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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "1. Yes, でも is used to give a example \"Let's drink some tea?\"「お茶でも飲みませんか。」. Whereas 「が」 is used to justify/explain something related to the object/person.\n\n * 僕 が 間違ってたから。 Because I was wrong.\n * 月 が 綺麗ですね。 The Moon is beautiful.\n * 明日に でも 伺います。Like tomorrow I will visit.\n 2. 「あった」 is used to express the possession, e.g., \"had blabla\". In this case, (had a karma) in the previous life.\n\n 3. 「あった」 is equal to had and ある is the same as have. So you should use the past form 「あった」 or add 「からの」(from the) so we have 「前世からの因縁がある」（Have a karma from the past life）.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T14:41:14.503", "id": "84738", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-31T03:03:54.623", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-31T03:03:54.623", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "42276", "parent_id": "84737", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "1. Yes. 因縁があった is \"there was an 因縁\", whereas 因縁でもあった is \"there was an 因縁 or something like that\". 因縁 is originally a Buddhism term, but it has been neutralized and can refer to any old human relationship that indirectly affects someone's fate.\n 2. ある is a plain existence verb here, but 前世 refers to a time range rather than a place, so you don't have to use に.\n 3. Of course ある puts more focus on the current situation, but the difference is small in your examples.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-31T02:26:58.520", "id": "85876", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-31T03:17:43.190", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-31T03:17:43.190", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84737", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think I can see how you are confused about these two words, but I feel like\nthe confusion might have stemmed from the English Japanese dictionary\ndefinitions, or rather the confusing nature of the English word \"surgery\". I\ndon't think the two Japanese words overlap as much as the related English\nconcepts.\n\n\"Surgery\" is a medical discipline, or specialty as they call it, whereas\n\"operation\" is a medical procedure that's also called \"surgical procedure\".\nColloquially, \"surgery\" usually stands in for \"operation\". \"Jane is having a\nsurgery tomorrow.\" and \"Jane is having an operation tomorrow.\" mean the same\nthing, (although not without ambiguity as to whether Jane is performing the\noperation or receiving it.) But if someone says a medical student studies\nsurgery, it is more likely they mean the student is majoring in the\ndiscipline. If someone is studying surgical operation, it means they are\nlearning how to operate on people. \"Surgical students\" but not \"operation\nstudents\". The confusion at its root comes from the multiple meanings of\n\"surgery\".\n\n**外科** means the science and discipline of surgery. Wikipedia:\n\n> 外科学は、手術によって創傷および疾患の治癒を目指す **臨床医学の一分野** である。\n\nThat's why such words are in use: 外科医, 整形外科, 心臓外科, 口腔外科, 胸部外科, 外科的な技術, 外科的な処置,\n外科的な治療, 外科的な手法.\n\n**手術** is the operation performed by people specialized in **外科** , namely\nsurgeons. 手術 is also called **オペ**. Wikipedia:\n\n> 手術とは、外科的機器やメスなどを用いて **患部を切開し、治療的処置を施すこと** 。\n\nEspecially noteworthy are some interesting words and phrases like 外科手術 and\n外科的な手術. They essentially translate as \"surgical operation\" and are used to\ndistinguish from other medical procedures such as injection.\n\nAnother example is\n[心臓外科](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%93%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6).\nNote the difference between the Japanese page and English page of the same\nWikipedia article:\n\n> 心臓血管外科学とは、心臓や血管などを中心に扱う **外科学の一分野** である。\n\n> Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great\n> vessels performed by cardiac surgeons.\n\nThe Japanese concept refers to the subject/medical subdiscipline. You can't\nperform or receive a 心臓外科. You perform a 心臓手術.\n\nIn comparison, the English term denotes the medical procedure. And in\nAnglophone context it is implied or understood that people who do or study\nsaid medical procedure are experts in or students of that medical specialty.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T22:05:52.613", "id": "84741", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-22T22:05:52.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84740", "post_type": "answer", "score": 18 }, { "body": "外科 is more commonly used to refer to the field of surgery academically and\nprofessionally, and is a noun. 手術 is more used to refer to the act of surgery\nand can be a verb.\n\nIn other words, if the former is thought of as \"surgery,\" the second can be\nthought of as \"operating\" or \"an operation.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T22:11:49.090", "id": "84742", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-22T22:14:17.343", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-22T22:14:17.343", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "42311", "parent_id": "84740", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "たこと is nonsensical. It is not a word that I know of. (タコとエビ makes sense but\nconsists of three words. Just a facetious aside)\n\n叫んで **い** たことを知って **い** たよ -> 叫んでたことを知ってたよ\n\nPlease see\n\n[Just like \"ら抜き\" is there also \"い抜き\" such as \"見ている\" --> (い抜く) -->\n\"見てる\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33463/30454)\n\n[ておく → とく in other contexts; similar 2-kana to 1-kana\nshortcuts?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30995/30454)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-23T00:36:30.473", "id": "84744", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-23T00:36:30.473", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84743", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, \"そんなところだけ、人間ではない\" is a relative clause that modifies 自分の心. The speaker\nbelieved he was basically a humane person, but suddenly realized he had small\ninhumanity in his heart. そんなところだけ literally means \"only in this regard\", but I\nthink you can choose to translate this along the lines of \"(at least) in this\nregard\" or \"as far as this is concerned\", because he is not trying to strongly\nclaim \"the other parts of my heart is humane!\" here.\n\n * 自分の心 \nmy heart\n\n * 人間ではない自分の心 \nmy inhuman heart\n\n * そんなところだけ人間ではない自分の心 \nmy inhuman heart only in this regard / the only inhuman part of my heart\n\n * そんなところだけ人間ではない自分の心に気づいた。 \nI noticed my heart which is not human only in this regard. \n→ I realized I had this small inhuman part in my heart.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-23T02:02:48.463", "id": "84746", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-23T02:10:17.860", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-23T02:10:17.860", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84745", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the 寂しい here is more like \"(something is) sad\" than \"(someone feels)\nlonely\".\n\n> 参列者の中にディライザの死を悲しんでいる者は一人もいなかった。 \n> 確かに母は人に好かれる性質ではなかったけれど、さすがに少し寂しい気がする。\n\nThe subject of the 寂しい is the fact that not a single person was feeling sad\nabout ディライザ's death (= 参列者の中にディライザの死を悲しんでいる者は一人もいなかった。).\n\n> 確かに～～けれど、 It is true that ~~, but \n> さすがに still, nonetheless, \n> 少し寂しい it is a little sad \n> 気がする* I feel, it appears to me\n\n*The subject of 気がする is the speaker \"I\", of course.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-23T14:44:50.700", "id": "84748", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-24T01:35:55.907", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-24T01:35:55.907", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "84747", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The subject of the verbal phrase 寂しい気がする is 'I' to a native speaker of\nJapanese, even though this verbal phrase sounds a little awkward. And the\noriginal uncertainty of the notion of 'subject' in the Japanese language makes\nit difficult for English speakers to understand this kind of expression. The\nsentence can be paraphrased in this way.\n\nI feel a little sad to find that no one was lamenting for my mother's death.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-24T00:37:16.483", "id": "84751", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-24T06:15:37.827", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-24T06:15:37.827", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84747", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "おっしゃる通り、「拝見ありがとうございます。」は敬語の使い方が間違っています。「拝見いただきありがとうございます。」「ご拝見ありがとうございます。」「拝見していただき...」などは、（言おうとしていることはわかるんですが、）どれもおかしいです。\n\n「拝見」「拝読」「拝聴」などは謙譲語ですから、相手の行為には使いません。「ご覧くださりありがとうございます。」「ご覧くださってありがとうございます。」（または、「ご覧いただき...」。この「～いただき」は間違っているとの意見もありますが。）などと言うのが正しいと思います。\n\n敬語は日本語母語話者にも難しいようで、結構多くの人が間違えて使っていたり、間違えて覚えていたりします。私も、何かしら間違って使ってしまっているんだろうなと思いますが...。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-24T09:39:09.490", "id": "84755", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-24T10:35:19.020", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-24T10:35:19.020", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "84753", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "Etymologically speaking, いろいろ is 'full of colors', and さまざま 'various in one's\nappearance or figure', but this does not give us a reasonable answer. Answers\nand comments about the difference between these confusing words, which are\nfound on the Internet, assert that いろいろ puts more emphasis on the greater\nnumber of things, while さまざま on the differences of various things. This may be\ntrue but in most cases, both are interchangeable without much difference. My\nanswer to your question is that both of these words are interchangeable in\nalmost all cases. It seems to me difficult to discover uninterchangeable\nexamples such as いろいろと vs. ｘさまざまと and いろいろ話す vs. ｘさまざま話す. But as a Japanese\nwriter, I don't like to use these words (色々、様々) in Kanji but in Hiragana, and\nI prefer いろいろ to さまざま, because the former sounds to me soft and the latter\nsounds hard or noisy. This sound symbolism of mine may coincide with the\nassertion that いろいろ is a little colloquial and さまざま is usually used in written\nJapanese. The following is an example of my own making. (ｘ unacceptable)\n\nこの二つの語が使われる例を、いろいろ（ｘさまざま）考えてみた。まず、これらの語のあとにいろいろな（さまざまな）助詞がつく例を考察してみた。いろいろな（さまざまな）観点から論じられているが、結局、その大きなちがいは文体上のちがいのようだ。", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-25T04:16:58.787", "id": "84762", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-31T15:11:14.733", "last_edit_date": "2023-01-31T15:11:14.733", "last_editor_user_id": "1330", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84756", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "「これまで」occasionally occurs as a\n[noun](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%AD%A4%E3%82%8C%E8%BF%84/), in\naddition to its functions as a [no-\nadjective](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%AD%A4%E3%82%8C%E8%BF%84) and\n[adverbial](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7).\nAnd when used as a noun, particularly when preceded by a possessive pronoun in\n「～のこれまで」, it means something to the effect of \"the past achievements of\nsomeone/something\" or \"things someone/some entity has done in the past\", or\nsimply \"the past of someone/something\".\n\nI have seen in entertainment reporting things like:\n\n> その前に○○さんのこれまでを振り返ってみよう。 \n> Before we go any further, let's look back on/review the past achievements\n> of ...\n\nwhen an actor/actress/singer is featured and the article writer wants to\nfamiliarize the reader with that actor/actress/singer's past\nmovies/shows/songs.\n\n> 彼のこれまでをクイズ形式でおさらいしていきましょう。\n\nSince there is no context that clarifies who \"彼\" is and what's notable about\nhim, it is hard to say what kinds of things in his past the conversation and\nthe quiz are about. Given it is a manga character, roughly this line can be\nrendered as:\n\n> Let's take a quiz on his past achievements/his story so far. \n> Let's take a quiz to rehash what's happened in the story with him.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-24T20:19:30.757", "id": "84760", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-24T20:24:41.760", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-24T20:24:41.760", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84758", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Here, いただきます is just \"I (humbly) receive/take/accept it\", a humble version of\nもらいます and a polite version of いただこう as well. いただきます as a set phrase is of\ncourse related to this, but here it's used in a more literal sense.\n\nIt's not very common to use keigo to a waiter at cheap izakaya, but it's fine\nand natural at classy restaurants. And an exchange like this can happen in a\nsituation where someone has invited someone to their home, too.\n\n> Is 「結構です」strictly a set phrase that can't be modified?\n\nSort of. 結構, いい, よい, だいじょうぶ and so on have seemingly contradictory meanings,\nso you should not change its form lightly. 結構だと思います can mean \"Your idea sounds\ngood\" as well, so it's confusing. To turn down this offer, you have to say\n結構です, 大丈夫です or いいです (or 結構/大丈夫だ if you don't mind sounding blunt and\narrogant). Related: [How to \"shoo away\" a sales\nclerk?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5056/5010) / [How to respond to\nポイントカードが宜しいですか。](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/57911/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-25T00:08:57.180", "id": "84761", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-25T00:16:19.117", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-25T00:16:19.117", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84759", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "I don't feel myself privileged to answer this question, but knowing there is\nno answer to this difficult question, I am going to try my best. First of all,\nthe scope of using -先生 is not clearly defined, so I think it safe to use -先生\nwhen you are doubtful of using it or not. Talking about 行政書士, my brother-in-\nlaw is a judicial scrivener 司法書士, and he is always addressed by his clients as\n'～先生'. And my wife, a teacher of flower-arrangement, has always been called\n'～先生'. It may safely be said that the scope includes 医者, 司法書士, 行政書士, 会計士, 税理士,\n政治家, and teachers or instructors in any field. Almost no Japanese would feel\nit disrespectul for non-native speakers of Japanese to address her or him as\n'～先生'. Secondly, I think it better or safer to use -先生 not only during the\ninitial meeting/introduction but also some time after that. But you should\ntake much care, when he or she does not like to be called '～先生', they will\nsurely say '～先生ではなく、～さんと呼んでください'.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T10:20:15.947", "id": "85801", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T22:45:51.810", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-27T22:45:51.810", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84764", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "This will be a somewhat unrigorous answer (since that’s faster to write), but\nbasically there’s a layer of interpretation that your mind does on the pitch,\nwhere it’s actually not just the height of the pitch that matters, but the\ndirection of the pitch change throughout the mora that matters.\n\nFor example\n\n> わざわざ \n> ／＼＿＿\n\nor even\n\n> わざわざ \n> ／￣＼＿\n\nwill generally get interpreted as HLLL\n\nOf course a clear\n\n> わざわざ \n> ＿￣＿＿\n\nsounds like LHLL and entirely wrong.\n\nIn other words, when there are slides in the pitch, it causes an “fuzzy”\naccent kernel, which the listener’s brain will then just place in the right\nspot.\n\nAs far as ありがとうございます on forvo goes, they all unambiguously sound accented on\nthe り to me (aside from a kansaiben recording in there). The が might be high\nin pitch but as long as it’s sliding downwards there’s no way it will be\ninterpreted as the accent kernel.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-25T18:27:44.003", "id": "84769", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-25T18:27:44.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "84767", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "### Derivation\n\nあんまり is the emphatic version of あまり. あまり is a noun derived from verb 余【あま】る,\n_\" to be more than, to be extra\"_.\n\n### Usage\n\nIn terms of usage, あまり is indeed generally used with negative verb forms --\nhowever, the noun itself has no negative meaning.\n\nConsider the English word _\" much\"_, of vaguely similar meaning. On its own,\nit has no negative sense. But if I use it with a negative verb expression, it\nadds an additional layer to that negative sense.\n\n * I don't eat **much**. \n↓\n\n * **[あ]{●}[ま]{●}[り]{●}** 食【た】べない。\n\nAdding the あまり shifts the meaning from _\" I don't eat\"_, to _\" I don't eat\n**much** \"_.\n\n### Your specific sentence\n\n> あんまり突然【とつぜん】、あんまりスーッと現【あらわ】れたので、地面【じめん】から湧【わ】いて出【で】たかと思【おも】えるぐらいだった\n\nThis uses あまり in a positive way, and it emphasizes what happens in the first\npart, as the reason (that ので conjunction) for the second part.\n\nIn positive expressions using あまり, I'm more familiar with the phrasing あまりにも,\nbut even there, I've found that it's often used to state that something has\nhappened _to such a degree_ , that this causes some other thing. The あまり is\nagain used for its core meaning of something like _\" muchness, degree,\nextraness\"_:\n\n * Thing A `[VERB]s` **so much** , that Thing B `[VERB]s`. \n↓\n\n * **[あ]{●}[ん]{●}[ま]{●}[り]{●}** 突然【とつぜん】、 **[あ]{●}[ん]{●}[ま]{●}[り]{●}** スーッと現【あらわ】れたので、地面【じめん】から湧【わ】いて出【で】たかと思【おも】えるぐらいだった。 → \nHe appeared **so** suddenly, **so** smoothly, that it seemed like he just\nsprang forth out of the ground.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-25T18:48:31.463", "id": "84770", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-25T19:18:43.497", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-25T19:18:43.497", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "84768", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The sentence 前のアパートより今のほうは広いです has two issues, I think. One being that you are\ncomparing アパート with 今, rather than with 今のアパート・今のところ, and the second being\nthat the comparison ～より～のほう, assuming ～のほう is the subject noun-phrase, always\ntakes the nominative case-marker が. It seems to me that using は with the のほう\ncomparison is unnatural, since ～のほう already includes the\ncomparison/contrastive function of は, so marking the subject with が would be\nmore important. I defer to others, though, since I'm not totally sure.\n\nAs you have noted, the official answer does not use the のほう construction, so\nusing は as a topic and comparison marker is fine.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-26T00:45:39.043", "id": "84777", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-26T00:45:39.043", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "84771", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "It seems that when you mean \"A is more X than B\" with the formula AのほうがBよりX,\nほうが is completely a fixed element in this idiom and not replaceable with は.\nThe argument Bより, however, can be followed by an extra topic particle: ～よりは,\n～よりも. Alternatively, using another noun instead of ほう will make the sentence\nvalid, such as:\n\n> 前のアパートより今のところは広いです。\n\nBut it is applying the AはBよりX formula.\n\nOf course, ～のほう can take は when it is not coupled with ～より, even if they\nappear in the same sentence.\n\n> （昔の家は実家より狭かったが、）今のほうは実家より広い。\n\nThis is also an AはBよりX instance, with ほう intended to contrast with 昔の家.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-26T12:47:57.267", "id": "84782", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-26T12:47:57.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "84771", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "First of all, do you understand the grammar of [embedded\nquestions](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13034/5010)? This 何処に行くのか is a\nnoun phrase that works as the object of 知る. どこに行くのか as an independent sentence\nmeans \"Where will she go?\", but どこに行くのか as a noun clause means \"where she\ngoes\".\n\n * どこに行くのか \nwhere she goes\n\n * どこに行くのか知りたい \nI want to know where she goes\n\n * どこに行くのか知りたい気がする \nI feel I want to know where she goes\n\n * どこに行くのか知りたくない気がする \nI feel I don't want to know where she goes\n\nも by itself is just \"also\" here. 気がする means \"I feel\", and 気もする means \"I also\nfeel\".\n\n> 何処に行くのか知りたい気もするし、知りたくない気もする。\n>\n> I feel I want to know where she will go, but I also feel I don't want to\n> know (where she will go).\n\nIn other words, the speaker wants to know her destination, but he hates to\nunderstand her destination at the same time. This implies he somehow\nunderstands she is going to do something dirty or dangerous.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T04:04:59.897", "id": "85798", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T04:15:29.250", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-27T04:15:29.250", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84772", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There are two meanings for ～ておく、the first of which you have already noted is\ndo something in preparation for the next action/event.\n\nYou can see, for example, [this link](https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/teoku/)\nfor example sentences.\n\nThe second, also in the link above, is to do something and then leave it in\nthe state. Also recall the common verb ほっとく＝放っておく, which clearly is not the\nfirst usage.\n\nYour interpretations are fine, but you are forced to make an assumption in\norder to do so, so it is probably simpler to just understand the example\nsentence in your question as the second usage (as your linked video\nrecommends)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-25T23:27:50.317", "id": "84775", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-25T23:27:50.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "84773", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Without the context in which とも is used, I am not sure what kind of special\nmeaning this とも has. And I have learned from the previous answer that the と is\nthe case particle as a quotative marker, and the も is the binding particle.\nThis convincing explanation leads me to say that there must be some other\nalternatives to the thing(s) previously mentioned. For example, in this case,\nsome thought that the war would continue only for some years, or they thought\nthat five years ago the war would come to an end soon. But, it seems to me,\nthis may not be too much emphasized because も in とも has no strong meaning of\nbinding or adding in some contexts. So it could be said that your translation\nis all right without special reference to とも.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-26T04:08:31.507", "id": "84778", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-26T04:29:52.187", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-26T04:29:52.187", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84774", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally speaking, 震う is an old form of 震える with the same meaning. Such uses\nof 震う are found in the literature of Meiji Era as 身体のぶるぶると震う, おののき震うと同じ状なり,\n袋を持った手がガチガチと震う, and 肩の震うばかり胸にこたえた, all of which sound old-fashioned to us. But\nit seems to me that there are some exceptional uses of 震う in Modern Japanese.\nFor example, 震っている can be said to have derived from 震う, while 震えている is also\nused in daily conversation.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-26T23:54:10.950", "id": "84791", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-26T23:54:10.950", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84776", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The second definition of 「たって」 [here\n1](https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF&source=hp&ei=481dYOzGKoSSlwTOt6-wCw&iflsig=AINFCbYAAAAAYF3b8znR5qD7p_7iVwsjKIDD8ynCNV0F&oq=%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBggAEAQQCjIECAAQHjIECAAQHjoOCC4QsQMQxwEQowIQkwI6CAgAELEDEIMBOgsILhCxAxDHARCjAjoOCC4QsQMQgwEQxwEQowI6BQgAELEDOgQIABAEOgIIADoICAAQBBAKECo6BggAEAQQHlCGFFiMKWD8K2gCcAB4AIABgAOIAY0IkgEHNy4xLjAuMZgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXqwAQA&sclient=gws-\nwiz&ved=0ahUKEwisxP629c3vAhUEyYUKHc7bC7YQ4dUDCAk&uact=5) (I hope it shows up\nproperly) is 「たとしても。ても。」 Basically, たって is a slightly more colloquial way to\nsay 'even if'. (I believe it's derived from 「～たとて」.) It's usually made with\nthe past tense plus 「～って」, but with い adjectives it goes after the 連用形, as in\n「赤くたって」.\n\n'In that case, even if you fell in love with me, it wouldn't be cheating,\nwould it?'", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-26T12:10:46.410", "id": "84781", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T13:31:09.477", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-29T13:31:09.477", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "84779", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Expanding on the answer from Angelos:「って」is the colloquial way to\nexpress「として」, you could also use 「ても」instead of「たって」, which is the is shorter\nversion of「としても」.\n\nでしたら、わたくしと恋をした **って**\n\n * \"That's why, **even if** you make love to me,\"\n\n浮気にはなりませんでしょう?\n\n * \"it won't be cheating, right?\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T14:52:56.853", "id": "85834", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T14:52:56.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42276", "parent_id": "84779", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "From <https://www.japanesewithanime.com/2019/01/rashii.html>\n\n可愛らしい vs. 可愛いらしい\n\nAn important thing to note is that when you have an _i_ -adjective the suffix\n_rashii_ replaces the _-i_ ～い ending, but the auxiliary adjective _rashii_\ndoes not replace the _-i_ ending.\n\nDepending on whether the ending is replaced or not, the function of _rashii_\ndiffers. When it's a suffix, it means something like \"-ish\" or \"-ly\". When\nit's an auxiliary adjective, it's probably expression an assumption, something\nthat you heard from someone, etc.\n\nFor example:\n\n * _kawaii_ 可愛い \nCute.\n\n * _kawaii rashii_ 可愛いらしい \nIt seems that it's cute. \nI heard it's cute. (auxiliary adjective.)\n\n * _kawai-rashii_ 可愛らしい \nCute-ish. Lovely. (suffix.)\n\nEdit:\n\nActually after looking into it. The question is actually more interesting that\nit seemed to be at first. らしい can have two meanings: \"I heard/it seems\" and\n\"-ly/-like\". That doesn't change and everything that is usually explained in\ntextbooks is still true.\n\nThe meaning 1 \"seems\" is used when らしい is placed after a full clause, so after\na copula, conjugated verb or adjective with the い.\n\n> 明日は台風が来るらしい。 It seems like a typhon is coming tomorrow.\n>\n> 月曜日は天気がよいらしいです。 It seems like the weather will be nice on Monday.\n>\n> だいぶ溜め込んだらしい。 He seems to have amassed a lot.\n\nThe meaning 2 \"-y/-like\" normally only attaches to nouns.\n\n> 夏らしい夏。 A summer-y summer (a real summer, a summer that does what we expect\n> from a summer)\n>\n> 男らしい。 Manly\n\n可愛らしい is using the second meaning, but the thing is that we treat 可愛 like a\nnoun. We removed the い and it became a noun. But you can't do that with just\nany adjective, actually only a small number of adjectives can do that.\n\nFor that reason, even though we can understand the meaning from the original\nadjective, the compound adjective-stem + らしい is actually listed as a separate\nentry in most dictionaries.\n\n<https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%E3%81%84>\n\nSo even though the construction is very very similar to the noun + らしい grammar\npoint, you can also think about them as separate word entirely.\n\nAll examples sentences are from Weblio.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-26T15:53:41.703", "id": "84786", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-26T21:34:04.847", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-26T21:34:04.847", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "42234", "parent_id": "84783", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Frankly speaking I cannot clearly understand your point or problem, but I\nwould like to try my best within my understanding. At first sight the two\nsentences in the first pair seemed to me almost equivalent. After some time of\nstaring at these sentences, I have found a difference, as you have.\n\n * 日本へ行くとき(に)、日本語を勉強しました (beforehand and simultaneously)\n * 日本へ行くまえに、日本語を勉強しました (beforehand)\n\nBut to emphasize 'simultaneousness' you should say '日本に行っているときに、日本語を勉強しました'.\nAnd the two in the second pair are also slightly different in the above\nviewpoint.\n\n * 日本へ行ったとき、日本語を勉強しました。(beforehand and simultaneously)\n * 日本へ行ったあと(で)、日本語を勉強しました。(simultaneously and afterward [after arriving in Japan or after having visited Japan])\n\nI have no definite idea of the causes which lead to these slight differences,\neven though they may look serious to non-natives. I am not sure, but they may\narise not because of semantic differences of まえ and あと, but because of the\nwide coverage of the meanings of 行く and とき, or the tense discrepancy of 行く and\n行った. I have been very much confused before my PC, ending up to say that I am\nso sorry when what I have said as an answer has missed your point.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T01:35:13.317", "id": "85811", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T01:35:13.317", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84784", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the following three sentences including your two are all grammatically\ncorrect and almost natural to native speakers of Japanese without any\nparticular difference between them.\n\n 1. 髪が長い男の人が少しいる。(two が in a short sentence)\n 2. 長い髪の男の人が少しいる。(two の in a short sentence)\n 3. 髪の長い男の人が少しいる。(two の in a short sentence)\n\nBut as a writer I would like to avoid these sentences in my writing because of\ntwo particles in a short sentence, and the phrase of 人が少しいる sounds a little\nawkward. Then I have created this sentence with the same meaning.\n\n 4. 髪の長い男性が数人いる。", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T02:42:51.767", "id": "85794", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T02:42:51.767", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84785", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "At least from the one source I could find, there are some supplementary lines\nthat may clarify things.\n\n> だから俺の前でないてるのがお前じゃなくても、俺はーー\n>\n> と、その先のロレンスの言葉は出なかった。\n>\n> ホロが傷ついたような顔をして、ロレンスの方を見つめていたからだ。\n>\n> 「・・・・・・お前、ずるくないか」\n>\n> 「ん、雌の特権じゃろ」\n>\n> いけしゃあしゃあと言うので、ロレンスはかるkホロの頭を小突いたのだった。\n\nAt this point they're basically flirting... She's trying to act like she would\ncry in front of everyone because she hasn't had a real conversation in a long\ntime, so he isn't special, and he's trying to act like he would comfort anyone\ncrying in front of him, using the \"crying doesn't make money\" line, so she\nisn't special. She acts hurt, he says your last line (which should make sense\nnow), and so on.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T01:28:28.890", "id": "85793", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T02:26:48.367", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-27T02:26:48.367", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "43365", "parent_id": "84787", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "To supplement @cats's answer, I'd also like to take a look at how this scene\nplays out in the anime.\n\nIn the anime, Lawrence says だから泣いてるのがお前じゃなくても、俺は but stops himself mid-\nsentence when he sees Holo's reaction:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BdonS.jpg)\n\nA somewhat judgmental and not too happy expression (in the light novel she is\ndescribed as looking hurt by what he said) -- which elicits お前、ずるくないか from\nLawrence because while he took her ぬしの前でなくても泣いたじゃろう in stride, when faced with\nthis expression he probably can't help but feel a little bad. And then it is\nin response to his slightly troubled reaction that she brings out a cunning\nsmile a few moments later.\n\nFor reference, here is [how this scene plays out in the light\nnovel](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PBPvt.png), in which one gets a better sense\nof how this is really just a lighthearted back-and-forth between the two of\nthem.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T03:26:33.517", "id": "85797", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T03:26:33.517", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "14544", "parent_id": "84787", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "In general, Japanese もらった is more like an interjection said excitedly when the\nspeaker thinks they have almost gotten a goal or something is \"in the bag\".\nYou can think it's short for 勝利は(ほぼ)もらった or ゴールは(ほぼ)もらった. Since the implied\nobject is usually not ボール, it does not mean the speaker is going to handle the\nball, nor does it mean the speaker simply received the ball.\n\nAt least in volleyball, there is no special Japanese phrase that corresponds\nto this type of \"I got it\".\n\n> ### [スポーツで使える英語～バレーボール](http://ocryugaku.blog53.fc2.com/blog-entry-757.html)\n>\n> 日本語だったら、 **シンプルに「はい！」とか「オーライ！」とか** だと思うのですが、英語では、\n>\n> 「Mine!」 \n> 「I go」 \n> 「I got it」 \n> 「Got it」 \n> 「Me, me, me」\n>\n> などと言います。\n\nはい and オーライ work in volleyball, but they are too generic. A game of Rocket\nLeague seems to be less speedy than that of volleyball, so something like\n\"行きます!\" or \"もらいます!\" may be a reasonable option as a translation of \"I got\nit!\". Something like \"俺が!\" or \"私が!\" might work, but another problem regarding\nthe choice of first-person pronoun arises.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T03:07:49.197", "id": "85795", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T03:07:49.197", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84788", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "As a native speaker of Japanese, I don't think this sentence impolite, or I\ndon't assert that 'I' (私) really said 'ドア(を)閉めて' which is usually used\nespecially among the family members.\n\n(私は)田中さんにドアを閉めてと頼みました。\n\nI have tried to think other ways of saying this more politely.\n\n私は田中さんにドアを閉めてくださいと頼みました。(in this case it is very probable that 'I' really\nsaid「ドアを閉めてください」and when we compare this with that, the above sentence sounds\nless polite)\n\n私は田中さんにドアを閉めるように頼みました。(this sentence without と seems to me more preferable)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T01:15:24.580", "id": "85791", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T02:01:33.110", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-27T02:01:33.110", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "84789", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "すっきり is a mimetic word that describes how clean or tidy something is.\nDepending on the context and the subject, すっきりする can mean \"to be\nclear/clean/tidy/simple\", \"to feel refreshed\", etc.\n\n> てか、そもそも本当にあいつじゃないの？ \n> Um, maybe (the murderer) is actually him in the first place?\n\n> それなら話がすっきりするわ \n> [literally] If that (is true), the story would be clear/simple. \n> That would clear things up.\n\n(Of course, this is probably a dirty joke. Is Girl 2 a tsundere character?)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T03:21:17.193", "id": "85796", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T03:49:08.017", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-27T03:49:08.017", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84790", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The difference is the same as that between 赤くない and 赤くはない, etc. As far as this\nは is concerned, there is nothing specific to double negation. は in a negative\nsentence can be an explicit contrast marker, but sometimes it's nothing more\nthan a particle you use unconditionally in negative sentences.\n\n * [Why is the topic marker often used in negative statements (ではない, ～とは思わない)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1077/5010)\n\n> So how did the は come to be used anywhere? This is probably part of an\n> historical process of trivialization and loss of meaning. It seems to me\n> that originally, the pattern ～ではない was used to only mark a strong contrast\n> of the entire predication to something else (e.g. something that was said or\n> implied before by someone else), but later became more and more popularized\n> until what originally was a contrast marker became an almost necessary\n> feature of the negative form.\n\nは in 必要なくはない _can_ carry a strong contrastive meaning (similarly to 必要ではある\nwhich is always strongly contrastive).\n\n> 値段はとても高いが、必要なくはない。 \n> It's very expensive, but it doesn't mean it's unnecessary. \n> (は is mandatory here)\n>\n> 値段はとても高いが、必要ではある。 \n> It's very expensive, but it _is_ necessary.\n\nWhen this contrastive meaning seems unimportant, you can think it's just a\ncommon and natural way to say \"It's not unnecessary\". In such cases, it's\nbasically interchangeable with 必要なくない. Still, 必要なくない sounds colloquial, and\nyou should use 必要なくはない in formal settings. I suppose most textbooks use なくはない\nalmost unconditionally.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T10:36:24.517", "id": "85802", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T10:49:36.460", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-27T10:49:36.460", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85799", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Unfortunately you are looking at a wrong definition.\n\nI suppose you are referring to this one under the 終助詞 (final particle) section\nin [the entry](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE):\n\n> **１**\n> 活用語の終止形に付く。多く「だって」「でも」と呼応して用いる。現代では多く女性や子供の間で使われるが、時に撥音化して「もん」となることもある。\n\nBut the correct one is under 名詞 (noun) which is way below:\n\n> **５** 他の語句を受けて、その語句の内容を体言化する形式名詞。 \n> ⋮ \n> ㋓（「…したものだ」の形で）過去を思い出してなつかしむ気持ちを示す。「あの店にはよく二人で行った物だ」\n\nSo the basic construction is the following.\n\n> お城を作って遊んだものだ \n> _I used to build castles for fun._\n\nAnd it seems to be rarely taught, but there are final particles that hides the\ncopula だ and those not. さ is the former, that's why you don't see だ in that\nsentence.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T06:08:07.713", "id": "85816", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T06:08:07.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85803", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "～たことになる really means \"be virtually equivalent with —ing\" or \"turn out that —\nin all\", which is used when you could never name an actual moment when it did,\nbut the result is just as if it takes place. Thus it is not really relevant to\nfactual or counterfactual, and real or pretend.\n\nThis is technically same for ～たことにする, but as する stands for an intentional\ncognitive operation, it usually implies the agent somewhat admits that it is,\nat least, not wholeheartedly true.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T05:31:45.150", "id": "85815", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T05:31:45.150", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85804", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Going by your phonetic transcription:\n\n * the vowel in \"Tuh\" actually doesn't exist in Japanese, so it'd be hard to mishear it as another word Japanese word, it'd just sound like a very American pronunciation of the Japanese \"ta\", so it shouldn't cause an issue.\n * \"Kay\" (rhyming with \"Hey\") is actually fairly close to the right pronunciation of \"kei\", it just sounds a bit American, but not like a different Japanese word.\n\nSo, from the information you've provided, I see no reason the pronunciation\ncould sound like a different Japanese word.\n\nThe closest Japanese word which means 'money' that I can think of is お金 (\"o\nkane\", recordings available\n[here](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%E3%81%8A%E9%87%91/#ja)), but that's pretty\ndifferent -- it doesn't have a 't', it has an 'n', and the final vowel is\nshorter, so your friend would have really need to have butchered the name for\nit to sound like that.\n\n(Another related word might be 高値\n([takane](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%E9%AB%98%E5%80%A4/#ja)), but that doesn't\nmean 'money', it means 'high price'. And still, it has the 'n' in it.)\n\n**EDIT:** Okay, based on your edit, \"ki\" (rhyming with \"hi\") _would_ result in\na different Japanese word: 高い\n([takai](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%E9%AB%98%E3%81%84/#ja)). This doesn't mean\n\"money\", it's a very common word which means \"high\" or \"tall\", though by\nextension is often used to mean \"expensive\". Maybe this is what your friend\nsaid?", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-27T19:35:32.083", "id": "85807", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-27T19:47:02.737", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-27T19:47:02.737", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "85806", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no special symbol for this, but simple brackets `()` can be used in\nmost cases. They are especially common in interview articles, where the editor\nhas to fix or supplement what was actually said by the interviewee. In case\nyou need to avoid any confusion, you can explicitly say `(筆者注:～)`, `(編注:～)` or\n`(訳注:～)`, which mean \"author's note\", \"editor's note\" and \"translator's note\",\nrespectively.\n\n> 彼女（訳注：マリー）は店に入るところを目撃されている。\n\nIf there are many similar notes, you can use `()` and add a comment like\nカッコ内は筆者による (\"notes in parentheses are mine\").\n\n* * *\n\nHowever, your problem is a little different, and there is no established\nconvention for your problem, either. You can use simple brackets and a\nplaceholder, like this:\n\n> 血晶の化石。(形状)型の血晶石が得られる。 \n> ※形状: 放射, 三角, 欠け, 円, 雫 \n> (※ is a common \"(foot)note\" marker similar to * or †)\n\nOr this is understandable, too:\n\n> 血晶の化石。(放射/三角/欠け/円/雫)型の血晶石が得られる。 \n> 血晶の化石。(放射,三角,欠け,円,雫)型の血晶石が得られる。 \n> 血晶の化石。(放射|三角|欠け|円|雫)型の血晶石が得られる。\n\nIf you believe `()` is not the right symbol (e.g., when the original text\nalready contains many `()`), you can choose other types of bracket such as\n`［］`, `｛｝`, `《》`, or `【】`. As long as you use the same symbol consistently in\nyour article, you will be understood. Still, `『』` and `「」` are not appropriate\nbecause they are primarily for quotation and emphasis.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T02:50:37.633", "id": "85813", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T10:33:35.480", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-28T10:33:35.480", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85808", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "If these are really from two volumes of the same edition, I have to say this\nis indeed confusing and misleading. 食べた is perfectly valid in formal articles.\nAs for the terminology, I see the following names most often:\n\n * だ: Plain form (can be formal or informal)\n * です: Polite form (usually formal, too)\n * (である: Literary/stiff form)\n\nIn Japanese, だ/である is called 常体 and です/ます is called 敬体.\n\nRegarding the formality vs politeness, I think formality is easier because\nEnglish has this distinction, too ( _child_ vs _kid_ , _yes_ vs _yeah_ ).\nHowever, Japanese has two styles even in formal settings.\n\nIn formal settings, politeness is a sign of humanity and friendliness, so you\nneed it when you communicate with your business partners and customers. On the\nother hand, the plain form in formal settings is a sign of dignity,\nacademicity and matter-of-factness, and you use it to write a plain news\narticle, an academic manuscript, a rule book, a Wikipedia article, etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T02:44:36.680", "id": "85848", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T02:44:36.680", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85809", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not sure if I understand that native speaker's explanation, but a very\nsimple summary is this:\n\n * **働** : work to make money; job\n * **努** : effort; endeavor; striving\n * **労** : labor; workload; burden\n\n努 is a relatively positive word that is associated with something you actively\ndo/make. 労 is a relatively negative word that is associated with something you\nare burdened with.\n\nJust in case you've missed it, note that a single kanji is not necessarily a\nstandalone word (see [this\ndiscussion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/83500/5010)), and the meaning\nof a single kanji is not always preserved when it's used as part of a\ncompound. 働 and 努 are never used as an independent word, and 労 works as an\nindependent word almost exclusively as part of the set phrase 労をねぎらう.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T01:41:21.997", "id": "85812", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T01:41:21.997", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85810", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> So what does 〜に入る mean here?\n\n〜に入る here is just a modification for 妨害, so it is basically equivalent to\n妨害してくる.\n\n> Or how should I understand it generally\n\nYou can think of X に入る as \"come and do X\" or \"start to do X\".\n\nHere are examples that I came up with:\n\n * 仲裁に入る\n * 成層圏に入る", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T12:24:28.407", "id": "85818", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T12:24:28.407", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19830", "parent_id": "85817", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It helps to understand that this に in 妨害に[入る]{はいる} is\n\n> **に** \n> (Ⅲ)動作・作用の結果、状態や目的などを表す。 \n> ... \n> ㋗《下に移動を表す動詞を伴い、動詞連用形や動作性名詞に付いて》移動の目的を表す。 \n> 「映画を見 **に** 行く」 \n> 「家まで忘れ物を取り **に** 帰る」 \n> 「町に買い物 **に** 出る」\n\n(source: 明鏡国語辞典)\n\nIn other words it indicates the purpose of a movement verb like [入る]{はいる}, 行く,\n帰る, etc. So 妨害に[入る]{はいる} means to enter/step in/approach in order to\ninterfere/get in the way.\n\nA few other examples:\n\n> 見舞いに行く \n> To go in order to visit someone [who is sick]\n>\n> 学生が質問に来る \n> A student comes in order [to ask] a question", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T20:02:58.823", "id": "85823", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T20:12:18.303", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-28T20:12:18.303", "last_editor_user_id": "14544", "owner_user_id": "14544", "parent_id": "85817", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The ~ることになった can mean a past result, but it references the future in relation\nto the preceding phrase. If you use ～ることになった in 2, e.g., since the speaker is\nspeaking about the present, it would seem as if 精霊 will 集まる in the future (but\nit has already been decided). In the first, the reference time is 受験を決めた (in\ndescribing 士道), so while the overall sentence is in the past, 苦労をする is a\nfuture action relative to 受験を決めた士道.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T00:23:14.850", "id": "85827", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T00:23:14.850", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43365", "parent_id": "85821", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "It seems to me that, in Japanese, the position of the speaker plays an\nimportant role of deciding which form to take. Where is the speaker standing\non time-scale or in time perspective?\n\nIn the first example, the speaker is standing at the time of Shido's entrance\nexamination, because he is introducing the background of the school. From this\npoint of time, he is looking at Shido's 苦労, which can be said to be the future\nevent. This leads the speaker to use 苦労をする, but not 苦労をした. Yes, you said 'The\nsentence in question is a flashback of how he worked hard and passed the\nschool entrance examination.' In order to create the desired effects of this\nflashback, the writer is supposed to vary the (time) position of the speaker.\n\nIn the second example, the speaker is standing at the time of 二人がきた今日. From\nthis point in time perspective, he is looking at 精霊の集まり, which can be said to\nbe the past event. This leads the speaker to use the past form of 集まった. But\nthe expression of 集まったことになった sounds to me rather redundant. By using this\nredundant form, the writer is sure to put much emphasis on the great number of\n100.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T00:55:06.607", "id": "85828", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T00:55:06.607", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "85821", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "`[V dictionary form]-ことになる` expresses that something is decided upon. In your\nexample, the moment he decided to take the exam, his destiny was set so he\n**would** have a hard time. Since this happened in the past, the final verb なる\nis used in the past tense. However, 苦労する remains unchanged. The reason for the\npresent tense here is, as explained in other answers, this event hadn’t\nhappened by the time he decided to take the exam.\n\n`[V た-form]-ことになる` is harder to explain. It is used when something stated\nearlier makes it true that something has already completed. In your case, a\nparticular spirit fell into the enemy’s hands, and **that means** that they\nhave collected ten spirits in total. The reason 集まった is used in the past tense\nis, again as explained in other answers, this event has already happened. The\nreference point of time could either be the present or a little earlier when\nthe last spirit fell into the enemy’s hands.\n\nAs for the tense of the final verb なる in the second sentence, he could have\nsaid 集まったことになる, as well. It even sounds more natural to me. But that’s off the\ntopic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-29T03:49:24.273", "id": "86370", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-29T04:13:33.767", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-29T04:13:33.767", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "85821", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "甘える is a word for a certain type of human interaction which has no consistent\nrendering in English. It generally tells that you think or act in a way that\nyou take for granted that someone is generous to or understands you. When of a\nchild or a lover, this is typically translated as \"dependent\", but it has more\nways to translate.\n\n> 言わなくても伝わるはず… そんなのは単なる甘えだ\n\nIt is hard to tell with this much of context what intention it was uttered\nwith, but it literally says that a mindset \"they know what you feel without\nlanguage\" is expecting too much capacity of empathy of others.\n\n> 1. _Am I correct with 私は好きでやってるだけなんだし, or would it be something like \"I'm\n> just doing what I like\"?_\n>\n\n好きで means \"out of (= because of) love\", so either will do in this case.\n\n> 2. _I'm struggling with how to naturally incorporate わかった上 in the phrasing\n> in English without it sounding clunky. Is there a good way to do or would\n> omitting it be a better option?_\n>\n\n～た上で roughly means \"on the basis that —\", so here I'd reflect it like \"and/but\nthey **still** want...\"", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T23:19:14.410", "id": "85844", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T23:19:14.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85822", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "This is simply an English confusion. When you look up\n[_delivery_](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/delivery):\n\n> **Delivery** or a **delivery** is the bringing of letters, parcels, or other\n> goods to someone's house or to another place where they want them. \n> **Synonyms** : handing over, transfer, distribution, transmission\n\nThe definition above corresponds to 配達. Meanwhile,\n\n> A **delivery** of something is the goods that are delivered. \n> **Synonyms** : consignment, goods, shipment, batch\n\ncorresponds to 配達物. Obviously it means \"deliver(ed) stuff\".\n\nIf anything that can be generalized, Japanese has many instances that a word\ndenotes an abstract notion and -物 means an embodiment of it.\n\n * 構造 structure (conceived) / 構造物 structure (built)\n * 出版 publication / 出版物 publication (book)\n * 分泌 secretion / 分泌物 secretion (juice)\n\nBut many words do have such distinction in English too, like 生産 \"production\"\nvs 生産物 \"product\", or 添加 \"addition\" vs 添加物 \"additive\" etc.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T01:32:29.857", "id": "85829", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T01:32:29.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85825", "post_type": "answer", "score": 12 }, { "body": "I don't know if this is helpful, but here's my attribution.\n\n'What is the purpose of appending 物?'\n\n物 means 'thing', like 着物 (a thing to wear),食べ物 (things to eat), 飲み物 (things to\ndrink), 泳ぎもの (things to go swimming). With the same logic, 配達物 are delivery-\nthings.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T10:39:03.690", "id": "85833", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T10:39:03.690", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "29821", "parent_id": "85825", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "だ can follow something other than a noun/na-adjective in standard Japanese:\n\n * [Is 「３人いるだと」 grammatical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5693/5010)\n * [~たいだとか why is there a だ here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60014/5010)\n * [Is there really any difference between だなんて and なんて?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77933/5010)\n * [what does としてもだ mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/58949/5010)\n\nThat said, your examples are not very \"standard\". かもなのです smells to me like a\nrole language or キャラ語尾 known as\n[なのだ口調](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A0)/[なのです口調](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99).\nAs a キャラ語尾 in anime/manga, even something like 見ましょうなのです, 見ろです, 見てくださいなのです or\n見ろなのだ is not rare. Although a native speaker in the real world may\noccasionally say ～かもなのです colloquially or half-jokingly, this should be used\nsparingly and only in very informal settings. ～かもだ/～かもです is relatively more\ntolerated as 若者言葉 (e.g., (そう)かもですけど = (そう)かもだけど = \"that may be true but\"), but\nyou have to avoid it in formal sentences.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T03:40:04.713", "id": "85831", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T03:50:52.490", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-29T03:50:52.490", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85826", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "## _What's the etymological linkage of 「眉{まゆ}」and「繭{まゆ}」?_\n\nUltimately, uncertain.\n\n## What can we say about these etymologically?\n\nWe do have some historical data on both terms.\n\nWe know that both were previously read as _mayo_.\n\n * Shogakukan's 国語大辞典【こくごだいじてん】 (KDJ) entry [for 繭【まゆ】 (\"cocoon\")](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%B9%AD-137237#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8) indicates that this is first attested in the [万葉集【まんようしゅう】](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB) of 759 with a reading of _mayo_.\n * The KDJ entry [for 眉【まゆ】 (\"eyebrow\")](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%9C%89-607600#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8) indicates a first attestation in a document from 740 in the [正倉院文書【しょうそういんもんじょ】](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%80%89%E9%99%A2%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8) (Japanese Wikipedia), also with a reading of _mayo_. \n * The 正倉院文書【しょうそういんもんじょ】 is a collection of over 10,000 documents from the [Nara period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period) (710–794). Princeton has a website dedicated to these in English [here](https://shosoin.princeton.edu/).\n\nWe also know that both terms are read in modern Japanese with a reading of\n[まゆ]{HL}, with the same pitch accent pattern.\n\n### Speculation:\n\nIt seems likely that these terms could well be related. Even in English, it's\nnot uncommon for people to analogize bushy eyebrows with hairy caterpillars.\nConsidering the prevalence of the silkworm in ancient Japan for its importance\nin textile manufacture, and that the silkworm [is not a hairy\ncaterpillar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori), I think it might be\nreasonable to imagine that someone would analogize eyebrows and cocoons\ninstead.\n\n### What Gogen Allguide has to say\n\nI think you're slightly misinterpreting the Gogen Allguide entry. That text\nexplicitly says that Old Japanese まよ did _not_ derive from 目の上 directly, but\nrather that there was the term まよ that happened to refer to 目の上, and that まよ\nunderwent a sound shift.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T17:33:39.240", "id": "85838", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T17:33:39.240", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "85830", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "There is no difference in meaning, but the form without に only takes a pure\nunit with no number.\n\n> （年二回／年に二回／一年に二回）起こる。 \n> （× 二年一回／二年に一回）起こる。\n>\n> （週二回／週に二回／一週間に二回）起こる。 \n> （× 二週間一回／二週間に一回）起こる。\n>\n> （一日二回／日【ひ】に二回／一日に二回）起こる。 ← a little irregular \n> （× 二日一回／二日に一回）起こる。\n>\n> （一時間二回／× 時間に二回／一時間に二回）起こる。 ← 時間 would mean \"time\" \n> （× 二時間一回／二時間に一回）起こる。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T00:02:52.773", "id": "85845", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T00:02:52.773", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85832", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> 「アンタの本音が何で、嬢ちゃんが何を伝えたいかは俺にはハッキリ分かったがなぁ……」\n\nSo I think what is confusing you here is that you think 何で is \"why\". In this\nsentence it isn't. アンタの本音が何で is a separate clause where で is the continuative\nform of だ. So in no sense is there any kind of double が thing happening.\n\nThe structure is \"X and Y are clearly known to me\" where X is アンタの本音が何で and Y\nis 嬢ちゃんが何を伝えたい.\n\nPutting it together you get:\n\n> What your true motive is, and what she wanted to convey, are clear to me.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T17:41:53.367", "id": "85839", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T17:41:53.367", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "85836", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In short, でさえ is an alternate form of さえ and means the same thing (though not\ninterchangeable in all syntactic contexts). で here comes with さえ. **で does not\nhave its own function** (e.g. locational), it simply comes attached with さえ.\n\n[Difference between\nさえ、でさえ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/36397/difference-\nbetween-%E3%81%95%E3%81%88-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%95%E3%81%88) explains it well\nenough (check links and comments).\n\nIt's acceptable to say:\n\n * こと **さえ** 知らない\n * こと **でさえ** 知らない\n * こと **を** 知らない\n\nHowever, it's much, much less common to say **をさえ** 知らない. The さえ usually\nreplaces the を. (This is similar to how one would say リンゴが好き。ドリアンも好き。 but you\nwouldn't say ドリアン **がも** 好き.)\n\n/// If you were to completely remove でさえ, you would get:\n\n * ...誰でも知っているはずのこと知らない...\n\nWhich is possible, [since dropping certain\nparticles](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/80583/is-there-a-\nparticle-dropped-in-the-\nsentence-%E3%81%8A%E5%B1%8A%E3%81%91%E7%89%A9%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99)\n(を in this case) is possible and normal, especially in **informal** speech.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T21:27:48.917", "id": "90315", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-14T03:04:01.990", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-14T03:04:01.990", "last_editor_user_id": "40451", "owner_user_id": "40451", "parent_id": "85837", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "あっての emphasizes the prior phrase as a reason, without which the following\nphrase could not be. Please see\n[here](https://www.mlcjapanese.co.jp/n1_04_15.html) for other examples\n\nがある would not make much sense here as a modifier of こと。You could say\n私には私なりの理由があったんです, but it is not as strong an utterance.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-29T19:16:09.780", "id": "85841", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-29T19:16:09.780", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43365", "parent_id": "85840", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "The following four sentences are all grammatical. I would like to discuss\nthese only in this context.\n\n 1. 私には私なりの理由 **があっての** ことだった **ん** です。\n 2. 私には私なりの理由 **があっての** ことだった **ん** です。\n 3. 私には私なりの理由 **があっての** ことだった **の** です。\n 4. 私には私なりの理由 **がある** ことだった **の** です。\n\nIt can safely be said that sentences 1 and 2 are usually heard in conversation\nbecause of ん, not of あって, but 3 and 4 are a little more formal, which can be\nused in spoken and written Japanese. But it seems very difficult to find\nslight difference between 3 and 4. In the sentence 4, the speaker (私) is fully\naware of his own reason, while the sentences 1, 2 & 3 having あっての may imply\nthat even if the hearer may not know his reason, he has his own reason. The\nuse of a little indirect expression あっての might make the speaker avoid\ncriticism or something from the hearer. This is my opinion or feeling, but\nothers may feel in other ways.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T10:39:23.607", "id": "85856", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T10:39:23.607", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "85840", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "すごい is basically a positive word that means \"great\" or \"wonderful\", but here\nit is used a little sarcastically to mean \"surprising\", \"amazing\",\n\"incredible\", \"crazy\", etc. You can translate that sentence as \"What an idea\"\nor something. Or \"What a great idea...\" may be okay if the reader can\nunderstand it's a sarcastic remark.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T01:53:41.813", "id": "85847", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T01:53:41.813", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85842", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Do you remember the volitional form (う/よう) also has the sense of invitation or\nrecommendation? For example, 食べよう can mean either \"(Now) I'm going to eat\" or\n\"Let's eat\". So ～ようになりましょう usually just means \" **Let's** be/become ～\". But\nwhen the subject is clearly \"I\", it emphasizes the speaker's own\nwill/volition/intention.\n\n * 納豆を食べられるようになる。 \n納豆を食べられるようになります。 \nI (will) learn to eat natto. \n(More literally, \"I (will) be able to eat natto.\" Expressed as a \"fact\" in the\nfuture.)\n\n * 納豆を食べられるようになろう。 \n納豆を食べられるようになりましょう。 \nLet's learn to eat natto! \nOkay, I (decided to) learn to eat natto. \n(The meaning depends on the context, but ましょう tends to mean \"Let's\" because\nit's has the polite ます)\n\n * このモンスターは成長すると空を飛ぶようになる。 \nこのモンスターは成長すると空を飛ぶようになります。 \nThis monster will start to fly when it grows up. \n(Correct: this is a description of a plain fact that happens in the future)\n\n * ❌このモンスターは成長すると空を飛ぶようになろう。 \n❌このモンスターは成長すると空を飛ぶようになりましょう。 \n(Incorrect: Since the subject is neither \"I\" nor \"you\", there is no need to\nexpress someone's volition. Actually, the う/よう form has another uncommon\nfunction (inference/推量), so these are not incorrect as old-fashioned sentences\nsaid pompously by a prophet-like character. But beginners may forget this for\nnow.)", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T03:20:20.853", "id": "85851", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T12:25:15.473", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-30T12:25:15.473", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85849", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "* This 端から is not はしから but [はなから](https://jisho.org/word/%E7%AB%AF%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89).\n * The implicit object of 見る is もう一つの可能性, not the case.\n * You have somehow ignored the ようとする construction.\n\n> 皆、もう一つの可能性を見逃している。いや、端から見ようとしてないのか。 \n> Everyone has overlooked another possibility. Rather, they may have no\n> intention to look at it from the beginning.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T04:44:54.823", "id": "85854", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T04:44:54.823", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85852", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a shorter version of 「ところ」, and means \"how\". Since we don't know who she\nis talking about, the translation is:\n\n * how one picks their nose\n * how one drools\n * how one talks dirty things\n\nあなたのそんな「とこ」が好き。 - I like the way you are.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T12:09:43.120", "id": "85859", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T12:09:43.120", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42276", "parent_id": "85857", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "あの人たちだけ魔法を使える is correct in casual speech, but it's not good as a formal\nsentence. Unlike も or すら, だけ doesn't replace が/は, so in formal settings you\nhave to say either of:\n\n * あの人たちだけは魔法を使える。\n * あの人たちだけが魔法を使える。\n\nSee [this discussion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/66306/5010)\nregarding the difference between だけは and だけが.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T12:19:22.283", "id": "85860", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T12:19:22.283", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85858", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "1. AもBも存在しない、 AとBは存在しない、AやBは存在しない、AやBなどは存在しない\n\n 2. AもBも存在しません、 AとBは存在しません、AやBは存在しません、AやBなどは存在しません", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T13:54:44.340", "id": "85863", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T13:54:44.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43410", "parent_id": "85862", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "見てできる is just \"[you] see and then [you] can do\" or \"[you] can do [it] after/by\nseeing [it]\", not \"can see\". If you know the basic function of the te-form,\nthis should be straightforward. It never means 見られる/見える, and it has nothing to\ndo with one's seeing ability.\n\n見てできる modifies 臨床ケア as a relative clause, so the very literal translation is\n\"Pictorial book of clinical care which you see and then can do\". The gist is\nthat this book enables you to do patient management just by mimicking the\npictures (i.e., you don't have to read a lot of text).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-31T15:36:43.743", "id": "85883", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-31T15:50:27.380", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-31T15:50:27.380", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85864", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "According to [日本国語大辞典]{にほんこくごだいじてん}：\n\n * 接続助詞「て」に係助詞「は」が付いたもの。上に来る語によって「では」とも。現在では「て（で）わ」と読んでいる) 「て」および「は」の用法に応じて、いろいろな意となる。\n\nThere are many ways to complete this sentence, but since it's a suggestion\n\"about\" the theme,「ては」gives the possibility to the reader/listener to\ninterpret it according to context.\n\n * 世界がどう見ているか顧みては「どうですか・いいんじゃないでしょうか・いかがでしょうか」。\n\nAlso, if it's an alert to not do something, 「ならない・いけません」can complete the\nsentence.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T17:00:26.167", "id": "85867", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-31T01:48:05.943", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-31T01:48:05.943", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "42276", "parent_id": "85865", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The repeat is used to highlight the subject:\n\n * 向こう「も」向こうで ...\n\n\"On the other side, they are「also」... getting our moves.\"\n\n * あっち「は」あっちで頑張っている。\n\n\"They. They 「are」 putting effort there.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T18:07:43.553", "id": "85870", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T18:07:43.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42276", "parent_id": "85868", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This is a variant of the `AはAで` construction that has been asked several times\non this site:\n\n * [Meaning of あいつはあいつで](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/78118/5010)\n * [What is the meaning of あいつはあいつで?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21167/5010)\n * [What is meant by それはそれで面白い in this sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/68881/5010)\n\nThis も means \"also\", but since `AはAで` already means A is similar to what's\nalready mentioned, `AもAで` is usually interchangeable with `AはAで`. 向こうも向こうで and\n向こうは向こうで are almost the same.\n\n> 向こうも向こうでこちらの動きをある程度掴んでいるということだ。 \n> That is, (just as we know what they are doing,) they have some idea of what\n> we are doing, too.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T18:19:34.877", "id": "85871", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T18:19:34.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85868", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Yes. A native speaker can easily hear this.\n\nIf you're a native English speaker, then this distinction is hard for us to\nhear in positions we perceive as an unaccented syllable. But, note how we\neasily hear the differences between _bid_ and _bed_ and _bead_ and _bade_. And\nthough these sounds are rather different from the Japanese _i_ and _e_ ,\nnevertheless, the distinction is clearly heard.\n\nAs English speaking learners of Japanese, this difference eventually becomes\neasily heard: your brain learns to notice the difference since the meaning is\nsignificant.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T21:58:27.877", "id": "85874", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T21:58:27.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "85872", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "初{はつ} is actually used in a completely different way from 乙{おつ}, 丙{へい}, etc:\n\n## 初\n\n初 means first, but only first in the temporal sense of a _first occurence_.\nTherefore, it isn't used as an ordinal to number/rank items in a list.\n\nInstead, it's used as a part of various compound words, where it signifies the\n1st occurence of that thing; often as a prefix, such as in 初詣{はつもうで},\n初耳{はつみみ}, 初恋{はつこい}, 初雪{はつゆき}; or as a suffix, such as in 業界初{ぎょうかいはつ}; or even\njust by itself, as in ”初{はつ}です”—another way to say ”初{はじ}めてです”.\n\n## Counting in Japanese\n\nThis is large topic due to the existence of many different kinds of counter\nsuffices, depending on the thing being counted (e.g., 一個, 一本, 一冊, 一人, 一名, 一匹).\nTrying to list them all would go way beyond the scope of this answer, but one\nof the most generic way to count things involves using the 目{め} suffix: 一つ目,\n二つ目, 三つ目, ...\n\nAmong these _many_ ways to count things in Japanese, there exists a classic\nChinese system that uses a separate set of kanji as its ordinals:\n\n## 十干: The Ten Heavenly Stems\n\n乙{おつ} and 丙{へい} are part of the [Ten Heavenly\nStems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Stems), originating in Shang\nDynasty China, called\n[十干{じっかん}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B2) in Japanese.\n\nThey are rarely used in day-to-day Japanese; mainly reserved for usage as\nordinals in legal documents. Note that 甲{こう} rather than 初 belongs in this\nlist as the first ordinal:\n\n 1. 甲{こう}\n 2. 乙{おつ}\n 3. 丙{へい}\n 4. 丁{てい}\n 5. 戊{ぼ}\n 6. 己{き}\n 7. 庚{こう}\n 8. 辛{しん}\n 9. 壬{じん}\n 10. 癸{き}\n\nThey have calendar, fortune-telling and angle-related interpretations too, as\nwell as (rarely used) 訓読み readings. More information about that can be found\nin the same Wikipedia\n[article](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B2).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-30T22:04:11.423", "id": "85875", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-30T23:03:17.193", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-30T23:03:17.193", "last_editor_user_id": "5176", "owner_user_id": "5176", "parent_id": "85873", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This ～として roughly means \"Let me regard/assume/conclude/say ～ (and put it aside\nfor now)\". This is a set phrase used to make a comment/conclusion on a less\nimportant issue before talking about something more important.\n\n> それはいいとして、宿題はやったの？ \n> That's fine, but (let's put that aside,) did you do your homework?\n>\n> お金はあるとして、PS5本体がどこにも売ってない。 \n> Granted, I have the money, but I can't find a PS5 console anywhere.\n>\n> それは明日考えるとして、とりあえず今日は寝よう。 \n> I'll think about it tomorrow, but for now, I'm going to sleep.\n>\n> 彼女は大丈夫だとして……。 \n> She will be okay for sure, but... \n> (implies the speaker is concerned about someone else)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-31T12:54:36.937", "id": "85880", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-01T02:44:08.293", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-01T02:44:08.293", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85879", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "> [俺]{おれ}だけ[入]{はい}れる[隠]{かく}しダンジョン。\n\nGrammatically speaking, this is not a full sentence, but a noun phrase with a\nrelative clause. 俺だけ入れる is a relative clause that modifies 隠しダンジョン.\n\n> 〔俺だけ(が*)入れる〕隠しダンジョン。 \n> = The Hidden Dungeon 〔(that) Only I Can Enter〕.\n\n*が is left out here.\n\nThis structure is often used for a title of a story, novel, anime, etc. It\nuses a rhetorical device called 体言止め. For more, see: [what exactly is\n\"体言止{たいげんど}め\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14524/9831)\n\nIts non-relative version would be:\n\n> 俺だけ(が)隠しダンジョンに*入れる。 or 隠しダンジョンに俺だけ(が)入れる. \n> = Only I can enter the hidden dungeon.\n\n*The verb [入]{はい}る takes the particle に to mark the indirect object. It doesn't take the direct object (～を). [入]{はい}れる is the potential form of [入]{はい}る, as you may know.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-31T14:31:01.447", "id": "85882", "last_activity_date": "2021-06-05T04:56:20.050", "last_edit_date": "2021-06-05T04:56:20.050", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "85881", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "1から10まで is a set phrase that means \"everything\", \"from beginning to end\" or\n\"from A to Z\". It's synonymous with\n[何から何まで](https://jisho.org/word/%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E4%BD%95%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7).\nWe also say 1から100まで. 目論見 is \"plot/plan/scheme\", not \"instruction\".\n\n> それが君に関することは……なんていうか、 \n> But when it comes to your case...how can I put this?\n>\n> **１から１０までボクの目論見通り** 牢屋に入って、オスカーに接触して……脱獄して…… \n> You went to jail, contacted Oscar, and escaped, **exactly as I\n> expected/planned from beginning to end**...\n>\n> もしかしてこちらの意図なんて、全部見透かされてるのかな？って思ったりしたけど、全然そんなことないし。 \n> (Since you're so eerily predictable) I even suspected you actually have\n> seen through all my intentions, but it was not like that at all.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-31T18:09:46.403", "id": "85886", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-31T18:30:58.367", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-31T18:30:58.367", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85885", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "[鍵 also means \"lock\"](https://jisho.org/search/%E9%8D%B5), not just \"key\".\nYes, it will take your English-speaking brain some time to come to terms with\nit.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-31T21:42:56.157", "id": "85888", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-31T21:42:56.157", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "85887", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "It's best to show us the full context, but this feels like 「坊やったら」 where 坊や\nand ったら are separate elements to me. That would be something like 'Oh, you\n[naughty] boy!' ったら after a word referring to somebody usually indicates some\nsort of exasperation with them. 坊や is a word for a young boy.\n\nNote that 坊や doesn't necessarily always mean a _naughty_ boy; the scolding\nelement here is in ったら.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-01T00:04:07.367", "id": "85890", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-01T01:10:26.493", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-01T01:10:26.493", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "85889", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "When you say AとBは互角だ, A and B are treated equally. AとBは互角だ and BとAは互角だ are\nsemantically the same sentence. In addition, 互角 is used only in the context of\ncompetition; the speaker is always interested in which is the\nstronger/superior one.\n\nOn the other hand, AはBに匹敵する means A is comparable or competitive with B. The\nfocus of this sentence is on A, and B's strength/value is taken for granted.\nThus, AはBに匹敵する and BはAに匹敵する are not the same. Besides, 匹敵 has a broader usage\noutside the context of competition. For example, [デジタル大辞泉\nlists](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%8C%B9%E6%95%B5/) 演歌に匹敵する外国の音楽\n\"foreign music (genre) comparable to _enka_ \" as an example of 匹敵する. This\nmeans that _enka_ and something are similar, but it doesn't mean the speaker\nwants to decide which genre is superior.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-01T10:50:09.497", "id": "85897", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-01T10:55:12.217", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-01T10:55:12.217", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85892", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Having an understanding of the 上下関係 and うちそと in Japanese culture might make\nthis easier to understand.\n\nThere will always be exceptions but a simple way of thinking about it is:\n\n * くれる if you are the receiver. This is also true if the receiver is someone from your うち and the giver is from your そと (like a family friend giving something to your kid).\n * やる emphasizes the lower status of the receiver. So it's usually used if the receiver is an animal, or if used as an accessory verb, to make it especially humble.\n * あげる for all other cases.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T10:47:17.893", "id": "85956", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T10:47:17.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85893", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "In the sentence\n\n> この機械はナスカ地方にいくとでっかいイラストがあるので、ひまな人はみにいってみるとよい。\n\nナスカ地方にいくとでっかい is all modifying イラスト, so in its most basic form it says\n\n> この機械はイラストがあるので...\n\nRoughly translating to\n\n> There is an illustration of **this machine**\n\nSo there is nothing unnatural about the grammar, just a lot of modifiers that\nmake it harder to see the underlying sentence.\n\nOnce you can see the basic grammar, you can see that the author is not\nreferencing the Nazca picture because it happens to be similar to the machine\nhe's talking about, he's saying it IS a drawing of the machine. Tying\nsomething from the real world into his fantasy world. Like the ancient\ncivilization saw the bird-machine flying through the sky and were amazed and\ndrew a huge picture of it.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-02T12:55:25.430", "id": "85910", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-02T12:55:25.430", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1761", "parent_id": "85894", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The construction ことこの上ない has probably the only meaning of \"nothing is more\n'adjective'. For example \"嫌なことこのうえない\", \"nothing is more annoying.\"\n\n> 1. Adjectiveな + ことこのうえない ⇒ きれいなことこのうえない and だめなことこのうえない\n> 2. Adjectiveい + ことこのうえない ⇒ やさしいことこのうえない and きたないことこのうえない\n>\n\nYou have also found the form 'このうえなく+adjective', with the example \"この上なく幸せだ\".\n\n> 3. このうえなく+adjective ⇒ このうえなくうつくしい and このうえなくきらいだ\n>\n\nBasically the above two constructions, having こと, and the third one are\nequivalent in meaning, but, of course, different in the position of adjective.\nLet's have a look at other expressions, not only grammatical but also a little\ninformal, and consider this construction more deeply.\n\n * このうえない平和と調和を感じさせる。\n * 彼の仕事ぶりには、このうえない安心感がある。\n * このうえなくいい天気でした。\n * 空はこのうえないぐらいの青空だ。\n * つかまえにくい **こと** 、このうえない。\n * とにかく風通しがいい **こと** 、このうえないのだ。\n * 天気のいい **こと** 、このうえない。\n * 彼の理解がはやい **こと** 、このうえなくまさっている。\n * その古い橋を渡る危険な **こと** 、このうえない。\n * その危険、このうえない。\n * この賞を受賞した名誉(meiyo)、このうえない。\n * この受賞(jyusho)、このうえない名誉だ。\n * 彼女の活躍（katsuyaku）、このうえなくすばらしい。\n\nI have read through these sentences and, strangely enough, I have rewritten\none of the above sentences like this「天気のいいこと、このうえない。」. I omitted（、）from the\nsentences intentionally, but now I have discovered myself that ことこのうえない should\nbe understood separately as [こと] and [このうえない]. Yes, some of them have the\nconstruction like this: [noun phrase] + このうえない. And among many noun phrases,\nこと is one of them.\n\nThe last question must be answered. 'I have seen an example where the form is\nused \"このうえないものだ\". Could I say \"このうえなかった\"? Or is このうえない a set form?'\n\n * このうえないものだ \n * ことこのうえないものだ\n * このうえなかった\n * ことこのうえなかった\n\nLast of all, reflecting on the use of このうえない or このうえなく in my own writing, I\nhave often used this expression in the superlative meaning rather than\ncomparative, because I have avoided expressions such as 最高の～ or 最も～. I am now\na little tired with one-hour brainstorming, so I am going to stop here.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T02:10:36.060", "id": "85943", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T02:16:49.750", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-04T02:16:49.750", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "85896", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "卷ノ(の)七十二 can be read in two ways. The first 二十七ノ卷, this is an old way reading\nJapanese letters from right to left. The second 卷ノ七十二, this is a new modern\nway reading them from left to right. Even as a native speaker of Japanese, I\nam a little perplexed, and have done a little search about his Manga. The\nanswer is: 卷ノ七十二, meaning Vol. 72.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-02T11:03:10.390", "id": "85908", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-02T11:03:10.390", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "85898", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "巻【まき】の七十二 is just [a traditional\nway](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/34033/7810) to say \"Volume 72\". Were\nit not a ninja manga, we would normally say （第）七十二[巻]【かん】.\n\nの is the only way to connect a noun to another in Japanese. Unlike English,\n[you cannot directly attach \"with\", \"from\", \"by\" and such to a noun unless via\nの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27363/7810). The の alone is thus the\nmost ambiguous and versatile modifier with a lot of idiomatic usages. Here if\nliterally interpreted, it would be \"72 in volume\" or \"72 among volumes\", which\nis a fixed way to indicate that it is the 72nd book in the series.\n\n**PS** \nAlthough the Japanese writing direction could be right-to-left in horizontal\nalignment, something like 二十七ノ巻 is hardly used as a volume number marker.\n～の巻【まき】 would be usually the traditional format of title, that is, an\nexplanation comes before の.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Nr3Zw.png) \n(an episode from the anime 忍者ハットリくん)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T04:29:55.883", "id": "85920", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T14:29:57.300", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-03T14:29:57.300", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85898", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I think it means definition 22 from\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BC%B5%E3%82%8B_%28%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8B%29/).\n\n> 22 見張りを置く。見張る。「国道を―・る」\n\nSo the detective stood watch over the area to see if the culprit would return.\nThis is because the detective thought it was possible for the culprit to\nreturn to collect the costume in the garbage can (回収に来るかと思って). However, he\nthen laments that it seems that the culprit did not take that risk\n(流石にそんなリスクは負わなかったみたいだね).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-01T21:29:59.170", "id": "85903", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-01T21:29:59.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10045", "parent_id": "85900", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Jisho.org shouldn't be relied on for precise usage notes. For example, they\nsay 謙譲 is a な-adjective... but you should use 謙遜 instead for a な-adjective\nfrom the 2.\n\nFrom a quick corpus search:\n\n * \"謙遜さ\" is more common than \"謙譲さ\"\n * \"謙遜の\" is less common than \"謙譲の\"\n * \"謙遜が好き\" is a thousand times more common than \"謙譲が好き\"\n\n謙譲の美徳 is a notable idiomatic phrase to learn (as already mentioned by @cats).\n\nAt the end of the day, the context in which you translate 'modesty/humility'\nmatters.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T21:50:11.350", "id": "90316", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-16T08:01:34.360", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-16T08:01:34.360", "last_editor_user_id": "40451", "owner_user_id": "40451", "parent_id": "85901", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "When 十二支 was introduced into Japan, there was already zodiac mnemonics\nestablished in China, so all kun'yomi are animal names.\n\n * 子【ね】: abbreviation of ねずみ \"mouse/rat\"\n * 卯【う】: abbreviation or original word form (disputed) of うさぎ \"rabbit/hare\"\n * 巳【み】: abbreviation of old word form [へみ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%B8%E3%81%BF/) \"snake\" (now へび)\n * 亥【い】: original word form い (ゐ) \"wild boar\" (いのしし literally means \"boar-beast\")\n\nAn interesting case is 未【ひつじ】 = 羊, as sheep are not native in Japan, its\nJapanese name is reversely taken from the time in a day 未 represents: 1 PM—3\nPM. Since this is the afternoon period when the sun goes from above to\ndownward, it is called ひ \"sun\" + つじ \"corner\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T05:54:11.400", "id": "85921", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T05:54:11.400", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85904", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "事業 should be read as じぎょう, as you said, but cannot be as ことわざ. I cannot\nunderstand why the compiler of the dictionary says in its entry that 事業 can\nalso be read in kunyomi, ことわざ. Almost any Japanese cannot read 事業 as ことわざ.\nことわざ, as you pointed out, is a proverb written in Kanji as 諺. Next point which\nis additional for me but most important for you might be that each Kanji in\nthis word, 事 can be read as こと and 業 as わざ, separately.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-02T10:25:37.937", "id": "85907", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-02T10:25:37.937", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "85905", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I'd like to add onto\n[samhana](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/42257/samhana)'s answer.\n\n### Background about the term and reading\n\nThe ことわざ reading for 事業 is valid, but it is also ancient. This reading is not\nused in modern Japanese.\n\n * The ancient ことわざ reading is attested in a text from 757, as indicated in Shogakukan's _Kokugo Dai Jiten_ entry [here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD-503337#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8). \n_(After a site redesign a while back, Kotobank's formatting makes it really\nhard to read the entries. The top paragraph under the bold heading, the first\n〘名〙 section, is for the ことわざ reading.)_\n\n * This reading is a simple compound of 事【こと】 \"abstract thing, fact\" + 業【わざ】 \"intentional action\": doing something intentionally and with purpose. The meaning is thus roughly the same as modern 事業【じぎょう】.\n * This is cognate with 諺【ことわざ】 from 言【こと】 \"word\" + 技【わざ】 \"technique, skill\", but it uses different senses of the underlying roots.\n * Considering that multiple dictionaries still list this reading (which usually doesn't happen for Old Japanese-only terms), I suspect that 事業【ことわざ】 may be used some in Classical Japanese as well. In fact, looking at it now, I see that the entry in my local copy of Daijirin includes a quote from the [養生訓【ようじょうくん】](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F%E8%A8%93), a text from 1712.\n * At the same time, I also don't see any pitch accent information for this reading, which usually indicates that the dictionary compilers don't consider this to be used in modern mainstream Japanese (a.k.a. 標準語【ひょうじゅんご】).\n\n### The questions\n\nBack to your questions:\n\n> When should the _on'yomi_ and _kun'yomi_ of 事業 be used?\n\nIn modern writing and speech, only use the _on'yomi_ of じぎょう.\n\nIf you're writing something deliberately archaic, using Classical Japanese,\nyou might be able to use the ことわざ reading. However, expect that modern readers\nwill need ruby ([振り仮名]【ふりがな】) to understand that you intend this reading.\nAlso, make sure you do a lot of research into how this term was used to make\nsure you understand it well enough to use it. (I certainly wouldn't be\ncomfortable myself trying to use this.)\n\n> Moreover, shouldn't ことわざ mean 'proverb'? Does that mean ことわざ is polysemous?\n\nStrictly speaking, ことわざ as a spoken word is indeed polysemous (at least, in\nolder Japanese; see also [the Japanese Wiktionary entry for\nことわざ](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%8F%E3%81%96) for\neven more homophones of different meanings, a.k.a. 同音異義語【どうおんいぎご】) -- but the\nkanji spelling 事業 is less ambiguous, and would never mean 諺.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-02T18:41:59.073", "id": "85914", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-02T18:41:59.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "85905", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "My major is not linguistics but I found some interesting references for you.\n\nAoki[1] introduces a few types of classification of transitive/intransitive\nverbs in Japanese.\n\nThe first classification is written by Kuginuki[2]. It says there are 3\npatterns of transitive/intransitive verb pairs.\n\n 1. Depending on the type of conjugation (第Ⅰ群形式)\n\n> 知る (四段活用 is an intransitive verb and 下二段活用 is a transitive verb) \n> 切る (下二段活用 is an intransitive verb and 四段活用 is a transitive verb)\n\n 2. Depending on the termination of a word (第Ⅱ群形式)\n\n> 成る (intransitive), 成す (transitive) \n> 寄る (intransitive), 寄す (transitive)\n\n 3. Depending on the additional stem and additional termination of a word (第Ⅲ群形式)\n\n> 明く (intransitive), 明かす (transitive) \n> 上ぐ (transitive), 上がる (intransitive)\n\nThe second classification is written by Okutsu[3].\n\n 1. Transitivization (from intransitive to transitive)\n\n> 乾く → 乾かす \n> 落ちる → 落とす\n\n 2. Intransitivization (from transitive to intransitive)\n\n> まげる → まがる \n> はさむ → はさまる\n\n 3. Polarization (from some common element to transitive or intransitive verb)\n\n> 帰る → 帰す \n> アク → アケル\n\nKageyama[4] follows the second classification. And in [4], transitivization is\nclassified into two patterns:\n\n 1. intransitive verb + -e- → transitive verb\n\n> 割る (waru) → 割れる (wareru) \n> 抜く (nuku) → 抜ける (nukeru)\n\n 2. intransitive verb + -ar- → transitive verb\n\n> 植える (ueru) → 植わる (uwaru) \n> 集める (atsumeru) → 集まる (atsumaru)\n\nand also intransitivization is classified into two:\n\n 1. transitive verb + -e- → intransitive verb\n\n> 建つ (tatsu) → 建てる (tateru) \n> 進む (susumu) → 進める (susumeru)\n\n 2. transitive verb + -as- or -os- → intransitive verb\n\n> 鳴る (naru) → 鳴らす (narasu) \n> 枯れる (kareru) → 枯らす (karasu) \n> 起きる (okiru) → 起こす (okosu)\n\nAoki[1] summarizes the above as follows:\n\nIn 第Ⅰ群形式, 下二段活用 verb is derived from 四段活用動詞. And 第Ⅲ群形式 is derived from 第Ⅱ群形式.\n\nAnd Aoki also says that auxiliaries る and す are derived from these suffixes.\n\nSo I personally think the matter of transitive/intransitive verbs has some\nrelationship with auxiliaries but it seems a bit different from the way you\nthink.\n\n[1] AOKI Hiroshi, \"On the relationship of paired yodan-shimonidan conjugation\"\nin 京都府立大学学術報告(人文・社会), vol.53, Dec 2001,\nAvailable:[https://kpu.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=4083&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=17](https://kpu.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=4083&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=17)\n[Accessed Jul. 13, 2021]\n\n[2] KUGINUKI Tooru, \"古代日本語の形態変化\", 1996, 和泉書院,\nAvailable:<https://nagoya.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/14721> [Accessed Jul. 13,\n2021]\n\n[3] OKUTSU Keiichirō, \"自動化・他動化および両極化転形ー自・他動詞の対応\" in 『国語学』第70集, Sep. 30, 1967,\nAvailable:<https://bibdb.ninjal.ac.jp/SJL/view.php?h_id=0700460660> [Accessed\nJul. 13, 2021]\n\n[4] KAGEYAMA Tarō, \"動詞意味論－言語と認知の接点―\",1996, くろしお出版, No PDF (I borrowed this\nbook from a library)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-07-13T13:31:24.213", "id": "87464", "last_activity_date": "2021-07-15T00:33:37.013", "last_edit_date": "2021-07-15T00:33:37.013", "last_editor_user_id": "-1", "owner_user_id": "34569", "parent_id": "85906", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In such cases, there are two relevant differences to consider:\n\n * is a piece of information known to the speaker or not?\n * who does the information come from?\n\nIn the first scenario, in which two co-workers talk about a conference, B\nalready knew that a conference was to take place on that particular day. They\nsimply seem to have forgotten and are now re-establishing this knowledge. In\nthat case, the original information about the conference came from A and is\nnow re-stated by B.\n\nIn the second scenario, the information that B already has plans is new\ninformation to A. Therefore, it is in the present tense, as B is offering this\nnew piece of information to A just now.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T09:24:11.947", "id": "85923", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T09:24:11.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43455", "parent_id": "85909", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This use of た is called modal-ta or 発見のタ. There are a number of questions\nrelated to this on this site.\n\n * [Non conventional usage of the past tense](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40733/5010)\n\n> \"fixing (or updating) one's previous knowledge/expectation\" seems to be the\n> key\n\n * [Usage of plain i-adjectives or た form (悪かったｖ悪い、良かったｖいい etc）](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21347/5010)\n\n> It is used when one's expectation has just matched or failed to match\n> reality.\n\n * [Conjugated word + んだ vs nonconjugated word + conjugated んだ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60788/5010)\n\nIn Dialog 1, B is updating his own knowledge, and that's why the sentence ends\nwith the modal-ta. But 会議があったんだった sounds a little redundant to me. 会議があるんだった\nis equally correct and probably more common.\n\nIn Dialog 2, B is trying to update A's knowledge by telling what is already\nknown to B, so the sentence must not end with the modal-ta. 別の予定があるんだ and\n別の予定があったんだ are equally correct, but the latter contains a modal-ta before the\nend of the sentence to update A's knowledge; it implies \"(I know) this is not\nwhat you've expected\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T04:07:43.557", "id": "85949", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T04:07:43.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85909", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The word 突っ込む has several meanings, spanning from literal to figurative, to\neveryday idiomatic. Literally it means to put into, to trust or to plunge.\nFiguratively, it can mean to poke your nose into another person's business or\nto poke fun at unreasonable things. Here it means something closer to \"point\nout\" or \"talk about something negatively\". A related word is the noun ツッコミ.\n\n今更 means \"now\", \"at this stage\". The implication is it is too late for an\naction.\n\n追加料金: extra fees\n\n> 今更自分で突っ込まないでよ。追加料金払ってるんだからいいでしょう\n\nroughly translates as\n\n> Don't you think it is a little late to say those things (or pointing that\n> out) now? I am paying extra, so it's fine, isn't it?\n\nThe girl is saying, \"Hey what are you doing complaining now? I am paying\nextra, so don't complain.\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-02T22:22:33.063", "id": "85916", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T01:49:52.750", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-03T01:49:52.750", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "85911", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "there is one guy answered me on a JP discord , and this maybe another\ntranslation meaning.I will post here so people can google later on ,in case\nsome might be running into my problem with Japanese\n\n> it's too late to quip about it now. I'm paying you extra, so it's fine,\n> isn't it?'\n\n突っ込む here refers to the boke/ tsukkomi routine: the boke is the one in the duo\nwhich says absurd things, and the tsukkomi the one who points out their\nabsurdity with a quip. So, tsukkomi can refer to the quip itself, and tsukkomu\nto the act of saying the quip.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T01:36:47.803", "id": "85919", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T01:36:47.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42363", "parent_id": "85911", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't see anything wrong with「私を」, I found a handful of examples\nof「私を起こして」in a google search.\n\n「Vてくれる」is always used when someone performs an action for your sake (or\nsomeone you empathizes with). So, if you use the plain verb without「くれる」, your\nsentence would imply that the action is done to someone other than you or\nsomeone you empathize with. Thus, your sentence will sound odd.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-02T18:13:19.613", "id": "85913", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-02T18:13:19.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "85912", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The assumption that 「私を起こした」 itself clearly shows that the action is for the\nspeaker's benefit seems an unwarranted one. Surely there are plenty of cases\nof being woken up where one's interests are more harmed than benefitted?\n\n「私を起こした」 can stand without 「(～て)くれる」 just fine, but not because it clearly\nshows that the action is for the speaker's benefit but more because it _does\nnot_ clearly show that the action is for the speaker's benefit.\n\nIf the verb phrase expresses an action that is by nature beneficial to the\nspeaker (or to someone from whose perspective they are speaking), that, if\nanything, is all the more reason to use 「(～て)くれる」. This is because 「(～て)くれる」\nis an expression, before all else, of the speaker's _recognition_ that the\naction is beneficial to them. With verbs that denote actions that are\ninherently beneficial (like 助ける), not using 「(～て)くれる」 is sometimes even\nunnatural, depending on the context. Consider the following:\n\n> (1)佐藤さんは僕が困っているところを助けてくれました。\n\n> (2)佐藤さんは僕が困っているところを助けました。\n\nIn (1), the speaker is helped/saved by Sato-san, the performer of an act that\nis (inherently) beneficial, and (～て)くれる appropriately adds the information of\nthe the speaker's recognition thereof. (That is, 「助ける」 and 「～てくれる」 work\ntogether, but there is no redundancy between them.)\n\nThe (～て)くれる-less (2) can sound like it is uttered by a person who lacks the\nappreciation of the basic fact that being saved/helped is something that is\nbeneficial to them, barring cases where personal viewpoints and feelings are\ndiscarded for objectivity.\n\nBut since in the sentence 「父が私を起こした。」, the verb phrase does not express an\naction that is by nature beneficial to the speaker (unlike 「僕を助けた」), this will\nnot be an issue.\n\nBoth 「父が私を起こしてくれた。」 and 「父が私を起こした。」 are fine sentences. The first one\nindicates the speaker's recognition that the father's waking them up was\nbeneficial to them (plus appreciation/gratefulness for the act), while the\nsecond one does not, which is not odd at all, because being woken up is not\nalways something particularly beneficial and to be thankful for.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-02T23:59:17.110", "id": "85917", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-02T23:59:17.110", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11575", "parent_id": "85912", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This 一番に is an adverb that means \"first(ly)\". に is a particle that makes the\n**previous** word adverbial. For example 永遠 means \"eternity\" and 永遠に means\n\"eternally\". 元気 means \"energy/spirit\" and 元気に means \"energetically\". Likewise,\n一番 means \"number one\" or \"the first/top\", and 一番に is its adverbial version.\n\nThose te-forms are just connecting several actions, namely 起きる, 集まる, and\n(太極拳を)する.\n\n * 彼は一番に到着した。 \nHe arrived first. / He was the first to arrive.\n\n * 朝起きて一番に中庭に集まって家族みんなで太極拳をします。 \nThe first thing my family do in the morning is gather in the courtyard and do\ntai chi together.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T03:35:32.723", "id": "85948", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T03:35:32.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85918", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "_Dictionary form_ is exactly that: it is the form by which you can look up a\nword in a dictionary.\n\nIt you take a verb like 買う you can _inflect_ it to get other forms such as\n買わない or 買わなかった or 買った. But, try as you might, you will not be able to look up\nthese forms in a standard dictionary. You need to be able to recognize that\nthey all derive from the _dictionary_ form.\n\nTypically, for someone learning Japanese, you should note that these _forms_\nare all _informal_ forms. Their _formal_ counterparts being 買いません, 買いませんでした,\nand 買いました respectively.\n\nGenerally, the _informal_ forms are found embedded in a sentence. For example,\n\n> 本を買った人があそこにいます。\n\n> The guy who bought the book is over there.\n\nThe _dictionary_ form is often the starting point from which you derive all\nelse.\n\nIf you want a name for the other forms, I would suggest calling them either\n_derived_ or _inflected_ forms. Most people proficient in Japanese will\nunderstand what you're referring to.\n\n**Edit**\n\nI would say that _plain_ and _dictionary_ forms generally refer to the same\nthing. I would say that _casual_ and _informal_ also refer to the same thing.\nBut while all _plain_ forms are also _informal_ , the same is not true the\nother way.\n\nIf you need a catch-all to describe the verb forms you are talking about, I\nwould say something like \"the dictionary form and its other inflected informal\nforms\". That's a bit of a mouthful. But, I'm not sure that you would need to\ntalk about these all together very much (unless you intend to become a\n_grammatologist_ --did I just make up a word?).", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T12:30:15.327", "id": "85925", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T13:02:37.360", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-03T13:02:37.360", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "85924", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Edit (see discussion in comments).\n\nIt means that the preceding word has to be in attributive form that is:\n\n * 名詞+の/である/だった\n * な-adj + な/である/だった\n * い-adj (can be conjugated)\n * verb (can be conjugated (plain form))", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T13:07:35.207", "id": "85927", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T12:25:43.813", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-04T12:25:43.813", "last_editor_user_id": "4216", "owner_user_id": "4216", "parent_id": "85926", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "待っていない not waiting \n待てない not be able to wait", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T14:00:19.520", "id": "85929", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T14:00:19.520", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38502", "parent_id": "85928", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "待って is indeed the te-form, but 待て is not. It is the potential form. Remember\nthat the final う sound becomes an え sound for the potential form of godan\nverbs? I guess this verb is a little more confusing than usual because つ\nbecomes て (there not being a tse sound).\n\nSo the positive potential form of the verb is now 待てる. This conjugates like a\nnormal ichidan verb so the negative form becomes 待てない as seen in your example.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T14:07:14.453", "id": "85930", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T14:07:14.453", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "85928", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 } ]

[ { "body": "> I'm wondering if it's a colloquialism like saying 'the kettle has boiled'\n> where we clearly mean that the water in the kettle has boiled rather than\n> that the metal of the kettle has become molten.\n\nExactly this. I've also heard of いっぱい used as (enough) the positive kind. You\ncould also translate it as:\n\n> お風呂のお湯がいっぱいです。\n>\n> There's enough/a lot (hot)water in the bath\n\nIf you scroll the いっぱい definitions a bit, you'll find things like, full, a\nlot, much, entire. Better to remember these kind of sentances as is.\n\n> お風呂はお湯でいっぱいです。\n>\n> Is there any difference between this and the original in nuance?\n\nI think your example is correct but, the original is more natural where as in\nthe second example you are just pointing out that the bath is filled with hot\nwater for some different reason, I guess?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T18:09:23.737", "id": "85933", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T18:22:23.190", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-03T18:22:23.190", "last_editor_user_id": "43410", "owner_user_id": "43410", "parent_id": "85932", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is somewhat an euphemistic word that can mean any progress related to\nlove, from successfully starting a relationship to a marriage. What concrete\nevent it refers to depends on the context.\n\nI watched only a few minutes of the drama, but 結ばれる in this scene seems to\nrefer to something between 付き合い始める and 結婚する. Sleeping in the same bed is\ncertainly one of the events 結ばれる can signify, and that may be why the daughter\nwas surprised, but basically 結ばれたのね by itself is fairly vague.\n\nHere's 明鏡国語辞典's definition:\n\n> ### 結ぶ\n>\n> 別々の体や心をつないで離れないようにする。結び合わせる。\n> 「愛情が二人の心をしっかりと━」「二人は強固な信頼感で━・ばれている」「めでたく━・ばれる（＝愛が成就じょうじゅする・結婚する）」\n>\n> 【語法】受身の形が多い。また、「親交を━」のように、～ヲに〈結果〉をとる言い方もある。深い交わりを作り出す意。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T03:22:59.000", "id": "85947", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T03:22:59.000", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85934", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "At first sight of your question, I was tempted to answer quickly 'Yes', but,\nreading it in detail, I thought this is a very difficult question to solve. In\norder to solve this linguistically and to understand the general uses of むすばれる\nand むすばれた, first of all, let's have a look at some examples.\n\n * 赤ちゃんと心がむすばれる\n * よい人と結ばれるみこみがない？\n * 好きなのに結ばれない恋がある。\n * 赤い糸で結ばれた二人\n * 強いきずな(bondage)で結ばれたみんなと！\n * 心とからだの準備をしっかりして、より素敵な夜を過ごすために、いつどんな場面で結ばれるのかを、あらかじめ知っておく必要がある。(in this sentence, 結ばれる signifying intimate relation)\n\nInteresting for me indeed, むすばれる（むすばれた）in most of these examples represent the\nmental or spiritual bondage or linkage between the two. In order to find\nむすばれる（むすばれた）with the meaning of intimate relation, I did some research on the\nweb by using ホテルでむすばれた. I found, of course, some examples of this meaning, and\namong them a very interesting one for me and probably for you.\n\n * その後、二人はホテルで男女として結ばれた。\n\nThe writer of this sentence had to put 男女として before むすばれる, for the purpose of\nclear statement of their intimate relations. Now we can safely say that\nむすばれる（むすばれた）put much more emphasis on human, mental, or spiritual bondage\nbetween the two and that they have to come closer and closer and reach a\ncertain top of, say, marriage or something like that.\n\nNow, let's return your specific case in the show. I watched only some parts\nand its summary. It seems to me that むすばれる is the most important key phrase in\nthis drama because of the symbolic name of the boy friend or partner is\n結人(read yuuto, literally musubareru+hito). Grown up in a new house which\ncannot be called her home because of the lack of strong human relationships\namong the family members, the main character was told by her\nmother「結人と結ばれたのね」. The human relationship reached at a certain top in\nmentality or spiritual state during her 35-year-life without mutual warm human\nrelationships. In this show, it does not matter whether the main characters\nhad sex or not, and the scenario writer must have thought that this kind of\nsexual things should not need to be mentioned or hinted, and he probably\nintentionally avoided this in order to focus on her spiritual purity. This was\nsurely one of her tops in her life, even if she did not get married formally.\nBut I do not know her later life at all.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T01:19:43.810", "id": "85964", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T01:32:45.917", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-05T01:32:45.917", "last_editor_user_id": "42257", "owner_user_id": "42257", "parent_id": "85934", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "There are cases where のうえ and じょう are interchangeable (eg 制度の上では and 制度上は),\nbut うえ has a lot of other meanings.\n\n酒の上のケンカ means the same thing as 飲酒の上でのケンカ, or fight under the influence of\nalcohol. It's not about fight _about_ alcohol. ～の上 can mean \"after ～\", \"as a\nresult of ～\", \"have already done ～\". It takes some word of\nprerequisite/preparation.\n\n * よく考えた上で結論を出した。 \nI thought it over before making a conclusion.\n\n * 死を覚悟の上での戦い \nbattle to the death (lit. \"battle after mentally preparing for death\")\n\n * それは承知の上だ。 \nI'm already aware of that.\n\nIn this case, の上【うえ】 is not interchangeable with 上【じょう】.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T02:29:44.757", "id": "85945", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T02:29:44.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85935", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it emphasizes「出る」.「出て行く」is a set phrase meaning \"to go out and away.\" You\ncan interpret it as the verb「出る」in the「Vていく」form.\n\nA verb in the「Vていく」form has many meanings. In this context, when「いく」is\nappended to any motion verb, it gives the nuance of moving away from a\nspeaker's viewpoint. So,「すぐに出て行け」literally means \"get out (go away from me)\nnow!\"\n\nYou might ask why「出て行く」is used not「出ていく」? If the「いく」in「Vていく」involves a\nphysical movement, sometimes kanji is used. In other words, kanji is used\nif「いく」means to go in a literal sense. It is just like how「Vて置く」is used instead\nof「Vておく」if「置く」is used in a more literal sense.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T22:45:07.243", "id": "85938", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T22:45:07.243", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "85936", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "出て行く is a compound word whose command form (命令形) is idiomatically used to tell\nsomeone to get out or get lost. Why not \"出ろ\"? Well, in similar contexts 出ろ\nwould mean \"get out\", \"leave\", or \"exit\" without the rudeness and/or anger\nassociated with 出て行け\n\nFor example, if I am having friends over for a house party and I all of a\nsudden smell gas, I would tell my friends to get out of the kitchen and maybe\nevacuate the house as well. 「出ろ」「出な」「出なさい」「出て」would work in that scenario. On\nthe other hand if one of the friends gets drunk and is being a jerk to other\npeople, I might tell them to 「出て行け！」.\n\nIt is interesting also to note that in English \"Get out!\" works in either\nscenario, but \"Get out of my house/room/apartment/car/home!\" only works in the\nsecond situation.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T22:51:19.853", "id": "85939", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-03T22:51:19.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "85936", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "> Is 行く used to emphasize 出る ?\n\nI wouldn't say so. 出て行け is just a go-to phrase when you want to say \"Leave!\".\nChanging it to something like 出て（ください）sounds almost polite, and saving the\nemotion from original is 出ろ which is (Get out) would mean you want someone\nout, not away, just out, also sounds like start of a fight（表に出ろ) :)\n\nI think it's just one of compound verbs, very common in japanese, better get\nused to them. Things like 取り出す、飛び込む、飛び出す after hearing these it feels dry and\nsoulless to use short alternatives.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T23:07:28.467", "id": "85941", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T03:48:01.943", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-04T03:48:01.943", "last_editor_user_id": "43410", "owner_user_id": "43410", "parent_id": "85936", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "締める{しめる} here means to move or tighten the upper arms to the body. \"Put more\nforce to the armpit\" doesn't really work here, because in English \"put/apply\nforce to the armpits\" would mean something different. To me it means something\nor someone else applies force to a person's armpits.\n\nAlthough 脇{わき} does mean armpit, I think here it refers to area around the\narmpits. The actual movement involves the back and shoulder muscles.\n\nThe opposite of 脇を締める would be 脇が開く or 脇を開ける, to relax your shoulder and back\nmuscles so there is a space between your upper arms and your body.\n\n> もっと脇を締めて \n> Tighten up your upper arms more and move them closer to your body.\n\nYour second sentence sounds fine to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-03T23:46:19.263", "id": "85942", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T15:49:08.027", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-04T15:49:08.027", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "85937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems likely to me to be a typo for 今さら言う **ま** でもないのでしょうか, in which case\nthe meaning would be something like \"by this point perhaps it's not worth\nmentioning\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-08T00:29:53.290", "id": "86020", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-08T00:29:53.290", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "18818", "parent_id": "85940", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "彼女は僕が好きだと言った女子だ is indeed an ambiguous sentence. It could mean what you wanted\nto mean, but it tends to mean \"She is a girl who said she liked me.\"\n\nAn unambiguous version would be:\n\n> 彼女がこの間言った僕の好きな女の子だ。 \n> She is the girl I said (to you the other day) I like.\n\n * You need exhaustive-listing が, not は. (You want to say \" _She_ is **the** girl\", not \"She is **a** girl\", right?)\n * 僕 **が** 好きな女の子 is ambiguous but 僕 **の** 好きな女の子 is not. See [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/52603/5010) and [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/30172/5010).\n * この間言った (\"I said the other day\") is a relative clause that modifies 僕の好きな女の子 as a whole. この間 is there because it can specify the subject of 言った without saying 僕 twice. It's not wrong to say 彼女が僕が言った僕の好きな女の子だ, but it's slightly awkward to me.\n\n(Off topic, but you should not use 女子 like that. See [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/57676/5010).)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T02:41:54.260", "id": "85946", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T02:51:09.177", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-04T02:51:09.177", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85944", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It serves to show the contrast between not seeing it yet and having seen it.\nIt is necessary in this sentence because the following clause is describing\nthat something has changed.\n\n * 運動してから食べる \"I will eat after exercising\"\n * 運動してからだとご飯がおいしい \"Food tastes better after exercise\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T10:07:52.873", "id": "85954", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T10:07:52.873", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85950", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "They're synonyms, but 生き物 is more colloquial. You can still use it in formal\nsituations, but it's not common to use 生物 in normal speech. It's not weird to\nrefer to plants as 生き物, but I think animals would first come to mind.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T09:58:58.167", "id": "85952", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T13:13:23.810", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-04T13:13:23.810", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85951", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "As in @deeeeekun's answer, 生き物 is more colloquial and it is used to describe\nliving things with clear vital sign. Students taking care of rabbits or golden\nfish in an elementary school is [生き物係]{いきものがかり}.\n([いきものがかり](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61z-cqg28R8) is a popular music\ngroup in Japan for this 20 years.)\n\nThe homophone word 活きもの is used to describe fresh fish (Probably alive, but\nnecessary if it's fresh enough for being sold).\n\n[生物]{せいぶつ} is used in a more academic context. In most cases, I think calling\ncats as \"creatures\"/\"animals\" is more common than calling them as \"organism\".\nI guess [生物]{せいぶつ} does not have any poetic sense like \"creatures\", so biology\n:[生物学]{せいぶつがく}, an academic discipline, is always read as [生物学]{せいぶつがく}.\n\nHomonym:[生物]{なまもの} is used to describe fresh fish like tuna-sashimi. If you\nhave food-poisoning and you might be worried about having eaten fish not being\ncooked.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T14:30:54.827", "id": "85960", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T14:30:54.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "34735", "parent_id": "85951", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "The phrase A沿いにB means \"do B along A\". It's commonly used with rivers, railway\ntracks, roads, anything long.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T10:29:26.073", "id": "85955", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T10:29:26.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Copying the quoted from\n[here](https://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/yohgo/diary/202009190000/) (emphasis mine).\nAs suggested in the comment, it is a name reading.\n\n【三】​（加納喜光「人名の漢字語源辞典」一部省略）​\n\n​​​​［読み］音-サン（呉・漢）訓-み・みつ・みっつ​​​​\n\n​​［語源］数詞の3の意味。これを横線三本を引いた図形で表記した。3の数は「多数」のイメージがあり、参（多くのものが入り交じる）・森（木がたくさん茂るさま）と同源。\n​​ ​​［人名読み］かず・さ・さぶ・さむ・さん・そ・そう・ぞう・ただ・み・みつ​​\n\n**▽「さむ」「さぶ」「そう」は古音サム→サン→サウ→ソウから。**\n\n♂ 上毛野三千 ﾐﾁ・淡海三船 ﾐﾂﾈ・藤原三守 ﾀﾀﾞﾓﾘ・ﾐﾓﾘ・八幡三郎 ｻﾌﾞﾛｳ ・斎藤道三 ﾄﾞｳｻﾝ・斎藤利三 ﾄｼﾐﾂ・石田三成\nﾐﾂﾅﾘ・柳生三厳 ﾐﾂﾖｼ ・森三樹三郎 ﾐｷｻﾌﾞﾛｳ・日下部伊三次 ｲｿｳｼﾞ・呉秀三 ｼｭｳｿﾞｳ・鈴木三重吉 ﾐｴｷﾁ ・武谷三男\nﾐﾂｵ・直木三十五 ｻﾝｼﾞｭｳｺﾞ・小林一三 ｲﾁｿﾞｳ・上田三四二 ﾐﾖｼﾞ ・小林与三次 ﾖｿｼﾞ・野口三千三 ﾐﾁｿﾞｳ・不破哲三\nﾃﾂｿﾞｳ・連城三紀彦 ﾐｷﾋｺ\n\n​♀ 県犬養三千代 ﾐﾁﾖ・三位局 ｻﾝﾐﾉﾂﾎﾞﾈ・松原三穂子 ﾐﾎｺ・高峰三枝子 ﾐｴｺ ・嵯峨三智子 ﾐﾁｺ・青江三奈 ﾐﾅ​", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-23T08:53:55.670", "id": "90447", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-23T08:53:55.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "85957", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think that 一向に～ない has a nuance like \"Someone doesn't do(or Something doesn't\nhappen), even though time passed.\" For example, we say\n\"彼を東京駅で待っているけど、一向に来ません。\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-04T14:49:23.260", "id": "85961", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-04T14:58:33.057", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-04T14:58:33.057", "last_editor_user_id": "7320", "owner_user_id": "7320", "parent_id": "85958", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Your understanding is correct. The full sentence would be something like:\n\n> 彼女はのそのそと緩慢な動きで大きなベッドの、ベッドに向って左側に寄って仰向けに寝た。\n\nwhere ベッドに向かって is like an afterthought you'd put inside parentheses. The\nwriter specified it because \"the left side of the bed\" changes depending on\nwhether you're looking at the bed or laying on it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T08:01:44.350", "id": "85975", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T08:01:44.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85959", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "* というか\n * っていうか\n * ってか, てか\n * とゆーか, とゆうか, とゆっか\n * ってゆーか, ってゆうか, ってゆっか\n * ちゅーか, ちゅうか\n * つーか, つうか, っつうか\n * つか, っつか\n\nThese are all variants of というか. They have many roles.\n\n * Used to make the sentence less certain: \"kind of\", \"kinda\", \"sorta\", \"maybe\"\n\n> まあ和食は好きっていうか。 \n> Yeah, I kinda like Japanese cuisine.\n\n * Used to rephrase or correct previous sentences (in an uncertain way): \"or maybe\", \"maybe\", \"rather\"\n\n> 試験はうまく行かなかった。というか、落ちた。 \n> The exam did not go well. Or rather, I failed.\n>\n> っていうか、本当は分かってるんでしょー？ \n> But you know that already, don't you?\n\n * Used to interrupt the current conversation and change the topic to a more important/urgent one: \"by the way\", \"whatever\", \"anyway\", \"wait\"\n\n> つーか、この部屋暑くない？ \n> By the way, isn't this room hot?\n>\n> つか、揺れてる？ 地震？ \n> Wait, is it shaking? Earthquake?\n\n * Used as a meaningless filler: \"er\", \"well\", \"I mean\", \"you know\"\n\n> ってゆっかてゆっかー、私って結構さみしがり屋っていうかー、だから、なんてゆっかー、ほら。 \n> I mean, well, I'm kinda a lonely person, so I mean, I guess...you know.\n\nYou have provided no previous context, so it could be #2, #3 or #4 above.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T02:05:19.377", "id": "85967", "last_activity_date": "2021-11-23T06:27:45.530", "last_edit_date": "2021-11-23T06:27:45.530", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85962", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "You have answered your question in the edit. 考えるようになっています can mean either\n\"[people] are (now) starting to think\" or \"[[something] is made/designed so\nthat](https://japanese-teacher.tanosuke.com/2019/09/05/youninatteiru/)\n[people] think\" depending on the context. In this context, the topic of the\narticle is the new textbooks, and students have not even started to use them.\nSo it clearly means the latter. The DeepL translation seems already good, but\nalternatively you can translate it like this:\n\n> そして、災害に強い町にするためにどうしたらいいか、生徒が自分で考えるようになっています。\n>\n> [The textbook] makes students think for themselves about...\n>\n> [The textbook] is designed/written so that students think for themselves\n> about...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T01:39:18.290", "id": "85965", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T01:39:18.290", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85963", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes.\n\nAすれば、Bだった means \"I would have been B had I done A\". In this case, A is\n開き直ってしまう.\n\nI can provide more explanation if you expound on what exactly you don't\nunderstand with the sentence.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T05:20:38.530", "id": "85972", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T05:20:38.530", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85968", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> Is it good idea to interpret ても this way?\n\nIf it works for you, then yes. Japanese and English are very different\nlanguages, and one-to-one translations rules only work for simple constructs.\nI think it is better to understand the Japanese grammar as an abstract\nconcept, like you did with \"As much as A is happening, still B\", and then be\nmore specific with the English translation depending on the context.\nPersonally, I think of ても as \"despite/even\".\n\n> それに戦ってもおれは強いんだ!!\n\nBesides, I'm a strong fighter (lit. Besides, I'm strong even when it comes to\nfighting.)\n\nI think it's a bit confusing because he's only using one ても. But you can think\nof it as him saying, \"それに戦っても、走っても、料理しても、おれは強いんだ\" (I'm strong/good whether it\nbe fighting, racing, or cooking), without explicitly saying all the other\nthings he's good at.\n\n> こんなにお菓子を食べても動けるんだ?\n\nI can't believe you're still mobile after eating all this. (lit. You can still\nmove despite eating this much?)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T05:40:05.210", "id": "85973", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T05:40:05.210", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85969", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "自体 is not a suffix but an independent word, so you pronounce them as two\nseparate words, like:\n\n * りょうりじたい【HLLLHLL】\n * みそじたい【HLHLL】\n * アメリカじたい【LHHHHLL】\n * はなじたい【LHHLL】\n * おとこじたい【LHHHLL】\n * たべたことじたい【HLLLHHLL】 or たべたことじたい【HLLLLHLL】\n\nIn other words, 自体 has nothing to do with [this\nphenomenon](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56960/5010).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T16:02:04.583", "id": "85980", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T16:02:04.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "85970", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "Actually, both separated (みそ{HL}じたい{HLL}) and compound (みそじたい{LHHLL}; fall on\nじ) accents are heard, though the latter is arguably colloquial. The same\napplies to ～自身.\n\nThere is no apparent tendency in usage as I observe, except that the separated\naccent sounds more like an emphasis, so it is (slightly) more suitable for\nsaying \"the very —\" than \"— proper\". (The same effect can be achieved by\nstressing 自体 when there is no accent change.)\n\nWhen you use the compound accent, the last accent block before 自体 is under its\ndependent scope, which is the last noun or everything after the last\nverb/adjective.\n\n> 脱出を考えなければいけないこと自体\n\nIn this case, いけないことじたい{LHHHHHHLL} usually makes one accent phrase.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-06T00:04:39.313", "id": "85985", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-06T00:56:34.687", "last_edit_date": "2021-04-06T00:56:34.687", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "85970", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "They mean very similar things. However, they are not totally interchangeable.\nThe other definitions in the link you gave shows how they can be different.\n\n 1. なんとなく\n\n * 特に目的や動機などはなく、それといった理由もなく。\n * 言動などに、はっきりとした理由・目的がないさま。なんとはなしに。\n\n 2. なんだか\n\n * 物事がはっきりしないさま。原因・理由などがよくわからないさま。\n\nFor なんとなく, there is no particular reason (or the reason is too petty to be\nconsidered). For なんだか, the speaker doesn't know the particular reason. This is\nwhy, the following sentences are correct:\n\n * その人なんとなく怖い。\n * その人なんだか怖い。\n\nBut you can only use なんとなく in the following sentences:\n\n * Q. なんで行かないの？ A. なんとなく。\n * なんとなく理解できた。\n\nAnd why, the following phrase sounds more romantic:\n\n * なんだか美しい。\n\nthan this:\n\n * なんとなく美しい。\n\nThis [article](https://nihongonosensei.net/?p=19414) summarizes it well, IMO.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-04-05T07:35:46.057", "id": "85974", "last_activity_date": "2021-04-05T07:35:46.057", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "85971", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]