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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "It refers to the the trajectory the ball follows from the point where it is\nkicked through a particular area of the goalmouth. I think this usage of コース\nstarted in baseball in which the Japanese-English terms インコース and アウトコース refer\nto what Americans would call \"inside pitch\" and \"outside pitch\", respectively.\n\nNote that Doan is the player who scored the first goal for Japan, not the\nsecond. He saw the trajectory the ball would follow before he took the shot.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-03T18:19:37.667", "id": "97488", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-03T18:32:10.270", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-03T18:32:10.270", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97486", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> 学生も子供もではない\n\nThat is not correct. In Japanese the tense/negation comes always in the end.\nYou need to say the copula both times to make it clear that you are negating\nthe state of being of both things.\n\nThat is why: `朝ご飯を食べて学校に行く`and `朝ご飯を食べて学校に行った` have different meanings even\nthough it's just the TE FORM. \"will eat\" and \"ate\".\n\n```\n\n 学生でも子供でもない\n \n```\n\n`Being also a student, being also a child, is not`. You're doing just like the\nprevious sentence: `negating/applying tense` in the end.\n\n```\n\n 学生で子供ではない\n \n```\n\nThat means `one is a student and not a child`. Not really excluding anything.\n\nAnd yes, `である` is `copulaで+ある` which means literally `exist in the condition\nof being X`.\n\n> First, just confirming: the use of でも here is just で + も, and has nothing to\n> do with with the conjunctive でも, correct?\n\nCorrect.", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-03T20:19:46.847", "id": "97489", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-03T20:43:47.053", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-03T20:43:47.053", "last_editor_user_id": "50324", "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "97487", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "When you talk about the word, it's 好き. （だろ だっ・で・に だ な なら NA） are the\nconjugation list of 形容動詞 in modern Japanese (口語). 好きだ is called 基本形, 好き being\n語幹 (stem). 好きな is just a 形 of this word--連体形, the form it takes when it is\nused as a 連体修飾語. I'm guessing it looks more familiar to you because in\nJapanese pedagogy and learner's grammar it is called \"na-adjective\" which is\nadmittedly confusing.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T01:21:46.340", "id": "97491", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-04T01:21:46.340", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "97490", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "NA adjectives are nouns that have Chinese origin in general and started being\nused as adjectives. In classical Japanese there were two kinds òf adjectives.\nSome used to take the copula たり and some なり. The 連体形 of なり is なる. Therefore\n静かなる部屋 became 静かな部屋. The old 連体形 of たり, たる is still used nowadays in modern\nJapanese. Example: 堂々たる態度. 好きだ is the predicative form that comes in the end\n終止形. 好きな is the 連体形 because it has the 連体形 of the old copula なり. 好き is the\n辞書形/語幹. [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/B7EJi.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pOscR.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/omAar.png)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T12:52:14.507", "id": "97497", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-06T00:28:52.620", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-06T00:28:52.620", "last_editor_user_id": "50324", "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "97490", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The answer to this question is actually arguably \"it depends on who you're\ntalking to\".\n\nFor English, most grammarians share a pretty consistent view of how the\nlanguage grammar is described and taught, and everybody learns it the same\nway. However, with Japanese there are actually a number of different schools\nof thought regarding how the grammar of the language can be divided up and\ndescribed, and they look at some aspects of it slightly differently from each\nother. (It's important to understand that with languages, grammar rules are\nessentially something made up by humans to try to describe observed usage, so\nthere can be multiple ways to describe the same thing which are equally valid,\nand really just a matter of perspective.)\n\nIn some schools of thought (which are more commonly taught in Japan), the な\n(or だ, etc, when used in sentence-final position) associated with a\nな-adjective (形容動詞) is considered to be part of the word, and so these words\nare effectively conjugated with different endings for different situations,\nsimilar to verbs or い-adjectives. (This is why the Japanese term actually has\n動詞 in it, because when viewed in this way, they are sorta considered to work\nsimilarly to verbs grammatically.)\n\nIn other schools of thought (often more common outside of Japan), な-adjectives\nthemselves do not include the な as part of the word, and do not conjugate\n(more similar to how nouns work), and the な is just considered to be a\nseparate particle (or seen as a form of the copula だ, depending on who you\ntalk to) which is attached to them when forming the sentence.\n\nBoth are arguably equally valid ways of looking at things, it just depends\nwhich system of describing Japanese grammar you are working with.\n\nIt is important to note that there is another category of adjectives which are\noften confused for 形容動詞 but actually are not, and behave slightly differently.\nThese are 連体詞 (often called \"rentaishi adjectives\" or \"adnominal adjectives\"\nin English). Many of these adjectives also end in な, but the ending な is\nalways considered to be part of the word in both schools of thought.\n\n * 好き(な) - 形容動詞, whether な is part of the word depends on the school of thought.\n * 大きい - 形容詞, all one word (in all schools).\n * 大きな - 連体詞, all one word (in all schools).", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T20:21:14.220", "id": "97501", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-05T19:20:25.803", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-05T19:20:25.803", "last_editor_user_id": "35230", "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97490", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "心臓 refers to the organ and 心 to emotions and feelings.\n\nI took the following from\n[プログレッシブ英和中辞典](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/heart/#ej-39501).\n\n心臓:\n\n> heart problems 心臓病\n>\n> My heart stood still. （驚いて）心臓が一瞬止まった\n\n心:\n\n> have a kind [tender, gentle] heart 優しい心をしている\n>\n> a heart of gold [stone] 優しい［冷酷な］心\n>\n> a change of heart 心がわり\n>\n> My heart goes out to you. 心から同情します\n>\n> I loved him with all my heart and soul. 心の底から彼を愛した\n\n* * *\n\nNote that 心臓 also has a figurative sense as in Xの心臓部, meaning the most\nimportant part/center of X.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T08:28:44.183", "id": "97494", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-04T08:28:44.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97492", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "When it is obvious what it is about, using 初体験 doesn't necessarily carry the\nother meaning.\n\nFor example, if you are eating Natto for the first time, you could say 初体験です\nand it doesn't sound weird (to me). An alternative is simply using 初めて食べます (or\nother verbs) or using 初X (初納豆です in this case) would work as well.\n\nThat said, it is to some extent true that 初体験 has that connotation and perhaps\ntends to be avoided. In contrast to the above, when speaking of eating Natto,\nit would be odd to say 初体験はいつですか in order to ask when the listener ate Natto\nfor the first time (the sentence would be almost always understood in the\nother meaning).\n\nAlso, typically in TV, 初体験 is used intentionally to (kind of) mislead the\naudience. For example, captions* like あの女優が初体験 are used when an actress does\nsomething for the first time; of course, the audience wouldn't really expect\nthe other meaning, but it is kind of double-meaning and probably has an eye-\ncatching effect. In this sense, 初体験 defaults to the other meaning today.\n\n(*captions: I don't know much about how things are abroad, but in Japanese TV\nprograms, commercials are inserted about every 10-15 mins and before a\ncommercial starts, there are captions to keep the audience for what comes\nnext.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T08:48:16.637", "id": "97495", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-04T08:58:09.733", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-04T08:58:09.733", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97493", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "部局 is, as the definition says, a collective noun referring to divisions in an\norganization, so corresponds to plural _divisions, departments_.\n\nAs for 部, 課, 局, they are usually divisions/subdivisions hierarchically\norganized, depending on the organization.\n\nFor example, [Metropolitan Police\nDepartment](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%96%E5%BA%81) has\nseveral 部, under which there are several 課. On the other hand, [Ministry of\nFinance](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E7%9C%81) has\nseveral 局 and 課 below them. Both 部 and 局 seem to be translated as _bureau_.\n\nI think in most traditional Japanese companies there are 部 and 課, but perhaps\nnot 局. But again, this just depends.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T23:26:01.030", "id": "97504", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-05T01:12:42.393", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-05T01:12:42.393", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97496", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is more a matter of typography than of orthography.\n\n * [ふりがなを入れる時の5つの決まり事](https://blog.printbiz.jp/archives/1008686834.html)\n\n>\n> 漢字1文字ごとに読み仮名を振るルビをモノルビ、単語単位に振るルビをグループルビといいます。文字と読みの関係を学ぶ目的の文章、教科書や教材（特に低年齢用）ではモノルビが使用されます。漢字の読み方を学ぶ場合ですね。\n> 熟字訓や当て字についてはグループルビが使用されます。特別な読み方の地名にも、グループルビが用いられます。\n\nRoughly:\n\n> Assigning reading per character is called _Mono-ruby_ and per word is called\n> _Group-ruby_. Mono-ruby is used for textbooks which is intended for learning\n> relationships between characters and reading. Group-ruby is used for jukuji-\n> kun and [ateji](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E3%81%A6%E5%AD%97)\n> or place names with special readings.\n\nNote that normally readable kanjis are not furigana-ed in most cases ([Rules\nfor **when** to put\nfurigana](https://crd.ndl.go.jp/reference/modules/d3ndlcrdentry/index.php?page=ref_view&id=1000116191)).\nAlso sometimes mono-ruby takes more space (誕{たん}生{じょう}日{び} vs 誕生日{たんじょうび} from\n[here](https://www.tairapromote.co.jp/column/288/)), so may be less preferred.\n\nAt best, what you could do is to find a list of jukuji-kun/ateji and use\ngroup-ruby for them/mono-ruby otherwise.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-05T09:48:23.130", "id": "97510", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-05T09:48:23.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97498", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Yes, as @[sundowner](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/45489/) noted in\nthat final paragraph, there are enough exceptions in Japanese writing that any\nprogrammatic approach would have to start with a dictionary (in programming\nterms).\n\nThis dictionary would contain the following alignments:\n\n * each known single kanji with its regular readings and okurigana (for analysis)\n * each known multi-kanji compound with irregular readings: \n * jukujikun words like 昨日【きのう】 (where the whole reading applies to the whole kanji string, and no single kanji correlates to any particular part of the reading)\n * partially-irregular words like 微【ほほ】笑【え】む, where the ほほ portion actually derives from 頬【ほほ】 (\"cheeks\") and the 微 (\"slightly\") kanji spelling was applied later, and the えむ portion is the regular kun'yomi for 笑【え】む (\"to smile; to bloom\")\n\nYou would still have problems applying the correct furigana, as some words\nlike 昨日 have multiple valid readings, and only a close reading of the context\nand the nuances will reveal which reading is appropriate. _(Granted, it's\nprobably safe to use the most common reading きのう for this — but it won't\nalways be right!)_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-05T21:03:30.917", "id": "97515", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-05T21:03:30.917", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97498", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "```\n\n 仕事終わったら飲みに行く\n \n```\n\nFocus on the conditional aspect of `when/if`. Being `仕事終わる` a true sentence,\nthen B `飲みに行く`.\n\n```\n\n 仕事終わってから飲みに行く\n \n```\n\nIndicates a short time span after `仕事終わる`. The first thing that happens after\nA is B.\n\n```\n\n 仕事終わったあとで飲みに行く\n \n```\n\nIndicates a larger time span. You finish work, but not necessarily you go\ndrinking after it. You might stop by at home, for example. That is why\nsentences like `離婚した後で`、付き合うことが難しくなってきました don't make sense if you change to\n`離婚してから`.\n\n```\n\n 仕事あとで飲みにいくに\n \n```\n\nIs wrong. The correct way is `仕事の後で` or `仕事後に` using 後 as a suffix with the\nreading ご. This pattern is equivalent to `仕事終わったあとで飲みに行く`.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T23:50:00.657", "id": "97506", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-04T23:50:00.657", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "97500", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "1. **読みはしない** : Correct. This is how you can [add a contrastive-wa to a verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25727/5010). \n\n> 買いはするが、読みはしない。 \n> I'll _buy_ it, but won't _read_ it.\n\n 2. **読みもしない** : Correct. \"don't _even_ read\". \n\n> 彼は本を買っても読みもしない。 \n> He buys books, but doesn't even read them.\n\n 3. **読みをしない** : Correct only if 読み is clearly treated as a noun meaning \"reading (of a kanji, etc.)\". \n\n> AとBは同じ読みをしない。 \n> A and B don't have the same reading.\n\n 4. **お読みしない** : Correct (but uncommon). This is the negative version of お読みする, which a humble version of 読む. \n\n> お読みしないわけにはいきません。 \n> I cannot afford not to read it.\n\n 5. **読みしない** : Correct but rare. This is valid only in a colloquial sentence where 読み is clearly treated as a noun and を has been omitted. \n\n> 同じ読みしない漢字10個書いて。 \n> Write 10 kanji that don't read the same.\n\n 6. **読むことをしない** : Correct (\"not to do the reading\"). \n\n> 彼は本を買っても読むことをしない。 \n> He buys books but never reads them.\n\n 7. **読むことなんてしない** : Correct (\"not to do something (nonsense/etc) like reading\"). \n\n> 説明書を全部読むことなんてしないよ。 \n> I won't bother reading the entire manual.\n\nNote that 3 and 5 can appear only in uncommon situations where 読み is working\nas a [masu-stem as a noun](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/32311/5010).\nThey are incorrect as verb forms in general.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-06T01:11:09.720", "id": "97516", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-06T05:17:47.127", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-06T05:17:47.127", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97502", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "> クラスの友達いないときに二人目と目あって気づいた恋\n\nThat means `The love \"two people\" realize eye to eye when there are no class\nfriends`.\n\n二人目と目あって -> 二人が目と目が合って The eyes of both people meeting. Literally: `eye and\neye meeting`. This テ形 is working adverbially to show how they realized their\nlove. 二人が is the subject of 気づいた.\n\nIt's idiomatic almost. That's why it sounds weird in English \"eye and eye\".\n目と目 is not grammatically incorrect. It's just `noun+noun` which is perfectly\nfine.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-04T23:28:55.017", "id": "97505", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-05T02:43:05.000", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-05T02:43:05.000", "last_editor_user_id": "50324", "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "97503", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "自発 and 受身 are two of the meanings of the same form. Syntactically, they are\nthe same. Semantically, they are related but different. Japanese textbooks for\nJapanese students treat the two (ら)れる as the same\n[助動詞](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/63365/5010). For example, please\ntake a look at [this\npage](https://www.kokugobunpou.com/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E/%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B-%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B/).\n\n(Compare _must_ in English; _must_ as in \"You must be brave\" and _must_ as in\n\"You must be hungry\" are syntactically the same but semantically different.)\n\nA typical 自発 sentence looks like this:\n\n> エンジンが故障していると思われます。\n\nIf we took this 思われる as passive, we would get something like \"It _is thought_\nthat the engine is broken\", but that's not how we normally translate this\nsentence into English. This use of 思われる indicates the idea came out of nowhere\n(spontaneously, \"outside of control\"), and it's basically a milder version of\n思います. So it is more natural to translate this without a passive form, like \"I\ngot an impression that the engine is broken\".\n\nThat said, the two meanings are etymologically the same and indeed based on\nthe same meaning, \"without one's will\". See: [Is there a reason why the\npassive and the potential form are identical (at least for える/いる\nverbs)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/60050/5010) I think it is enough\nif you understand English passive forms are not necessarily used when\ntranslating a sentence like this.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-05T01:04:58.570", "id": "97508", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-05T01:04:58.570", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97507", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think your sentence is understood, but it could feel ambiguous (time or\ndistance?) and the listener may ask what you mean.\n\nMost probably just use a different verb would be more common:\n\n * ニューヨークまで3時間以上かかる\n * ニューヨークまで3時間以上ある (this sounds you are on the way to NY)\n\nor if you stick to 離れる\n\n * ニューヨークは(車で/飛行機で)3時間以上離れたところにある.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-05T09:54:27.263", "id": "97511", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-05T09:54:27.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97509", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "* This 言うなら (or 言わば, 言うならば, 言うなれば) is a phrase meaning \"so to speak\".\n\n * This 返し refers to a _barb_ , the following part of a fishing hook, harpoon, etc:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/emux7.png)\n\nWhen a needle (or hook, stinger) hits a hard object (e.g., a wall), the tip\nwill be crushed and bent like a barb.\n\nSo the sentence is saying that since the needle has not fully penetrated and\nhit something hard, its tip should still be sharp like a barbless fish hook.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-05T10:42:22.650", "id": "97514", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-06T02:43:18.207", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-06T02:43:18.207", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97513", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "* This 人は城 is probably a reference to [\"人は城、人は石垣、人は堀\"](https://www.city.kofu.yamanashi.jp/shingenkou-no-machi/wartactics.html), a wisdom by [Takeda Shingen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeda_Shingen). This is believed to mean human resources are the most important \"infrastructure\" of an organization.\n * かつ is not \"or\" but a very explicit \" **and** (at the same time)\".\n\nSo this sentence seems to suggest human resources are the most important (城)\nto a company, but the most risky/vulnerable (セキュリティホール) thing at the same\ntime. I don't know if there is a catchy paraphrase of this 城 in English, but\nyou might just explain the basic idea.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-06T07:40:25.537", "id": "97518", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-06T07:40:25.537", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97517", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "First, 美しい美女 looks ovbiously tautological, and な is normally not used with\nthis exclamatory construction (presumaly because this construction is\nessentially a rhetorical question; see below). So let's use なんて美しい女性だ as an\nexample.\n\nIt's true that なんて is etymologically なんという. You can safely use なんという in this\nconstruction, too:\n\n * なんて美しい女性だ。 \nなんという美しい女性だ。 \nWhat a beautiful woman!\n\nTo further break down, なんという can be understood as an **(interrogative)\nrelative clause** that modifies 美しい女性. Compare the following:\n\n * (彼女は)アンという女性だ。 \nShe is a woman who one calls Ann. \n→ She is a woman called Ann.\n\n * (彼女は)何という女性だ？ (as a question) \n(She is a woman who one calls _WHAT_?) \n→ How is the woman called? / What's the name of the woman?\n\n * 何という女性だ！ (as an exclamatory sentence) \nなんて女性だ！ \n(She is a woman who one describes as _WHAT_?) \n→ She is a woman where one does not know how to describe! \n→ What a woman!\n\n * 何という美しい女性だ！ \nなんて美しい女性だ！ \nShe is a beautiful woman where one does not know how to describe! \n→ What a beautiful woman!\n\nなに美しい女性だ is simply ungrammatical.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T02:30:38.847", "id": "97528", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-07T02:47:08.580", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-07T02:47:08.580", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97520", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "> Here's an example usage I found online:\n>\n\n>> なんて美しい美女だな。\n\n>\n> which idiomatically translates to\n>\n\n>> What a beautiful woman.\n\nなんて美しい美女だな sounds awkward to me (as opposed to 美しい美女だな, なんて美しい美女だ,\nなんて美しい美女なんだ, なんて美しい美女だろう, etc), if not ungrammatical. It doesn't seem like a\ngood example to learn from.\n\nThe only Google hit I found is from <https://warosu.org/jp/thread/21903543>\nwhere most posts are in English. なんて美しい美女だな an isolated Japanese post, thrown\nwithout much context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T08:02:32.333", "id": "97544", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T08:02:32.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97520", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "わかったもんじゃない (or わかったものではない) is a set phrase that always implies something bad\nwill happen. For example, 彼女は何をするかわかったもんじゃない implies she would almost\ncertainly do something unexpected and bad, although it is hard to imagine what\nshe would do exactly or how awful it would be. In your case, わかったもんじゃない did\nnot work because you didn't know whether the result would be favorable or\nunfavorable. Simply, you could have said まだわからない instead.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T01:18:54.557", "id": "97525", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-07T01:24:43.327", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-07T01:24:43.327", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97521", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This is an alternative form of the character 五【ご】 (\"five\"), as you correctly\nsurmised. [The entry at the English\nWiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AB%9D%80#Chinese) currently\nonly lists this as used in Chinese, but [the corresponding entry at the\nJapanese Wiktionary](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AB%9D%80) lists this\nunder the more general heading of 「漢字【かんじ】」, and describes this as\n『「五【ご】」の俗字【ぞくじ】。』 (\"informal variant for 五【ご】\").\n\nI think this form might have arisen from handwriting. I've seen images of 五\nwhere the writer starts the top stroke, but doesn't draw the line all the way\nacross, and after a very short horizontal, they start the downward vertical\nstroke. In certain cases this can look like the top stroke has been mostly\nomitted.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-06T21:15:13.453", "id": "97524", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-06T21:15:13.453", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97522", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You could simply use 「あかん」とは. Or to be more specific, you could use\n「あかん」という言葉は.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T02:33:56.603", "id": "97529", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-07T02:33:56.603", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "97523", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "You can ask like\n\n> 「あかん」は大阪弁{おおさかべん}ですか？\n\nor\n\n> 「あかん」は大阪{おおさか}の方言{ほうげん}ですか？", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T04:13:24.667", "id": "97530", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T15:44:40.823", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-08T15:44:40.823", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "36794", "parent_id": "97523", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. にん. It's a counter. も indicates 10 is a big number (\"as many as 10\").\n 2. Nothing is omitted after 10人 (も is explicitly there). が is omitted after 兄弟.\n 3. Yes, it's basically \"and\", but has a nuance of \"moreoever\" or \"what's worse/more\".\n 4. This と after 誰一人 is \"with\". AはBと仲が良い means \"A is in good terms with B\" or \"A gets along with B\". I believe も is missing after 誰一人と.\n 5. A literal translation would be \"(my true mother) is not in good terms with anyone\".\n 6. Yes, `(interrogative +) も (+ ～ない)` works by replacing を and が, but it doesn't replace other particles like と, に, へ and から. Compare: \n * 何も買わない。 \nI'll buy nothing. \n(も has replaced を)\n\n * どこへも行かない。 \nI'll go nowhere. \n(も follows へ)\n\n> 実母なんて10人も兄弟(が)いるのに、誰一人とも仲良くないし、誰の連絡先も知らないよ。 \n> My (real) mother has (as many as) 10 siblings, but she gets along with no\n> one (of them) and (what's worse) knows the contact information of no one.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T01:46:33.280", "id": "97527", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-07T02:02:37.543", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-07T02:02:37.543", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97526", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Maybe a boring answer: for name reading, there are no rules and legally\nspeaking, they are completely arbitrary (on condition that they sound like\nnames). That is, as long as you use kanjis in [the list of allowed ones for\nnames](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7),\nyou can 'set' the reading of your own choosing. In this sense, concepts of\nateji etc. do not exactly apply to names. Most キラキラネーム's are mostly considered\nas ateji, in the sense that it is made by some sort of associations: From the\nlink below: 男 = あだむ(Adam), 本気 = りある(real).\n\n * [キラキラネームはなぜ付けられる～「命名の自由」はどこまで許されるのか](https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/takeuchiyutaka/20190918-00143167)\n\n>\n> 日本語には、ひらがな、カタカナがあり、漢字については常用漢字表（2136字）と人名用漢字表（863字）の合計2999字であれば、自由に組み合わせて使えます。さらに、戸籍の名の欄には漢字の読み方が記載されず、出生届に「よみかた」があるだけです。しかも、その「よみかた」には制限がないため、難解な読み方や、いわゆるキラキラネームを付けることができるのです", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T22:47:28.740", "id": "97537", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-07T22:47:28.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97532", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "First consider 念写のスキル. This の is within the usage that can be translated as\n_of_ : the skill of 念写. Here 透視 is listed as well, so without 大人しい, it is\n_(except) the skills of 念写 and 透視_.\n\nFor the 大人しい, it may depend on the context, but it can mean something like\nabsence of features, extending absence of sounds ( _quiet_ ). For example,\n大人しい色 means a color that does not pop into the eyes - brown, gray, etc. An\nopposite is 派手な色 (I found _loud_ is used similarly according to [a J-E\ndictionary](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E6%B4%BE%E6%89%8B/#je-61170)).\n\nSo the speaker categorizes extraordinary skills into 'loud' type and non-loud\ntype, and is referring to M's skills as _the non-loud/plain skills of 透視 and\n念写_. I suppose it refers to the non-dynamic nature of them in contrast to\ndynamic teleporting.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T22:32:53.200", "id": "97536", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-07T23:24:39.940", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-07T23:24:39.940", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97533", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

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[ { "body": "For those sentences in particular, your understanding is all right.\n\nAs for が and は, you should know there are many aspects. Roughly it is correct\nto assume they indicate a subject, everything else would depend on context.\n\nFor と and で, it depends on verbs and how you interpret them (or the term\n_reciprocal_ ). For example,\n\n * 彼女とデートした\n\nwould mean _dated with her_ , arguably _did a date together_. (You could\ninterpret it as some sort of reciprocal activity.)\n\n * 二人でけんかしている\n\nwould mean _those two are arguing against each other_ , which could be\ninterpreted as reciprocal. (You could say _doing a quarrel together_ )\n\nSo _together_ or _reciprocal_ is more a matter of meaning/interpretation, and\nyou cannot really set one meaning for particles by themselves.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-07T23:23:55.167", "id": "97538", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-07T23:23:55.167", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97535", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This is not about nuances as much as it is about grammar. Particles mark\nvalues for certain slots, in this case mostly the が slot (the subject, who\ndoes the fighting) and and the と slot (the opponent of the fighting). These\nslots are associated with the main verb 戦う, and different verbs expect\ndifferent slots with different levels of requirement (but the が slot is often\nhighly required)*.\n\nXは often brings X to the が slot. Xで doesn't bring X into any of the required が\nand と slots, making the sentence incomplete (not in the sense that it's\nungrammatical, but it requires the context to provide the missing values).\n\n> ボブたちで戦ってる\n\nThis makes the subject (or the が slot) and the opponent (or the と slot)\nimplicit, and has extra vagueness. The implicit subject could exactly match\nボブたち, but it could be something else. There might be a larger group that is\nthe subject of 戦う, and ボブたち might be select representatives - in that case\nit's reasonable to assume they are fighting together, not against each other.\nThere might be controllers that is the subject of 戦う and ボブたち might be merely\ntools/puppets - in that case, they might be fighting together (under the same\ncontroller), and they might be fighting against each other (under different\ncontrollers on each side).\n\nI'm not saying you can draw these interpretations from one particle alone,\nthough. They will simply be _possible_ with that sentence, while in the other\nsentences they will probably be incompatible with the explicit subjects\n(except for in some very contrived context).\n\n> ボブと戦ってる\n\nThis is kind of similar in being vague about the subject, but it at least\nfills the と slot.\n\n*: This concept is called 必須格 in Japanese linguistics. I don't know what is the correct term in English - \"required case value\"?\n\n## How to disambiguate と\n\n-と can be used to mean 'together with _', which is optional in a lot of verbs, in addition to the opponent slot mentioned above, leading to two possible interpretations. The required slot (the \"opponent\" interpretation here) usually takes precedence over the \"together\" interpretation, because it needs to be filled somehow, but not always. When the context heavily implies the existence of someone else on the same side to the subject, that interpretation could be preferred.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T09:53:11.297", "id": "97545", "last_activity_date": "2023-03-01T10:35:33.423", "last_edit_date": "2023-03-01T10:35:33.423", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97535", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "That rule is mostly true, especially for simple verbs, but it's not always\ntrue. There are a few exceptional cases where what was originally a transitive\nverb is now interpreted as an intransitive verb.\n\nOne example is [暮らす](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%9A%AE%E3%82%89%E3%81%99),\nwhich is normally regarded as an intransitive verb today. According to 明鏡国語辞典,\nit was originally a transitive (or causative) version of\n[暮れる](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%9A%AE%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B), but something like\n\"to make days end\" eventually became an independent intransitive verb meaning\n\"to live (a life)\".\n\nWhen it comes to compound verbs, there are quite a few intransitive verbs that\nend with す, including 踊り明かす, 泣きはらす, 鉢合わす and 怒り散らす.\n\nAs for 出くわす, I could not find any authoritative source regarding its\netymology. But it may be related to 交はす【くわす】, which is a transitive verb\nmeaning \"to cross/exchange (something)\" in classical Japanese (its modern\nequivalent is 交わす【かわす】). This may be another example of a verb that changed\nits transitivity while being used as a compound verb. Cure Dolly's rule is\nuseful when you learn words, but this is not a rule recognized by an average\nJapanese person, and there is seldom a 100% correct rule in the world of\nvocabulary, anyway.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T11:53:17.067", "id": "97546", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T12:26:54.550", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-08T12:26:54.550", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97539", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think your guess is close enough. Generally, ズオオオオオ looks like the sound of\ncutting through the air at high speed, which should match (well enough) your\ndescription.\n\nFor the real sound, I found the following:\n\n * [【効果音ラボ】スローモーション終了（ズオオオ）](https://commons.nicovideo.jp/material/nc278405)\n\n* * *\n\nTotally irrelevant to the question, but _fish sausage_ looks to me more like\n[魚肉ソーセージ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%82%89%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8)....", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T02:35:59.703", "id": "97543", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T02:35:59.703", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97540", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes that ある is in the 連体形, and 人間の背丈ほどもある is a relative clause that modifies\n雑草. The \"original\" sentence is:\n\n> (その)雑草 **は** (高さ **が** )人間の背丈ほどもある。\n>\n> The weeds are as tall as a human. \n> (literally: As for the weeds, the height is as much as a human's height.)\n\nThis ある may still seem tricky, but we use ある this way to express the weight or\nthe size of something. You may temporarily forget the meaning of \"to exist\".\n\n * この蛇は(長さが)3メートル(も)ある。 \nThis snake is 3 meters long.\n\n * 彼は(体重が)80kg以上(も)ある。 \nHe weights more than 80 kg.\n\n(も [indicates the number is\nlarge](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/69513/5010). The が-marked subject\nlike 体重 is typically omitted.)\n\nAnd we can make relativized phrases like so:\n\n * (長さが)3メートルある蛇 \na snake that is 3 meters long\n\n * (体重が)80kg以上ある男 \na man who weighs more than 80 kg\n\nHere's a relevant dictionary definition:\n\n> ### ある\n>\n> ❼《数値を伴って》あるものがそのような物理的な属性をもっている。そのような数量が認められる。「彼は体重が一〇〇キロもある」「塔の高さは五〇メートルある」 \n> (Source: 大修館書店 明鏡国語辞典 第三版)", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T02:03:25.793", "id": "97542", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T03:25:00.117", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-08T03:25:00.117", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97541", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The following should essentially answer your question.\n\n * [Differences between くれます, もらいます and いただきます](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/260/45489)\n * [What does ワインを買っていくよ mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/43837/45489)\n\n* * *\n\n 1. 連れていく\n 2. 連れてくる\n\nIf 私 is the subject, 私 is the bringer and the object is the bringee. The\ndifference 連れていく/連れてくる should generally be the same as standalone いく/くる.\n\n 3. 連れて行ってもらう\n\nHere it depends more on the context. It can be a contraction of one of the\nfollowing.\n\n * (私が)私を連れて行ってもらう - I have someone take me to somewhere\n * 私が子供を連れて行ってもらう - I have someone take my child to somewhere\n\nIn the former you are taken somewhere, and in the latter your child.\n\n 4. 連れて行ってくれる\n\nSince the subject cannot be _I_ here, you are right that you are always the\nobject and the one who is brought to somewhere.\n\n 5. 連れられる\n\nGenerally same as 5, this means a simple passive _I'm brought by someone_ , so\nyou are the bringee.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T23:14:00.077", "id": "97571", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T23:14:00.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97547", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "For example:\n\n> 楽しいと思って仕事をする \n> _lit._ I do the work, thinking it's fun / enjoying it\n\nTurning it into a noun phrase using a relative clause, you get:\n\n> 〔楽しいと思ってする〕仕事 \n> _lit._ the work [that I do, thinking it's fun / enjoying it]\n\nIn your example, the head noun is こと. 楽しいと思ってする is a relative clause that\nmodifies こと.\n\n> 〔楽しいと思ってする〕こと \n> _lit._ the thing [that you do while thinking it's fun / enjoying it]\n\n> 「それに楽しいと思ってすることは、何かとスムーズに運び成果もあがるものだ。」\n\n\"And/Also, what you enjoy doing will go smoothly and produce good results,\ntoo.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T15:05:33.710", "id": "97549", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T16:18:59.590", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-08T16:18:59.590", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "97548", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "### Your question\n\n> Where is verb transitivity listed in japanese dictionaries?\n\nIt depends.\n\nNot your ideal answer, I'm sure, but it's true.\n\n### Some examples\n\nMy preferred monolingual Japanese dictionary is the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】\n(NKD), available in an abridged edition via [Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/).\nDue to a site \"upgrade\" a few years ago, actually _finding_ the desired entry\nin the NKD can be a bit tricky. But once you do, there's a great deal of\nuseful detail.\n\n[Here's a set of sample NKD\nentries](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A3%9F%E3%83%BB%E5%96%B0-2030835). This\nincludes the verb くう, くらう, くわせる, くらわす, くわす, くえる, くらわせる, and noun くい.\n\nLet's look in more detail at the verb くう, the topmost one on that page.\n\n> **く・う くふ【食・喰】** \n> 〘他ワ五（ハ四）〙\n\nHere's the top two lines.\n\n * く・う \n * Tells us that the kanji spelling covers the く portion, and the う is [okurigana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okurigana).\n * くふ \n * This is the [historical kana spelling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography) ([歴史的【れきしてき】仮名遣【かなづか】い](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3)), used before the various spelling reforms of the late 19th and early-mid 20th centuries. The historical spellings can sometimes give us better insight into word derivations and connections between words.\n * 他ワ五 \n * This tells us that this is a **他【た】** 動詞【どうし】 or \"transitive verb\", that this conjugates based on the ワ set of kana (such as negative form く **わ** ない), and that this is a 五段【ごだん】 or \"quintigrade\" verb, with all five vowels appearing in the conjugated verb stems: くう・くい・くわ-・くえ・くおう).\n * （ハ四） \n * This is more historical information about Classical Japanese (and deliberately archaic / hyper-formal forms). We learn that, in the historical kana spellings, the verb conjugates based on the ハ set of kana, and that this is a 四段【よだん】 or \"quadrigrade\" verb, with four vowels appearing in the conjugated verb stems: くふ・くひ・くは-・くへ. \n_**Note:** Classical Japanese has no \"-o\" verb endings, because the\nsuppositional / volitional in modern Japanese is actually a contraction of\nolder form_ -amu. _So for modern くう, the volitional is くおう, and for Classical\nくふ, the volitional is くはむ. The suppositional / volitional suffix in Classical\nis -む, and this attaches to the so-called 未然形【みぜんけい】 or\n\"[irrealis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood)\" verb stem\n[basically, \"the action of the verb hasn't happened yet\"]._ \n_In terms of phonological development, the _-amu_ ending was originally\npronounced as //amu//. This changed to //ãu// with a nasal \"a\" sound, a bit\nlike English \"ow\" with a stuffy nose. This naturally evolved into //ɔː// like\nin English \"aw\", and then finally to the long //oː// like \"oh\" that we see in\nmodern Japanese._\n\nUnfortunately, not all dictionaries provide this level of detail. The\ncorresponding Digital Daijisen entry\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%86-482263) doesn't specify\ntransitivity at all:\n\n> **く・う〔くふ〕【食う／×喰う】** \n> ［動ワ五（ハ四）］\n\nWe are told that this is a **動【どう】** 詞【し】 (verb), but not whether it's a\n他動詞【たどうし】 (transitive verb) or a 自動詞【じどうし】 (intransitive verb).\n\nTo find out, we can dig around further. The very first definition line in the\nDaijisen gives us this:\n\n> **１** 食物をかんでのみ込む。食べる。「飯を―・う」\n\nThat bit at the end is a usage example. Dictionary formatting often replaces\nthe headword with a hyphen, so we know we can expand 「飯を―・う」 into 「飯を **食【く】**\n・う」. And since we have the basic grammatical structure of `[NOUN]`を`[VERB]`,\nwe can tell from both the definition and this usage example that 食【く】う is a\ntransitive verb.\n\n_**Note:** We need the definition as well, since it is possible to have\n`[NOUN]`を`[VERB]` with intransitive verbs of motion, where the NOUN describes\na place or time through which the action of the verb is happening, such as in\n道【みち】を歩【ある】く (\"to walk [up, down, along] the street\")._\n\n### Conclusion\n\n> Where is verb transitivity listed in japanese dictionaries?\n\nWhen a dictionary specifies this information clearly, it should be right at\nthe start of the entry, as we see above in the sample from the NKD.\n\nIf a dictionary doesn't specify this, try looking at the definitions and usage\nexamples.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T20:22:48.103", "id": "97551", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T20:22:48.103", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97550", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "This has nothing to do with fixed set phrases. 思う is one of the verbs that can\n[take three arguments in the form\nAはBをC(だ)とverb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/55169/5010). AはBをCだと思う\nmeans \"A thinks of B as C\". If you have this in mind, you can get the original\nnoun phrase by applying the basic rules of relative clauses.\n\n * 私 **は** その人 **を** いい人だな **と** 思う。 \nI think of that person as a good person.\n\n * 私はその人をいい人だなと思ってた。 \nI had thought of that person as a good person.\n\n * 私 **が** いい人だなと思ってた **人** \na person who I had thought of as a good person \n(pulled out the を-marked argument, changed は to が)\n\n * いい人だなって思ってた人 \na person who I had thought of as a good person \n(omitted the subject, replaced と with って)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-08T23:41:28.967", "id": "97553", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-08T23:49:10.957", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-08T23:49:10.957", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97552", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "So this is just a case of a subclause being used to modify a noun in a larger\nsentence.\n\nWhen you place a clause with a verb in front of a noun, that clause modifies\nthat noun (similar to using \"which\" or \"that\" in English), so for example:\n\n> りんごを食べた -- \"(I) ate an apple\" \n> りんごを食べた人 -- \"a person (人) who ate an apple (りんごを食べた)\"\n\nThe same thing is happening in your sentence:\n\n> いい人だなって思ってた -- \"(I) had thought (he/she) was a good person\" \n> いい人だなって思ってた人 -- \"a person (人) who I had thought was a good person\n> (いい人だなって思ってた)\"\n\nThough it should be noted that since there are no explicit subjects/objects\nhere, it could theoretically also be interpreted to mean something like \"a\nperson who thinks (someone else) is a good person\", so you may need to look at\nthe larger context to know which meaning it actually has (in the case of your\nfull sentence, it seems pretty clear it probably means \"someone (I/you) had\nthought was a good person\", though).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T00:57:56.513", "id": "97557", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T00:57:56.513", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97552", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "刀 (\"katana\") **as a Japanese word** refers to (usually thin) single-edged\nswords in general, not swords in general. Etymologically, \"kata\" means\n\"single\". Double-edged swords are not called 刀, but most Western sabers and\nPersian shamshirs are safely called 刀 by Japanese speakers (although more\nspecific names like サーベル and シャムシール are also common). [This\nsection](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%80#%E4%B8%BB%E3%81%AA%E5%88%80%E3%81%AE%E7%A8%AE%E9%A1%9E)\nin Japanese Wikipedia lists the types of 刀 in the world. That said, when\npeople say 刀 without any context, it primarily refers to Japanese ones used by\nJapanese samurai. When you need to specifically refer to Japanese 刀, you can\nuse 日本刀 (nihontō).\n\nNote that _katana_ **as an English word** normally refers to Japanese swords\nonly, and you probably have to respect this fact while you're speaking in\nEnglish. Not all loaned words retain the original meaning. (A similar example\nis flute/フルート. In English, _flute_ is a general term that includes\n[_shakuhachi_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuhachi), but フルート in Japanese\nrefers only to western concert flutes. If I said _shakuhachi_ is a type of\nフルート to a Japanese speaker, they might think I'm crazy.)\n\nAs for 大太刀 (odachi), from a Japanese speaker's point of view, it's certainly a\nsubtype of 刀. If it doesn't match your image of classic _katana_ (-as-\nEnglish), I would say that's a problem in English, not Japanese.\n\n**EDIT:** As is explained in sundowner's answer, Japanese people sometimes\ndistinguish \"打刀 (uchi-gatana) = (日本)刀 in the narrow sense\" and \"太刀 (tachi)\",\nalthough the difference is not large. [This Wikipedia\narticle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachi) is based on the narrow sense of\nkatana. So it's something like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/iOcmP.png)\n\nSo, you and your friend were both correct but were discussing based on the\ndifferent definitions of the word. Which is correct depends on how strict you\nare categorizing Japanese weapons.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T01:08:51.953", "id": "97558", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T02:57:55.753", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-09T02:57:55.753", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97555", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "I think he is right, in terms of the modern ordinary usage. Katana is just a\ngeneric name for sword.\n\nNote that [the Japanese wikipedia for\n大太刀](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%88%80) has the\nfollowing.\n\n> 大太刀とは初めに述べたように「長大な刀」のことであり、現代の分類では刀身の長さが3尺（約90cm）以上のものを指すのが一般的で...\n>\n> Odachi is a \"long big katana\" and in modern taxonomy refers to those with\n> blades longer than 90cm.\n>\n>\n> 日本刀において、刀身長による分類の方法には文献や研究者によって違いがあり、...従って、「大太刀」という言葉が指す刀剣の定義は常に一定というわけではない。\n>\n> In categorizing 日本刀, taxonomy by length varies depending on\n> literature/researcher ... so the definition of 大太刀 is not always unique.\n\n* * *\n\nAccording to the following taxonomy in [The Japanese Sword\nMuseum](https://www.touken.or.jp/museum/sword/making.html), 刀 in the narrower\nsense is generally shorter and has less curvature than 太刀. If following this,\n大太刀 is (automatically) not a katana.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SC35Q.png)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T01:53:53.243", "id": "97559", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T01:53:53.243", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97555", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "Yes and no. Technically, it looks like katana and tachi are classified\nseparately when discussing Japanese swords. They have signatures on different\nsides of the blade, and are worn differently, with some other differences in\nfiner details. However, in everyday usage of the word, katana is loosely an\nall-encompassing word that covers a wide range of (typically Japanese, but\nsometimes non-Japanese) single-edged swords.\n\n[https://www.hyogo-c.ed.jp/~rekihaku-bo/historystation/rekihaku-\nmeet/seminar/bugu-\nkacchuu/tk_intro1.html](https://www.hyogo-c.ed.jp/%7Erekihaku-\nbo/historystation/rekihaku-meet/seminar/bugu-kacchuu/tk_intro1.html)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T03:36:47.980", "id": "97561", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T03:36:47.980", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97555", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Unfortunately NHK is not correct in this case, and ちょっと is pretty much always\nsaid atamadaka in both その道でちょ＼っとは知られている and ちょ＼っと待ってもらいたい. As for the\ninterjection, it is also atamadaka. ちょっとした￣ is heiban.\n\n* * *\n\nBTW, putting reality aside, regarding your analysis/interpretation of NHK, the\none place I’d disagree is classifying ちょっと as a noun just because it is\nfollowed by は. Adverbials are often followed by は, like\nそうはさせない、少しはわかった、優しくはしない、 ゆっくりは話す (uncommon but possible with context), and so\non. Even in the cases where it seems like you could analyze one of them as a\nnoun (eg 少し = “some of it”), IMO these elements are still behaving as adjuncts\nbecause one can fill in the underlying arguments to the predicate, like\n少しは話がわかった, which eliminates any potential reading where 少し is serving as an\nargument.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T06:05:53.250", "id": "97563", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T06:05:53.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "97560", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you are confusing two (almost) opposite meaning of どうにかなる.\n\nどうにかなる can mean both _to work out, go through somehow_ and _to get cracked,\nbreak_. The former means \"things stay okay\" whereas the latter means\n\"something will go wrong with the subject\".\n\nFor examples,\n\n * お金がなくてもどうにかなる - I can manage/work out things even if I have no money.\n * 寒すぎてどうにかなってしまいそうだ - It's too cold and I'm going crazy/to break.\n\nThe sentence uses どうにかなっちゃう in the 'go wrong' sense and I think you understand\nit as 'work out' sense. The じゃない is simply a negation - so どうにかなっちゃうものじゃない\nmeans _(it) won't break_.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T06:23:19.727", "id": "97565", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T06:23:19.727", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97562", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "There are no simple/clear rules for when -san can be dropped, but in your case\nit should be simply because you are a foreigner and your manager is following\nthe convention in English.\n\nI suppose you are called by your first name alone while others (Japanese) are\ncalled family name-san. Most probably because it is very rare that Japanese\npeople call each other by first names, calling **foreign** first names alone\ndoes not sound odd just as in English (i.e., it is understood as special\ncases).", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T13:14:37.440", "id": "97568", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T13:14:37.440", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97564", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I am not aware of any publicly available statistics already compiled. There\nmight well be such datasets, I just don't know of any.\n\nThere are various publicly available Japanese dictionaries, either bilingual\nlike [Eijirō](https://eow.alc.co.jp/) and\n[WWWJDIC](http://nihongo.monash.edu/cgi-bin/wwwjdic) (one of the datastores\nalso used by [Jisho.org](https://jisho.org/)), or monolingual like those made\navailable via [Weblio](https://www.weblio.jp/) or\n[Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/). One option would be to find a way to access\nthose public datastores, identify verbs, filter by conjugation type, and count\nthe morae (kana).\n\nI think WWWJDIC might be the easiest to access this way, as I think I remember\nreading something about that in the [#Dictionary\nsection](http://nihongo.monash.edu/wwwjdicinf.html#dicfil_tag) of their User\nGuide.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T18:00:20.457", "id": "97570", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T18:00:20.457", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97566", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The 押しくら饅頭 is just a pun and does not particularly mean more than\n押す/押し付け（られている）.\n\nAs for your understanding, it is more just 2 and there is no implication (from\nthat sentence alone) about cleavage.\n\n * ムニュっと : onomatopoeia describing something soft (in this case, breast) pushing against something\n * 腕に : to the arm (this should refer to MC's arms)\n * 豊満すぎる : too voluptuous\n * Y先輩のおっぱいが : Y senpai's breast\n * 押しくら饅頭 : pushing\n\n* * *\n\nBut generally, this kind of pun is literally meaningless. I think the pun in\nquestion is made in the same way as [what is listed in 掛詞\nhere](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%A3).\n\nPicking a few (famous ones)\n\n * あたり前田のクラッカー - 「当たり **前{まえ}だ** 」と「 **前田{まえだ}** のクラッカー」\n * 恐れ入谷の鬼子母神 - 「恐れ **入{い}り** ました」と「 **[入]{いり}** 谷{や}の鬼子母神」\n\nThe first phrases are made simply by joining the bold parts - again simply\nbecause they share the same sound. For the one in question, similarly **押し**\n付けられている and **押し** くら饅頭 are joined.\n\nAnother thing is that probably 饅頭 refers to breast.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T13:49:21.937", "id": "97569", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-10T11:07:26.167", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-10T11:07:26.167", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97567", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This なら is basically a condition marker like \"if\". So a literal translation is\nsomething like \"If it's _he_ , (he) will be okay\".\n\nIt's used typically in two situations:\n\n * The speaker wants to confirm the topic using なら: \"(Oh, so you're talking about _him_? If that's the case, then) he will be okay.\"\n\n * The speaker is thinking he is special (\"he\" is the condition of the remaining part of the sentence): \"(Other people may not be able to do this, but if it's _he_ who tries it,) he will be okay.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-10T04:24:04.077", "id": "97573", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-10T04:24:04.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97572", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "[政府](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C)\n:\n\n> 広義には立法府、司法府、行政府などの統治機構を総称し、狭義には内閣および内閣の統轄する中央省庁（官僚機構）のみを指す[3]\n>\n> in the broad sense, collectively refers to the governing organization,\n> including legislative, judiciary, administrative bodies; in the narrow\n> sense, it refers only to the cabinet and ministries (bureaucratic system).\n>\n> (I don't know the terminology is completely correct.)\n\nI suppose here it means the latter. Hence it says that there are bureaucrats\nconcerned about freedom of religion. It is possible that 政府 refers to the\ncabinet and there are concerned ministers though.\n\n事 is just _thing_ , or maybe _event_ is easier to understand - 初めての事 means\n_the thing (that happens) for the first time_.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-10T10:57:09.217", "id": "97577", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-10T10:57:09.217", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97575", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Your interpretation is correct. It means _I feel just ridiculed if you talk\nwhile doing a magic._\n\nA way to make sense of this is, to think that the verb phrase 手品を披露しながら言う as a\nwhole is turned into the passive form 手品を披露しながら言わ + れる, rather than 手品をしながら +\n言われる.\n\nPractically XしながらYされる always follows this pattern, as far as I can think of.\nThat is, X is done by the doer of Y.\n\n* * *\n\nIf X and Y are both something done to the speaker, X is appended by (ら)れる. For\nexample,\n\n * 頭をつかま **れ** ながら殴られる held by the head and beaten", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-10T15:14:27.157", "id": "97580", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-10T15:14:27.157", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97578", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "> 各組合の足並みがそろわない and 各組合の足並みがまとまっていない.\n\nThey mean practically the same, but 足並みがそろう is a set phrase and more\nidiomatic. まとまる would be more natural without 足並み: 各組合がまとまっていない.\n\n> 人数がまとまらない and 人数が集まらない\n\nGenerally 人数がまとまらない should be less common. 人数が集まる neutrally means _the fixed\nnumber of people gathers_ - it can be three, four people. 人数がまとまる can be\nsynonymously used, but it more often implies まとまった人数 = a large enough number\nof people. The following are the examples that came top on my search:\n\n * 人数がまとまるにまだ十人足りない\n * ある程度の人数がまとまる場合には、お店を丸ごと貸し切ってしまうのも手\n * ある程度の人数がまとまるまで舟を出さない。\n\nAll of these means _People gather in large enough a number_. So まとまる implies\nsort of _bulk_ in this meaning.\n\n> 決まる, 片付く, 解決する, 成立する, 成り立つ vs まとまる\n\nThis depends on what it is combined with, and not really answerable in one\nanswer (btw, this can be translated as まとめて答えられない.)\n\nJust a few examples.\n\n * 法案がまとまる - The bill is settled upon/ 法案が成立する - The bill passed.\n * 話がまとまる is similar to 話が決まる. The talk came to an agreement.\n * 考えがまとまる (My) ideas are sorted out. 考えが決まる is less idiomatic/考えが片付く is not diomatic.\n\nAlso there is [a thesaurus\nentry.](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/14896/meaning/m1u/%E7%BA%8F%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B/)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-10T23:13:46.523", "id": "97587", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-10T23:13:46.523", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97581", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The に means (abstract) location for いる.\n\nIn Japanese, いる can be used not only for _There is/are..._ but also for\n_(someone) has..._ , where _someone_ is indicated by に.\n\n * 部屋に子供がいる There is a child in the room.\n * 私に(は)3人の子供がいる I have three children ('Three children exist at me')\n\nFor the sentences in question, 天照大神に **は** topicalizes the 'location' 天照大神に;\nit does not change the meaning, but more often には is used for this case than に\nalone.\n\nIn the second sentence, 私の友達に is slightly different from the above (see the\nexamples below) and means _among my friends_. It means the same as 私の友達 **の中**\nに. も add _also_ , so 私の友達にも...思っている人、結構いるんだ means _(Not only those you talked\nabout,) also among my friends, there are many people that ..._\n\n * 私の友達に(は)弟がいる My friend has a brother\n * 私の友達に美容師がいる One of my friends is a hair dresser.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-10T22:07:46.700", "id": "97584", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-10T22:07:46.700", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97582", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The first に is a に of location/possession. It's the same pattern as\nアパートに弟がいた。, or 私に本がある。You do often see the possessor indicated with は but I\nthink that conceptually it's not so much that you start with は for possession\nand then can randomly add に, but instead that you start with に for possession,\nadd は for emphasis, then can drop the に.\n\nThe second に tripped me up for a second as well, but I think the confusion\nactually stems from a sentence-parsing problem. The 私の友達にも bit doesn't belong\nto the と思っている modifying clause, it belongs to the wider sentence. I.e.\n私の友達にも[結婚式は絶対に教会でしたいと思っている]人、結構いるんだ。Basically, \"among my friends, there are a\nlot of people who want to have their wedding in a church.\" A simpler sentence\nfollowing the same pattern would be something like \"私の友達に外国人が結構います。 Among my\nfriends there are many foreigners.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-10T22:21:14.043", "id": "97585", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-10T22:21:14.043", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54524", "parent_id": "97582", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "ある usually describes a (long-term) existence, but ある sometimes means \"(for an\nevent) to happen; to be held\". In such cases, you have to use not に but で just\nlike other action verbs. よく (\"commonly\", \"often\") is an adverb that clearly\nindicates the following ある means \"to happen\".\n\nExamples (use of に is incorrect):\n\n * 明日デパート **で** セールがある。 \nThere will be a sale at the department store tomorrow.\n\n * この企画について昨日の会議 **で** 決定があった。 \nA decision about this project was made at yesterday's meeting.\n\nSee also:\n\n * [Why not 東京で?「東京にいつ激しい地震があるか誰にもわからない」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/94014/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T04:28:55.597", "id": "97596", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T04:28:55.597", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97583", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Simply, ～しなきゃ is more informal. It is usually wise to avoid しなきゃ unless you're\ntalking with your friends (although this depends on your age and personality).\n～しないと is not particularly formal, but it's polite enough when you are\nconversing with a stranger or your boss.\n\nMore generally, the [eba-to-ya\ncontraction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/12580/5010) is considered\nhighly colloquial or informal.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T04:35:55.823", "id": "97597", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T04:35:55.823", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97586", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "週中 is not common and 次の週 is a bit vague (次の週間 is not idiomatic).\n\n一週間 works as you intend. Another possibility would be 平日(の間), which\ntechnically exclude Saturday though.\n\nMore commonly the situation would be described as\n\n * 日曜日は一週間分の作り置きをする.\n\n作り置き refers literally to 'cooked stock'.\n\n* * *\n\nUsing 料理 would be more idiomatic than 食べ物 here.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-11T23:33:01.033", "id": "97593", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-11T23:33:01.033", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97589", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "To some extent, yes, 政党 is more formal and 党 _could_ be just a group. So\n政党中に政党を立てる sounds less natural or just impossible while 党中に党を立てる could be used\nwhen there are sects in a party.\n\nThat said, 党 is mostly used when it refers to a specific party - in this\nsense, it more often traslates to _the party_. For example, 党の方針に従う is more\nnatural than 政党の方針に従う because the party whose policy the subject follows must\nbe clear from the context.\n\nIn contrast, 政党 refers to _a generic party_.\n\n * それは党の方針として不適切だ\n * それは政党の方針として不適切だ\n\nThe former sounds _inappropriate as a policy of the party (e.g., because it\ndoes not match what the party has advocated)_ ; The latter is more simply _it\nis inappropriate as a policy of any party (e.g., because it is morally\nunacceptable)._\n\n* * *\n\nThis is similar for (one aspect of) the differences between 会社 and 社: 社の者\nmeans _a member of the company_ whereas 会社の者 is not equally idiomatic.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T07:16:01.323", "id": "97599", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T07:16:01.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97590", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "政党 is an unambiguous term that specifically means \" _political_ party\", and 党\nby itself is originally a word that just means \"party (or faction, band,\ngroup, etc)\". There are a number of words that contain 党 but have nothing to\ndo with politics (eg, 私党, 徒党, 悪党, 残党).\n\nThe first sentence of a Wikipedia article on a political party almost always\ncontains 政党 because this is the most unambiguous word. However, when the\ncontext is clearly about politics, saying 政 all the time can be somewhat\nredundant, so it's safe to just say 党 in the subsequent parts of the article.\n党の方針 and 政党の方針 are interchangeable when you are clearly talking about a\nspecific political party.\n\nAlthough uncommonly, 党 can appear in the names of organizations unrelated to\npolitical parties. For example, [Yellow Turban\nArmy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Army) is often referred to\nas 黄巾党 in Japan. In fiction, 双蛇党 ([Order of the Twin\nAdder](https://na.finalfantasyxiv.com/lodestone/special/grandcompany/twinadder/))\nin _Final Fantasy XIV_ is a military organization (or regime) rather than a\npolitical party, so it's a 党 that is not a 政党. Another example is 闇の一党 ([Dark\nBrotherhood](https://elderscrolls.fandom.com/wiki/Dark_Brotherhood_\\(Skyrim\\))),\nan assassin syndicate in _Skyrim_.\n\n(I'm not sure what you mean by (政)党中に(政)党を立てる... A faction in a political\nparty is normally called 派閥.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T09:56:59.680", "id": "97601", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T12:19:50.853", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-12T12:19:50.853", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97590", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "To my understanding, ところを is usually translated as **although** or **even\nthough normally...**\n\nWhich means if you use ところを:\n\n> 今、出かける準備をしている **ところを** ちょっと待ってください\n\nIt would translate to something sort of like:\n\n * Although I'm preparing to go out now, please wait a bit.\n\nOn the other hand, if you use だから\n\n> 今、出かける準備をしているところ **だから** ちょっと待ってください\n\nIt would translate to:\n\n * I am in the process of preparing to go out now, so please wait a bit.\n\nIn that sentence **ところ** is being used slightly differently; which makes ところ\ntranslate to \"in the process of doing verb\". Which means that verb+ている+ところ is\nalready indicating an on-going action that is in the process towards\ncompletion. This is the \"while\" state you were referring to.\n\nUsing ところだから seems like it would be correct...\n\nHowever, I would like to know if there is an answer key that provides an\nEnglish translation for this fill-in-the-blank sentence. Without that, I'm not\nexactly sure what the end goal objective for this sentence's meaning is\nsupposed to be.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T12:19:03.777", "id": "97602", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T12:19:03.777", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55079", "parent_id": "97592", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "Your thinking is right. ”助かる” means ”助けになる” in English, ”It become my aid”. So\n”助かる” express ”thanks”.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-27T15:03:51.910", "id": "97818", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-27T15:03:51.910", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55322", "parent_id": "97594", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "> 今まで床にはまったお間抜けさんなんていない **って** \n> There has been no idiot who got stuck into the floor, **you know**.\n\nThis って is originally a quotative marker, but here it's (almost certainly)\nworking like \"you know\", or \"come on\". By \"with emphasis added\", do you mean\nthis effect? The other interpretation (\"it is said that\") is highly unlikely\nbecause she is clearly thinking 床にはまる is like a joke.\n\n> 今日夜まで家に誰もいないから家の鍵持ってきて **って** \n> **{I was told / (My parent) told me}** to bring the key (here) since no one\n> will be home until tonight.\n\nThis って is a rather simple quotation marker, and everything before って is a\nquote. Someone (her parent?) told her the part before って. って for emphasis can\nbe used with a request/command, but \" _Hey_ , bring (now)!\" doesn't make sense\nhere.\n\n> 東京とはずいぶん違うなぁ **って** \n> **I was thinking** \"(oh, this place) is really different from Tokyo\".\n\nThis って is a simple quotation marker, too. なぁ is an exclamatory sentence-end\nparticle, so this って cannot be a plain emphasis like \"come on\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T06:03:47.400", "id": "97598", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T10:30:44.090", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-12T10:30:44.090", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97595", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This たる is 樽, a simple noun meaning \"barrel; cask\".\n\n> パリとロンドンを往復した **たる** がいくつあるのか考えればアリバイは崩れるのです\n>\n> The alibi falls apart once you consider the number of **casks** that\n> traveled between Paris and London!\n\nThis odd sentence seems to be a reference to [_The\nCask_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cask) by Freeman Wills Crofts, one of\nthe earliest detective novels that featured alibi breaking. According to [this\npage](https://netavalley.seesaa.net/article/201802article_2.html) and [reviews\nhere](https://bookmeter.com/books/7499561), the number of casks that traveled\nbetween Paris and London was the key to solve the mystery.\n\nI did not know _The Cask_ , but it was at least possible to notice this is 樽,\nbecause たる as an auxiliary cannot follow a past form. ダンタリアンの書架 seems to be\nset in the UK in 1919-1920, and _The Cask_ was written in 1920, so this might\nhave been a valid joke in those days...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T13:27:07.437", "id": "97603", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T14:39:14.220", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-12T14:39:14.220", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97600", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It is mostly about collocations, and in terms of meaning they are generally\nnot too different.\n\nFirst, you can forget **面相**. Except for expressions like 百面相 meaning _a\nhundred disguises_ (so it means more \"facial masks\"), it is practically never\nused in modern speech. 汚い面相 or 面相を読む is not idiomatic in this sense.\n\n**面持ち** is, as you are aware, modified by some negative adjective (悲しそうな=sad-\nlooking, 陰鬱な=gloomy, etc.). Practically Xな面持ち means _with X atmosphere_ , so\nyou don't have to 'read' it (rather the face already reveals the person is X),\nhence 面持ちを読む is not possible.\n\n**顔つき** is something that is apparent physically or by looking from outside,\nso again it won't be read. It tends to combine well with what is typically\njudged by looks. For example, 上品な顔つき or 怒ったような顔つき means _elegant face_ /\n_angry face_ , respectively. 上品な表情 is much less idiomatic (or impossible);\n怒ったような表情 is okay.\n\n**顔色** is usually good or bad - 顔色がよい/わるい. Adjectives like 汚い cannot be\napplied. Also, it is literally a 'color' which is supposed to tell how the\nperson feels, so something that is to be read.\n\nFinally, **表情** is mostly neutral; it is literally a facial expression -\nlaugh/grin/frown/etc, how parts of the face are changed temporarily. So, it\ncan be implicit like 顔色 and explicit like 顔つき.\n\n* * *\n\nBTW, actually none of the 汚い+N sounds very natural to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T14:45:43.910", "id": "97625", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T14:45:43.910", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97606", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It means the state or the _how_ of the agent, possibly the translation of 様態\nand 条件 in Japanese.\n\nThe following entry in プログレッシブ和英中辞典 is relevant:\n\n> [で](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%A7/#je-50708)\n>\n> 9〔動作の行われる状態・条件〕\n>\n> 一人でそれをした \n> I did it 「by myself [on my own].\n>\n> 傘なしで出掛けた He went out without his umbrella.\n>\n> 土足で部屋に入ってはいけない \n> You can't enter the room with your shoes on.\n>\n> 彼女は着物姿でパーティーに行った \n> She went to the party in (a) kimono.\n>\n> 彼は無礼な態度で見回した \n> He looked around 「in a rude manner [rudely].\n>\n> きれいな声で歌っている \n> She is singing in a lovely [pretty] voice.\n>\n> にこにこ顔で話し掛けてきた \n> He spoke to me with a big [broad] smile.\n>\n> 彼は実力だけで出世した \n> He succeeded in life simply on the strength of ability.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T23:27:01.093", "id": "97610", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T23:27:01.093", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97607", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is possible to understand it as the same as 思うに:\n\n> [に](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AB/#jn-166083)\n>\n> ［接助］活用語の連体形に付く。\n>\n> １ あとの叙述の前置きとして続ける意を表す。…と。…ところ。「考えてみる―庶民のための政治は当分望めそうにない」「こともあろう―警官にけんかを売るとは」\n\nIt would mean _eating it, it is fun_.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother way to look at it is to think that 食べるに restricts the context of 楽しい:\nfun **to** eat.\n\nI don't see this usage very often (食べるに楽しい is not common) and perhaps that is\nwhy it is not explicitly listed in the dictionary above, but it is the same\nas: 想像する **に** 難くない=not difficult **to** imagine.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-12T23:39:08.667", "id": "97611", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-12T23:39:08.667", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97608", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "### Overall phrase structure\n\nI'm not certain, but I suspect you might be misparsing the source.\n\n> **どの人物もどこにでも** いる普通の人達ばかりで\n\nYour formatting suggests that you are considering the bolded part as a single\npiece. As my wife often says, \"I reserve the right to be wrong\" , and that\nsaid, here's how I would break this down:\n\n> [[どの人物]{Part A: Subject}] [も]{Inclusive} [[どこにでもいる普通の人達]{Part B: Predicate}]\n> [で]{Copula} \n> ↓ \n> [[which person/character]{Part A: Subject}] [even]{Inclusive} [[regular\n> people that]{Part B: Predicate} are anywhere] [is]{Copula} \n> ↓ \n> Anybody / any character [in the story] is just a regular person that you'd\n> see anywhere...\n\n### The specific pieces\n\n> どのXも\n\nThis literally breaks down to [どの]{which}X[も]{even} → \"whichever X\", \"any X\".\n\n> どこにでも\n\nThis literally breaks down to [どこ]{where} [に]{in / to} [でも]{even, also} →\n\"wherever [it] `[VERB]s` [in/to]\", \"no matter where [it] `[VERB]s` [in/to]\"\n(whether or not to use \"in\" or \"to\" or nothing in the English depends on the\nverb).\n\nNote that the でも is basically the same emphasizer you get in expressions like\nどこでも or だれでも. Due to the syntactic ordering of particles, どこでも + に (used here\nbecause of the verb) becomes どこにでも: the に gets inserted in the middle. We\ncan't say *どこでもに.\n\nThis latter expression may change nuance slightly depending on the subject and\nverb used. In your sample phrase, it's いる, so \"is\" works.\n\nWe could also say things like どこにでも行【い】く, \"no matter where [someone] goes\" or\nto change it up a bit, だれにでも送【おく】る, \"no matter who [someone] sends [something]\nto\", or どれにでも偏【かたよ】る, \"no matter which [one] [someone] leans towards / is\nbiased towards\".\n\nJust remember that the に here is used because of the verb: いる in your example,\n行【い】く and 送【おく】る and 偏【かたよ】る in my examples, all require that に.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T17:57:17.337", "id": "97627", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T17:57:17.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97609", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It depends on the context, but if the person you are telling is the one\npreparing the food, you could say like 辛さを減らしてください (Please lessen the\nspiciness).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T04:58:49.900", "id": "97615", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T04:58:49.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "97612", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Generally, より少なく・少ない, literal translation of _less_ , cannot be used to\nexpress comparative of inferiority. You need to use either antonyms or\nnegation.\n\nIn the case of 辛い, there is no antonym that can be used regarding taste, so\nthe options are (1) using negation as you did or (2) handling by using verbs\nmeaning _reduce_.\n\nFor (2), most idiomatic are\n\n * 辛さをもう少し控{ひか}えめにしてほしい\n * 辛さをもう少し抑{おさ}えてほしい.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T09:29:03.740", "id": "97623", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T09:29:03.740", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97612", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It will be most commonly ザー or ザーザー.\n\n[This](https://www.gabastyle.com/english/naruhodo/naruhodo28/) explains the\ntranslation of ザー (though it's about TV) as _static_ in English.\n\n> 「テレビのザーっという音」って英語で？\n>\n> 日本語ではこの音のことをいろいろな言い方をしますが、英語では「雑音」や「静電気」を表わす“static”を使います。電話の雑音も同じ言い方です。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T05:50:04.380", "id": "97617", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T05:50:04.380", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97613", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> 配役も、今やった **の** で良かったと思う\n\nThe の is a (formal) noun, or (形式)名詞. You can rephrase 今やったの as 今やった **もの** ,\nliterally \"the one that (we) just did\". (Using の sounds more colloquial than\nusing もの.)\n\nTo break it down to smaller chunks,\n\n配役も、 -- Also speaking of the casting, \n今やったの -- the one that we just did \n～でよかった -- was fine \nと思う -- I think", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T05:57:41.890", "id": "97618", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T13:48:06.987", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-13T13:48:06.987", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "97616", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This しかし is not a pure filler like \"um\", but is a conjunction similar to\nそれにしても, それはそうと, or \"anyway\" used when changing topics.\n\nFrom 明鏡国語辞典:\n\n> ### しかし\n>\n> ❷前の話題からそれることを述べ始めるときに使う。「しかし今日は暑いですね」「企画は順調です。しかしお茶はまだかな」\n\nFrom デジタル大辞泉:\n\n> ###\n> [しかし](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%97%E3%81%8B%E3%81%97/#jn-94403)\n>\n> 2.\n> 今まで述べてきた事柄を受けて、話題を転じるときに用いる。それはともかく。それはそれとして。「よく思い切って会社をやめたね。―これからどうするつもりなの」\n> 3. 感情をこめて言いはじめるときに用いる。それにしても。なんとまあ。「―よくこんなりっぱな家を建てたものだ」\n>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T09:01:25.450", "id": "97621", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T10:04:56.943", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-13T10:04:56.943", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97619", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is funny simply because 櫓三年に棹八年 is an extremely rare proverb known to\nonly a few Japanese speakers. An avid learner may know\n[桃栗三年柿八年](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%A1%83%E6%A0%97%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%BF%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%B4),\nwhich is a much more common equivalent of this proverb. However, if she knows\n櫓三年に棹八年, it means either that her vocabulary level is beyond that of most\nnative Japanese speakers, or that she learned Japanese from some unusual\nmaterial.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T09:16:30.417", "id": "97622", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T13:45:16.373", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-13T13:45:16.373", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97620", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Your guess is mostly right but the sentence has a little nuance of irony. So,\nmeans of it is ”In spite of you don't cook curry well, you dare assert your\ncuteness! Good grief...”. Moreover, MC probably thinks ”but she is so cute\nincluding such a behavior...”", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-27T14:48:09.873", "id": "97817", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-27T14:48:09.873", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55322", "parent_id": "97624", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Most websites (e.g., [this](https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/teshimau/)) seem to\nexplain てしまう mean **完了** or 後悔. So it can be used for something positive as\nwell, and if _end up_ has the connotation of regrettable results, it may not\nfit.\n\n * 新しいレシピを発明してしまいました。\n\nis natural. This may be a surprise, _you know what, I invented a new recipe!_.\nIt could be also more simply perfect, implying _finally..._\n\nFor the first sentence, a more valid translation would be\n\n * パーティーで全員と友達になってしまいました。\n\nThis implies positive surprise, as you wrote.\n\n* * *\n\n(し)ちゃった as a colloquial variant can be used in the same way as well. I believe\nin [Tonari no totoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro)\nsomehere there was a phrase トトロに会っちゃった.\n\nSimilarly 発明しちゃいました・しちゃった or 友達になっちゃいました・なっちゃった is ok above.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T23:05:27.333", "id": "97633", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-13T23:05:27.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97626", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the relevant point here is _who is being asked_ this question.\n\nIf you are asking somebody directly if they themselves want to do something,\nthen using 〜たい is fine, because you are asking for them to tell you themselves\nwhat their own desires are.\n\nHowever, if you are asking a third person if somebody else wants to do\nsomething, they are not really qualified to speak (authoritatively) on behalf\nof somebody else's feelings or desires. All they can do is tell you whether it\n_seems to them_ like that person wants to do it or not. That is what 〜がる\nindicates, so in that case, you would ask the question using 〜たがる instead of\n〜たい.\n\nSo「誰かゲームを遊びたがっている？」sounds to me like something somebody would be asking\nsomeone about some other people (\"Do _any of them_ (seem like they) want to\nplay a game?\"). On the other hand,「誰かゲームを遊びたい？」would be something you might\nask a group of people directly (\"Do _any of you_ want to play a game?\")", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-13T19:21:59.710", "id": "97631", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-14T00:52:28.877", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-14T00:52:28.877", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97628", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "\"そういう方法取ってくる\" would mean \"they shall take such tricky ways\" (for raising\nenough amount of cash) like \"borrowing from multiple lenders in short time\"\nso, this sentence is suggesting \"when they take that move, we will collect all\nmoney immediately as a counter move (to avoid damages from their tricky\nmove.)\"", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T01:37:03.323", "id": "97635", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-14T01:37:03.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36261", "parent_id": "97634", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This (-て)くる is used to express someone is (either psychologically or\nphysically) coming closer to the speaker. See: [Difference between -ていく and\n-てくる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/676/5010)\n\nIf it's a physical movement, the part in question is simply \"they take such-\nand-such a means before visiting me/us\" or \"they come to me/us after taking\nsuch-and-such a means\". If it's a psychological movement, くる indicates そういう方法\nis how those people \"approach\" or \"try to deal with\" the speaker.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T04:12:45.623", "id": "97636", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-14T04:12:45.623", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97634", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I can't find any information online, but the たない is a shortened version of\nたくない. So, もうしたない is もうしたくない = (I) don't want to do (such a lame thing)\nanymore.\n\nOther examples:\n\n * こんなこと言いたないけど I hate to tell a thing like this, but\n * そんなもの見たない I don't want to see such a thing\n * 行きたない I don't want to go", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T14:10:21.577", "id": "97639", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-14T14:10:21.577", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97638", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "[Full lyrics in Uta-Net](https://www.uta-net.com/song/285543/)\n\n * This したない is an informal and dialectal variant of したくない, \"not to want to do\". In some western dialects, the く of the ku-form of an i-adjective is commonly replaced to an elongated vowel (e.g., あかくない → あかあない, あつくて → あつうて, ひどくない → ひどおない, したくない → したあない). When this happens before ない in hasty speech, the long vowel is occasionally shortened (e.g, あかあない → あかない, ひどおない → ひどない, したあない → したない).\n * 失って初めて気がつく means \"to lose (something) and (then) notice (something) for the first time\", or more naturally, \"to notice (something) only after losing (something)\". In the song's context, the implicit object of 失う is あなた, and the implicit target of 気がつく is the value/importance of the lost thing (あなた).\n * もう is \"(not) any more\" rather than \"already\" here.\n\n> 失って初めて気がつくなんて そんなダサいこと(は) もうした(く)ないのよ\n>\n> I no longer want to do such a lame thing like noticing the importance of\n> something only after losing it.\n\nOr a free translation is \"Realizing how important you are only after losing\nyou, I no longer want to do something lame like that.\"\n\nAlthough I don't think this is directly related to the lyrics in question,\nthis type of \"く-omission\" was popular for a while as nerdy internet slang.\nSee: [Omission of く in negative form of\nい-adjective](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/46913/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T14:14:26.203", "id": "97640", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-15T02:00:05.513", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-15T02:00:05.513", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97638", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "As you understand, it is the same _to become_. Of course, _the man became a\ndeath sentence_ is not idiomatic in English, but the Japanese になる can work\nthat way. The preceding noun can be what _happens_ to the subject.\n\nAnother example is\n\n * 彼は解雇になった He got fired (literally: He became an unemployment).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T14:38:39.387", "id": "97642", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-14T14:38:39.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97641", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Its most probably because なら is hypothetical, since it also evolved from the\n\"nai stem\"- 未然形 form, that was in classical japanese used as making\nhypothetical conditionals (among other uses). so どうせやるなら is rather more\nhypothetical than anything, どうせやったら is less, therefore どうせやるなら is more\nnatural. otherwise i would probably learn this as a \"set phrase\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T15:48:24.363", "id": "97644", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-14T15:48:24.363", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55009", "parent_id": "97643", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "(I originally started writing this as a comment)\n\nなら feels to me like 'if you're going to do it', while たら feels like 'if you do\nthis, then'. The difference is slight between なら and だったら for nouns, of\ncourse, but with verbs like this:\n\n「どうせやるなら」 is 'if you're going to do it anyway' while 「どうせやったら」 just sounds\nwrong to my ear, unless it's part of a longer sentence where どうせ isn't\ndirectly modifying やる.\n\nやるならやれ - 'if you're going to do it, do it'. やったらやれ - makes no sense. 'Once you\ndo it, do it' (you've already done it).\n\nAnd as I said the difference is much smaller with nouns and adjectives\ncompared to verbs. I'm guessing because they need なる to reflect a _change_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T15:50:23.723", "id": "97645", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-14T15:50:23.723", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "97643", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "どうせやったら is correct in Kansai region (as you mention, this is spoken dialect in\nKansai), but in the standard Japanese, どうせやるなら or どうせなら sounds correct. In the\nstandard Japanese, 「どうせやったら、面白い仕事がしたい」 sounds improper because やったら is past\ntense. Although you haven't started an interesting job, you speak like you\nalready finished the job.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-15T00:17:16.030", "id": "97649", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-15T00:17:16.030", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55226", "parent_id": "97643", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Hasegawa's _Japanese: A Linguistic Introduction_ (2015) distinguishes\nfollowing kinds of conditionals: content conditionals, epistemic conditionals,\ngeneric conditionals, speech-act conditionals.\n\nThe conditional おいしかったら、わたしもたべたい is arguably an epistemic one (the speaker's\nwill to eat the food is dependent on her knowledge whether it tastes good).\nAccording to Hasegawa, in an epistemic conditional たら does not require that\nthe proposition in the dependent clause happen before the main clause. These\nconditionals include\n\n```\n\n もし電気がついていたら、彼は家にいる。 (If the lights are on, then he's home.)\n \n```\n\nIt's hard to classify the conditional どうせやるなら、おもしろい仕事がしたい according to\nHasegawa's framework. The other similar conditional やるならやれ, which appears in\nan another answer, does fit neatly into her analysis. According to Hasegawa,\nif the proposition P in the dependent clause is \"verifiable by the addressee\",\nand the content of the main clause precedes P in time, then なら is the only\ngrammatical connective. Here verifiable propositions are contrasted with mere\nhypotheses (like future contingents, if I understand correctly). Examples\ninclude\n\n```\n\n もし警官になるなら、柔道をならえ。 (If you want to be a police officer (in the future), then learn judo (now).)\n \n```\n\nI think that this analysis suggests, if not explains, why なら is preferred to\nたら in your example. Since the proposition in the conditional is about the\nspeaker's own action (やる), たら here sounds weirdly too hypothetical. The\nverifiability criterion for choosing なら is clearly satisfied.\n\nFinally, the dialectal どうせやったら is something completely different. やったら here is\nthe copula, not the verb やる。 The counterpart in the standard variant would be\nどうせだったら.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-15T13:45:18.583", "id": "97651", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-15T13:45:18.583", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3843", "parent_id": "97643", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You are misreading\n[筋{すじ}](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E7%AD%8B/#je-39048) for 節{ふし}.\n\n> 3〔道理〕reason; logic\n>\n> 筋を通す \n> stick to one's principles\n>\n> 筋が通った話なら聞きましょう \n> I will listen to reason.／I will listen to what you have to say if it is\n> reasonable.\n>\n> 君の言うことは筋が通らないよ \n> What you say 「isn't logical [doesn't make sense/doesn't hold water].\n\nSo まずは謝るのが筋のはずだ means _What is reasonable to do should be to apologize first_.\n\nXするのが筋だ is almost a set phrase saying that doing X is the reasonable thing\naccording to social norms and/or given the situation.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-14T22:47:56.763", "id": "97648", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-15T01:44:11.473", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-15T01:44:11.473", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97647", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is a good example of how kanji spellings can obscure word derivations.\n\n閉【と】ざす, despite the kanji, is etymologically unrelated to 閉【と】じる.\n\n### 閉【と】じる\n\nThis first appears in a text from 810, and was conjugated as a\n上二段活用動詞【かみにだんかつようどうし】 or \"upper-bigrade conjugation verb\". These are the\nprecursors to your modern \"vowel-stem verbs\" where the stem (the part that\nstays the same across all conjugations) ends in //i//. The original\n終止形【しゅうしけい】 (\"terminal form\", a.k.a. sentence-ending form, predicative form,\nplain form, dictionary form) was とづ.\n\nThe verb is one of the rare [ambitransitive\nverbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb) in Japanese, meaning\nit can be used as both transitive and intransitive. It looks like the\ntransitive senses are attested first (in 810), followed later by the\nintransitive senses starting in _The Tale of Genji_ in about 1000.\n\nThe core meaning has been \"to close\".\n\n### 閉【と】ざす\n\nThis first appears in roughly 900, conjugated as a 四段活用動詞【よだんかつようどうし】 or\n\"quadrigrade conjugation verb\". These are the precursors to your modern\n\"consonant-stem verbs\" where the stem (the part that stays the same across all\nconjugations) ends in a consonant -- in this case, //s//.\n\nThis verb is also attested as\n[ambitransitive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb), with the\nintransitive senses appearing from around 900, and the transitive much later,\nfrom around 1885. The intransitive senses appear to have become obsolete,\nlikely due to the ～す ending giving an impression that this verb should be\ntransitive.\n\nThe core meaning has been \"to close and lock\".\n\nThis aligns with the compound meaning indicated by many dictionaries I've\nconsulted -- とざす from 戸【と】 (\"door\") + 鎖【さ】す (\"to close\", with overtones of \"to\nlock\", from the base _sasu_ sense of \"to pierce with something long and\nskinny\", presumably in reference to either the bolt or key of a lock).\n\n### Speculation\n\nConsidering the compound nature of とざす, it is reasonable to wonder if とじる is\nalso a compound. Given older spelling とぢる and original base form とづ, this\nlooks like it might be from 戸【と】 (\"door\") + 出【づ】 (\"to come out\"), perhaps from\nthe way that doors in Asian architecture are often pocket doors that slide out\nfrom the wall.\n\nHowever, 出【づ】 consistently conjugates as a 下二段活用動詞【しもにだんかつようどうし】 or \"lower-\nbigrade conjugation verb\" with conjugation stems ending in //e//. I cannot\nfind any evidence of this ever appearing as an upper-bigrade verb instead, so\nthis looks like a long-shot theory at best.\n\n#### Sources\n\nI often refer to the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】 or NKD. This dictionary often\nincludes more historical information about words than most other dictionaries\nthat I've used. One version of the NKD is made available for free by online\nreference aggregator Kotobank.\n\n * [閉【と】じる entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%96%89-623769)\n * [閉【と】ざす entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%8E%96%E3%83%BB%E9%96%89-2067363)\n * [鎖【さ】す entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%88%BA%E3%83%BB%E8%9E%AB%E3%83%BB%E6%8C%BF%E3%83%BB%E6%B3%A8%E3%83%BB%E7%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E9%8E%96-2042870)\n * [出【で】る entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%87%BA-528830)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-16T06:05:01.360", "id": "97653", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-16T06:05:01.360", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97652", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "They are basically the same in the sense that they refer to branches, but not\ninterchangeable.\n\nThe difference is simply whether or not they use 局 or 店 in naming departments\nof the organization. As [the following\ndefinition](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%94%AF%E5%B1%80/) says 局 is\nmostly used by media-related companies.\n\n> **新聞社・放送局** などで、本社・本局の管理のもとに各地に置かれ、その地域の業務を取り扱う局。\n\n* * *\n\nThere are also 支社 or 支部. Technically 支社 must be independently registered\n(according to [this](https://syokutyu-arekore.com/entry2121.html)). 支部 is yet\nanother 'branch office'. Which one is used is ultimately the choice of the\ncompany.\n\nKind of related:\n\n * [Concrete meaning of 部 , 課 and 局](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/97496/45489)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-16T14:51:04.223", "id": "97657", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-16T15:01:47.597", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-16T15:01:47.597", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97654", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "A 作家 is somebody who creates 作品 for a living, while 作者 is more tied to\nspecific works.\n\n[作者](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85/): 'Somebody who has\ncreated a work, especially the creator of a work of art.'\n\n[作家](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6/#jn-88247):\n'Somebody who produces works of art, or does so as an occupation, especially a\nnovelist.'\n\nObviously there's a little overlap but generally, 'Jane Austen is the author\nof Pride and Prejudice' is 作者, while 'Natsume Souseki is a famous Japanese\nauthor' is 作家.\n\n(Little note that might make things clearer: '[company] is the author of this\nsoftware for purposes of copyright' in a video game's credits is 作者.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-16T13:35:05.730", "id": "97656", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T11:39:18.127", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-18T11:39:18.127", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "97655", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 }, { "body": "Supplementing Angelos's answer, 著者 is roughly the non-fiction counterpart of\n作者. It usually refers to _the_ author of a specific book, article etc.\n\nBy examples:\n\n * 小説の著者 is odd / 小説の作者 is natural / 小説の作家 is odd\n * 論文の著者 is natural / 論文の作者 is odd / 論文の作家 is odd\n * 作者の生活 would mean some particular writer's life / 作家の生活 would mean life of people whose profession is writing (although it of course depends on contexts)\n\n* * *\n\nThere is also 筆者{ひっしゃ}, which is used like a pronoun in the passage. It can be\n_I_ or _s/he_. For example, 筆者の考えでは means _in my opinion_ or _in her/his\nopinion_ just like English _in the author's opinion_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-16T15:00:55.427", "id": "97658", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-16T15:00:55.427", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97655", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "作家 refers to someone writes/draws for a living, or someone who has produced\nworks consistently, has many genre-related compounds: 短編作家 (writer of short\nstories), SF作家 (scifi writer), etc.\n\n作者 is used more commonly in relation to a specific work, than a genre or a\ncareer. 短編作者 and SF作者 are less idiomatic, but Xの作者 is common where X is the\ntitle of a work.\n\n著者 is usually the creator of a written work. 作者 and 作家 might be typically\nwriters, but they can also be painters, sculptors, etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-17T03:55:59.753", "id": "97669", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-17T03:55:59.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97655", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "情報 a) _can_ be used for simple information, but it's more associated with\nmedium to large amount of information, and b) it's also a more\nformal/technical term.\n\n知らせ in contrast a) can't refer to detailed information - it must be a \"short\"\ninformation, and b) it's more ... maybe not casual but \"untechnical\" word\n(words that you would use in literature, if that makes sense).\n\nSo for example, you can say 「詳細な情報を手に入れた」but not 「詳細な知らせを手に入れた」 . Also, it's\nnatural to say 「虫が秋の知らせを運んでくる」, but it would be a weird word choice if you say\n「虫が秋到来の情報を運んでくる」(it's too technical). Another one: it's natural to say\n「フェロモンは情報を運ぶ」 but 「フェロモンは様々な知らせを運ぶ」 would be an odd word choice.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-16T15:54:00.030", "id": "97661", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-16T15:54:00.030", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "97659", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "**情報** is the word for \"information\" in general. In the given example\nsentences, 情報 is the only word that can be used (another option is 詳細\n\"details\").\n\n**お知らせ** is more like \"notification\" or \"announcement\" (of an upcoming event).\nYou should remember this as a [lexicalized word that is almost always used\nwith お](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/86216/5010), even though some\ndictionaries may not have a dedicated entry for this. (A few writers may drop\nお in serious sentences, but it's rare.)\n\n * XYZデパート閉店のお知らせ \nXYZ Department Store Closure Notice\n\n * コンサートの最後に新曲リリースのお知らせがあった。 \nAt the end of the concert, there was an announcement of the release of a new\nsong.\n\n**知らせ** (without お) is \"news\" or \"report\" of some important event that has\nalready happened. There are cases where \"information\" is a valid translation,\nbut it's far from the primary translation of this word. Besides, this is a\nstilted word used mainly in formal greetings, essays and such. 知らせ also means\n\"sign; omen\" in a few set phrases.\n\n * Aさんが危篤だという知らせを聞いて病院にかけつけました。 \nI rushed to the hospital upon hearing the news that A was in critical\ncondition.\n\n * よい知らせをお待ち申し上げております。 \nWe look forward to hearing good news from you.\n\nSo パーティーの情報 refers to the information (the hour, the place, etc.) about the\nparty. パーティーのお知らせ refers to the announcement (or the invitation) itself.\nパーティーの知らせ sounds like an odd expression to me (but if someone really said\nthis, it should refer to the same thing as パーティーのお知らせ). If you thought you\nheard 知らせ \"in daily life\" in such a context, I suspect you have misheard\nsomething or seen some weird misspelling.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-16T16:06:11.250", "id": "97662", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-16T16:06:11.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97659", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "ござんす is an **un** sophisticated variant of ござります/ございます. Typical users of ござんす\nare (obsequious) merchants, craftsmen, geisha, rōnin, etc. in samurai dramas.\nIt is very unlikely that a truly noble person or a high-ranked samurai speaks\nthis way in dramas and movies. Of course, modern people never speak this way\nunless they are imitating someone.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-16T16:21:28.070", "id": "97663", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-16T16:28:31.133", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-16T16:28:31.133", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97660", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Your idea is correct. Adding ”ような” back to ”非常識” is similar to adding ”seem to\nbe called” ahead to ”absurd”.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-27T15:30:43.130", "id": "97819", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-27T15:30:43.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55322", "parent_id": "97664", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "As you guess, the particle\n[よ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%82%88/#jn-226011) is in the category\n終助詞, which literally means 'ending particle'. So the sentence ends at 話そうよ.\n\nIt is an inverted form as suggested in a comment. The regular order would be\n\n * 星空に二人の夢(を)話そうよ\n * 二人の夢(を)星空に話そうよ\n\nmeaning _Let's talk the dream of us two to the starry sky_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-17T00:08:29.983", "id": "97666", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-17T00:08:29.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97665", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "「明日、荷解きするだろう」 is more like \"It looks like I'll be unpacking tomorrow\". This\nsounds like you have no direct control over what you're doing tomorow. If you\nhad a disease that causes you to lose your memory every night, wrote down in\nyour journal \"Unpack the case\" to tomorrow's self, and said \"(Okay, this way,)\nI guess I'll unpack it tomorrow\", then this could be 荷解きするだろう. Otherwise, you\nalmost never have to say something like this referring to yourself.\n\n「明日、荷解きしようかな」 is a natural sentence, but this sounds like the chance of doing\n荷解き tomorrow is 60% or so (かな is like \"..., maybe?\"). If you're relatively\ncertain about the plan, just saying 荷解きしよう may be enough.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-17T03:13:50.247", "id": "97668", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-17T03:13:50.247", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97667", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Frankly, at least for me, asking if a capybara is a pet is just too outrageous\nfor anything to sound natural (although apparently, it is technically possible\nin Japan).\n\n* * *\n\nI guess normally people would say 飼ってるんですか to ask if it is a pet.\n\n家畜 refers to animals kept for some sort of utilities - meat, agriculture etc.\nAs far as I know, in Japan, capybaras are not used for any of these. Mostly\nthey are in zoos, and animals in zoos are pragmatically neither ペット nor 家畜.\nThey are just 動物.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-17T14:38:01.847", "id": "97671", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-17T14:38:01.847", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97670", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "* **担当者** is the usual translation for \"person in charge\". This refers to anyone who can deal with the issue at hand, regardless of their rank. This word is used typically when you want to contact whoever can handle your problem.\n * **係員** in modern Japanese is close to \"attendant\" (or \"usher\", \"clerk\"). It refers to a person who wears a uniform and provides assistance to guests at an amusement park, a museum, an airport, a trade show, etc. According to dictionaries, it can mean the same thing as 担当者, but I think this sense is mostly obsolete.\n * **主任** is \"chief\" or \"senior staff\" (of a section, a division, etc.), someone who is in charge as a leader/chief. Note that 主 means _main_.\n * **責任者** refers to the boss/manager of a shop, a section, etc. It refers to the highest ranked person who takes ultimate responsibility when a critical problem arises.\n * **係官** is an uncommon word, but it refers to a 係員 who is also a \"官\" (government officer). For example, a customs officer can be called a 係官.\n * **担任** in modern Japanese almost always refers to a teacher (when used as a noun). 担当 is used outside schools.\n\nFor example, a コンサートの担当者 is an office worker who works for the event, knows\nabout the event well, and responds to inquiries from outside the company. A\nコンサートの責任者 is the top manager/director of the concert. A コンサートの係員 is someone\n(often a part-timer) who organizes waiting lines or check tickets at the site.\n\n担当 by itself can be used both as a suru-verb and as a noun meaning \"person in\ncharge\". 者 is a suffix that means \"person\", so 担当者 works only as a noun.\n担当は誰ですか and 担当者は誰ですか mean the same thing. 主任 and 担任 are used primarily as\nnouns, so 主任者 and 担任者 are redundant and uncommon. 責任 never refers to a person.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-17T15:55:25.753", "id": "97673", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-17T16:37:38.520", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-17T16:37:38.520", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97672", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Grammatically nothing is missing in the sentence. It is\n\n * ペレト君は (Subject)\n * 気に食わないこと全部に (Indirect object)\n * 悪いことを (Object)\n * してました (Verb)\n\nYou may be mis-parsing 気に食わないこと全部に, which means _to all the things he doesn't\nlike_.\n\n全... takes this pattern as in\n\n * ワールドカップを見た人全員 All the people who saw World Cup;\n * 今まで読んだ本全部 All the books I ever read.\n\nThus the sentence means _Pereto did bad things to all the things he found\ndistasteful_.\n\nI suppose it means \"he behaved badly (towards his servant?) each time he found\nsomething distasteful\" (as far as I browsed the beginning chapter). The\nphrasing of the sentence is actually a little strange in the sense that it\ndoes not really sound _he got nasty towards one particular person_.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T00:21:08.713", "id": "97677", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T00:21:08.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97674", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "My go-to dictionary for Japanese word derivations is the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】\nor NKD. Their entry for 色色【いろいろ】 is available [here at\nKotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%89%B2%E8%89%B2-436668).\n\nAccording to the details available there:\n\n * 色色 first appears in the [万葉集【まんようしゅう】](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E8%91%89%E9%9B%86) or [_Man'yōshū_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB) poetry collection, finished some time around 759. The original meaning was just as you suppose: basically _\" colorful, having lots of colors\"_.\n\n * The _\" various\"_ meaning appears later in [竹取物語【たけとりものがたり】](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E5%8F%96%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E) or [_The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutter), dating to the late 800s or early 900s.\n\nJust in terms of semantic (meaning) development, the shift from singular 色【いろ】\n_\" of one color\"_ to reduplicated 色色【いろいろ】 _\" colorful, having various\ncolors\"_ is pretty straightforward. The further shift to _\" having various\nqualities\"_ is also not that far to go.\n\nPlease comment if the above does not fully address your question.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T00:05:58.453", "id": "97676", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T00:05:58.453", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97675", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "か is not a question marker but a part of the structure ―か―かどちらか=either - or -.\n([選択](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%8B/#je-9558))\n\nThe structure of the whole sentence is 'A and (IF B, C or D)', where\n\n * A=普段お生活の中に埋もれている何気ないことなと気にも留めない\n * B=知覚した\n * C=すぐに忘れる\n * D=脳が処理をしない.\n\nSo 脳が処理をしない itself is one of the options that happen.\n\n* * *\n\nRoughly, it means: _(The subject) doesn't case daily things and, even if (the\nsubj.) perceives them, (the subj.) forgets it immediately or (the subj.'s)\nbrain does not process them_.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T02:25:48.037", "id": "97679", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T02:25:48.037", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97678", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "普段の生活の中に埋もれている何気ないこと(など) is the topic of this sentence (は is replaced by など).\nThree predicates, 1) 気にも留めない, 2) 知覚したとしてもすぐに忘れる, and 3) 脳が処理をしない are\nassociated with it. The last two items are in the `XかYかのどちらか` (\"either of X or\nY\") construction. This か is used to mark options (e.g., 生か死か \"dead or alive\";\n戦うか逃げるか \"fight or flight\"), not to form an embedded question.\n\nSo the basic structure of this sentence is:\n\n * TopicなどAし、B **か** C **かのどちらか** なんだ。 \nAs for something like Topic, (it's) A, and (it's) **either of** B **or** C.\n\nWhere:\n\n * Topic = 普段の生活の中に埋もれている何気ないこと\n * A = 気にも留めない\n * B = 知覚したとしてもすぐに忘れる\n * C = 脳が処理をしない\n\n> [普段の生活の中に埋もれている何気ないこと]Topicなど[気にも留めない]Aし、[知覚したとしてもすぐに忘れる]B **か**\n> 、[脳が処理をしない]C **かのどちらか** なんだ。\n>\n> [We don't pay attention]A to [trivial things buried in our daily\n> lives]Topic. It's **either** [that we forget them at once even if we\n> perceive/recognize them]B **or** [that our brains don't (even) process\n> them]C.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T00:17:29.050", "id": "97692", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T00:39:24.487", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-19T00:39:24.487", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97678", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "まい is a somewhat old word with an approximate meaning similar to ～ないだろう\n(here). You may or may not have heard the phrase ～じゃあるまいし. It attaches\nstraight after the dictionary form of godan verbs, and replaces ～る for ichidan\nverbs; like with godan verbs, it goes straight after ～ます in polite speech.\n\nThis ～て is a sentence ending particle that acts for emphasis, like よ or ぞ.\nIt's stereotypically associated with older speakers, which, judging by the use\nof 儂 and おりませぬ, the speaker is.\n\nAnd speaking of おりませぬ, it's an old form of おりません, the polite negative of おる,\nwhich is a humble or dialectal form of いる - here used out of an association\nwith older speakers. It is not potential. The excerpt given says:\n\n> I have made no progress/I am making no progress. Most likely it shall never\n> end within my lifetime.\n\nOh, and in more normal Japanese:\n\n> いくらも進んでいませんよ。私の命のあるうちに終わらないでしょう。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T10:42:15.520", "id": "97682", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T10:42:15.520", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "97681", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "> カメラで人を見つけて踏切の事故をなくす。\n\nSo the sentence is about accidents at \"railway crossings\" (踏切の事故). And we are\ndoing something to them \"by finding people using a camera\" (カメラで人を見つけて). What\nmight you be able to do about accidents using a camera? One logical answer is\nto \"get rid\" of them / \"eliminate\" them etc. Sounds a bit like \"lose\" don't\nyou think? So a translation could be\n\n> We will eliminate accidents at level crossings by using a camera that\n> finds/detects people.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T14:15:32.500", "id": "97684", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T14:15:32.500", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "parent_id": "97683", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Short answer is, it can but idiomaticity depends.\n\n一人の人が来ました is perhaps just as unnatural as _One person came_.\n\nTo mean 'someone came' or 'there is a person coming', it would be 人が来ました or\n人が一人来ました.\n\n* * *\n\n * ある人が来ました could be used. It sounds like the person is kind of important in the context.\n\n * 一人が来ました could be used if the context clarifies _one what_ (e.g., in answering 子供が来ませんでしたか), but even then 一人来ました would be more natural.\n\n * 人一人が is used to emphasize that there exists a person. So it would not fit in a sentence like 来ました. 人一人が死んでいるですよ！ is possible (to talk about how serious an incident is).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T23:15:11.183", "id": "97690", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T23:43:05.140", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-18T23:43:05.140", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97685", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "To answer a question like 'how many people came here today?', I think the most\nsimple response is X人来ました.\n\n> 今日お客さんが何人来ましたか？ - 一人来ました。\n\nI think the second sentence inherits the first sentence's subject お客さんが. So\n*一人が来ました would have a conflict here.\n\nFor the 一人が pattern, the example below is possible, at least in literature.\n\n>\n> つづいて現われたは小舟である。一種異様な軽舟で、七人の男女が乗り込んでいる。櫂の数は六挺である。七福神の乗っている宝舟、そんなような形の舟である。船首に竜の彫刻がある。その先から総が下がっている。月光に照らされて朦朧と見える。魔物のように速い速い。\n> **六人が** 櫂を漕いでいる。 **一人が** 梶を握っている。\n\n<https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000255/files/3042_31636.html>\n\nThe last part refers to people that have been introduced earlier (七人の男女).\n\nThis may be analogous to sentences like \"One came.\" You can use 'one' to refer\nto a person, but you usually need a context to establish what you are\ncounting, like \"We had three visitors so far today. One came at 9. Two came at\n11.\" The Japanese quote above has a similar structure.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-20T02:36:22.067", "id": "97711", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-20T03:54:08.363", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-20T03:54:08.363", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97685", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "As commented, I'm not sure if 'Close' in English is an imperative, but in\nJapanese 終止形(dictionary form) can be used to give instructions or orders.\n\nExample 1: A mother may say to her child: さっさと食べて学校に行く = Eat quickly and go to\nschool.\n\nExample 2: An instruction to prepare cup noodle: 1. お湯を注ぐ Pour hot water 2.\n3分待つ Wait for 3 mins.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T23:28:29.007", "id": "97691", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T23:28:29.007", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97686", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In modern language, so-called potential forms are used for godan verbs, so\nthat passive forms are usually understood in the other senses (尊敬・受け身・自発)\ndepending on contexts.\n\nYou can see examples of potential verbs below\n\n * [Wikipedia/可能動詞](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E)\n\nTheoretically 本が読まれない can mean both passive and potential, but it mostly\ndefaults to 'There are less people who read books'. It is possible to say\n'眼鏡がないと本が **読まれない** ', which of course means potential ('Without glasses, I\ncan't read'), but this sounds to say the least oldish. Normally people say\n'眼鏡がないと本が **読めない** '\n\nSo the answer to your question is yes and no. Passive forms of godan verbs\n(with れる・られる) carry both meanings, but usually defaults to passive.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-18T23:01:56.507", "id": "97688", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-18T23:01:56.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97687", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Very difficult question According to one Japanese dictionary, \"の\" is more\nliteral than \"が\".\n\nSome people feel that \"が\" enhances XX in \"XXがいない未来\" than \"の\". However, \"が\" is\nused primarily to refer to the Subject.\n\nTherefore, Some people think that \"の\" should be recommended to avoid being\nmisunderstood as the subject.(especially, in short sentence)\n\nBut,some people think that \"の\" has so many uses that it should be used as\nlittle as possible.\n\nConclusion：It depends on the individual's preference\n\nNow, in Japan, more people use \"が\" than \"の\" (広辞苑)\n\nI think the difference is very small.\n\n<https://finetune32.wordpress.com/2017/03/23/%e6%a0%bc%e5%8a%a9%e8%a9%9e%e3%81%ae%e4%bd%bf%e3%81%84%e5%88%86%e3%81%91%ef%bc%9a%e3%80%8c%e3%81%8c%e3%80%8d%e3%81%a8%e3%80%8c%e3%81%ae%e3%80%8d/>\n\np.s. I like ひぐらしのなく頃に！", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T09:31:03.890", "id": "97700", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T09:31:03.890", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55258", "parent_id": "97689", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This は (pronounced as _wa_ ) is the topic-marking particle. もって is the te-form\nof もつ, and is a part of もっていません (\"(I) do not have\").\n\nIn the last sentence, せびろ (\"a suit\") is the object of もっていません (\"I don't\nhave\"), but は must be used instead of を, because せびろ is being contrasted with\nthe previous topic (コート). If B said せびろ **を** もっていません in this context, it\nwould sound awfully unnatural to Japanese ears.\n\nSee also:\n\n * [Japanese with Anime - Contrastive _wa_](https://www.japanesewithanime.com/2019/07/contrastive-wa.html)\n * [Particle は replacing を - where does the stress lie?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14708/5010)\n * [Why can は and を sometimes be used interchangeably?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23378/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T07:10:37.947", "id": "97699", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T07:10:37.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97693", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Traditional Japanese houses are made of wood, so it was indeed fairly uncommon\nto have balconies above the first (ground) floor due to durability issues.\nHowever, some castles and temples did have one or more balcony-like\nstructures, and such structures were called **縁側** ([\n_engawa_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engawa)) or simply **縁** ( _en_ ) in\nnon-katakana Japanese. Wraparound ones were also called 廻縁 ( _mawari-en_ ).\nSee [this article (in Japanese)](https://shirobito.jp/article/1574) for\ndetails. 金閣寺 (aka 鹿苑寺) is an example of an old temple that had 縁側 on upper\nfloors ([picture](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kinkaku-\nji_close_up.jpg)):\n\n> ### [鹿苑寺](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E8%8B%91%E5%AF%BA)\n>\n> 二層は鎌倉時代の武家造りの建築様式で「潮音洞」とよばれ、四周に **縁** と高欄をめぐらし、外面と高欄を全面金箔張りとする。\n\nHowever, as the linked Wikipedia article suggests, 縁(側) is a word that vaguely\nrefers to narrow areas around tatami-matted rooms regardless of its height.\nPractically, most 縁側 are located slightly above the ground, so they are more\nlike verandas or decks rather than Western balconies. So you may say Japanese\nhad no good word that precisely corresponded to English \"balcony\".\n\nToday, the word 縁側 is used only with traditional Japanese houses. When talking\nabout western style houses, including apartment houses, we almost always use\nベランダ/バルコニー (if it's on the second floor or above) or テラス (if it's on the first\nfloor). Note that ベランダ in Japanese normally refers to structures located on\nthe second floor or higher.\n\nSee also: [Why is there ベッドルーム when there's already\n寝室?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/84374/5010)\n\n**EDIT** : [This Wikipedia article on\nバルコニー](https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC)\nmentions the word 露台, but according to [this\nentry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%9C%B2%E5%8F%B0-663692) and actual examples\non 青空文庫, this is a word that was used for a while in the 19th century as the\ntranslation of English _balcony_. This does not mean balcony-like structures\nin traditional Japanese buildings were called 露台.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T06:19:42.973", "id": "97696", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T12:08:39.740", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-19T12:08:39.740", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97695", "post_type": "answer", "score": 11 }, { "body": "### Vocabulary in general: _\" Why does Language A have / not have a match for\nWord X in Language B?\"_\n\nAdding onto [naruto](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/5010/)'s answer,\nI'd like to point out that any word exists in any language in order to\ndescribe something relevant to speakers of that language. Simply put, Japanese\narchitecture does not traditionally have \"balconies\". Since the thing did not\nexist, there was no need for a word to talk about it.\n\nWe could similarly ask why English does not have a native word for\n\"[tofu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu)\": put simply, soybeans were much\nless a staple of the English diet, and the very idea of boiling the proteins\nout of them and then creating curds from the resulting stew just never\noccurred to anyone in the English-speaking world. Likewise with the lack of\nany native word for \"cheese\" in Japanese.\n\n### Architecture terms: _What really_ is _a \"balcony\" / \"veranda\" / \"engawa\"?_\n\nAs a part of a building, a [_balcony_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony)\nis a platform sticking out from the face of the building, usually with a\nrailing and usually above the ground floor. These may or may not have a roof\n(usually they don't, I think), and they are open to the elements. These are\ncommon features of Western buildings, but they are basically non-existent for\ntraditional Japanese construction.\n\nTechnically speaking, a [_veranda_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda) is\nnot a _balcony_ either, but more of an outdoor porch along the side of a\nbuilding, optionally screened in but generally open to the outdoor air. These\nare intended to be used as additional living space, not just as passageways,\nand tend to be wide and roomy.\n\nJapanese architecture does have the 縁側【えんがわ】, as naruto notes. An\n[_engawa_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engawa) is also not a balcony, as we\ncan tell by looking at the linked Wikipedia article and the pictures: an\n_engawa_ is more like a hallway than a solitary platform, a long and skinny\npassage running along the outer edge of a building, traditionally enclosed\nwith wooden and/or glass sliding doors on the outside, and shoji or rice-paper\nsliding doors on the inside. These are not outdoor living rooms, and are much\nless roomy than verandas.\n\n### Terminology\n\nUltimately, we have three distinct things, with three distinct names — in both\nEnglish and Japanese.\n\n * [_balcony_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony) → [バルコニー](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC)\n * [_veranda_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda) → [ベランダ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80)\n * [_engawa_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engawa) → [縁側【えんがわ】](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%81%E5%81%B4)\n\nSo in answer to your original question, _\" Why isn't there an actual Japanese\nword for 'balcony'?\"_, the simple answer is _\" because there weren't any\nactual balconies in the Japanese-speaking world.\"_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-20T18:57:30.900", "id": "97722", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-20T18:57:30.900", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97695", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes both are correct. ガシャ sounds shorter, and ガシャーン sounds longer, like the\nsound resonated in the room. Another common option is パリン/パリーン (sounds lighter\nor more high-pitched than ガシャン).\n\n * [Typical ガシャーン from Pixta](https://pixta.jp/audio/71195636)\n * [Typical パリーン from Pixta](https://pixta.jp/audio/85097448)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T06:53:48.970", "id": "97698", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T06:53:48.970", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97697", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As for the meaning,\n[つまらない](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%A4%E3%81%BE%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/#je-50380)\ncan mean something different from _boring_ : _trivial_ , _nonsensical_ etc. In\nthe sense of _boring_ , it is mostly interchangeable with 退屈な.\n\nFor boring/bored, you'd ultimately need to depend on the context and it should\nbe easier. Roughly つまらない・退屈だ/な are _boring_ in most cases and 退屈する means _to\nfeel bored_. The latter is after all (in Japanese) a verb in active voice, so\nthere is an agent.\n\nやることがなくて退屈だ/つまらない can be translated as _I have nothing to do and feel bored_ ,\nbut it can also be understood (more literally) as _I have nothing to do and\n**things are boring**_.\n\n退屈な人 is always _boring person_ and \"person who is bored\" is 退屈した人. This is\nparallel to _tiring/tired person_ = 疲れる人/疲れた人. Note -た connotes with\nperfective _-d_.\n\nThis kind of difficulty should arise from mismatch of transitivity between\nJapanese and English, and should be partially handled on case-by-case basis.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T15:06:47.887", "id": "97702", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T15:06:47.887", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97701", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "There is nothing special here. 嘘をつく is a very common set phrase meaning \"to\ntell a lie\". つく happens to be the verb you must use with 嘘, and you have to\nlearn this by rote. See [light\nverb](https://ell.stackexchange.com/a/42912/8629). (嘘を言う is understandable,\nbut sounds a bit awkward.)\n\nSo 嘘をついた is \"(Someone) told a lie\", and 嘘をついた証拠 is \"the proof that (someone)\ntold a lie\" (嘘ついた modifies 証拠 as a relative clause). を has been omitted in\nyour actual example.\n\nOn a side note, つく/づく is also a suffix that forms various lexicalized verbs\n(eg 気付く, むかつく, 色付く, 怖じ気付く), in which case there must not be を before つく. There\nis no such verb as 嘘つく.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-20T01:36:46.307", "id": "97710", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-20T01:36:46.307", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97703", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The 流れ means something like _fixed sequence_. In this case, I suppose there\nwere exchanges similar to えっ ぜ… 全部１００点！→あ～ めっちゃ恥ずかしい previously in the story.\n\nその流れ refers to this exchange between 四葉 and 風太郎 (most probably it's between\nthose two, but at least one must be 風太郎). So その流れ気に入ってるのですか？ means more\nliterally _Do you guys love the exchange fixed into a pattern?_ , and the\ntranslation in the sub tries to convey the meaning ('Oh again, you guys like\nthat, will you do that again?').\n\n* * *\n\nA more common phrase is 話の流れ, which means _the course of the story_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T22:48:13.097", "id": "97706", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T22:48:13.097", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97704", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "First off, the equivalent of 死ぬ to 食べに行く is 死に **に** 行く, which means _to go to\nsomewhere where the subject would die (e.g., to a war)_. As a pattern, it is\n'masu-stem + に + 行く'.\n\nThe pattern for 死にゆく is 'masu-stem + 行く', where 行く is read ゆく in most cases.\nThe reading is just for the ease of pronunciation, but 死にいく sounds uncommon to\nme. Other examples would be 消えゆく(disappearing),滅びゆく(dismantling) etc.\n\n* * *\n\nFrom\n[here](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q13214600613)\n(emphasis added)\n\n> ゆく【行く・往く】（ 動カ五［四］ ）\n> 〔同義の語に「いく」があり、上代から併用される。「ゆく」と「いく」は一般に同じ語の少し異なった語形とうけとられており、本辞典では、この「ゆく」の項で両方あわせて記述する〕\n>\n> (1) 現代語では、 **「いく」にくらべ、「ゆく」の方がより文章語的な感じをもつ。** (2)\n> 原則として「ゆく」「いく」どちらの形も使えるが、「立ちゆく」「亡びゆく」「更けゆく」「消えゆく」、「ゆくえ」「ゆく末」「ゆくて」「ゆく春」「ゆくゆく（は）」などは\n> **普通、「いく」の形をとらない。** (3)\n> 連用形の音便形は、現代語では「いく」の「いっ（て）」「いっ（た）」の形しか用いられない。ただし古くは「ゆく」にも音便形として「ゆい（て）」があった。\n> (4) 平安鎌倉時代の漢文訓読では「いく」の例はまれで、ほとんど「ゆく」が用いられた〕", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T22:57:43.613", "id": "97707", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T22:57:43.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97705", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "One way to understand it is to think that これを is omitted.\n\nSo verbosely, the sentence says\n\n> 略語(について)は、これを社内での使用に留{とど}めましょう,\n\nwhich literally means\n\n> Regarding abbreviations, let's keep this to internal use.\n\n* * *\n\nIt is fairly common to move objects to the front this way.\n\n * この本はもう読み終えた I finished reading this book.\n * 必要なものは買った I bought necessary things.\n\n* * *\n\nThe famous [Article 9 of the Japanese\nConstitution](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC9%E6%9D%A1)\nhas the following:\n\n> 第九条 **日本国民は** 、正義と秩序を基調とする国際平和を誠実に希求し、国権の発動たる **戦争と、武力による威嚇又は武力の行使は**\n> 、国際紛争を解決する手段としては、 **永久にこれを放棄する** 。 ②\n> 前項の目的を達するため、陸海空軍その他の戦力は、これを保持しない。国の交戦権は、これを認めない。\n\nA literal translation of the bold part would be\n\n> The Japanese people, regarding war and threat or use of forces, renounce\n> these forever.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-19T23:38:55.783", "id": "97709", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-19T23:38:55.783", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97708", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The origin of the word 'matango' is mentioned in the film's pamphlet, which\nrefers to a real mushroom called 'mamadango'. This is a reference to the\nFukushima dialect 'mamadango', which refers to tuchiguri or tanukino-\nchabukuro.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-20T14:55:04.863", "id": "97718", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-20T14:55:04.863", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55258", "parent_id": "97712", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "\"どうかしてる\", or \"どうかしている\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-21T00:20:27.270", "id": "97726", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-21T00:20:27.270", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36261", "parent_id": "97713", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "In short, you can treat a verb as a noun, when [you are mentioning it, not\nusing it](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction), so\n#2 can work. Trying to nominalize it (#1 and #3) will probably make it more\nconfusing. You might want to insert a very short pause after 食べる, before の.\n\nIn general, when you want to discuss kanji in speech, you usually point to\nhighly frequent (and unambiguous or nearly unambiguous) words containing the\nkanji you want. You can use the on'yomi reading to refer to the kanji itself,\nbut since readings are highly ambiguous, they need to be disambiguated with\nexamples and explanations. Phrases below work:\n\n> タベルのショク\n\n> タベルというイミのショク\n\n> ショクジのショク\n\nIf you want a sentence:\n\n> ショクジのショクというカンジです。\n\n(I intentionally avoided kanji here to imitate speech.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-20T12:50:43.763", "id": "97716", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-20T14:28:07.600", "last_edit_date": "2022-12-20T14:28:07.600", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97715", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "If you watch Japanese YouTuber’s when they have to do it, it’s simply 食べるの字.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-20T14:39:03.140", "id": "97717", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-20T14:39:03.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "97715", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "In the following meanings of において, (roughly 1: place, 2: regarding, realm)\n\n> １ 動作・作用の行われる時・場所・場合を表す。「パリ―外相会議が開かれる」\n>\n> ２ 事物や人物について、それと関連する意を表す。…に関して。…について。「規模の大きさ―ひけをとらない」\n\nit is not different from で. But で is much 'lighter'.\n\nにおいて tends to be used for something big, which makes the following odd.\n\n * 教室において友達と昼ご飯を食べた\n\nOn the other hand\n\n * 結果はホームページで発表されます\n\nis in fact not that weird. If it is the result of some international\ncompetition, において might be preferred, but in most cases, ホームページで should be\nfine.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-20T23:05:47.133", "id": "97724", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-20T23:05:47.133", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97719", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "～において is a stiff expression that is found mainly in scientific articles, legal\ndocuments, formal reports and such. Besides, it's usually used when you need\nto put emphasis on the marked word.\n\n教室において友達と昼ご飯を食べた sounds odd because this is not a type of sentence that\nappears in a formal document, but something like 昨日この教室において試験説明会が開催されました looks\nperfectly fine.\n\n結果はホームページで発表されます and 結果はホームページにおいて発表されます are both perfectly fine, but the\nlatter sounds stiffer.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-22T11:04:31.297", "id": "97751", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-22T11:04:31.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97719", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]