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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "Responding to the extended discussion in the comments --\n\n## Terminology\n\nThe second vowel is //o// in both 通【とお】り and 東【とう】. (東【とう】り is not a word, so\nI won't repeat that here.) When you're talking about vowels, you're talking\nabout pronunciation. The second **kana** is either お or う, but in both 通【とお】り\nor 東【とう】, the **vowel** is //o//.\n\n## Kana spellings\n\nThis gets really involved. Hop to the bottom if the details don't matter to\nyou.\n\nThe kana spelling difference is due to different origins -- historically, 通り\ncame from older とほり. Medial (mid-word) //h//'s often\n[lenited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition) (softened) and disappeared\nin many words, leaving behind the vowels. The pronunciation shifted before the\nkana spelling did -- the とほり kana spelling was the \"correct\" spelling up\nthrough the spelling reforms of the mid-20th century.\n\nThis older [historical kana\nspelling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography) is still\nincluded in many monolingual Japanese dictionaries, since modern readers are\nstill likely to encounter this. For instance, see [the 通り entry at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%80%9A%E3%82%8A-581994). At the top of\nthe page, you'll see kana spellings listed like `とおり〔とほり〕`. The kana string\n〔in brackets〕 is the historical spelling.\n\n### Historical spellings for native Japanese terms -- _kun'yomi_\n\nIf you spend some time with a monolingual Japanese dictionary that includes\nthese, you'll notice that many entries for _kun'yomi_ terms with vowel-vowel\ncombinations like //oo// or //au// come from older historical spellings with\nan //h// or //f// in between.\n\nAll of the modern //h// or //f// kana, はひふへほ, were probably originally\npronounced with an initial //p//, as //pa pi pu pe po//. These lenited over\ntime to become first the bilabial fricative //ɸ//, kinda like an \"f\". We know\nthat these \"f\" pronunciations at the beginnings of words were still current in\n1603, when the Japanese-to-Portuguese dictionary [the _Nippo\nJisho_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippo_Jisho) was published. We can see\nthis in the scanned copy over at Google Books, in entries like [on this page\nfor `F ANTES DO\nI`](https://books.google.com/books?id=TFJAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA87-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false)\n(\"F before I\"), with entries like:\n\n> **Fi**. _Sol_. ( **Fi**. Sun.)\n\nMeanwhile, in a medial (mid-word) position, these pronunciations lenited\nfurther to often become a //w// sound. We see that in places like the word 川,\nmodern かわ and historical かは. The _Nippo Jisho_ entry\n[here](https://books.google.com/books?id=TFJAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA43-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false)\n(right-hand column, sixth from the top) shows:\n\n> **Caua**. _Rio, ou ribeira._ ( **Kawa**. River, or stream.)\n\nIn pretty much all cases except before //a//, this //w// sound basically\ndisappeared -- so Old Japanese //opo// (\"big; many\", the root of modern\n大【おお】きい or the prefix 大【おお】) became early Middle Japanese //ofo//, then maybe\nmid-Middle Japanese //owo//, and then recorded late Middle Japanese //oː//.\n\n### Historical spellings for Chinese borrowings -- _on'yomi_\n\nEntries for _on'yomi_ terms generally don't have this, and instead will show\nkana indicating different vowel values than we have in the modern\npronunciation -- mostly things like あう where the modern language has おう.\nHistorically, these were previously pronounced with an //au//\n[diphthong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong) (two-vowel sound), which\nwas probably pronounced a bit like English _ow!_. This gradually flattened\nfrom //au// to a long-vowel //ɔː// sound a bit like English _awww_ , and then\nthis //ɔː// shifted further to become modern //oː//, the long-O sound in\neveryday Japanese.\n\nThese historical kana spellings -- and indicated pronunciations -- for\n_on'yomi_ terms point towards the phonological shapes of the words when first\nborrowed from Middle Chinese. 東 was borrowed originally with a pronunciation\nprobably like //tou// with that //u// on the end, and this flattened to modern\n//oː//. See [the Chinese pronunciation section over at\nWiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1#Pronunciation). While the\nreconstructed Middle Chinese reading is shown as //tuŋ//, I've noticed after\nmuch research that the modern Min Nan readings are sometimes closer to the\nJapanese readings than the Middle Chinese reconstruction -- possibly due to\nMin Nan being closer to the original dialect of Middle Chinese from which the\nreadings were borrowed into Japanese. One of the Min Nan pronunciations for 東\nis listed as `tong`, and final //ŋ// in Chinese often correlates to an う in\nthe Japanese _on'yomi_.\n\nMeanwhile, 刀 was borrowed as //tau//, and this shifted to modern //toː//. See\n[the 刀 entry in Daijisen at Weblio](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%88%80),\nwhere again we see two kana spellings for the _on'yomi_ , listed as `トウ（タウ）`.\nThe （タウ） in parentheses is the historical kana spelling. And [the Middle\nChinese pronunciation](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%80#Pronunciation)\nfor this was reconstructed as //tɑu//.\n\n## Conclusion about guessing kana spellings from pronunciations\n\nWithout knowing the origins of the term, you just _can't_ really tell whether\na long-O sound //oː// uses お or う as the second kana.\n\nIf you know at least whether the pronunciation is _on'yomi_ or _kun'yomi_ ,\nit's often a good bet that long-O _kun'yomi_ -- in the middle of any word, and\nnot just the volitional / \"let's\" verb ending -- is spelled with an お for the\nsecond kana, while long-O _on'yomi_ is spelled with an う for the second kana.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-16T18:12:51.977", "id": "84222", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-16T18:12:51.977", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "84221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 }, { "body": "Different writing systems are useful for different things.\n\nIn English, if we wanted to, we could write things down the way we pronounce\nthem. The best way to do that would be using a special alphabet called the\n[International Phonetic Alphabet\n(IPA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_phonetic_alphabet). For\nexample, if I wanted to write down how I say _knight_ using IPA, I would write\n/naɪt/. We don't usually write English that way, but we could.\n\nInstead, we usually write things down roughly as they would have been\npronounced in Middle English. Our pronunciation has changed a lot, but our\nspelling has only changed a little, so the two drifted apart. We write\n_knight_ , but we don't pronounce that ‹k› or ‹gh› anymore. Our spelling shows\nus where the word _knight_ came from, and how it _used to be_ pronounced.\n\nSomething similar happened in Japanese. Over the centuries, the spoken\nlanguage changed, but the system of kana spelling didn't change much, and the\ntwo drifted apart. [This changed after World War II, when Japan adopted\nspelling reforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_kana_usage#History)\nwhich brought kana spelling very close to actual pronunciation. Certain\naspects of the old spelling system were kept intentionally, however!\n\nFor example, let's look at 王 'king' and 追う 'chase':\n\n * 王 'king' is pronounced [オー]{HL}, but is written おう in kana. There is no う in the pronunciation, but it's written with う anyway. This reflects the origin of the word, which comes from Chinese. When a word or morpheme from Chinese has a long /oː/ sound, the second half is spelled う.\n * 追う 'chase' is pronounced [オウ]{LH}. It is written おう in kana, and the う makes sense because it's actually pronounced that way.\n\nAgain, different writing systems are useful for different things. When I write\n王 or 追う, people who can read Japanese can tell those words apart instantly. If\nI wrote おう, you'd only be able to tell them apart from context. When I write\n[オー]{HL} or [オウ]{LH}, I'm transcribing the spoken language instead of writing\nthe words the usual way.\n\nSo what if we want to write Japanese with Latin letters (\"romanization\")? What\nshould we do? The answer depends on what your goals are:\n\n * If we want to copy the kana spelling using Latin letters, we should write _ou_ for both words. Let's call this **transliteration**.\n * If we want to write down the spoken language and focus on how it's pronounced, we could write _ō_ for 王 and _ou_ for 追う. Let's call this **transcription**.\n\nDifferent people at different times have had different goals, and so different\nsystems of romanization have shown up over time.\n\nIn your examples, the spelling _tōri_ is used for both words. Why? Because\nit's a **transcription** of the spoken language, reflecting how the words are\npronounced; it's not intended to be a **transliteration** , reproducing the\nkana spelling.\n\nAnd where does the kana spelling come from? Well, in 東リ, the 東 part comes from\nChinese. It's just like 王, where the second half of the long /oː/ sound is\nspelled in kana with a う. And that's because the post-war spelling reforms\nstopped short of actually respelling these words with an お, despite their\npronunciation. In other words, the う is a holdover from the past.\n\nBut 通り isn't from Chinese. It's a native Japanese word, and [it never had a う\nsound\nhistorically](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%BB%E3%82%8B), so\nthere was never a reason to write it with that kana. Just like the う spelling,\nthe お spelling reflects where the word came from.\n\nSo really, it's all just a matter of different writing systems being useful\nfor different things.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-17T23:39:40.597", "id": "84240", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-17T23:39:40.597", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "84221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your first guess is correct. The 「は」here is the good ol' topic marking\nparticle. The basic form of the phrase is 「気になる」, which can mean, among other\nthings:\n\n> to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to; to bring oneself to (do) _​usu.\n> after a verb_ (WWWJDIC/jisho)\n>\n> どうして君はそれを信じる気になったのか。 What led you to believe it?\n\n「気になれない」is the negation of the potential form and a phrase in its own right,\nmeaning, as you say, \"can't bring oneself to do something\", \"don't feel like\ndoing something (and can't make myself)\".\n\n「は」elevates a phrase/文節 that needs attention.\n\n> 私は彼の話を信じる気にはなれない。\n\nTo me, this says \"I can't really trust his words. I just can't.\" A comeback\nfrom the other party can be: \"「私は」ってね\". \"That's you.\" or\n「せめて彼の話を聞いてあげてほしい」\"You should at least listen to what he has to say.\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-16T21:30:55.400", "id": "84225", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-17T03:51:46.213", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-17T03:51:46.213", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84223", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Your suggestion is at least \"grammatical\", but its meaning is probably not\nwhat you want.\n\n> まるで爪のようだと鬼ホミコーシスから食べ物視される。 \n> [Someone/Somebody] is seen and regarded as food by oni-chomycosis as if\n> it/he/she were nails.\n\n * That nail disease is almost always called 爪白癬【つめはくせん】 or 爪の水虫【みずむし】 in Japanese, so it's very likely that your pun will not be understood (unless your audience is dermatologists). Its pathogen is 白癬菌【はくせんきん】 (jargon) or 水虫菌【みずむしきん】 (casual).\n * まるで爪のようだ means \"it looks as if it/he/she were a nail\".\n * I don't know that Russian meme, but it's perhaps natural to use the ている form and avoid passive voice.\n\nWith a microscopic picture of \"oni-chomycosis\", a caption like these may work:\n\n * 水虫菌にはお前の爪が食べ物に見えている\n * 水虫菌がお前の爪を食べ物だと思いながら見ている\n * 水虫菌にお前の爪は餌だと思われている", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-17T01:20:35.423", "id": "84226", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-17T01:20:35.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84224", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, 「というのか」usually marks a rhetorical question, but here the sentence ending\nparticle (終助詞) is not 「か」「の」or「だ」. It is a compound (連語) of two particles\n「か」「な」. 「かな」is a word all its own, usually translating as \"I wonder\".\n「かな」shouldn't be confused with 「か」.\n\nIt makes sense the speaker uses かな in her monologue, much as how people say \"I\nwonder\" talking to themselves, with or without listeners. 「って」is a\ncolloquialized 「と」. 「の」is a nominalizer. Nominalization is really common in\nJapanese. I would interpret this「っていうのかな」as summarizing what's before it and\nthen expressing something like \"that thing, hmm...\" or \"just like that...\" In\nfact, if I were to translate this sentence I don't think I would translate\nthat part, at least not as a sentence ending. I would probably use phrases\nsuch as \"I heard...\" or \"the feeling that\" to convey the hesitation and\nindirectness.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-17T07:02:00.510", "id": "84230", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-17T07:07:02.060", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-17T07:07:02.060", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84227", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I would describe 「V した＋ことがある」as to convey having a certain experience\ndetermined by the verb. In English it is usually rendered as \"have done\nsomething\". In much the same vein, 「V した＋ことがあった」also talks about having that\nexperience, but the _having_ itself is talked about as in the past. With あった\nthere is a distance between that experience and the current discussion. Let's\nlook at some examples:\n\n> 福岡で食べたことあったので来てみた\n> ([source](https://tabelog.com/fukuoka/A4004/A400502/40050586/dtlrvwlst/B424773861/)) \n> I had eaten (at a similar restaurant) in Fukuoka. That's why I\n> visited/tried this place.\n\nHere the English translation conveniently matches the Japanese original in\ntense. Just like the Japanese sentence, you backshift the English version,\n\"have eaten\" -> \"had eaten\". Note that not all 「V したことがあった」sentences can be\nrendered this way. The speaker talks about having had an experience (eating at\na restaurant similar to the one they are reviewing), and that experience\nhaving happened prior to their visit to this new restaurant is the reason they\ntalk about that experience in the comparatively more distant past.\n\n> 「そういえば昔、アシュトがお家のキッチンから果物をくすねてきて、シェリーちゃんと三人で食べたことあったよね」 \n> 「あー......そういえばそんなことあったな。あの時はリュドガ兄さんにバレて、こっぴどく叱られたよ」 \n> (『大自然の魔法師アシュト、廃れた領地でスローライフ4』)\n\nHere the experience — one of their friends stealing fruits to share with the\ngroup — is being reminisced about fondly/nostalgically, thus the distance\nbetween the conversation at hand and the experience talked about.\n\nPeople also say 「何か変わったことあった？」to get updates.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-17T05:34:15.963", "id": "84229", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-17T05:39:17.930", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-17T05:39:17.930", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84228", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "As you mentioned, there are both \"transitive\" and \"intransitive\" 触れる ([What is\nthe difference between に触れる and\nを触れる?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/53202/what-is-the-\ndifference-\nbetween-%e3%81%ab%e8%a7%a6%e3%82%8c%e3%82%8b-and-%e3%82%92%e8%a7%a6%e3%82%8c%e3%82%8b)).\nThe transitive 触れる is for touching as a result of somebody moving their body,\nlike your example 肩に手を触れる. It describes an action under one's control, thus\nusually used when touching or non-touching is most meaningful in that\nmovement. On the other hand, the intransitive one (e.g. 肩に手が触れる) relatively\nfocuses more on the state being contacting in the action.\n\nSo, there are following possibilities why the writer preferred 触れさせる:\n\n * to emphasize the fact of \"keeping/maintaining touching\" (or perhaps \"continuously tapping\" in your first example)\n * to say \"let them touch\", which suggests the contact is fairly light, like the hand barely feels the skin\n * just the writer's personal habit\n\nIncidentally, as far as I image those situations correctly, I don't feel it\ncomfortable to use the transitive 触れる either. Instead,\n\n 1. 十香はその場に座ったまま、不思議そうな顔をして、唇に指を **当てていた（当て続けていた）** 。\n 2. 士道は自分の頰を撫でるように手を（ **すべらせ／動かし／当て** ）ながら、誤魔化すように続けた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-18T16:19:49.857", "id": "84255", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-18T18:13:42.997", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-18T18:13:42.997", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "84234", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "It is 他{ほか}. The other pronunciations of 他 more commonly appear in multi-\ncharacter/compound words.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-17T21:09:44.013", "id": "84237", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-17T21:52:35.753", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-17T21:52:35.753", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84236", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "稼働率 is often synonymous with availability (可用性), but in this context it refers\nto the resource (CPU/memory) usage rate, i.e., how busy each container is.\nThis line is saying Kubernetes allows you to free idle resources promptly and\nkeep all containers busy enough, thus achieving an effective and\n\"(energetically) dense\" system.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-18T06:00:23.167", "id": "84245", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-18T06:29:58.533", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-18T06:29:58.533", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84244", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Aside from an actual place or direction,「こちらの方で」 can also refer to \"from\nmyself\".\n\nAs for the third sentence, yes it means to be allowed or do something with\npermission. It's commonly used for polite situations.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-18T07:33:34.507", "id": "84249", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-18T07:33:34.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41636", "parent_id": "84246", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "* This こちらの方 just means \"here\" or \"this place\". で is a plain location marker. It's roughly the same as just saying こちら, but のほう has been added to make the phrase politer. See: [〜ほうを as in 準備のほうを](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72923/5010)\n * やらせていただく is basically the same as させていただく, which is a humble version of させてもらう. Here, no explicit permission is related, so she is just trying to be humble. See: [what does させてもらう really mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/84039/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-18T08:24:26.093", "id": "84251", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-18T21:04:56.943", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-18T21:04:56.943", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84246", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "「歩いてた」is nothing but the casual contraction of 歩いていた which is「歩く」in\npast「ている」form.\n\nHere are more useful contractions:\n\n「ている」->「てる」->「てん」\n\n「ていた」->「てた」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-18T07:25:17.757", "id": "84248", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-18T07:25:17.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "84247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally, Japanese song lyrics tend to be loose in grammatical integrity, and\nmuch more for those whose lyricist is Hata Aki (I mean!).\n\n> _While sung, the parsing seems like 夢を持ってきた言葉じゃ / 足りないユメのアリカ, with a pause\n> after じゃ; I understand that could just be for musical reasons_\n\nRegarding this, all lyrics I find make a line break between 持ってきた and 言葉, so I\nthink we can postulate that the gap does exist there in spite of how they\nsing.\n\nNow, grammatically unambiguous facts are that:\n\n * 夢を持ってきた: \"[somebody] has brought a dream\" \nNote that the subject is unmentioned. It is quite likely 君 from the context,\nbut still.\n\n * 言葉じゃ足りないユメのアリカ: \"the location of dream(s) which words are not enough for\" \nThere are ambiguity on whether 言葉じゃ足りない qualifies ユメ or アリカ. Also, a relative\nclause as sentence is a common rhetorical device to emphasize the predicate,\ncompared to \"in God we trust\", \"little did he know\" and such.\n\nThen anything beyond those things are all matter of interpretation or\nimagination. Of course, one can reasonably guess that who brought a dream is\n\"you\", but it is not objectively guaranteed. (For the subject of 色が乗ってきた\n\"acquire color(s) / got colored up\", I really have no idea; it could be \"you\",\n\"I\", or \"we\".)\n\n> _I thought 夢を持ってきた modified 言葉, and 足りない referred to 夢_\n\nWith above, whether 夢を持ってきた modifies 言葉 is grammatically unwarranted, but I'm\nstrongly inclined to think that the two lines are separate. Besides the\nmeaning, they both have 夢/ユメ, which is a point favoring the view that they are\nparallel descriptions sharing the common focus on \"dream\" (Japanese use less\n[anaphoric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_\\(linguistics\\)) pronouns,\nand often repeat the noun itself). I do believe 言葉じゃ足りない modifies ユメ to mean\nsomething like \"dream beyond words\" (rather than アリカ, which would mean \"the\nplace untellable by words\"), but it is not a most natural collocation in\nJapanese either.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-18T17:54:35.973", "id": "84256", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-18T17:54:35.973", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "84252", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> I think I'd have been happy with 橋本聖子さんに会長になることを頼む. Is this\n> grammatical/natural?\n\nIt's good but \"橋本聖子さんに会長になる **ように** 頼む\" is more natural.\n\n> Is 橋本聖子さんに会長を頼む just a shorter way of saying this?\n\nYes. 頼む can simply take a noun, e.g. 寿司を頼む (order sushi / ask them to make\nsushi) and あとを頼む (leave them to do the rest). Usually we don't distinguish\n'presidency' and 'president', so I assume 会長 can be translated into both of\nthem and vice versa.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T17:45:57.953", "id": "84332", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T17:45:57.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42028", "parent_id": "84258", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "(～と信じる作者が)綴った is a relative clause that modifies 奇跡のファンタジー体験ノベル. [Don't be\ndeceived by the comma](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/23782/5010).\n\n奇跡の (\"miraculous\") is a no-adjective, and it's just another common marketing\nphrase. However, ファンタジー体験ノベル is not a common phrase/genre, and I don't even\nknow if this refers to a fiction or a non-fiction. It may be a ファンタジー小説\n(fiction) with a 体験 element, or it may be a 体験小説 (non-fiction) with a fantasy\nelement...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-19T01:47:20.857", "id": "84261", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-19T01:47:20.857", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84259", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The sentence ending particle (終助詞) もの and its contraction もん are used to give\nan explanation accompanied by some sort of emotion, in informal register. It\nis used a lot, but not exclusively, by kids. It can also be used by people, a\nlot of times females, to play cute.\n\nFor a rough outline of its usage and how to form sentences with it, see\nthis:[【JLPT N２】文法・例文：〜もの / ～もん / 〜んだもん](https://nihongokyoshi-\nnet.com/2019/01/22/jlptn2-grammar-mon/)\n\n（三省堂）『大辞林 新装第二版』により：\n\n> 不平・不満・恨み・甘え・訴えなどの気持ちを込めて、相手の自分に対する非難に対し、根拠や理由を示し、反駁する。「だもの・ですもの」の形をとることが多い。\n\nThat is the usage in your linked post. **However,** it is **not quite the\nsame** as how this phrase is used in your sentence. There is another usage\nthat is pretty common in daily speech too but is often omitted in grammar\nexplanations and JLPT materials. I wanted to preface this answer by giving the\nJLPT side of this phrase first because that's the usage you are more likely to\nencounter in textbooks and class.\n\nIt is also interesting to note that this usage seems under-documented and\nunder-explained. I have checked several dictionaries, and most simply lump it\ntogether with the other sense under 「理由を述べる」or「理由を示す」, but it is actually more\nthan just giving a reason. This sense, with ね or な, is used to **express\nagreement** , to **echo** what's said, and in a way to help the other party in\nthe conversation by saying, \"Oh yeah, that's true, because...\" Rather than\n_seeking agreement_ , it _gives agreement_.\n\n（三省堂）『大辞林 新装第二版』により：\n\n> （「ものね」「ものな」などの形で）詠嘆の意をこめて理由を表す。「でもあなたと私とでは考え方も違いますものね」「なるほど、それは彼のお得意だものな」\n\n（大修館書店）『明鏡国語辞典 第二版』により\n\n> 終助詞「な」「ね」がつくと、 **相手と同調する** 気持ちが伴う。\n\nThis phrase is often used together with 「なるほど」「確かに」, as is in your case. As an\nexample, this is from a conversation I had with a Japanese friend yesterday.\nIt just so happens this phrase popped up in our exchange.\n\n> 俺：ウサギの足は多分古い迷信だと思います。昔話でしょう。 \n> 友人：確かに流行ったのも80〜100年前らしいです **もんね** 。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-19T17:45:41.060", "id": "84271", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-19T18:00:16.647", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-19T18:00:16.647", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84263", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I wonder if it's [this かたふり](http://sea-\nlogistics.sakura.ne.jp/category5/entry35.html)：\n\n>\n> 「かたふり」とは船員用語で、船内で気が合う仲間同士で部屋に集まり、コーヒーやお酒を飲みながら自慢話やよもやま話に話を咲かせることを言います。話に熱中してくると身振りが大げさになり、自然と肩が振れるようになるという説や船の揺れに合わせて雑談をするからという説もありますが、真偽は不明です。\n\nTranslated:\n\n> かたふり is a word used by sailors. It means to gather with people you get along\n> well with inside a room in a ship, drink coffee or alcohol, and boast or\n> talk about various things. Some explanations of its origins are that when\n> the talk gets heated, one's body's gestures become exaggerated and naturally\n> one's shoulders (かた）will shake/swing (ふる) or that people talk while matching\n> their movements to the shaking of the boat.\n\nIf it's this one, I guess this would translate to something like:\n\n> While being rocked by the waves, we get talk and get closer to each other on\n> a boat and we move forward.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-19T13:17:03.730", "id": "84267", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-20T00:55:49.287", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-20T00:55:49.287", "last_editor_user_id": "10045", "owner_user_id": "10045", "parent_id": "84265", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe you may be confused with the similar words 家出{いえで} and 出家｛しゅっけ｝\n\n家出: <https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%BA/>\n\nDefinition one here says 帰らない｛かえらない｝つもりでひそかに家を出ること。「都会｛とかい｝にあこがれて家出する」「家出人」.\n'Secretly leaving home with no intention of returning'. The example sentences\nare 'Running away from home dreaming of city life', and 'a runaway'.\n\n出家:\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6_%28%E3%81%97%E3%82%85%E3%81%A3%E3%81%91%29/>\n\n世俗｛せぞく｝の生活｛せいかつ｝を捨て｛すて｝、僧｛そう｝となって仏道｛ぶつどう｝を修行｛しゅぎょう｝すること。また、その人｛ひと｝。 'Giving up\nsecular life and becoming a monastic to practise Buddhism, or a person who has\ndone this.'\n\nIn the past 家出 could mean the same thing as 出家, and it could also refer to\nsimply leaving the house while planning to return, but neither of these\nmeanings appear to be current judging by the example sentences. 出家 does not\nappear to have either of 家出's other meanings, however.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-19T17:13:48.163", "id": "84270", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-19T17:13:48.163", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "84269", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Yes, this is also a correct way of interpreting「彼は好きです」because the は used in\nthis sentence marks a contrastive element. When you first say「私は」, anything\nelse you say after that will be about yourself. In order to talk something\nabout someone else, you need to use the は to mark a contrast between you and\nsomeone else.\n\nSee notes from [this\npage](https://itazuraneko.neocities.org/grammar/dojg/dojgpages/basic%E3%81%AF1.html)\nfor more information.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-20T09:20:29.457", "id": "84276", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-20T09:20:29.457", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "84275", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "No, there is a little difference between them.\n\n嵐 means _storm, tempest_ (without rain)\n\n雷雨 means _thunderstorm_ (雷 + 雨 ＝ thunder + rain)\n\nLittle note:\n\n嵐（あらし）is also Japanese boy band.\n\nReferences:\n\n<https://jisho.org/search/%20%E5%B5%90>\n<https://jisho.org/search/%20%E9%9B%B7%E9%9B%A8>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-20T10:06:26.837", "id": "84279", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-20T10:06:26.837", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41939", "parent_id": "84277", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "There is a mostly colloquial expression putting a verb's dictionary form and\nits negative together, such as するしない (there seems to be [a JLPT idiom\nするしないにかかわらず](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11907/7810) which employs\nthis form, but it can be used independently), which equates to either するかしないか\n\"whether V or not V\", or するとかしないとか \"to V and/or not to V\", \"such as V-ing and\nnot V-ing\".\n\nThe latter sense needs some understanding of connotation. People are usually\nnot really interested in whether to do it or not when they say it, but they\nuse it casually to refer to some discussion or conversation around the topic\nof \"V-ing\".\n\n> りんごの皮をむくむかない _whether to peel or not to peel an apple_ \n> 同窓生の顔を覚えているいないの話題 _a topic like how much you remember old classmates'\n> faces_ \n> cf. 言った言わない（の話） _he said she said_\n\nNow when you look at your example, it has a small grammatical prickle. When\nyou use this construction you expect the verb forms to be the same except for\nthe negation. However,\n\n> これで **心を開く開けない** を話し合うのは滑稽というものだ。\n\n開く has multiple possible synonymous readings, but there is no exact match for\nthis specific combination. It should be:\n\n * 心を開【ひら】く開【ひら】かない\n * 心を開【あ】ける開【あ】けない\n * 心を開【ひら】ける開【ひら】けない (potential forms)\n\nThis may be the writer's slip of the pen, or their particular writing style I\ndon't know. If I can assume it to be the same as 心を開く開かない above, the sentence\ncan be translated like:\n\n> _It's just ridiculous at this point to have a talk about things like opening\n> up your heart (or not)._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-20T16:23:36.727", "id": "84283", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-20T18:13:47.413", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-20T18:13:47.413", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "84278", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "様 is used さま name suffix, not as さん name suffix.\n\n**さん name suffix doesn't have its own kanji** (check reference).\n\nBy the way:\n\nThere is 漢字 for くん name suffix, 君 (also known as 漢字 for きみ）, and there is no\nkanji for ちゃん name suffix.\n\nI hope my answer will help you.\n\nReference:\n\n<https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%95%E3%82%93>\n<https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-20T14:51:42.920", "id": "84281", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-20T14:51:42.920", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41939", "parent_id": "84280", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Yes and no. Or I might say \"no and yes\" because basically no.\n\nさん is originally a colloquial form of 様（さま）, that started to be used since the\nearly modern period. 日本国語大辞典 indeed cites earlier examples with kanji 様:\n\n> ＊浄瑠璃・傾城阿波の鳴門〔１７６８〕八「そして父様（ととサン）や母様（かかサン）と、一所に順礼さんすのか」 \n> ＊浪花聞書〔１８１９頃〕「様（サン） 男女ともに常言さまといわず観音さん薬師さん抔といふ」 \n> ＊多情多恨〔１８９６〕〈尾崎紅葉〉前・二「然るに葉山のお種様（サン）は蝋石細工のやうに、硬くて冷たい」\n\nBut as さん and さま diverge into each own niche in keigo hierarchy, the situation\nnaturally becomes a headache to everyone, so that in modern orthography 様\nexclusively represents さま.\n\nちゃん is a further development from さん, originally a mimic of young children's\npronunciation (like \"wabbit\"). Likewise there is ちゃま for さま, but this one is\nnot in serious use. I couldn't find evidences where they are written in any\nform of kanji.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-23T11:04:22.970", "id": "84312", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-23T11:04:22.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "84280", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In a broad sense, yes, it belongs to what's described in your link. But in\nthis specific case, ～くらいに + [mental/sensory verb] is more like a set phrase\nthat can be replaced by ～ような（もの／こと）だと. It implies that the previously said\ncontent is an approximation or likening, rather than a faithfully manifested\nimpression.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-23T10:12:05.943", "id": "84310", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-23T10:12:05.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "84282", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "> First off, how does と言われるゆえん work here? I've googled ゆえん and found that it's\n> an old expression meaning 理由 (seemingly interchangeable)\n\nYes, you are correct. ゆえん is a Classical set phrase that literally meant\n\"because\" and now used as a formal replacement for 理由 or わけ. Due to its\netymology, the word is most naturally attached to verbs.\n\n> Second, what does 登竜門 here refer to?\n\nThe word 登竜門 comes from an episode in a Chinese chronicle, that there is a\nwaterfall where a carp can become a dragon when it has climbed to the top.\nThus, it is used in a figurative sense that \"a place of trial where a\npreviously unknown person will be recognized for their ability once passed\".\nThis is why 誰でも参加可能 is a valid description for 登竜門.\n\nLastly, の following 宝蔵院 is actually が in a relative clause: [How does the の\nwork in 「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/7810)\n\n> 誰でも参加可能な所が宝蔵院の登竜門と言われるゆえんである。 \n> \"The fact that it opens to anyone is the reason 宝蔵院 is called the 'gateway\n> to fame [as a fighter(?)]'\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-21T06:24:22.993", "id": "84288", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-21T06:24:22.993", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "84285", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "It's a quite complex topic and there is no general way due to differences\nbetween conditional forms, so I would advise you to read a short article by\nYukinori Takubo:\n\n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332249939_Conditionals_in_Japanese_in_Handbook_of_Japanese_Semantics_and_Pragmatics_Ed_by_Wesley_Jacobsen_Harvard_U_and_Yukinori_Takubo_NINJAL>\n\nBut I will try to explain it shortly. To make something counterfactual, first,\nit has to happen. Besides exceptional situations with scheduling, we can't\nmake it counterfactual with the future tense. We also need to know it\nhappened, because otherwise it becomes hypothetical guessing. Occurrence and\nknowing about the result are 2 main factors for counterfactual meaning.\n\nHowever, と, たら and ば can't change the tense of the verb in conditional clause\nand general meaning comes from the tense of consequent verb. If we use non-\npast form with consequent verb, our condition would also follow. As result we\nget a guessing about what can happen in the future and what will be a\nfollowing in such case. That limits us significantly and the only way to\naffect it directly is to use ている form. By using ている form we can turn event\ninto state and get rid of dependence on the tense of consequent verb. Without\nsuch dependence we can express higher range of possible scenarios. Because\nstates are talking about something that already happened, that means we can\nuse that either as hypothetical or factual/counterfactual condition instead of\nthe future prediction.\n\nHowever, that doesn't mean we need to use ている everywhere, because the aim of\nthat form is to get rid of possible future interpretation. If consequent verb\nis in the past, we already have achieved the same step. For example, look at\nsuch sentences:\n\n * あのキノコを食べたら病気になった. Because たら can be used factually with an one-time event, this sentence means \"When I ate those mushrooms, I got sick\".\n * あのキノコを食べたら病気になっただろう. By using だろう we start to assume, so it's not factual anymore. Because we know if we ate it or not, it becomes counterfactual instead of hypothetical. When it's about another person and we don't know if he/she ate it or not, it's hypothetical.\n\nSuch way this sentence doesn't need ている to make it counterfactual. あのキノコ\nrefers to those mushrooms, event is already in the past and we make\nassumptions about following result. That's counterfactual. However, if such\nsentence were about someone else and hypothetical meaning was possible, then\nthe use of ている is preferred with both verbs similar to how we use past tense\nin English to make it counterfactual.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T21:25:54.443", "id": "84361", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T22:16:08.600", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T22:16:08.600", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "41989", "parent_id": "84286", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "From the entire lyrics and how they are sung, I think this と is a quotative-と\nthat is connected to 分かってる. That is, 分かってる has two と/って-clauses.\n\n> 春に咲いて 秋に枯れる \n> それでも何度でも また芽を出す **と**\n>\n> これまでじゃなく これからだよ **って** \n> **分かってる**\n\n> **(I do know)** flowers bloom in spring and die in autumn, \n> and they will sprout again and again.\n>\n> I do know it's not the past but the future that matters.\n\nIn this song, he has just broken up with his girlfriend. He still misses her,\nbut he understands that time moves on and what's past can't be undone no\nmatter what. In the first half of the song, he is basically shocked and\nregretting. In the above part, he is trying to convince himself that it's not\nthe end of the world to him. In the last part, he has become somewhat\npositive.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-22T02:23:29.590", "id": "84297", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-22T07:02:35.840", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-22T07:02:35.840", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84287", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The ね in this sentence context is the short form of ない, and 全く means \"at all,\ncompletely\", so 全くね means \"completely nothing\" or \"not a single thing there\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-21T12:07:12.627", "id": "84290", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-21T12:07:12.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41965", "parent_id": "84289", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 }, { "body": "This is because まったく is a [negative polarity\nitem](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16060/5010) that implies (い)ない even\nwithout saying it explicitly. The Japanese language has many such phrases.\n\n> Unlike English, Japanese is verb-final, and negation usually comes toward\n> the end of a sentence. Many Japanese NPIs appear early, and they're often\n> signals that a negative predicate is coming up:\n>\n> In many cases, this signal is strong enough that you can leave out the\n> actual part of the predicate containing the negation (as long as it can be\n> inferred from context):\n>\n\n>> ​8a. ちっとも変わらない。 \n> ​8b. ちっとも。\n\nSo you can say something like this:\n\n> 「寿司は好き？」「まったく。」 \n> \"Do you like sushi?\" \"Not at all\".\n\nThis ね after まったく is just a [filler meaning\nnothing](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14924/5010) in particular.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-21T12:22:44.337", "id": "84291", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-21T12:22:44.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84289", "post_type": "answer", "score": 13 } ]

[ { "body": "<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8#Japanese> has an answer for you in\nthe section \"usage notes\".\n\nBasically, it is only one of multiple theories that the /s/ was originally a\npart of the word that was dropped (you use the word 'lenited', which [is a\ndifferent phenomenon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenition)). The theory I\nfind more likely is that the /s/ sound filled in the hiatus between the\nstarting vowel of _ame_ and the final vowel of _kiri_ or _ko_.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-21T17:13:24.783", "id": "84295", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-21T17:25:11.287", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-21T17:25:11.287", "last_editor_user_id": "41049", "owner_user_id": "41049", "parent_id": "84293", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> would \"Watashi wa Sophia the First wo miru\" be a valid response?\n\nThat is a valid answer, but please note that [どんな means what\nkind](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/japanese-wh-questions/), so\nyour answer doesn't have to be a specific TV show. You could respond with a\ngenre, general description, etc.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T08:44:34.660", "id": "84727", "last_activity_date": "2021-05-23T21:13:28.823", "last_edit_date": "2021-05-23T21:13:28.823", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "84296", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "At least grammatically speaking, 悲しまず is not an explicit imperative but a\nplain negative form of 悲しむ (\"not to grieve\", \"not to be sad\"). It's simply\n悲しまない in modern Japanese. As usual, this sentence lacks an explicit subject\nlike \"I\" or \"you\". So the problem is the nature of this document itself.\n**Why, and to whom, did Musashi write this?**\n\nIf you regard this document as a set of \"life lessons\", as English Wikipedia\ndescribes, it's natural to interpret this sentence as a [plain form\nimperative](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15816/5010) and translate it\nalong the lines of \"Do not grieve\" or \"One must not grieve\".\n\nHowever, Japanese Wikipedia describes this as a 自誓書; a document of\noath/declaration that describes how _he_ wanted to live. If this is the case,\n\"I will not grieve\" or \"I do not grieve\" would be the natural translation.\n(You probably know there is no explicit \"future tense\" in Japanese.) You\ncannot tell which is correct just by looking at the grammar of this sentence.\nThe use of past tense is not correct as far as grammar goes, but it's\nunderstandable because this was written shortly before his death.\n\nThe literal translation of いずれの道にも is \"(even) on whichever way\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-22T07:52:32.647", "id": "84302", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-22T13:41:07.847", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-22T13:41:07.847", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84300", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "\"入れ物の品質がよくなければ、中身もよくない\" means \"If the container is not good, then the contents\nare not good\".\n\nThat means, if the container is not good, the contents can't be good. However,\njust because the container is good, doesn't mean the contents are necessarily\ngood (they can still be bad).\n\nIf that's what you are trying to say, \"入れ物の品質がよくなければ、中身もよくない\" is perfectly\ngood.\n\nIf the container determines if the content is good or bad (so that, if the\ncontainer is good the content is always good, and if bad the content is always\nbad), you could say \"入れ物の品質が、中身の品質を決める\", \"入れ物が良ければ中身も良いし、よくなければ中身もよくない\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-22T23:13:09.433", "id": "84305", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-22T23:13:09.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "84301", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I feel like _いい感じがする_ suits these kinds of sentences because it's not so much\n'like' as it is 'have a good feeling'.\n\n 1. 花子さんは、自分の部屋が掃除されている時は **いい感じがする** 。\n\n 2. 花子さんは道が静かな時 **いい感じがする** 。(A bit unsure about this one)\n\n 3. 花子さんは雪さんが新しい友達を作るたびに **いい感じがする** 。(In this case, it's not so much 'when' as it is 'whenever')", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-26T08:04:46.300", "id": "84367", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-26T08:04:46.300", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36831", "parent_id": "84304", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "How about using [嬉]{うれ}しい, such as in:\n\n> Hanako likes it when Yuki makes new friends. \n> 花子さんは、雪さんに新しい友達ができるのが嬉しい。 \n> 花子さんは、雪さんに新しい友達ができると嬉しい。\n>\n> Hanako likes it when the roads are quiet. \n> 花子さんは、道が静かなのが嬉しい。 \n> 花子さんは、道が静かだと嬉しい。\n>\n> Hanako likes it when her room is being cleaned. \n> 花子さんは、部屋を掃除してもらうのが嬉しい。 \n> 花子さんは、部屋を掃除してもらうと嬉しい。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-26T08:22:43.417", "id": "84368", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-26T08:22:43.417", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "84304", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, 言い切る means \"to say firmly\" or \"to say with confidence\". It sometimes\nmeans \"to say until the end\", too. 仲良くなる is closer to \"to make friends with\"\nrather than \"to get to know\".\n\n> いるよ。仲良くなったって言いきれるのはまだ数人だけど。\n>\n> I do. There are only a few people that I can (safely) say I made friends\n> with, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T00:36:59.397", "id": "84321", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T07:05:34.240", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-24T07:05:34.240", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84306", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "First, note that 役に立つ is not an adjective but a **verb-based** set phrase (do\nyou remember ます only follows a verb?). If you want an adjective that directly\ncorresponds to the adjective 'useful', use 便利な (na-adjective) or 有用な (na-\nadjective) instead.\n\n立ち is one of the many forms of the verb 立つ. I don't know how your textbook\ncalls the former, but it's commonly called masu-stem, verb stem, i-form, pre-\nmasu-form, continuative form, etc. If you have completed the first few\nchapters of your textbook, I believe you have already learned them. If you\nwant to review this form, please read [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/65953/5010).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T00:28:55.193", "id": "84318", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T00:28:55.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84307", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "> Are there two subjects in these sentences (ひと and みんな)?\n\nNo, in your second example, this みな is working as an adverb. It's working like\nadverbial _all_ as in \"We are _all_ mortal\".\n\n> Is it optional to use が after だれしも or みんな? I mean, is it correct to use it?\n\nIt depends.\n\n 1. ひとはだれしも...: OK (だれしも is adverbial)\n 2. ひとは皆...: OK (皆 is adverbial)\n 3. ひとはだれしもが...: OK\n 4. ひとは皆が...: NG\n\nSentence 3 is OK but Sentence 4 is not, and it's hard for me to explain why. I\nmay be wrong, but it may be due to a restriction of the `AはBが` construction\n(aka \"double-subject\"). When you say `AはBが`, B has to be a part of A. だれしも\n(\"whoever\") can be understood as a subset of ひと (\"people\"), but みな\n(\"everyone\") is not a subset of ひと (\"people\").\n\n> What's the meaning of が in this specific case?\n\nThe subject marker.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T00:09:35.587", "id": "84317", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T00:09:35.587", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84316", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In my own subjective experience, I've encountered 層【そう】 in reference to a\n\"layer\" of a particular **demographic**. We don't talk about demographics as\n\"layers\" in English, so it might sound a bit funny, but in your sample texts\nthey're essentially talking about those specific groups of people who are 1)\nardent fans of Nintendo, 2) difficult to satisfy, 3) loud-mouthed () or\ninfluential, and 4) again, fans.\n\nFor your fourth example, a different way of looking at it might be this:\n\n> Nintendo has some time to work with, since the company has so many fans.\n\nPut more literally:\n\n> 任天堂は，ファン層という点では時間の余裕がある。 \n> Nintendo `[TOPIC]`, fan demographic `[QUOT]` say point on `[TOPIC`] time\n> `[POSSESSIVE]` margin `[SUBJECT]` exists. → \n> Nintendo has a margin of time, in that [they] have a fan demographic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T00:44:03.357", "id": "84322", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T00:44:03.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "84320", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "As you have correctly inferred, 層 refers to a specific layer/tier/(sub)group\nof people, especially a group of consumers that share the same\ncharacteristics/interest in some market. For example, 任天堂は新しいファン層を開拓した means\nNintendo has developed a new fanbase by releasing a type of game they had\nnever created (perhaps you could say this referring to FE Heroes). The first\nthree examples of 層 you have cited are perfectly natural.\n\nHowever, in the sentence in question, the word _fanbase_ in [the original\nEnglish article](https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-02-19-nintendo-\ndelivered-a-strong-direct-but-fan-impatience-grows-opinion) refers to\nNintendo's fans as a whole, not a certain subgroup of (existing or potential)\nNintendo fans. To be honest, 任天堂はファン層という点では時間の余裕がある in that context made\nlittle sense to me, so I think you can safely forget this translation. They\ncould have translated this _fanbase_ simply as ファンベース.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T04:23:31.303", "id": "84324", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T04:23:31.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84320", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "# に迷う vs. で迷う\n\n## で\n\n * For specifying where the subject is lost at, like [Shurim said](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/84323/%e3%81%ab%e8%bf%b7%e3%81%86-vs-%e3%81%a7%e8%bf%b7%e3%81%86-%e3%81%ab%e6%82%a9%e3%82%80-vs-%e3%81%a7%e6%82%a9%e3%82%80#comment136893_84323).\n\n> 森で迷う 東京で迷う\n\n * For indicating the choices between which one is indecisive about\n\n> ケーキを食べるかどうかで迷う 新婚旅行はハワイとバリとで迷ってる\n\n## に\n\nBasically everything else.\n\n# に悩む vs. で悩む\n\nに is more abstract/conceptual whereas で is more specific/concrete. So I think\nthey can be interchanged and still remain grammatical, but the meaning would\nslightly differ. IMO, this is very subjective and some Japanese speakers might\neven say they mean completely the same.\n\n仕事に悩む: The subject is worrying about work in general or the concept of work.\n仕事で悩む: The subject is worrying about something in their job.\n\n> For example, why doesn't 「人間関係に悩む」work? This may not be the best example,\n> because I probably wouldn't make a mistake here, but I can't articulate the\n> reason for で over に either. How about this 「セックスレスで悩む主婦」?\n\nI don't think either is wrong. Do you have specific examples which would make\nthem wrong?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T09:39:50.860", "id": "84728", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-22T09:39:50.860", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "84323", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "What you are describing is one of the functions of the helping verb (助動詞) てくる.\nAlthough the basic idea is the same: 来る/行く are a directional pair meaning\n\"come\" and \"go\", they have more than one figurative usages. The usage you are\nfamiliar with is expressions of temporal directions. In addition, てくる, ていく can\nalso function to indicate spatial directions and conversational/interpersonal\ndirections, of which your quoted line instantiates the latter.\n\nHere in「言ってくる」「てくる」 tells you the direction of the action. It is a\nconversational/interpersonal direction. The speaker uses 言ってくる to indicate\nthat they are at the figurative center and 「ワクチンを受けたい」may be said to them in\nan incoming and approaching direction. As an example:\n\n>\n> [いきなり誰かが襲ってきたら?―突然の暴力犯罪から身を守る方法](https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%84%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A%E8%AA%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%81%8C%E8%A5%B2%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8D%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E2%80%95%E7%AA%81%E7%84%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E3%82%92%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95-%E9%BB%92%E6%9C%A8-%E6%98%AD%E9%9B%84/dp/4794211317)\n\nA similar structure exists in English (and some other languages) as well.\n\n> If you have any questions come talk to me after class.\n\nHere the \"come\" is both spatially and conversationally directional at the same\ntime. The listeners are encouraged to talk to the speaker after class, but in\norder to do that they might need to physically approach the speaker first so\nthat neither party needs to shout.\n\n> I am gonna go see him tomorrow.\n\n\"Go\" here demonstrates a spatial movement away from where the speaker's\nperspective is anchored.\n\n> The roof came crashing down.\n\nBoth physical and personal directions.\n\n> My life came crashing down.\n\nPersonal and emotional directions.\n\nSo your sentence means:\n\n> 戸籍がない人がワクチンを受けたいと役所に言ってきたら、市や町などは、本当に住んでいるかどうかチェックして、その役所にクーポンを送ります。\n\n> If someone who does not have [family registry documentation](http://office-\n> cw.com/koseki/aboutkoseki.html) comes to the public office and says they\n> want to get vaccinated, the local city or town office will check if they\n> really live there and send that public office a vaccination coupon.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T23:12:35.083", "id": "84340", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T03:15:23.497", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T03:15:23.497", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84325", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "If the mother is talking to the son, then the most obvious reference would be\nthe son's grandfather. Since running a small family business could easily be\nseen as passing from one generation to the next, again it would seem that it's\nthe son's grandfather who is being referenced. If it is indeed the father's\ngrandfather, then I'd be curious why the position of running the shop jumped a\ngeneration. (And that could make for an interesting side story.)\n\nBut without further context, it's kind of hard to say. Neither is it clear\nwhich grandfather is being talked about: whether paternal or maternal\ngrandfather. Again context could make that clear.\n\nIn an intergenerational family, ie., a family where multiple generations live\nunder the same roof, these terms, like jiisan, can get rather twisted and used\nin unconventional ways. I know that's true in my own family where I sometimes\nhave to explain that \"Granpa\" isn't really my granpa; he's just the guy in\ncharge of everyone else.\n\nAgain, context should make these matters more clear about what was meant. My\nhunch would be, without further context, it's the son's gramps.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T20:17:22.460", "id": "84335", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T20:17:22.460", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "84326", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "They assume that children should not start gaming, reading comics or doing\nother non-productive things like `ゴロゴロする` **from** the morning, noon or any\ntime in the daytime.\n\n[Edit]\n\nAfter thinking for hours, I realized it's not right to translate `から` into\n'from' here. The feeling or sense of `から` seems different than 'from'. It's\ninteresting to know that \" _from_ the daytime\" doesn't sound right in English.\n\n`から` comes with anything like morning, noon, daytime, night, today, yesterday\nand so on. The thing is, you can say `Xから` even if it _is_ time of X. So\nsomething like \" _from_ the daytime = in the daytime\" happens in Japanese.\n\nIn your sentence, the kid started `ゴロゴロする` in the daytime AND the speaker is\nalso saying that in the daytime. Also, yes, `から` can make connotations like\n\"from such a time\".\n\nOther examples:\n\n> [朝から]{あさから}[勉強]{べんきょう}するの？\n>\n> 1. [said in the morning] Are you going to study (start studying) now?\n> 2. Do you study (start studying) in the morning?\n> 3. Will you study (start studying) in the morning?\n>\n\n> [朝]{あさ} **に** [勉強]{べんきょう}するの？\n>\n> 1. Do you study in the morning?\n> 2. Will you study in the morning?\n>", "comment_count": 14, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T07:44:07.773", "id": "84350", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-26T18:02:32.200", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-26T18:02:32.200", "last_editor_user_id": "42028", "owner_user_id": "42028", "parent_id": "84327", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "こき is the masu-stem of the verb こく, and こく should be in any dictionary.\n\n * 扱く in [Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%89%B1%E3%81%8F-499035) and [jisho.org](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%89%B1%E3%81%8F-1)\n * 放く in [Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%94%BE%E3%81%8F-499036) and [jisho.org](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%94%BE%E3%81%8F)\n\nこき in 嘘こき is [masu-stem as a\nnoun](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32311/5010).\n\nNote that 扱く and 放く are different words although both are almost always\nwritten in hiragana.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T13:22:29.407", "id": "84329", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T13:22:29.407", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84328", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "To break down:\n\n * **お国** : \"your homeland\". 国 can refer to one's homeland (see [this](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/question-markers/)). With お, it respectfully refers to the listener's homeland.\n * **で** : location marker\n * **は** : topic marker\n * **何語** : \"what language\"\n * **を** : direct object marker\n * **話す** : \"to speak\"\n * **の** : explanatory-の for [seeking clarification](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/question-markers/)\n * **です** : politeness marker\n * **か** : question marker\n\nPut together, the literal translation of this sentence is \"In your homeland,\nwhat language do [you] speak?\". The subject (あなた(は)) has been dropped because\nit can be inferred by the context and the use of honorific お国.\n\nのですか/んですか is a very common form of asking a question _for clarification_\n(i.e., you need some context that led to the question). There is no direct\nequivalent of this の/ん in English. Strictly speaking, this is a kind of\nrelative clause, but you may forget the word nominalization here.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T00:57:32.130", "id": "84344", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T02:30:37.813", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T02:30:37.813", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84330", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "First, 主【あるじ】 is not particularly gender-specific, but it's not a very common\nway of addressing one's master, either. It sounds relatively blunt and less\nsophisticated. If you want to play it safe, avoid _aruji_ altogether. (It can\nbe natural in some fictional situations, though. For example, one user of\n_aruji_ I know is a young and proud beast girl who is basically loyal to her\nmaster but is not good at keigo and treats him like her friend. Other possible\nusers of _aruji_ would be a bandit, a samurai living in the countryside, a\ndwarf living in a remote cave, etc.)\n\nThe common words used by classic housemaid/butler/servant type characters are\nご主人様 for a male owner, 奥様 for a married woman, and お嬢様 for an unmarried lady.\nご主人様 and お嬢様 are something you would hear at \"maid cafés\" in Japan.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T23:52:43.113", "id": "84343", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T00:29:32.053", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T00:29:32.053", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84333", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Both methods are for emphasizing something, but they are used a little\ndifferently.\n\nBrackets are used to emphasize important keywords and words with non-standard\nmeanings. Their role partly overlaps [scare\nquotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scare_quotes) in English, but Japanese\npeople tend to use them extensively just for highlighting words ([example\n1](https://twitter.com/ozantinnippon/status/554800778188042240), [example\n2](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29341/5010)). In light novels, you'll\nnotice magic spells and skill names are commonly enclosed in them, too.\nVarious types of brackets are used according to the writer's preference (eg\n`「」`, `『』`, `【】`, `《》`), and there is usually no significant difference.\nThey're used really often, so you'll get used to them soon. In this case, the\nwords 願望/噂 _may or may not_ have some special meaning in the story. You'll see\nas you read on and understand his writing style.\n\nOn the other hand, those dots are technically called\n[[圏点]{けんてん}](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15270/5010), and they mark\nsomething important in the story. Their role is pretty much the same as\nitalics or bolding (or sometimes all-caps) in English. Sometimes it works as a\nforeshadowing, so you may want to read and think twice. Less commonly, they\nare also used to highlight an uncommon kana word (e.g. dialect) to reduce\nmisreading.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T23:30:36.823", "id": "84341", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T02:39:33.830", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T02:39:33.830", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84334", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "上 does not directly mean \"on\". It means [\"above\", \"upper\", \" _ **on**_ top\",\netc](https://jisho.org/search/%E4%B8%8A). Omitting it in the Japanese is the\nsame as omitting \"top\" in English.\n\n> * 俺の机[に]{L}は置くな → Don't put it _**on**_ my desk\n> * 俺の机[の上に]{LLL}は置くな → Don't put it _**on top of**_ my desk\n>\n\nIf something is _**on**_ the desk, you know it must be on _**top**_ of it\n(unless you're talking about another universe with different gravity; some\nkind of magnetic desk; etc. In those cases, you might have to specify which\nside/face \"on\" refers to).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T21:50:55.043", "id": "84337", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T02:17:35.897", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T02:17:35.897", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "84336", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "「に」is needed here because of 「ある」. This is a 「B に A がある/いる」 \"There is A in/at\nB\" construction.\n\n「は」is a topic marker that elevates the location/place (B) to the topic. The\nsubject is the thing (A) that exists.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-24T22:46:13.287", "id": "84339", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-24T22:46:13.287", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84338", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "休む is basically intransitive, but it has this transitive usage, too. You can\nsay 会社を休む, 会議を休む, 学校を休む, and so on. Transitivity of most verbs are\nstraightforward, but there are many tricky ones which you simply have to\nmemorize. See [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/72206/5010)\nfor similar examples.\n\nAlso note that many intransitive verbs related to movement can take を, in\nwhich case を is more of a location marker rather than an object marker. See:\n[Making sense of transitive usage of 行く and 来る - 「を行く」 and\n「を来る」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3243/5010) and [この道をまっすぐ行ってください。\nWhy を and not で?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6869/5010)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T05:25:12.273", "id": "84347", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T05:25:12.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84345", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think there's just one term that could be used for all translations,\nas you said, it is highly contextual.\n\n# っぽくない・らしくない\n\nThis is used to describe something that you wouldn't expect of the subject.\nYour example with child labor, though grammatical, is unnatural. It's like\nsaying, \"Working in a factory is so un-child-like.\" (By the way, っぽいじゃない is\nnot the negative of っぽい. It [forms a tag\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1481/usage-\nof-%ef%bd%9e%e3%81%98%e3%82%83%e3%82%93-%ef%bd%9e%e3%81%98%e3%82%83%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84/1485#1485).)\n\n# べきではない・べからず\n\nThis means mustn't/shouldn't. So in your example it is fitting. Although,\nplease note that [べからず is\nliterary/archaic](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18646/).\n\n# 役割ではない・役割にはない\n\nThis means \"not one's job\" or \"not in one's duties\". Again, this would work\nfor certain cases.\n\n# 〜ではない\n\nOther possible translations I could think of off the top of my head would be:\n\n * はずではない: こんなはずではなかった It wasn't supposed/meant to be like this.\n * もの・ことではない: 人間は海の生き物ではない Mankind isn't built for living/meant to live in the sea. (Very loose translation, but works for literary contexts/dramatic effect)\n * 運命ではない: 私たちは結ばれる運命ではないかもね Maybe we weren't destined/meant to be together.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T10:01:07.813", "id": "84729", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-22T10:01:07.813", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "84346", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "30 pages is long enough to be called a 物語, but note that its meaning is\nsomewhere between \"tale\", \"legend\" and generic \"story\". If your story is\nsomething like _Harry Potter_ or _Titanic_ , it's safely a 物語. If it's a news\nstory or someone's matter-of-fact success story, 物語 is probably not a suitable\nword.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T10:19:20.923", "id": "84351", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T11:12:23.363", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T11:12:23.363", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84348", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "They are not interchangeable. からこそ emphasizes a cause-effect relationship\n(\"exactly because of\", \"this is the very reason\"), whereas ときている by itself\nemphasizes some unexpected fact (\"on top of that\", \"what's more\", \"you know\nwhat\", \"behold\" or simply \"!!\"). I don't know why all the examples of きている in\nthat page are followed by から/ので, but that's not a requirement.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T11:19:45.737", "id": "84353", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T11:26:20.680", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-25T11:26:20.680", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84349", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "If you can pronounce バート correctly in the Japanese way, that's it. Simply\nelongate バ as it is actually spelled. As long as your pronunciation is clear,\nno one will be confused between バート and バト. (Read\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65027/5010) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/73355/5010) if you have doubts.)\nThe same for ティオ. By the way, conveying kanji over the phone can be [much\ntrickier](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/9572/5010).\n\nIf this fails and you do need to explain, you can say バは伸{の}ばします (\" _Ba_ is\nelongated\").\n\nIf this fails and you do have to tell the spelling character by character, the\n`－` symbol is called 伸ばし【のばし】棒【ぼう】 or 長音符【ちょうおんぷ】, so you can say\n\"カタカナでバ、伸{の}ばし棒{ぼう}、ト\". For ティオ, yes, \"テ、小さいイ、オ\" works perfectly.\n\nIf everything above fails, there is something like\n[this](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_radiotelephony_alphabet) as a\nlast resort, but I doubt you would ever need this.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T12:38:56.403", "id": "84355", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-14T02:27:45.703", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-14T02:27:45.703", "last_editor_user_id": "42035", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84352", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "### 経済{けいざい}\n\nbut in [旧字体 (old kanji script\nsystem)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai)\n\n### [經](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%93)\n\nThe 經 also looks like it's a 異体字 (non-standard writing) or in a unique font.\n\n### [濟](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BF%9F)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-25T17:08:44.687", "id": "84359", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-25T17:08:44.687", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84358", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "> この学校には中国やベトナムといった留学生が多い。 \n> ベトナムやタイといった留学生約30人が参加した。\n\nI also find them a little strange. Grammatically speaking, I think they are\nincorrect. I would probably write them as something like...\n\n> この学校には中国やベトナム **などからの** 留学生が多い。 \n> この学校には中国やベトナムといった **国からの** 留学生が多い。 \n> ベトナムやタイ **などからの** 留学生約30人が参加した。 \n> ベトナムやタイといった **国からの** 留学生約30人が参加した。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-26T05:41:29.610", "id": "84365", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-26T05:41:29.610", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "84364", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "The basic structure of the sentence is:\n\n> 世界中から惜しむ反応が出るというのは、 \n> There are condolences from around the world, which means, \n> 岩田さんに対する思いが惜しむ声にもつながっている \n> Thoughts toward Iwata-san have led to the condolences. \n> ような気がいたしました。 \n> That's what I felt.\n\nSo I would parse it this way:\n\n> 世界中からいろんなこう惜しむ反応が出るというのは、 \n> There are various condolences like this from around the world, which means,\n>\n>\n> 【「DS」・「Wii」はもちろんなんですけれども、その前のやっぱりロールプレイングゲームのマザー2とかそういうものの、やっぱり、すごいじゃないか、という】岩田さんに対する思いが \n> People's thoughts toward Mr. Iwata 【that not only DS and Wii, but also the\n> previous role playing game Mother 2 or such things are, after all, amazing】\n>\n> こういう惜しむ声にもつながっている \n> have led to these condolences.\n>\n> ような気がいたしました \n> That's what I felt.\n\n\"「DS」・「Wii」はもちろんなんですけれども、その前のやっぱりロールプレイングゲームのマザー2とかそういうものの、やっぱり、すごいじゃないか\" is\nthe content of the 思い.\n\nSo I think the 1st translation in your post (\"I attribute the expression of\nregrets from all over the world to people's thoughts that he's done amazing\nworks including not only DS and Wii, but also an older role playing game\nMother 2\") is good.\n\nDoes this make sense to you?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-27T01:44:38.983", "id": "84376", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-27T01:51:39.857", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-27T01:51:39.857", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "84369", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "とはいえ means even though, or despite the fact that\n\nThe speaker's university rank is a lot lower than T大医学部. But they are still a\nmed student and majoring at neurosurgery at that. So they are implying that\nthey should also be taken seriously, or something like that.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T08:17:01.737", "id": "84724", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-22T08:17:01.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "84372", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Sometimes, loanwords sound simply cool and modern, and traditional words are\ntoo mundane or too direct. English speakers also have imported many new\nloanwords from foreign languages (café, siesta, kaizen, ...), but generally\nspeaking, the influence that English has on other languages is much stronger\nthan that in the opposite direction.\n\nSemantically, キッチン, ベッドルーム and バスルーム are synonymous with their traditional\n(kanji) equivalents. However, these modern katakana versions tend to be\npreferred:\n\n * when the room is western-style (洋室),\n * by young speakers,\n * in metropolitan areas, and\n * in business scenes, especially in ads.\n\nThe more of the above conditions are met, the more the katakana versions are\nchosen. On the other hand, older speakers living in traditional Japanese-style\nhouses still usually use 台所, 寝室 (or 寝間) and 風呂場 in daily conversations.\n\nThere is another Japanese-specific reason to prefer katakana over kanji for\nsome words. See [my previous\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/16256/5010).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-27T03:01:55.770", "id": "84377", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-27T03:10:44.547", "last_edit_date": "2021-02-27T03:10:44.547", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84374", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "It's because the operative term would be \"もう一枚\" (one more/another), 一枚 comes\nwith もうand not マント. You can rephrase it into マントをもう一枚出だして and it would mean\nthe same.\n\nNote that you could also say \"もう一枚のマント\", but that would mean \"the other cape\".\n\n[See def 5.](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%82%E3%81%86)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T08:10:56.640", "id": "84723", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-22T08:10:56.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "84379", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "[数詞の副詞的用法 (adverbial usage of numerical\nexpression)](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q12194768172)\nshould answer your question.\n\nAll of below are acceptable and mean the same:\n\n * もう一枚マントを出して\n * マントをもう一枚出して\n * もう一枚のマントを出して\n\nIn the first two, もう一枚 is used adverbially while in the last, combined with の,\nmodifies マント.\n\nIn the second example, 二枚の紙ずつを is wrong.\n\n * 紙二枚ずつを留める\n * 紙を二枚ずつ留める\n\nare both possible. The latter is the example of an adverbial usage, and sounds\nmore natural to me.\n\nBtw, 留める is read とめる in this case.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-19T11:18:51.730", "id": "88966", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-19T11:18:51.730", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "84379", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "Because the subject is あなた方 and it's active voice. If it were passive voice,\nit would be が. Ex) この部屋には変なにおいがする This room smells wierd.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-28T12:55:22.907", "id": "84387", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T16:00:12.437", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-01T16:00:12.437", "last_editor_user_id": "42066", "owner_user_id": "42066", "parent_id": "84382", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 }, { "body": "That is the difference between the transitive and the intransitive.\n\nLet's make it simple.\n\n 1. あなた方は特徴的なにおいをしている\n 2. あなた方から特徴的なにおいがしている\n\nThe English equivalent of them are (kind of):\n\n 1. You have a unique smell\n 2. You smell uniquely\n\nSee it? におい **を** is the objective and におい **が** is the subjective. So, using\nを here is natural because it can be used to form objectives.\n\n〜をしている seems to be used under situations where characteristics of something is\nbeing referred. (e.g. あの女の子は青い目をしている)\n\nRefs:\n\n> 14.（修飾語 + 体の一部 + をする）その人の特徴として、そのようなものを持つ。\n\n * <https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B#%E6%8E%A5%E5%B0%BE%E8%BE%9E%EF%BC%9A%E7%82%BA%E3%82%8B>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-28T13:07:03.780", "id": "85819", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-28T13:07:03.780", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "19830", "parent_id": "84382", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. Your assertion is correct. This is mainly a conversational phrase. Not a formal one. For example おいしいはおいしいけど、あまり私の好みではない。 It's good, but it's not really the kind I prefer.\n\n 2. In the case of verbs, people usually use 見ることもあるけど in the way you used it or maybe たまには見るけど. Another somewhat related phrase would be 見なくはないけど. This is used to say that the amount you do something is not zero.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-28T12:46:40.367", "id": "84386", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-28T12:46:40.367", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42066", "parent_id": "84383", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "1. It's perfectly grammatical. In my opinion, it's an ordinary grammar pattern that can be used anywhere. It's not particularly formal, nor casual, nor literary, nor slangy.\n\n 2. It can be used with any type of predicate (noun, na-adjective, verb and i-adjective), but people often use に as well when the repeated word is a verb. See [my previous answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/72283/5010) for examples.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T11:37:13.133", "id": "84434", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T11:37:13.133", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84383", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First, 上下 means higher and lower social status (such as sempai and kohai)\n\nThe reason に is used in this case is because は is being used after 上下 for\nemphasis. You can't use は twice in the same phrase. Also the phrase is being\nused to describe the subject アメリカ人\n\nIf you are confused about the descriptive phrasing, here are more examples:\n\n> 1. ごめんなさいと言えない人とは友達になりたくない \n> I don't want to be friends with people who can't say they are sorry.\n> 2. 納豆が嫌いな人はたくさんいる \n> There are many people who hate the smell of natto.\n> 3. 日本語が読めない外国人には日本で良い仕事は見つからない。 \n> For foreigners who cannot read Japanese, it is difficult to find a good job\n> in Japan.\n>", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-28T12:38:26.393", "id": "84385", "last_activity_date": "2022-06-18T00:27:14.540", "last_edit_date": "2022-06-18T00:27:14.540", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "42066", "parent_id": "84384", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "Genetic relation between languages is usually measured by finding regular\ncorrespondences between the two - for example, Fs in native English words like\n'father' usually have P in their Latin counterparts like 'pater'. As far as I\nknow, no such regular correspondences between Japanese and Korean have been\nfound. This does not necessarily mean they're unrelated, but if they are\nrelated, they split so long ago that it is now impossible to determine.\n\nGenetic relation is also not the only cause of similarity between languages.\nGeographic proximity often results in languages exerting influence on one\nanother - this sort of thing is called a Sprachbund, I believe - and both\nlanguages have a history of borrowing from Chinese, explaining why they might\nhave a lot of similar words.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-02-28T15:57:18.803", "id": "84391", "last_activity_date": "2021-02-28T15:57:18.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "84390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I'm a native Japanese speaker, and I have experienced this, too. Depending on\nthe weather condition, it's possible to listen to Korean AM radio in Japan.\nWhen the noise is _very_ strong, I sometimes find it difficult to distinguish\nwhether it's in Japanese or in Korean.\n\nI guess this is mainly because of the intonation rather than actual\nvocabulary. I feel the two languages have similar rhythms when spoken, and\nthey are both relatively \"flat\" in terms of intonation. (This is my personal\nexperience, and I have no idea if it's academically correct or if it's a\ncoincidence.) On the other hand, the 'four tones' in Chinese sound very\ndistinct to my ears.\n\nIn addition, the two languages do share many words of the same Chinese or\nEnglish roots, and the pronunciations of such words are similar. For example,\ncompare the pronunciation of\n[大学生](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F/) and\n[대학생](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EC%83%9D/) (\"university\nstudent\"). On the other hand, native vocabularies are completely different (eg\n[猫](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%E7%8C%AB/#ja) vs\n[고양이](https://ja.forvo.com/word/%EA%B3%A0%EC%96%91%EC%9D%B4/#ko) for \"cat\"),\nand I think this is why they are unrelated in the linguistic sense.\n\n**EDIT:** Both languages are surprisingly similar in terms of grammar, too.\nMachine translation works much better between Japanese and Korean than between\nJapanese and Chinese/English/etc. I don't know why, and apparently linguists\ndon't know much about the reason, either. I found this Wikipedia article:\n[Comparison of Japanese and\nKorean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Japanese_and_Korean#Grammar)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T03:08:17.100", "id": "84396", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T03:36:53.760", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-01T03:36:53.760", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "I am going to attempt an answer from a linguistic angle. It is true that the\nKorean language and the Japanese language are regarded as two language\nisolates by many scholars. But efforts to bring them together have not\nstopped.\n\nYou may have heard the term [Altaic\nlanguages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic_languages). As one of the\nearly and most hopeful attempts to bring Japanese and Korean together under\nthe rubric of a large overarching language family called the Altaic family.\nThe existence of this umbrella language family is not universally accepted,\nbut since you apparently want something that shows the opposite side of the\nproclamation that \"Japanese and Korean are language isolates\", I am going to\ndo just that with arguments that connect these two languages.\n\nSuch works as [Roy Miller](http://Roy%20Andrew%20Miller)'s seminal 1971 book\n_Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages_ Chicago: University of Chicago Press\nand Nicholas Poppe's 1965 book Introduction to Altaic Linguistics argue that\nJapanese-Ryukyuan and Korean are the fourth and fifth branches of Altaic.\n\nOne paper I have found that presents a highly cogent argument for viewing\nKorean and Japanese in the same light is IGARASHI Yuko, 2003, [Japanese as an\nAltaic language: An investigation of Japanese genetic affiliation through\nbiological\nfindings](https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/WPLC/article/view/5163) . Some\npassages from that paper:\n\n> In order to determine whether two or more languages are genetically related,\n> the following aspects are generally examined: 1) whether languages have in\n> common a large number of basic vocabulary items and morphological components\n> through regular phonetic correspondences, and 2) whether there are many\n> examples of identical semantics in lexical comparisons.\n\nShe argues Korean and Japanese share similar agglutination patterns. She gives\nthree examples: Korean, modern Japanese, old Japanese, all romanized, so I\nwon't attempt a reconstruction of the examples in my answer.\n\n> According to Poppe (1965), the agglutination of Altaic word inflection is\n> characterized by adding suffixes mechanically to the stem, and each suffix\n> has a single function. Both Korean and Japanese show this pattern.\n\nShe also argues Korean and Japanese have similar postpositions that are\ncharacteristic of Altaic languages. She then goes on to claim:\n\n> Martin (1991) describes the syntactic similarity between the two languages\n> as follows:\n>\n\n>> The syntax is a model example of the object-verb language, with modifier\npreceding modified, with the predicate at the end, and with the relationship\nbetween the adjuncts (the noun phrases) and the predicate shown by\npostpositional particles, by ellipted postpositions, or (as with adverbs) left\nunmarked (p. 281).\n\n>\n> ...\n>\n> The examples above demonstrate that it is possible to translate **word-to-\n> word** and **morpheme-to-morpheme** between Japanese and Korean. Therefore,\n> Japanese syntax is remarkably similar to that of Korean.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T08:29:16.510", "id": "84400", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T16:32:19.600", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-01T16:32:19.600", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84390", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "高【たか】 means \"yield/amount/quantity\" (e.g., of a crop). くくる means \"to bind/tie\"\nand, by extension, \"to summarize/consolidate\". Thus, the literal meaning of\n高をくくる is nothing more than something like \"to estimate (the capability of\nsomeone/something)\" or \"to assume\". However, as an idiom, it has gained a\nderived _implication_ of \"to (wrongly) estimate/assume\", and that's why \"to\nmake light of something\" is a valid translation. When it comes to idioms, you\ncannot expect their literal meanings are preserved.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T02:21:45.867", "id": "84395", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T12:55:12.113", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-01T12:55:12.113", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84392", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "First, can I assume this name is from some non-Japanese culture? The basic\nrule is that foreign (western) names should normally be written in katakana,\nand you have a good reason to use hiragana. When you do have a good reason to\n\"hiraganize\" a word that is normally written in katakana, it's fine to use the\nchōonpu with hiragana. In your case, とー is probably the way to go. (One valid\nreason is [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15108/5010), although I\ndon't recommend this to a beginner.)\n\nFor historical reasons, とお and とう are both used for the same `/tō/` sound\ndepending on the word, but these spellings are for traditional Japanese words\nsuch as とうさん (tōsan, \"father\") and とおり (tōri, \"street\"). You don't have to\nrespect this rule for foreign words that are hiraganized for some good reason.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T01:38:59.003", "id": "84394", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T01:38:59.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84393", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "[条件付き](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E4%BB%98%E3%81%8D) means\n\"conditional, conditionally\". It comes from 条件が付く, 付き being the 連用形 of 付く and\nthus used as a noun/prepositive modifier. The operation is conditional.\n\nFrom their FAQ:\n\n> Q: 条件付運航とはどういった運航ですか？\n>\n> A: 悪天候時また台風などで海上が時化の場合、出港はするものの場合によっては引き返す可能性もあるという条件が付いた運航になります。\n\nMy translation:\n\n> Q: What kind of operation is \"conditional operation\"?/What does \"conditional\n> operation\" mean?\n>\n> A: When there is a storm at sea caused by inclement weather or typhoon, it\n> is possible that a ferry decides to depart but later returns to the port.\n> That is the condition attached to such ferries.\n\nThat is to say if you board such a ferry you accept the condition/caveat that\nit may have to come back due to inclement weather.\n\nSimilarly 状況待ち comes from 状況を待つ, \"waiting for information on weather\nconditions\". If a ferry is showing 「状況待ち」 I'd think they have yet to make the\ncall.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T07:23:08.630", "id": "84399", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T07:45:56.810", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-01T07:45:56.810", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84397", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "飲んでいる describes what you are doing right now. It's a verb form. お酒を飲んでいる means\n\"I'm drinking alcohol\".\n\n飲むこと is very different. It's just confusing that English happens to use the\nsame word for both. 飲むこと is the act of drinking. It is a noun form. I'm not\nvery good with English grammar (despite being English) but I think this is\ncalled a gerund.\n\nIf you want to say something like \"I like drinking\" then 'drinking' in this\nsentence works like a noun (compare with 'I like cats'). This hasn't got\nanything to do with what you are doing right now. This is where 飲むこと is\nuseful. You'd say 飲むことが好きです。\n\nNote that お酒 **の** を飲むこと is ungrammatical. I don't know if the の was just a\ntypo, but it shouldn't be there.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T15:12:56.647", "id": "84405", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T15:12:56.647", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "84402", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. Your sentence seems to come from this [article](https://newsinslowjapanese.com/2020/12/29/nisj-364-the-joe-biden-of-japan/). Please provide more context next time. The ~になる is used instead of ~です because the mayor's name was in process of changing.\n\n> The mayor name and surname won't change, it's a static thing.\n\nThis is true, but the name changing in this context is kanji-based. Yutaka\nUmeda's kanji name could be read alternatively as \"Joe Biden.\"\n\n 2. The で used in the sentence is the て-form of だ, which connects two related clauses. ~~It is not a particle.~~ Your sentence can be reworded into something like this\n\n> 同姓同名になる事 **だ** 。 **そして**\n> 、米紙ワシントンポストやニューズウィーク、英紙ファイナンシャルタイムズなど各国のメディアに取り上げられました。\n\nYou can think of it as a particle that marks a reason for media coverage.\n\nSee @Chocolate's answer for more info.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T18:30:24.380", "id": "84408", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-02T04:43:02.750", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-02T04:43:02.750", "last_editor_user_id": "41067", "owner_user_id": "41067", "parent_id": "84403", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": ">\n> 日本語の漢字は音読み、訓読みがあり、梅田穣町長の梅田（うめだ）という漢字は『バイデン』と読むことができ、穣（ゆたか）という漢字は、『ジョー』と読むことができます。同姓同名に\n> **なる事で** 、米紙ワシントンポストやニューズウィーク、英紙ファイナンシャルタイムズなど各国のメディアに **取り上げられました** 。\n\n「～～ **ことで** 新聞・ニュース・メディア等に **取り上げられる** 」 means \" **is featured** in the\nnewspaper/news/media **for ~~ing**.\"\n\nSo the で is a particle. Here it indicates the **reason** for being picked up\nby the media.\n\nThe article is saying:\n\n> （梅田穣を音読みすると・梅田穣をバイデンジョーと読むと）同姓同名になることで、（梅田町長が）メディアに取り上げられた。\n\n\"(Mr Umeda was) featured in the media for becoming the same name (if his name\nis read in On-reading/if his name is read as Baiden Jou).\"\n\nSimilar examples of this usage of で:\n\n> 京都は古い神社仏閣 **で** 有名です。 \n> Kyoto is famous **for** its old temples and shrines. \n> ボルタは電池を発明した **ことで** 知られている。 \n> Volta is known **for** invent **ing** the electric battery.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-02T02:19:38.627", "id": "84412", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-02T02:19:38.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "84403", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

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[ { "body": "It's 練習 も した＋し: \"also practiced\" + the explanatory clause ending conjunctive\nparticle し. For し's usage see these answers:\n\n[Usage of ”し” particle](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/59151/30454)\n\n[し at the end of the\nsentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/58445/30454)\n\n[Why is し added at the end of this\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/57714/30454)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-01T22:57:12.980", "id": "84410", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-01T22:57:12.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "84409", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Dictionaries give multiple possible translations for a word so that you can\nunderstand the nuance of the verb. You should not ignore them.\n\nドアを閉じる means \"to close an (open) door\". ドアを塞ぐ means \"to block/barricade/seal a\ndoor (so that it cannot be opened)\". Likewise, 目を閉じる means \"to close one's\neyes (usually voluntarily)\", whereas 目を塞ぐ \"to cover (your own or someone\nelse's) eyes (with the hands, etc)\". Human beings cannot do 耳を閉じる or 鼻を閉じる,\nbut they can do 耳を塞ぐ and 鼻を塞ぐ.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T00:33:48.013", "id": "84421", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T02:33:53.797", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T02:33:53.797", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84413", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "In spoken language, it is more often omitted. In written language, it should\ngenerally not be omitted (though exceptions apply).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T21:34:37.683", "id": "84437", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T21:34:37.683", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "84414", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This 直取り is a [noun coined from the masu-stem of a\nverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32311/5010), also working as a\nsuru-verb. There is no such a verb as 直取る. (直取れば may be used as a joke,\nthough.)\n\nお願い is a representative example of this; you can say お願いすれば but not お願う or\nお願えば. Other examples of suru-verbs that may look like godan/ichidan verbs\ninclude 馬鹿売れ, お使い, ひとっ飛び, 前借り, 大泣き and so on. Hmm, maybe this happens often\nwith adverb-like prefixes?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T00:19:13.043", "id": "84420", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T00:26:48.760", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T00:26:48.760", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84415", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "だ or です is omitted after this かどうか. The more canonical version of this\nsentence is like this:\n\n> 部の記録 **を** 見る限り７０符なんて千局に一回出るかどうか **だ** 。\n\nThis sentence means \"the probability is 1/1000 or even less\" rather than \"the\nprobability is even less than 1/1000\". You can think of this `Aかどうかだ` pattern\nas \"A, or even worse\" or \"may or may not A\".\n\nSee this question for more examples: [Understanding\n～かどうかだ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/53920/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T00:07:12.950", "id": "84418", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T04:43:27.060", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T04:43:27.060", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84417", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "振られる/フラれる is _rejected/dumped_ , not _shocked_. 私は彼を振った means \"I dumped him\",\nnot \"I shocked him\". It does not directly describe someone's emotion.\n\nThis type of フる is basically only for romantic love, but you can still use\n振られる, more or less figuratively or jokingly, to describe a rejection after\nexpressing a non-romantic love. For example, it's possible to say\n「あの会社に買収の提案をしたが、あっさり振られてしまったよ」. Jokingly saying 振られた once to your friend would\nbe fine, but if you used it many times, your friend would start to wonder if\nyou really have a romantic interest in him, so use this with caution.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T00:53:42.267", "id": "84422", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T00:59:35.643", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T00:59:35.643", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84419", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Xに志願する and Xを志願する are sometimes interchangeable, but I feel the latter has a\nstronger implication of _choosing or asking for_ X from multiple options. Less\ncommonly, Xを志願する can mean just \"to make up one's mind to become X\" without\nexplicit request/application to some authority (を志望する is more common in this\nsense, though). I don't know why but it may because it's close to を選ぶ or\nを志望する.\n\n * 死刑を志願する \nto ask for (one's own) death penalty (instead of life imprisonment) \n(You cannot say 死刑に志願する because 死刑 is not a job/role.)\n\n * 落語家に弟子入りを志願する \nto ask a rakugo performer for an apprenticeship \n(You cannot say 弟子入りに志願する because it's not a job/role.)\n\n * 政治家を志願する \nto make up one's mind to become a politician \n(政治家 is a job name, but 政治家に志願する does not make sense because no authority can\ngrant this job to you.)\n\n * 看護師を志願する \nto apply for the job as a nurse (rather than something else) / to make up\none's mind to become a nurse \n(This makes sense only when there are multiple options.)\n\n * 小島は第一を志願するらしい。 \nLooks like Kojima will _rather_ apply for Dai-ichi (School). \n(This is almost synonymous with 第一に志願するらしい.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T01:59:01.883", "id": "84424", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T03:49:32.340", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T03:49:32.340", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84423", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Instead of trying to use something else, just drop わたしは altogether.\n\n> わたしは げつようびは べんきょうしませんでした。かようびは べんきょうしました。\n\nAnd it's usually perfectly fine to drop the first わたしは as well. As long as you\ncan infer the subject from the context, you don't have to (or shouldn't)\nspecify the subject explicitly.\n\n> げつようびは べんきょうしませんでした。かようびは べんきょうしました。\n\nJapanese is a [topic-prominent\nlanguage](https://eastasiastudent.net/study/topic-prominent/), and it's\nperfectly fine to drop subjects.\n\n> Another feature of subject prominent languages is that they usually require\n> a subject. This is particularly true of English, which has to insert the\n> dummy subject “it” if no other subject is apparent (e.g. in “It’s raining.\")\n> Really the topic of this sentence is the rain, but English can’t just have a\n> sentence with no subject, so it inserts a redundant one.\n>\n> Again, topic prominent languages don’t have this problem. Mandarin, Japanese\n> and Korean are all known for frequently dropping the subject from sentences\n> when it’s clear in the context. The subject isn’t the most important item in\n> a sentence, so it’s fine to do without one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T05:00:40.107", "id": "84426", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T05:00:40.107", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84425", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Oddly enough we say 水に流す。E.g.昔のことは水に流して仲良くやろう。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T06:29:15.413", "id": "84428", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T06:29:15.413", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "84427", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Not really. It would be a rather odd way of asking. この犬の名前は何？ is the natural\nway of asking.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T07:38:32.483", "id": "84430", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T07:38:32.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "84429", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "No, and if you say that way people probably assume that you try to say \"Whose\nis this dog?\". (この犬は誰 _ **の**_ ですか?)\n\nWe don't use **誰** for something that is not human.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-04T01:08:11.800", "id": "84438", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-04T01:08:11.800", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42099", "parent_id": "84429", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes this is a valid expression. This 回 is a simple noun that means \"episode\n(of a TV program)\", \"inning (of baseball)\", \"round (of an experiment,\ncompetition, etc.)\", \"show (of a movie/play/etc played at a theater on a day)\"\nand such. It's typically modified by 最初の, 次の, 前の, 新しい and 最後の. 最終回 is a common\nphrase that means \"the final episode (of a TV series)\".\n\nThis 回 is not a counter because it's following 新しい, which is obviously not a\nnumber.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T09:39:45.873", "id": "84432", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T09:45:00.643", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-03T09:45:00.643", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84431", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "っちゅう is a rather common colloquial contraction of っていう = という, so you may\nsimply read it as\n\n> うちらに確実に勝てるっていうのか！！", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-03T16:37:38.603", "id": "84436", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-03T16:37:38.603", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "84435", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "なんじゃ can be dialect, maybe Kansai-ben(?), but afaik, it means ~ \"can say that\"\nor something like that.\n\nMy best guess would be like: \"It means 'to like' I think... maybe...\"\n\nTLDR: if it is dialect, then your two interpretations might not be correct,\nbut I can't say without knowing the character who says it. Japanese can be\npretty difficult to interpret normally, and when you add dialects to the mix,\nit completely alters the meaning of some words ^-^'", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-04T09:37:25.733", "id": "84442", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-04T09:37:25.733", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42023", "parent_id": "84439", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Your first interpretation is correct.\n\nIn Tokyo metropolitan dialect, ……では is contracted as ……じゃ and ないか in ……じゃないか\ncan be omitted (usually denoted with a ellipsis). Therefore,\n\n> 「好きなんじゃ……」って思うかな\n\nin Tokyo metropolitan dialect is equivalent to\n\n> 好きなのではないかと思うかな\n\nin Standard Japanese.\n\nOn the other hand, this second interpretation\n\n> 「好き」なんだと言う。思うかな\n\nsounds impossible to me because...\n\n * Interpreting なんじゃって as だと言う is impossible if the character is speaking a Kanto dialect (incl. Tokyo metropolitan dialect).\n * Even if なんじゃって here means だと言う, the whole sentences does not make sense to me.\n\nMeanwhile, as Dosei mentioned, some western dialects have copula じゃ (like だ in\nStandard Japanese) but they drop the quoting particle before 思う, 言う, etc., I\nguess.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-04T21:51:41.893", "id": "84452", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-04T21:51:41.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10490", "parent_id": "84439", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "* どうってことない\n * どうってことありません\n * どうと言うこともない\n * etc.\n\nare all variations of a set phrase meaning \"it's nothing\" \"it's no big deal\".\nHere どう is just the usual question word and って or と the usual quoting\nparticle. Literally the phrase means that it is not something you would\nask/enquire about by saying どう.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-04T08:35:09.223", "id": "84441", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-04T08:35:09.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "1628", "parent_id": "84440", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "This is a colloquial form for 「する-か」． I don't think this is considered to be a\nparticular dialect. (This form isn't used in western dialect, so it feels a\nbit eastern to my ear, just as the standard Japanese language does.)\n\nIn the dialog, A invites B to eat together, and B agrees (そうすっか == そうするか)．\nOther examples you might encounter is ~~でもすっか = でもするか.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-04T13:19:35.577", "id": "84446", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-04T13:19:35.577", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4223", "parent_id": "84443", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "あう(あう) is normally regarded as an interjection said when someone feels\nembarrassed, sad, nervous, confused, or mentally hurt. It's like \"uh-oh\",\n\"what should I say\" or \"oh no\". It's typically used by a kawaii or childlike\ncharacter in fiction. Watch [this\nvideo](https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm2048859) for the typical image of\nあうあう. Is there someone like this in this scene? It appears to me that someone\nstarted to feel nervous and unconfident after hearing むしろ今日やるべきだ.\n\nAs far as I know, あうあう never means \"yup\", so you should not believe that\nChiebukuro question (perhaps the answerer mixed up this with あいあい, which can\nmean \"yup\" or \"alright\"?).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-04T12:21:39.480", "id": "84445", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-04T12:49:22.093", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-04T12:49:22.093", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "84444", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Technically, the meanings are correct, but I think the nuance is tricky here.\nDepends on the context. If I'm just simply asking intent, and wanted to say\n\"You're gonna go to Comiket aren't you?\" I would say （name of\nperson)はコミケットに行くんですよね。 Or simply asking I would ask コミケットに行く？(better to state\nthe time though 来週とか)\n\nI would use 行くつもりですね if they just expressed that they are going and I am\nquipping about their intent to go i.e. \"Oh, so you're going are you?\". Very\ndifferent nuance. As far as the response goes, they wouldn't use あの as あの in\nthis case would point to a week that wasn't mentioned in the conversation but\nis secretly know by both parties.\n\nIn this case その would be appriorpiate. However, I don't think someone would\nnaturally need to say 'that week' since there is no week asked or given in the\ncontext of the conversation, but if there was context it would be\nその週は仕事があります。without the よ.\n\nよ is used to to appeal to someone when they don't know something or you really\nwant to drive something across to them. Otherwise you don't need it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-05T11:47:21.780", "id": "84462", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-05T11:47:21.780", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42066", "parent_id": "84447", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I believe they are just saying that they could have allocated the funds to go\non a trip if they wanted but they couldn't come to a decision.\n\nThe third meaning from here:\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BD%93%E3%81%A6%E4%BB%98%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B/>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-05T11:32:55.793", "id": "84461", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-05T11:32:55.793", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42066", "parent_id": "84448", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I also asked this question on Lang-8 and these are the (translated and\nparaphrased) answers I received. 当て here means the [second and third\ndefinitions here](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%BD%93%E3%81%A6/). It\nis somewhat similar to 見込み or 見通し. One of the comments specifically wrote the\nfollowing:\n\n> 「当てをつける」＝「見当をつける」＝「見込みをつける」 \n> 見込み ≒ prospect, likelihood, possibility \n> Therefore, the meaning would be \"He was possibly able to get the trip\n> cost.\"\n\nSo, it was possible for him to obtain the funds(資金), but he did not take the\nchance. Another commenter said the following:\n\n> 当てをつけるの 「を」がない、「あてつけ」になると、違う意味になるので注意です。\n\n当てつける is a different word, which means to \"insinuate\" and has a negative\nnuance.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-05T17:39:34.063", "id": "84464", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-05T17:39:34.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "21657", "parent_id": "84448", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "After some repeated listening I think I hear the difference you are pointing\nout, but it’s basically unnoticeable/unnotable to Japanese speakers, because\nboth the ハドーケン (ō) and ハドウケン (ou) pronunciations are\nacceptable/interchangable.\n\nThe former is the standard in regular speech because it’s easier to say, but\nthe latter is just fine if you are trying to add color to the pronunciation\nlike one might in yelling a move name like this, and perhaps even “sounds\ncooler” to some extent.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-04T19:38:59.873", "id": "84451", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-04T19:38:59.873", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "84450", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "If your question is how to tell meaning of 義姉, you need to guess from contexts\nin the present-day colloquial language.\n\nStrictly speaking, [義]{ぎ}[姉]{し} or [義]{ぎ}[妹]{まい} only means (or meant) sister-\nin-law or sworn sister. Here are definitions in デジタル大辞泉.\n\n> ぎ‐し【義姉】\n>\n> １ 義理の姉。妻または夫の姉、兄の妻など。\n>\n> ２ 血縁関係はないが、姉妹の約束を交わして姉としている人。\n\n> ぎ‐まい【義妹】\n>\n> １ 義理の妹。夫または妻の妹、弟の妻など。\n>\n> ２ 血縁関係はないが、姉妹の約束を交わして妹としている人。妹分。\n\nIn colloquial language, [義]{ぎ}[姉]{し} and [義]{ぎ}[妹]{まい} have taken in the place\nof [継]{まま}[姉]{あね} and [継]{まま}[妹]{いも} which mean elder/younger stepsister.\n\nIf your question is how to distinguish step sister from sister-in-law, you can\nuse [異]{い}[母]{ぼ}[姉]{し} (elder sister from a different mother),\n[異]{い}[父]{ふ}[姉]{し} (elder sister from a different father) and so on, which\nsound very formal.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-05T08:08:51.177", "id": "84458", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-05T08:08:51.177", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10490", "parent_id": "84454", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "～だろう already indicates hearsay, so adding another layer of hearsay (そうだ) to it\nmakes it sound incredibly awkward.\n\nThe concept is similar to how you can't add the word \"didn't\" to verbs already\nin the past tense (i.e. \"didn't saw\") in English.\n\nYou can however, conjoin そうだ to だ giving you something like this:\n\n> 医者の話では、２ヶ月ぐらいで退院できるそうだ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-09T11:40:36.820", "id": "84516", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-09T11:40:36.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42173", "parent_id": "84457", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I consider the word 巣立つ (すｰだ-つ) quit fitting. 巣 means \"nest\", and 立つ stands\nfor \"stand\" (HA!). It literally means the little birds grow up and flew away,\nand is used to say that \"the youngs grew, and now are away from the elders\ngrasp\", or \"became independent\" in short.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-06T16:30:29.977", "id": "84478", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-06T16:30:29.977", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42141", "parent_id": "84463", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not sure how to best answer your question, but here goes:\n\n> is it generally allowed to use は within an indirect quote?\n\nYes, you can use は in indirect quotes. Although, I might be misunderstanding\nwhat you mean by \"indirect quote\", because I don't think it's always possible\nto determine if a quote is direct/indirect.\n\nMy dad said smartphones are man's worst enemies. お父さんはスマホは人間の天敵だと言ってたよ。\n\nは is used after スマホ because \"smartphones\" is the topic of the dad's statement.\nChanging it to が would change the meaning of the sentence (albeit, slightly,\n'cause I couldn't think of a better example).\n\n> So, in the example sentence is the は allowed only because of the usual rule\n> that ない likes to take は or is it just perfectly natural to have は in\n> indirect quotes irrespective?\n\nYou phrased it as if it is either or, but they are both true. は can be used in\nindirect quotes, but the reason for using は in this particular case is because\nof ない. That does not make \"人間には上下がないと考えるアメリカ人\" or \"人間に上も下もないと考えるアメリカ人\" an\nabsolute mistake, either.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-22T07:48:21.260", "id": "84721", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-22T07:48:21.260", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42299", "parent_id": "84465", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a prank that is an imitation of キン肉マン. キン肉マン was a popular manga in the\n80's. The main character of the manga is キン肉マン, who has a kanji \"肉\" on his\nforehead.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-03-05T23:10:34.903", "id": "84467", "last_activity_date": "2021-03-06T09:49:52.577", "last_edit_date": "2021-03-06T09:49:52.577", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "7320", "parent_id": "84466", "post_type": "answer", "score": 16 } ]

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