2).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-01T06:20:45.770", "id": "86414", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-01T17:48:40.557", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-01T17:48:40.557", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86004", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Without grammar analysis, close to my original interpretation in the comment,\nthe fact that he is going to die due to the curse is more unacceptable than\nletting his friend know he is going to die and make them feel lament about him\nsince he has been struggling to seek one who cursed him to die to the last.\n\nThat is to say, the defeat by him is more unbearable than his going to die, so\nno one wants to know he is going to lose by the enemy. I hope this\ninterpretation matches the plot and the protagonist’s behavior.\n\nAt this point, the 知らせる to 知らされる conversion does not change my interpretation.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-07T14:06:17.073", "id": "86008", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-07T14:06:17.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "86006", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In the case of example, it means \"How Yamada looked like ?\". (Without context,\n\"山田さんはどんな風にしていましたか。\" can mean both of them.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T17:10:36.640", "id": "86058", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T17:10:36.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43535", "parent_id": "86009", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "To be honest the whole thing sound a bit weird, maybe I'm just lacking\nexperience, but here's what I think.\n\n> どんな風に\n\nThis part I've mostly seen in things like \"How?\" or \"In what way?\". So, with\nthe help of the reply \"元気そうにしていました\", did help a lot, it seems to me that it\njust means \"How was Tanaka doing?\", \"He was doing well\".\n\nI made a mistake here ”山田さんは元気にしていましたか？” (don't use)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T20:19:28.593", "id": "86062", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T00:10:59.740", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-11T00:10:59.740", "last_editor_user_id": "43410", "owner_user_id": "43410", "parent_id": "86009", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "First, understand the simplest form of the expression:\n\nこんな風に\n\nlike this\n\nWhen you are teaching Origami, you would say:\n\nFold it like this.\n\nこんな風におります。\n\nSo, the expression by itself does not speak to health, appearance, folding, or\nflavor. Quite simply, \"like this\". So it depends on what follows.\n\n夏には、 _こんな風に_ 着飾ります。\n\nIn summer, you can dress it up _LIKE THIS_.\n\nNow, let's make the statement above a question.\n\n夏には、どんな風に着飾りますか？\n\nHow do you dress in Summer?\n\nNotice how it became simply \"How\".\n\nNow, let's get back to your original.\n\n山田さんはどんな風にしていましたか。\n\nThis is a conjugation of する(do) in progressive tense.\n\nSo, in the end it's quite literally:\n\nHow was Yamada doing?\n\nSince it does not specify what it is about, it could be anything.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-11T05:58:53.367", "id": "86583", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-12T11:25:08.260", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-12T11:25:08.260", "last_editor_user_id": "14444", "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86009", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes 憂ふ is basically a verb in classical Japanese written with [historical kana\northography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography). FWIW,\nNo verb in modern Japanese ends with ふ. The modern equivalent of this verb is\n[憂える](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%86%82%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B).\n\nThat being said, since this is a literary verb, the classical version is\nsomethimes used today using the modern kana orthography (憂う). For example,\n憂える声 and 憂う声 are both used (\"voice of concern\"). The former is theoretically\ncorrect but the latter is preferred by many. Practically speaking, you should\nbe using the modern version when you want to conjugate freely or stick to the\nstandard (憂えている, 憂えた, ...), but as an exception, you may use unconjugated 憂う\nat the end of a sentence or a relative clause.\n\n * [「憂う」と「憂える」](https://mainichi-kotoba.jp/photo-20161128)\n * [規範と違う「憂う声」が多数派](https://mainichi-kotoba.jp/enq-143)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T23:41:39.183", "id": "86035", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T23:58:18.700", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-08T23:58:18.700", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "日本で \"in Japan\" vs 世界中で \"throughout the world\". Does that help?\n\nI think the difference here would be the emphasis that is put on the idea of\n_throughout_. Pick a different language, say German or Navajo. These two are\nlanguages spoken **in** the world, but not **throughout** the world.\n\nYet, in order to be famous, then such a broad scope doesn't have to be\nspecified. In fact, 日本で localizes where manga are well-known; elsewhere in the\nworld, manga may not be so well known.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T00:19:44.800", "id": "86017", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T00:41:40.507", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-08T00:41:40.507", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "She's saying, \"the situation is quite dire\". 事 here refers to the situation at\nhand. And thus she says お願い. In other words, \"Please donate some of your\nblood.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T00:12:08.293", "id": "86016", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T00:12:08.293", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86015", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "山田孝雄, a Japanese linguist, called this type of phrase/sentence 喚体句. This is\nused to make a sentence sound dramatic and vivid. It is especially common in\npoetry (haiku, lyrics, ...), but this pattern is often seen in live commentary\nin sports and in the narrative part of novels, too. He called ordinary\nsentences (ending with a verb/adjective/copula) 述体句. Unfortunately, these are\nnot terms ordinary people understand.\n\n[This blog article](http://petalismos.net/tanka/kanran/kanran205.html) says\nthis type of \"vivid\" noun phrase is also called ト書き連鎖 by 坪本篤朗, but I don't\nhave access to the original article. Looks like this is a term that is hardly\nknown even among experts.\n\nAs you pointed out, 体言止め is neither very accurate nor specific to describe\nthis concept. An ordinary sentence that simply omits だ/する can be called 体言止め,\ntoo. And this type of noun phrase can appear in the middle of a sentence,\nbefore だが/でしたが, etc.\n\n> * 俺の名は新一。 \n> (体言止め, but no relative clause)\n> * **一瞬戸惑った僕** だったが、すぐに気を取り直した。 \n> 体言止め-ish, but not at the end of the sentence\n>\n\nHowever, 体言止め is at least widely known, and it does include a sentence like\nかぶりつく良子. Also, 体言止め can describe the main role of this pattern; to make an\nexpression impressive. Unless you have to be highly linguistically accurate, I\nthink you can safely use the word 体言止め to describe the pattern in question.\nFor example, see [my previous\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/61200/5010).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T03:32:02.047", "id": "86022", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T22:48:10.530", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-08T22:48:10.530", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86018", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "As noted in the comments by Leebo, Eddie Kal, and A. Ellett, the に marks the\nagent of actions in certain constructions. We sometimes use _by_ in English in\na similar fashion.\n\nIn the ～てもらう construction, consider that the agent of the verb もらう is\n_getting_ (もらう) something _done_ (the ～て verb) for them. This is, in some\nways, not far from the passive, where に is also used to mark the agent (the\ndoer of the action) and は or が to mark the patient (the receiver of the\naction).\n\n * Passive: \n * 私 **[は]{●}** 先生 **[に]{●}** 教え **[ら]{●}[れ]{●}[た]{●}**\n * \"Getting\": \n * 私 **[は]{●}** 先生 **[に]{●}** 教え **[て]{●}[も]{●}[ら]{●}[っ]{●}[た]{●}**\n\nWe might express this in English as:\n\n * Passive: \n * I **was** taught **by** the teacher\n * \"Getting\": \n * I **got** taught **by** the teacher\n\n_Note: In English, the two are so close that they are essentially fusing in\nmodern colloquial usage. The \"getting\" sense of \"receiving\" is thus often\nexpressed in a slightly wordier fashion, to avoid ambiguity:_\n\n * _\" Getting\" with explicit \"receiving\":_\n * _I **got** the teacher **to teach me**_\n\nThe key point to remember for ～てもらう constructions is that they are similar to\nthe passive, and the agent (doer) of the ～て verb generally takes に.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T17:34:07.900", "id": "86032", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T17:34:07.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86023", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "He's talking about the price of the 振袖. It's about the number of the 0's in\nits price.\n\nHe wished that there were one less zero in the price (tag). E.g. \"1,000,000\nyen\" → \"100,000 yen\"\n\nThe たら indicates \"(counterfactual) wish\". E.g. 「車があったら(なあ)。」 \"I wish I had a\ncar!\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T07:38:48.323", "id": "86026", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T07:45:32.260", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-08T07:45:32.260", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86025", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The first half of your translation should be right. I think you have a good\nunderstanding of that part of the sentence:\n\n> ほいほい騎士団が誘い出された時点で \n> By the time the knights were lured out,\n\nIn the second half of the sentence, 半ば is modifying 付いている, which is the [10th\ndefinition on jisho](https://jisho.org/search/%E4%BB%98%E3%81%8F) here. So,\nwhether they win or lose (勝負) was already half decided.\n\n> ほいほい騎士団が誘い出された時点で、半ば勝負はついてるんだよ。 \n> By the time the knights were lured out, it was already half decided who\n> would win.\n\nor, more naturally, \"By the time the knights were lured out, the victor was\nalready half decided.\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T19:39:00.867", "id": "86033", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T19:39:00.867", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "86027", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems to me that 知った振り and 知ったか振り are basically interchangeable, but 知ったか振り\nis a little more frequently used in everyday conversation or daily situations\nthan 知った振り. These are the examples found on the web.\n\n * 知ったかぶりをする男性って本当にうざいと思う。\n * 女性の知ったかぶりは、場合によってはかわいく思える。\n * 同僚の知ったかぶりには、いつもイライラさせられる。\n * 大事な仕事で知ったかぶりをされると、トラブルにつながる。\n * 「知ったかぶり」は印象が悪い\n\nOf course, all of these are used with a nuance of criticizing somebody. But\nthis may be true of 知った振り.\n\nAnd we have no definite etymology of this expression, but I have guessed this\netymological process.\n\n 1. 知っている **か** のような振りをする。\n 2. 知っている **か** の振りをする。\n 3. 知った **か** 振りをする。\n\nor, more likely\n\n 1. 知った **か** のごとき振りをする。\n 2. 知った **か** の振りをする。\n 3. 知った **か** 振りをする。\n\nLastly, though I have not done enough research, there will be any other\nexpressions constructed like that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-09T00:00:28.477", "id": "86036", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-09T00:38:17.517", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-09T00:38:17.517", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86028", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Sania san, your handwriting is very good for a beginner. As you continue to\npractice, you will discover nuances to improve in both your hiragana and\nkatakana (we all do!); but you are doing well. If I were to choose one kana to\nfocus on first in comparing your writing to charts, it would be タ in the\nkatakana syllabary. Kudos to you for taking on Japanese language study all by\nyourself!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T15:29:58.040", "id": "86031", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T15:29:58.040", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "27152", "parent_id": "86030", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "「話すことができぬでも、頷く(unazuku)ぐらいはできるだろう」\n\nThe first part of this sentence is archaic or old-fashioned. This is, of\ncourse, used in order to show the story takes place in the past. Let's rewrite\nthe above sentence into a modern one.\n\n「話すことができなくても、頷くぐらいはできるだろう」\n\nIt can roughly be translated into \"You can't talk, but you can nod at least!\",\nbut it seems to me that the following will be better.\n\n * Even if you cannot talk, you will be able to nod.\n\nA similar Japanese sentence using 話すことができぬが can be constructed in this way.\n\n「彼は話すことはできぬが、頷くことはできる」(He can't talk but he can nod.)\n\nComparing this with the above one, you will, I am sure, be able to understand\nthe slight difference in meaning.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-09T10:19:47.073", "id": "86039", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-09T10:19:47.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86037", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "For more precision, often boys use family name rather than first name, but\ngirls often use first name to show the intimacy in Japan.\n\nAnd it is not too strange if a boy is called by his family name. It's true\nthat boys prefer to use family name, but it is not a strict rule. Tt's not\nwierd at all that a boy is called by his first name, especially when the boy\nwant it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T18:03:42.773", "id": "86060", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T18:12:25.330", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-10T18:12:25.330", "last_editor_user_id": "43535", "owner_user_id": "43535", "parent_id": "86041", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The assumptions here aren't strictly true. Informal and diminutive\n\"honorifics\" ~ちゃん and ~くん can be used with either family or given names (or\nshortened forms of either). This depends on the relationship between the\nspeaker and listener. In particular interactions between family members,\nintimate partners, very close friends of the same sex, or classmates of the\nsame age tend to be less formal. When to use \"keigo\" and address each other\nwith full surnames with ~さん or more formal honorifics depends on the situation\nand the culture.\n\nSocial and cultural norms change rapidly, especially in younger people with\nexperiences overseas so you'd have some literary license here. However, there\naren't firm rules on when to use nicknames in Japanese so representing this in\na culturally authentic way would be difficult if you haven't had experience\nliving in Japan yourself. Given that you're asking this question I'm assuming\nyou haven't.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T06:20:50.827", "id": "86069", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T06:20:50.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14608", "parent_id": "86041", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "遊べて is the て from of 遊べる 'able to play/hang out'. 'It was fun being able to\nhang out with you.' Basically, as we'd usually say in English (thank you for\nthe suggestion, A. Ellett), 'It was fun getting to hang out with you.'\n\n遊んで is just the て form of the base 遊ぶ.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T00:01:46.267", "id": "86043", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T00:31:59.410", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-10T00:31:59.410", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "86042", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I want to translate it as \"I want to have it read as sparkling\". But that\nleaves a pesky passive voice in there that's not in the original.\n\nOn the other hand, a more literal translation seems to be \"I want to have\nothers read it as sparkling\". Then we've got the causative without resorting\nto the passive (though I think the passive construction sounds more natural in\nEnglish).\n\nIt's a bit more challenging to explain why it's not 読んでほしい. But\nスパークリング」と読んでほしい just means \"I want them to read it as sparkling\". The meaning\nis similar, but not the same. It's not merely that \"I\" **want them** to read\nit; \"I\" _want_ to **make them** read it a certain way. Well, _make_ is perhaps\na bit strong, which is why above I translated it as \"to have others read\". But\nhere I'm trying to clarify the difference between the two.\n\nAnother construction to consider is よませてほしい. But that would mean \"I want\nsomeone to have them read...\"\n\nWhen we say **verb** てほしい we're expressing the idea of wanting someone to do\nsomething (for us). But in this sentence, it's よませたい. \"I\" is the one \"wanting\nto cause\".\n\nWhat seems to me the next obvious question is why not have said something like\nよませられ＋たい. Here I'm going more out on a limb. I'd say there are two reasons\nthis could not work: (1) this would make the kanji the subject and as kanji\nare not sentient (at least as best as I can tell--this is my attempt at\nhumor), they cannot _want_ something; (2) even if it were possible for kanji\nto want something, then the sentence would incorrectly say mean \"the kanji\nwant to be made to read\". That's clearly not at all what is intended. (And\nhere's an interesting question, at least to me: in English we can have a\npassive causative of a passive-->\"it wants to be made to be read as...\". Can\nthis be done in Japanese?)\n\nA final note for which it would be good to hear from a native speaker: In\nEnglish we can say things like \"I want to be found\" or \"I want to be crowned\nthe king\" etc: in other words, we can want something be _done_ to us (ie we\ncan want a passive action performed). But, I've never seen such a construct in\nJapanese. Can you say something like 見つけられたい? I don't think so. In such a\ncase, you would instead say something like 見つけてくれたい perhaps (but I've never\nseen/heard this either) or just simply 見つけてほしい. The point being, I don't think\nyou can add たい to a passive verb in Japanese.\n\nSo, this circles back to my original inclination to translate the sentence in\nquestion as \"I want to have it read as sparkling\". The English works and I\ndon't think there's a corresponding literal Japanese version of this. As with\n\"I want to be found\", a different verbal construction would be used in\nJapanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T03:40:32.293", "id": "86045", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T04:27:39.503", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-10T04:27:39.503", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86044", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Innumerable artificial objects forms a mesh of fine intersecting lines\"\n\nYou might want to check [definition\n1.ア](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E7%B4%B0%E3%82%84%E3%81%8B#:%7E:text=%E3%81%93%E3%81%BE%E2%80%90%E3%82%84%E3%81%8B%E3%80%90%E7%B4%B0%E3%82%84%E3%81%8B%EF%BC%8F%E2%96%BD%E6%BF%83%E3%82%84%E3%81%8B%E3%80%91&text=%EF%BC%91%20%E4%B8%80%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A8%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3,%E3%81%AE%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E3%81%AE%E6%BF%83%E3%81%84%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE%E3%80%82&text=%E3%8B%91%E8%89%B2%E3%81%AE%E6%BF%83%E3%81%84%E3%81%95%E3%81%BE%E3%80%82)\nof [細]{こま}やか.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-20T08:39:11.970", "id": "86247", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-20T08:39:11.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "86046", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes you can use シーン and 場面 interchangeably. Note that シーン in Japanese never\nrefers to a geographical location; \"return to the scene of the crime\" is\n犯行の現場に戻る, for example.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T09:06:47.297", "id": "86051", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T09:06:47.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86049", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "These kanji are definitely taught. One way or another. I did not go through\nthe education system in Japan so I cannot directly speak to what happens in\nthe classroom. But I have several textbooks and references used in elementary\nschool and high school.\n\nAll these resources present these kanji and the textbooks (like books on\nculture and geography, for example) definitely presume the reader (the\nstudent) knows how to read words like 風呂 and 大阪. The younger the age of the\nstudent the book is being written for, the more frequently you'll see\nfurigana. The approach/philosophy taken seems to be that through frequent\nreading you learn to recognize words and learn how to read those words, later\non you learn more specifically what the kanji mean. I have books on Japanese,\nChinese, and East Asian history targeting high school students: these books\npresent names of numerous historical figures and cities and towns frequently\nenough without even the aid of furigana--some of these names definitely use\nkanji outside of the Joyo Kanji list.\n\nI have several elementary school kanji dictionary the oldest of which was\npublished in 1990. They all list all three of the kanji in question. They're\nusually listed in the back of the dictionary as important kanji \"outside\" of\nJoyo-kanji. They are listed there specifically because they are encountered in\ntextbooks and everyday life (taking a bus across town or a train to a\ndifferent town/city). And though now-a-days I'm aware that often there are\nfurigana, when I was in Japan in the late 80's there were rarely such aids on\npublic transit. Yet me, a mere foreigner with very little kanji knowledge at\nthe time, I still managed to figure out how to get to where I wanted as I\nheaded out on my own to explore and learn something about the history,\ngeography, and culture of the region. Worst case-scenario, you ask someone.\nBut the point is, in this process, you learn a lot.\n\nI don't know about things now or how usual this was, but amongst my friends in\nJapan, they told me how their folks gave them lists of kanji to memorize\nbeyond what was being taught in school. (Though it's slightly off topic, my\nfriends from Hong Kong and Taiwan tell me stories of being expected by their\nparents to memorize a hundred new characters every day.)\n\nA number of my Japanese friends told me about how just walking down the\nstreet, their parents would quiz them on the spot to read signs and such. In\nfact, when I was staying with a family in Fukuoka when I first started\nlearning Japanese, they would do this with me too ask me to read signs on\nshops and street signs all as a way of practicing reading kanji. It was\nchallenging, but once you knew what the signs said, every time you walked by\nit, it was like a reminder, \"Oh yeah, that says ....\"\n\n**Responding to Comments**\n\nI wouldn't say the Joyo list is arbitrary at all. The list was created to\nfacilitate high literacy across the population. There are many historical\nfactors behind the creation of this list.\n\nRegarding place names and personal names, there are lists of additional kanji\n(notably Jinmeiyo Kanji) that may be used for these purposes and these lists\nwere created at the same time as the Joyo kanji list.\n\nThis is something some times frustrating for parents who wish to use a\nparticular kanji for their child's name (if it's not on the list, the registry\nwill not accept it as a legal name).\n\nIn particular, Joyo Kanji are do not target personal names and place names:\n現行の常用漢字表は、人名や地名など主に固有名詞だけに使われる漢字を対象外としている。\n\nRegarding kanji that don't appear (or formerly didn't appear) on these lists,\nlike 岡 (for the city [福岡]{ふくおか}), all I can say is that on my registration\ncard--and other official government documents (including documents issued to\nme by the post office) from when I arrived in Fukuoka in the late 80's--福岡\nappears on all of them. And, in the late 80's 岡 was not on any of these lists\nas best I can tell.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-14T18:23:52.003", "id": "86134", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T17:56:32.793", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-15T17:56:32.793", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86050", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, we can say it as \"のたまって\" too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T18:31:49.050", "id": "86061", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T18:31:49.050", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43535", "parent_id": "86052", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Maybe there is a verb omitted in the phrase. The truth sentence is\n\n「一人になれば不安になると（考えてor思ってor言って）眠りたくない夜は話し続けていた」\n\nSo it is not a conditional \"と\". This type of omission of verb after \"と\" can be\nsometimes founded in literature or in lyric.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T17:38:59.703", "id": "86059", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T18:08:05.200", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-10T18:08:05.200", "last_editor_user_id": "43535", "owner_user_id": "43535", "parent_id": "86053", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "In \"小さな頃\" and \"若い頃\", the subject is omitted. The subject can be for example\n\"私\"(speaker) or \"彼/彼女\"(a person who is talked about). So, \"小さな頃\" means\n\"私が(/彼が/彼女が）小さな頃\". In many cases if you see adj+\"時\"or\"頃\", there is a hidden\nsubject. In most of cases, the subject is the same as the subject of it's main\nclause.\n\nAnd \"小さな頃\" and \"小さい頃\" mean same thing. Maybe it is true that \"adj+な\" is used\noften with abstract things, but we can use \"adj+な\" of course with concrete\nthings.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T16:52:55.957", "id": "86057", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T17:01:05.003", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-10T17:01:05.003", "last_editor_user_id": "43535", "owner_user_id": "43535", "parent_id": "86054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Let's just consider the inner fragment\n\n> それがいくらか\n\nHow would you parse this? Is it a sentence? If it is a sentence, where is the\nverb?\n\nThe grammar with わかる is generally it takes a sentence followed by か to\nindicate what is understood.\n\n> それがいくらか\n\nparses much like the English (only it potentially sounds a lot ruder in\nJapanese).\n\n> That, how much?\n\nThis phrase needs a verb. In formal speech, you might ask\n\n> それがいくらですか\n\nBut generally you don't keep the formal verb in an embedded sentence. So, we\nneed to change this to an informal sentence.\n\nYou might guess\n\n> それがいくらだか\n\nBut that just doesn't work. Instead you can opt for one of the following two:\n\n> それがいくらであるか\n\n> それがいくらなのか\n\nThe first of this sounds extremely literary. If you talk this way you'll sound\nlike someone in parliament making a speech: rather pompous.\n\nIn the second one, the な is だ transformed for use in an embedded structure.\nI'm not sure quite how to explain the の but, if you're going to transform a\nformal sentence ending in ですか, then\n\n> ですか ==> なのか\n\nSo, in summary, 彼女はそれがいくらかわかります would be ungrammatical.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T16:04:02.857", "id": "86056", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T16:25:02.637", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-10T16:25:02.637", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "If it's that way 彼女はそれがいくらなのかわかります She knows how much it is. \n彼女はそれがいくらわかります How much does she understand?, so it has a different meaning. \nところで you can use Papago to translate whatever you want.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-12-28T14:10:54.163", "id": "92743", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-02T00:55:12.783", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-02T00:55:12.783", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "50104", "parent_id": "86055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "In answer to your title question, noun+に has no special meaning at all. You\nshould think of this に as working with the verb 徹する. This verb means \"devote\noneself **to** \". The thing you are devoting yourself **to** is marked with に.\n\n> 魔物が防御に徹するかのように動く。 \n> The monster moves as though devoting itself **to** defense.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-10T22:22:29.160", "id": "86064", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-10T22:22:29.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "86063", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It means \"It's (not the cat but) me who will be relieved\" or \" _I_ will be\nrelieved\". Note that she explicitly said 私, followed by an **exhaustive-\nlisting が** , which signals there's a contrast between 私 and the cat. If the\nsempai simply wanted to say \"I'm relieved (after hearing what you told me)\",\nthis exhaustive-listing 私が would not be necessary.\n\n> A: 先輩の場合、おっぱいすごいから \n> Because you (=Sempai) have amazing boobs...\n>\n> B: やはり、お邪魔でしょうか \n> Are these (=my breasts) annoying (to the cat)?\n>\n> A: いや、逆に安心するんじゃないかなって \n> No, I thought they would make the cat relieved.\n>\n> B: んっ… **私が** 、安心します \n> Hmm...It's (not the cat but) _me_ who will be relieved (by holding the\n> cat).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T01:56:35.587", "id": "86096", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T02:17:07.277", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-12T02:17:07.277", "last_editor_user_id": "21657", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86065", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Before and after receiving help?\n\n * A-San: This sofa is heavy\n * B-San: I'll grab the other end\n * A-San: 助かります (effectively, \"that would be helpful\")\n\nvs after from same situation above they finish moving the sofa\n\n * A-San: ありがとう！助かりました。\n * B-San: どう致しまして\n\nA similar situation for the first.\n\n * A-San: I'm going out in the snow\n * B-San: I have some gloves I could loan you\n * A-San: 借りていいの？助かります (It's okay to borrow them? That would be helpful)\n\nThen later when A-San gets back\n\n * A-San: この手袋はとても暖かった。助かりました。(these gloves were super warm, they/you were helpful)\n * B-San: よかったです。いつでも借りていいよ。(effectively: glad it worked out, you can borrow them anytime)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T05:15:49.527", "id": "86067", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T05:26:23.517", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-11T05:26:23.517", "last_editor_user_id": "17423", "owner_user_id": "17423", "parent_id": "86066", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Atelier/workshop\" is one of the possible meanings of こうぼう, but こうぼう has lots\nof other meanings unrelated to one another. [See this\nlink](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%93%E3%81%86%E3%81%BC%E3%81%86).\n\n[Japanese has lots of\nhomophones](https://www.japanesewithanime.com/2017/12/homonyms.html) (words\nwith the same sound) for historical reasons, so if you put a single word in\nhiragana into Google Translate like that, it can only give you the meaning of\na **random** word that can be read こうぼう. It's not Google Translate's fault.\n\nBy the way, do you know about hiragana and kanji? If you know about kanji,\n[工房](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%B7%A5%E6%88%BF) is the kanji for こうぼう meaning\n\"atelier\". This specifically refers to an artist's atelier/workshop.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T10:35:55.350", "id": "86072", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T10:35:55.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86070", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Keep in mind that the English is not a translation of the Japanese. The\nEnglish is a translation from German. The Japanese is also a translation from\nthe German. It may help having the English and Japanese side-by-side but don't\nrely on any deep correspondence there.\n\nIt's important to realize that the _reason_ why going back to sleep is\n_impractical_ is given in the next three sentences.\n\n>\n> というのは、彼は右下で眠る習慣だったが、この今の状態ではそういう姿勢を取ることはできない。いくら力をこめて右下になろうとしても、いつでも仰向あおむけの姿勢にもどってしまうのだ。\n\nNotice the final のだ. This is showing that what's been presented is a reason\nwhy 全然そうはいかなかった\n\nThere's nothing hypothetical here though. He wants to roll back over and fall\nasleep to forgot the nightmare he woke up into. But he can't do this.\n\n> 全然そうはいかなかった\n\nHere は is emphasizing (this is contrastive は) that \"that just wouldn't work\".\nNote that は can be tagged onto many different parts of speech, particularly\nwhen it's been used to draw a contrast.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T14:17:36.223", "id": "86076", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T14:17:36.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86071", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> 全然そう being marked as the theme of the sentence...\n\nYou don't seem to be parsing the sentence correctly, I'm afraid.\n\nThe 全然 continues to the negative ない in いか **なかっ** た. 「全然...ない」 means \"not ...\nat all\". For more on the usage of 全然+ない, see:\n\n * [The reason for using 何も+negative, but 何でも+positive](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1565/9831)\n * [全然 {ぜんぜん} with positive adjective / na-adjective](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/794/9831)\n * [How to interpret 全然 + positive adjective + とは思わない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56937/9831)\n\nSo you should parse the sentence as:\n\n「全然 + （そうは）いかなかった。」 rather than 「（全然そうは）+ いかなかった。」\n\nAnd it literally means \"(It/things) didn't go that way at all.\"\n\nThe は is the contrastive は, often used with a negative word (～ない). Here it\nmarks the scope of negation. For more, see:\n\n * [Why is the topic marker often used in negative statements (ではない, ～とは思わない)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1077/9831)\n * [には contrast in following sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/74215/9831)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T15:12:44.813", "id": "86079", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T15:12:44.813", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86071", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "ない is a slang, and means the thing/person/place is extremely bad, to the point\nit's absolutely and immediately excluded from further consideration, with no\nchance of reconsideration.\n\nE.g. if you say あいつはないわ, then it means your opinion of that person is so low,\nthat you never want anything to do with them. It's used for lighthearted\nsituations, too though - for example: 「チョコレートに醤油ってうまくね？」「ないわー」\n\nIn this case, the object is the house, so it's a very strong encouragement to\ndo something about its state.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T16:25:53.370", "id": "86080", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T16:25:53.370", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "86074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "We use:\n\ntransitive 当てる for \"(for a teacher) to call on a student to answer a\nquestion\", and \nintransitive 当たる for \"(for a student) to be called on (by a teacher)\".\n\nWe also use:\n\n[指名]{しめい}する for \"(for a teacher) to call on a student\".\n\nE.g.\n\n> 「(生徒が)授業で当たる」 \n> 「(生徒が)授業で(先生に)当てられる」 \n> 「(先生が)授業で生徒を当てる」 \n> 「(先生が)生徒を指名する」 \n> 「(生徒が)授業で(先生に)指名される」\n\n(当てる/当たる sounds a little more casual/conversational than 指名する/される.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T14:44:44.227", "id": "86078", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T14:44:44.227", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86075", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "しか, which is seen in this sentence, works together with a negative verb\nending. It does not negate the verb, in this case, but strengthens a feeling\nof 'you can only do ...'.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T16:44:58.430", "id": "86082", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T16:44:58.430", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42319", "parent_id": "86077", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. 登録 does not have a past tense because it is a noun (meaning registration). It can be made into a verb by adding する. 登録する means 'to register', so naturally the past form would be 登録した. Many nouns can be turned into verbs by adding する.\n\n 2. As above, 登録 is a noun. It cannot possibly be a verb because there is no way to conjugate it. All verbs must end in a kana from the u-group.\n\n 3. So I think ru-verbs and u-verbs are godan and ichidan verbs, right? する is neither. It is somewhat irregular.\n\n 4. For the level you seem to be at right now probably jisho.org would be a good choice of dictionary. If you look up [登録](https://jisho.org/search/%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%20) you'll see that it is labeled as both a noun and a suru verb.\n\nAs for how to distinguish between the different types of word, I could spend a\nlot of time telling you, but I think it is pointless. It will become clear to\nyou very quickly. And you can always use a dictionary.\n\nMore generally, if you have got to the stage of reading something like\nメールアドレスを登録した and don't know anything about する then I think you need to step\nback a bit. You have missed some very important material somewhere along the\nway.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T16:48:42.073", "id": "86083", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T16:48:42.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "86081", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "As already mentioned, \"noun + する\" is a very common method of creating verbs in\nJapanese. This is particularly true of foreign words including verbs borrowed\nfrom Chinese.\n\nYou might translate it as \"to do registration\" in English. The past tense\nwould be \"I did registration\".\n\nNote that the Kanji are pronounced here in the Sino-Japanese reading. This\nkind of verb is always inflected using する.\n\nVerbs with their own conjugation like 来る are not pronounced with the Sino-\nJapanese reading. Here, 来 is pronounced く, not らい as in 来年 (らいねん).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T08:46:10.077", "id": "86120", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T08:46:10.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43568", "parent_id": "86081", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This あたる means \"to treat [someone] [harshly]\".\n\nFrom: デジタル大辞泉:\n\n> ### [あたる](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BD%93%E3%82%8B/#jn-4694)\n>\n> ㋓人に接する。人を待遇する。現在では、ひどく扱う場合に用いる。「つらく―・る」「家族に―・る」\n\nSometimes あたる means \"to treat [someone] harshly\" or \"to vent one's anger on\n[someone/something]\" on its own without saying 厳しく, つらく, 乱暴に, etc. For\nexample, (切れて)物に当たる means \"to lose temper and handle things roughly in anger\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T01:35:13.433", "id": "86095", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T01:40:48.347", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-12T01:40:48.347", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86084", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe ごよう in this context is 御用. It means \"business\" or \"errand\".\n\nSo「ごようは どちらです」means \"what is your business?\" or more literally, \"your\nbusiness, which one is it?\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T23:26:13.837", "id": "86086", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T23:26:13.837", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "86085", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The feedback you got (and your interpretation thereof) is pretty much on\npoint, I think. Indeed, くれる is a special/irregular verb, in that it doesn't\nhave a passive form: \"くられる\" isn't recognized as an existing word; and in such\ncases もらう is used instead.\n\n> 小学生の時に、お父さんにロッククライミングの仕方を教えてもらいました。\n\nThis sentence is correct, but while it does reduce the emphasis on _who_ you\nreceived that rock climbing ability _from_ , the usage of もらう still emphasises\nsomewhat the fact that this is something you _received_ from your father.\n\nTo de-emphasize the receiving/appreciation aspect more clearly, you can\ninstead simply drop the くれる／もらう part entirely, and use the passive form of 教える\ninstead:\n\n> ロッククライミングのこつは小学生の時にお父さんに教わりました。\n\nI applied two more minor changes as well:\n\n * Assuming a conversational setting, 仕方 sounds a bit \"stiff\" to me. やり方 is a more commonly used alternative. In the context of something like rock climbing, こつ (meaning something like \"the knack\", \"the trick\", \"the hang of\", \"the ropes\", etc) would be my first choice though.\n * I changed the order a bit. This depends on the context though: assuming this is an answer you're giving to someone asking you how come you're \"so good at this\", it makes sense to mark ロッククライミングのこつ／やり方 as the sentence topic with は.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T06:06:47.947", "id": "86098", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T06:06:47.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5176", "parent_id": "86087", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are a few terms that might be used to describe ice on a road.\n\n * **[路面凍結]{ろめんとうけつ}** (literally \"road surface freezing\")\n * **アイスバーン** (from the German word \"Eisbahn\")\n * **ブラックアイスバーン** (probably the closest to what you're looking for)\n\nThe first two refer to any ice on the road, whether it's visually apparent or\nnot. The last one is transparent ice on the road.\n\nI found these on the Wikipedia article for 路面凍結, which I navigated to by\nsearching for \"black ice\" on the English language Wikipedia and then changing\nthe language for the article to Japanese.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-11T23:56:47.750", "id": "86089", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-11T23:56:47.750", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "86088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

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[ { "body": "I think it means each chapter of the story is translated into a different\nlanguage, because of:\n\n> 世界の名作を世界の言語で **リレーする** \n> **『星の王子さま』を** 1言語1章ずつ **読み進みます** 。\n\n「リレーする」「『星の王子さま』を読み進みます」という表現から、一つの物語を最初から最後まで通して読むという感じがします。\n\nSo I think it would be something like\n英語で『星の王子さま』の第1章を読み、ドイツ語で『星の王子さま』の第2章を読み...", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T01:11:44.023", "id": "86092", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T01:11:44.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86091", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Google Translate may translate 英語, 日本語 into \"English\", \"Japanese\", but...\n\nThe character 語 represents \"language\", so 英 **語** means \"the English language\"\nand 日本 **語** , \"the Japanese language\".\n\n\"Japanese people\" would be 日本 **人** since \"person/people\" is represented by\nthe kanji 人.\n\n> 英語 **よりも** 日本語 **の[方]{ほう}が** 話しやすいです。\n\n「Aより(も)Bの[方]{ほう}が...」 means \"B rather than A\", \"B is more...than A\".\n\nSo the sentence means \"The Japanese language is easier to speak than the\nEnglish language.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T01:34:54.317", "id": "86094", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T01:40:06.410", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-12T01:40:06.410", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "86093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you are an advanced learner of Japanese. This will be the reason why\nyour teacher corrected 「日本の文化はだれでも楽しむものじゃないか？」to 「日本の文化はだれもが楽しむものじゃないか？」. It\nseems to me that even if the former sentence sounds a little awkward, it\ncannot be said to be grammatically wrong. And the phrases of だれでも楽しめる and\nだれもが楽しめる are grammatical and both sound quite natural. It will be helpful to\ncite another similar sentence (3). This is ungrammatical because だれも (without\nが) is usually followed by a negative predicate like in (4).\n\n 1. 日本の文化は、 **だれでも** 楽しむものである。(just a little awkward)\n 2. 日本の文化は、 **だれもが** 楽しむものである。(natural)\n 3. 日本の文化は、 **だれも** 楽しむものである。(ungrammatical)\n 4. 日本の文化は、 **だれも** 楽しむもので **ない** 。(grammatical)\n\nIn short, in this sentence が is a requirement to express the subject of a\nsentence.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T09:52:37.017", "id": "86099", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T09:52:37.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "～でも in だれでも should be equated to であっても \"even to be\", so だれでも = だれであっても = \"no\nmatter who (s/he) is\". Translating it as \"anyone\" is indeed a clever way, as\nit puts stress on that no one is exception. Grammatically, the particle is\nunder the same category with は and such (取り立て助詞 \"focus particle\"), so here you\ncan take it as a sentence adverb.\n\nだれも{HLL} in だれもが is a special pseudo-noun, which obviously derives from\nだれも{LHH}. Since the particled phrase だれも, literally \"whoever\", is only paired\nwith negation in the modern language, we have had to work out a synonym usable\nin a positive sentence, so this weird form has born. Consider it as a special\nform of \"whoever\" in the nominative case.\n\nNow, the intricate portion is the predicate 楽しむもの（じゃないか）. It is not accurate\nenough to interpret using the English present tense like \"something (one)\nenjoys\". Japanese present form is by default future-oriented, thus the\nstrictest reading is \"something to enjoy\".\n\nWith that, if you put だれでも楽しむもの, it will literally yield \"something to enjoy,\nno matter who (s/he) is\". This would be used to tell \"everyone should or is\nlikely to enjoy rather than not\" or \"everyone should enjoy rather than doing\nother things\", which is somewhat off the point in this argument. It does not\nmean the combination is unnatural, for example you can say:\n\n> 漢字はだれでも習うものじゃないか\n\nOn the other hand, だれもが楽しむもの（だ） is \"something for whoever to enjoy\" (=\nsomething to V + whoever enjoys), which is more neutral in nuance.\n\nHowever, I don't think だれもが楽しむ is the most natural expression in this case,\nbecause it suggests everyone now does or is going to enjoy (which is a bit too\nstrong remark unless in a manga circle). In the context (see OP comment), what\nthe speaker intends is probably that it is open to everyone who wants to\nenjoy, that would be:\n\n> だれもが楽しむようなもの \n> （だれでも／だれもが）楽しめるもの \n> （だれでも／だれもが）楽しめるようなもの", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T02:40:11.523", "id": "86111", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T07:18:23.913", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-13T07:18:23.913", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "86097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "だれでも means だれであっても, which denies something is limited to a particular person\nor a particular group of people. It’s “anyone” in that sense. A more literal\ntranslation would be “regardless of who it is”. It goes well with a verb that\nexpresses potentiality (“anyone can …”) or one that describes a volitional\naction, or something people choose to do under specific circumstances (“anyone\nwould …”). だれでも楽しめる sounds natural because 楽しめる expresses potentiality,\nwhereas だれでも楽しむ doesn’t because 楽しむ is not a volitional action, at least not\nin this context.\n\nだれもが simply means 皆が. It includes “everyone” directly, not by denying\nlimitedness. This makes both だれもが楽しめる and だれもが楽しむ natural.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-03-17T23:21:51.017", "id": "98955", "last_activity_date": "2023-03-18T05:43:28.920", "last_edit_date": "2023-03-18T05:43:28.920", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "\"Xといいな\" is a more personal/subjective-sounding version of \"Xといいです\"; so instead\nof interpreting it as \"it would be good/fine if X\", it makes sense to\ninterpret it as \"it would be nice if X\".\n\n\"Yと思う\", as you know, means \"I think that Y\" or \"I feel that Y\".\n\nPutting these two together you end up with: \" _I think it would be nice if we\nfind something_ (literally: _...if something is found_ ).\" See [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/48529/nuances-%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%A4%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B-vs-%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B)\nfor the difference(s) between 見つける and 見つかる.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T10:32:38.430", "id": "86101", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T10:32:38.430", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5176", "parent_id": "86100", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "膨張した is in the past tense simply because 膨張 and 建造 happened in the past\n(relative to 大破壊). Note that 膨張した人口を支えるべく modifies 建造されていた, not 大地となった.\n\n> 膨張した人口を支えるべく、各地に建造されていた地下都市が、 人類に残された大地となったのである。\n>\n> The underground cities that **had been** erected in various places to\n> support the bloat **ed** population have (now) become the last lands left to\n> mankind.\n\nSo this sentence is not about whether the population is growing again now.\n\nその in その始まりの時 refers to 人 or 人類. This 人類の始まりの時 should be a reference to that\n\"Paradise Lost\" story of Adam and Eve in Christianity. The sentence means 大破壊\nwas the first time after Adam and Eve that mankind has lost their paradise.\n\n> 人はその始まりの時と同じく、自らの過ちによって楽園を失った。\n>\n> As with what happened in the beginning of mankind, humans lost their\n> paradise due to their own mistake (again).", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T15:25:55.173", "id": "86105", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-12T16:23:20.160", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-12T16:23:20.160", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86102", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This should just mean \"thrown/kicked **into** the teachers' room\". Assuming\nthe speaker is a student, he said this because the teachers' room is\npsychologically an unfamiliar \"outside\" place to the students. Of course\nsomething like 職員室に放り込まれるぞ is equally correct, but we somehow don't say\n職員室に叩き入れる.\n\n**EDIT:** \"Outside\" may not have been the best word to describe this 出る. 出る\ncan refer to going to a stage, a battlefield, the firing line (of criticism),\netc., so I think this 出される was used to imply something stressful was waiting\nin the room.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-12T15:16:46.040", "id": "86104", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-14T07:53:02.047", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-14T07:53:02.047", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86103", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I believe the expression 「職員室に叩き出される」 here is a variation on (or at least the\n「出される」part is influenced by) the more common「職員室に呼び出される」 (\"to be called into\nthe staffroom\").\n\nStudents may 職員室に呼び出される for various reasons, both good and bad, but more often\nthan not it spells trouble for them.\n\nThe meaning of the 「叩き出される」 in this case would be much the same as that\nof「呼び出される」, but with the indication of the speaker's belief that it wouldn't\nbe for a good reason and the person who is going to call them into the\nstaffroom will be very angry with them.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T04:35:22.500", "id": "86115", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T04:35:22.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11575", "parent_id": "86103", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "As far as I know, this is not a reference to some well-known episode. It's\njust his own creative way of describing the \"beauty\" of spring. Spring is the\nseason when a new school year begins in Japan, and he somehow likes observing\nclumsy new students.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T00:29:06.730", "id": "86109", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T00:29:06.730", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86108", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "\"ボケに被せる\" is a behavior like, when someone tells stupid/pointless thing (ボケ)\nintentionally (to wait/expect someone is pointing out that it is silly (ツッコミ))\nanother one tells some more stupid/pointless thing (another ボケ) based on the\nformer stupid thing to make audiences laughing more, since that response would\nbe unexpected (or, very very expected.)\n\n\"小銭を落とす\" means originally just \"paying some coins.\" If someone says \"小銭を落とす\"\nin the shop, he/she is saying he/she would buy something for service that shop\nprovides. Not really he/she drops the coin but pass it to the shops cash\nregister drawer or shopmaster's pocket.\n\nSo, \"ボケに被せて小銭を落とす\" would mean (though I don't know the original context so I\ncannot know the truth, but), \"credit someone that he/she is funny by putting\nanother ボケ comment onto his/her original ボケ talk.\"\n\n\"存在自体がボケ\" should mean he/she is funny by just his/her standing there.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T02:58:22.097", "id": "86112", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T18:17:35.207", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-13T18:17:35.207", "last_editor_user_id": "36261", "owner_user_id": "36261", "parent_id": "86108", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "* The names of less-known 芸能人/タレント may be found in a website [like this](https://www.talemecasting.com/) (there is an [offline version](https://www.vip-times.co.jp/booksorder_cat/orderguidance/), too).\n * There are often lists of specialists in other fields, and it may come with furigana or romaji. For example, there is a [list of all board-certified dermatologists](https://www.dermatol.or.jp/modules/spMap/).\n * There used to be a [Japanese version of who's who](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B3%E5%A3%AB%E9%8C%B2) in the past. It was discontinued in 2007, but you may find the names of businesspersons in the past.\n\nOtherwise, all you can do is google, look for their Facebook/LinkedIn/Amazon\npage, visit the company website, or directly inquire. For example the [PDF\navailable\nhere](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/itetr/27.7/0/27.7_27/_article/-char/ja/)\nsays NHK's 猪尾仁 is いのおひとし, and [this\npage](https://expydoc.com/doc/11339019/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B-nhk%E3%81%AE8k-shv%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE\n---itu-aj) says 東嘉和 is ひがしよしかず. No one can tell if a particular 東-san is あずま\nor ひがし just by looking at the kanji.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T03:17:54.233", "id": "86113", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T03:28:31.537", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-13T03:28:31.537", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86110", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "応える has much narrower meaning than English \"respond\". It is almost only used\nin the context of human communication, and means \"give what they\nexpect/deserve in return for their (incoming) action\" (hint: it has the same\nreading as 答える \"answer\").\n\n> 通信に応える _respond to the transmission_ \n> 疑念に応える _address the suspicion_ \n> 要望に応える _respect/fulfill the request_ \n> 期待に応える _live up to the expectation (directed at you)_\n\n事件 is just a fact, not a message from anybody, so you can confront it, but\ncannot 応える.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T08:20:18.203", "id": "86119", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T13:42:12.787", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-13T13:42:12.787", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "86117", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "この先も is a set phrase that refers to a long period of time from now (\"also for\nthe next years/months to come\", \"beyond this point, too\", etc.). When you say\nこの先も, この always refers to **now** or **here** , not a particular event. If you\nhave a specific \"this\" (e.g., a long study session) in mind, don't use この先.\n\n> 誰にも気づかれることなど この先もきっと無い \n> (It's been unnoticed so far and) surely it will remain unnoticed also in\n> the future\n\nThe [lyrics](https://ameblo.jp/yuruyuru-1955/entry-12614479812.html) roughly\nmean \"Everyone has invisible wounds, but my song can heal them, so let me heal\nyours with my song\".\n\nTo translate \"even after this\", how about:\n\n> これでもまだ試験に落ちると思う。 \n> これだけやってもやっぱり試験に落ちると思う。 \n> I think I'm still gonna fail the test even after this.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-13T09:20:57.220", "id": "86123", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-13T09:20:57.220", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86122", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "議論を呼ぶところではあったのだけれど＝議論を呼ぶものではあったけれど＝議論を呼ぶが\n\nこの場合の「ところ」に強い意味はないと思います。\n\nところ＝こと、もの\n\nというように事柄を表し、\n\n「動詞（verb）＋ところ」＝名詞化（nominalization） という使い方です。\n\n日本語は名詞化するより動詞のままで書いたほうが表現としてはすっきりするので、文章を書く上で意味があるとすれば、古めかしさや仰々しさを表すときには有効かもしれません。\n\n例 みんなの認めるところではあるが＝みんなの認めることだが＝みんな認めているが\n\n悩むところではあるが＝悩むことではあるが＝悩むが", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T22:35:01.993", "id": "86177", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T22:35:01.993", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43604", "parent_id": "86124", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "When you are waiting and you are asked to [そのままお待ちください], you are, of course,\nasked to continue to wait. But this expression is usually used in our daily\nconversation in the meaning 'Please wait just a bit (here)'.\n\nIt seems to me that in most cases or contexts, そのまま (without change, as it is,\nas you are) in this expression does not have a special meaning. I have listed\nsome other expressions like this.\n\n * **そのまま** お待ちください。\n * **このまま** お待ちください。\n * **少々** お待ちください。\n * **ちょっと** お待ちください。\n * **ここで** お待ちください。\n * **どうぞ** お待ちください。\n\nIt may be possible to find the differences between these expressions. But the\nfollowing point of view will be more important not only for you but also for\nme. It is very interesting to me that when a waiter comes to us and\nsays「お待ちください」without some words before it, it may sometimes sound a little\nabrupt or impolite or even casual, though「おまちください」itself is a very polite\nexpression. So we are unconsciously compelled to put some substantially\nmeaningless words before 「おまちください」. This might be true of 'just' before 'wait\nhere, please.'", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-14T00:26:00.580", "id": "86126", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-14T19:08:59.960", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-14T19:08:59.960", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86125", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "の here is the possessive marker, not the nominalizer; ご is an honorific. かな\nadds the sense of wondering.\n\n> 代理人のご到着かな\n\n> I wonder whether is that the arrival of the representative.\n\n代理人 must be someone important or esteemed or who should be respected, thus the\nuse of the honorific: ご到着\n\nWithout further context, it's a bit more difficult to say much more.\n\n代理人のが到着かな doesn't make any sense grammatically. If you wanted to make 代理人 the\nsubject of a verb, they could have said\n\n> 代理人が到着したかな\n\n> I wonder did the representative arrive?\n\nYou can't use the honorific prefix here.\n\nI'm not entirely sure how to form a suitable honorific here. I'm used to\nhearing\n\n> まもなく到着いたします\n\nBut that would not be suitable here since いたす is humble. (You hear this\nexpression over the loud speaker in the train station for example.)\n\nI suppose it might be\n\n> ご到着になりました\n\nresulting in\n\n> 代理人がご到着になりましたかな\n\nSome feedback on this last point might be nice. Keigo is not my forte. I\nunderstand it usually when I hear it (assuming it's not over the top), but\nit's passive knowledge, not active for me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-14T01:48:57.763", "id": "86129", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-14T02:02:17.110", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-14T02:02:17.110", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86128", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Since he seems to be talking about something related to pleasant sensations,\nthis ぶっ飛ぶ should mean \"to trip\", \"to reach ecstasy\", \"to get extremely high\",\n\"to come\" or something along these lines. ぶっ is an intensifier, and one of the\nslangy meanings of 飛ぶ is \"to (almost/temporarily) lose consciousness/memory\".\n\nAs slang, ぶっ飛ぶ can also mean:\n\n * to be blown away (e.g., by a live performance)\n * to lack common sense; outlandish (personality, style, etc) \n\n> * 彼の考え方はぶっ飛んでいる\n> * [電波系](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpa_song)のぶっ飛んだ曲", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-15T23:08:45.937", "id": "86155", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T23:25:48.633", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-15T23:25:48.633", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As others have noted, this appears to be part of the Unicode Han-character\nunification, where minor differences between character forms were ignored when\nassigning code points to individual glyphs during the process of setting up\nthe Unicode specification for the Han characters. Since a single code point\nwas assigned for multiple character forms, they called this \"unifying\". When a\nlanguage code is explicitly specified in the HTML, and if you have the right\nfonts installed, your browser should pick the respective form preferred for\neach language.\n\nHere's an example when viewed in my browser with my particular setup.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/k0cDu.png)\n\nAnd here's the corresponding HTML.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Esuyt.png)\n\nUnfortunately, the Stack Exchange back-end doesn't allow this same HTML to\nrender correctly here. Here it is just pasted in and rendered by the site and\nbrowser:\n\n飴 -- Japanese specified as the language.\n\n\n\n飴 -- Chinese specified as the language.\n\n* * *\n\nBroadly, I can say that I've personally seen handwritten Japanese where the\nradical appears to be the Chinese variant. That said, I don't know how\nstrictly \"correct\" this would be considered, so before using this yourself,\nplease consult with someone who grew up in Japan and went through the Japanese\neducation system.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-14T18:10:00.803", "id": "86133", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-14T18:10:00.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86132", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "According to the official\n[常用漢字表](https://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf),\nthe difference between components 飠 and is that of handwriting and printing\nstandard. It is reiterated in the document that such two shapes are\nequivalent, along with the list of many other ignorable stroke-level and\ncomponent-level variants.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/k0ilm.png)\n\nThe printing standard glyphs in Japanese are basically following the style of\nthe [Kangxi Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary), the\nmost complete character dictionary until the modern age. As the imperial\ndictionary of high prestige, it renders head-characters in pedantic and\n(pseudo-)archaic forms which had not necessarily been practiced in the actual\nworld. However, it was commonly referenced by early moveable type designers,\nand thus still remain prescriptive in Japan.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/74iit.png)\n\nBut typefaces like 楷書体 and 教科書体 (and/or 学参書体) usually replicate the\nhandwriting style, because the former is by definition, and the latter\ndesigned for classroom i.e. teaching children how to write kanji.\n\n響 vs 饗 is actually unrelated to the 飠 vs matter either etymologically or\nhistorically. In the original Japanese kanji simplification scheme (新字体), the\nshape seen in 郷/既/即 was introduced to replace the traditional counterpart in\n鄕/既/卽. However, the simplified list only defined a limited number of kanji,\nthose roughly in today's 常用漢字表 have the 響-like shape as the norm even in\nprinting, while others the 饗-like shape. For details, see [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19804/7810).\n\nNote that:\n\n * The scope of what is stated above is limited to Japan and not a general fact throughout the Chinese character world. Different countries have norms subtly and unsystematically different from each other. Also see [this post](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/64590/7810).\n * There could be particular requirements for proper names (person, place...) that should be respected; for example, [**{{ja:葛}}** 飾区](https://www.city.katsushika.lg.jp/information/1000074/1005533.html) in Tokyo and [**{{ja:葛}}** 城市](https://www.city.katsuragi.nara.jp/shisei/shinoshokai/4916.html) in Nara.\n * As periodically becomes the target of criticism, some teachers only recognize either variant in exams. This is unfounded as for any official educational guideline in Japan, but might be good to know that some people are very particular about jots and tittles.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-15T03:40:30.503", "id": "86142", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T04:39:47.117", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-15T04:39:47.117", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "86132", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "のみか is much less common than any of the phrases you listed as alternatives. I\nprobably have never used it myself in my entire life, and BCCWJ has less than\n20 examples of this のみか. I'm a bit surprised that an N2 level textbook tries\nto teach it. It feels literary due to its rarity, but I think there is no\nsemantic difference between it and ばかりか, etc.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-15T14:13:54.307", "id": "86149", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T14:13:54.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86135", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "殺され is passive. As has been so kindly pointed out in the comments, the\nsentence reads, \"I came to be killed by you\".\n\nFor a moment though, let's look at a slightly simpler sentence:\n\n> 私は、おまえに、殺された\n\nThis sentence reads \"I was killed by you\".\n\nIn a passive sentence, the agent, the one who's actually doing something, is\nmarked by に。\n\nIn order to get を in here, the passive needs to be eliminated completely\n\n> おまえは私を殺した\n\n> You killed me.\n\nIt looks like you might have thought the translation should be something like\n\n> I came to kill you.\n\nin that case, the Japanese should have read\n\n> 私はおまえを殺しにきた\n\nNotice the important difference between 殺し and 殺され. The difference is the\nfirst is an _active_ voice and the second is _passive_.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-14T21:01:41.113", "id": "86137", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-14T22:03:08.077", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-14T22:03:08.077", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86136", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In Japanese, grammatical clauses are generally marked as such by adding a\nspecific particle at their ends.\n\nFor grammatical subjects, that particle is が. In your example sentence, the\nsubject noun is 雨. Therefore the subject of your sentence is 雨が.\n\nNote that this is a tightly coupled single lexical unit. In other words, you\ncannot just insert stuff (like 明日) in-between the clause head and its\nparticle: \"雨明日が\" is nonsensical (a blatant syntax error) from the point of\nview of parsing the Japanese language.\n\nThat said, as long as you don't separate particles from their clauses,\nJapanese is quite flexible in allowing you to swap things around: \"雨が明日降るよ\" is\na valid (if slightly odd) alternative. (With this word/clause order, the\nemphasis is more on 明日 than 雨, due to its proximity to the verb 降る.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-14T23:59:23.003", "id": "86140", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-14T23:59:23.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5176", "parent_id": "86138", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "@Will Thank you for this relevant link. とうとう seems to be what I'm looking for.\n[Differences between いよいよ / やっと / ようやく / ついに and\nとうとう](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12682/differences-\nbetween-%e3%81%84%e3%82%88%e3%81%84%e3%82%88-%e3%82%84%e3%81%a3%e3%81%a8-%e3%82%88%e3%81%86%e3%82%84%e3%81%8f-%e3%81%a4%e3%81%84%e3%81%ab-\nand-%e3%81%a8%e3%81%86%e3%81%a8%e3%81%86)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-15T21:48:55.807", "id": "86154", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T21:48:55.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42007", "parent_id": "86139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "目を覚ます can figuratively take an inanimate subject in creative writing; for\nexample we can find examples like [寂しさが目を覚ます](https://www.uta-\nnet.com/song/296404/), [閉じた傷が目を覚ます](https://www.uta-net.com/song/295419/),\n[闇が目を覚ます](https://www.uta-net.com/song/280447/) and [月が目を覚ます](https://www.uta-\nnet.com/song/289073/).\n\nThat being said, unless there is clearly が after 不快感, I certainly interpret\nthe first line as an independent \"floating noun phrase\". 不快感 doesn't have a\ndream, after all. The subject of 目を覚ます in this song should be implicit \"I\".", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-15T04:10:56.483", "id": "86144", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T04:10:56.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In my own words, 絆される means \"to be affected by someone's strong emotion and\nfeel like doing something one usually does not do\" or \"to be motivated to do\nsomething undesirable out of sympathy/pity\". This may seem like a very\nspecific definition, but this is what 絆される means. It's typically used like\n彼の熱意にほだされて20万円の絵を買ってしまった. However, this does not necessarily mean someone\nintentionally tried to outsmart, overwhelm or deceive you. You may ほだされる by\nthe crying face of an absolutely innocent small girl, for example.\n\nIn the case of 妄想に絆されていく, the speaker is aware that he is being more and more\ninfluenced _negatively_ by the alter ego. Whether or not the alter ego has any\nevil intentions, the speaker doesn't like the fact that he is becoming unable\nto control himself because he is psychologically affected by the alter ego.\n(If this still doesn't make sense, please share the entire lyrics. I usually\nread the entire lyrics before answering a question about a song, but I could\nnot find this phrase on the net.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-15T13:18:13.893", "id": "86148", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T13:42:42.343", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-15T13:42:42.343", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86145", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "Let's break 予報外れの雨が降った into its two basic parts.\n\nThe _core sentence_ is just 雨が降った, \"It rained.\" And so any translation should\nreflect that this is the underlying sentence.\n\nThe second part is 予報外れ. This does mean \"the forecast got it wrong\". However,\nit's actually not a sentence; it's a noun phrase. A rendering that would\nbetter reflect this would indeed be something like \"despite the forecast\".\nSince this _fragment_ is functioning grammatically as a noun, it needs\nsomething to connect/bind it to the _core sentence_. This is the の that joins\nthe two parts. (In other words, this is the connector you asked about in your\ncomment.) This の makes 予報外れ a modifier for 雨. Thus 予報外れの雨 is \"rain which was\n**outside** the forecast\".\n\n外れ thus can be variously translated here: _despite_ , _outside_ , _contrary\nto_. They all capture the right meaning. But when we break the sentence apart\nor put it back together we may discover that some renderings into English\nsound better to our ear than others.\n\nThus 予報外れ + の + 雨が降った means\n\n> It rained despite the forecast.\n\nIn your comment, you asked \" _So, if I were to put it in a literal sense,\nwould \"The rain that took place was a wrong prediction of the forecast\" be a\ndecent translation?_\" You've flipped the structure of the sentence around. So\nthis is not a literal rendering; it's a reinterpreted rendering. The literal\nmeaning is the one given above and in the manga.\n\n> The rain that took place was a wrong prediction of the forecast\n\nwould correspond to something more like\n\n> 降った雨は予報外れだった\n\n(which I suspect sounds just as clunky in Japanese as the English it's being\ntranslated from.)\n\nNotice how your \"literal\" rendering has flipped the sentence structure around.\n\nFundamentally, the meaning may be the same but, if you want to make sure your\nunderstanding of the Japanese is correct, you want to be able to structure the\ntranslation as closely as possible to how it's structured in the original\nlanguage.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-15T18:05:26.960", "id": "86152", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-15T18:33:25.850", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-15T18:33:25.850", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As a native speaker, I also feel uncomfortable with 事故は先週に起こった, which can be\nsaid to be a little unnatural but probably cannot be said to be ungrammatical.\n先週 plays the role of an adverb in this sentence, so its natural sentence will\nbe:\n\n * 事故は先週起こった。\n\nBut as a writer, I would like to avoid this, because I don't like the awkward\nsequence of Chinese characters of 先週 + 起. So I like this sentence transcribed\nlike this with the use of punctuation marks.\n\n * 事故は(、)先週、起こった。\n * 先週、事故は起こった。(very natural to me)\n\nThis point might be trivial for other Japanese, but I am always wondering how\nto use this kind of noun phrase used as an adverb. In order to avoid this\n(discomfort), I prefer the following to the above sentence.\n\n * 事故は先週のあいだに起こった。(a little longer, but very natural to me)\n\nAfter answering this question, I hit upon the following sentence.\n\n * 先週 **に** 起こった事故は、すごかった。\n\nThis sentence with に in it is, no doubt, grammatical and quite natural. I have\nno idea of the cause of the difference in naturalness and grammaticality\nbetween this and the above sentence (事故は先週に起こった).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T07:15:56.763", "id": "86163", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T22:56:11.273", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-17T22:56:11.273", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86156", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "文法的には間違ってはないと思います。 使い方によっては不自然に感じられるかもしれません。 おそらく日本人が 「事故は先週に起こった」\nと聞けば、「先週」という部分が強調されているように感じると思います。つまりいつ起こったのかを強調したいときには、「先週」に「に」をつけるのは自然です。\n例えば誰かに 「事故はいつ起こったのか？」 と質問されて、それに答える文として 「先週に起こった」 というのならしっくりくる表現です。\n\n先週を強調しない言い方なら 「先週、事故が起こった」 と言うと不自然には感じません。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T21:32:16.800", "id": "86175", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T21:32:16.800", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43604", "parent_id": "86156", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The topic marker is always written as は and always pronounced as わ. There\nisn't a case where you'd _write_ the topic marker as わ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T03:21:33.603", "id": "86158", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T03:21:33.603", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43596", "parent_id": "86157", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "For the sake of this answer, your sentence\n\n> Was it okay that I ate the candy?\n\ncan be rephrased as\n\n> Was I _allowed_ to eat the candy?\n\nIt doesn't change the meaning of the original sentence. You want to ask if\neating candy was permissible.\n\nThe only grammar construction I can think of that suits your needs is\n[V-causative]+くれる. When you use this construction, it conveys the nuance that\nsomeone allowed/let you do something. For example, if you want to say that\nsomeone allowed you to eat, you say\n\n> 食べさせてくれた\n\nNow back to your question, \"Was I allowed to eat the candy?\" can be understood\nin Japanese as\n\n> 菓子を食べさせてくれた?\n\nHope it helps.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T05:06:42.653", "id": "86161", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T05:06:42.653", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "86159", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "As you suggested in your question, the past form of ～て(も)いい can be formed\nusing the よかった. For example,\n\n> 子供のとき、コーヒーを飲んでもよかった。 \n> When I was I child, I was allowed to drink coffee.\n\nSo, I don't see a reason why this shouldn't work for your example.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T00:12:29.980", "id": "86180", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T00:12:29.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42024", "parent_id": "86159", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "> お菓子を食べても良かったですか？ \n> お菓子を食べても大丈夫でしたか？\n>\n> Was it okay to eat the candy?\n\nThis is already grammatically correct, but it says nothing about whether the\nspeaker actually ate it or not. If you need to tell you actually ate it, you\ncan say something like:\n\n> お菓子を食べたんですが、良かったですか？ \n> お菓子を食べてしまいましたけど大丈夫でしたか？\n\n* * *\n\nAlso note that いいか, よかったか and so on without です/ます are unrealistically blunt\nand impolite. Avoid it unless you can behave like a tyrant. In casual\nsettings, you should use the rising intonation (\"いい?\" or \"よかった?\") instead of\nか.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T00:24:35.103", "id": "86182", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T03:02:47.270", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-17T03:02:47.270", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86159", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "> つまり... 目が覚めたら突然女の子になっていた... という事でいいですか?\n\n * In other words... when you woke up you had become a girl... is that correct?\n\n> Why「なっていた」is used here? He became a girl and he hasn't transformed back to a\n> boy yet. It is supposed to be「なっている」based on my understanding. Is it an\n> error?\n\n * They are talking about a experience that happened in the past, if you use 「なっている」here it would sound like \"When you woke you are a girl\" / \"When I woke up I am a girl\", it would sound off. Just cause you say you \"had become\" it does not imply you are no more.\n\n> What「...でいいですか」means? My intuition tells me it means \"...is it true\"? Did I\n> understand it correctly?\n\n * 「ということ」roughly translates to \"the thing you said\", \"so that means\". in a more literal translation it would mean \"Is it ok to go by ... (this version of the story)\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T07:02:07.020", "id": "86162", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T07:02:07.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "16104", "parent_id": "86160", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "なくてもすむ or ないですむ is a phrase that attaches to verbs with the meaning of \"get\naway without doing verb\", e.g.\n\n> その車はやすいのでお金を借りないですむ \n> That car is cheap so I can get away without borrowing money\n\nI'm not sure if the も is part of the set phrase or adds an additional sense of\n'even' i.e. \"get away without even doing verb\". Maybe someone else can help\nwith that.\n\nSo 脚を見ないでもすむ means \"get away without (even?) having to see the legs\".\n\nVerb in dictionary form + ようにする is another set phrase that means \"to make sure\nto do verb\" (すむ is actually a verb). See [this\nlink](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/49131/difference-in-\nmeaning-\nbetween-%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-and-%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-meaning-\nof-%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B-in-this-question/49135#49135). Although \"get away with\nsomething\" sounds rather passive and \"make sure to do something\" sounds a\nlittle too active so perhaps \"try to do verb\" would be better in this case.\n\nAltogether we have the clunky translation of\n\n> 脚を見ないでもすむようにしていた \n> He had tried to get away without seeing the legs", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T16:35:29.613", "id": "86170", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T16:35:29.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "86164", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Many moons ago, I taught English to first-year college students at a school in\nTochigi Prefecture. One student had come up from somewhere in Kyūshū, although\nI forget exactly where. His name was 小島【こじま】. I called him こじまさん using the\ngenerally-Kantō pronunciation of じ, starting with a consonant something like\n[[dʑ]] (not too far from an English ⟨j⟩, with more of a stop sound initially),\nand he was insistent that the consonant in じ was pronounced more like [[ʑ]] or\n[[ʒ]] without the initial stop (technically, the [voiced alveolo-palatal\nfricative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative),\nwhich doesn't exist in most varieties of English; or the [voiced post-alveolar\nfricative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative), as in\nthe pronunciation of the letter ⟨s⟩ in the words _leisure_ or _collision_ ).\nHe wrote his name in kana on the blackboard (since we were already standing\nthere) and emphasized that it's spelled with a じ.\n\nWhile not conclusive, I think this is strongly suggestive that, for this one\nperson at least, the spellings and pronunciations are both distinct for those\nwho distinguish the 四つ仮名 pronunciations in speech.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-02-14T22:46:19.227", "id": "93412", "last_activity_date": "2022-02-15T17:09:27.207", "last_edit_date": "2022-02-15T17:09:27.207", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "86169", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In Japan there is a distinction between _inside_ and _outside_. If you know\nwhich you're dealing with, it will help you determine the words you use. (This\napplies to more than just how you talk about your family. It'll apply to if\nyou're working for a business and dealing with customers or people from\nanother company. It's a very important distinction that marks conversational\nstyles in Japanese practically all the time.)\n\nWhen you're just with someone from your family, you're talking with someone\nwho's on the _inside_ , So, you use the words like おかあさん, おとうさん, etc to talk\nabout the respective members of your family.\n\nWhen you're talking with someone who's not from your family, you're talking\nwith someone _outside_ your family. So you will use _humble_ terms to refer to\nyour own family members and the non-humble forms for the person _outside_ of\nyour family.\n\nThe _humble_ forms are はは, ちち, etc.\n\nThe _non-humble_ forms are おかあさん, おとうさん, etc.\n\n* * *\n\n* * *\n\nRead the following with a bit of caution since in English we easily break\nthese **rules**. But in most situations what I describe here is fairly\naccurate.\n\nAssuming English is your native language (or a language you're fluent in), one\nway to think about this is to consider how you would refer to, let's say, your\nmom. If you were to say,\n\n> Mom walked to the bank.\n\nthen, even in English, it's pretty clear you're talking to someone from\n_within_ your family. If you were talking to someone who's not part of your\nfamily this can sound slightly odd (though in English it generally doesn't\nbother us too much). But, most likely if you were talking to someone from\noutside your family, in English you'd more likely say,\n\n> My mom walked to the bank.\n\nIf you said,\n\n> Your mom walked to the bank.\n\nin English, then you're most likely talking to someone who's not in your\nfamily.\n\nMy point is that even in English with these words we draw these distinctions.\n\nIf in English you would say _my mom_ , you're most likely talking with someone\nwho's on the _outside_. So the corresponding Japanese would be はは. If in\nEnglish you would say _your mom_ , again you're most likely talking with\nsomeone who's on the _outside_. So the corresponding Japanese would be おかあさん.\n\nIf in English you would say *mom\" (without _my_ or _your_ attached to it),\nyou're most likely talking to someone _inside_ your family. So, in Japanese\nyou would say, おかあさん.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother point of interest. While in English we say \"my mom\" or \"your mom\", in\nJapanese you don't. I think the only time you might say something like 私のおかあさん\nwould be first as a question (like \"are we talking about my mom?\") And even\nthen perhaps only if somehow there was a misunderstanding resulting between\nyou and the person you're talking to misconstruing what's inside vs outside.\nBut generally, I think 私のおかあさん would sound rather rude in Japanese regardless\nof inside or outside distinctions. I think it would come across a bit like\nyou're saying you possess your own mom.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T18:44:00.887", "id": "86172", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T19:19:36.087", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-16T19:19:36.087", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86171", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "見覚え is a noun here, hence it's marked with が as the subject of ある.\n\n見覚えがある is a set phrase meaning \"to recognize\" by sight. The particle に here\nmarks that _in_ which one finds _familiarity_. Thus,\n\n> 彼は彼女に見覚えがある\n\nmeans \"He recognizes her\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T20:39:30.753", "id": "86174", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T20:39:30.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "「彼女」はこの文における目的語です。\n\n「見覚えがある」というのをひとかたまりの述語（＝verb）として捉えたとき、この述語の目的語に当たるのが「彼女」です。\n\n日本語では名詞が目的語であることを示すのに助詞を必要とします。この場合は「に」です。\n\n例\n\n彼は彼女に怒りをおぼえた。＝彼は彼女に怒った\n\nまた「見覚えがある」の「が」もまた助詞です。 「見覚え」は名詞で、主語となるので、「ある」に対する主語であることを示すため「が」という助詞がついています。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-16T21:57:11.877", "id": "86176", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-16T21:57:11.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43604", "parent_id": "86173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "なんかこれ変。\n\nThe statement \"今日は大学の講義で日本状の経営について学んだ。\" just doesn't sound right to me and I'm\na native. I can see what it wants to say, but it just isn't right. Is this on\nsome sort of textbook? Where is this from? At least it certainly isn't\nsomething a Japanese person would write. You are right to suggest 式.\n\nAlternatively, 流 (ryu) would work too.\n\n今日は大学の講義で日本式の経営について学んだ。 今日は大学の講義で日本流の経営について学んだ。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T04:52:25.403", "id": "86188", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T04:52:25.403", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86179", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "English really has nothing remotely equivalent to honorifics. We may\noccasionally talk about code switching, but that's about the extent of it and\nis more like a candle to the bright blazing sun of distinctive layers inherent\nin Japanese.\n\nDepending on where you grew up in the Anglo-sphere, you may have an awareness\nof the social implications of social class. If you are English, you are\nprobably strongly consciously aware of this. Most Americans are blithely\noblivious to it. If you grew up in a military family or in a community around\na military base, you may have a very strong sense of rank and the importance\nof getting peoples titles right.\n\nAnd, if you're culturally connected to other European languages, such as\nGerman, you may also have a strong sense to strictures about how you address\nothers or speak about them. (I'm familiar with German culture; but I'm not\nfamiliar with French or Russian and so don't how strong these social\ndistinctions are made there.)\n\nThis distinction between _inside_ and _outside_ in Japanese culture, though,\nis quite distinct and quite different from any of the situations mentioned\nabove. My experience of social distinctions made in English feel very rigid,\nimpersonal, and a bit like a straight-jacket. Somehow it doesn't really feel\nthat way in Japanese at all.\n\nOne of the most frequent comments I heard from my Japanese teachers, when they\nwere commenting on the differences between Japanese and Western culture, was\nhow they felt there was a kind of deficit to English in how it lacked anything\nresembling _keigo_. They were all inclined to express it as an aesthetic\ndeficit of sorts. At first this seemed a very strange way to put for me, but\nthe more I've become familiar with Japanese and comfortable in its culture,\nreading its literature, etc the more I came to understand something of what\nthey meant.\n\nThat's a rather simplistic description. The use of honorifics (keigo) is\ncertainly far more complex and socially nuanced than mere aesthetics. But,\nwhen you've been able to participate in the culture (been to weddings, births,\nfunerals; participated in informal get togethers; been a regular\nparticipant/observer in the conversations with an old teacher and his former\nstudents who decades later still came to visit and chat), you are able to\nexperience these distinctions that are made. You can feel something undeniably\npresent in the language that goes beyond anything we who grew up with Western\nsensibilities are capable of expressing in our Western languages.\n\nWhen I have read (or heard) folks try to translate the distinctions of\nhonorifics into English, it comes across dreadfully. It can be almost\nembarrassing. Sometimes it just seems to make a mockery of the language and\nfeels like an insult to Japanese culture. However much these translations try\nto comprehend the nuances of _keigo_ , in English they will always miss the\nmark: we just don't have anything remotely like it in English.\n\nA bit of an aside, but I've often wondered, how do the Japanese think about\nthemselves as individuals as opposed to how we in the West do. (Don't leap too\nquickly, there's something deeper I'm trying to get at here.) In Japanese, who\nyou are is strongly contextually (socially) contingent. If you refer to\nyourself, there really isn't a single, neutral choice. And you have quite a\nrange of choices from われわれ to わたし to あたし to ぼく to おれ to じぶん to うち to こちら and\nmuch more. In English, we've just got \"I\". No matter what context \"I\" find\nmyself in \"I\" am always \"I\". Though Japanese can surely think of themselves as\nunique individuals, I can't help but feel that even this mere accident of how\none refers to oneself has at some deep level an impact on how one understands\nthe world and one's place in it.\n\nI gave eight different words that could (depending on social context, gender,\nage, social status etc) identify and linguistically single \"me\" out from the\nrest. And (again depending on social context, gender, age, social status etc)\nthe use (or mis-use) of such words becomes a statement about how I perceive\nmyself in this world.\n\nAt a fundamentally basic level, if you really want to be able to have an all\nencompassing way of expressing these distinctions in English, how in the world\ncould you convey this? At best it will either sound extremely artificial; at\nworst it will likely completely steal center stage from what's really being\nsaid in Japanese.\n\nTo take an anecdote from my own life, once at work I was talking to a friend\nof mine at work and started saying something about her. I used the word あなた,\nbut no one heard me say that. Instead they heard me say あんた which raised a\ncouple eyebrows and lead to a good deal of teasing from all. There was no\nsense denying that I said what they heard; they heard what they heard. I was a\ngai-jin; at the time I'd only been in Japan a very brief time. Additionally we\nwere all quite young. Still, when I've tried to tell this story to my American\nfriends, they really can't grasp what the story is about. There are nuances in\nthe words, but any attempt to translate this into English commits you to a\nnarrow sliver of all that might have been felt in my faux pas.\n\nMy point is two-fold. (1) If you're trying to get a feel for what the\nhonorifics are all about, there is no better substitute than fully immersing\nyourself in the culture. (2) If you're going to try find a one-to-one\ncorrespondence between honorifics in Japanese and English, you will either\ncreate horrendous English, potentially make a mockery of Japanese, or get so\nbogged down in the nuances to lose the thread of what was being said.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T04:45:39.727", "id": "86187", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T04:51:33.430", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-17T04:51:33.430", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "86183", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "One sounds formal and it is kosher with most dictionaries, Utagau, while the\nlatter, うたぐる, is more casual and actually two words put together in a slang-y\nway. I guess I could pull \"Guesstimate\" as an analogy - where Guess and\nEstimate are lumped together for a funny, casual effect. The same thing is\ngoing here. うたぐる is うたがう and かんぐる (go on a limb and hazard a guess, often on a\npersonal matter) smushed together for a funny effect.\n\nThough, it WAS funny in the turn of the 19th century and the funny factor is\nlost today. Only the word and usage as a synonym to うたがう remains.\n\nDo a google search on words to see usage. With うたがう you will hit more news\narticles like \"The suspect has been arrested on suspicion of theft\"\n容疑者は窃盗の疑い（うたがい）で警察に逮捕されました。whereas うたぐる might hit someone's rant on their\npersonal blog.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T04:45:10.737", "id": "86186", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T04:45:10.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86184", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "Ahhh...I can see how this is confusing.\n\nThe nuance is that you gripe the unfairness of the world. Here in this\nexample, you got two sisters, one with utter success and the other, a failure.\nOne remarks on how unfair it is.\n\nGIve me your translation of the above example and I can point where you might\nhave gone off the rails.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T04:57:42.793", "id": "86189", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T04:57:42.793", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14444", "parent_id": "86185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This もの/もん is the same as もの/もん you have asked before:\n\n * [What would be the function of the というものだ in this context?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/82293/5010)\n\nThe difference is that the question marker か is used instead of だ. In this\ncase, the added nuance is \"is that the way sisters work (in general)?\", etc.\nThe speaker is talking not only about \"these sisters\" but also about \"sisters\nin general\".\n\n> なんで姉妹でここまで差が出るもんかね \n> I wonder why (in general) there's this much difference between two sisters.\n\nBy the way, I think ものか/もんか meaning \"I will never ～\" is in the same vein. It\nimplies it's not a \"one-time no\" but \"always impossible in any similar\nsituation\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T09:29:52.593", "id": "86190", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T09:36:35.993", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-17T09:36:35.993", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Similar to the other responses, I would translate it as more rhetorical-\nsounding - \" _How_ can two sisters be so different?!\" This adds a tone of\nincredulity to the statement. Using \"why\" in this situation, although logical,\njust sounds awkward.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T12:43:38.880", "id": "86193", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T12:43:38.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20056", "parent_id": "86185", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

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[ { "body": "A pedestrian crossing or crosswalk (American) is a point where two lines\nintersect: a road and a designated area people can cross safely, sometimes\ninvisible but can be physically marked.\n\nA crossing, junction or intersection (American) is also a point where two\nlines intersect, a road and another road.\n\n> And when I look on google images for 交差点 I mostly see pictures of junctions\n> that also have zebra crossings.\n\nThe focus might be on the road junction but most junctions in Japan,\nparticularly in cities have some form of marked pedestrian crossings so in\nsome ways they are almost synonymous.\n\n[交差点](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%B7%AE%E7%82%B9) can mean\ncrossroads and intersection,\n[横断歩道](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E6%96%AD%E6%AD%A9%E9%81%93)\nwould be for a pedestrian crossing if you want to be more specific.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T20:27:58.197", "id": "86199", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T20:27:58.197", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19278", "parent_id": "86192", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "交差点 only refers to \"a place where two or more roads meet\". Pedestrian\ncrossings are called 横断歩道. Many 交差点 have 横断歩道, but they are not synonymous.\n\n交差点 safely encompasses small ones, but I think Google Image Search mainly\nshows larger ones with 横断歩道 for two reasons:\n\n * Simply, small 交差点 are are rarely discussed in the news or in politics.\n * 交差点 does tend to refer to larger intersections. People tend to also use 十字路, [三叉路](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%89%E8%B7%AF) and so on for relatively small ones. Google Image Search results for 三叉路 are significantly different, although technically speaking 三叉路 is just a type of 交差点.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T05:16:59.830", "id": "86204", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-18T10:02:07.187", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-18T10:02:07.187", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86192", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "So first thing I want to point out is that using the Chinese modified\ncharacters (hanzi: 语) for written Japanese (Kanji: 語) can be jarring for the\nreader on occasion.\n\nBefore I just give you the parsing, I want to teach a _very_ important\nconcept. That is that some Japanese verbs can be combined to form a [compound\nverb](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/japanese-compound-verbs/).\nWhat you are looking at above is exactly that case. There are two major\nidentifiers that gave it away.\n\nIdentifier #1: Base-II conjugation proceeding the second verb. Others will\ncall this ます form of the verb. Let's use 飲｛の｝む as an example. Putting it in\nBase-II conjugation, 飲む turns into 飲み. Then, if we attach 込｛こ｝む (definition\n[here](https://jisho.org/search/%E8%BE%BC%E3%82%80))to 飲み, you get the\ncompound verb 飲み込む, which means 'to gulp down,' as well as a few other\n[figurative meanings](https://jisho.org/search/nomikomu).\n\nIdentifier #2: This is not a hard rule, but when you see a Base-II conjugated\nverb followed by 合う, you can be reasonably confident that you are working with\na compound verb. It appears all over the Japanese language. It basically means\n'verbing together' or sometimes 'come together verbing,' depending on the\nsurrounding context.\n\nWith all that said, the phrase you are looking for is\n[語り合う](https://jisho.org/word/%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%8A%E5%90%88%E3%81%86), which\nmeans 'to talk together.'", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-17T13:18:27.417", "id": "86195", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-17T13:18:27.417", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "22352", "parent_id": "86194", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think 筋{すじ} here means something along the lines of \"family line\" or\n\"lineage\". [Jisho.org](https://jisho.org/search/%E7%AD%8B) defines it as:\n\n> Noun 7. lineage; descent\n\nGoogle/Oxford 日本語辞書:\n\n> 血統。血縁。 \n> 「源氏の―を引く家柄」\n\n[デジタル大辞泉（小学館）](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E7%AD%8B/):\n\n> 家系。家柄。「貴族の―を引く」\n\n親戚筋 means relatives from a common family line. There are some similar/related\nwords:\n\n> **家筋{いえすじ}** ： roughly means \"family\" or \"pedigree\"\n\n> **血筋{ちすじ}** ： \"lineage\", \"blood\", \"bloodline\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T06:05:19.023", "id": "86206", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-18T06:05:19.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "86197", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think the 「筋」is used in the sense, if I were to give it a definition, of \"an\nundefined set of people who shares a particular attribute\". It means something\nlike \"quarter\", \"circle\" or \"community\" in English.「評論家筋」(\"the critical\ncommunity/circle\") and「左翼/右翼筋」(\"the left/right-wing community/circle\") are a\ncouple of examples.\n\nHere is the closest definition on\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%AD%8B_%28%E3%81%99%E3%81%98%29/):\n\n> 12 そのことに関係のある方面。「確かな―からの情報」「消息―」\n\n(The literal translation of the definition: \"a quarter related to a given\nmatter\".)\n\nFrom this meaning derives a use of the word, which I think is relevant here,\nas a means to avoid a direct reference to a specific person by instead naming\nthe circle/community/quarter they belong to.\n\nOn this point, the prestigious\n[広辞苑](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Djien) is more observant. On my\ndigital copy, in its entry for「筋」, it has this:\n\n> ⑥具体的に名をあげず、ぼかして指示するのに使う語。つながりのある方面・関係の者。\n\n(And for good measure, it gives「親類筋」 as an example for this sense.)\n\nSo, to address the sentence in question,\n\n> 私や兄様の親戚筋ってところですかね\n\nreads like \"I guess they must be someone from the circle of relatives of me\nand my brother's\"\n\nwhile\n\n> 私や兄様の親戚ってところですかね\n\nwould have read like \"I guess they must be a relative of me and my brother's.\"\n\nI'm hardly confident that I was able to illustrate the effect of the「筋」fully\nand naturally with the comparative translation, so let me try to supplement it\nby adding that the version with「筋」sounds even more speculative and tentative\nabout the identity of the mysterious person than the 「筋」-less one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T12:58:43.353", "id": "86209", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-18T12:58:43.353", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11575", "parent_id": "86197", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "First, please double-check the terminology. It appears to me that the non-\nbolded part is written in the **third** person's point of view, and the bolded\npart is in the **first** person's point of view. The narrator is a \"third\nperson\". So this passage has a temporary shift from the **third** person's\nview to the **first** person's view.\n\nNext, the bolded part is essentially \"a quote without explicit quotation\nmarks\". This is common also in the English literature (known as [free indirect\nspeech](https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/grammar-lesson-free-indirect-\nspeech.php) or free direct speech). In English, you can distinguish free\nindirect speech and free direct speech just by seeing if the subject is \"he\"\nor \"I\". In other words, you can tell the \"point of view\" of the sentence by\nlooking at the subject.\n\nIn Japanese, however, such a subject is normally omitted. In your case, the\nsentence says neither 彼は思う nor 俺は思う, so the borderline between direct and\nindirect is blurry. But when this technique is employed, the borderline is\nmade blurry almost intentionally, so you should not worry about it too much.\nEither way, this sentence has the character's own voice inserted in the\nnarrative part, which makes this sentence more dramatic.\n\nFor example, I think this can be translated into English in two ways:\n\n> けれど、外見だけだったら、こんなにも心を惹かれなかっただろうとも、同時に思う。\n>\n> * But at the same time, I know that I wouldn't have been so attracted to\n> her if it had been just her appearance. (free direct speech)\n> * But at the same time, he knew that he wouldn't have been so attracted to\n> her if it had been just her appearance. (free indirect speech)\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T04:25:04.170", "id": "86203", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-18T04:25:04.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86200", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "* [誰だって](https://jisho.org/search/%E8%AA%B0%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6) means \"anyone\" or \"whoever\". It's a colloquial variant of 誰でも. We say 何だって, どこだって, いつだって, etc., too.\n * こうなる just means \"to become like this\", and こう refers to 混乱する.\n * って here is a sentence ender meaning \"you know\", \"come on\", \"I mean it\", etc. I think it's etymologically a quotative particle with 言う omitted. \n\n> 大丈夫だって、きっと合格するって。 \n> Don't worry, I'm sure you'll pass.\n\nSo the sentence means:\n\n> いきなり、ほうきに乗って、空飛んでる人見たら、誰だってこうなるって。 \n> Anyone would be like this (=be confused) if they suddenly saw a person\n> flying in the sky on a broomstick, you know!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T03:33:13.197", "id": "86202", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-18T04:31:11.117", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-18T04:31:11.117", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86201", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "In this case, you can distinguish using the pitch accent. 庭 is pronounced like\nにわ【LH】 (i.e., 平板 accent) and には pronounced in isolation is にわ【HL】. 庭には is\npronounced as にわにわ【LHHL】. (には within a sentence is pronounced like には【LL】\nafter a non-平板 word.)\n\nWhen two words are pronounced exactly the same way including the pitch accent,\nthe context is the only clue. If you can distinguish _night_ and _knight_ ,\n_too_ and _two_ , or _their_ and _there_ in English conversations, the same\nmethod works in Japanese, too.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T14:24:54.520", "id": "86210", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-18T16:05:13.810", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-18T16:05:13.810", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86208", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "礼楽 is a fairly uncommon word. It's not very nice to use such a difficult word\nto explain the meaning of an easy word... Anyway, here its meaning is more of\n\"ritual/ceremony _**and**_ music\" rather than \"ritual music\". So it's one of\nthe compounds that just mean \"A and B\", such as 男女, 天地, 山河, 妻子, 文武 and 見聞.\nMusic played by a 堂 doesn't have to be ritual music or religious music. For\nexample, it's perfectly fine to hold a rock concert at\n[渋谷公会堂](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya_Public_Hall).\n\nAccording to dictionaries, 礼楽 refers to the two elements traditionally\nconsidered important by Confucianists. It's rarely used outside the context of\nChinese history. Here 礼 is not just etiquette but a broader concept that\nincludes manners, ritual, courtesy, respect, etc. Dictionaries say 礼楽 can\nrefer to human culture itself by extension.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-19T00:18:46.853", "id": "86219", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-19T00:51:53.190", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-19T00:51:53.190", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86212", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "First, as a basic rule, が and の are interchangeable in relative clauses (with\na few restrictions). 動き **の** 鈍った魔物 and 動き **が** 鈍った魔物 are totally\ninterchangeable, and 動き **が** 鈍い魔物 and 動き **の** 鈍い魔物 are totally\ninterchangeable, too. See: [How does the の work in\n「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)\n\nThen what's the difference between 動きが **鈍った** 魔物 and 動きが **鈍い** 魔物? Simply,\nthe former refers to monsters that are usually quick but have temporarily\nslowed down for some reason, while the latter tends to refer to monsters that\nare always slow. In other words, in the former case, the sentence means those\nmonsters are tired, injured, or under some weakening magic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T23:47:07.983", "id": "86218", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-18T23:47:07.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86213", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Without proper context, it is difficult to say, but it seems to me that a\nfemale character B said in her normal formal way \"構いません\" for the first time,\nbut after reflecting (represented by the use of ...) on something dangerous\nshe was going to do, she said again the same thing by using informal or\nimpolite or manly phrase \"構わない\", in order to get it compatible with something\ndangerous or evil, or to express her strong decision or will.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-19T04:51:34.973", "id": "86220", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-19T04:51:34.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "86214", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "In short:\n\n * 敬語 consists of 尊敬語, 謙譲語 and 美化語.\n * お/ご as a prefix can form either 尊敬語 or 美化語, or neither.\n\nThe concepts of 尊敬語 and 美化語 are mutually exclusive, but お/ご can be found in\nboth. You have to remember which お-/ご-words are 尊敬語. For example,\n\n 1. **お/ご as a 尊敬語** : お名前, お着物, お住まい, ご婦人, ご来店, ごゆっくり \n(Can be only used to refer to something that belongs to your boss, etc)\n\n 2. **お/ご as a 美化語** : お箸, お菓子, お風呂, お片付け, ご禁制, ご大層 \n(Can be used to refer to something that belongs to the speaker)\n\n 3. **お/ご in a lexicalized word** : おにぎり, おでん, おなら, おしぼり, ごきぶり \n(Lexicalized; removing お won't retain the original meaning)\n\nBroadly speaking, 1. and 2. are both 敬語. As for 3., お/ご may have been\netymologically 敬語, but it has lost such a sense and it's now used as an\nintegral part of a word.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-18T23:27:27.667", "id": "86216", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-19T01:40:10.137", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-19T01:40:10.137", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "86215", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "First, お/ご is called 接頭語 ( _settou-go_ ; “prefix”) in Japan.\n\nDo you know \"音読み\" and \"訓読み\" ?\n\nIn most cases, 「お」 is a prefix for \"訓読み\", 「ご」 is a prefix for \"音読み\".\n\nHowever, because of the difficulty level, it may be more practical to memorize\nthem individually.\n\nSorry that my English is not good because I’m Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-23T09:10:27.527", "id": "86284", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-23T15:55:57.203", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-23T15:55:57.203", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "43678", "parent_id": "86215", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "The first sentence in the first pair would most likely be interpreted as an\nunreal conditional about either the speaker or someone else, as you intended.\n\n> もし今東京に住んでいたらコロナに巻き込まれているんだけどね \n> If we/you/they were living in Tokyo now, we/you/they would be caught up in\n> the coronavirus pandemic.\n\nIn the situation of the second sentence, on the other hand, the speaker is\nnecessarily talking about someone other than himself (or the listener). He\ndoesn’t know for sure whether that person is living in Tokyo. She might be. If\nshe is indeed living in Tokyo, she must be caught up in the pandemic.\n\n> もし今東京に住んでいるとしたらコロナに巻き込まれているんだけどね \n> Supposing they are living in Tokyo now, they must be caught up in the\n> coronavirus pandemic (, but I’m not sure).\n\nThe uncertainty in the last part is due to んだけどね, not because of としたら.\n\nActually, this interpretation is not completely impossible from the first\nsentence, though it’s not very likely. としたら makes sure the sentence is\nunderstood as a supposition about something the speaker is not sure about.\n\nThe same logic works for the second pair. The first sentence is a simple\nconditional.\n\n> もし山田さんが来てなければこのテーブル持ち上げられません \n> If Yamada-san hasn’t come, we cannot lift this table.\n\nIn the situation of the second sentence, the speaker is somewhere other than\nwhere Yamada-san is expected and is not sure whether he has reached there yet.\nYet that place has to be one for which the use of 来る is logical and the table\nis where the speaker is (because of この).\n\n> もし山田さんが来てないとしたらこのテーブル持ち上げられません \n> Supposing Yamada-san hasn’t arrived there, we cannot lift this table.\n\nI don’t know how but the decision of whether or not to lift the table must be\nsomehow influenced by the presence or absence of Yamada-san in some other\nplace.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-01T03:20:40.977", "id": "86410", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-10T05:38:53.787", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-10T05:38:53.787", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "86221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "For simple conditionals (\"if\"), use ~たら.\n\nTo talk about an imaginary situation (\"imagine that\"~, \"let's suppose that~\",\n\"if you were to~\", etc.) use ~としたら:\n\n> タイムマシーンがあるとしたら、どの時代に行ってみたい？\n\n> Imagine that you have a time machine, what epoch would you like to go to?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-05-08T23:58:16.450", "id": "86547", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-08T23:58:16.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "86221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]