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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "Yes, this と is a quotative-と. と can be used without verbs like 思う and 考える (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/48032/5010) for example), but I\nthink it's okay to think 笑う is directly taking the と-clause in this case.\nEither way, a literal translation of 私が心の底から面白いと笑って読める小説 would be \"novels\nwhich I can read (while) smiling (while) thinking (it's) amusing from the\nbottom of my heart\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-25T01:40:34.297", "id": "89040", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-25T01:40:34.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89037", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Forgetting what you have learned is a bad thing.\n\nSo the scene is that G1 is happy to know that MC did the same (bad) thing when\nhe was a student. MC tells G1 that it is not something she(?) should be happy\nabout, and 俺も俺だけど means something like \"well, I did wrong, too\".\n\nThe intention of the whole phrase is \"The fact I did the same thing should not\nbe the reason you are happy about, (because the forgetting is a bad thing),\nbut then the blame applies to me, too (because I did the bad thing).\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-24T23:42:35.613", "id": "89039", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-24T23:42:35.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89038", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "No, it can't. だけ is used when something itself is emphasized. On the other\nhand, くらい is used when the extent is shown.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-25T14:39:32.267", "id": "89048", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-25T15:13:36.880", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-25T15:13:36.880", "last_editor_user_id": "7320", "owner_user_id": "7320", "parent_id": "89046", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "As given by the other answer, the answer is no.\n\nPossibly you can see it as a variation of ～たら～だけ・・・ ( see [3-ア of this\ndefinition](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91/#jn-136029))\n\nIt can be written 心配すれば心配するだけあほらしい = The more you worry, the more ridiculous\nit is. This だけ retains the original meaning of 分量, and actually 分 can replace\nだけ (maybe less frequently used)：心配する分あほらしい.\n\n===\n\nFYI\n\nIt is difficult why くらい doesn't replace だけ.\n\nThe above dictionary gives\n\n> 分量・程度・限度を表す。…ほど。…くらい。…かぎり。「走れるだけ走ってみよう」「どれだけの人が苦しんでいるか」\n\nFor the two samples, replacements are possible as follows: 走れる{×ほど, ×くらい,\n〇かぎり}走ってみよう and どれ{〇ほど, 〇くらい, ×かぎり}の人が.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T13:18:11.513", "id": "89067", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T13:18:11.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89046", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "OK this is probably something between a comment and an answer. I'm probably\ngoing to get something wrong. So from the native speakers please point out how\nI'm getting this wrong.\n\nThat said, I too struggled for a long time understanding 先. The word seemed\ncontradictory to me. And, if I look it up in one of my dictionaries (角川国語辞典) I\nsee the following definitions:\n\n 1. 前の部分。先頭。\n 2. 進んでいく方。先方。\n 3. 前途。将来。\n 4. はし。末。\n 5. 過去。以前。\n 6. 相手。先方。\n 7. 目的の所。 到着する場所。\n 8. より早く位置をとること。\n 9. 先物。\n\nIt would seem that definitions 3 and 5 contradict one another. But, I think\nthat's only if you try to take this word a bit too literally. Generally,\ncontext should point out the desired meaning. And, it's possible something\ncould be _translated_ into English in two different ways depending on how one\nthinks about things.\n\nYet overall, for myself, what I've found helpful with this seemingly\nconfounding word is to think of it along of the lines of _that which lies in\nfront/ahead_.\n\nWhen you're talking about events that haven't yet happened, then they still\n_lie in front_ of us. Hence they are in the _future_. This would be like your\nexample sentence\n\n> 先の事など誰にも予想できない\n\nYou don't predict what already happened; you predict what has yet to come. So\nwhat lies _ahead_ is the future.\n\nIt's much the same with\n\n> 卒業式は二ヶ月先だ.\n\nThen there are set phrases like 先週 and 先日 where it's perhaps just best to\nmemorize them and to try to avoid overanalyzing them.\n\nWith expressions like\n\n```\n\n ５年先を見る \n \n```\n\nand\n\n```\n\n ５年先に生まれた\n \n```\n\nI would take two things into consideration: (1) the form of the verb and (2)\nthe logic of the sentence.\n\n * If the verb is _non-past_ then 先 most likely refers to something yet to come (something that lies ahead of us).\n * If the verb is _past_ , then most likely you're talking about something that _preceded_ the moment now.\n\nRegardless of what the particular meaning of 先 might be, it's a relative term,\nrelative to a particular point of view that needs to be discerned. So that's\nwhat needs to be teased out: what's the perspective of this sentence.\n\nAs I've already mentioned above, it's also perhaps useful to learn certain\nfixed expressions and then be able to extrapolate from them. For example,\n\n```\n\n お先に\n \n```\n\nmeans, _After you!_ not _me first!_\n\nShift the context slightly and\n\n```\n\n お先に失礼したいのですが\n \n```\n\nwhich means _I'd like to leave before you_ (well, really it's an announcement,\nnot a request). Getting hung up on the _before/after_ aspect here is to miss\nthe point. お先に refers to the person being spoken to; in a manner they take\n_precedence_.\n\nI would think the best thing to do is to go old-school and open up one of\nthose relics of the past, a printed and bound Japanese-English dictionary.\nThey're organized very well. They often provide a wealth of example sentences\nunder headers for the different senses of a particular entry. Memorizing these\nfor words like 先 can help build your intuition about how to discern the\nmeaning and contexts.\n\nRegarding on-line or electronic dictionaries, they tend not to clearly\norganize example sentences (if at all) in a manner that facilitates teasing\nout nuances. (If someone knows of a good on-line dictionary that does so,\nplease rely that information in the comments.) For example, Jisho.org provides\nsentences but not nicely organized by subheadings or different senses of the\nsame word. My Apple Japanese Dictionary does a bit better job, but I still\nfind my print version has much better examples.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-25T15:27:48.920", "id": "89049", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-25T18:11:24.507", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-25T18:11:24.507", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "89047", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This is not a clear answer, but hopefully helps.\n\nFirst, to me, バスの中でお客さんを数えた does not sound completely wrong. It is less\nnatural, but I would say it is acceptable.\n\nA possible explanation is that 数える can take a specific set of things as an\nobject. So\n\n * 本を数えた I counted books\n\nsounds rather strange, but\n\n * 本棚の本を数えた I counted the books on the shelf.\n\nsounds OK.\n\nI guess this is similar in English: _I counted books_ should be strange while\n_I counted **the** books_ **might** be acceptable. But Japanese does not have\narticles, restricting the _books_ by a modifying phrase is the only\npossibility.\n\nBack to your example, お客さんを数えた sounds strange, but having バスの中で, it is clear\nthat you are talking about the passengers on the bus, so the sentence is\nacceptable.\n\n**Other examples**\n\n * 電車でスマホを見ている人を数えた I counted the number of people watching smartphones on the train\n\n * 締め切りまでの日にちを数えた I counted the number of days before the deadline.\n\n * テーブルの上の空き瓶を数えた I counted the number of empty bottles on the table.\n\n * 残りのビールを数えた I counted the number of (cans or bottles of) beer left.\n\n===\n\nThe only noun I came up with that can be used for 数える without any -数 noun or\nany modification is money: お金を数える\n\nSince this implies you are counting coins and notes you have, it may not be\nreally an exception.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T09:54:08.433", "id": "89066", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T09:54:08.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89050", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "じゃなくて here is simply _not_. It can be replaced by ではなく(て).\n\nYour example is fine, but アプリをする may not be idiomatic. A safe verb would be\n使う, or if the app is game-ish, then やる would work as well.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-27T23:35:44.937", "id": "89089", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-27T23:35:44.937", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89052", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The _tsuitachi_ reading is restricted in meaning, and can only be used to\nexpress \"the first day of the month\". It's spelled 一日 (\"one; first\" + \"day\")\nin kanji, but it originally comes from [月]{つき}[立ち]{たち} ( _tsuki tachi_ ,\n\"month\" + \"starting off\").\n\nBoth readings are possible in the limited context of your sample string:\n\n * 良い一日 → _yoi ichinichi_\n * 良い一日 → _yoi tsuitachi_\n\nWhich reading you should use depends on your intended context. Are you talking\nabout \"a good day\", or are you talking about \"a good first day of the month\"?\n\nIf instead you're trying to translate the greeting _\" good day\"_, then neither\nis correct, and you should use the term こんにちは ( _konnichi wa_ ) instead. See\nalso [the \"Translation\" section in the Wiktionary entry for \"good\nday\"](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/good_day#Translations).", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-25T22:52:24.280", "id": "89056", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-25T22:52:24.280", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "89054", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, your understanding is correct. This corruption also happens commonly\nbefore と and か, and less commonly, ぞ:\n\n * **読んでっと** ← 読んでると ← 読んでいると \n(and 見てっと, 寝てっと, 飛んでっと, 笑ってっと, ...)\n\n * **読んでっか** ← 読んでるか ← 読んでいるか\n * **読んでっぞ** ← 読んでるぞ ← 読んでいるぞ\n\nAlthough rare, 読んでっとき, 読んでっところ and so on may be used, too. I think I have not\nseen 読んでっわ, 読んでっさ, 読んでっね, 読んでっより, 読んでっため, 読んでっようだ and such.\n\nThis way of speech sounds like Goku in Dragon Ball to me. Maybe Kanto or\nnorthern dialect? I grew up in western Japan, and there were no people around\nme who spoke this way, but I don't think this is purely fictional, either...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T03:49:49.030", "id": "89061", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T04:02:07.500", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-26T04:02:07.500", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89055", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "(The 言われた part is not included in the linked video, so I assume this\ntranscription is correct.)\n\nYour interpretations seems more likely to me. This 言われた is probably an\nhonorific form (\"you said\"). But the other interpretation (passive of \"someone\npointed out your 説明不足 to you\") is also possible depending on the previous\nsituation. Did someone else point out something to the minister right before\nhis previous statement?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T03:32:27.477", "id": "89059", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T03:38:23.343", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-26T03:38:23.343", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89057", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I would say that the correct interpretation for the first part is \"I think you\njust pointed out that the meaning or the explanation of what I said is\ninsufficient/not correct\". The 「言われた」part is the polite form for「言う」rather\nthan passive as you noticed.\n\nThe clue to know why this part refers to Tokunaga rather than the Minister is\nthe first 「自分」. Since who is talking is Tokunaga, if that part refered to the\nMinister (as you interpreted), it would be「ご自分」as is used after that.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T03:44:29.067", "id": "89060", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T03:44:29.067", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "46827", "parent_id": "89057", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This で is \"the te-form of だ\". Since 目的 is a noun, you need a copula (だ). It's\nin the te-form to [express \"collateral\nsituation\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/38769/5010). If you know how\n歩いて学校へ行く (\"go to school on foot\") or ハサミを使って紙を切る (\"cut paper using scissors\")\nworks, レジャーが目的で行く is constructed in the same way; レジャーが目的で describes how the\nfollowing action (行く) is achieved.\n\nYou cannot say レジャー **が** 目的 **に** 行く, but you can say レジャー **を** 目的 **に** 行く,\nwhich uses the [`AをBに`\npattern](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/73094/5010).\n\nIn the case of 花見, you can say one of 花見をしに行く, 花見に行く, 花見を目的に行く, and 花見が目的で行く.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T08:23:33.263", "id": "89064", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T08:23:33.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89062", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The standard way to write `1 km` in kana is いっキロ, いっキロメートル, いちキロ or いちキロメートル.\nSince キロ(メートル) is a loanword from English, it should be written in katakana.\n\nThat site (wasabi-jpn) seems to have chosen the all-hiragana style in that\npage because kana is used like pure phonetic symbols. I guess they thought\nswitching the types of kana depending on the origin of the words may be\ndistracting for beginners when they want to focus only on the pronunciation.\nThey could have chosen the all-katakana style as well. But this is a rather\nexceptional case where all-hiragana or all-katakana is permitted.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T08:47:11.040", "id": "89065", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T08:47:11.040", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89063", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The drawing is called\n[へのへのもへじ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%82%82%E3%81%B8%E3%81%98)\n(so じ not し, mind the dots).\n\nI guess this much is all most Japanese know (including me). The rest is what\nGoogle taught me.\n\n## (Modern) variations\n\nAs such, there is no conventions or principles on how letters are used for\ndrawing. Using them liberally, apparently [almost anything can be\ndrawn.](https://www.pixiv.net/tags/%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E3%82%82%E3%81%B8%E3%81%98/illustrations)\n\nThere are variations to へのへのもへじ(see\n[this](https://web.archive.org/web/20161011165203/http://www.geocities.jp/n80da/moheji/moheji.html)\nfor example). According to the wikipedia article above, there are region\ndependence and some other variations to へのへのもへじ are more common in Western\nJapan.\n\nThere is even a cat version. [See this for a detailed\ninstruction.](https://youpouch.com/2012/07/06/71911/) (The picture is taken\nfrom the link in this page.)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/N0B3A.png).\n\nSo people are still drawing by letters, but not that anything is comparable to\nthe original へのへのもへじ.\n\n## History\n\n(source: [1](https://www.ndl.go.jp/kaleido/entry/6/1.html), [2](https://chebi-\nco.com/henoheno-mohezi/))\n\nFirst, all above are called 文字絵 rather than 絵文字 (which reminds of something\nlike or (^_^) which [dates back to 1986-06-02.](https://www.kk-\nbestsellers.com/articles/-/9716/1/)).\n\nIn Heian-period (794 - 1185), there was a type of drawing called 葦手絵, where\nletters were used for drawing reeds. There is no drawing left from the period,\nbut modern reproductions look like\n[this](https://www.facebook.com/NDLexhibition/posts/1658560337696612/).\n\nLater Buddhist sutras were used for drawing - but the source seems missing\nmost images.\n\nThe origin of へのへのもへじ dates to around 17th century or later, mid Edo-period.\n[Hiroshige](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshige) drew へへののもへいじ like below\n（read top-to-bottom, right-to-left):\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/e2IhG.jpg)\n\n[Hokusai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokusai) used hiragana in his [how-to\nbook](https://pulverer.si.edu/node/314/title/2/26). This isn't exactly drawing\nby letters (more of making a sketch).\n\n## Other\n\nThere is a type of songs called\n[絵描き歌](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%8D%E6%AD%8C)\n(drawing songs). This is not drawing by letters, but closer to what A.Ellett\nmentions in the comment. [This](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFT3YMvgI4A)\nis one of the most popular, and also many people should have seen [how to draw\nDoraemon](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxV70NIGD1o).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-28T08:06:56.783", "id": "89092", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-28T08:06:56.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89068", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This で言っても can be understood as\n\n * で : which aspect is being talked about. [基準を表す](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A7/#jn-148951)\n * 言って : te/continuative form (but see note)\n * も : also\n\nCombined, _also speaking in terms of hands-on/real life experience_...\n\nAn implication is that _he_ is superior to the speaker in some other terms.\n\n**Notes**\n\nRemoving も= _also_ would give 人生経験で言って, which is a bit unnatural. で言うと will be\nmore usual. I don't have a good explanation for this.\n\nても in と言っても is independently covered in grammar (e.g.\n[this](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82-to-ittemo-meaning/)) and\nis used for connecting contrary-ish clauses.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-28T06:27:18.217", "id": "89091", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-28T06:27:18.217", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This ど is the same ど that shows up in the everyday word けど (\"but\").\n\nThis is a very old element of the language that first appears in the\n[_Kojiki_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiki) of 712, all the way back at\nthe beginning of written Japanese. ど attaches to the 已然形【いぜんけい】 or \"realis\nform\", in modern Japanese more commonly talked about as the 仮定形【かていけい】 or\n\"hypothetical form\", the verb stem ending in - _e_ for many verbs. This ど is\nused to indicate a shift in sense to introduce a contrary proposition, much\nlike the English terms \"but\", \"however\", \"although\", and the like. This still\nappears in modern Japanese, but most often in formal or poetic contexts, and\ncommonly with the emphatic inclusive particle も added afterwards.\n\n * ...とは言 **えども** -- formal, stiff, archaic contexts, seldom used in speaking\n * ...とは言 **っても** -- informal, regular, everyday contexts, used in speaking\n\nIf you can read Japanese, [the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】 entry at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A9-579193) has a good description.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-26T22:53:46.880", "id": "89071", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-26T22:53:46.880", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "89070", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "One simple way that you can ask the same of your conversation partner is by\nasking \"Xは？\" where X is an appropriate form of address for them.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-27T04:49:51.623", "id": "89075", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-27T04:49:51.623", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "89074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "In that context, I would say \"あなたはどうでしたか?\", which means \" _How was your summer\nvacation?_ \".\n\n\"あなたはなにかしましたか?\" also works, both means almost same but latter means \" _What\ndid you do in your summer vacation?_ \", so it's more closer to original\nquestion.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-27T04:51:29.717", "id": "89076", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-27T04:57:19.620", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-27T04:57:19.620", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "89074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't really see an appropriate entry in [a dictionary\ndefinition](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AB/#jn-166083), but this\nに means にとって for which _for_ mostly works as a translation. (愛にとってできること is a\nbit unnatural, though)\n\nできる is of course _can do_ , but here _possible to do_ would fit more nicely\n(in terms of getting a word-by-word translation).\n\nBy simply combining these, 愛に-できる-こと = for love - possible to do - things =\nthings it is possible for love to do = things love can do.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-27T23:13:43.820", "id": "89088", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-27T23:37:56.903", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-27T23:37:56.903", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89077", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "If it is written with the Arabic numeral, then yes, it should be ひとり.\n\n[A dictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/jn/%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA/m1u/)\nlists three readings for 一人\n\n 1. いちじん : the Emperor\n 2. いちにん : the same as ひとり\n 3. ひとり : one person\n\n(See the link for precise meanings)\n\nI think 1 and 2 are not in use today. So as long as you are dealing with\nmodern texts, you can assume 一人 is ひとり.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-27T06:55:17.597", "id": "89080", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-27T06:55:17.597", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89079", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[A dictionary definition of\nそのすじ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%85%B6%E3%81%AE%E7%AD%8B/) is just\n_in a particular area, circle_. Thus そのすじのひと means _people in a certain\ncircle_. As such it can mean any kind of people, even police (well, maybe not\ntoo different from criminals).\n\nWithout any contexts, however, そのスジ（筋）のひと tends to mean, like 筋者, _people in a\ncriminal circle_ (or more specifically _yakuza_ , Japanese mafia).\n\nThat said, the particular line from the manga does not refer to any criminals.\nIt literally says _the girl is a type of half Caucasian whom **certain\npeople** would like very much_. ( _certain people_ = そのすじのひと). Now the obvious\nquestion is, what kind of people are those certain people? The answer is,\nthose people who like half Caucasians like her (the girl in front of Minare).\n\nAs for たまらない, Consider a simpler sentence AはBが好きな人にはたまらない. This means *for\nthose who like B, A is something that those people would be **especially**\nfond of, where B is usually a category A is a part of.\n\nExample: このプリンはスイーツ好きにはたまらない Those people who like sweets will like this\npudding very much.\n\nNow to the line of your question: it means she is a particularly beautiful\ngirl those certain people will _especially_ be fond of. In other words, she\nhas many features that make half Caucasians attractive.\n\nA verbose translation: For those people who like half Caucasians (in general),\nshe is a thin, beautiful type whom those people would especially like.\n\n===\n\nOf [several meanings of\nたまらない](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%A0%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/#jn-138929),\nthe usage here is 4.程度がはなはなだしい.\n\n[A dictionary definition of\n線が細い](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%B7%9A%E3%81%8C%E7%B4%B0%E3%81%84/)\nis only about (inner) character being sensitive or timid. But I think in\npractice it also implies physically thin - no sumo wrestler would be called\n線が細い.\n\nI put _thin_ above for simplicity, but note that it surely is implying she is\ntimid-looking.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-27T14:18:48.173", "id": "89084", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-27T21:29:07.553", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-27T21:29:07.553", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89083", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "@l'électeur I think you have it. Google Translate translates\n\"よいしょ、おいしょ、よっし、よしっ\n\nThe Google speech pronunciation comparison leads me to believe it's most\nlikely \"よし\" or \"よしっ\" I have noticed google always has a more formal distinct\npronunciation than live speaking, but as the meaning translates to\n\"alright/well\" it seems to fit the action I've seen occurring.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-27T17:31:29.467", "id": "89087", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-27T19:20:18.727", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-27T19:20:18.727", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "47004", "parent_id": "89086", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "In terms of syntax, your understanding is correct. But practically both\nsentences, presented by themselves, sound simply _she confessed to me that she\nhad told me a lie_. Some particular contexts would be required for them to\nsound really ambiguous (multiple people she can lie/confess to).\n\n===\n\nThe second sentence is as natural sounding as the first.\n\nAs you write, the first sentence is ambiguous (semantic ambiguity in theory,\nsame for what follows).\n\n 1. 彼女は(私に嘘をついていた)と白状した. (To whom she confessed?)\n 2. 彼女は私に(嘘をついていた)と白状した. (To whom she told a lie?)\n\nand, you are also right about it being more likely the sentence will be\nunderstood as 1.\n\nThere is even a possibility of the omitted subject.\n\n 3. `Xが`彼女は(私に嘘をついていた)と白状した.\n 4. `Xが`彼女は私に(嘘をついていた)と白状した.\n\nwhere `X` is someone understood by the context.\n\nYour second 彼女は嘘をついていたと私に白状した is equivalent to 2 or 4 above.\n\nAlso possible is moving 彼女は: 私に嘘をついていたと彼女は白状した(1) or 嘘をついていたと彼女は私に白状した(2) or\n噓をついていたと私に彼女は白状した(2). These are equally ambiguous semantically, but again need\nsome contexts to give real ambiguity. (Note: not that all three variants are\nequally natural, but they are all grammatical and acceptable.)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-29T00:58:31.427", "id": "89099", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-29T09:31:51.627", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-29T09:31:51.627", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "This なら is a topic marker that functions to draw the listener's attention to\nthe thing being discussed. It might be easier to understand this 「なら」 along\nthe lines of \"when it comes to\" or \"as for\". See [entry 2 on\nWiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89):\n\n> 2 A topic marker. \n> 花なら桜だ。 \n> As for flowers, the best is the cherry blossom.\n>\n> 風景ならスイスに及ぶ国はない。 \n> As for landscape, there isn't a country comparable to Switzerland.\n\nPersonally when it comes to translating or explaining the topic marker I\nprefer \"when it comes to\", or \"in terms of\", or \"speaking of\", etc. to \"as\nfor\" depending the context, because \"as for\" in a lot of sentences sounds too\nambiguous for my taste, but that's probably just me.\n\n> 日本語ならちょっと喋れるよ\n\ncould be rendered as\n\n> If we are talking about Japanese (if you are asking about Japanese), I can\n> speak a little.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-29T00:39:21.377", "id": "89098", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-29T00:39:21.377", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "89097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Your translation attempts will **never** mean \"to like to show\" or \"to want to\nshow\". Something like this is expressed using a completely different\nconstruction in Japanese. Do you know about the [-tai\nform](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/tai-form/)?\n\nHowever, your attempts have several other mistakes.\n\n * Adjectives like いい don't take だ, so いいだと思う is ungrammatical.\n * 好きになる means something becomes one's (permanent) favorite rather than liking something for a moment. If you used 好きになる, it would sound like your parents became (permanent) fans of the mangaka.\n * You cannot directly use 気に入る, 思う and so on with a third-person subject. See [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56897/5010) and [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2524/5010). You need to add ようでした or みたいでした.\n * It's better to use 見せ[たら](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/393/5010) instead of 見せて because the subjects of the two clauses (見せる and 気に入る/好きになる/いいと思う) are different.\n\nTherefore, my suggestion is one of the following:\n\n * 昨日の返信を両親に見せたら、気に入ったようでした。\n * 昨日の返信を両親に見せたら、いいと思っているようでした。", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-29T02:28:28.863", "id": "89101", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-29T08:41:55.603", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-29T08:41:55.603", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89100", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it's a passive sentence. 向けられた is the past-passive form of 向ける, and 向ける\nis a simple transitive verb. 目を向ける is a set phrase.\n\n> ナツキの目がこちらに向けられた。 \n> Natsuki's eyes were turned to me.\n>\n> ナツキの目がこちらに向いた。 \n> Natsuki's eyes turned to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-29T14:09:36.247", "id": "89106", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-29T14:09:36.247", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89102", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Let me explain 歌謡 **曲** first. Today, 歌謡曲 is a word that refers to \"Japanese\npop songs roughly in 1930-1970\". 昭和歌謡 refers to almost the same thing.\nWikipedia defines this like this:\n\n> ### [歌謡曲](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1%E6%9B%B2)\n>\n> **歌謡曲** （かようきょく）とは、昭和時代に流行した日本のポピュラー音楽の総称である。\n\n> ### [_Kayōkyoku_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku)\n>\n> Kayōkyoku (歌謡曲, literally \"Pop Tune\") is a Japanese pop music genre, which\n> became a base of modern J-pop. The Japan Times described kayōkyoku as\n> \"standard Japanese pop\" or \"Shōwa-era pop\". \n> Kayōkyoku in the narrower and more practical sense, however, excludes J-pop\n> and enka.\n\nIn other words, roughly speaking, 歌謡曲 today is analogous to \"oldies\" in\nEnglish-speaking countries. Perhaps this originally used to refer to pop songs\nin general, but after the word\n**[J-pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pop)** became popular in 1980's, 歌謡曲\nstarted to refer to older songs. A typical 歌謡曲 is like\n[this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QU59piW96E). You might find it\nsomewhere between _enka_ and Western music.\n\nAs you have noticed, 歌謡 is seldom used outside the contexts related to old\nJapanese 歌謡曲. In its broader sense, it can still refer to old pop songs in\ngeneral, especially in academic or technical contexts. For example, some\npeople may use アメリカの歌謡 referring to American oldies in the 60's. You should\nnot use it to refer to songs in general. It's usually odd to call modern hip-\nhop songs 歌謡.\n\nRelated: [When do I use all the words meaning\n\"song\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/28386/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-29T13:38:31.583", "id": "89104", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T02:06:01.447", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-30T02:06:01.447", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89103", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As A.Ellett says, ▽ in this context is used as (in-line) bullet points.\nAlthough ・（中黒 {なかぐろ}）is the most commonly used for this purpose, the ▽ symbole\n(\"down-pointing triangle\") is sometimes used in news articles. I think that it\nis common only in news articles, and feel that it's more often used to list\nthings from which the reader wants to find one item, rather than read through\nall the information.\n\nFor example:\n\n * [COVID-19 cases for each prefecture](https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20210829/k10013231251000.html) (NHK, \"▽東京都は33万8750人（3081）▽大阪府は16万4773人\"...)\n * [Schedules for the rugby world cup](https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/rugbyworldcup/20181001EVENT/) (Yomiuri, \"▽9月20日 開会式（東京スタジアム）\"...)\n * [Product recall](https://www.nikkei.com/news/print-article/?R_FLG=0&bf=0&ng=DGXNASFK2902A_Z21C13A2000000&uah=DF_SOKUHO_0010) (Nikkei, \"スーパーコーンフライ▽えびとチーズのグラタン...\")\n * [Weather warning](https://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/articles/-/617755) (Kyoto Shimbun, \"大雨警報＝京都市▽亀岡市▽南丹市\", where 大雨警報 heavy rain warning was issued for 京都市，亀岡市，南丹市…)\n * [This example from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism](https://www.mlit.go.jp/mizukokudo/sewerage/crd_sewerage_tk_000033.html) uses ・ / ○ / ▽ in this order for different depth of listings.\n\nI wasn't able to find out why and when this symbol is preferred. My\nspeculations are: (1) bullet-point is also used for separate words (e.g.\nダ・ヴィンチ da Vinci / 月・水・金曜日) so maybe confusing depending on the context (2) ▽\nstands out more, so it let the reader skim through the text quickly to find\nthe information relevant to them.\n\nI also noticed that some of the usages lack the first bullet (the 3rd and 4th\nlisted above), but the meaning stays the same. Think of it as\n`<ul><li></li></ul>`.\n\nEdit: ▽ and ▼ is interchangeable.\n[@sundowner](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/45489/sundowner)\nprovided [an answer from\nレファ協](https://crd.ndl.go.jp/reference/detail?page=ref_view&id=1000179823) that\nsufficiently answers this question (see the comment below). For completeness,\nthe「新聞や雑誌の縦組コラム」 they refer to in the answer looks like\n[this](https://info.yomiuri.co.jp/media/yomiuri/column/index.html) or\n[this](https://www.asahi.com/rensai/list.html?id=61).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T02:29:20.607", "id": "89111", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-31T03:09:07.770", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-31T03:09:07.770", "last_editor_user_id": "4223", "owner_user_id": "4223", "parent_id": "89107", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "It's 100% ungrammatical in standard Japanese, but some fictional characters\nspeak like this. This is a [キャラ語尾](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%BE)\nthat is sometimes referred to as である口調. A typical user of this 語尾 is an\neccentric doctor or a dumb and pompous aristocrat, and they often use 吾輩 as a\nfirst-person pronoun. In addition to standard usages like 本当である, users of\nである口調 may speak like this:\n\n * そうであるか (←そうですか)\n * おいしいである (←おいしいです)\n * 見たである (←見たよ)\n * 行くである (←行きましょう・行きなさい)\n * おはようである (←おはようございます)\n\nThere is also なのだ/なのです口調 (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/85831/5010)).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-29T18:16:52.513", "id": "89109", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-29T21:48:32.573", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-29T21:48:32.573", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89108", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "Your translation attempt has several grammar errors, but even after fixing\nthem, your sentence is only going to mean something along the lines of \"Is she\ntelling the story commonly known as _Like Brass_?\" いわゆる (\"commonly known as\n～\", \"what people call ～\") is not something you need here. 語る is \"to tell a\n(long) story\", which is not a right verb, either.\n\nIf you want to repeat someone else's statement in a mocking or surprised\nmanner, all you need is だと/だって/ですって:\n\n * [Is 「３人いるだと」 grammatical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5693/5010)\n * [Variations on sentence-ending 「〜だと!?」 (used when repeating something in surprise)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15498/5010)\n * [~たいだとか why is there a だ here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60014/5010)\n\n> 彼女は「真鍮のよう」ですって？ (polite at least superficially)\n>\n> 「真鍮みたい」だって？ (informal)\n>\n> She is \"like brass\", you say?\n\n(By the way, I have never seen such a simile as 真鍮のような人. Is this common in\nother languages? Or is this \"brass\" supposed to mean something other than\n[that yellow metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass)?)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T04:11:03.257", "id": "89112", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T07:11:21.303", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-30T07:11:21.303", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89110", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "If you consult an online dictionary, such as\n[Jisho](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%88%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6) or\n[Weblio](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%88%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6),\nyou'll find that it means _instead_ or _on the contrary_.\n\nIn your first example sentence, the speaker intended to visit Yamanaka to\nprovide support or comfort, but reflects that doing so might be taxing for\nYamanaka, who has just undergone surgery. There's a contrast between the\nspeaker's intention to visiting Yamanaka and the likely outcome of the visit.\n\nIn your second example sentence, the speaker is being praised so excessively\nthat they feel embarrassed, which again contrasts with the intent behind the\npraise.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T08:39:58.213", "id": "89114", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T08:39:58.213", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39516", "parent_id": "89113", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Sentence 1 is saying \"it's possible to get a good seat if you book quickly\".\n\nSentence 2 is saying \"you are currently getting a good seat if you book\nquickly\" which is a non sense. How can you be currently getting a seat if you\nare booking a seat for the future.\n\nAlso sentence 2 sounds like it's been cut off.\n\nThe following change would make sentence 2 mean the same thing as sentence 1:\n\n> 2 - 早く予約すればいい席を取る`ことが出来る`。\n\nThe `すれば` part introduces a conditionality. The imperative `取る` does not\nsounds correct when associated with this conditionality. But turning it into a\npossibility with `取れる` or `取ることが出来る` makes the sentence sound correct again.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T14:21:01.753", "id": "89121", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T15:25:11.307", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-01T15:25:11.307", "last_editor_user_id": "32857", "owner_user_id": "32857", "parent_id": "89116", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "We can't use ば conditional when both clauses have volition of the same person.\nThat's probably the reason. If we translate the 2nd sentence, then it's\nsomething like \"If I will book early, I will pick a good seat\" or \"if you book\nearly, you pick a good seat\". On the other hand if we use 取れる, then it's not a\nvolition, but possibility.\n\nAlso look at such nuances. While と conditional doesn't allow any volition at\nall, we still can say \"夏になると海に行く\" if it happens absolutely every summer.\nThat's because habitual represent a state. In a similar way actions of other\npeople are outside of our control, thus we can have 2 actions in ば sentence\nwhen both are done by different people.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T17:52:31.110", "id": "89125", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T17:52:31.110", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41989", "parent_id": "89116", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In this context, you can think of `誰か` as a contraction of `誰なのか` which stands\nfor `who it is`.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T14:08:27.787", "id": "89119", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T14:08:27.787", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32857", "parent_id": "89117", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "I am 100% sure the `問題のでできる者` part is wrong. This must be a typo of some sort.\n\nThe corrected sentence is `誰もこの問題のできる者はない。` (with only one `で`) and the verb\n\"solve\" would be the `できる` part.\n\nBut a better version would be `誰もこの問題が解ける者はない。`. Here, the verb \"solve\" is the\n`解ける` (`とける`) part.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T14:16:21.013", "id": "89120", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T14:16:21.013", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32857", "parent_id": "89118", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> １１月ごろに、アメリカに帰国します。 \n> １１月ぐらいに、アメリカに帰国します。\n\nBoth sound good to me. ぐらいに sounds more informal than ごろに.\n\n> １１月ごろ、アメリカに帰国します。\n\nsounds good, too. But...\n\n> １１月ぐらい、アメリカに帰国します。\n\nsounds a bit off. ぐらい needs to be used with に in this structure.\n\n* * *\n\nSimilarly...\n\n> 去年の秋ごろ買いました。 \n> 去年の秋ごろに買いました。 \n> 去年の秋ぐらいに買いました。\n\n> 2000年ごろ、日本に来ました。 \n> 2000年ごろに、日本に来ました。 \n> 2000年ぐらいに、日本に来ました。\n\n> 9月1日ごろ、入荷する予定です。 \n> 9月1日ごろに、入荷する予定です。 \n> 9月1日ぐらいに、入荷する予定です。\n\nsound okay to me. ぐらいに sounds more informal.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T16:54:05.633", "id": "89124", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T16:54:05.633", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "89122", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "~ごろ is used for approximate time. You would use it when saying something such\nas \" at about noon, I ate lunch.\" Just change out the time of day with the\nmonth or whatever and you will be fine.\n\n~ぐらい (くらい) is used to expression a duration of something. Use this when saying\n\"I slept for about 8 hours.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T23:33:54.693", "id": "89130", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T23:33:54.693", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "47040", "parent_id": "89122", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "つぷ (or つぷり, つぷっ) is not a new or rare onomatopoeia at all. You can google it\n(results may contain materials that are NSFW). It's basically a lighter\nvariant of ずぶ (or ずぶり,\n[ずぶずぶ](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%9A%E3%81%B6%E3%81%9A%E3%81%B6), ずぶっ).\n\nOnly a very few creative writers try to make totally new onomatopoeias in\ntheir works, and there is no \"rule\" for such creative activities. Most can be\nunderstood as variations of existing ones (e.g.,\n[わきゃわきゃ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/42931/5010)). Mangaka may tend\nto play on onomatopoeias more often because they can explain the situation\nusing a picture. [This\npage](https://sp.comics.mecha.cc/free/mechamaga/articles/onomatopoeia-manga)\nintroduces some unique onomatopoeias and how they were made.\n\nRules around commas are generally fairly loose in Japanese, and it's not\nuncommon to insert a comma before と. Here, that comma may help the\nonomatopoeia stand out from its surroundings. They could have used brackets\n(`触れてみたら「つぷり」と`) as well, but commas are less distracting.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-31T01:50:32.690", "id": "89136", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-31T02:43:04.847", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-31T02:43:04.847", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89123", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "As for creating onomatopoeia in general, I don't think there are anything\nclear enough that can be called rules. On rare occasions when they are made,\nthey are most probably based on existing ones + super fuzzy associations\nbetween sounds and actions or objects, in the following sense. They may well\nbe based on the sounds that the onomatopoeia describes, but how they sound\n(and how they are transcribed) are likely to be affected by existing\nonomatopoeia.\n\n===\n\nThe rest is about つぷり in particular.\n\nFor me, つぷり sounds like you are putting something into water which is kind of\nthick and has honey-like tension on the surface. You don't feel any real push\nback, but do feel you touch something, then push the finger inside. The\nfollowing at least partially explains why I understand it that way.\n\nApparently there is research on what I called _association_ above. The\nfollowing table is from [this\narticle](https://www.anlp.jp/proceedings/annual_meeting/2019/pdf_dir/D4-8.pdf).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2JdJQ.png)\n\nつぷ has _t_ as C1 and _p_ as C2, so following this table, it describes\nsomething with weak tension (弱い張力) is breaking/bursting （破裂）.\n\nOf course, it is not that we think in terms of these individual sounds, but\nthe above 'bursting of something with weak tension' is not too far from the\nimpression I get to see つぷり.\n\nつぷり may not be completely new, as naruto says, but is not very common either.\nStill we see how it sounds because of the kind of associations given above,\nand existing onomatopoeia: ちゃぷ（putting slowly something into water),\nぽちゃ（dropping something in water), どぼん（dropping with splash). Note all have\n_t,d_ and _b,p_ sounds like many others related to water.\n\nAnother thing regarding why つ (instead of other タ行 character): An onomatopoeia\nused for moving the tip of your finger along some surface (like swiping on\niPad) is つー(っ).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-31T04:40:52.950", "id": "89142", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-31T04:56:52.077", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-31T04:56:52.077", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89123", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Wikipedia only has the entry for 漢和辞典. It says 漢字辞典 is an alternative name of\n漢和辞典 for children:\n\n> ####\n> [漢和辞典](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8)\n>\n> **小学生向けのものは**\n> 基本的に常用漢字や人名用漢字を網羅した2000字から3000字程度で、学習しやすいように漢字の成り立ちや豆知識を豊富な図版で解説したものが多い。漢字の学習が主であるため、\n> **漢和辞典ではなく漢字辞典と題する傾向にある** 。\n\nThis page has an explanation from a dictionary author:\n\n> #### [漢和辞典は漢字辞典とどうちがう？](https://kadobun.jp/serialstory/shinjigen/75.html)\n>\n> 今は、ちょっとレベル高めのものが「漢和辞典」、やさしいものが「漢字辞典」と呼ばれることが多いかもしれません。\n\nSo larger ones that contain rare words and words used only in\n[kanbun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbun) are usually called 漢和辞典. High\nschoolers and serious researchers use them. As the second link above says, the\noriginal meaning of 漢和 is \"Kanbun-to-Japanese\", just as 英和 means \"English-to-\nJapanese\". It tends to sound more authentic and professional. On the other\nhand, the name 漢字辞典 is used alternatively for smaller ones for kanji\nbeginners.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-31T01:12:23.577", "id": "89135", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-31T01:28:00.580", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-31T01:28:00.580", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89126", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "No, it's not correct.\n\nWhen you break that down, it's 働{はたら}き+詰{つ}め. So, it must be with\nつ+濁点{だくてん}(゛) - づ.\n\nThe method is called 連濁{れんだく}. I'll leave the explain to\n[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendaku) and question/answer that I\nlinked in comment at OP.\n\nThere's much more like this one, such as:\n\n * 生{い}き辛{づら}い = 生{い}きる+辛{つら}い\n * 磯釣{いそづ}り = 磯{いそ}+釣{つ}り\n * 折{お}り鶴{づる} = 折{お}り+鶴{つる}\n * 寿司詰{すしづ}め = 寿司{すし}+詰{づ}め", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-30T19:24:26.723", "id": "89128", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-30T19:24:26.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "89127", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "They all mean \"development\", but you have to choose the right word depending\non what is the developing object.\n\n * **発育** : a human (from a baby to an adult), a pet\n * **発展** : a city (from a village to a large country), an organization (from a small workshop to a conglomerate), an event\n * **発達** : a skill, an organ (brains, muscles, extremities, etc)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-31T00:39:35.017", "id": "89134", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-31T00:39:35.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89133", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Regarding your last question, it simply has something like 2 / 115. The below\nis acrobat reader.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kKzTQ.png)\n\nIn prose, you can refer to the second page out of 115 pages as\n\n * １１５ページのうち２ページ目\n * １１５ページ中の２ページ目\n * ２ページ目（１１５ページ中）\n * ２／１１５ページ目\n\nthe last may not be usual and look informal. It is possible that there are\napps with these indications, but only likely for business applications.\n\n===\n\nIf you are thinking about presenting query results, then it may be more\nconventional to give which records are being shown. Like (M 件のうち） N - N' 件を表示\nmeaning Record N - N' (out of M records).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/cwHtT.png)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-31T03:49:57.610", "id": "89139", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-31T09:18:36.287", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-31T09:18:36.287", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89137", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The first \"逮捕された\" is referred to 20代女, so:\n\n * **逮捕** された+20代女 | の | 夫も | 死体遺棄容疑(で) **逮捕**\n\n * _The husband of the **arrested** woman in her 20s was also **arrested** for dumping the body._\n\nNotice the _**arrested**_ is used twice.\n\nHence the first \"逮捕された\" is needed, but if it had been stated earlier that the\nwoman had been arrested, I think you can omit that. Though, if I were to write\nthe newsflash, I would not omit it: Because it'd be easier to understand the\nsentence with it.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-31T04:36:09.983", "id": "89141", "last_activity_date": "2021-08-31T05:09:46.540", "last_edit_date": "2021-08-31T05:09:46.540", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "89140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Basicaly sentence 1 is expressing **the will** of changing the desk position\nso it is possible to see the outside view while working.\n\nWhereas sentence 2 is putting the stress on **the consequence** \"it has become\npossible to see the outside view while working\" because one has changed the\ndesk position.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-01T15:38:28.453", "id": "89157", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-03T12:52:04.437", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-03T12:52:04.437", "last_editor_user_id": "45272", "owner_user_id": "32857", "parent_id": "89143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Not a native speaker, so take this with a grain of salt. :)\n\nFirst, let's look at your bolded piece.\n\n## Understanding 足りぬを探し\n\nI came across two possible interpretations of this phrase. The first is where\nI first landed, until I found an unexpected wrinkle that led to the second.\n\n### Possibility 1\n\nIf memory serves, in Old and Classical Japanese, the 連体形【れんたいけい】 or\n\"attributive form\" can be used as a substantive (basically, a noun) in certain\nconstructions. In your sample sentence, we see 足りぬ immediately followed by\nを探し, suggesting this kind of grammatical construction.\n\n * If we parse 足りぬ as the 連用形【れんようけい】 _tari-_ of verb _taru_ , then the ぬ must be the spontaneous / unintentional perfective auxiliary. That doesn't quite make sense in this context. The 連体形 for perfective ぬ is ぬる (see [entry at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AC-593884)), but we don't have that here. Considering the grammatical structure, perfective ぬ doesn't fit.\n * If we parse 足りぬ instead as the 未然形【みぜんけい】 _tari-_ of verb _tariru_ , and consider the grammar, then the ぬ must be the 連体形 of the negative auxiliary ず (see [entry at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%9A-539402)).\n * We also find that the verb form 足【た】りる arose in the Edo period (see [entry at Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B6%B3-25145#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8), scroll down to the section for the たりる reading), which would work for a period drama.\n\n**⇒** The phrase 足りぬを探し then works out to something like \"looking for gaps /\nlacks / places where something isn't enough\", alluding to a search for self-\nimprovement or possibly for justice. Depending on the show's context and the\ncharacter that speaks this line, this might be the intended sense.\n\n### Possibility 2\n\n**However** , apparently there was also a lexicalization (case where a\nparticular form of a word becomes an independent word in its own right) of 足りぬ\nbased on _taru_ → _tari-_ + perfective ぬ, which became a noun meaning\nsomething like \"satisfaction\". The [dictionary entry at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B6%B3%E3%81%AC-2060780#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8)\nis for the slightly contracted form たんぬ, which apparently arose by at least\n1241 (when it is first cited). It's not clear to me if the uncontracted form\nたりぬ was also in use as a noun with the same meaning.\n\n**⇒** If _tarinu_ was also used as a noun with the \"satisfaction\" sense, then\nthe phrase 足りぬを探し would be hedonistic rather than righteous. Again, depends on\nthe show's context as to whether this is a sensible interpretation.\n\n## Parsing\n\nLet's look at those first three pieces as a clause.\n\n * 我が道に 足りぬを探し たたかへど\n\nThe 足りぬ is treated as a noun regardless of which of the two interpretations we\nuse (righteous or hedonistic). Starting from there, there isn't much reason to\ntie the 我が道 to the 足りぬ as a single piece. The 我が道に is essentially setting the\nstage for the rest of this clause: \"on my path\", \"along my way\", something to\nthat effect. So it would have to be the second parsing option that you post:\n我が道に[足りぬを探し].\n\n## Poetry\n\nI notice that this piece of text is in classical 短歌【たんか】 format, if we make\none small allowance:\n\n * 我が道に\n * 足りぬを探し\n * たたかへど\n * 散る間際こそ\n * ビューティフルと知る\n\nThe mora count is the classic 5-7-5-7-7, _if_ we ignore the 長音符【ちょうおんぷ】 in\nビューティフル and only count this as 4 instead of 5.\n\nNoticing that this is poetry, and looking at this as a standalone text in its\nown right, the moral ambiguity about the potential intended meaning of 足りぬ\nmight be intentional. Is the speaker seeking justice, or seeking pleasure?\nEither way, they recognize that life is beautiful right at the moment of\ndying.\n\nPersonally, I think Possibility 1 above seems more likely, as this makes the\npoem more poignant -- in this case, the speaker has been seeking out\ninsufficiencies and fighting against them. If we use Possibility 2, it doesn't\nmake as much sense -- hedonists aren't big on self-reflection, and if someone\nis so wrapped up in the pleasure of the moment anyway, there's no reason for a\nlast-moment realization of beauty.\n\n### Update: Identifying the Nu\n\n_\" Nu! Nu!\"_\n\n_\" No no no no, no, Sir Bedevere, it's not that, it's Ni!\"_\n\nMore seriously, you can tell which ぬ -- the spontaneous perfective auxiliary,\nor the negative auxiliary -- based on the form of the underlying verb, in most\n(but not all!) cases, and sometimes also based on the grammatical context of\nwhere it appears.\n\n * Perfective ぬ attaches to the 連用形【れんようけい】 of the main verb.\n * Negative ぬ attaches to the 未然形【みぜんけい】 of the main verb.\n\nThe challenge comes with verbs that have different overlapping forms, such as\nたり -- this is both the 連用形 for たる, which is a 四段【よだん】動詞【どうし】 (\"four-step\nverb\", since the verb stem ends in four different vowels in Classical and\nolder → this became the modern 五段【ごだん】動詞【どうし】 or \"five-step verb\"), and it is\nalso the stem for all of the 形 for たりる, an 一段【いちだん】動詞【どうし】 (\"one-step verb\",\nsince these verbs only have one vowel for all verb stems).\n\nIn these cases, you'll have to look more at the surrounding grammar and the\nform of the auxiliary itself. These auxiliaries also have conjugational forms\nof their own, which can help you identify what you've got:\n\nConjugation | Perfective ぬ | Negative ぬ \n---|---|--- \n**未然形【みぜんけい】 \nIrrealis (hasn't happened yet)** | な | ず \n**連用形【れんようけい】 \nContinuative ( _-masu_ stem)** | に | ず \n**終止形【しゅうしけい】 \nTerminal (standalone)** | ぬ | ず \n**連体形【れんたいけい】 \nAttributive (adjectival)** | ぬる | ぬ \n**已然形【いぜんけい】 \nRealis (as if it's happened)** | ぬれ | ね \n**命令形【めいれいけい】 \nImperative (command)** | ね | - \n \nBetween these two -- the conjugational form of the main verb, and the\nconjugational form of the auxiliary -- it is often possible to narrow down\nwhich ぬ you're looking at.\n\nThat said, as we see above with たんぬ, that is an example of a perfective ぬ in\nthe 終止形【しゅうしけい】 conjugation, but this lexicalized into an independent noun --\nwhere usually only the 連体形【れんたいけい】 could be used that way. Language is nothing\nif not irregular.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-08-31T17:04:20.260", "id": "89146", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T13:23:53.573", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-01T13:23:53.573", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "89144", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "You cannot use ～しなかった方がいい to express a future recommendation.\n\nた in ～した方がいい is there to express the **perfect aspect** , not the past tense\n(See: [In front of \"ほうがいい,\" is it always past\ntense?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24426/5010)). You cannot attach た\nto ～しない in this construction because ～しない is not an action you can start or\ncomplete.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-01T02:06:29.683", "id": "89149", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T04:26:31.667", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-01T04:26:31.667", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89147", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> ... what might be the reasoning for naming the whisky \"season(s)\" and then\n> \"translating\" it to the Kanji \"time(s)\" 時{とき}?\n\nThe word \"time\" can refer to many things -- the current moment, a span of\ntime, a season, a time of life, several years. Just as in English, Japanese とき\nhas various shades of meaning, one of which is 季節【きせつ】 (\"season\"). See the\n国語大辞典【こくごだいじてん】 entry [on\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%99%82-510811), specifically sense [三]③\n(emphasis mine):\n\n> [三] 時間の流れの一部分、または一点をさしていう。 \n> ... \n> ③ 時節。 **季節** 。時候。\n\nMore deeply, while the ultimate origins of the native-Japanese words とし\n(\"year\") and とき (\"time\") are uncertain, there is speculation that they might\nbe related. If you can read Japanese, the 語源由来辞典【ごげんゆらいじてん】 lists some of\nthese theories in their entries [for とし](https://gogen-yurai.jp/toshi/) and\n[for とき](https://gogen-yurai.jp/toki/). I don't think the compound derivation\nfor とし makes much sense, and it is clear that both とし and とき stretch back into\nthe Proto-Japonic stage of the language -- the Ryūkyūan branch has reflexes\nfor both terms. Japanese とし appears in Ryūkyūan mostly as とぅし (pronounced\nsomething like //tuɕi//; this is a regular correspondence between Japanese\n//o// and Ryūkyūan //u//), as we can see in [the various hits at\nJLect](https://www.jlect.com/search.php?r=%E5%B9%B4&l=all&group=words), while\nとき appears as とぅち (//tut͡ɕi//; same vowel correspondence, plus\n[affrication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate#Affrication) of the\n//k// before //i//, similar to what happened when Latin ⟨ci⟩, //ki// became\nItalian ⟨ci⟩, //t͡ʃi//).\n\n> I have also looked into the 旧字体 list given by Earthliŋ in his answer to this\n> question here: Variations in the \"same\" kanji, how do you know which one to\n> use? But there is no correlation between those two kanji.\n\nNo, you are correct, there isn't any correlation: the kanji **季** and **時**\nare wholly unrelated glyphs (characters, symbols).\n\n> Is that [the use of the \"TOKI\" reading] because \"KI\" would be just a\n> 1-syllable name and thus thought inappropriate as a product name?\n\nI'm sure that's part of it -- _ki_ is indistinct as a name, and could be any\nof very many things. The reading _ki_ for 季 is also never used as a standalone\nnoun, so Japanese speakers who hear _ki_ used as an independent word would\nnever think of 季.\n\nThe word とき is unambiguous, more distinct as a standalone noun, and is clearly\ntied to ideas of \"time\". Spelling it with the 季 kanji explicitly refers to the\n\"season\" sense, and adds a kind of poetical association to the name.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-01T17:38:00.277", "id": "89158", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T17:38:00.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "89150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 } ]

[ { "body": "Unless you are very advanced in learning Japanese, I guess you can think both\napproximately mean the same. Regarding the sentences in the question, I don't\nsee any difference.\n\nThere are a number of related questions on this site (possibly more).\n\n * [Does the negative ずに form have a connective function like the te form does?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/73134/does-the-negative-%E3%81%9A%E3%81%AB-form-have-a-connective-function-like-the-te-form-does/73135#73135)\n * [The difference among ずに、ず、ないで、なくて](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/27361/the-difference-among-%E3%81%9A%E3%81%AB-%E3%81%9A-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A6)\n * [What is the difference between 〜ないではいられない and 〜ずにはいられない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2840/what-is-the-difference-between-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-and-%E3%81%9A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84)\n * [Can you use ないで and ずに for expressing reasons?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/87055/can-you-use-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7-and-%E3%81%9A%E3%81%AB-for-expressing-reasons)\n\nI haven't read all of the above and can't give a comprehensive treatment, but\nlet me mention just two cases where ずに and ないで are not (really)\ninterchangeable.\n\n**Double negative construction like せずに(は)いられない sounds more natural with ずに.**\n\nExample:\n\n * 夜になると酒を飲まずにいられない : I cannot help but drink upon nightfall.\n * 夜になると酒を飲まないでいられない\n\nThe latter is ok, but less likely to be used.\n\n**When the first action is a reason to the second action (this is from the\nlast of the linked question above).**\n\n * 朝七時に起きられずに会社に遅れました。I couldn't get up at seven, and was late for office.\n * 朝七時に起きられないで会社に遅れました。\n\nThe latter is only barely acceptable, although I don't see any real danger of\nmisunderstanding. Note that\n\n * 朝七時に起きられなくて/なかったから/なかったので会社に遅れました。\n\nare all fine.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T04:19:50.453", "id": "90162", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T04:19:50.453", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89151", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Technically, it's not a warning, though I suppose it could be taken that way\nthough I doubt that's the intended meaning. Also, it's not really an _if_ in\nthe sense that we would mean in English.\n\nThe speaker is saying, _Because there was no time, when I was quickly eating\nmy food, I bit my tongue._\n\nAs @aguijonazo pointed out, the form of 噛んでしまった is a clue as to how to\nconstrue ~たら. 舌を噛んでしまった is definitely _I bit my tongue_. Since this is thus a\n_fait accompli_ , the clause ending in ~たら cannot be a conditional; it can\nonly be spelling out the circumstances in which _I bit my tongue_ occurred.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-01T14:00:14.067", "id": "89154", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T16:27:52.173", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-01T16:27:52.173", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "89153", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "下 and 上 are not distinguished by their pitch accent; they are just pronounced\ndifferently. した and うえ respectively.\n\nAre you perhaps thinking of 下 verses 舌 which do differ as you mentioned?.\n\nThe difference is apparent when a particle follows:\n\n * for 下は the accent is as [したは]{LHH}\n * for 舌は is it [したは]{LHL}\n\nPer the comment made by @DariusJahandarie, the pitch accent for 下 is a bit\nmore nuanced than the above. According to @DariusJahandarie, when modified,\nthe accent pattern becomes _odaka_.\n\n> [きのしたに]{HLLHL}", "comment_count": 11, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-01T14:24:45.240", "id": "89156", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T15:48:03.927", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-01T15:48:03.927", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "89155", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess your issue is related to 連用形の名詞化. Correct me if I'm misreading your\nquestion, I may delete this answer.\n\nFrom [連用形 entry of\nWikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%94%A8%E5%BD%A2)\n\n>\n> 動詞の連用形はそのままで名詞にもなる（「つなぎ」「賭け」「救い」など）。連用形としての機能もこの名詞化機能が元になっていると思われる。それに対し、形容詞の連用形は一般には名詞にならない（ただし「近く」「奥深く」「朝早く」など、時間・空間的な程度を表す形容詞は名詞化が可能）。\n\nFrom [this article](https://www.ninjal.ac.jp/event/specialists/project-\nmeeting/files/JCLWorkshop_no4_papers/JCLWorkshop_No4_19.pdf)\n\n> 日本語には、動詞の名詞化にあたって、動詞の諸活用形中の一形である連用形が、その ままの形で名詞に転化するという、簡単な方式が古くから存続している(西尾\n> 1961)。例え ば、 (1) 動き、遊び、扱い、悩み、嗜み、受け入れ、立ち読み\n> などがある。本稿ではその過程を転成、または名詞化と呼ぶ。それら動詞連用形から形成 されたと考えられる名詞を「連用形名詞」1と呼ぶことにする。\n> ただし、上述の転成方法はすべての動詞に適用するのではなく、例えば、「打つ」には「打\n> ち」、「隠れる」には「隠れ」といった名詞はあまり見当たらない。動詞のうち、30％-40％ しか名詞化しないとされる\n\nSo as the latter says, this nominalization does not work for all verbs. In\nparticular, 見 or し or 書き (by themselves) is never considered as a noun.\n\n見 in 映画を見に行く is mostly likely to be treated just as a te-form of 見る.\n\nThe linked article seemingly discusses for which verbs the type of\nnominalization works, but practically the only way would be just remember as\nyou come across such nouns.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T09:14:31.670", "id": "90163", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T09:14:31.670", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "89159", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "More context would be helpful, but going by what you have provided here, this\nreads like a piece of general advice given to an unspecified audience, in\nwhich case, yes, if you add a [generic\nyou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_you), it'd make sense. The author\nis talking to the reader in such a way that they expect the reader to want to\nlearn from them. You could say the tone is patronizing. And you are right this\nsentence does contain cascaded relative clauses. For more on relative clauses\nin Japanese, check out [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14550/30454).\n\nことfunctions as a nominalizer that marks a thing that is suggested to the\nreader/listener. See entry 10 [on\njisho.org](https://jisho.org/word/%E4%BA%8B). So your original sentence means\n\n> 気の合う人々のいる場を見つけたら、休まずに通うこと。 \n> If you find a place with a lot of like-minded people, go there without\n> cease.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-01T20:31:18.350", "id": "89161", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T20:31:18.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "89160", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "ございまする (or ござりまする) is an archaic masu-form of ござる.\n\nござる is an irregular verb whose masu-form is not ござります but ございます. And -まする is\none of the old forms of -ます.\n\n> ### [ます](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99/#jn-208067)\n>\n> [補説]室町時代以降の語で、古くは未然形に「まさ」、 **終止・連体形に「まする」**\n> 、命令形に「ませい」が用いられることもある。その成立については、「座 (ま)\n> す」「申す」「おはす」を起源とする説があるが、「まゐらす→まらする→まるする→まっする→まっす→ます」と変化したものを本流とみる説が有力である。\n\nToday, this is part of the role language of samurai, and you can commonly hear\n-まする used in samurai dramas. Real girls in modern Japan never use this unless\nthey are imitating someone.\n\n**EDIT:** 乗りましょうでございまする is an ungrammatical statement in standard Japanese.\nThis type of \"unconditional copula or copula-likes (なのだ, なのです, である, です, etc.)\"\nis キャラ語尾 used to characterize fictional characters (mainly in manga and TV\nprograms for children). See:\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/89108/5010) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/85831/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T00:11:03.390", "id": "89164", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T01:45:12.630", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-02T01:45:12.630", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "89162", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "This そう functions adverbially a bit like そんなに. Here そう means \"like that\" or\n\"in that manner\". It's not equivalent to そんなに which would mean something more\nakin to \"to such an extent\". I'm just saying it functions adverbially much\nlike そんなに does.\n\n> 病気のことはそう心配する必要はない。\n\njust means\n\n> Regarding being sick, you don't need to worry like that.\n\na bit coincidentally, this そう is almost just like _so_ in English.\n\n> Regarding being sick, you don't need to worry _so_.\n\nSince it's not attached to any verb's masu-stem, you can rest assured it's not\nthat そう.\n\nThe other choices you provided\n\n> 沿う is often seen in a context like 線路に沿って meaning _along the tracks_. This\n> doesn't make sense in this context.\n\n> 総 means _general_ as in _general election_ ; or _gross_ as in _gross weight_\n> or _total_. This doesn't make sense in this context either.\n\n> 添う means to _accompany_. Again, this doesn't really make sense in this\n> context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T14:35:14.430", "id": "90168", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T14:41:02.087", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-02T14:41:02.087", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90167", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "> **そう** 心配する必要は **ない** 。\n\nFrom\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%84%B6%E3%81%86/#jn-127918):\n\n> そう〔さう〕【▽然う】 の解説 \n> ［副］ \n> ２ （あとに打消しの語を伴って）それほど。そんなに。「然う大きくない」\n\nThis そう is an adverb (副詞) that means それほど, そんなに, used with a negative word\n(打消しの語) such as ～ない.\n\nAnd from\n[プログレッシブ和英中辞典](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E7%84%B6%E3%81%86/#je-42814):\n\n> そう【▲然う】 \n> 3〔それほど〕（▼否定文で） \n> **そう** 驚くことはないよ \n> You needn't be so surprised. \n> **そう** 悪い人間でもないと思う \n> I don't think he is such a bad person (as you seem to think). \n> この本は **そう** 面白くない \n> This book is not very interesting.\n\nThis そう means \"not so~~\" \"not ... such~~\" \"not very~~\", used in a negative\nsentence (否定文). So your example means:\n\n> \"You don't have to worry so much about the illness.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T15:07:31.920", "id": "90169", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T15:17:03.917", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-02T15:17:03.917", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90167", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "From what I understand at an intermediate level and if you were to take me\nonly on trust and intuition, I would heavily wager that this means the food is\nalready being prepared, but is not yet prepared. This is because the verb at\nthe end would be conjugated in past tense if it had already been prepared.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T20:13:40.423", "id": "90177", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T20:13:40.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20390", "parent_id": "90170", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 }, { "body": "The constuction て + いる has multiple meanings **depending on the context**. For\nthe sake of simplicity, we can boil it down to three meanings:\n\n 1. Progressive state\n 2. Habitual state\n 3. Resulting state.\n\nTo exemplify, consider the sentence マイさんは飲んでいます. This has three possible\nmeanings:\n\n 1. Mai-san is drinking (progessive state)\n 2. Mai-san drinks (habitual state)\n 3. Mai-san had some drinks and she is drunk now (resulting state).\n\nIn order to infer the meaning, we must pay attention to time expressions and\nthe like. For example, consider the sentence `私は今ピザを食べています`. This translates\nto `I'm eating pizza now`, not `I eat pizza regularly` or `I have eaten pizza\nand now I'm full` because of the adverb 今 (now). Similarly, `兄は毎朝一時間走っています`\ntranslates as `My brother jogs one hour every morning`. Why? Simply because of\n毎朝 (every morning). If we instead said `兄は今朝一時間走っています` it would translate as\n`My brother was jogging for one hour this morning`. We cannot talk about\nhabitual states if we refer to small time frames such as 'this morning' or\n'now'. This is why context is important, when did it happen?\n\nWith this in mind, the sentence you provided makes use of an adverb, namely,\nすでに, which basically means 'already'. This adverb does not provide any time\nframe and therefore we have to then focus on the clause, 食事の準備はできている. Now, we\nfocus on the verb, not all verbs can express habitual states or progressive\nstates (can be prolonged). できる is a verb which, in this case, expresses a\nchange-of-state action and as such we can't use it to refer to progressive\nstates. できる means, in this case, 'to be completed', 'to be made', 'to come\ninto being' and therefore the verb expresses a resulting state and not an\nongoing action.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T22:33:29.150", "id": "90180", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-20T15:48:06.073", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-20T15:48:06.073", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90170", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "(It may be more or less the same as the discussion in the comments of\nwanwandrew's answer.)\n\nFor the particular sentence of the question, you are right, the preparation is\ncompleted. But this is mainly because of the meaning of できる as discussed in\nthe comments in wanwandrew's answer.\n\nIt will depend on the nature of the individual verbs whether a sentence\ndescribes a completion of action/state change.\n\nExamples:\n\n * すでに食事を準備している\n\nThis can mean (1) the preparation is completed like the sentence of the\nquestion or (2) somebody already _started_ the preparation of food. It may or\nmay not be finished.\n\n * 彼はすでにラテン語を勉強している\n\nThis sound more like (1) He already _started_ to study Latin than (2) He\nfinished learning it. I guess this is partly due to the meaning of\n勉強している=\"(still) studying\" and due to the common sense (Learning Latin takes a\nlot of time).\n\nSo in general, if you want to say something is finished, using すでに is not\nenough and you need to choose a proper word (e.g. 習得している for the Latin example\nabove) or add something like し終わっている or を完了している.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-03T11:15:10.323", "id": "90187", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-03T11:15:10.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90170", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I was browsing through the corpuses, and probably the cause of your difficulty\nis just that 酌む is not really used in ordinary conversations.\n\n * 友達と酒を酌んだ I had a drink with a friend\n * 酒を酌みながらテレビを見た I drank sake watching TV\n\nare not particularly weird, but normally I would say 友達と酒を **飲んだ** /酒を **飲み**\nながらテレビを見た.\n\n* * *\n\n酌み交わす may be used more frequently, but still sounds a bit dramatic.\n\n * いつか子供と酒を酌み交わしたい I want to drink with my children some day\n\nAgain, 酒を飲みたい sounds more usual to me.\n\n* * *\n\nOn the other hand, the sense of _understand/guess_ is usual.\n\n * 事情を酌んで considering the circumstances\n * 意図を酌む guess/estimate the intention\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\n * 水をコップに汲む pour water into a glass\n\nis perfectly normal. In the same way,\n\n * 日本酒をコップに酌む pour sake into a glass\n\nshould be fine. In this case what happens is only pouring, so 酌む can be\nreplaced only by そそぐ（注ぐ） or つぐ.\n\nI said _should_ because for some reason I don't see any uses of 酌む with\nexplicitly mentioning where sake is being poured. There may be hidden rules\nfor use of 酌む that makes 日本酒を **コップに** 酌む ungrammatical, in which case 酒を酌む\nalways means 酒を飲む.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-04T14:00:48.007", "id": "90202", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-05T12:54:13.193", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-05T12:54:13.193", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90171", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> Can someone explain what does this sentence mean?\n\nI'll break the sentence down for you.\n\nもしも選べるなら **(1)** 、男に生まれたかった **(2)** 。\n\nYour sentence consists of two clauses, which are separated by a comma. The\nfirst clause consists of three components: an adverb\n([もしも](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%82%82%E3%81%97%E3%82%82)), a verb in plain\npotential form (選べる) and [なら](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89),\nwhich, in this case, functions as a conjunction meaning _if_.\n\nTo create a conditional clause using なら (also called a なら clause), it must\nfollow an adjective or verb in plain form, which it does. 選べる is in **plain**\npotential form.\n\nNow, the second clause consists of three components as well: a common noun\n(男), a particle (に) and a verb (生まれたかった) in past affirmative tai-form.\n\nThe tai-form of a verb is the form you conjugate a verb into to express a\ndesire to do something. For example, it changes 'I play football' to 'I\n**want** to play football'. To conjugate a verb into non-past affirmative tai-\nform we must append the suffix たい to the verb in stem-form. Once done this, to\nconjugate it into its past affirmative tai-form, we drop い and add かった.\n\nThe stem-form of 生まれる(to be born) is 生まれ, then append たい, so you have 生まれたい\n(to want to be born). We now conjugate 生まれたい into past affirmative tai-form by\ngetting rid of い and appending かった. Finally, we have 生まれたかった (wanted to be\nborn). As you can see, it conjugates as an i-adjective.\n\nNote that that the verb 生まれる is intransitive and so is 生まれたかった, so it doesn't\ntake the particle を but rather に in this case. In your sentence, the object of\nthis verb is 男.\n\nKnowing all the above, we could translate the sentence to:\"I would have wanted\nto be born as male if you ask me.\"\n\nWe need more context for a better translation.\n\nIf you want to read more about tai-form, consult [The Japanese Tai(たい)\nform](https://bondlingo.tv/blog/the-japanese-tai-form-expressing-what-you-\nwant-and-dont-want/).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T19:43:15.647", "id": "90175", "last_activity_date": "2021-10-12T01:24:48.500", "last_edit_date": "2021-10-12T01:24:48.500", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90172", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Concatenating @Nameless's answer:\n\nI believe this would be literally translated as, \"If the choice existed, (Also\nseen as \"If I had the choice,\" or \"If I could choose,\") I would have wanted to\nbe born a man.\"\n\nもしも is often translated as \"if\"\n\n選べる is a verb that means \"choice\" (選択 is probably a better word to use here,\nsince it is a noun and we are telling someone (or hearing from someone) that\nwe wanted to have the choice, not that we wanted to have the choosing.)\n\nなら is also often translated as \"if\", but can be seen as \"if it is the case\nthat\", which makes it possible to translate the word/s (particle, etc. if you\nlike) as \"then\" in a proper English sentence. (I believe that, according to\nquick Google skimming, Nameless, なら can be used with nouns as well.)\n\n男に means at, for, to, because, by, or as (a) male/man. (As is the reading we\nwould like in this case.\n\n生まれたかった is the past tense version of the \"desiring\" or \"wanting\" version of\nthe verb 生まれ, which means to be born.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T20:08:11.103", "id": "90176", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T20:08:11.103", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20390", "parent_id": "90172", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Let's look at your sentences and explore their meaning.\n\n> 食べ物が美味しさですか\n\nThis says, \"Is the food tastiness?\" I don't think that's what you want to say.\n\n> 食べ物が美味しいんですか\n\nThis could possibly work, but it still sounds a bit off to me. (But, I'm not a\nnative speaker.) What strikes me odd here is the use of the particle が. Had\nyou written it as\n\n> 食べ物は美味しいんですか\n\nto my non-native ear, that sounds better.\n\n> 美味しい食べ物ですか\n\nThis just says, \"Is it tasty food?\" This sounds perfectly fine; perhaps this\nworks for you. But, is it really saying what you want? For example,\n\n> 日本料理はおいしい食べ物ですか\n\n\"Is Japanese cuisine tasty food?\" That could make sense.\n\n> 食べ物の美味しさがありますか\n\nThis sounds kind of weird, \"Do you have the tastiness of food?\"\n\nThis one you could probably change a bit, to\n\n> 食べ物は美味しさがありますか\n\n\"Does this food have any taste to it?\" Perhaps you think the food is too\nbland.\n\n* * *\n\nProbably what you want to ask is just\n\n> 食べ物はおいしいですか\n\n\"Is the food tasty?\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T20:20:09.570", "id": "90178", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-02T20:26:21.090", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-02T20:26:21.090", "last_editor_user_id": "4875", "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90174", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Let's look at each of your sample sentences in turn.\n\n## 食べ物が美味しさですか?\n\nBreaking this down word for word:\n\n * [食]{た}べ[物]{もの} \neating-thing → food\n\n * が \n[subject particle]\n\n * [美味しさ]{おいしさ} \ndeliciousness (as a degree or amount)\n\n * です \n[copula]: is, are\n\n * か? \n[question marker]\n\nPutting this together:\n\n> 食べ物が美味しさですか? \n> Is food [a degree of] deliciousness?\n\nThat doesn't make a lot of sense, but I suppose it might be a valid question,\nperhaps in a philosophical or epistemological context. :)\n\n## 食べ物が美味しいんですか?\n\n * [食]{た}べ[物]{もの} \nfood\n\n * が \n[subject particle]\n\n * [美味しい]{おいしい} \ndelicious\n\n * ん \ncontraction of の. In questions, adds a nuance shift a bit like the change from\n\"is it X?\" to \"is it that X is the case?\"\n\n * です \n[copula]: is, are\n\n * か? \n[question marker]\n\nPutting this together:\n\n> 食べ物が美味しいんですか? \n> Is it that food is delicious?\n\nDepending on the context, this could be a reasonable question.\n\n## 美味しい食べ物ですか?\n\n * [美味しい]{おいしい} \ndelicious\n\n * [食]{た}べ[物]{もの} \nfood\n\n * です \n[copula]: is, are\n\n * か? \n[question marker]\n\nPutting this together:\n\n> 美味しい食べ物ですか? \n> Is [it / this] delicious food?\n\nDepending on the context, this could also be a reasonable question.\n\n## 食べ物の美味しさがありますか?\n\n * [食]{た}べ[物]{もの} \nfood\n\n * の \n[possessive particle]\n\n * [美味しさ]{おいしさ} \ndeliciousness (as a degree or amount)\n\n * が \n[subject particle]\n\n * あります \nthere is / there are (or in questions, is there / are there)\n\n * か? \n[question marker]\n\nPutting this together:\n\n> 食べ物の美味しさがありますか? \n> Is there the food's deliciousness?\n\nThis doesn't make much sense either.\n\n* * *\n\nI hope the word-for-word breakdowns help you understand these word forms and\nstructures better.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-02T20:32:10.300", "id": "90179", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-03T02:05:39.433", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-03T02:05:39.433", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "90174", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

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[ { "body": "The book's title is はじめてでもおいしくできる — that is, \"(You) can make it tasty, even if\nit's your first time!\"\n\nThis is just 美味しく + the potential form of する (\"make (it) tasty\") — since the\npotential form of する is できる, we obtain 美味しくできる (\"can make (it) tasty\").\n\nAs for whether this means できる \"to be able to\" or できる \"to be ready, complete\",\nboth senses end up having a similar meaning, but I'd suggest that in the\ncontext of this title, it means \"to be ready\", because 美味しく出来上がる is a common\nphrasing that doesn't necessarily have the \"potential\" sense of できる.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-03T05:00:57.180", "id": "90183", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-03T05:00:57.180", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "90182", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "> はじめてでもおいしくできる!\n\nI'll break down the sentence for you.\n\n[はじめて](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%88%9D%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6), in this case,\nfunctions as an noun meaning 'first time' because is followed by the particle\n[でも](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82) that conveys the meaning of\n'even'.\n\nおいし is the stem-form of the adjective\n[おいしい](https://jisho.org/search/%E7%BE%8E%E5%91%B3%E3%81%97%E3%81%84), which\nmeans delicious in this case.\n\nおいしく is the ku-form of the adjective おいしい. おいしく functions as an adverb in this\nsentence.\n\n[できる](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B) is a verb which\nhas multiple meanings depending on the context, but, because of the context,\nit means 'can'.\n\nTo sum up, you have a noun, a particle, an adverb plus a verb:\n\nはじめて(first time) + でも(even) + おいしく(delicious) + できる (can)\n\nWe can translate this as `Even the first time can be delicious!`", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-03T05:03:45.257", "id": "90184", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-03T05:20:52.123", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-03T05:20:52.123", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90182", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "> Does できる mean “be able to” (be able to cook deliciously) or “be complete”\n> (meal is deliciously made)?\n\nThat's the latter. できる in the context of cooking is 「(料理が)できる」(≈出来上がる),\n\"(meal) is prepared, cooked\", rather than the potential form of 「(おいしく)する」(can\nmake the food tasty).\n\n「ケーキをおいしくすることができる」のではなく、「ケーキ **を** おいしく **作る** 」→「ケーキ **が** おいしく **できる・できあがる**\n」って意味です。\n\nThis できる is defined as follows in 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> で・きる【出来る】 \n> 〘自上一〙 \n> ❶ 事物が新たに生じる \n> ㋑ **ものごとが意図的に作り出される。** \n> 「駅前にマンションが **できる** 」 \n> 「組合［原稿］が **できる** 」 \n> 「食事が **でき** ました」\n\nAnd this できる is very often used in recipes, eg:\n\n> 「 **簡単にできる** シーザードレッシング」([cookpad](https://cookpad.com/recipe/6917745))\n\nHere it's saying 「ドレッシングが簡単にできる」, \"Dressing will be **made/prepared easily**\n\", not \"You can make the dressing easy\".\n\n> 「 **１５分でできる** 蒟蒻とちくわの煮物」([cookpad](https://cookpad.com/recipe/2367857))\n\nThis できる is also \"is prepared/cooked\", not the potential form of 「15分で **する**\n蒟蒻とちくわの煮物」, which would make little sense.\n\n> 「 **残り物でおいしくできる** 」([Rakuten\n> recipe](https://recipe.rakuten.co.jp/recipe/1890000651/))\n\nThis できる is also \"is prepared/cooked\". 「残り物でできる」 would also make sense, and\nthe できる is not the potential form of する because 「残り物でする」 would make little\nsense. それに、特に「残り物」によって料理 **を** 美味しく **する** = 変化させる ことができますよ、というのは変ですから、残り物でも料理\n**が** 美味しく **出来上がり** ますよ、という意味だと捉えるのが普通だと思います。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-03T07:44:59.910", "id": "90185", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-04T03:56:22.267", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-04T03:56:22.267", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90182", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Possibly a difficulty might be that there is no real equivalent of けがをする in\nEnglish.\n\n警備員 **が** けがをする means _A guard got injured_. But note that in Japanese, it is\nan ordinary active sentence. On the other hand 警備員 **に** けがをさせる means\n_(Someone) injured a guard_. So to think in the opposite direction, _injure_\n(or _hurt_ ) only translates as a causative けがをさせる in Japanese (at least when\nit involves physical injury).\n\nとして here only means _as_.\n\nOverall, the sentence would translate: _A man was arrested as having\nshoplifted in a discount store... and injured a guard of the shop_.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-03T12:31:22.840", "id": "90190", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-03T13:57:09.843", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-03T13:57:09.843", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90189", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "夫に不満を持つ means \"to be dissatisfied with (my/her/the) husband\". There is no word\nthat determines the subject or whose husband, so it can mean \"I feel\ndissatisfied with my husband\", \"She feels dissatisfied with her husband\", \"She\nfeels dissatisfied with my husband\", and so on.\n\n夫 **が** 不満を持つ would mean \"(my/someone's) husband is dissatisfied\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-04T23:04:07.323", "id": "90206", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-04T23:04:07.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90191", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This アレ (\"that\") refers to 超巨大なラーメン鉢. Do you understand she is saying あれ while\npointing her finger to the ramen bowl? This is the simplest usage of あれ or\n\"that\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-04T05:30:43.137", "id": "90198", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-04T05:30:43.137", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90192", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "どっちが与えられるかに気をつけろ happens to be a correct sentence, but it does not mean \"Be\ncareful with the one you are provided with\". This Japanese sentence rather\nmeans \"Be careful which will be provided\", because どっち means \"which one\"\nrather than \"the one\".\n\nに is a particle that takes a **noun** , and どっちが与えられるか is a **noun phrase** (a\ngroup of words that works as a noun as a whole) known as an [embedded\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13034/5010). Since か can form a\nnoun, ～かに is a perfectly possible combination.\n\nHowever, what you want to say now is \"the one you are provided with\", and you\ndon't need an embedded question to express this. You can say 与えられたもの using a\nsimple relative clause.\n\n> 与えられたものに気をつけろ。 \n> Be careful with the one you're provided with.\n\nBy the way, this 気をつけろ implies \"the provided thing\" is potentially\ndangerous/harmful. If you just want to say \"pay attention\", you may want to\nsay ～に目を配れ or ～をよく見ておけ instead.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-04T05:23:11.210", "id": "90197", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-04T07:10:03.097", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-04T07:10:03.097", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90193", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The basic meaning of もの is just _thing_ rather than _something_. なにか/なんか adds\nthe nuance of \"seeking\" (i.e., you are trying to find/identify something that\nfits the criteria).\n\n * 飲むもの things to drink, beverage\n * 何か飲むもの something to drink\n * 食べたいもの things you want to eat\n * 何か食べたいもの something you want to eat\n * 怖いもの a/the scary being (may be already identified)\n * 何か怖いもの something scary (unidentified)\n\nIn your examples, 何か is not strictly necessary, but it's often desirable. On\nthe other hand, you cannot use 何か when you already know what the もの refers to:\n\n * 持っているものを見せなさい。 \nShoe me the thing you have.\n\n * 私は食べたいものを食べます。 \nI eat (any)thing I want to eat.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-04T05:06:06.747", "id": "90196", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-04T08:23:40.357", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-04T08:23:40.357", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90195", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "If I'm forced to guess, the following would be what is emphasized and its\npossible questions that prompted the sentence.\n\n 1. 俺はご飯を食う - neutral statement\n 2. **ご飯を** 俺は食う ← 何を食べますか **What** do you eat?\n 3. **ご飯を食う** 俺は ← 何をしますか **What** do you **do**?\n\nBut, in my opinion, word order is not usually used for emphasizing. For 2 and\n3, more natural responses would be (especially if the speaker calls himself 俺)\n\n 2. ご飯\n 3. ご飯を食う\n\nThat is, just say the information being asked.\n\nIf it is not replying and declaring _I eat (meal)_ (though it's a bit hard to\nimagine such contexts), then it almost invariably translates to ご飯を食う,\nregardless of which part you want to emphasize. Emphasis would be put by\nsaying the word a little louder, pronouncing each syllable (= hiragana)\ndistinctly.\n\n* * *\n\nIn a similar way, 俺はご飯を食う is not really natural because 俺は will be omitted\neven in a neutral statement. A possible context to put 俺は explicitly would be\nthat the person being talked to is going out, and the speaker says \"You go\nout, on the other hand I eat.\"\n\nA natural question would be how to emphasize 俺, for example to answer _**Who**\neats the meal?_ The answer is **俺が** ご飯を食う = It is me that eat the meal. This\nemphasizing works whether or not it is a reply to a question.\n\n* * *\n\nBTW ご飯を食う is not really right in terms of collocation. Either ご飯を食べる or\n飯(めし)を食う", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-04T12:01:07.153", "id": "90201", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-04T23:47:18.870", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-04T23:47:18.870", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90200", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "* Yes, this の is a nominalizer.\n * Yes, this の can be replaced with こと.\n\nSo is this person talking about how to do 二股? Please always explain the\ncontext when you present a sentence based on an unusual context. Also, note\nthat 一人の相手 here is \"one girl\", not \"one of your partners\" (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36012/5010)). Translating 相手 as\n\"partner\" is often misleading (see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/66456/5010)).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-04T22:31:25.057", "id": "90205", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-04T22:31:25.057", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90204", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "That の is a nominalizer in the sense that it plays the grammatical function of\nturning the verb phrase 一人の相手を幸せにする into a noun phrase, just like the の in,\nsay, 本を読むのが好きです. However, the resulting noun phrase seems to have a more\nspecific meaning than 一人の相手を幸せにする **こと** , which refers to the act of making\none person happy in general and abstract terms.\n\nYour sentence has no subject or topic, but we can assume it to be a person\nbecause of 使える. It’s _you_ (or someone else) who must be **able to spend**\ntwice as much time, not the act of making other people happy. For this reason,\nthe following sentence would sound unnatural (to me, at least).\n\n> （二人の相手を幸せにすることは）一人の相手を幸せにする **こと** に比べて、倍の時間を彼女のために使える必要があるはず。\n\nThis would compare one act against another, but the sentence would end up with\na mismatching predicate.\n\nThe original sentence must be something like the following in its complete\nform.\n\n> （（あなたが）二人の相手を幸せにする（ため）には）一人の相手を幸せにする **の** に比べて、倍の時間を彼女のために使える必要があるはず。\n\nThis basically compares two amounts of time or efforts. I would translate\n一人の相手を幸せにするの as something along the lines of “the **time** you need to spend\nto make one person happy” and this translation is not possible with こと.\n\nIn comparison, the following seem both acceptable as the predicate is\nmatching.\n\n> （二人の相手を幸せにするのは）一人の相手を幸せにする **の** に比べて、倍の時間を要するはず。\n\n> （二人の相手を幸せにすることは）一人の相手を幸せにする **こと** に比べて、倍の時間を要するはず。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-05T06:21:52.310", "id": "90210", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:35:34.460", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:35:34.460", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90204", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "There _is_ a nuance between them which only experienced readers can feel. 莫迦\nlooks more literary, elevated, fancy or poetic than 馬鹿, and readers will\neventually develop such a sense after reading many literary works. I didn't\nknow 莫迦 is related to Sanskrit because I haven't bothered to look it up in the\ndictionary, but I can easily imagine what kind of situation 莫迦 tends to be\npreferred in.\n\nIn almost every language, [including\nEnglish](https://www.lexico.com/explore/literary-words), there is a contrast\nbetween common words and literary words. In Japanese, such a distinction\nexists also with the choice of kanji. Many uncommon kanji are used in\naesthetic writing to add a subtle nuance or literary flavor. I don't think it\nmakes much sense to try to make clear distinction between \"conveying subtle\nmeaning\" and \"making it look elevated\"; in many cases, it's about both.\n\n * [What is the difference between 護る and 守る?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/16155/5010)\n * [Native speakers, do you recognize the kanji 謳?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/54836/5010)\n * [What's the difference between 災い and 禍](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77755/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-05T06:30:10.853", "id": "90211", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-05T10:45:36.887", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-05T10:45:36.887", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90207", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This と is a particle conjunction that expresses a conditional. It's usually\ntranslated as \"if\" or \"when\" in English. It doesn't have anything to do with\nnouns.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-05T06:09:48.277", "id": "90209", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-05T06:09:48.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "90208", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "確率 may not be explicitly modified by a relative clause when a listener can\ninfer what type of 確率 is being talked about. Here, you can think of it as an\nabbreviated version of 私が出会う確率の低い方の人たちだ. 確率が低い basically just means \"rare\", so\nyou can read it simply as \"rare people\", too. (Judging from the entire\nchapter, she seems to speak somewhat like a robot or a _chunibyo_ character,\nso don't worry if you feel her Japanese is unnatural.)\n\n> 逃げない。確率の低い方の人たちだ。 \n> You're not running away. You are one of those rare people (who don't run\n> away from me upon seeing me).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T01:36:18.230", "id": "90222", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-06T01:59:20.200", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-06T01:59:20.200", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90217", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "If I remember correctly, in GG2, almost every people she met have fled from\nher sight(Well, since she literally threatened every mankind at very early in\nthe story, so...).\n\nStill, those with courage and/or strength didn't run from her, they fought.\n\nThe number of people who actually fought is unknown since it's not stated in\nthe story, but of course it's not many. So, I think that's why she said\n\"出会う確率の低い方の人たちだ\" - Basically means \"Rare kind of peoples(=people that doesn't\nflee) that I(Valentine) met\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T02:09:48.733", "id": "90223", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-06T02:09:48.733", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90217", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I know nothing about the manga, but the first impression I got from your\nexplanation is that it refers to their chances of survival. She could be\ncasually mentioning the probability of people who don’t run away surviving an\nencounter with her as she coldly calculates. Then, the “defining word” might\nbe omitted on purpose to make her sound like someone who sees people only as\nstatistics.\n\nOf course, it could simply mean her chances of meeting such people as you and\nthe other answers suggest, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T07:04:10.323", "id": "90226", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-06T08:59:27.613", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-06T08:59:27.613", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90217", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The answer in your link applies to your sentence, too. See [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3243/5010), too. 前 is a\nrelative place that may move along with the \"parent object\", but it's still a\nplace. If someone keeps walking in front of you for some time, を as a location\nmarker should be used, because he is keeping inside your 前. The same is true\nwith 後ろ, 右, 下 and so on.\n\nOn the other hand, に used with a verb of motion marks a **destination**. For\nexample, ビルの前 **に** 歩く means walking **to** the front of a building from some\nremote place ( **EDIT** : ビルの前まで歩く is more common for this meaning). ビルの前\n**を** 歩く means walking in front of a (large) building.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T01:17:07.887", "id": "90221", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-07T00:18:55.590", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-07T00:18:55.590", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90218", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The particle を is used with certain verbs of motion, such as 行く, 歩く, and 走る,\nto indicate where someone or something moves through. It is said to indicate a\n_point of passage_. It doesn’t matter whether that point is expressed in\nabsolute terms or relative to something else.\n\nThe particle に, on the other hand, is used with verbs that describe the\npresence or existence of someone or something, most typically いる and ある.\n\n〜の前 **に** 歩いていました is not totally wrong because of the compound form 歩い **ている**\n, but its focus is on いる (presence) rather than 歩く (motion).\n\nI can think of an example like this.\n\n> 玄関を出ると、家の前 **に** カブトムシが歩いていました。\n\nAlthough this sounds a bit awkward and is probably considered ungrammatical,\nit’s understood with little difficulty in everyday conversation. The main\nfocus of the main clause is that there was a beetle in front of the house. It\nhappened to be walking but was, for the obvious reason, too slow to look\n“passing” in front of the house when you found it. It’s hard to imagine a\nsimilar situation with people walking.\n\nYou can still use を to describe the same scene.\n\n> 玄関を出ると、家の前 **を** カブトムシが歩いていました。\n\nActually, this sounds more natural however slow the beetle may have been. The\nsentence puts greater focus on the _passing_ of the beetle, and that’s usually\nwhat you would expect when you choose to say **歩いて** いました instead of just\nいました.\n\nBy the way, で may also be used with 歩く.\n\n> 玄関を出ると、家の前 **で** カブトムシが歩いていました。\n\nIn general, this particle is used to indicate a place where some action\noccurs, and therefore, the above sentence puts greater focus on the beetle’s\naction of walking and where that was happening, compared to the earlier\nsentence with を.\n\n* * *\n\nWhen 歩く is not in the form of 歩い **ている** but in its basic form (i.e. 歩く), it\nis not usually used with に.\n\nThe most natural choice would be を.\n\n> 毎日、家の前 **を** 歩きます。\n\nYou could use で but it changes the nuance.\n\n> 毎日、家の前 **で** 歩きます。\n\nIn this sentence, walking is seen as an action in its own right, or something\nyou do for the sake of it, perhaps as part of your physical exercise, rather\nthan as a means of moving from one place to another, and that action takes\nplace within the boundary described as 家の前.\n\n* * *\n\nに is not usually used with 歩く even in cases where it would indicate a\ndestination. 駅 **に** 歩く sounds weird. 駅まで歩く sounds much more natural.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T06:32:53.497", "id": "90225", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:30:17.307", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:30:17.307", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90218", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's the latter. The sentence means \"I've seen (scenes like this) many times\".\nIt can have an accusatory overtone, so something like \"more than enough times\"\nmay be better.\n\n散々 rarely means \"(spatially) dispersed\" in modern Japanese, and it never means\n\"occasionally/rarely\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T00:35:54.520", "id": "90220", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-06T05:21:37.643", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-06T05:21:37.643", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90219", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "彼女は殺人の有罪判決が確定した seems fine. I think Duolingo is just being annoying there.\n\nAs for the additional で, it's not the verb that warrants it, but the noun. 有罪\ndoesn't itself refer to a verdict but a person's state of being guilty. If you\nwant to specify what crime the person is guilty of, you should use で.\n\n> 彼女は殺人（罪） **で** 有罪が確定した。\n\nYou shouldn't omit this で in a noun phase either, as 殺人（罪） **の** 有罪 would\nsound like it's the act of murder that is guilty.\n\n殺人（罪） **の** 有罪判決 is acceptable because this の modifies 判決, not 有罪. You can\nalso say 殺人（罪） **での** 有罪判決.\n\nThis is not really about the difference between 殺人 and 殺人罪. It's just that the\nformer refers to the act of murder while the latter is the legal term for the\ncrime of committing it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T22:38:48.537", "id": "90233", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:24:07.670", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:24:07.670", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90229", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Before we begin, this may be technical, but \"verdict\" and 「判決」shouldn't be\nequated, because \"verdict\" and \"judgment\" are not interchangeable and\nshouldn't be confused, especially in Japanese contexts.\n\nA verdict is the finding or decision made by a jury. Japan doesn't have a jury\nsystem 「陪審制」, and thus \"verdict\" doesn't apply in legal contexts about Japan.\nA verdict, I believe, is called 「評決{ひょうけつ}」 in Japanese.\n\nAlso, a verdict is made by a jury and presented to a judge/court, to assist in\nthe process of the judge/court making their decision. A verdict doesn't always\nequal the final decision. A guilty verdict doesn't necessarily lead to a\nguilty judgment. In the U.S. legal framework at least, a judge can\nconstitutionally overrule a guilty verdict made by a jury (but not a \"not\nguilty\" one).\n\n> 彼女は殺人の有罪判決が確定した\n\nsounds fine to me, and I was also able to find real-life instantiations\nsimilar in structure and collocation to support my hunch:\n\n>\n> 裁判で無罪判決が出され確定すると被告人は釈放される。逆に有罪判決が確定すると、被告人は受刑者となる。([source](https://www.keijihiroba.com/procedure/probation.html))\n\n> 有罪判決が確定するまでは「無罪推定の原則」といって、無罪であるという扱いを受けます。([source](https://ichifuna-\n> bengo.com/qa/page7.html))\n\n>\n> この映画は、殺人の有罪判決が確定し服役している者の無実を確信した弁護士が、苦労して証拠を収集し、再審請求によって遂にその者を獄中から救い出すという実話に基づいた物語であった。([source](https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/233122766.pdf))\n\n「有罪が確定」sounds like the process of finding/declaring someone guilty.\n「有罪判決が確定」refers to the judgment of guilty being handed down or the conviction\nbecoming a fact. The difference is nuanced.\n\n「殺人」is the act of murder. 「殺人罪」is a crime defined by criminal law.\n\n> 殺人罪(刑法199条) \n>\n> 人を殺した者は，死刑又は無期若しくは5年以上の懲役に処する。([source](https://ja.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%88%91%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC199%E6%9D%A1))\n\nOne important distinction to keep in mind is that, **manslaughter** ,\n**murder** , and **homicide** are all considered 殺人, but these terms have very\ndifferent denotations and legal implications in English.\n\n> A homicide requires only a volitional act that causes the death of another,\n> and thus a homicide may result from accidental, reckless, or negligent acts\n> even if there is no intent to cause harm.\n> ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide))\n\n> Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or\n> valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice\n> aforethought. ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder))\n\nManslaughter is unlawful killing **without malice**.\n\nThis doctrinal distinction is also discussed and practiced in Japan. An act of\n殺人 **doesn't equal, nor does it necessarily lead to,** 殺人罪's determination,\nunless accompanied by malintent:\n\n> 殺人罪は、故意により（殺意をもって）人を死亡させる罪です。([source](https://www.t-nakamura-\n> law.com/column/%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%AA%E3%81%AE%E6%9D%A1%E6%96%87))\n\n> 犯罪が成立するためには故意が必要 \n> （略） \n>\n> つまり、殺人罪が成立するためには殺意すなわち殺人の故意が必要ということです。人を死なせても、わき見運転のように殺人の故意がなければ殺人罪は成立しません。([source](https://wellness-\n> keijibengo.com/koi/))\n\n> 例えば，殺人罪で言えば，相手が死ぬということが分かっていて殺人行為をした者でなければ，殺人罪で処罰することはできません。\n> ([source](https://www.nichibenren.or.jp/ja/citizen_judge/program/data/houteiyougo8.pdf))", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T22:59:30.763", "id": "90234", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-07T16:08:36.050", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-07T16:08:36.050", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90229", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "Neither is correct (the latter is close, but still incorrect).\n\nIt should be: _It's so dirty, but you still think you cleaned it?_\n\nI think you get the meaning of the first half, so I'll skip it.\n\nそれでも means _still, yet,_ or _nevertheless_.\n\nEx:\n\n * たくさん寝たのだが、 **それでも** まだ眠い。\n * _I slept a lot, but I'm **still** sleepy._\n\nつもり is _intention,_ or _thought_. Here in this case, it's latter.\n\nEx:\n\n * 今日は早く寝る **つもり** だ。\n * _I'm **intending** to go to bed early today._\n\n* * *\n\n * 仕事を全てやった **つもり** になっていたが、まだ残っていた。\n * _I **thought** I had done all my work, but there was still more._\n\nSo, conclusion:\n\n * こんなに汚いのに、 **それでも** 掃除した **つもり** ですか。\n * _It's so dirty, but you **still think** you cleaned it?_", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T20:34:31.317", "id": "90232", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-06T21:27:40.533", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-06T21:27:40.533", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "45272", "parent_id": "90230", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "といったらありません itself seems covered standardly in grammar like\n[this](https://edujapa.com/mikke/level/5/toittaranai_naranai/). ありません is a\npolite form of ない. The whole phrase means something is beyond description,\npositive or negative.\n\nBut normally the preceding word is either an adjective or its nominal version\n(or something quantifiable). The following are more regular examples.\n\n * この問題の難しさといったらない\n * この問題は難しいといったらない\n\nBoth mean literally _The difficulty of this problem is beyond description_ or\nsimply _This problem is extremely difficult_.\n\nNow the use of the phrase in the sentence of the question is a little\nirregular, but you can think of 目 / 顔 as a contraction of 目の様子/顔の様子 = how\neyes/faces look (like).\n\nThus it means _We three people looked at each other then, and how the eyes\nlooked like and how the faces looked like are indescribable._ It depends on\nthe context in what sense they were indescribable - possibly very weird or\ndirty or looked extremely happy.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-06T23:17:57.113", "id": "90235", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-07T06:55:58.133", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-07T06:55:58.133", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90231", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "-ていく and -てくる are [subsidiary verbs](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010) that can attach to almost any verb. They can safely attach to 歩く, too.\n\n * [Difference between -ていく and -てくる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/5010)\n\n-ていく/-てくる are very common and important in Japanese. Practically speaking, 歩きます without -ていく/-てくる may sound unnatural in many cases, unless you want to emphasize the method of going/coming.\n\nWhen you feel like using -てくる, be sure to keep [this\nrule](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1669/5010) in mind, too.\n東京タワーまで歩いて来ます is used only when the speaker is already at or near Tokyo Tower.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-07T00:35:04.027", "id": "90237", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-07T05:20:20.717", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-07T05:20:20.717", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90236", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> Wouldn't this make sense if it were 習得したり磨いたりすることより～ ?\n\nYes. Actually it is usually taught that [repeating たり is more\nproper.](https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/kotoba/gimon/154.html), although\nthe second たり is frequently omitted. There is no difference in meaning\ndepending on its presence.\n\n> shouldn't it be 習得したり磨いたりことより～\n\nNo, this is ungrammatical. It is rather the opposite: If it **is** the last\nelement of a sentence, する can be omitted.\n\nAn example:\n\n * きのう何してた？ What did you do yesterday?\n * ただゴロゴロしたりテレビみたり. Just lying around or watching TV.\n\n\"テレビ見たり **してた** \" is cut short here. (I'm wondering if _lying around_ can\nreally mean ゴロゴロする.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-07T08:56:13.583", "id": "90240", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-07T09:20:23.053", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-07T09:20:23.053", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90239", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "AFAIK, there is no real difference between adjectives and verbs in terms of\nwhen to use their past-tense or non-past forms with 時. Both forms are valid\nand useful, but they do not mean the same thing.\n\nI think the trick here is to understand that there's nothing really special\n(grammatically) about the 時 constructs: 時 is just a noun, which means \"(a/the)\ntime(s)\". If you put a verb/adjective/clause/etc in front of it, that just\nmodifies the noun 時 to be more specific about _which_ time(s) (i.e. the\nspecific point(s) in time) you are referring to, so you can just think of this\ngeneral construct as saying \"the time(s) when (verb/adjective/etc is/was/will\nbe true)\". So:\n\n * 暑いとき -- \"the time(s) when (it) is hot\" --> \"at hot times\", etc.\n\nWhen the modifying clause is in the past tense, that actually says that _at\nthe point in time we are talking about_ , that action/event/condition/etc had\nalready happened, so:\n\n * 暑かったとき -- \"the time(s) when (it) had been hot (previously)\"\n\nOn page 353 of your book, there is actually an example (with する instead of an\nadjective) which demonstrates this fairly well, I think:\n\n> 食事をする時は「いただきます」、した時には「ごちそうさま」と言います。\n\nThis actually uses 時 twice, and if you'll note, one of them is using non-past\ntense (食事をする時), but the other is using past tense (した時). Why? Because in the\nfirst case, it is saying \"at time(s) when we _will_ (are about to) eat\" (at\nthe time we're talking about, the action hasn't happened yet, hence\npresent/future tense), and the second one is saying \"at time(s) when we _have\neaten_ \" (at the time we're talking about, the action has already been\ncompleted, hence past tense).\n\nAs you might be able to guess, talking about \"the time after some adjective\nhad previously been true\" isn't usually as common a sort of thing to be trying\nto say (compared to saying \"the time after some event happened\", etc), which\nis why the past-tense form with 時 isn't used as often with adjectives as with\nverbs, I think. However, the intrinsic meaning is still basically the same in\nboth cases. It just depends on whether we're saying the adjective/verb is/was\nthe case _at that specific time_ , or it had been the case _previous to that\ntime_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-08T22:39:34.000", "id": "90251", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-08T22:39:34.000", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "90243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The following is my intuition.\n\nThe pattern is Aとき, B, where A is an adjective.\n\n(1) If you mean _Whenever A, B_ , then both A and B are in dictionary form.\n\n * 暑い時はビールがおいしい Whenever it is hot, beer tastes good.\n\nIn this case 暑かったとき is not possible.\n\n(2) If you mean an event in the past as _When A, B happened_ , then B is in\nta-form and A can be either in ta-form or in dictionary form.\n\n * 若い時アメリカに行った\n * 若かった時アメリカに行った\n\nThere may be subtle difference, but they both mean _When I was young, I went\nto US._ (The latter sounds suggesting more strongly that the speaker is no\nlonger young.)\n\n* * *\n\n**FYI** Note if A is a verb, then there is a distinct difference depending on\nta- or dictionary form of A in the second case. (or so it seems to me).\n\n * 本屋に行くとお金を使いすぎてしまう Whenever I go to a bookstore, I spend too much money.\n\nAs for a past event,\n\n * 本屋に行ったときXさんに会った When I went to a bookstore, I met X.\n * 本屋に行くときXさんに会った When I **was about to go** (or **was on the way** ) to a bookstore , I met X.\n\nHere た indicates an aspect of completion. Because of this difference, one or\nthe other may be more suitable depending on what B describes.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-09T11:23:34.300", "id": "90261", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-09T12:50:06.093", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-09T12:50:06.093", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Doing some research, I've gathered the following:\n\n> When the predicate in an adverbial clause is stative in nature, its form\n> does not change, regardless of the form in the main clause.\n>\n> 寒い{さむ}時{とき}、コートを着{き}ます。\n```\n\n> \"I wear a coat when it's cold.\"\n> \n```\n\n>\n> 寒い{さむ}時{とき}、コートを着{き}ました。\n```\n\n> \"I wore a coat when it was cold.\"\n> \n```\n\n[Japanese Stage-Step Course: Grammar Textbook: Grammar-\nReference](https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=mW0dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA236&dq=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D%20grammar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiG6qn0uPLyAhXQRjABHQw7DuMQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D%20grammar&f=false)\nby [Wako Tawa](https://www.amherst.edu/people/facstaff/wtawa)\n\n* * *\n\n> In some cases (mostly with stative predicates and adjectives), however,\n> **-ta** in **toki** clauses can simply indicate past time, just as in\n> English.\n>\n> (f) 日本に住んでいる時は、毎日日本語を使いました。\n>\n> **Nihon ni sunde iru toki wa, mainichi Nihongo wo tsukaimashita.**\n```\n\n> When I lived in japan, I used Japanese every day.\n> \n```\n\n>\n> (g) 日本に住んでいた時は、毎日日本語を使いました。\n>\n> **Nihon ni sunde iru toki wa, mainichi Nihongo wo tsukaimashita.**\n```\n\n> When I lived in japan, I used Japanese every day.\n> \n```\n\n[Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical\nGuide](https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=qcdBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT323&dq=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D%20used%20with%20stative%20adjectives%20japanese%20grammar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiS6MaXuvLyAhXCQTABHQbYCB8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D%20used%20with%20stative%20adjectives%20japanese%20grammar&f=false)\nby [M. Endo Hudson](https://lilac.msu.edu/mutsuko-endo-hudson/) and [Fumiko\nNazikian](http://ealac.columbia.edu/fumiko-nazikian/)\n\n* * *\n\n> It is not necessary to use the past tense when pairing 時 with nouns,\n> adjectives, and verbal expressions which express a state such as ある, いる,\n> ~ている, or ~ない.\n\n[Nakama 2,\nEnhanced](https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=4sGTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89&dq=%E6%99%82%20adjectives&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnjcmzvPLyAhUeQTABHZeICB0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=%E6%99%82%20adjectives&f=false)\nby [Yukiko Abe Hatasa](https://bookshop.org/contributors/yukiko-abe-hatasa),\n[Kazumi Hatasa](https://www.aatj.org/election/2019/kazumi-\nhatasa#:%7E:text=Kazumi%20Hatasa%20is%20a%20professor,D.) and [Seiichi\nMakino](https://eas.princeton.edu/people/seiichi-makino)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-09T19:09:37.450", "id": "90266", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-09T21:01:36.020", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-09T21:01:36.020", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90243", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Possibly 敏雄? There is a [Wikipeadia article (linked to French\none)](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio_Bando).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-08T11:31:17.633", "id": "90246", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-08T11:31:17.633", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90245", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your first interpretation is correct. This やる is 演る{やる}. See\n[here](https://jisho.org/search/%E6%BC%94%E3%82%8B):\n\n> to perform; to play; to act \n> ​See also 演じる, often used in the popular music industry\n\nI think it usually occurs in kana, as opposed to kanji.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-08T18:27:18.890", "id": "90248", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-08T18:27:18.890", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "In this context, やっていた translates as 'was playing' or 'was on (TV)'.\n\nBy the way, since 昔 is modifying 見た and not 映画 directly, it is not the movie\nthat is being described as old, but rather when the action of viewing it\nhappened. Then again, if it was a long time ago then the movie also has to be\nold. But technically speaking, I think this would be better:\n\n> テレビをつけたら、昔見た映画をやっていた。 \n> When I turned on the TV, there was a movie on that I had seen a long time\n> ago.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-08T18:32:30.600", "id": "90249", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-08T18:45:10.757", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-08T18:45:10.757", "last_editor_user_id": "25875", "owner_user_id": "25875", "parent_id": "90247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Let me provide an answer from a bit different angle from the other two.\n\nThis sentence pattern `〜たら〜ていた` is used when you say that you found something\nin a particular state when you did something. It must be describing some kind\nof state, rather than a one-time action, because the verb of the main clause,\nやる in your example, is used in the ている form. Unless you happen to find\nyourself in a state of unconsciously doing something with a movie the moment\nyou turn on the TV, this verb must be referring to an act by someone else.\n\nSo, your first interpretation is the correct one.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-09T11:32:03.020", "id": "90262", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-09T11:32:03.020", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90247", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This せん is not a negation. そのすべてに感謝せん here means \"Let us thank all of them\".\nIt's そのすべてに感謝しよう in modern Japanese.\n\nせ is the 未然 (irrealis) form of す (\"to do\") in classical Japanese, just as し is\nthe 未然 (irrealis, pre-nai) form of する in modern Japanese. ん is a shortening of\nむ, which is a volitional auxiliary in classical Japanese.\n\n * [Auxiliary verb ん](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23924/5010)\n * [Verb ending in -ん with positive meaning?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/72064/5010)\n * [Is there a difference between んがため and ために?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5396/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-09T05:42:00.147", "id": "90256", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-09T09:40:27.690", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-09T09:40:27.690", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90252", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "[The ～ば～ほど construction](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%B0%EF%BD%9E%E3%81%BB%E3%81%A9-ba-hodo-meaning/) must be\nfollowed by a predicative expression (a verb or an adjective, typically\n～ようになる), but this slogan has a bare noun instead. So the most literal\ntranslation is just \"The more you play... (the more you say it's) Disk\nSystem\".\n\nAccording to my intuition, the latter half of the slogan is an abbreviated\nversion of something along the lines of \"the more you will like Disk System\",\n\"the more you'll likely to choose Disk System\" or \"the more you'll receive the\nbenefit of Disk System\". I guess this slogan is not about the pure play time,\nbut about the overall benefit of the system you'll gradually receive. The Disk\nSystem can seem complicated at first, and the cost advantage will be achieved\nonly after rewriting a disk many times.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-09T05:13:20.310", "id": "90255", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-09T05:19:14.743", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-09T05:19:14.743", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90254", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Your interpretations are correct.\n\n[A dictionary\ndefinition](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%AE%9C%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F/#jn-228655)\nsays\n\n> 上の内容を受けて、いかにもそれらしく、の意を表す。「喜劇俳優宜しくおどけてみせる」\n\nSome comments:\n\n * I agree that this よろしく is used like a particle, but it is an adverb all the same.\n * Your interpretation _even though it is not X_ is not off, but it is more simply _exactly like X_ or _as if it were X_ (which I think already contains the meaning that the thing is not X).\n * Just in case, the 童話 refers to [赤ずきん](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-09T11:00:22.307", "id": "90260", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-09T11:00:22.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90257", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I will give some suggestions, although I am sure there will be a more\ncomprehensive answer\n\n 1. You don't really need わたし - it (as well as other 2nd person pronouns) are usually assumed.\n 2. I am not sure ちょっと is suitable here, I would use すこし - a little\n 3. I don't think だけ is necessary\n 4. And now that we don't have わたし, I would use は with 日本語 \n\n日本語は[少]{すこ}し[分]{わ}かります。\n\nWell, it seems 少しだけ is quite common, so perhaps\n\n日本語は[少]{すこ}しだけ[分]{わ}かります", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-09T12:02:22.313", "id": "90263", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-09T12:02:22.313", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39017", "parent_id": "90258", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I got the impression from your comments that this is kind of lost-in-\ntranslation. 番狂わせ and 波乱 in the context both mean essentially an event of a\nwrestler of lower rank defeating a higher ranked one.\n\nThe speaker Mitakeumi is Sekiwake, which is two ranks (I think) lower than\nYokozuna. He is saying _These days, there haven't been any surprise win/defeat\n(= neither 番狂わせ nor 波乱), (I mean), I haven't been able to make them happen..._\n\nMore simply he means that he hasn't been able to defeat wrestlers of higher\nrank recently.\n\n* * *\n\nRegarding だったり, as discussed in the comments, it is used for listing things.\nHere it can be understood essentially as _and_.\n\nThe sentence would look like, written in full,\n番狂わせだったり波乱だったりといったことが起きなくなってしまった = Things like 番狂わせ or 波乱 haven't happened.\nStrictly speaking, the function of だったり is 例示 (giving examples).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-11T04:37:20.427", "id": "90276", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-11T05:35:44.850", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-11T05:35:44.850", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90264", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, it is.\n\n## Meaning\n\nWhile it's a phonetically transcribed word from \"chance\", its meaning also\ncovers \"opportunity\".\n\nチャンス implies a chance of doing what you wanted to do sometime. It MAY be\nsomewhat sudden and/or unexpected.\n\n[機会]{きかい} is a synonym of チャンス. The difference is a bit similar to\n\"opportunity\" and \"chance\".\n\n## Example 1, written sentence\n\n```\n\n [明日]{あす}の[予定]{よてい}がキャンセルになった。[家]{いえ}で[積]{つ}んでいた[本]{ほん}を[読]{よ}むチャンスだ。\n \n (Tomorrow's plan has been canceled. It's a chance to read my unread books.)\n \n```\n\n## Example 2, spoken sentence\n\n```\n\n [前]{まえ}の[走者]{そうしゃ}が[疲]{つか}れてきた[今]{いま}がチャンスだ！[追]{お}い[抜]{ぬ}くぞ！\n \n (The runner in front of me is getting tired, now it's my chance! Gonna overtake him!)\n \n```", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-10T01:50:23.350", "id": "90269", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-10T01:50:23.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5353", "parent_id": "90267", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "行か **せられる** works for you, while 行か **される** doesn’t.\n\n行かせる and 行かす are both valid causative forms of 行く.\n\nThe former works as a ru-verb (or _ichidan_ or Group II verb), and therefore,\nits potential and passive forms are both 行か **せられる**. As with any other ru-\nverb, ambiguity could arise. Depending on the context, it could mean either\n“can make someone go” or “be forced to go.”\n\nThe latter, the short form, works as an u-verb (or _godan_ or Group I verb),\nand therefore, its potential form would be 行か **せる**. However, this form is\nusually not used because it is identical to the (long) causative form. You\nwould need to say 行かすことができる to mean “can make someone go.” 行か **される** only\nmeans “be forced to go.”\n\n見る is not a very good example because there is another verb with a causative\nsense, namely 見せる.\n\nLet’s use 食べる as an example of a ru-verb.\n\nIts causative form is 食べさせる and this also works as a ru-verb. Therefore, its\npotential and passive forms are both 食べ **させられる**. Depending on the context,\nit could mean either “can make someone eat” or “be forced to eat.”", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-10T04:10:40.387", "id": "90271", "last_activity_date": "2021-12-30T01:20:35.550", "last_edit_date": "2021-12-30T01:20:35.550", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "90270", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I guess it is difficult to give a clear answer to a register question like\nthis, but\n\n * つつ can be used in speech;\n * It is more likely to be used by grownups. At least I don't expect a small kid to use つつ.\n\nAnother factor might be a rhythm of the whole sentence or collocations, which\nI'm not really able to explain.\n\nTwo verbs that may be frequently heard with つつ would be 知る and 思う. For\nexample,\n\n * テスト勉強しなきゃと思いつつテレビ見ちゃう Whereas I know I have to work for exams, I always watch TV\n\nmay be used by a teenager.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-11T05:02:33.673", "id": "90277", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-11T05:02:33.673", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90272", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The short answer is no. ンイ would still be two mora in Japanese. To an English\near, it would be more like two separate syllables\n\nng. ee.\n\nNot sure how else to try to get that sound across.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-11T02:22:24.070", "id": "90274", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-11T02:22:24.070", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4875", "parent_id": "90273", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "んい and に are pronounced differently. 真意{しんい} is markedly different in\npronunciation from 死に{しに} beyond just the accent.\n\nしんい is pronounced for roughly 1.5x the time of しに, and while in しに there's a\nclear consonantal [n], in しんい the previous [i] is lengthened and nasalized.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-11T02:22:53.140", "id": "90275", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-11T02:29:53.047", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-11T02:29:53.047", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "90273", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The majority of chess terminology in Japanese is simply katakana\ntransliterations of the English terms. You can find them all on Wikipedia (in\nJapanese)\n[here](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7).\n\nBy the way, this even extends to complete verb phrases, which are also\nrendered into phonetic transliterations. For example, in English, a\ncommentator might say \"Knight takes f7\", referring to a capture by a knight on\nthe f7 square. In Japanese, this would be ナイト テイク エフ セブン (knight take f\nseven). It's interesting that the transliteration doesn't include the correct\n3rd person form of the verb (takes), but I'm not sure why that quirk evolved.\nI suspect that all captures and conjugations of verbs relating to captures\nhave been subsumed into テイク (take). The verb とる (or とっていく) is also used to\ndescribe captures in general analysis (as opposed to spoken versions of chess\nnotation).\n\nThe verb for moving a piece is 指す, but as above, it's common to just use the\nEnglish terminology. e.g. Bishop c6 = ビショップ シー シックス. In general analysis, you\ncan say things like ナイトがジーファイブと指す (knight moves to g5).\n\nThere seem to be some deviations from English which resemble 和製英語. For\nexample, a pawn advance is ポーンプッシュ (pawn push), which has a slightly different\nnuance from the English term 'pawn push'. I'm sure there are other examples,\nbut I'm not an expert so I defer to the answers of others.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-11T17:38:15.683", "id": "90286", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-11T18:01:02.440", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-11T18:01:02.440", "last_editor_user_id": "25875", "owner_user_id": "25875", "parent_id": "90278", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This character seems to be saying this in distorted Japanese:\n\n> こんばんは… \n> 道に迷ったの？ \n> それは大変。ゆっくりしてって。\n\nSomething like this is sometimes called\n[\"typoglycemia\"](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposed_letter_effect#Internet_meme).\nHere's the Japanese version: [Is there a I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was\nipmorantt! example in\nJapanese?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39692/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-11T12:29:51.567", "id": "90280", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-11T13:41:42.477", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-11T13:41:42.477", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "90279", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "They just look identical in romanizations. A Japanese person and a Chinese\nperson might understand each other with their native readings, but the real\npronunciations have non-negligible differences. Chinese pinyin final _n_ is\nalways [n], where Japanese final _n_ (as the transcription of ん) is called\n[moraic nasal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Moraic_nasal)\nthat changes into diverse sounds according to what comes next.\n\nIn short, they would respectively sound like:\n\n * Chinese (Mandarin): _kànbǎn_ [[kʰan˥˩.p(b)an˨˩˦]] (AmE approx. _can-ban_ )\n * Japanese: かんばん _kanban_ [[kʰɐmbɐɴ]] (AmE approx. _come-bun(gh)_ )\n\nAs you may know, 看板 is not a Chinese Chinese word, merely a transliteration of\nthe Japanese word meaning \"signboard\", in the _kanban_ system context\n(ironically, the word is rarely written in kanji in Japanese as for this\nspecific sense) or anime words like 看板娘.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-11T15:27:53.840", "id": "90284", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-19T05:32:32.953", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-19T05:32:32.953", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "90281", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 } ]

[ { "body": "For most Japanese Kanji, their _on’yomi_ sounds can easily be deduced from the\nsounds of the corresponding Korean Hanja in a consistent and expectable\nmanner. The speakers of the Korean language, who have a decent Hanja\nvocabulary, would notice that these _rules_ exist and take advantage of them\nto figure out the sounds of Japanese Kanji words.\n\n# How to convert Korean Hanja sounds to Japanese Kanji sounds\n\n## Mapping the _initial consonants_ of Hanja sounds\n\n * “ㄱg/k/ㄲkk/ㅋk/ㅎh” → “k” \n * 家 — 가ka → かka\n * 快 — 쾌kwe → かいkai\n * 夏 — 하ha → かka\n * “ㄴn” → “n/d” \n * 內 — 내ne/de → ないnai\n * 南 — 남nam/dam → なんnan\n * 努 — 노no/do → どdo\n * “ㄷd/t/ㅌt” → “t/d” \n * 多 — 다da/ta → たta\n * 達 — 달dal/tal → たつtatsu\n * 誕 — 탄tan → たんtan\n * 代 — 대de/te → だいdai\n * “ㄹr” → “r” \n * 樂 — 락rak → らくraku\n * 來 — 래re → らいrai\n * 論 — 론ron → ろんron\n * “ㅁm/b” → “m” \n * 滿 — 만man/ban → まんman\n * 文 — 문mun/bun → もんmon\n * 密 — 밀mil/bil → みつmitsu\n * “ㅂb/p/ㅍp” → “h” \n * 博 — 박bak/pak → はくhaku\n * 秘 — 비pi → ひhi\n * 派 — 파pa → はha\n * 避 — 피pi → ひhi\n * “ㅅs/ㅈdz/ch/ㅊch/ㅉjj” → “s/z/t” \n * 思 — 사sa → しsi\n * 財 — 재dze/che → さいsai/ざいzai\n * 差 — 차cha → さsa\n * “ㅇ∅” → “k/g/∅” \n * 完 — 완wan → かんkan\n * 癌 — 암am → がんgan\n * 眼 — 안an → がんgan\n * 願 — 원won → がんgan\n * 安 — 안an → あんan\n * 溫 — 온on → おんon\n * 位 — 위wi → いi\n\n## Mapping the _vowels_ of Hanja sounds\n\n * “ㅏa/ㅘwa” → “ぁa” \n * 家 — 가ga/ka → かka\n * 間 — 간gan/kan → かんkan\n * 樂 — 락rak → らくraku\n * 単 — 단dan/tan → たんtan\n * 癌 — 암am → がんgan\n * 眼 — 안an → がんgan\n * 完 — 완wan → かんkan\n * 館 — 관gwan/kwan → かんkan\n * “ㅑya” → “ゃya” \n * 夜 — 야ya → やya\n * 約 — 약yak → やくyaku\n * 略 — 략ryak → りゃくryaku\n * ㅓʌ̹ → ぇe/ぉo/ょyo/ゃya\n * 件 — 건gʌ̹n/kʌ̹n → けんken\n * 見 — 견gyʌ̹n/kyʌ̹n → けんken\n * 驗 — 험hʌ̹m → けんken\n * 憶 — 억ʌ̹k → おくoku\n * 德 — 덕dʌ̹k/tʌ̹k → とくtoku\n * 抑 — 억ʌ̹k → よくyoku\n * 石 — 석sʌ̹k → せきseki/しゃくsyaku/こくkoku\n * ㅕ → yo/ya/e/i \n * 歷\n * 逆\n * 力\n * ㅝ \n * 權 — 권gwon/kwon → けんken\n\n……(to be written)……\n\n## Mapping the _final consonants_ of Hanja sounds\n\n * “ᆨk/g” → “くku/きki”\n * “ᆫn/ᆷm” → “んn”\n * “ᆯl” → “つtsu”\n * “ᆸp/ᆼng” → “うu”\n\n……(to be written)……", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-10T18:13:19.627", "id": "90283", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-11T18:41:12.977", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-11T18:41:12.977", "last_editor_user_id": "26364", "owner_user_id": "26364", "parent_id": "90282", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1. Word \"would\" comparing to \"do\" have 2 implications. Either you are going to buy it and ask hypothetically, or it's used as politeness. Considering that いただく is a humble version of もらう, such translation makes sense for politeness level.\n\n 2. 動けません is present tense, so we can't translate that as \"couldn't\". In English sometimes we use \"couldn't\" with present-future meaning to make it more uncertain/hypothetical. If we want to achieve a similar result, we can use と思う, だろう and similar forms in Japanese.\n\n 3. It's a conjunction, the only difference people can omit the following phrase. Usually it's used when either it's obvious or when people don't want to say something. Here it's used rather because people think it's too blunt to directly say what they want, so they prefer to add が and make it less forcing like \"I want this, but ... (you don't have to do it)\". This の should be a nominalization which is used to involve the hearer. However, generally の is very context-dependent and has multiple functions. Because it's extremely common, I would advise to read something like this paper by Haruko Minegishi Cook to get a rough idea how it can be used:\n\n<https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/pip/article/download/151/151-436-1-PB.pdf>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-12T21:26:17.703", "id": "90295", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-12T21:26:17.703", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41989", "parent_id": "90287", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "To modify the meaning of a verb in English, we can make use of modal verbs.\nThese include `can`, `could`, `would` and so on. Each modal verb adds a\nmeaning to the main verb depending on the modal verb. For example, `I cannot\nmove`. `cannot` is the uncontracted form of `can't` and this is `can`\ncontracted with `not`, which negates the meaning of `can`. That is, it\nexpresses the inability to do something and that something is `move`. In other\nwords, we don't say `moven't` to express the inability to move, we have to\ninstead use the modal verb `can` and negate it.\n\nIn Japanese, however, we inflect that verb to express inability. For example,\nthe polite negative counterpart of `動く (to move)` is `動けません (to not move)`.\nThus, it translates as `I cannot move`. Why is it so? Unlike Japanese, verbs\ndo not inflect to negate themselves and, because we want to express inability,\nwe negate `can`.\n\nAs for `言葉を発音していただけませんか`, we break it down to the following:\n\n * 言葉を発音する\n * いただく\n * か (question marker)\n\nいただく (to receive) is used instead of もらう (to receive) when you want to show\nrespect to the giver, which also denotes humbleness. Now, ask yourself, what's\nthe closest thing we have to いただく when used for petitions in English? Well,\nthat's `would`. We use `would` for polite requests. Hence, `would` is used.\n\n## **のだ/んだ**\n\nのだ or its polite counterpart のです follows a clause when the speaker wants...\n\n 1. to give an explanation\n 2. to add a comment related to the conversational context\n 3. to elicit a reply\n 4. to soften the tone when requesting, suggesting, or demanding.\n\n**の contracts to a nasal sound ん in colloquial speech.**\n\nThe meaning it conveys in `窓を開けていただきたいんですが` is the fourth one.\n\n> **Example sentences**\n\n> **A)** 今{いま}とても忙{いそが}しい **んです** 。(After verbs and adjectives in the\n> dictionary form)\n```\n\n> I'm tied up right now. (1 or 2)\n> \n```\n\n>\n> **B)** さっき彼女{かのじょ}に電話{でんわ}した **のです** 。(After verbs and adjectives in ta-\n> form)\n```\n\n> I phoned her a while ago. (1 or 2)\n> \n```\n\n>\n> **C)** 今日{きょう}は暇{ひま}な **んです** 。(After adjectival nouns or nouns + な/だった)\n```\n\n> I'm free today. (1 or 2)\n> \n```\n\n>\n> **D)** テニスはする **んです** か。(Used with questions)\n```\n\n> Do you play tennis? (3)\n> \n```\n\nDepending on the context, for example, you may yield **A)** when you're asked\nfor help or to let somebody know in advance you won't be able to help because\nyou're busy. **B)** and **C)** can be used in a similar way. Moreover, you may\nyield **D)** if you're curious as to why he/she is good a tennis, perhaps,\nhe/she easily won against you in a tennis match.\n\n## が\n\nが can be used at the end or in-between clauses to express conflict.\n\nWhen used with petitions, it roughly means `[PETITION], but it's okay If you\ndon't`. The meaning it conveys in `窓を開けていただきたいんですが` is that one.\n\n> **Example sentences**\n\n> **E)** 今{いま}とても忙{いそが}しいんです **が** 。\n```\n\n> I'm tied up right now.\n> \n```\n\n>\n> **F)** さっき彼女{かのじょ}に電話{でんわ}したのです **が** 、出{で}ませんでした。\n```\n\n> I phoned her a while ago, but she didn't answer.\n> \n```\n\n**E)** has a very similar meaning to **A)** , but **E)** is more emphatic.\nThis basically means `But I'm very busy right now, so...` or `The problem\nis... I'm very busy`. It indicates that being busy is a problem. As for **F)**\n, が means `but` because you're establishing a conflict with what is said in\nthe first clause and the second clause.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T03:09:53.363", "id": "90297", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-14T13:45:25.683", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-14T13:45:25.683", "last_editor_user_id": "45630", "owner_user_id": "45630", "parent_id": "90287", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "ひ in the sentence is\n[歴史的仮名遣](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3)\n([Historical kana\northography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography#General_differences)).\n\n# Japanese\n\n> 語頭以外の「わ・い・う・え・お」の多くが「は・ひ・ふ・へ・ほ」であり、「ゐ・ゑ・を」であるものもある。\n>\n\n>> 例：かは（川） こひ（鯉） あふ（会う） まへ（前） かほ（顔） あゐ（藍） こゑ（声） あを（青）\n\n# English\n\n> The series of kana ha hi fu he ho are used to represent, in some words, the\n> sounds wa, i, u, e, o, respectively.\n\n# Japanese\n\nSo しまひたい is しまいたい in modern writing = しまう (finish/end up) + たい (want to).\nRoughly the first sentence means,\n\n * If possible, I'd like to get old sooner.\n\n(Or 出来れば早く can be understood as 出来るだけ早く = as soon as possible.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-12T11:40:31.927", "id": "90291", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-12T13:16:22.927", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-12T13:16:22.927", "last_editor_user_id": "39017", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "90290", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is simply こんにちは + a highly reduced です.\n\n(EDIT: I claimed this isn't common in real life speech, but I'll defer to\nl'électeur's experience and remove that claim.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-12T20:35:32.120", "id": "90294", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-13T05:51:39.070", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-13T05:51:39.070", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "90293", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> What 時に means? sometimes?\n\nRight! 時に means \"sometimes\". 時に sounds more literary than [時々]{ときどき}.\n\n> Does 凍えそうになるほど人の世は厳しい mean \"friends can be strict to the extent that makes\n> you to tremble\"?\n\n[人]{ひと}の[世]{よ}, literary \"world of human\", is almost synonymous to [世間]{せけん}\nor [世]{よ}の[中]{なか}, \"the world\", \"society\".\n\nI think your understanding of ～になるほど is correct. 「それでも時に凍えそうになるほど人の世は厳しい」\nliterally means \"Still, the world/society is sometimes harsh/severe to the\nextent that it almost freezes you\". Please rewrite it to what sounds more\nnatural in your language.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T03:45:22.383", "id": "90298", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-13T04:18:55.930", "last_edit_date": "2021-09-13T04:18:55.930", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "90296", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Yes, here「時に」means sometimes, like 時々、たまに. Per Google's definition:\n\n> 《副詞的に》 時々。また、たまに。何かのはずみに。どうかすると。\n\n凍えそう: the verb stem of 凍える{こごえる} (to freeze) + clitic suffix そう \nlooks like (it's) about to freeze\n\nになるほど is explained in detail [here in this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/56248/30454). It expresses a\ndegree to which something else is described as (by a modifier).\n\n> でも時に凍えそうになるほど人の世は厳しい\n\ncan be roughly rendered as:\n\n> But sometimes the world can be so cruel that it feels like freezing.\n\nOr\n\n> But sometimes the world can be freezingly cruel.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2021-09-13T03:47:58.497", "id": "90299", "last_activity_date": "2021-09-13T03:47:58.497", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "90296", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]