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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "意外 is not pronounced いがい{HLL} in modern standard Japanese.\n\nAnd in fact, NHK日本語発音アクセント **新** 辞典 (2016) does not list it at all.\n\nOnly the first edition of NHK (1998) does, and its still listed second even\nthere.\n\nIt should go without saying, but you should not use resources from 25 years\nago for something as fluid as pitch accent.", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T05:25:05.423", "id": "96992", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T05:25:05.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "96991", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "One common construction is -とでも？ or if you want to make it slightly more\nexplicit -とでも思ったか？\n\n> 私が飛んだり跳ねたりし始めるとでも思ったか？\n\n> 私が飛んだり跳ねたりし始めるとでも？\n\nThis will be understood with the unsaid \"of course I won't\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T07:30:01.563", "id": "96994", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T11:29:01.943", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-03T11:29:01.943", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96993", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In this answer I am going to discuss the particular case of the word 躊躇,\nalthough it may extrapolate to other similar terms.\n\n# Examining example sentences\n\nIf you look up [example sentences using\n躊躇](https://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E8%BA%8A%E8%BA%87), you will see\nthat the word can used in either of the two ways you describe:\n\n 1. The action of hesitating or state of being hesitant\n 2. Hesitating about something in particular\n\nI picked some example sentences from the provided link for both usages:\n\n### Sense 1\n\n> ハインズ氏は少しぐずぐずと躊躇していた。Mr. Hynes hesitated a little longer.\n\n> もし何か質問があれば、躊躇せずに私に聞いてください。If you have any questions please ask without\n> hesitation.\n\n### Sense 2\n\n> 私はそれに躊躇していました。I hesitated about that.\n\n> 助けを求めるのに躊躇しないで下さい。Don't hesitate to ask for help.\n\n> このことを彼女に伝えようかどうか躊躇している。I am hesitant about whether or not I should tell this\n> to her.\n\n### Ambiguous\n\n> これを見て、わたしは躊躇しました。\n\nIf we examine the examples for Sense 2, the thing that one is hesitating about\nis marked by the particle に, although other particles such as かどうか also work\nhere. I also chose a more ambiguous sentence, to highlight that context is\ncrucial. In that last case, we can't really tell if わたし is hesitating about\nsomething in particular or not because we lack context. For example:\n\n[Context: I'm about to cross a street when the traffic light is blinking and\nabout to turn red, Sense 1]\n\n> これ[信号]を見て、わたしは[道を渡ろうか]躊躇しました。\n\n[Context: I'm about to give a presentation in front of an audience and it\nturns out there is way more people than I expected, which makes me hesitant,\nSense 2]\n\n> これ[観客]を見て、わたしは躊躇しました。\n\nPlease note that some sources for the provided example sentences are not\nreliable, particularly the ones coming from Tanaka corpus, because they are\nnot necessarily written by native speakers nor being subject to curation or\nrevision.\n\n# Examining your particular sentence\n\n> 未だ見ぬ金閣に愈接する時が近付くに連れヽ私の心には躊躇が生じた。As the time to finally touch the Golden\n> Pavilion, which I hadn't seen yet, got closer and closer, hesitation arised\n> within my heart.\n\nI'm inclined to believe that in this sentence, 躊躇 is used in the sense 1\nspecially because the emotional part of it is emphasized by saying that the\nfeeling arised in one's heart (心には躊躇が生じた). Also note that 躊躇 is used as a noun\nhere, not as a verb. To use it in sense 2. it would probably require to use it\nwith する:\n\n> 未だ見ぬ金閣に愈接する時が近付くに連れ、実際に行くのに躊躇し始めた。As the time to finally touch the Golden\n> Pavilion, which I hadn't seen yet, got closer and closer, I started to\n> hesitate if I should go.\n\n# Takeaway\n\nThe word 躊躇 can be used in both ways, either to convey a feeling of\n\"hesitation\" or to signify \"hesitation to do something or about something\". In\nsome cases it would be clear (for example if the particle に is used), but\nthere might be other instances where context is absolutely necessary to\ndetermine if its one usage or the other. As in many other aspects of Japanese,\ncontext is essential.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T23:51:34.273", "id": "97010", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-04T00:14:21.240", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-04T00:14:21.240", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "96996", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a colloquial contraction of いこう, only found in the form of verb + いこう →\nverb + こう (so not in a place of a stand alone 行こう, as far as I know). It can\nalso be こー or just こ. As far as a colloquialism goes, it's more of a childish\none than a slang-ish one.\n\nAn old song (1998) by Puffy has this line:\n\n> 車で 駆けてこ\n\nIt is a contraction of 車で駆けていこう. (The song is called 渚にまつわるエトセトラ.)\n\nAs a more recent example, I found this pattern used in [a PR\nphrase](https://www.nisshin-\noillio.com/company/news/down2.php?attach_id=1098&uid=6324) (2020):\n\n> 「鮮度のオイル、かけてこー」\n\nThe last part is a contraction of かけていこう.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T12:54:16.783", "id": "96998", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T12:59:43.467", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-03T12:59:43.467", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96997", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's an iteration mark denoting the repetition of the previous hiragana, with\na dakuten.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T13:31:25.303", "id": "97001", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T13:31:25.303", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "97000", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "As Strechie-go mentioned, this is an iteration mark for Hiragana, in the same\nway that 々 is an iteration mark for Kanji.\n\nHere are some [additional\ndetails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration_mark#Kana):\n\n> Kana uses different iteration marks; one for hiragana, ゝ, and one for\n> katakana, ヽ. The hiragana iteration mark is seen in some personal names like\n> さゝき Sasaki or おゝの Ōno, and it forms part of the formal name of the car\n> company Isuzu (いすゞ).\n>\n> Unlike the kanji iteration marks, which do not reflect sound changes, kana\n> iteration marks closely reflect sound, and the kana iteration marks can be\n> combined with the dakuten voicing mark to indicate that the repeated\n> syllable should be voiced, for example みすゞ Misuzu. If the first syllable is\n> already voiced, for example じじ jiji, the voiced repetition mark still needs\n> to be used: じゞ rather than じゝ, which would be read as jishi.\n>\n> While widespread in old Japanese texts, the kana iteration marks are\n> generally not used in modern Japanese outside proper names, though they may\n> appear in informal handwritten texts.\n\nSo in 金子みすゞ, the ゞ denotes the repetition of す but with a dakuten — ず. This is\n[Misuzu Kaneko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuzu_Kaneko)'s name, who was a\nJapanese poet from the early 20th century.\n\n[This question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5228) has\nadditional details as well.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T14:10:19.513", "id": "97002", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T14:19:54.383", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-03T14:19:54.383", "last_editor_user_id": "11034", "owner_user_id": "11034", "parent_id": "97000", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is elementary grammar, but i see how you'd get confused if you're new.\n\n君は - \"you\" marked with the wa particle, aka the topic marker (or subject\nmarker if it was marked with ga but since there's no ga the subject can only\nbe \"kimi\"), means whatever the predicate of the sentence is -- \"you\" is doing\nit. Hence for simplicity i'd rather call it the \"doer of the sentence\".\n\n何かに - \"something\" marked by ni, in this instance ni establishes the the actor\nthat is causing the verb (not doing the verb) \"to bite\", what this translates\nto is \"bite by something\" as compared to \"something does bite\" if we had ga\ninstead.\n\n足を - the \"foot\" is the direct noun that is affected by the verb, you should\nknow this, this is literally \"to bite the foot\"; ashi ga ~ (foot got-bitten)\nwouldn't quite fly, see annotation below, in short: no, direct object cannot\nbe the subject.\n\nかじられた - our predicate, the verb in the passive form, the doer of this verb is\nour established \"you\", only wa or ga can mark the doer, this translates\ndirectly to \"got bitten\", plain past ～かじった would've made it \"you bit\", which\nwouldn't make sense again because it's not you biting your foot it's\n\"something\". The rest are ending particles, but I'll skip them.\n\nSo what we have is \"you, by something, foot got-bitten\" or more naturally:\n\"you got your foot bit by something\".\n\n「君は何かが足をかじったんだね」- i wouldn't say this is ungrammatical but the passive\nconstruction is more suitable for this kind of scenario, because it centers on\nthe \"you\", and your altered sentence makes the subject \"something\", instead of\n\"you\". And the connotation here probably is \"you idiot were so careless\ndipping feet in the pond and got yourself bit by something in there\", focusing\non that \"something\" would make it neutral or shift the \"blame\" on it, but\nsince i don't know the context it's speculation.\n\n「君は何かに足がかじられたんだね」- not very natural wording, 足がかじられた alone would work, but not\nwhen we need to establish actual subject (more important than foot, like\nfoot's owner). Also putting the ni-marked cause before the subject is very\nwrong. And there's also the fact that \"foot\" is inanimate object, and more\noften than note those are marked by wo.\n\nCompare other passive sentence to get the idea: 「私が鞄を盗まれた」「私が犬にお弁当を食べられた」, as\nyou see these fall in line with our sentence pretty well. You want to treat\nobject as the subject because it's usually how you put things in English, but\nit's important to go along with the expressions strategies your target\nlanguage is using rather than converting those from your native language to\nit. So it is generally recommended to think of Japanese passive as \"one got\n(something or oneself) acted upon(got bit/got my foot bit)\" English structure\nbecause it sets subject as the pronoun(or whatever thing or person performing\nthe verb) marked doer, exactly like Japanese does. Translating it as \"My foot\nhas been bitten by\" just makes you confused like now.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T18:01:52.203", "id": "97005", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T18:15:06.297", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-03T18:15:06.297", "last_editor_user_id": "54639", "owner_user_id": "54639", "parent_id": "97003", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "This is the grammar point meaning \"without doing ~\". It is constructed by\nusing the plain-negative form of the verb (the ない form) and attaching the で\nparticle to the end.\n\n> 昨日は授業の後、家に帰らないで映画を観に行った。\n\nThe literal translation of this example would be \"Yesterday after class,\nwithout returning home, I went to see a movie.\"\n\nHere are some more examples:\n\n> コーヒーには、いつも砂糖を入れないで飲みます。 \n> I always drink coffee without putting sugar in it.\n\n> 彼女はカサを持たないで出てしまった。 \n> She left without bringing an umbrella.\n\n> 朝ごはんを食べないで仕事に来ました。 \n> I came to work without eating breakfast.\n\n> 夕食を食べないで、寝る。 \n> I go to sleep without eating dinner.\n\nAdditional resources:\n\n * [Tae Kim](https://guidetojapanese.org/learn/complete/inaction#Express_8220without_doing8221_with)\n * [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7)\n * [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7-naide-meaning/)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T18:19:48.503", "id": "97006", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T18:19:48.503", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11034", "parent_id": "97004", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "> ひいては虚構と異常にあふれた世の中と、それに順応してむしろ退屈な俺たちって！？\n\nLet's give this part a parse.\n\n> ひいては[ **[虚構と異常に]あふれた世の中** ][ **1** ]と、[ **[それに順応してむしろ退屈な]俺たち** ][ **2**\n> ]って！？\n\n * に comes with あふれる and 虚構と異常 are the things that overflow\n\n * 虚構と異常にあふれた modifies the noun phrase (NP) 世の中, and that comes together as NP1\n\n * それに is not the lexicalized conjunction meaning besides. Rather, it is literally それ + に\n\n * それ refers to 虚構と異常にあふれた世の中\n\n * That に after それ comes with the verb 順応する\n\n * The whole thing それに順応してむしろ退屈な modifies the NP 俺たち and together they form a longer NP2\n\n * I think now you can see the と that tripped you up is just a connective particle that connects two noun phrases: 虚構と異常にあふれた世の中(NP1) and それに順応してむしろ退屈な俺たち(NP2)\n\nAnd this part connects back to the topic of the entire sentence: ここって...\n虚構と異常にあふれた世の中とそれに順応してむしろ退屈な俺たち", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T19:04:20.613", "id": "97008", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T19:04:20.613", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "97007", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "* 嵐の後に凪が来る。 (\"After a storm comes the calm\") -> OK.\n * 嵐の後にも凪が来る。(\"Even after a storm comes the calm\") -> OK\n * 嵐の後には凪が来る。 -> I think \"A calm always comes after a storm\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T08:30:46.597", "id": "97055", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-07T13:42:53.050", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-07T13:42:53.050", "last_editor_user_id": "35230", "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "I am not an expert, so I could be wrong, but based on what I've seen (and my\ngeneral understanding of the particles involved too), I would interpret those\nsentences as:\n\n嵐の後に凪が来る。 \"After the storm comes the calm\" (suggesting a specific instance) \n嵐の後にも凪が来る。\"After even a storm comes a calm\" (in addition to other things that\ncalm comes after) \n嵐の後には凪が来る。\"After a storm comes a calm\" (in general)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T18:36:17.487", "id": "97064", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T18:36:17.487", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97011", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Those expressions do seem like they expand a spatial meaning onto a temporal\nmeaning, but I would suggest a spatial meaning different from what you seem to\nbe getting at.\n\nI don't believe most people put themselves at the center and imagine what they\nwould have _ahead of_ and _behind of_ themselves, when thinking about this まえ\nand あと. Instead, I believe it's more like the front of a queue vs the back of\na queue. You might or might not be in the queue, you might be looking at an\nentirely different direction, not towards the first nor towards the last in\nthe queue - the point of view doesn't change front vs back here.\n\nTo expand on it, think of time as a series of events written (and going to be\nwritten) in a book. You have the concept of \"front\" and \"back\" of a book in\nEnglish (as in \"front matter\"). This vaguely reminds me of the Japanese (or\nrather, Chinese) terms 前半 and 後半. Same goes with other Japanese expressions\nlike まえのほう, あとのほう, in non-kanji words. It looks like English only deals with\nthe extremities with this \"front\" and \"back\", though, where Japanese and\nChinese deal with a broader range of related concepts.\n\nExpressions like 11年 _前_ can be understood as going _towards the front_ by 11\nyears in the Book of Time, so to speak.\n\nWhat I wrote above is exclusively about how today's Japanese speaking (non-\nexpert) people might think. For etymological explanations, I defer to others.\nThis link might help: [Why does 前 mean \"past\" in terms of time, but \"forward\"\nin terms of\ndirection?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/58462/why-\ndoes-%E5%89%8D-mean-past-in-terms-of-time-but-forward-in-terms-of-direction)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-04T08:08:14.463", "id": "97015", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T07:00:41.347", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-06T07:00:41.347", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "As others have pointed out, Japanese is actually arguably no different than\nEnglish in this regard. English speakers commonly use the word \"before\" to\nmean both \"physically in front of\" and \"earlier in time\" too.\n\nI'm not an expert, but I believe this arises out of thinking of time as an\nordered series of events, and when ordering things things closer to the\nbeginning are considered to be \"before\" things that are later in the order.\nThis is also reflected by things like talking about moving something \"up\" or\n\"down\" in a list, etc.\n\nThis may be related to physical orientation by the fact that if you have\nmultiple people, for example, in a queue, or marching in a line from one place\nto another, the \"first person in line\" is also considered to be the person in\nfront of the line.\n\nAnother way to think about this is that if you have a line of people heading\ntowards some destination, the person in front will arrive at that destination\nfirst, and therefore their arrival will happen \"before\" everyone else's in\ntime as well (or for people in a queue, the people at the front will be able\nto perform their transactions earlier in time than the ones in the back of the\nqueue, etc).\n\nBut I don't think that Japanese speakers think of time fundamentally\ndifferently than English speakers do in this regard. They use 前 in exactly the\nsame way and for exactly the same reasons that English speakers use\n\"before\"...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T18:20:49.493", "id": "97063", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T18:20:49.493", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97012", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Sometimes 連用形 can end a clause without て. The construction is called 連用中止(形).\nFor example, see the following questions (you can search others on the site).\n\n * [Is there a term for using conjugating verbs such that the sentence continues with another clause?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9771/45489)\n * [Is the 「て」 missing from 「され」 in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33256/45489)\n\nI assume it is a headline or something. Just like in English, headlines try to\nbe succinct and often omit particles.\n\n1日(に/あたり) are rather variants, as _X a day_ / _X per day_ in English.\n\nA fuller version (not unique, of course) is\n\n> 政府 **は** 1日 **(に/あたり)** 75万人の感染者 **を** 想定し **て** 対策 **を検討している**\n\n* * *\n\nSemantically 想定した対策 works perfectly. But omitting た in a noun modifying clause\nis generally not possible.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI Some other questions on headlines.\n\n * [What is the meaning of \"超か\" in this news headline?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/45029/45489)\n * [What does へ mean at the end of this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/90600/45489)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-04T08:14:58.343", "id": "97016", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-04T08:14:58.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97013", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think part of the confusion is that these are not actually technically\nquestions. They are \"unknowns\" being used in a statement:\n\n> エリートにも まだまだ解らない事が あるものです, 何故アナタがまだ 私を見捨てずにそこで 戦い続けているのかも, 何故 私がそこに向かおうと\n> しているのかも \n> Even as an elite, there are still things I don't understand, both why you\n> haven't given up and are still fighting for me, and why I'm heading there.\n\nThese \"why\"s are not actually questions of the listener to answer. They are\nsimply statements of things the speaker does not know. The か particle can also\nbe used for this purpose within a sentence, to mark a phrase as something\n\"unknown\" that is being referenced, for example:\n\n> **なぜそうしたのか** を考えています。 \n> I'm thinking about **why he did it**.\n\nThe other thing to notice is there are actually two of these unknowns being\nstated:\n\n> 何故アナタがまだ 私を見捨てずにそこで 戦い続けているのか -- \"why you haven't given up and are still\n> fighting for me\" \n> 何故 私がそこに向かおうと しているのか -- \"why I'm heading there\"\n\nThese two things are then being connected using the AもBも construction to say\n\"both A and B\".\n\nSo these のかもs are actually three different particles. の turns the verb phrase\ninto a noun, か marks it as an unknown thing or \"open question\", and も..も is\nthen being used to connect the two things together as a single subject/topic.\n\nThis last part of things is, of course, an incomplete sentence. To be a\ncomplete sentence, you could add something like「解らない事です」(\"..are things I don't\nunderstand\") on the end, but the meaning is pretty obvious from context even\nwithout it, I think.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T19:21:43.913", "id": "97040", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T19:38:26.910", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-05T19:38:26.910", "last_editor_user_id": "35230", "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "エリートにも まだまだ解らない事が あるものです, 何故アナタがまだ 私を見捨てずにそこで 戦い続けているのかも(解らない), 何故 私がそこに向かおうと\nしているのかも(解らない). From this sentence, it feels not only this two things, but\nthere are so many things to 解らない事.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T08:14:20.643", "id": "97052", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T08:14:20.643", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97014", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "This is probably just したく+なる (your first guess). Addressing [your\ncomment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/97017/%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F-in-%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%E3%81%9A%E3%82%89%E3%81%8C%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F/97018#comment157953_97017)\nin the question,\n\n> ok but if it was したい, shouldn't the sentence be 「いたずらをしたくなった」？\n\nwhen using the たい construction, both particles を and が can be used. See\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15171/%E3%81%8C-vs-%E3%82%92-in-\nsentences-of-desire-%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84) and\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/68265/32952) Q&A entries to know\nmore about the different nuance for each case. According to [this\narticle](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/how-to-express-desire/),\nat the section \"Advanced Topic: を (Direct Object) VS. が (Object of Emotion)\":\n\n> [For the construction Vたい] when the particle を points out direct objects,\n> you can replace it with the particle が. The meanings are the same, but there\n> are some cases where you need to use a particular particle. Be careful; if\n> the particle を has a different function, the replacement doesn’t work. For\n> example, with this sentence: 公園{こうえん}を歩{ある}きたいです (I want to walk at the\n> park), the を points out locations to pass.\n\n> 漢字を勉強したい（です）。 [I] want to study kanji.\n\n> 漢字が勉強したい（です）。 [I] want to study kanji.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-04T14:06:51.563", "id": "97018", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-07T09:06:38.987", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-07T09:06:38.987", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "97017", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you are confusing adverb as a part of speech and words/phrases that\nwork adverbially (modifying verb/adjective/adverb).\n\nIt is partially a matter of opinion which part of speech a word belongs to,\nbut none of まま、際に、とき、どうじに、加えて is usually considered as an adverb. Neither is\nながら, which is the answer to the title.\n\n(According to most dictionaries) ながら (and まま) is a particle, and falls under\nthe subcategory 接続助詞{せつぞくじょし}.\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the others, 際に and どうじに are noun+に; とき is a noun; 加えて is a te-form of\nverb 加える. (An equivalent of 加えて is the English adverb _additionally_ , but\nthat does not make 加えて an adverb.)\n\nAll these are not completely interchangeable, but how non-interchangeable is a\nbit too broad to answer.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T02:29:28.837", "id": "97024", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T02:29:28.837", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97019", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "You really should learn more about Japanese grammar and what the basic terms\nmean. Japanese sentence construction is very different from English and uses\nsome substantially different concepts, so you cannot just apply English terms\ndirectly to all Japanese words without understanding how some of the uniquely\nJapanese aspects actually work. If you do not know what \"particle\" means,\nwhich is a fairly basic part of Japanese grammar, then it makes it very\ndifficult to actually answer your question.\n\nThe basic answer is: ながら is an _adverbial particle_ but it _is still a\nparticle, not an adverb_. What that means is that it must be connected to\nsomething else (in front of it) to be grammatically correct. You cannot, for\nexample, use it at the beginning of the sentence.\n\nAttaching ながら to the end of another phrase allows _that entire phrase_ to\nfunction as an adverb in the larger sentence. However, ながら is arguably not an\nadverb by itself, because if it is not attached to a larger phrase, it has no\nactual meaning. It's just a particle.\n\nIf you want to equate it to something in English grammar, the closest\napproximation would, I think, be that it is similar to a preposition, not an\nadverb.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T18:55:47.273", "id": "97065", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T18:55:47.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97019", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "> 氷の上を滑る\n\nThis を in this phrase called the transition marker, and can equate to the\nEnglish phrases \"along\", \"through\", and \"across\". It is used with intransitive\nverbs of mobility or motion.\n\nIn this example, the literal meaning is \"to skate across the top of the ice.\"\n\nFrom [Tae Kim](http://guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/in-transitive):\n\n> The only time you can use the 「を」 particle for intransitive verbs is when a\n> location is the direct object of a motion verb as briefly described in the\n> previous section.\n\nFrom [IMABI](https://www.imabi.net/theparticlewoi.htm):\n\n> Transitioning through a dimension of time is one of the most important\n> applications of the transition marker を. To visualize how this works, think\n> of a circle and arrow going through it. The action at hand happens anywhere\n> throughout the space wo を marks. Transition-wise, it may equate to various\n> English phrases such as “along,” “through,” and “across.” [...] The verbs\n> this usage is used with are intransitive verbs that all involve motion.\n\nHere are some more examples:\n\n * 富士山を登りました。 \nI climbed Mt. Fuji.\n\n * 公園を走りました。 \nI ran through the park.\n\n * 日本橋を渡りました。 \nI crossed the Nihon Bridge.\n\n * ミシシッピ川を泳ぎました。 \nI swam across the Mississippi River.\n\n * 空を飛びました。 \nI flew across the sky.\n\nIn regards to the difference between に and を, に can be used but it is a direct\ndestination rather than transitioning \"through\" or \"across\". For example:\n\n * スーパーに行く。 \nI go to the store.\n\n * 僕の道を行く。 \nI walk along my path.\n\nHere is the relevant explanation from [the same IMABI\npage](https://www.imabi.net/theparticlewoi.htm):\n\n> As the examples above have demonstrated, the transition marker wo を is used\n> to indicate what dimension movement is taking place. However, the particle\n> wo を says nothing about destination or what may happen internally within a\n> certain dimension. Those situations are handled by other particles. The verb\n> iku 行く means “to go,” and is frequently described as taking the particle ni\n> に, which indicates destination. However, it too can be used with the\n> particle wo を. In the case of iku 行く, the sentence becomes figurative as it\n> goes beyond the typical application of “to go (somewhere).”\n\nIn this case it wouldn't really make sense to say 氷の上に滑る, since the top of the\nice isn't the destination of the movement, it is the location through which\nthe movement happens.\n\nThese questions have some related details as well:\n\n * [Making sense of transitive usage of 行く and 来る - 「を行く」 and 「を来る」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/3243/making-sense-of-transitive-usage-of-%e8%a1%8c%e3%81%8f-and-%e6%9d%a5%e3%82%8b-%e3%82%92%e8%a1%8c%e3%81%8f-and-%e3%82%92%e6%9d%a5%e3%82%8b)\n * [Why is 街に歩く not grammatical?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/44980/why-is-%E8%A1%97%E3%81%AB%E6%AD%A9%E3%81%8F-not-grammatical)\n * [Why does 出る accept を although it is an intransitive verb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/21313/why-does-%e5%87%ba%e3%82%8b-accept-%e3%82%92-although-it-is-an-intransitive-verb)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-04T22:42:52.753", "id": "97023", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-04T22:42:52.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11034", "parent_id": "97021", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I would argue that neither of those interpretations is actually technically\nthe most accurate/direct translation into English, and instead that (non-past\naction) + 前に actually has basically the same meaning as using the _gerund\nform_ (\"before (verb)ing\") in English:\n\n> 歯を磨く前に食べた -- \"I ate before brushing my teeth\"\n\nIn this sense, I think it is really exactly as precise or ambiguous as this\nEnglish sentence is. It says that the time you were eating was chosen so that\nit would be before you brushed your teeth, but does not say anything about\nwhen the brushing of the teeth might have happened or happen. The strong\nimplication is that brushing teeth would occur shortly after eating, though,\nand therefore if you ate some time ago it is assumed that you have already\nbrushed your teeth by now.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T18:34:45.490", "id": "97039", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T18:34:45.490", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97022", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "～ことがある/ない describes one's experience in the past (which can be many years\nago). ～ている/～ていない describes 1) one's habit, 2) the existence of the result of a\nprevious action, and 3) an ongoing action.\n\n * 彼はテレビを見ていない。 \nHe doesn't watch TV (on a regular basis). / He is not watching TV (now).\n\n * 彼はテレビを見たことがない。 \nHe has never seen a TV (in his life).\n\n * 彼女は寝ていない。 \nShe didn't sleep (last night, so she's sleepy).\n\n * 彼女は寝たことがない。 \nShe has never had a sleep (in her entire life).\n\n * 私はその小説を読んでいる。 \nI'm a (regular) reader of that novel. / I have finished reading that novel\n(and remember its contents). / I'm reading that novel (now).\n\n * 私はその小説を読んだことがある。 \nI have read that novel (before).\n\n * そんなこと聞いてない。 \nNo one told that (a one-time request, etc) to me (so I didn't know that).\n\n * そんなこと聞いたことない。 \nI have never heard such a thing (in my entire life).\n\nFor example, you have to say そんなこと聞いてない as a response to \"So let's meet at the\nstation at 8 tomorrow\", but you have to say そんなこと聞いたことない as a response to\n\"Don't you know penguins can fly?\"", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T11:17:47.833", "id": "97026", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T11:31:02.510", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-05T11:31:02.510", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97025", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I think そんなこと聞いたことない is used for common things. \"I have never heard such a\nthing in my life.\". そんなこと聞いてない is used for recent specifics things. For\nexample, \"I'm going on a trip tomorrow.\" -> そんなこと聞いてない!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T08:22:58.760", "id": "97054", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T08:22:58.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97025", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This ばかり means \"only\", but working as a (no-)adjective.\n\nYou can read 自分のことばかりの人 as \"自分のこと-only people\", or people who are only\ninterested in what concerns themselves.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T14:25:00.717", "id": "97028", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T14:25:00.717", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97027", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "You've parsed the sentence incorrectly. -どの here is [the honorific\nsuffix](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%AE/), and the word\nis 婿殿.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T17:57:50.463", "id": "97036", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T17:57:50.463", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "97032", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Both are used for describing the sister's characteristics.\n\nずれている derives from\n[ずれる](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%9A%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B/#je-39723),\nwhich literally means _off from the correct position, off the standard_. When\nused as in the question, it generally means the same thing and used to\ndescribe someone who is a bit odd or not ordinary. どこか adds the sense that the\noddity is hard to describe.\n\nあぶなかっしい is literally _look dangerous_. A more ordinary usage is\n\n * 5歳児が包丁を使うのは危なっかしくて見てられない\n * It looks dangerous and hard to keep watching a five-year-old use a knife.\n\nIn a similar way, used for a characteristics, it means someone who you cannot\nleave assuredly, in this case because of her oddity/unpredictability. To some\nextent, \"precarious\" is a closer word (though I don't know it can be used to\ndescribe a character).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T22:29:44.183", "id": "97045", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T22:29:44.183", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97033", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Are you talking about saying your name, or writing your name?\n\nIf you're speaking it out loud, you can just pronounce it the same way you\nwould otherwise. The pronunciation of your own name doesn't need to change\njust because you're speaking Japanese.\n\nWriting it down can be trickier, and it depends a bit on how much you care\nwhether people pronounce your name exactly right or not.\n\nデヴィン is technically more accurate to the pronunciation, and Japanese speakers\nwho know how to pronounce ヴィ will likely get slightly closer to the correct\npronunciation of your name if it's written that way, but ヴィ is also very\nuncommon in Japanese (usually only used by people studying foreign languages),\nso many Japanese speakers might not be too used to trying to pronounce that,\nand may struggle a bit.\n\nOn the other hand, if you don't care about people getting it exactly perfect\nand want to be nicer to the Japanese speakers you might be interacting with,\nyou can just go with デビン instead, since everyone will be pretty much\nguaranteed to be able to read and understand that easily.\n\nAs user3856370 mentioned, you should never use the 〜さん suffix when referring\nto your own name. That is only used when referring to other people's names, to\nshow respect for other people.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T18:13:52.160", "id": "97038", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T18:13:52.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97034", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "I think「わたしの なまえは デヴィンです」is best. But ヴ is difficult to speak for Japanese\npeople, so some people say your name デビン but it's not problem.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T08:17:59.703", "id": "97053", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T08:17:59.703", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97034", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I would personally translate these as:\n\n> 彼は3年前に死んだ -- \"He died three years ago\" \n> 彼は3年前に死んでいる -- \"He has been dead for three years\"\n\nThe first is talking about a past event (him dying). The second is talking\nabout his current state (he is currently dead, and has been for a while).\n\nI don't know that either one really has any particular implications about the\neffect of the death on other people, though.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-05T20:50:59.163", "id": "97042", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-05T21:00:24.040", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-05T21:00:24.040", "last_editor_user_id": "35230", "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97037", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "おはようございます is a set phrase, and for this reason it's usually written entirely\nin hiragana. It's a very common greeting that means \"good morning\" and,\nalthough it's polite, it is definitely an everyday word.\n\nSince you can consider おはようございます a standalone word by itself, rather than the\nadjective 早い conjugated in the [classical form\nウ音便](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/765/%EF%BD%9E%E3%81%86%E3%81%94%E3%81%96%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-keigo-%E3%81%84-adjectives)\n(~おうございます), it's perfectly fine to use it alongside です (as Sundowner pointed\nout in his [comment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/97043/how-\ndo-i-use-keigo#comment158004_97043)).\n\nThe entire sentence\n\n> おはようございます、名前[は]エリアスです\n\nis in the polite style (丁寧語), which is the easiest of the three keigo styles\n(being the others the honorific 尊敬語 and the humble 謙譲語).\n\nMoreover, and probably because 丁寧語 is the standard way of speaking politely in\nyour everyday life, when talking about Keigo sometimes people only mean the\nhonorific 尊敬語 or the humble 謙譲語 forms, because that forms are the ones that\nhave different rules and different sets of vocabulary that are not used\neveryday and are harder to learn.\n\n丁寧語 might be classified as Keigo, but you don't really need to learn specific\nways to \"use\" it beyond using the ます conjugation instead of the plain form for\nverbs, adding です after いadjectives and adding a few honorific prefixes ご or お\nhere and there.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T02:29:12.960", "id": "97047", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T02:34:13.750", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-06T02:34:13.750", "last_editor_user_id": "32952", "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "97043", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "です is not needed next to おはようございます. When you say good morning to your friend\nor children, just おはよう without ございます is also OK. When you say to colleague in\noffice, おはようございます is better to use. In kyoto, many of people say おはようさん to\ntheir friend. It's one of the dialect of Kyoto :-)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T08:05:48.127", "id": "97051", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T08:05:48.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97043", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes that usage is fine. お仕事 in that context is being used as a 美化語, which you\ncan safely use to refer to something that belongs to yourself. お仕事 like this\nis not even an honorific (尊敬語) in the first place.\n\n * [Terminology: Does the term 美化語 include all ご・お・etc. prefixes, or only ones outside of a 敬語 context?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/86215/5010)\n\nActually, お仕事 is a word that lies in a gray area between 尊敬語 and 美化語. In very\nformal situations, like in job interviews, a few strict people may say お仕事\nshould be used only as a 尊敬語. That said, no one would consider this a problem\nin a casual interview with an idol.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T07:39:07.110", "id": "97050", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T07:39:07.110", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97048", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In short, today both are acceptable but ちょうよう is more authentic according to\nweb sources (e.g. [this](https://business-textbooks.com/chouhuku-jyuuhuku/)).\nThat should be why it was used in the newspaper. There is no difference in\nnuance/meaning.\n\nThe original reading of 重用 is ちょうよう, but more and more people use じゅうよう most\nprobably because じゅう for 重 is more common (e.g., 重要{じゅうよう}, 重大{じゅうだい},\n重機{じゅうき}). As a result, じゅうよう became a conventional reading for 重用.\n\n* * *\n\nFYI The same is true for 重複, whose original reading is ちょうふく and じゅうふく is\nanother accepted reading. I believe most dictionaries list both readings for\nsuch words (e.g,\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E9%87%8D%E7%94%A8_%28%E3%81%98%E3%82%85%E3%81%86%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%29/#jn-104698)).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T09:36:00.127", "id": "97057", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T09:36:00.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97056", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Possession is just one of the many meanings of の, and does not apply in this\ncase.「ひのさんのバカ」 here means ひのさん **が** バカ, i.e. \"Hino is an idiot\" (as you\nsuspected).\n\nSee: [How does the の work in\n「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12825/how-does-\nthe-%E3%81%AE-work-\nin-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E)\n\nWhile this substitution mostly applies to relative clauses or double-subject\nconstructions (unless there is a direct object marked with を), the subject\nparticle が can be replaced with の in many cases.\n\nRefer also to the Jisho definition for [の](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%AE)\n\n_1. indicates possessive​ (...)_\n\n_2. nominalizes verbs and adjectives​ (...)_\n\n_**3. substitutes for \"ga\"** in subordinate phrases​. (See also が):\n１００人近くの人がいたが、ほとんど会ったことのない人たちだった。There were almost 100 people, few of whom I\nhad seen before. (...)_", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T17:05:03.417", "id": "97062", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T17:31:30.120", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-06T17:31:30.120", "last_editor_user_id": "18145", "owner_user_id": "18145", "parent_id": "97060", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "The の is appositive (同格). [The Wiktionary entry for\nの](https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AE#%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E) may\nhelp:\n\n> の \n> 助詞 \n> 格助詞 \n> 5. 上の語と下の語が **同格** であることを表す。\n>\n> * 部長の山田さん。\n> * 妹の薫さんが来てたよ。 (...)\n> 1. **悪態をつくときに用いられる表現** 。\n> * お兄ちゃん **の** バカ。\n> * 部長 **の** わからず屋が。\n>\n\nThe appositive の has been explained multiple times in this site:\n\n * [What's the difference between 日本人の学生 and 日本の学生 ?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/40892/9831)\n * [Confusing use of の](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55540/9831)\n * [Translation of Hosutofamiri- no Minasan (ホストファミリーのみなさん)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21463/9831)\n * [How would a name be used as a non-restrictive appositive?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18638/9831)\n * [が合わせて versus の合わせて](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77861/9831)\n\nCommon/familiar examples:\n\n> 『羊 **の** ショーン』 _Shaun the Sheep_ \n> 『おさる **の** ジョージ』 \n> 『セロ弾き **の** ゴーシュ』 _Gauche the Cellist_ \n> 「妹 **の** メイです。」 \n> 「魔女 **の** キキです。こっちは黒猫 **の** ジジ。」\n\nThe Wiktionary page says one of the usages of the appositive の is\n悪態をつくときに用いられる.\n\nThis has also been asked in this site:\n\n * [What is the role of の in 「お父さんのバカ!」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2845/9831)\n * [How does \"xxxのオニ\" equate to \"xxx is bullying/picking on me\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/41184/9831)\n\nCommon examples:\n\n> 「メイ **の** ばか！もう知らない！」「お姉ちゃん **の** バカー！」 \n> 「ばあば **の** ケチ。もうやめなよ。」 \n> 「クララ **の** 弱虫！」 \n> 「ペーター **の** 意地悪。」 \n> 「おばさん **の** 嘘つき！」", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-07T14:50:52.517", "id": "97073", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T01:08:43.697", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-08T01:08:43.697", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "97060", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "There are various opinions, but my conclusion is \"this construction is hard to\nexplain perfectly based on simpler grammar rules\". I can say the following\nsentences are all valid:\n\n 1. 太郎のバカ！\n 2. 太郎のエッチ！\n 3. 太郎のバカがまた失敗した。That idiot Taro failed again.\n\nの in Sentence 3 is clearly not a substitution of the subject marker が/は; the\nsubject of this sentence is undoubtedly 太郎のバカ as a whole. However, の in\nSentence 2 doesn't seem to be an apposition marker to me. Unlike バカ (\"idiot\")\nwhich is a noun that can represent a person, エッチ is a na-adjective and cannot\nrepresent a person. We can say バカが3人いる but not エッチが3人いる.\n\nTherefore, I think it's best to regard this as a special construction that can\nbe used only in the context of abusing someone, like English \"You idiot!\".\n\"太郎の天才!\" is understandable but sounds like a joke to me.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-09T01:56:49.403", "id": "97118", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T01:56:49.403", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97060", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "It is も連れて. So here is meant \"taking ルラ蛙 too\".\n\nIf 縺{もつ}れて is used, it would require a particle like AがB **と** 縺れて.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T23:06:49.267", "id": "97067", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T23:06:49.267", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97061", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It is [a combined\nparticle](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%9E%E3%82%84/) ぞ(emphasis) +\nや(question).\n\nIn terms of modern usage, Xとは何{なん}ぞや is a way to emphasize a question,\nprobably more often used in writing than in speech. It is usually used in\ncontexts like \"let's redefine/ask ourselves _what is X_ \" or \"wait, but _what\nexactly is X in the first place_ \".\n\nAnother (still current) usage of ぞや is to add indefiniteness\n([ぞ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%9E/#jn-127855) [副助]#1).\n\n * そこはいつぞやいったことがある I've been there sometime-I-don't-remember.\n * どこぞやで食べた気がする I've tasted it somewhere-I-don't-know.\n\nいつか/どこか can replace いつぞや/どこぞや above.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-06T23:20:47.557", "id": "97068", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-06T23:20:47.557", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97066", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The action is snorting (鼻を鳴らす).\n\n_伊留満は、これを聞くと、小さな眼を輝かせて、: When the priest heard this, his small eyes lit up,_\n\n_二三度、満足さうに、鼻を鳴らした。: and he snorted two or three times in satisfaction._\n\nSee the Jisho entry for\n[鳴らす](https://jisho.org/search/%E9%B3%B4%E3%82%89%E3%81%99):\n\n> _1. to ring; to sound; to chime; to beat; **to snort (nose)** ; to snap\n> (fingers); to crack (joints)​_\n>\n> _2. to be popular; to be esteemed; to be reputed​_\n>\n> _3. to state; to insist; to complain​_\n>\n> _4. to fart (loudly) ​Archaism_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-07T00:30:21.797", "id": "97070", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-07T09:09:33.130", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-07T09:09:33.130", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "18145", "parent_id": "97069", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "It is rather that 劣{おと}る (and its opposite 勝{まさ}る/優{まさ}る) takes に-phrases.\nThey correspond literally _inferior/superior **to**_. So に is used for\ncomparison as commonly as _to_ is used for comparison.\n\n* * *\n\nI assume 劣り is a typo for 劣る.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-07T23:03:11.277", "id": "97080", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-07T23:03:11.277", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97072", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> 1. 彼は来ない。\n> 2. 彼が来ることはない。\n>\n\nThe first sentence simply denies he will come.\n\nThe second sentence specifically denies the possibility of him coming in\nimplicit contrast with other possibilities. Many other things might happen but\nhis coming will not be one of them.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-07T16:27:23.193", "id": "97075", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-07T16:27:23.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97074", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "It seems to me to be a pretty straightforward figurative use of the word. The\nliteral meaning, as you probably know, is to pile up. And here it means\nsomething along the lines of \"there will be a lot of (imagined triangles)\" \"a\nlot of (imagined triangles) will be used.\"\n\nI have read the passage, and I think the gist of it is pretty clear. The\nauthor explains his recommended methods which basically all come under\ntriangulation, as you already pointed out--relying on similarity and\ntrigonometric calculation.\n\nAfter a paragraph where he explains how using the similarity of two triangles\nthe height of something not easily measurable can be measure, he goes on to\npropose a solution to another problem which he suggests needs more imagined\ntriangles.\n\n> 高さの分った欅の頂点が、ある部屋の窓から見えるかどうかということになると、丘や窓の高さが測られ、想像の三角形がさらに積み重ねられていくことになる。\n\nRoughly goes like:\n\n> If we consider the problem of determining if the top of a tree whose height\n> is known can be seen from the window of a room, we need to use even more\n> imagined triangles and calculate the heights of the hill and the window,\n> etc.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-07T21:55:12.330", "id": "97078", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-07T23:41:43.857", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-07T23:41:43.857", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "97076", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "I guess that would be like\n\n> どのような場面でお使いになるものをおさがしですか？\n\nor more simply\n\n> どのようなものをおさがしですか？\n\nalso, I guess it's common to say\n\n> (よそ行き/普段履き/仕事用 etc.)のものをおさがしですか？\n\nif you can guess.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-09T15:16:41.947", "id": "97125", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T15:58:32.293", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-09T15:58:32.293", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "54800", "parent_id": "97081", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You can think of these as \"direct quotes without explicit quotation marks\".\nThis is fairly common in Japanese because you can usually tell who's talking\nby looking at first-person pronouns, keigo, sentence-end expressions (たいな,\nだろうか, かしら), and so on. Since they are essentially direct quotes, of course\nit's always fine to use explicit quotation marks for these examples. You\ncannot use quotation marks when indirect quotes are being used.\n\nRelated:\n\n * [Direct and indirect quotes](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30584/5010)\n * [Understanding the translation of ～てほしいと頼まれました](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/62131/5010)\n * [Is it possible to use 丁寧語 before verbs that use a quoting particle?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/96769/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T07:13:51.583", "id": "97087", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T07:18:55.870", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-08T07:18:55.870", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97082", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is only a partial answer since I can't tell you how to use it as a verb\nbut the noun 'ship' in this sense is カップリング or shortened to CP", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T06:14:36.147", "id": "97084", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T06:14:36.147", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "97083", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "There is no phrase that is as short as \"ship\", but you can say\n\n * AとBをくっつける\n * AとBをカップリングする\n * A×Bを推す\n * A×B推しです / 推しはA×Bです", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T07:04:25.930", "id": "97085", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T07:04:25.930", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97083", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

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[ { "body": "The [こと](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8/#jn-80375) is a\nparticle, expressing exclamation in particular.\n\n> 1 感動を表す。「まあ、きれいに咲いた―」「大変な人出だ―」\n\nAs for のの, your understanding is fine. 来るのの is equivalent to 来ることが.\n\nPutting together, the part translates to _(their) coming is **so** slow!_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T09:28:41.170", "id": "97095", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T09:28:41.170", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97088", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "せぬ is せ+ぬ. せ is the pre-nai/negative form (未然形) of す, which is an archaic form\nof する. ぬ is an auxiliary verb corresponding to the modern ない. So, せぬ is\nequivalent to しない.\n\nThus 使えはせぬ is an archaic form of 使えはしない, meaning _(you) cannot use\n(unlimitedly)_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T07:34:43.860", "id": "97090", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T07:38:09.357", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-08T07:38:09.357", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97089", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think the most common word for that is\n[設問{せつもん}](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A8%AD%E5%95%8F/#jn-124833).\n\nAs the dictionary says, it can mean (the activity of) creating a\nproblem/question, but also the problem/question itself.\n\nTo some extent, 設問 is similar to 質問, but 設問 is usually used to refer to\nquestions/instructions in exercises or (paper) exams.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T09:38:24.310", "id": "97096", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T09:38:24.310", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97091", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Things you described in (1) are typical 書類仕事. This refers to (often annoying)\npaper tasks that are secondary to your main profession of plumbing, cooking,\nprogramming, etc. Even a freelancer needs to to some 書類仕事. This is a word that\ntends to sound negative.\n\n管理事務 broadly refers to various types of clerical work done in the back office\nof a company. Large companies have many clerks dedicated for 管理事務, but a\nfreelancer doesn't need this word (there is no one to manage), and a small\nrestaurant owner seldom uses this word.\n\nThings you described in (2) look like 役所(関係)の手続き to me, but I'm not sure if\nthis is what you mean.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T12:09:47.527", "id": "97099", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T12:18:05.727", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-08T12:18:05.727", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "事務作業 can fit if you want to keep it vague/general. If you have something more\nspecific to talk about, like tax, you can say something like 税金関係の手続き.\n\n手続き implies a clearly defined set of forms and rules. For more open-ended work\n(or in cases you would expect to explore a lot to find out what forms are\nnecessary), it might be a bit less appropriate.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T13:05:11.997", "id": "97101", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T11:57:21.583", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-09T11:57:21.583", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97093", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm not quite sure how Google got \"to be shy\" for 疎【うと】ましく思【おも】う. In my\nexperience, 疎ましく思う usually means more \"to be annoyed\", \"to have bad feelings\nabout (something/someone)\", \"to feel like (something) is not right/unfair\",\netc.\n\nI suppose in some contexts, things like 疎ましく思う感じ can be interpreted as\n\"feeling isolated/estranged\", which may be where Google got \"shy\" from, but I\nthink that's really more a feeling of not getting along with someone or being\nexcluded from a group, etc, not merely being shy or introverted.\n\nSo given this, I think one can also see how it might actually make sense to\ntranslate it as something like \"envious\" too, in sentences like your example.\n\nThis is another good example of why you shouldn't put too much trust in things\nlike Google Translate (DeepL is much better, IMHO, but still not perfect\neither), especially for translating individual words/phrases out of context...", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T22:17:15.980", "id": "97114", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T03:41:07.137", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-09T03:41:07.137", "last_editor_user_id": "35230", "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97094", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Syntactically, I don't feel like there is something particularly interesting\ngoing on in a noun phrase forming a sentence. Maybe it's more frequent in\nJapanese than in English, but that's it. I feel like what's more significant\nhere is about rhetoric than grammar.\n\n体言止め can be a rhetorical device because Japanese sentences don't normally end\nwith a noun. They normally end with function words like だ, です, する, た, etc.\nSince those function words are a closed set, they can be monotonic especially\nwhen repeated in consecutive sentences. By getting rid of those function words\nat the end, you can create variety and vividness.\n\nIn a language like English, ending with a noun is not particularly rare and\ndoes not have a rhetorical effect in itself. I don't know if it's rare in many\nother languages, but I'd be interested in comparing among head-final languages\n(languages that tend have more postpositions than prepositions).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T03:50:11.123", "id": "97138", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T03:50:11.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97097", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "からの転用 = repurpose[d] from.\n\nMany Japanese personal pronouns were repurposed phrases that had, or still\nhave, other meanings. あなた was not originally a personal pronoun, for example.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T12:42:52.463", "id": "97100", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T12:56:51.280", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-08T12:56:51.280", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97098", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Your question is about からの.\n\nからの is から＋の\n\nMaybe you are confused because there is this の particle while a literal\ntranslation back from English would make 他の言葉から転用 looks totally fine, right?\n\nIf you are not familiar with の particle check this\n[article](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/particle-no-noun-modifier/)\n\nTo paraphrase it: \"の is like a label maker. It turns a noun into a label that\nmodifies another noun.\" \nFurthermore, it's not just a possessive particle, more of **something that\nlinks a thing to another** (if you prefer mental representations).\n\nSo you have to read like this :\n\n> 他の言葉から の 転用\n\nliterally _\" diversions related from other words\"_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T14:14:06.000", "id": "97102", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T14:14:06.000", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54763", "parent_id": "97098", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "That translation is not accurate, and I believe this 言葉 means \"word\" rather\nthan \"language\".\n\n> 日本語代名詞の特徴として他の言葉からの転用が多いということが挙げられます。\n>\n> (lit.) As a charasteristic of Japanese pronouns, one can list (the fact)\n> that there are many borrowings from other (Japanese) words.\n>\n> One of the characteristics of Japanese pronouns is that many of them are\n> derived words from other (Japanese) words.\n\n転用 is a noun meaning \"derived usage\", \"borrowing\", etc. In case you don't know\nからの by itself, see [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33605/5010).\n\nIf I understand correctly, this sentence is saying many Japanese \"pronouns\"\nare etymologically derived words. For example, かのじょ is 彼 (\"that\") + 女\n(\"woman\"), あなた is 彼 (\"that\") + 方 (\"place\"), きさま is 貴 (\"precious\") + 様\n(honorific suffix), and so on. This is also why some believe Japanese personal\npronouns are not really pronouns (see the discussion in the comment section).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-09T01:11:01.953", "id": "97117", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T01:11:01.953", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97098", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "That の puts あんなどうでもいいこと in comparison with something else, most probably\n最後に喧嘩した時のこと or あたしがシンを助けてあげられなかったこと. You could read it as:\n\n> あんなどうでもいいことの（方）が、まだどうにか記憶の端っこに残ってることだった。\n\nBut I find the way the sentence ends a little weird. I would think the\nfollowing is more natural.\n\n> あんなどうでもいいことの（方）が、まだどうにか記憶の端っこに残っていた。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T16:29:57.013", "id": "97106", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T16:37:29.887", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-08T16:37:29.887", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97103", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "In this context, って is a colloquial quotation marker similar to という, which\nturns the preceding words into an adjective phrase that describes the noun\nthat follows it. In other words,\n\nずっと同じ部隊だった **って** 女の子もいるし\n\nis similar to:\n\nずっと同じ部隊だった **という** 女の子もいるし\n\nLet's look at the meaning now.\n\nずっと同じ部隊だった **って** : that have been in the unit for a long time\n\n女の子もいるし: There are also girls\n\nずっと同じ部隊だった **って** 女の子もいるし: There are also girls that have been in the same\nunit for a long time.\n\nSee [って (Colloquial Topic Marker)](https://wildnihongo.com/grammar/tte-\ncolloquial-topic-marker/)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T16:26:40.747", "id": "97105", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T16:26:40.747", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "18145", "parent_id": "97104", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "# Intro\n\n* * *\n\nAlthough both terms can be used to describe that someone is in favor of\nsomething, there is a slight difference in nuance.\n\nYou can think of 賛成 as \"Agree\" and \"Approve\", while 支持 is closer to \"backing\"\nand \"supporting\" meaning you are **willing to put an effort to support the\ncase (you don't **simply** agree with it)**\n\nLet the following sentences act as a guide:\n\n## 賛成\n\n* * *\n\n> 彼女が賛成するかどうか、明らかではない。 Whether she will agree or not is not clear.\n\nor the common saying (at least in English):\n\n> 僕は君の意見に不賛成だがそれを述べる君の権利は最後まで護ってやろう。 I disapprove of what you say, but I will\n> defend to the death your right to say it. 不賛成 meaning \"disagree/disapprove\"\n> from the combination of 不 and 賛成\n\nAlso note that 賛成, can be used as a **single word reply** :\n\n> 「賛成！」（私もその意見に賛成です。）\n\nwhich gets translated as “I agree!” or even just “agreed!\n\n## 支持\n\n* * *\n\n> 私は君を支持します。 I'll stand up for you.\n\nand:\n\n> 彼は民主党の支持者だ。 He supports the Democratic Party.\n\n支持者 meaning \"supporter\" from the combination of 支持 and 者", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T18:35:47.600", "id": "97111", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T08:41:05.453", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-10T08:41:05.453", "last_editor_user_id": "42293", "owner_user_id": "42293", "parent_id": "97107", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You know what 内容 means right? It means \"matter\" (content). \nで means \"through\", \"along with\", ... depending on the context, \nbut here **matter + で** you can easily think of it as \"on behalf of that\nmatter\" or even easier just \"about\".\n\nIn your example the matter would be the desire to reach a higher school, and\nfrom that you are going to consult your teacher.\n\nHere's another example:\n\n> 明日の試験のことで緊張してはいけません。 \n> _Don't be nervous about tomorrow's exam._\n\nAgain you can think of it as \"Don't be nervous on behalf of that exam\"\n\nHope it helps.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T18:00:14.413", "id": "97109", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T18:00:14.413", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54763", "parent_id": "97108", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't know for certain, but I think that this is actually not using the 〜ず\n(negative) verb form at all, but actually comes from the verb 駆けづる (aka 駆けずる)\n([dictionary\nlink](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E9%A7%86%E3%81%91%E3%81%A5%E3%82%8B))\nwhich is a rarely-used word meaning \"to run around\"/\"to bustle about\".\n\nAs far as I can tell, nowadays this verb is mostly only used as seen here,\ncombined with 回る to make 駆けずり回る, which arguably seems a bit redundant, but I\nsuspect may originally have been done for emphasis (e.g. \"to run _all over the\nplace_ \"/\"to run _around and around_ \") and then just sorta became the usual\nway of saying this in general.\n\nI'm certainly no expert, though, so would welcome any more knowledgeable\nopinions.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T23:48:25.950", "id": "97115", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T23:53:43.967", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-08T23:53:43.967", "last_editor_user_id": "35230", "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97110", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "「おっこちる」is「落ちる」->\n[link](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A3%E3%81%93%E3%81%A1%E3%82%8B/)\n+ 「～ている」", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-08T21:36:00.840", "id": "97113", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-08T21:36:00.840", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97112", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "定期的 is usually about human and societal things. If something is not\nparticularly associated with calendar months and years, like a natural\nphenomenon, 周期的 would be better.\n\n\"first weekday of every month\" is more 定期的 than 周期的. \"every 1 millisecond\" is\nmore 周期的 than 定期的.\n\nIt can be a matter of perspectives, though. When a scientist observes a human\nbehavior, they might use 周期的.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-09T03:37:47.087", "id": "97121", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T03:37:47.087", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97119", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "[いっちょ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A1%E3%82%87/#jn-276779)\nis a form of\n[一丁](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%81/#jn-13492):\n\n> ［名］ ４ 勝負事などの一回。ひと勝負。「もう―やろう」\n>\n> ［副］《4から》物事を始めるときに言う語。ひとつ思いきって。それでは。さあ。「―とりかかるか」\n\nIt is an interjection for starting something. Practically it is correct to\ninterpret it as _let's go see his coward face_.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-09T05:04:18.603", "id": "97122", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T05:04:18.603", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97120", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "**当惑する** (noun + verb) \n_common word_\n\nOriginally 当惑 is a noun which means \"bewilderment\", it can be used as a verb\nwhen connecting する or just as a noun (its main function).\n\n* * *\n\n**戸惑う** (verb) \n_common word_\n\nIt is a verb in itself for \"to be confused\", \"to be bewildered\".\n\n* * *\n\n**はっとする** (adverb + する) \n_common, narrative_\n\nはっと is onomatopoeic. You can use it as part of a speech but you will likely\nsee it in storytelling as it supports monologues of actions. \nit expresses the swiftness of a surprise and can be used before different\nverbs. For instance :\n\nその光景にはっと息をのんだ。 \nI [with a surprise] lost my breath at the sight.\n\n* * *\n\n**度肝を抜く** (noun + verb, expression) \n_not common, narrative_\n\n\"to be stunned\" \nMore of an expression, its use is more likely to be seen in literature.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-09T09:41:35.693", "id": "97124", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-09T09:48:02.083", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-09T09:48:02.083", "last_editor_user_id": "54763", "owner_user_id": "54763", "parent_id": "97123", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "Not a complete answer, hopefully it helps.\n\n**4**. Onomatopoeias in general are less likely to be used if the register is\nformal. For example, 明確に回答する may be better than はっきり答える in business documents.\nBut in conversation (and in writing unless you are in specific jobs), I don't\nthink you should worry too much.\n\n**3**. In short, no. It is a matter of opinions, but most dictionaries have\n[the following](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A8/#jn-154670).\n\n> ５ （副詞に付いて新たな副詞をつくり）ある状態を説明する意を表す。「そろそろ―歩く」「そよそよ―風が吹く」\n\nNote that はっきりと言う does not mean to say はっきり.\n\n**1-2**. It amounts to whether the onomatopoeia works as an adverb.\n\nAs the above definition for と says, it appends to **adverbs** , so\nonomatopoeias working as adverbs can be appended by と. Some other\nonomatopoeias work only as adjectives, so cannot be appended by と.\n\nUltimately you'd need to look up a monolingual dictionary. For example,\n\n * [はっきり](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%AF%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A/#jn-177236) is listed as 副 (for 副詞=adverb) so can come with と, but ×はっきりになる does not work.\n * [かぴかぴ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%B4%E3%81%8B%E3%81%B4/#jn-300425) is listed as 形動 (for 形容動詞=na-adjective). So ×かぴかぴと but かぴかぴになる is ok.\n * [つるつる](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A4%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A4%E3%82%8B/#jn-148694) is listed as both, so つるつる **に** なる and つるつる **と** 滑る are both possible.\n\nA complication is\n[びしょびしょ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%B3%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%B3%E3%81%97%E3%82%87/#jn-184738)\nis listed as both, and has the example びしょびしょ（と）雨が降る. But this is not really\ncommon in modern usage, I believe.\n\n**5** The short answer is that you can create your own onomatopoeia, but you\ncannot do it randomly.\n\nFor example, we hear chickens's crowing コケコッコー and not\n[cockadoodledoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken#Crowing). Here in a\nsense the language defines what we hear and the physical sound is not really\nrelevant. It is interesting to see your description of the sounds made by\nfoxes or frogs, but it is regarded more like transcriptions of those sounds.\n\nYou can see the following question.\n\n * [How are custom onomatopoeia made?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/89123/how-are-custom-onomatopoeia-made/89142#89142)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T23:28:38.123", "id": "97156", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T23:28:38.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97130", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "[精選版日本国語大辞典](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A5%B3-498562) has the\nfollowing:\n\n> ③ 年少の雇い女。小婢(しょうひ)。\n\nand 小婢 redirects to 下女, which means\n\n> 身分の低い女。下賤の女。しもおんな。\n\nSo I suppose the _sensitive_ tag is due to the connotation of \"lower-ranked\".", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T02:51:48.027", "id": "97136", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T02:51:48.027", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97131", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It _is_ hard to parse. Let’s walk through it.\n\n> 帰京する飛行機\n\nWe are talking about an airplane. It is modified by 帰京する. But 帰京する is usually\nused for a person. Who might that be? We don’t know yet. Let’s leave this\njudgment for later. Whoever it is, the relation between that person and the\nairplane is clear enough. They are going to take that plane, or flight.\n\n> （Ｘが）帰京する（ために乗る）飛行機 \n> X’s flight back to Tokyo\n\nWhat about this flight?\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機］の直前\n\nSince we are talking about a flight, this must be referring to a time\nimmediately before the departure of that flight.\n\n> 帰京する飛行機の直前 \n> immediately before the departure of X’s flight back to Tokyo\n\nWhat happens at that time?\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機の直前］に到着する\n\nSomething arrives. What does?\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する］時刻\n\nIt’s again a time. 到着する時刻 would mean a time at which something arrives. But we\nalready know when that something arrives. Let’s read on.\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻］のバス\n\nSo it is a bus that arrives. Then how is it related to 時刻? It must be the\ndeparture time of the bus.\n\n> 帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバス \n> a bus whose departure time is such that it arrives immediately before the\n> departure of X’s flight back to Tokyo\n\nWhat about this bus?\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバス］にしか\n\nThe bus is a target of something. しか means it is the only target. But しか is\nalways matched with a negative expression. Let’s read on.\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバス］にしか間に合わなかった\n\nSo someone failed to make it in time for all but that bus. It must be the same\nperson going back to Tokyo.\n\n> 帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバスにしか間に合わなかった \n> X failed to make it in time for all but the bus whose departure time is\n> such that it would arrive immediately before the departure of X’s flight\n> back to Tokyo\n\nLet’s see how the sentence ends.\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバスにしか間に合わなかった］こともあります。\n\nSo this person is talking about a past experience. Though we are not\ncompletely sure, they must be talking about their own experience. That means X\nturned out to be the speaker.\n\n> 帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバスにしか間に合わなかったこともあります。 \n> There was also a time when I failed to make it in time for all but the bus\n> whose departure time is such that it would arrive immediately before the\n> departure of my flight back to Tokyo.\n\nIn a little more idiomatic English:\n\n> There was a time when I was so late that I only managed to catch the last\n> bus for my flight back to Tokyo.\n\n* * *\n\n[Edit]\n\nOK, it turned out the sentence didn’t end there but continued after こともあり.\n\n> ［帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバスにしか間に合わなかった］こともあり、〜\n\nThe speaker must be explaining circumstances behind something.\n\n> 帰京する飛行機の直前に到着する時刻のバスにしか間に合わなかったこともあり、〜 \n> Considering also that I couldn’t make it in time for all but the bus whose\n> departure time is such that it would arrive immediately before the departure\n> of my flight back to Tokyo, …\n\nIn a little more idiomatic English:\n\n> As I could only take the last bus for my flight back to Tokyo, …", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T02:24:08.330", "id": "97134", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T08:20:19.833", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-10T08:20:19.833", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97132", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "> まアあんなものカレーうどんの染みを抜くのにべれば楽なものでした **がね** 。\n\nThe が is a 接続助詞 (conjunctive particle) meaning \"though\", similar to\n「～けど」「～けれど」.\n\nThe ね is a 終助詞 (sentence-ending particle) / 間投助詞 (interjectory particle), or a\nfiller.\n\nYou can rewrite the sentence like this:\n\n> 毒を抜くのに手間どってしまいまして。まア、あんなもの(は、)カレーうどんの染みを抜くのに比べれば楽なものでした **が(ね)** 。 ≈ けど(ね)。\n\n\"It took time to remove the poison. Well, it was easier than removing curry\nudon stains **, though.** \"\n\n* * *\n\nThe が in the linked question is a 格助詞 (case particle), which attaches to a 体言\n(名詞 nouns, 代名詞 pronouns, etc.), while the 接続助詞「が」 attaches to 活用語の終止形 (the\nterminal form of conjugatable words, such as verbs, adjectives, auxiliaries).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T02:42:19.903", "id": "97135", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T02:42:19.903", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9831", "parent_id": "97133", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Maybe poetic license? The lyrics is a mixture of English and Japanese. It\nlooks as though the author/translator preferred to keep the number of\nsyllables over grammaticality. <https://www.uta-net.com/song/287624/>\n\n止められそうにない would be more correct but you can get away with skipping に in a\nsong.\n\nWhen you want to shorten it, you can also use 止められそにない. I'm not sure if it\nwould have helped in the song, though, as it wouldn't have fewer syllables\n(while it would have fewer moras).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-09T00:18:09.193", "id": "97554", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-09T00:18:09.193", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97139", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "## 小さい\n\n* * *\n\n小さい = **small** (not to be big/wide etc.),\n\n> 小さい部屋 → small room\n\nIt can also carry the nuance of:\n\n * short ( **small** height)\n\n> (彼は)小さいです。 → He is small (size/age)\n\n * young ( **small** age)\n\n> (彼は)まだ小さいです。→ He is still young. (まだ gives emphasis on the \" **small** _age_\n> \")\n\n * trivial ( **small** matter)\n\n> 小さい話 → A **trivial** or unimportant story\n\n * Quiet Voice ( **small** voice)\n\n> 小さい声 → quiet voice; (quietly)\n\n## 細かい\n\n* * *\n\n細かい = **tiny** , but also means: **detailed** ;\n\nWhen 細かい refers to an object, it is something smaller than 小さい,\n\n * 細かい説明 → Detailed explanation\n * 細かいところ → The details ( **fine** parts)\n * 細かい雨 → **Fine** rain\n * 細かく切る → To cut **finely**\n * 細かい話 → A detailed story (see how this differs from the same example above?)\n\nAlso 細かい can have a _negative nuance_ : 金に細かい ( **stingy** with money) -> very\ncommon expression\n\n* * *", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T17:37:03.730", "id": "97145", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T09:11:17.117", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-12T09:11:17.117", "last_editor_user_id": "42293", "owner_user_id": "42293", "parent_id": "97140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 }, { "body": "Adding to 悪戯猫さん's explanation: I've often heard the phrase 「細かいことまで聞いてすみません」\nwhen you ask questions down to the smallest detail and you are worried you\nwould annoy the listener with it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T18:34:03.120", "id": "97146", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T18:34:03.120", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54932", "parent_id": "97140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "There are many differences, but a rule of thumb is that 小さい is about size\nwhile 細かい is about granularity. As such, 細かい tends to imply that you are\ntalking about many/repeated small things (of the same kind).\n\n> 小さい出費 (one small spending)\n\n> 細かい出費 (small/tiny spendings here and there)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-11T00:11:39.280", "id": "97157", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-11T00:11:39.280", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "97140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "Some additional detail, from the perspective of word derivations and related\nterms.\n\n## 小さい\n\n* * *\n\nModern ちいさい comes from older ちひさし. This word appears in the 日本書紀【にほんしょき】 of\n720, one of the oldest texts to include written Japanese. At that time, ちぴさし\nwas likely pronounced as something like //tipisasi//.\n\nVia that ancient //tipi// root, ちいさい is likely related to various other words:\n\n * ちび — small, round, and plump\n * ちびる – to wear down and become small and round\n * つぶ — a grain\n * つぶら — a circle, a small round thing\n * つぼ – a round container\n\n## 細かい\n\n* * *\n\nModern こまかい looks like it ultimately traces back to こま. こま itself is either\nfrom 子 or 小 ( _ko_ , \"small; baby, child\") + 馬 ( _uma_ , appearing in some\ncompounds as _ma_ , \"horse\"), or from 小 ( _ko_ , \"small\") + 間 ( _ma_ , \"space\nbetween things\").\n\nVia that //koma// root, こまかい is likely related to various other words:\n\n * こま – the root is also a noun, meaning \"a [little] piece\", such as a \"piece used in a board game\", or meaning \"a frame, as in a comic or a film\". It is also an an adjective, meaning \"little\".\n * こまごま – an adverb referring to \"in a detailed fashion\", perhaps from the idea of \"piece by piece\".\n * こまごましい – an adjective referring to \"extremely small; extremely detailed\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-14T22:27:21.187", "id": "97208", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T22:27:21.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "97140", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Just from the Kanji, my guess would be that 気密 is about air 気 not being able\nto go out or in, whereas 密閉 is more about being sealed/closed off 閉\ncompletely.\n\nThe overall meaning is the same but the nuance might be a bit different, maybe\na bit like \"airtight\" and \"sealed off\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T19:07:45.263", "id": "97149", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T19:07:45.263", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54932", "parent_id": "97141", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "[dictionary.goo.ne.jp entry for\n密閉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/all/%E5%AF%86%E9%96%89/m0u/):\n\n> みっ‐ぺい【密閉】\n>\n> ［名］(スル)すきまのないように、ぴったりと閉じること。「容器を―する」\n\nTranslation (mine): **To be closed, such that there are no gaps. \"(seal) a\ncontainer\"**\n\n[dictionary.goo.ne.jp entry for\n気密](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/all/%E6%B0%97%E5%AF%86/m0u/):\n\n> き‐みつ【気密】\n>\n> 密閉して気体の流通を妨げ、気圧の変化の影響を受けないようにすること。「―構造」「―性が高い」\n\nTranslation (mine): **To be sealed in order to prevent the circulation of\ngases or be unaffected by changes in atmospheric pressure.**\n\nNote that the definition of 気密 actually uses the term 密閉. So 密閉 really just\nmeans \"seal\" (close something so that there are no gaps or cracks, etc).\nWhereas 気密 is a sub-category of 密閉 where something is explicitly sealed (密閉した)\nin such a way that it is also totally airtight.\n\n密閉 could be used in situations where in English we might use \"airtight\" in a\nfigurative sense (i.e. \"The security was airtight\", etc), but it does not\n_literally_ mean \"airtight\", it only really means \"sealed tightly\". On the\nother hand, 気密 actually literally means that no air (or other gasses) can get\nin or out.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T21:55:11.730", "id": "97152", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T21:55:11.730", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97141", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "As a technical term, the tightness is different (from\n[here](https://www.yueki.com/faq/faq68/index.html)). From most tight to less\ntight: 密封容器＞気密容器＞密閉容器.\n\nIn ordinary usage, as Foogod says, 気密 is generally the word for 'air-tight'\nand 密閉 means just sealing (contrary to the above technical definition, 密封\nfeels sealing less tightly).\n\nPractically 気密 is only used when speaking of air-tightness as in 気密性. It\ncannot be used as a verb: ×気密する.\n\n密閉 is used much more broadly, generally meaning sealing tightly enough. Note\nthat there are words like 密閉空間, which can be just a room where all the doors\nare closed - so not necessarily air-tight.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T22:45:40.227", "id": "97155", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T22:45:40.227", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97141", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I could be wrong, and I'm not really sure of the context, but I would\ninterpret 「真響さんには相楽くんを貶し **加減** に言っていた」as basically saying:\n\n\"was saying things to Mayura that **amounted to** disrespecting Sagara.\"\n\nThat is, what was being said _reached the level_ of being disrespectful (even\nif possibly that wasn't the intent).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T22:18:58.960", "id": "97153", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T22:41:15.820", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-10T22:41:15.820", "last_editor_user_id": "35230", "owner_user_id": "35230", "parent_id": "97142", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It is still the _degree_ , but\n[大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B8%9B/#jn-39754) has the\nfollowing definition:\n\n> ［接尾］動詞の連用形や状態を表す名詞に付く。\n>\n> ２ そのような傾向、そのような気味である、の意を表す。「うつむき―」\n\nThe usage means: with such a tendency/inclination, which I think derives from\n_with a degree of something_.\n\nPractically, it works as a weakening (\"just a tendency, not fully so\"), so\n貶{けな}し加減に言っていた means _kind of/slightly spoke ill of_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T22:36:12.397", "id": "97154", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T22:36:12.397", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97142", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think your understanding is correct. It emphasizes the fact that his initial\nguess/anticipation (about them ending up as a couple) was actually accurate.\nIt adds a little flavor to his speech. (It may also be a particular way this\ncharacter speaks?)\n\n## FYI\n\nAs a general rule, its best to include a timestamp of the actual scene and the\ntitle of the episode. This way the community can easily find the actual scene,\nwhich might contain additional useful information.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T16:58:59.063", "id": "97144", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T16:58:59.063", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42293", "parent_id": "97143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "It says nothing about whether or not the speaker would like to stay.\n\nIt’s generally expected that a couple wants to spend time together without\nbeing disturbed by a third person. Whether it’s because of their high\ntolerance level or the friendship between you and them, this particular couple\nhas not minded your presence so far, and you regard it as a valuable or\nexceptional thing compared to the general norm (あることを認める). However, if you\nstay any longer (特定の条件), you think you will wear out even their long welcome\n(相反する感情). You can understand 流石に as expressing this sense of “too much even\nfor ...”\n\nThink of a rubber band. You can stretch it to a certain point. But if you pull\nit further, it breaks.\n\n> それだけ引っ張れば流石に切れる。\n\nIf you remove 流石に, the sentence would become a simple statement about cause\nand effect. It doesn't say if what is being pulled is even stretchable.\n\n> それだけ引っ張れば切れる。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T18:43:54.587", "id": "97147", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-11T11:11:03.253", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-11T11:11:03.253", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97143", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "I think it's from もらう here. 〜に〜してもらう is used to express that you \"receive the\naction from someone\". They do it for you and に is the marker for the person\ndoing it.\n\nいただく makes it humble, so you express that it's something like a favor for you.\n\nお集まり is the honorific version of 集まる. As you are using いただく afterwards, you\ndon't need the する anymore. It seems almost like a nominalization to me.\n\nThe whole sentence sounds like \"We have assembled people here who are working\nin a foreign language\", literally \"We humbly received (the favor of)\nassembling from people who are working in a foreign language\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-10T21:03:15.280", "id": "97151", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-10T21:03:15.280", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54932", "parent_id": "97150", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "添削 is literally _adding and deleting_ , so 添削する can be used if a professor\nmakes corrections (e.g. in red) to students' compositions on blackboard or\nnotebook. It works for 1, and for 2 and 3, too. Though 添削 does NOT exclude\nscoring, it is less natural for corrections with scoring.\n\n採点 is literally _taking the score_ , so 採点する implies grading. It works for 2\nand 3.\n\n* * *\n\n直す is a broad word for fixing, so can be used for 1 and 2 (usually no\nscoring).\n\n訂正する is less likely to be used in the context. I feel that it usually refers\nto some sort of rectifying. E.g., 発言を訂正する means _to correct what the subj.\nsaid_.\n\n* * *\n\nAnother (perhaps very Japanese) word is 丸をつける/丸付けする because the Japanese use\ncircles to mark the correct answer. It is mostly synonymous to 採点する.\n\nAnd note that 添削する is not very commonly used for marking yes/no exams or most\nscience subjects because there are usually no corrections. I guess 採点/丸付け is\nmore normal.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-11T22:46:45.550", "id": "97166", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-11T22:46:45.550", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97161", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this と is being used in a quotative sense. Much like this post\ndescribes: [particle\ndoubts](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28906/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A8-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A8-particle-\ndoubts)\n\nSo with that, I would say it's indicating the speaker's thoughts on お礼 (a\nthanks) and how it's perceived by them\n\n```\n\n お礼にとそのカメが連れてきたこのじいさんはいったい?\n Who in the heck is this old man that was brought by that turtle as a thanks I guess?\n \n```", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-11T17:04:06.803", "id": "97164", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T03:09:51.057", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-12T03:09:51.057", "last_editor_user_id": "30339", "owner_user_id": "30339", "parent_id": "97162", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "「と」 is quotative と of「彼はアメリカに行く、 **と** 言った」. 「に」 of 「お礼に」means 「お礼として」. 「彼はお礼\n**に** （=として)ハンカチをくれた」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-12T06:29:36.003", "id": "97169", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T06:29:36.003", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97162", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This is 映る, not 移る. The relevant\n[definition](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%98%A0%E3%82%8B/#jn-19876)\nis\n\n> 姿・形・影などが、反射や投影によって、他の物の上に現れる。「鏡に―・った顔」「障子に―・る人影」\n\nIn this case the reference is to the shadow of a Buddhist priest's head, which\nis being cast on the shôji by the light inside the room. Because the shôji is\ntranslucent, it is lit up like a lampshade, so that the shadow is visible from\noutside.\n\nThere is no reason to assume that the shadow is cast by a Buddha statue rather\nthan a human. (For one thing, in Japanese Buddhist iconography, Buddhas are\nnot usually depicted as having shaved heads!) Presumably the head appears\nlarge simply because the priest is near the light source inside the room, and\nthis magnifies the shadow on the shôji.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-11T21:39:40.550", "id": "97165", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T01:40:12.893", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-12T01:40:12.893", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "33934", "parent_id": "97163", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "「三日後」→OK、「一年後」→OK、「一日後」→OK、週だけは話すときに「週」と「周」の区別がつきづらいので「一週間後」→OK、となるのだと思います。「三日後」は三日経ったちょうどあたりを指して、「三日間の後」は三日を過ぎた以降の期間を指します。「の」に続くときは「あと」と読むのはそれが単独の語として使われるときは訓読みの「あと」と読むのが一般的だからです。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-12T06:23:10.167", "id": "97168", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T06:23:10.167", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97167", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "そもそも期間を表す表現として「一週」よりも「一週間」の方がよく使われます。この二つに特に意味の違いはありません。一方、「三日間」や「一年間」の場合、「間」があることによって「三日」や「一年」よりも「〜を通して」（英語で言うと\nthroughout）の意味が強調されます。「〜後」と言う場合に「間」を言わないのはそのためかもしれません。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-14T02:13:18.387", "id": "97195", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T02:13:18.387", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97167", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This それを is a fixed phrase meaning \"despite that\", \"yet\" or \"nevertheless\".\nIt's interchangeable with それなのに here, and it's not part of the causative\nconstruction.\n\nSee also:\n\n * <https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%8C%E3%82%92>\n * <https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%8C%E3%82%92-2057944>\n * [Understanding それをこいつは](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/94247/5010)\n * [The meaning of それを昨日、今日、司教になったようなのが！](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23899/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-12T08:51:44.083", "id": "97172", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T08:51:44.083", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97171", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In this case の can be replaced with が. so 「異三郎の動かせる」 is same as 「異三郎 **が**\n動かせる」. This question is often asked in Japanese language tests in Japan :-).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-12T21:14:31.350", "id": "97177", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T21:14:31.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Either way, it is a relative clause. The question is whether the part marked\nwith の is inside of it or not. In this particular context, I would say it is\nin.\n\n> ［異三郎の動かせる］勢力\n\n異三郎 is the one who can do the moving, or the subject of 動かす. The noun phrase\ncan be rephrased to:\n\n> ［異三郎が動かせる］勢力\n\nAlthough one might argue such things as fixed artillery are 動かせない戦力 and other\ntypes of weaponry as well as troops and vehicles are 動かせる戦力, this distinction\ndoesn’t seem a very common concept. At least, it is not important here. The\nfocus in this context is rather on whether 異三郎 can, or is authorized to,\ndeploy those forces. It would make more sense if the subject were specified.\n\nThe same verb may be used to refer to a more intrinsic attribute of something,\nthough.\n\n> この会社の［動かせる資産］\n\nHere, whether the company actually moves these assets may not be so important\nas the fact that they are intrinsically “movable”.\n\n燃やせるごみ and 裂けるチーズ are other examples. Though 裂ける is considered a separate\nintransitive verb, it is essentially the same as the potential form of 裂く.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-13T00:14:52.910", "id": "97178", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-13T00:26:34.690", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-13T00:26:34.690", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Japanese potential forms are a bit tricky, but the following three sentences\nare all correct:\n\n * 異三郎は勢力を動かせる。 \nIzaburo can move the force.\n\n * 勢力は(異三郎によって)動かせる。 \nThe force is movable (by Izaburo).\n\n * 異三郎には勢力が動かせる。 \nTo Izaburo, the force is movable.\n\nThese are chosen depending on the topic of the sentence. English speakers may\nfind the first 動かせる is verb-like (\"can move\") and the other two are adjective-\nlike (\"movable\"). See also: [The difference between が and を with the potential\nform of a verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/609/5010) and [Use of に\nin 「私には本物の若殿様がわかります」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24955/5010)\n\nAnyway, the sentence in question can be constructed straightforwardly from the\nfirst bullet above.\n\n * 異三郎は勢力を動かせる。 \nIzaburo can move the force.\n\n * 異三郎が動かせる勢力 (pull out 勢力 and change wa to ga) \nthe force Izaburo can move\n\n * 異三郎 **の** 動かせる勢力 ([ga-no conversion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)) \nthe force Izaburo can move\n\nSo 異三郎の動かせる is a relative clause, and this の is a subject marker that can be\nused inside relative clauses. If you are familiar with ga-no conversion, this\ngrammar should be simplest to English speakers. Compare the following:\n\n * 異三郎の動かす勢力 \nthe force Izaburo moves\n\n * 異三郎の動かせる勢力 \nthe force Izaburo can move", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-14T01:15:22.947", "id": "97194", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T01:15:22.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97173", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This is the [negative imperative\nな](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/47246/%e5%8b%95%e8%a9%9e%e8%be%9e%e6%9b%b8%e5%bd%a2%ef%bc%8b%e3%81%aa-%e3%81%af%e3%81%a9%e3%81%86%e3%81%84%e3%81%86%e6%84%8f%e5%91%b3%e3%81%a7%e3%81%99%e3%81%8b),\nplus the quotative って. So we have:\n\n> 約束を守れないような人間にはなるなって教えてくれたのはミトさんだよ！ \n> The one who taught me \"Don't become someone who can't keep their promises\"\n> — that's Mito!", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-12T17:16:08.817", "id": "97176", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-12T17:16:08.817", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "97175", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "くる goes to こない, so 取ってくる goes to 取ってこない. Hopefully it should already be clear\nhow こなければならない contracts to こなきゃ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-13T06:05:46.047", "id": "97180", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-13T06:05:46.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "97179", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "This is a shorten expression. 取ってこなければいけない！ → 取ってこなければ！ → 取ってこなきゃ！", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-13T10:06:31.593", "id": "97182", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-13T10:06:31.593", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "97179", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It is almost like a prose poem at best, and not really parsable as a sentence.\n\n白点 should be simply _a white dot_ referring to the seagull or snowflake (or\nboth even if inconsistent with ひとつ).\n\nOne possible interpretation:\n\n> 曇天に白点ひとつ、さみしく鳴く春かもめが、\n\nHere かもめ is the subject for some missing verb modified by 曇天に白点ひとつ: _A spring\nseagull crying sadly (flies like) a white dot in the cloudy sky_.\n\n> 雪の名残ひとひら、まだ冷たい三月の風だった。\n\nHere both are noun phrases describing the situation: _A snowflake (in the\nair), (there was) March wind which was still cold._\n\n* * *\n\nAnother possibility is to consider literally かもめが as subject for 三月の風だった: _A\nspring seagull crying sadly, (which looks like) white dot in the cloudy sky,\nwith a snowflake, was the cold March wind._\n\nAnyway it is a description of a scenery with seagull and snow in the cold\nwind.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-13T14:13:02.220", "id": "97185", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-13T14:13:02.220", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97183", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Grammar and kana orthography are two different things. By definition, kana\northography only defines the **spelling** of words, and it says nothing about\ngrammar. 思わない and 思わず are two different types of negation, and the difference\nlies not in kana orthography but in grammar. 思わない and 思はない are exactly the\nsame phrase written in two different kana orthographies.\n\nIn terms of grammar, 1900-1946 was a transitional period from [classical\nJapanese grammar](https://www.tofugu.com/series/kobun-guide/) to modern\nJapanese grammar (see [_genbun\nitchi_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genbun_itchi)). In this period, you\nwould see many novels written in **modern** grammar but with **historical**\nkana orthography. For example, [Natsume Soseki's\n吾輩は猫である](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_a_Cat) was first published in 1905\nin modern grammar and with historical kana orthography (see the picture in\n[this article](https://serai.jp/hobby/1051788)), but the same novel _can_ be\nwritten in modern kana orthography, too. People today actually read this novel\nusually in modern kana version [like\nthis](https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000148/files/789_14547.html). Things\nwritten before 1900 were written in classical grammar and historical kana\northography, and things written after 1946 are normally written in modern\ngrammar and modern kana orthography.\n\nTheoretically speaking, it _is_ also perfectly possible to write a news\narticle issued today in historical kana orthography, but no one do that\nbecause it's meaningless.\n\n**EDIT** : German also underwent a major [orthography\nreform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996)\nrelatively recently, but this does not mean people suddenly changed how they\nspeak German in 1996.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-13T16:46:38.213", "id": "97188", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T00:08:39.963", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-14T00:08:39.963", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97184", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "もう meaning \"another\" does have a low-high pitch accent and is used like this:\n\n * もう【LH】3分 \nanother three minutes\n\n * もう【LH】1回 \nonce more\n\n * もう【LH】少し \na little more\n\n * もう【LH】片方 \nthe other one (of a pair)\n\nもう meaning \"another\" is always followed by another word, and is pronounced\nlike one compound (see [this\ndiscussion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/56964/5010)).\n\nStill, two monolingual dictionaries I checked explain those two types of もう\nunder the same entry, so they're two different usages of the same word.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-13T16:02:57.790", "id": "97187", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-13T16:02:57.790", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97186", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "In terms of what they refer to, I guess there are no big differences.\n\nThe nuance of 凡人 is negative-neutral. It means _banal_ , _ordinary_ as opposed\nto _special_ , _genius_.\n\nThe nuance of 普通の人 can be negative, but more often neutral-positive. It means\n_ordinary_ , _normal_ as opposed to _abnormal_.\n\n(added) Thus calling someone 凡人 is an insult, but 普通の人 not necessarily so.\n普通の人 is usually meant as a _reasonable_ person, but in some context could mean\n'a guy just like any other' and be taken negatively.\n\n* * *\n\nFor example,\n\n * アインシュタインの考え方は凡人とは違った. Einstein's idea was different from banal people's.\n\nThis sounds praising Einstein's brilliant idea which people cannot think of.\nHere it is also possible to use 普通の人. It may mean the same, but could also\nmean Einstein was lacking in common sense.\n\n * 普通の人は麻薬はやらない. Ordinary people don't do drugs.\n\nHere, the speaker thinks negatively of drugs and says normal people don't do\nit. Using 凡人 here would suggest the speaker thinks doing drugs is a good thing\nand sounds like \"ordinary people don't dare do drugs\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-13T22:40:01.867", "id": "97192", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T14:34:06.070", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-14T14:34:06.070", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97190", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

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[ { "body": "I have never heard of such a rule. I did a quick google search and found\nnothing relevant. I believe you can simply use konbanwa.\n\nIn the showbiz industry, it is common to use ohayo-gozaimasu (not konbanwa)\nregardless of the time of day (google \"芸能界 おはようございます\" if you're curious), but\nthis is customary only when both people are in the showbiz industry. This has\nlittle to do with your situation where you're greeting your audience.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-14T05:28:31.533", "id": "97197", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T06:33:29.993", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-14T06:33:29.993", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97196", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The X+ば+X+potential form is _can X_ with implication that X is rare/difficult\nor some reticence on the doer's part.\n\nSo 笑えば笑える here is used precisely because of the shyness of the character. The\ndifference from 君って普通に笑えるんだ? is:\n\n 1. 君って普通に笑えるんだ? Oh you can smile normally\n 2. 君って普通に笑えば笑えるんだ Oh, you _do_ smile!\n\n1 is a little odd because (specific illnesses aside) people _can_ smile.\n\n* * *\n\nI think the pattern is productive but not applicable for every verb. 買えば買える is\na little odd to me. X+(よ)うとすれば+X+potential may be more widely usable:\n買おうと思えば買える, which would mean _can afford (though the price is substantial =\nposes some difficulty to pay)_.\n\n* * *\n\nAs commented, there are a bunch of similar phrases like\n\n * やればできる can do (if one is willing enough)\n * なせばなる can do (if one is willing enough/tries very hard)\n * 知る人ぞ知る some people _do_ know (if it is not super famous).\n\nAnother similar pattern is 好きな人は好きな. For example,\n\n * 好きな人は好きな味\n\nmeans literally _a taste people who love love_. Here again, there is some\nimplied 'rarity' and the phrase usually refers to 'love it or hate it' kind of\nthing (natto, Dr.Pepper, marmite, etc.).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-14T14:29:33.580", "id": "97199", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T14:29:33.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97198", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "It is a little too broad a question to give an answer, but let me just give\nsome ideas specific to starting/ending.\n\nRoughly, when the verb is instantaneous ています sounds \"have happened\" rather\nthan ongoing or habitual.\n\n* * *\n\n * 学校は毎日9時に始まります _School starts at 9 o'clock every day._ (btw isn't 6 o'clock too early?)\n\n始まっています means \"has started\". So used in a sentence like\n\n * 学校はもう始まっています _School has already started (say, now it's 10 o'clock)._\n\nSame for finishing.\n\n * 授業は3時に終わります _Class ends at three._\n * 授業はもう終わっています _Class is already finished._\n\nFor sunrise, it can be ongoing as a process. So\n\n * 日がのぼっています\n\nis, strictly speaking, ambiguous between _The sun has risen already_ and _The\nsun is rising (now)_ , but I think it is more like to mean 1.\n\n* * *\n\nFor other non-instantaneous verbs, ています may mean it is habitual or ongoing.\n\n * 最近村上春樹を読んでいます _These days I read Haruki Murakami('s works)_. It is possible to say 最近村上春樹をよみます.\n * 今、村上春樹を読んでいます _I'm reding Haruki Murakami._ 今、村上春樹を読みます would mean (a bit unnatural but) _I'm going to read Haruki Murakami now_.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T10:30:21.937", "id": "97215", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T10:30:21.937", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97201", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think this is intended to be an inverted sentence\n\nThe `の` after 生き物たち either modifies something unsaid that is supposed to be\n\"obvious\" or acts as an explanatory / emphasis on there being 生き物たち (living\ncreatures) that were impossible to imagine by the character. I would assume\nit's leaning more towards the explanatory / emphasis side of things here\n\n* * *\n\nMisunderstood question originally, but leaving in the original explanation as\na part of the answer:\n\nI don't think this is intended to be an inverted sentence\n\nThis is a combination of the `から` and `の` particles. The `から` means `from`\nhere, where as the `の` is being used in the nominalize as an adjective sense.\n`の` is needed to grammatically to connect `イメージ` (image) to `はるかな太古` (ancient\ntimes long ago) and portrays it is a image from (of) ancient times. This is\nsomewhat hard to understand in the context in English depending on the case,\nsince the `の` here does not really have an English word equivalent. So this\npart is just:\n\n> はるかな太古からのイメージ...\n>\n> A image from (of) ancient times long ago...", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-14T20:26:55.837", "id": "97204", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-14T21:57:05.050", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-14T21:57:05.050", "last_editor_user_id": "30339", "owner_user_id": "30339", "parent_id": "97202", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "There is no inversion. の in 生き物たちの is a noun-linking particle meaning `'s`,\nbut it connects to 無重力の影響 in the next frame. This イメージ is simply \"image\" or\n\"vision\". Note that 影響 is a paraphrase of イメージ. So there is a long subject\n\"(イメージ, which is 生き物たちの無重力の影響,)が...\"\n\nThe basic structure of this sentence is:\n\n> イメージ――影響が、彼の頭脳に何か不思議な作用を生じさせたのだろうか？ \n> Did the vision, or influence, have some mysterious effect on his brain?\n\nAnd the full translation:\n\n> はるかな太古からのイメージ――それまでの彼には想像すらできなかった生き物たちの無重力の影響が、彼の頭脳に何か不思議な作用を生じさせたのだろうか？\n>\n> Did the vision from the ancient times—the weightless influence of creatures\n> he could not even imagine before—have some mysterious effect on his brain?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T01:34:54.640", "id": "97211", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T01:43:02.310", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-15T01:43:02.310", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97202", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "These two と are quotative. See: [What does にと\ndo?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/16000/5010)\n\n> 行かないでと涙こぼしたら? \n> What if I shed a tear (saying) \"Don't go\"?\n>\n> 待てないよと肩を落としたら？ \n> What if I dropped my shoulders (saying) \"I can't want\"?\n\nNote that conditional-と always follows the non-past predicative form of a\nverb/adjective (including ない/ぬ), e.g., 行くと, 行かないと, 青いと, 簡単だと.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T01:04:45.990", "id": "97210", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T01:04:45.990", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97203", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This そう basically means 'yes' and is a bit of a common filler lyric\n\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86/> - definition 2, entry\n1 under 然う - 'Used to express affirmation or agreement to the interlocutor's\nwords'", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-14T21:18:10.427", "id": "97207", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T00:54:47.783", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-15T00:54:47.783", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "97205", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "めちゃ and めっちゃ work as an adverb (めちゃ走った, めっちゃ面白い) but not as an adjective\n(❌めっちゃな話, ❌それはめちゃだ). めちゃくちゃ and めちゃめちゃ work as both an adverb and a na-\nadjective, but I feel めちゃめちゃ is more common as an adverb.\n\nめちゃくちゃ is already relatively informal, but めちゃめちゃ and め(っ)ちゃ are clearly more\ncolloquial or slangy than めちゃくちゃ. If you used め(っ)ちゃ in a job interview, your\neducation level would be questioned. Basically you can think of めちゃくちゃ as the\nstandard version and the other two as slangy variants.\n\nMeaning-wise, I think there is not a big difference. They all mean something\nalong the lines of _crazy_ , _absurd_ , _mad_ , _chaotic_ , but can also work\nas an intensifier ( _like crazy_ , _super_ , _insanely_ , etc).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T00:40:26.643", "id": "97209", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T00:46:57.550", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-15T00:46:57.550", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97206", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Of the two, it can be considered as a 申し出 and 脱ぎましょうか is okay.\n\nRoughly, I think it is like saying _Do I...?_ instead of _Shall I...?_\nalthough _Do I ...?_ is much less common.\n\n* * *\n\nThat said, using ーますか? as a proposal is common when the agent is the listener\n(opposite of 聞き手を行為者に含まず). For example:\n\n * 試食しますか? Would you like to try it?\n\nI guess -ますか just can be used equally when 聞き手を行為者に含まない.\n\n * お持ちしますか. Shall I bring it (the one with right size for you)?\n * お出ししますか. Shall I bring it (next dish, for example)?\n\n-しましょうか works as well, but -しますか sounds like \"Am I supposed to ..?\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T10:16:42.087", "id": "97214", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T10:16:42.087", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97213", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "She is definitely not asking for permission. She is not particularly offering\nto do something for the man, either. It’s more like asking what is supposed to\nhappen next, according to his rules, procedure, preferences, or whatever. It’s\nalmost like a question about a fact.\n\nましょうか would make her sound like she is either willing to do something for him\nor trying to get actively involved in mutual decision making on whether or not\nto do it. ますか sounds more 事務的.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T14:32:08.713", "id": "97219", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T14:32:08.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97213", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "５年になります, which uses the verb なる, is an instantaneous change. 今年で means “this\nyear”, which is an instant.\n\n> 今年で５年になります。\n>\n> (lit.) It will become 5 years (anniversary) this year.\n>\n> It has been 5 years.\n\n今年まで means “up till this year”, a period of time. The verb should mean\nsomething that continues for a duration (unlike なる). It can be used in, for\ninstance,\n\n> 今年までこの会社で働きます。\n>\n> (lit.) I will work at this company till this year.\n>\n> It has been 5 years since I started working at this company (sounds like the\n> speaker is quitting).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T12:33:48.853", "id": "97217", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-16T00:59:28.923", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-16T00:59:28.923", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "34223", "parent_id": "97216", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "As you may be aware, both are grammatical.\n\nFrom 大辞泉, the relevant meanings of そうだ and ようだ are:\n\n>\n> [そうだ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86%E3%81%A0/#jn-129024)\n> 動詞・助動詞などの連用形、形容詞・形容動詞などの語幹に付き、語幹が1音節の形容詞には「さそうだ」、また助動詞「たい」「ない」に付くときは「たそうだ」「なそうだ」の形をとる。\n> **様態** の意を表す。…というようすだ。今にも…するようなようすだ。\n>\n> [ようだ](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E6%A7%98%E3%81%A0/#jn-226613)\n> （主に文末に用いて）不確かな、または **婉曲** (えんきょく) な断定の意を表す。「この機械はどこも故障していないようだ」\n>\n> (emphasis added)\n\nBoth may be translated to 'to seem' in English, but そうだ is about\n様態=appearance, how it **looks** and ようだ makes a sentence **indirect**.\n\nYou see おいしそうだ more often mostly because that's what people say 'it looks\ntasty' more often.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T23:00:15.123", "id": "97228", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T23:00:15.123", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "If you are curiously seeing something and saying something subjectively based\non your direct visual observation, you must use そうだ. If ようだ was used even\nthough you're directly seeing something, it would sound like you're\nindifferent or trying to put aside your direct observation.\n\n * **おいしそうだ** : Looks delicious (to my eyes)!\n * **おいしいようだ / おいしいみたいだ** : (Putting aside how it actually appears to me, according to a guidebook, rumor, etc) it looks that this is delicious. / (I'm not particlarly interested, but since people say it's good,) this is probably delicious.\n * **面白そうだ** : Looks interesting! / Sounds fun!\n * **面白いようだ** : (According to what I've heard) looks like this is interesting (though I'm not saying I'm interested).\n * **嬉しそうだ** : She (evidently) looks happy.\n * **嬉しいようだ** : (My eyes cannot quite see it, but) this seems to mean she is happy. \n(Imagine you gave a gift to a tsundere character.)\n\nSo while both are perfectly valid and grammatical, おいしいようだ is far less common\nin practice.\n\nSee my answer here, too: [Difference between そうです、 ようです and\nらしいです.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/16312/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-16T00:56:17.420", "id": "97231", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-16T04:40:46.500", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-16T04:40:46.500", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97220", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "> Is it correct to say 英語が勉強できる？\n\nYes. 勉強できる works just like a potential verb 読める here. And here you can use\n英語を, too.\n\n> is it grammatically correct to say 英語を勉強をするのが好き？\n\nNo. You can say 英語を **勉強する** のが好き (without を).\n\n> saying 英語が勉強ができる is grammatically correct?\n\nNo. In this case, できる alone is like a potential verb and can take **only one**\nNoun+が. In this sense 勉強できる and 勉強ができる are different. The former can take\nanother が-phrase but the latter not (taken already by 勉強が).\n\nSo 英語ができる or 勉強ができる is fine, but 英語が勉強が is not.\n\n> 英語を勉強できる\n\nIt is fine. My impression is 英語が勉強できる may be (slightly) more common though it\nmay depend on words as well.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T23:10:09.047", "id": "97229", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T23:10:09.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97221", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Some words just get really associated with the honorific お。That is why you\nwill rarely see お金 without the お.\n\nご案内致します uses the humble language 謙譲語, therefore you use it to talk about your\nown actions. \"I will humbly guide you\".\n\n致す is the humble form of する", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T20:35:23.963", "id": "97223", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T20:40:24.570", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-15T20:40:24.570", "last_editor_user_id": "50324", "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "97222", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It would make more sense to use が if the main items in the order, ハムとチーズ and\nほうれん草, had already been passed on to the owner through some communication\nsystem and the waitress only had to associate each of them with a type of\nbread orally.\n\n> （２つの内）ハムとチーズ（の方）が山型パンで、ほうれん草（の方）がチャバタです。\n\nFor the purpose of passing on the content of the order completely, the\nwaitress should probably say:\n\n> （注文は）ハムとチーズが１つと、ほうれん草が１つです。ハムとチーズ（の方）が山型パンで、ほうれん草（の方）がチャバタです。\n\nHowever, omitting the first sentence causes no information loss in practice. I\nguess they chose to do so in their process in order to save time or to reduce\nerrors.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-16T00:41:31.803", "id": "97230", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-16T00:41:31.803", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "97224", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "In both conversations, ハムとチーズ and ほうれん草 are simply a way to refer to\nsandwiches by its filling - I suppose you say _Ham and cheese_ in English,\ntoo. So it can be called a metonymy but using fillings for sandwiches.\n\nOn the が, practically you can use は as well.\n\n 1. ハムとチーズ **は** 山型パンで、ほうれん草 **は** チャバタです。\n 2. ハムとチーズ **は** 山型パンで、ほうれん草 **が** チャバタです。\n 3. ハムとチーズ **が** 山型パンで、ほうれん草 **は** チャバタです。\n\nTo me, in this particular context, every pattern is ok, but using は sounds a\nlittle like assuming the owner already knows that there are orders for\nham&cheese and spinach, and may be less natural for that.\n\nThe usage が should be so called 排他 (e.g.\n[this](https://nihongonoblog.com/%E3%80%8C%E3%81%AF%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8C%E3%81%8C%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%81%95%E3%81%84%E2%97%86%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%84%E5%88%86%E3%81%91%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%92%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9/#:%7E:text=%E4%B8%80%E6%96%B9%E3%80%81%E3%80%8C%E3%81%9D%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91,%E6%8E%92%E4%BB%96%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E3%81%8C%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%89%E3%80%82)).\nSo 3 (and the sentence in question) means 'ハムとチーズ (and not other filligs)\nshould use white bread' (btw: does English distinguish 山型 and not-山型?). This\nis close enough to は, so interchangeable to some extent.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-16T01:25:54.313", "id": "97232", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-16T09:21:52.023", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-16T09:21:52.023", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97224", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Some other grammar patterns that might give you an idea:\n\n今月末までに完成させる(つもりで)、毎日努力をした\n\n(With the intention of) finishing by the end of the month, I worked on it\nevery day.\n\n新しいハリーポッターの本を(買おうと)、あの本屋へ初めて行きました\n\nI went to that bookstore for the first time (with the intention) of buying the\nnew harry potter book", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-15T21:22:01.527", "id": "97226", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-15T21:22:01.527", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50324", "parent_id": "97225", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "> 1. What are the reasons for using が and は particles in their respective\n> places?\n>\n\n文明が進むと is a [subordinate clause](https://www.grammar-\nmonster.com/glossary/subordinate_clause.htm) (the と-clause) of this sentence.\nSince 文明 is not the topic of the whole sentence but the subject of a\nsubordinate clause, が imust be used as a simple subject marker. On the other\nhand, 社会は複雑さを増す is the main clause of this sentence. Since 社会 is the topic of\nthis whole sentence, は has to be used.\n\nThe rule of thumb is that you cannot usually use は in subordinate clauses,\nwhich includes relative clauses, when-clauses, if-clauses, and so on. (As an\nexception, a contrastive-wa may appear in subordinate clauses.)\n\n> 2 - Could we replace any of these two particles with the other one?\n\nNo, you can't (unless an explicit contrastive meaning is clearly intended).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-16T07:31:05.703", "id": "97234", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-16T07:37:17.777", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-16T07:37:17.777", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "97233", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You are correct. There are other definitions of this に such as\n\n * to (公園に行きます/I’m going to the park)\n * for (ケ-キ作るために牛乳を使う/I will use the milk for the cake)\n * as (私にはカッコいいと思う/to[as] me, I think it’s cool)\n\nThere are many others, too. You can take a look at them\n[here](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%AB). In this case, the に is being used as\n“with” because of it being noun (パン) + noun/phrase of it being an item (コ-ヒ-\nか紅茶) + indication of the object (を) + verb having to do with the two nouns\n(飲みます).\n\nEdit: I would translate it as “On top of bread, I’ll have coffee or tea.” The\nreason being the physical actions taken for _eating_ bread is different from\n_drinking_ coffee or tea.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-16T13:04:14.173", "id": "97236", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-16T21:56:27.670", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-16T21:56:27.670", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "54981", "parent_id": "97235", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "に can mean _addition_ (添加 [#8\nhere](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%AB/#je-56984)).\n\nIt can be considered as _with_ , but it adds a nuance of _in addition to, on\ntop of_. Other than those in questions,\n\n * 小麦粉に卵を混ぜる throw egg to flour and stir\n * ソーセージにビールが最高 Beer (in addition) to sausages is the best\n\n* * *\n\nFYI some other に/と questions.\n\n * [Confusion between ~に似てる ~と似てる](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77924/45489)\n * [Does 関係 use particle に or と?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/46617/45489)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-16T14:27:05.077", "id": "97238", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-16T14:27:05.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "97235", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "悪知恵 means ”bad wisdom”. So, 悪知恵が働く means ”bad wisdom is working”. It may be\nmore appropriate to translate ”doing evil deed come into my mind” or merely\n”doing evil deed”, than ”cunning”.\n\nOn the other hand, ずる賢い means ”dishonest and clever”. It mostly use towords\npeople.\n\n”悪知恵が働く **人** ” and ”ずる賢い” means almost the same thing.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-12-28T07:32:45.167", "id": "97833", "last_activity_date": "2022-12-28T07:32:45.167", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55322", "parent_id": "97237", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]