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p1atdev

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japanese-stackexchange

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[ { "body": "ない is the negation suffix.\n\nAs a suffix, ない superseded older ぬ.\n\nない is not related (derivationally) to the verb ある.\n\n * In modern Japanese, ない on its own is used as the negative form of ある (compare それはある \"there is that\" and それはない \"there isn't that\"), but historically, we do find regularly suffixed forms like あらぬ. \n * I think this kind of usage, where an unrelated word becomes used as an inflected form of some other word, is called \"[suppletion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppletion)\" in linguistics. \nConsider also English _\" go\"_ and past tense _\" went\"_ -- _\" went\"_ was\noriginally the past tense of unrelated verb\n_\"[wend](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wend#English)\"_, and the past tense of\n_\" go\"_ was previously\n_\"[yode](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yode#English)\"_.\n\nAs to \"why\" all plain (non-ます) negative verb forms include ない, may as well ask\nwhy all negative verb constructions in English include some form of the word\n\"not\".\n\n* * *\n\nSeparately, regarding the etymology.\n\nThe negation suffix ない appears from around the late 1500s, originating in\neastern Japanese dialects.\n\nBefore that, the negation suffix was ず or inflected form ぬ. Some linguists\nthink that the predicate form ず was itself a contraction of older に [from ぬ] +\nす [of uncertain function]: //nisu// → //nsu// → //nzu// → //zu//.\n\nIn ancient eastern Japanese dialects, there was also a negation suffix なふ.\nSome scholars suggest a link between ancient なふ and modern ない, but there are\nproblems with this theory -- なふ conjugated as a verb, while ない conjugates as\nan adjective; also, なふ disappears from the historical record centuries before\nwe see ない.\n\nAfter ない appeared and began spreading, both ない and ず or ぬ were in use. ない\ndidn't really become standard until after 1907 when official government\ntextbooks settled on using ない.\n\nFor those interested, references (in Japanese):\n\n * The [ない entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-586949) in the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】 or NKD, via Kotobank -- particularly the [語誌] section\n * The [なう entry](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%86-587426#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8) (modern spelling of ancient なふ) in the NKD, second entry on that page, also via Kotobank", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T07:17:13.287", "id": "96746", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-19T07:30:37.343", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-19T07:30:37.343", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "96742", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Let's start with the original sentence.\n\n> 二度とあのピッコロ大魔王ってのには手をださねえことだな。\n\nNow let's simplify it a bit to mean just: _Let's not mess **with** Piccolo\nDaimao again._\n\n> 二度とあのピッコロ大魔王 **に** 手をださねえことだな。\n\nNow let's add back っての. っての is a variant of 〜というもの, i.e. \" _the one called..._\n\" or simply \" _that..._ \" So we are adding the nuance of: _Don't mess with\n**the one called** Piccolo Daimao again_. Or just simply: _Let's not mess with\n**that** Piccolo Daimao again._\n\n> 二度とあのピッコロ大魔王 **っての** に手をださねえことだな。\n\nNow let's add the nuance of \" _ **Well, don't know about other demons, but\nthis one in particular** we shouldn't mess with_.\" Meaning roughly: _**That\nPiccolo Daimao?** Yeah... let's not mess with them again_. Or: _**Don't know\nabout the other ones** , but let's not mess with that Piccolo Daimao again_.\n\n> 二度とあのピッコロ大魔王ってのに **は** 手をださねえことだな。\n\nFor a discussion of っての, see the top answer at: [What does ってのない\nmean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/93197/what-\ndoes-%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84-mean)\n\nFor a really good illustration of the difference between に and には, see the top\nanswer at: [What is the difference between \"に\" and\n\"には\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1096/what-is-the-\ndifference-between-%E3%81%AB-and-%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T13:32:43.593", "id": "96757", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-20T06:43:46.783", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-20T06:43:46.783", "last_editor_user_id": "3871", "owner_user_id": "18145", "parent_id": "96749", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "They are two sentences.\n\n> ばかみたい You are a fool/That's ridiculous.\n>\n> 子供なのね You are a baby, aren't you?\n\nBasically you need to be able to guess the subject correctly here.\n\n* * *\n\nJust my impression, but learning exclusively from song lyrics wouldn't be a\ngood way to learn. They are composed often in the way you need to guess a lot,\ndue to the constraints posed by the tune.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T10:22:53.047", "id": "96754", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-19T10:22:53.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96750", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "星人 is never used alone. It is used with specific names of planets like\n火星人{かせいじん}(Martian), 金星人{きんせいじん}(Venusian), or\n[ナメック星人](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%BA).\nIt means the habitants of a particular planet. FYI earthlings are 地球人.\n\nOn the other hand, 宇宙人 usually refers to (extraterrestrial) _aliens_ and is\nused by itself.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T10:16:04.620", "id": "96752", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-19T10:16:04.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96751", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 }, { "body": "for a more accurate calling of aliens is 外星人", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T19:46:56.667", "id": "96762", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-19T19:46:56.667", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": null, "parent_id": "96751", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "「一端」means 「一部」, or \"a part of\". It indicates that the report only contains a\npart of the actions, i.e. not a complete list.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T12:39:33.083", "id": "96756", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-19T12:39:33.083", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50991", "parent_id": "96755", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "It is not really about ことには, but rather you need to be able to see what is\nomitted. Here something like ならないだろうか is omitted after みたいなことには. (I don't know\nthe anime, so may be missing something but should be fine.)\n\nLiterally, Xみたいなことにはならないだろうか translates to _I'm wondering, \"won't a thing like\nX happen?\"_. Hence the translation you give.\n\nことになる here means _It becomes/happens/come to be the case that..._.\n\n* * *\n\nFor どっきり大成功,\n[this](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA) is\nrelevant. Basically it is a disclosure that other people were just doing it\n(attack, in the particular case) as a surprise for fun.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T22:42:04.647", "id": "96766", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-19T22:42:04.647", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96761", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically your understanding is correct, but adding ている does not clarify the\nsubject/object relationship.\n\n私が望む未来 is _the future I desire_ , and 未来を望む私 is _me who desires the future_.\nAlso 望む未来/望む私 are, as you guessed, _the future (someone) desires_ and _me, who\ndesires_. Using ている does not change the basic meaning, it is just a matter of\n_desire_ / _desiring_.\n\nGenerally, when the modifying verb is transitive like 望む, the relative clause\ncan be ambiguous as to what role the modified noun plays semantically.\n\nFor (a bit artificial) example, consider 望む自分. Depending on context it can be\ninterpreted either as\n\n 1. 私が望む自分 Me as desired by me; or\n 2. 何かを望む自分 Me who desires something,\n\nwhere _something_ depends on the context. Either way, putting explicitly 私が or\n何かを disambiguates 望む自分.\n\nIn the case of the example in question, 未来 can not be the subject for 望む\n(unless it is a name of someone). So the interpretation settles down on what\nyou understand.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-19T22:25:08.040", "id": "96765", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-19T22:25:08.040", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96763", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Girl or Gal Board. Its ellegant. Way more gallant & gracious thant some\ngullible geeknerds who seriously swear it means gayball. I suppose its because\nthey watched too much doragon booru.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-02-04T22:18:13.410", "id": "98474", "last_activity_date": "2023-02-04T22:18:13.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55675", "parent_id": "96768", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "犬ですかどうか分からない sounds unnatural imo, at least based on my intuition. Correct me\nif I'm wrong though\n\nNatural sentence:\n\n * 犬かどうか分りません for the first sentence\n\n * いい大学だと思います for the third sentence\n\nbut your きっと行くと言っていました is correct", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-20T03:21:27.797", "id": "96771", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-20T03:21:27.797", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54703", "parent_id": "96769", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "Your first example is not a quote but an [embedded\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/13038/5010). です is never used\nin an embedded question. For example, you can never say ❌駅がどこにありますか知っていますか or\n❌誰ですか分からない.\n\nIf you are clearly quoting someone else's statement verbatim (i.e., [direct\nspeech](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30584/5010)), the quote can\ncontain whatever that was actually said, including です or any other keigo. In\nindirect speech, です/ます is generally not used inside a quote.\n\n * 彼女は「やります」と言っていました。 \n彼女はやりますと言っていました。 \nShe was saying \"I'll do it\".\n\n * 彼女はやると言っていました。 \nShe was saying she would do it.\n\nThe distinction between the two is not always clear in Japanese because\nsubjects are usually omitted, and quotation marks are optional even with\ndirect speech. Still, if you hear です/ます in a quote, you can tell it's a\nverbatim quote.\n\nThus, いい大学ですと思う almost always sounds odd because most people don't use polite\nlanguage when they think something in their mind or when they speak to\nthemself. An extremely elegant character in fiction (e.g., a young innocent\nprincess) may use polite language even in monologues, in which case\nいい大学ですと思いました could be fine, but this is fairly exceptional.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-20T03:27:42.817", "id": "96772", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-20T03:32:44.773", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-20T03:32:44.773", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96769", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "As a matter of fact, Japanese people can understand such text by intuition and\nexperience.\n\nMaybe,\n\n * \"いふえお\" mean \"いつでも\"\n * \"ひえはう\" mean \"見れます\"\n\nTo your understanding, please try speak \"いつでも見れます\" with something big in your\nmouth.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-20T15:36:22.587", "id": "96781", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-20T15:36:22.587", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54588", "parent_id": "96770", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "They mean basically the same thing and are practically interchangeable.\n\nHaving said that, I feel 帰り道に is closer to “on my way back/home”. The focus\nhere is not so much on “where” as “when”. You were on your way home (or back\nto some other place) when you saw whatever you did. Where is not important.\n\n帰り道で, on the other hand, sounds like there is a concrete route you take to go\nhome (or go back to some other place) and you saw whatever you did there.\n\nThe difference seems to become even smaller in the following pair.\n\n> 帰る途中に見た\n\n> 帰る途中で見た\n\nThis could be because 途中 doesn’t make one think of a concrete route as much as\n道 does.\n\nIn the following pair, 道 has a more concrete feeling than in 帰り道, and this\nmakes に not quite idiomatic.\n\n> ? 帰る途中の道に見た\n\n> 帰る途中の道で見た\n\nOn the other hand, only に is acceptable in the following.\n\n> 帰りに見た\n\n> x 帰りで見た", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-20T08:46:42.913", "id": "96775", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-20T08:46:42.913", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96774", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Theoretically it can be both, but most probably the particular sentence is\nunderstood as _the more humans (the subject) eats, (the subj.) gets stronger_.\n\nIt is the usage of\n\n> [ほど](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E7%A8%8B/#je-70610)\n>\n> 4〔「…すればするほど」の形で〕\n>\n> 行けば行くほど道は狭くなった \n> The further we went, the narrower the path became.\n>\n> 見れば見るほどいやになった \n> The more I looked at it, the less I liked it.\n>\n> 早ければ早いほどいい \n> The sooner the better.\n\nIn some cases ・・れば part can be omitted, like 早いほどいい. The sentence is\nunderstood as 人間を食えば食うほど強くなる just because it sounds plausible as a description\nof fictional monster; the other interpretation implies eating a man indicates\nstrength, which is unlikely.\n\nAs another example, 普通の食事ができるほど元気になった means _(The subject) recovered to the\nextent that (the subj.) can eat normal food._ I have the impression that\n・・できる・れるほど tends to fall on this interpretation.\n\n * 話せるほど大きくなった grew up to be able to speak\n * ペーパーバックが読めるほど英語がわかるようになった became good at English enough to read paperbacks.\n * (Compare: using ペーパーバックを読むほど here sounds _the more I read paperbacks, the better I became at English_.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-20T14:13:44.007", "id": "96780", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-20T14:13:44.007", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96776", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "焼きを入れる is an idiom meaning _to torture, to punish_. It apparently derives from\nblacksmiths putting metal in fire to harden it.\n\nIt often has the connotation of lynch done by delinquent kids or mafia.\n\n>\n> [焼きを入れる](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%84%BC%E3%81%8D%E3%82%92%E5%85%A5%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B/)\n>\n> 2. ゆるんだ気持ちを引き締めさせる。また、制裁や拷問を加える。「後輩に―・れる」\n>\n\nSee also\n[やき](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%82%84%E3%81%8D/#je-75947).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-20T13:48:08.800", "id": "96779", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-20T14:38:37.053", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-20T14:38:37.053", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96778", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "甘い does mean \"mild\" or \"not spicy\" when used to describe the spiceness of\ncurry and such, but it's not common to use it to describe the taste of miso\nsoup. But 甘い味噌汁 not an impossible expression, either. If hear it, I'd probably\nassume it means either \"sweet/sugary\" or \"thin (not salty enough)\", and try to\nguess the intent from the context or the ingredients first. I may not bother\nasking back unless I really need clarification.\n\n辛い has some historical or dialactal meaning ([does 辛い means both spicy and\nsalty?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52213/5010)), but I'm not aware\nof regional variants around 甘い.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T03:30:35.397", "id": "96785", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-21T03:30:35.397", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96784", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Grammatically and syntactically speaking, ダイブ in your sample text cannot be a\nverb -- there is nothing verb-like about it.\n\nJapanese verbs **require** a verb ending. In the plain non-past form, that\nending is always _-u_ , so theoretically, _daibu_ might be a verb, with past\ntense _dainda_ and polite form _daibimasu_ , for instance.\n\n * However, in such cases, the conjugation ending is pretty much always spelled in hiragana, as we see with verbs like サボる or ググる. I am not aware of any foreign-borrowed word spelled entirely in katakana and conjugated as a verb all on its own.\n\nSometimes we can _make_ a verb out of such a word, but in that case what we\nwind up with is technically a verb phrase: we have the noun, and we stick the\nall-purpose verb する (\"to do\") on the end. Examples include things like\n勉強【べんきょう】する (\"to study\", or directly, \"to do studying\") or ハイキングする (\"to hike\",\nor more directly, \"to do hiking\").\n\n * But then again, your sample text has no form of する after the ダイブ, so we know this way too that ダイブ cannot be a verb.\n\nIn modern everyday Japanese, the particle を is used pretty much just to mark\nthe object of a verb. Objects can be nouns or noun phrases.\n\n * This is one more grammatical clue that the ダイブ here must be a noun.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T08:55:37.963", "id": "96787", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-21T08:55:37.963", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "96786", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Some particles, such as から and まで, can form noun phrases.\n\n> 熱海 **まで** がＪＲ東日本で、その次の駅 **から** がＪＲ東海です。\n\nThough I might have given you the impression by my comment that と works in a\nsimilar way to them, that’s not quite the case. I think your sentence could be\nunderstood as an abbreviated version of the following, in which the\nnominalizer の, not と, is the head of the noun phrase.\n\n> 実際に行動を起こすなら友人と（起こすの）がいい。\n\nThe original sentence doesn’t sound particularly informal. It sounds normal\nenough.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T15:23:43.533", "id": "96791", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-21T15:23:43.533", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96788", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "Assuming Tamayo is not present in this scene, this ている is not progressive but\nperfective. It describes the continuation of a resultant state. See: [When is\nVている the continuation of action and when is it the continuation of\nstate?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010)\n\n> 珠世さんに手当をしてもらっているが、怪我は完治してない。 \n> Tamayo has treated me, but my injury has not been fully healed. \n> (Or more literally...) I have received from Tamayo a favor of treating me,\n> but my injury has not been fully healed.\n\nAs Chocolate suggested, if you can understand 完治してない, this もらっている has exactly\nthe same type of ている.\n\nIn this case, a simple past form (-た) and a present perfect form (-ている) both\nmake sense. It's also natural to say 珠世さんに手当をしてもらったが (\"Tamayo treated me,\nbut...\").\n\n**EDIT** : I should have mentioned another possible interpretation. If she\ncurrently treats him on a regular basis (e.g., every week), this ている can be\ninterpreted as \"habitual aspect\". See this: [Habitual\naspect](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/11925/5010)\n\nTherefore, if there is no context, there are three possible interpretations of\n珠世さんに手当をしてもらっている:\n\n * **Progressive** : Tamayo is treating me (right now)\n * **Habitual** : Tamayo treats me (on a regular basis)\n * **Perfective** : Tamayo has treated me (and its result is present)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T18:26:51.387", "id": "96795", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-22T06:12:02.047", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-22T06:12:02.047", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96790", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "It's progressive in the sense **you have been receiv-ing** treatment.\n\nJust like in English language, it's present perfect. The action is still on-\ngoing if you will. \nIn your example you do not expect to have your injury heal anytime soon and\nthe healing of Mr. Tamayo is one event in the continuation of that story.\n\nNow if you are new to Japanese language you have to prepare yourself to see\nthe extensive use of present of any form to express either something that\nhappened in the past or an expected thing happen-ing in the future.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T18:49:51.433", "id": "96796", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-21T18:49:51.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54763", "parent_id": "96790", "post_type": "answer", "score": -3 } ]

[ { "body": "The distinction between an adverbial expression and an adjectival expression\nis fairly strict and regular in Japanese. You can tell if a modifier is\nadverbial just by looking at its form. Here, 新しく is the [ku-\nform](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/i-adjective-ku-form/) (aka\ncontinuative form or 連用形) of 新しい, and it works as an adverb meaning \"newly\".\nThe more literal translation of that sentence is \"the government has newly\nimposed a tax on wine\". Simply, 新しく, 赤く, 速く and so on modify verbs, while 新しい,\n赤い, 速い and so on modify nouns.\n\nで in まえのとおなじで can be either a case particle or the te-form of だ depending on\nhow it's used in a sentence. If this で is a particle, then it works\nadverbially, i.e., it modifies a verb.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T18:10:34.937", "id": "96794", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-21T18:10:34.937", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96792", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The image is upside down. The writing says \"長弘\" which is the tool's brand in\nJapan.\n\n長 means \"long\", \"always\", \"excel in\", \"leader\" depending on the context. \n弘 means \"expansion\", \"enlarge\", \"liberal\", \"great\"\n\nI am not sure what is the true meaning, it depends on what the company wanted\nto convey here, but one could easily feels something big and prosperous from\nthat.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kdABt.gif)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T20:17:54.627", "id": "96798", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-21T20:17:54.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54763", "parent_id": "96793", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This is called [ら抜き言葉](https://www.nihongo-c.jp/blog/blog-entry-139.html),\n'words without ら', and while it is often used informally by younger speakers,\nit's non-standard and therefore can make you look sloppy if you use it in a\nformal environment. It can apply to any 一段 verb, so long as you can use the\npotential with it: いれる, 見れる, 変えれる, 食べれる etc. Note that when an 一段 ～られる is\npassive rather than potential you cannot remove ら.\n\nIt most likely arose because, for 五段 verbs ending in ～る, 「～れる」 _is_ the\nstandard potential form, plus it creates a distinction between the passive and\npotential forms.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-22T15:14:13.360", "id": "96809", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-22T15:14:13.360", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "96797", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Both are fine.\n\nBasically にみえる and ようにみえる correspond to _look/look like_ , but here it does\nnot make much difference.\n\n * 彼は外国人にみえる He looks a non-Japanese\n * 彼は外国人のようにみえる He looks like a non-Japanese.\n\n* * *\n\nはらぺこ is grammatically a noun or a na-adjective, but either can be used in this\npattern. See [this](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%BF%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B-%E3%81%AB%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B-ni-\nmieru-meaning/), for example.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-21T21:59:12.407", "id": "96802", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-21T21:59:12.407", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96801", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "You are right about the meaning of と. It is _as, when_.\n\nLooking at [the definition of て](https://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%A6) in Jisho,\nit\n\n> indicates continuing action.\n\nSince the latter part (依頼がとどきます) is not an action of the subject, using て is a\nbit unnatural.\n\n* * *\n\nIt is natural to say スマホを持って歩いて、ポケモンを探します to mean _You walk and search for\nPokemon_.\n\nFor comparison, スマホを持って歩くと、ポケモンを探します is unnatural whereas\nスマホを持って歩くと、ポケモンが見つかります is fine. Note that 探す is an action and 見つかる is an\nevent.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-22T08:13:32.990", "id": "96806", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-22T08:13:32.990", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96805", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Since あう in\n[災害にあう](https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3%E3%81%AB%E9%81%AD%E3%81%86)\nis 遭う as you guessed, it is the indirect object marker.\n\nI think 'dative subjects' mostly appear in permission/causation constructions.\n\n * 子供 **に** 読書させたい I want to make my kids read books.\n * 国民は政府 **に** これ以上増税を許さない The people won't let the government increase taxes any more.\n\n(I'm not familiar with the concept though.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-22T14:38:50.077", "id": "96808", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-22T14:38:50.077", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96807", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It's still \"to lose\" here, you're just getting the subject confused.\n\nIn this sentence, 気持ち is what is doing the 負けてねえ, not 俺 - the って気持ち, like you\nsaid, is quotative like the と in と思う. A literal translation would be \"My\nfeelings (of 俺だってタチバナを救いたい) won't lose to Naoto('s)!\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-22T19:34:00.357", "id": "96811", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-22T19:34:00.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51276", "parent_id": "96810", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "儀式 is more like \"ritual\" and typically refers to something associated with\nreligion or indigenous beliefs. Some 儀式 to call rain or curse someone may be\ndone alone. Events held in developed countries in connection with things like\ngraduations, inductions, and awarding are normally called 式 or 式典. For\nexample, 入社式 is a common event held in any big company, but 入社の儀式 sounds like\nyou're entering a cult or a crime syndicate, and you may even be told to offer\nyour blood or have a special tattoo.\n\nThings like a Christian wedding ceremony or Pope's coronation ceremony can be\ncalled both 儀式 and 式/式典, but 儀式 sounds more religious or \"ritualistic\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T02:21:52.797", "id": "96813", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T02:32:15.030", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-23T02:32:15.030", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96812", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "[This thesaurus entry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/10098/meaning/m0u/)\nsays:\n\n> １「式」は、一定の形式で行われる改まった行事を、規模の大小にかかわらずいう。また、特に結婚式をさすこともある。\n>\n> ２「儀式」は、式のときに行われる具体的な作法をさす。\n\n式 emphasizes the aspect of _event_ while 儀式 refers to what happens during a 式\nfollowing a defined procedure (or the procedure/protocol itself).\n\nMost _ceremonies_ like wedding or graduation assume some general agenda, but\nit is not considered as a protocol. So those are generally 結婚式, 卒業式 etc.\n\nOn the other hand, an exchange of rings or [drinking Sake in a specific\nway](https://tanoshiiosake.jp/9779) (in traditional Shito style weddings) can\nbe called a 儀式.\n\nBorderline cases are those that are extremely solemn like inheriting a throne\nor abdication, which I assume require a very specific procedure. These\nceremonies themselves are definitely 式(典), but could be called 儀式 as well.\n\n* * *\n\nI'm not at all familiar, but as another example, _communion_ can be a 式 as an\nevent, but the act of receiving the bread is definitely a 儀式.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T09:19:21.727", "id": "96822", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T09:19:21.727", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96812", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "An especially close relationship that could be romantic, platonic, or\nfamilial. I think it as a step up from 仲がいい.\n\nOne could argue that by avoiding saying 恋愛関係 and the like, it implies\nsomething decidedly not romance, but I don't think that that interpretation is\nso definitive.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T04:04:07.080", "id": "96816", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T04:04:07.080", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96814", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't think there is a set formula, except for transliterations such as\nザ・ロック for The Rock. Translators come up with creative and different ways to\n\"translate\" titles. I say \"translate\" with quotes, because it's not rare for a\ntranslated film to have an entirely different title.\n\nAn extreme case of transliteration:\n\n * ザ・ロング・アンド・ワインディング・ロード for _The Long and Winding Road_\n\nIt looks like older film titles tend to have creative translations.\n\n * 現金（げんなま）に体を張れ for _The Killing_", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T05:08:09.340", "id": "96818", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T11:13:38.550", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-23T11:13:38.550", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96815", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "Movie titles are [not always translated\nliterally](https://japantoday.com/category/entertainment/13-surprising-\njapanese-translations-of-american-movie-titles), but 壁 is perfectly fine if a\nliteral translation is to be used. People will usually think it's about some\nspecial and important wall. Even if the movie is about many walls, there is\nnothing wrong with using 壁 as the title.\n\nSomething like その壁 or この壁 might be used if you absolutely need to say \"THAT\nWall\", but such titles are rare. After all, why does a title have to include\ninformation that is not necessary even in a long Japanese sentence? [What\ninformation needs to be included depends on the\nlanguage](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/8176/5010), and in this case,\ntrying to include the significance of \"the\" without adding anything else will\nonly make the title look unnatural in Japanese.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T12:32:21.990", "id": "96823", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T01:53:38.060", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-24T01:53:38.060", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96815", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 }, { "body": "Depending on the context, you could try something like \"Great Wall\", using the\n\"Ō\" prefix.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T16:10:24.223", "id": "96825", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T16:10:24.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54785", "parent_id": "96815", "post_type": "answer", "score": -1 } ]

[ { "body": "You are right about the meaning of つく. Here are some instances I collected.\n\nIn [this\npost](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1319438978?),\nthe OP asks\n\n> **あがつく** 、おいしいものを、教えてください。 Please tell me about a delicacy that has the\n> letter あ in its name.\n\nThe response is アイス(AISU).\n\n[Another\nquestion](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q14175483089?)\nasks\n\n> **いがつく** あなたが好きなアイドルは？ Who is your favorite idol with the letter い in their\n> name?\n\nThe response is 伊藤まりか(Ito Marika)、井上 (Inoue)、生田 (Ikuta)、生駒 (Ikoma).\n\nAs a result, I think the verb つく means \"to be affixed to a word.\" Perhaps a\nderivative meaning of the first interpretation あるものと他のものが離れない状態になる in the\ndictionary.\n\nAdditionally, native speakers appear to assume that the verb means \"to begin\nwith (the letter)\" if the position is not mentioned in the sentence. They\nphrase \"a word ending in such-and-such letter\" as\n[follows](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q10253079965?):\n\n> 最後に **あがつく** 魚はいますか？ Is there a fish with a name that ends in the letter あ?\n\nThe responses are ティラピア, ラスボラ・ヘテロモルファ, チチカカオレスティア and so on.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T06:05:00.510", "id": "96819", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T06:05:00.510", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54778", "parent_id": "96817", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "〜ています is the present continuous. This grammar point requires you convert the\nverb to て-form and add いる at the end. It means the progressive tense of a verb\nwhich shows that something is currently happening or ongoing.\n\nex\n\n> 田中さんは昼ご飯を **食べています** 。Mr Tanaka is eating lunch.\n\nThis is the most basic meaning, which shows that someone is currently doing\nsomething at this moment. Here 食べる is converted to its て-form 食べている. 食べています is\nthe ます-form. It is the polite form of 食べている.\n\n> 毎日、英語を **勉強しています** 。I study English every day.\n\nThis meaning shows habitual behavior or can be used when talking about\nsomething that frequently happens. 勉強する is converted to its て-form 勉強している.\n\n〜ています and 〜います have a similar appearance, but they are different. 〜います is used\nin existential sentences, and usually preceded by a particle. In fact, my\nteacher taught me this sentence pattern like this: がいます. The が can be changed\nto a に/は for places.\n\nI referenced [this site](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%e3%81%a6%e3%81%84%e3%82%8b-te-iru-meaning/).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T19:20:53.713", "id": "96826", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T19:20:53.713", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54778", "parent_id": "96824", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "Adding to the existing answer, note that the pattern verbて + あります also does\nexist. It is used with **transitive** verbs to signal that an action has been\nperformed by an actor _intentionally_ , and as a result it has reached the\ncurrent state (see [this](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/tearu/) for\nreference):\n\n> メモがデスクに置いてある。\n\n> A memo is on the desk. (Nuance: Oh! A memo has been _deliberately_ left on\n> the desk.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-23T23:40:22.130", "id": "96830", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-23T23:40:22.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "32952", "parent_id": "96824", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "You are confusing a noun for a verb.\n\n * 引っ越す - verb in dictionary form\n * 引っ越します - verb in masu form + ます\n * 引越しします - noun which derived from masu-form + し(する in masu-form) + ます\n\nIn school grammar, this is called 連用形の名詞化 (nominalization of te/masu-form).\n引っ越し is certainly a masu-form, but it can also be a noun on its own. (BTW 引っ越し\ncan't be called a stem; its negative form is 引っ越さない.)\n\nThe complication is that not all verbs can be turned into nouns in this way,\nand you must look up dictionaries whether or not it is an accepted nominal\nform.\n\n* * *\n\nFor example, the equivalent to above of 起きる is 起き, but this by itself is not a\nnoun and ×起きします is not acceptable. On the other hand, 早起き is a totally common\nword and 早起きします means _(I) wake up early_.\n\n* * *\n\n[This](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/89159/45489) contains a bit more\ndetails.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T02:24:59.497", "id": "96831", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T02:24:59.497", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96829", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "This お引っ越し is a [美化語 (beatified\nword)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/86216/5010) of 引っ越し, and it can be\nsafely used to refer to things belonging to the speaker. お引っ越ししました is not a\nhumble expression (nor an honorific expression) but just plain \"did (お)引っ越し\".\n\nThere is essentially no difference between お引っ越ししました, 引っ越ししました and 引っ越しました.\nOne may argue the first one is slightly politer than the other two, but the\ndifference is almost negligible. People may use them randomly regardless of\nwhether it's in a title or not. (But note that お引っ越しました is ungrammatical.)\n\nRelated: [Politeness of\n何をお願いしましたか](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77710/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T03:08:17.777", "id": "96833", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T03:25:51.077", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-24T03:25:51.077", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96832", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I searched 『入殓师』 and found whole sentence from\n[here](https://meigennavi.net/word/09/093263.htm).\n\nIs following sentence correct?\n\n> 長いこと、ここ（斎場）さいると、つくづく思うのよの。 死は門だなって。\n> 死ぬってことは、終わりってことではなくて、そこをくぐり抜けて、次へ向かう、まさに門です。\n\n# First\n\nIn this case, It's better to see more around sentences.\n\nImportant part for understanding is following.\n\n> 長いこと、ここさいると、つくづく思うのよの。 死は門だなって。\n\nIt is **inverted sentence**.\n\n# Split\n\nIt can be able to split as following. (omitted \"、\" and \"。\")\n\n * \"長いことここさいると\"\n * \"つくづく思うのよの\"\n * \"死は門だなって\"\n\n# Align\n\nResult of aligned is following.\n\n> 長いことここさいると、死は門だなってつくづく思うのよの。\n\n# Made easy to translate\n\nSentences made easier to translate is following.\n\n> 長い間ここにいると、死は門だなって思います。\n\n# Why Inverted??\n\nThe character want to focus on \"死は門だな\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T08:47:20.207", "id": "96835", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T08:47:20.207", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54588", "parent_id": "96834", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "This これが is indeed tricky, and it somehow sounds almost the same as saying\n**こんな状況で** to me. This これが is like saying \"in a situation like this\", \"see\nwhat's going on\", \"look\", \"come on\" or something. This usually appears in a\nrhetorical question pattern, `これが + ～て/ないで/ずに + いられるか/いられようか`.\n\n * これが笑わないでいられようか。 \nHow can I not laugh at this (news/situation)?\n\n * これが飲まずにいられるか! \nHow can I refrain from drinking (alcohol) in a (sad) situation like this? \n→ I can't help but drink on a day like this!\n\n * これが落ち着いて(い)られるかよ！ \nHey, how can I stay calm now?\n\n * これが喜ばずにいられると思うかい？ \nIn a situation like this, do you think I can keep being not pleased? \n→ Come on, how can I be not pleased?\n\nAs you can see in the second example, this type of これ is clearly not the\nsubject nor the object of the following verb. But rather than trying to\nanalyze further, I think it's best to memorize this これが is almost like a fixed\nguiding adverb that indicates いられるか is coming and strengthens the meaning of\nthe rhetorical question.\n\nこれ **を** 喜ばずにいられると思うかい and これ **に** 喜ばずにいられると思うかい are also correct and make\nsense, but これが sounds more idiomatic and natural to me.\n\nYou may know this, but これが and それが also work like a conjunction meaning\n\"however\", \"actually\" or \"despite your expectation\":\n\n * それが、明日は休みなんです。 \nHowever (actually), I have a day off tomorrow.\n\n * 実は私は寿司が嫌いなんですね、これが。 \nWell, I don't like sushi, actually.\n\n * [How does work それが and ため in the context of ･･･それが熊のために騙されて･･･?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/67906/5010)\n * [でございまして in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/54376/5010)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T16:18:47.360", "id": "96843", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T17:04:25.770", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-24T17:04:25.770", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96836", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "In my reading, これを pairs with 喜ぶ (if not 思う) whereas これが pairs with いられる.\n\n> ［これを喜ばずに］いられる\n\n> これが［喜ばずに］いられる\n\nThough the agent of the verb いる is a person and not これ, which I believe refers\nto the situation the speaker is in, the potential form いられる permits it to be\nmarked with が as if it's the subject.\n\nThe speaker is asking the listener, rhetorically, if she thinks the current\nsituation is such that they _can be_ (いられる) _without rejoicing_ (喜ばずに).\n\n> これが喜ばずにいられる（状況だ）と思うかい？ \n> How could I/we be not happy in this situation?\n\nThey are basically saying\n[喜ばずにはいられない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3925/43676).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T23:46:18.127", "id": "96844", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T23:46:18.127", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96836", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It means the standard _also_.\n\n来てください suggests that the speaker is/has been in France, so it means _You guys\nalso (in addition to me) come to France if you have any chance._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T12:51:18.567", "id": "96839", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T12:51:18.567", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96837", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "**ふと vs 突如**\n\nふと seems onomatopeic (I think 不図 is an ateji.) and it's usually used for\nsomething small, or even something only barely noticeable. 突如 conveys a\ncertain dynamicity, and it's for something difficult to miss. I think what's\ncommon is that both are used for something unexpected.\n\nTypical example sentences (in which two are not highly interchangeable):\n\n> どこからかふと甘い匂いがした。\n\n> 空に突如暗雲が現れた。\n\nIn the context given, I think both can work, with different effects explained\nabove.\n\n* * *\n\nThat said, I think the line in question might have other problems.\n\n> 突如目覚めた 私の目\n\nThis sounds more like the eyes are _awaken_ , not _opened_ , making it feel\nlike the eyes are a separate organism from the rest of the body. Also, because\nthere is 目 in 目覚めた, it seems as if the eyes have eyes. I don't know if that's\nwhat you are looking for.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T14:42:04.433", "id": "96842", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T21:18:55.700", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-24T21:18:55.700", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96838", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "ふと is closer to \"out of nowhere\", \"before I know it\", \"with no\nreason/indication\", \"unintentionally\", etc., and it is mainly used with some\nidea that occurs spontaneously. It's also used with something like a ghost\nthat has appeared silently without you noticing. 突如 is \"all of a sudden\" and\nit's basically a little stronger version of 突然.\n\n * ふと思い出した: OK, like \"out of nowhere\", \"naturally, without trying to recall\"\n * 突如思い出した: OK, like \"all of a sudden\", \"quickly and unexpectedly\"\n * ふと車が飛び出してきた: incorrect\n * 突如車が飛び出してきた: OK\n * ある日私がふと窓の外を見ると…: OK\n * ある日私が突如窓の外を見ると…: incorrect\n\nSo if your awakening is an explosive, flashy event, 突如 is better, but if it's\nan unexpected but relatively slow/silent event, ふと would fit.\n\nFYI, ふと is almost never written in kanji in modern Japanese. I won't stop you\nbecause you're writing lyrics, but an average Japanese reader may not be able\nto understand 不図 instantly.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-25T00:53:02.673", "id": "96845", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-25T01:07:47.920", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-25T01:07:47.920", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96838", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It means \"(until) just a little while ago / just now.\"\n\n> ちょっと前までここにいたのに\n>\n> But he was here just a little while ago.\n\n> ちょっと前まで、ちょっと前まで暑かったです。\n>\n> Just now... just now, it was (still) hot.\n\nYou'll find a few more examples\n[here](https://ameblo.jp/motherhythm/entry-12611716223.html).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-24T13:41:42.720", "id": "96841", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-24T13:41:42.720", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "18145", "parent_id": "96840", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "手薄 refers to a state where human resources, or “hands”, put into something are\nscarce or insufficient. 手薄にする means to make such a change that the resulting\nstate is 手薄.\n\n他を手薄に出来ない in your context means they cannot (afford to) leave other spots\ninsufficiently guarded.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-25T09:05:08.717", "id": "96847", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-25T09:05:08.717", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96846", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "In most cases when you want to say _woman_ in a sentence, you can use 女の人 or\npossibly 女性{じょせい} is safer because it is more polite, even if sometimes 女の人\nmay sound natural.\n\nAs suggested in the linked answer, 女子 is more used in contexts like \"for\nfemale\" or, in recent usage, to refer to a category of women who are engaged\nin a certain kind of activities. An example of the former is 女子トイレ. For the\nlatter, ゴルフ女子 means _women who paly golf_ and バイク女子 means _women who ride\nmotor bikes_.\n\n女 sounds usually vulgar if used to mean _women_. It can appear in the sense of\n_for female_ as in 女湯{おんなゆ} (bath for women, in public bath).\n\nSo, in the sense of _woman_ , the difference of 女の人/女子/女 is more a matter of\ncollocation/usage.\n\n* * *\n\nNote that a student can call female classmates 女子. So they can say 女子と話した ( _I\ntalked with a female classmate_ ), which would sound odd if a 30 year old guy\nsays it (He should say 女性と話した if it is an adult woman; 女の子と話した if a young\nwoman/girl).\n\n* * *\n\nSimilarly 男性{だんせい} would be the most common if you mean a male individual.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-25T14:38:32.210", "id": "96850", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-25T14:38:32.210", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96849", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "女子 means female, often in an official capacity (as mentioned in your link),\ne.g. in sport or public bathrooms. That being said, you will also see 女性{じょせい}\nand 男性{だんせい}, or simply 女 and 男 as an abbreviation on public bathroom doors.\n\nThis [blog](https://jonellepatrick.com/2019/10/07/find-public-bathroom-\nrestroom-tokyo/) shows bathroom doors with 女性 on the outside, and 女子トイレ on a\nsign inside.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zwZ9U.jpg)\n\nThis [blog](https://brightoneagle.wordpress.com/2014/09/27/japanese-toilets-\nexplained/) shows bathroom doors with just 女 and 男 as essentially\nabbreviations.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/g7t3C.jpg)\n\nA [2009 study](https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/kotoba/term/131.html) by\nthe NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute showed that, while the exact\npercentages vary from one age cohort to the next, roughly 50% of people felt\nthat 女子 referred to women until they graduate from high school, 20% felt it\napplied until age 20 (the age of majority at the time in many cases), and 20%\nfelt there was no age limit.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/aCZVM.gif)\n\nIn contrast to signs where 女 is simply used as a short form, or to book titles\nwhere it might be used for emphasis, saying 女 by itself in everyday\nconversation is considered rude, macho, or at the very least old-fashioned.\nThe most common acceptable way to refer to women is 女の人, and in many technical\nor formal contexts 女性 is used.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-25T15:10:50.523", "id": "96852", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-26T09:32:39.453", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-26T09:32:39.453", "last_editor_user_id": "1330", "owner_user_id": "18145", "parent_id": "96849", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I think you should take it just as a single word\n[それでは](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E5%85%B6%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF/#je-44366).\nSince it can be\n[では](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF/#je-51731), I\ndon't think it is particularly helpful for understanding because で in では\ncannot be (perceived as) a particle or a copula.\n\n* * *\n\nThat said, hopefully the following gives some idea.\n\nで can be a particle or a copula, depending on the usage.\n\n[それでは](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%9D%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF/#jn-131787)\nmeans (The interjection usage omitted):\n\n> ［接］ １\n> 前に示された事柄を受けて、それに対する判断・意見などを導く。そういうことなら。それなら。では。それじゃ。「―いずれ手にはいるね」「―こうしたらどうか」\n>\n> ２ 物事をその時点で始めたり終えたりすることを示す。では。それじゃ。「―私から発言しよう」「―これで打ち切りとします」\n>\n> ［連語］そういうことでは。そういう状態では。それじゃ。「―まるで解決にならない」「―私の顔が立たない」\n\nSo simply, it means (1) _then_ as a conjunction ([接]) and (2) _with that_ as a\ncombination ([連語]) of で and は.\n\nIn the sense (1), で is a copula. それでは is equivalent to something like _if\n(things) **are** so_ and で works as a copula connecting the omitted subject\nand それ.\n\nIn the sense (2), で is a particle for _with,by_. Basically, it is the same\nusage as 箸で食べる= _to eat with chopsticks_. それでは解決にならない means, at the bottom,\n_It is not resolved **by that**_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-26T03:10:43.210", "id": "96861", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-26T03:10:43.210", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96851", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "**I do not agree with your teacher, and can assure you that syntactically, the\nで of では is 100% the てform of だ, and this では is the same では as in ではない。**\n\nNow, both では and ではない are already common expressions, and are usually taught\nas \"one single thing.\" But let's break them down and see why are they the way\nthey are, shall we?\n\nFirst, let's take a verb \"to run\" `走る`. This is its terminal form, which is\nthe same as its dictionary form, which should only appear at end of sentences\nor relative clauses. Ex. He runs `彼は走る` The dog that runs `走る犬`.\n\nNow, what if I want to make this action of running the subject of my sentence?\nWell, two options. One is to nominalize the verb using こと, so (the action of)\nrunning is not ok would be `走ることはいけない`. The second option is to use its てform,\nwhich kind of \"nominalizes\" the verb, and we can use it as the subject now.\nRunning is not ok `走ってはいけない`.\n\nThis is one of many uses of てform, but is the one we are focusing on to\nexplain では. The terminal form of \"(something) is a dog\" is `犬だ`. What if I\nwant to use this \"(something) being a dog\" as the subject? Same answer - the\nてform, which is `犬で`. Then, we can say things like\n\n * (something) being a dog is not ok `犬ではいけない` (Not necessarily the listener being a dog is not ok. Maybe you're choosing your favourite animal, and I tell you `犬ではいけない`, then **your choice** being a dog is not ok.)\n * (something) being a dog is scary `犬では恐ろしい` (Again, the something here can be a lot of things based on context, could be me being a dog is scary, could be my friend's new pet being a dog is scary, etc.)\n * And classically, not a dog. `犬ではない`. Here, it literally means \"(the idea of) something being a dog does not exist\". Conversely, you might have also heard `犬で(は)ある`. It means \"it's a dog\", but more literally \"(the idea of) something being a dog exists\"\n\nSometimes ではない is でない, and である can also be ではある. Same meaning, just sometimes\npeople drop the は particle.\n\nNow, I hope you see that the で of では is **exactly** the てform of だ, and では in\nではない is not anything special. For your example, それでは, or sometimes just では at\nbeginning of sentences, it translates as \"that said\" or \"therefore\", but\nliterally it's just \"regarding (it) being that\", or それ{that} で{being}\nは{regarding}\n\nそれでは、会議を終わらせましょう。 \nSo, let's end the meeting. \nRegarding it being like that, let's end the meeting.\n\nJapanese is a very structural language, and I often times feel its grammar is\ntaught in an unnecessarily complex way. If we can break down set phrases to\ntrace the grammatical elements behind them then the students can surely get a\nbetter understanding of the language, and once the literal meaning is known,\nsome of the nuances and quirks of certain phrases (like what tone does this\ncarry) would come as a natural realization.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-26T05:04:14.450", "id": "96863", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-26T05:04:14.450", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "96851", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I assume your question is mainly about おっとり.\n\n[A dictionary\ndefinition](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A8%E3%82%8A/#jn-31745)\nas follows:\n\n> 人柄・しぐさなどが、落ち着いていてこせこせとしないさま。おおようなさま。「―（と）構える」「良家の出らしい―した振る舞い」\n\nTaken positively, it means _calm, non-hectic, generous, soft_. Sometimes it\ncould be used somewhat negatively meaning _slow, non-responsive_. Opposite\ncharacteristics I can think of are _eager, aggressive, restless_ etc.\n\nAs for 通り and 系, see the following:\n\n * [What exactly does この通り mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/4913/45489)\n * [Defining a particular 系](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4572/defining-a-particular-%E7%B3%BB)\n\nOverall, the phrase means _She is a soft-type as her appearance suggests._", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-26T04:38:08.867", "id": "96862", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-26T04:38:08.867", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96853", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "It depends on the nature of the verbs used, and for 終わる, yes you would need\nthe additional で.\n\nここまで denotes the whole duration _up to here_ and 終わる is something that happens\nat some point, so simply combining them sounds odd. That is, _to end_ was not\nhappening all the time _up to here_ , but it happens **at** the end of _up to\nhere_ , which is indicated by ここまで **で**.\n\nIf the verb is non-instantaneous, you can use ここまで + verb. For example\n\n * 今日はここまでテキストを読んだ Today I read the textbook up to here.\n\nStrictly speaking, I think this should be the same for English _?to end until\nhere_.\n\n* * *\n\nBTW If you are scripting your own recording, この動画は... is not quite natural.\nNote that inanimate subjects are less frequent in Japanese in general. It\nwould be natural to say something like この動画をここで終わりにしようと思います or more simply\n(今回は)ここで終わろうと思います.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-25T23:18:11.380", "id": "96857", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-25T23:18:11.380", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96854", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I don't see how this is anything more than a literal 'Don't do anything that\nwould damage the garden or mansion'. Is 真似 your point of confusion? It not\nonly means 'imitation' but\n[also](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E7%9C%9F%E4%BC%BC_%28%E3%81%BE%E3%81%AD%29/)\n'action, behaviour', especially _stupid_ actions.\n\nAlso, the sentence doesn't _directly_ imply the listener has it done before,\nbut I'd assume either they have, they're the type that might, or that the\nspeaker is very finicky about the mansion's upkeep.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-26T00:36:45.743", "id": "96860", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-26T00:36:45.743", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "96859", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "年頃 basically means someone is in the transition between child and adult. Being\ncurious about something romantic, or disobedient etc. I don't know which\nEnglish word corresponds to it, but I think its like\n\n\"It's understandable for his age\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-26T13:19:44.377", "id": "96866", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-26T13:25:33.043", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-26T13:25:33.043", "last_editor_user_id": "54800", "owner_user_id": "54800", "parent_id": "96864", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "This どうせ is used in admitting some negative quality pointed out by someone\nelse.\n\nA: (お前は)Xだ \nB: どうせXだ/ですよ\n\nroughly corresponds to\n\nA: You are X. \nB: I know (You don't have to tell me).\n\n(Here X=器が小さい).\n\nThe exact nuance depends on the relationship between A and B. It might be _I\nknow, so what?_ or _I know...(feeling kind of sorry about there being nothing\nthat can be done.)_.\n\nFrom what you put in the question, I guess the particular case is closer to\nthe latter.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-27T06:55:45.967", "id": "96874", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-27T08:56:31.320", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-27T08:56:31.320", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96867", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "よう is 様, means like how it looks. Roughly the sentence should be translated,\n\"The way he is happy...\".\n\n\"...もうとてもありません。\" is a little unclear but I think it means like \"no way to be\ndescribed\" or something like that (like もう例えようもありません。） So, in this case もう\ndoes not mean \"any more\" or \"yet\", simply to emphasize what follows.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-26T21:21:03.343", "id": "96869", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-26T21:26:12.637", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-26T21:26:12.637", "last_editor_user_id": "54800", "owner_user_id": "54800", "parent_id": "96868", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "> ((9の時にワイリー土下座が9回あった)理由の)回収です。\n\nIt seems to me your question is about the relative clause inside that sentence\nwhich may have clouded your understanding of the sentence. I hope partitioning\nthe sentence this way helps clears it up for you.\n\n * 9の時にワイリー土下座が9回あった modifies 理由, and tells us what that reason is, namely answers the why question\n * 9の時にワイリー土下座が9回あった理由 modifies 回収 and tells us the whole reason is a reason for the 回収\n\nYou can also use ため here to explain the reason: 9の時にワイリー土下座が9回あったための回収\n\nWithout more context it's hard for me to tell what 回収 here means. I'm also not\nsure why [dogeza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogeza) is mentioned.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-27T01:44:19.313", "id": "96872", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-27T01:44:19.313", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "30454", "parent_id": "96871", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "回収 in a context like this refers to\n[payoff](https://backtothefuture.fandom.com/wiki/Setup_and_payoff), the act of\ngiving an answer to a previous foreshadowing/mystery. 伏線を回収する is a common set\nphrase meaning \"to pay off the foreshadowing\".\n[フラグ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2061/5010)を回収する is also common.\n理由を回収する is not really a common set phrase, but can be understood in the same\nmanner.\n\n * 9の時にワイリー土下座が9回あった理由 \nthe reason why Wily's _dogeza_ appeared 9 times in Mega Man 9\n\n * ～の回収です。 \nThis is the payoff (part) about ～. \nThis (scene/video) finally explains ～.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-27T02:07:50.160", "id": "96873", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-27T05:25:39.393", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-27T05:25:39.393", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96871", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "This ばかり is roughly the same as ほど, or \"almost (to the point where ～)\".\n魔術と見まごうばかりに圧倒的 is the same as 魔術と見まごうほど圧倒的, or \"overwhelming to the point\nwhere one mistakes it as magic\" or \"so overwhelming that I almost mistook it\nas magic\".\n\nIn JLPT, a similar construction seems to be taught as an N1 grammar point\n([JLPT N1 Grammar: んばかりに (n bakari ni)](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%82%93%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8A%E3%81%AB-n-bakari-ni-meaning/)),\nbut somehow all the example sentences contain\n[ん](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/90256/5010). In reality, this ん is\nnot necessarily mandatory, so 見まがわんばかりに and 見まがうばかりに can be used\ninterchangeably. For example, 割れんばかりの拍手, 割れるばかりの拍手, 割れんほどの拍手 and 割れるほどの拍手 are\nall correct, though the first one may sound the most idiomatic. (As an\nexception, ～と言わんばかり is a fixed phrase and 言うばかり is rare.)\n\nNote: みま **ご** う is a variation that appears only in the\npredicative/attributive form. See\n[this](https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E8%A6%8B%E7%B4%9B%E3%81%86).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T03:22:34.867", "id": "96888", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T03:30:38.307", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T03:30:38.307", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96875", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "とばかりに should have derived from と言わんばかりに (or とXんばかりに for some verb X).\n\nNote all the examples from the linked answers work with 言わん inserted.\n\n * 父は出て行けと **言わん** ばかりに玄関を指さした\n * 雨がやんだので、チャンスと **言わん** ばかりに外に出た\n * 花嫁修業と **言わん** ばかりに料理教室に通った\n * 難しい本を読み切ったので、お祝いと **言わん** ばかりにシャンパンを買って帰った\n\nAs naruto's answer says, the basic meaning of ばかりに is _to the degree ...\nwill_.\n\nLiterally と言わんばかりに means _to the degree (the subject) will (almost) say..._ ,\nwhich (mostly) naturally renders _as if_.\n\n* * *\n\nばかりに without と appears when it is used with verbs (in volitional form) that\ndoes not take quotative と, as in 見まごうばかり\n\nExamples\n\n * 頭が割れんばかりにいたい My head aches to the degree it will break\n * 酒があふれんばかりに注がれていた The sake filled (up a cup) to the degree it will spill over", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T13:38:27.180", "id": "96893", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-29T00:23:56.950", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-29T00:23:56.950", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96875", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "Basically it depends on the context.\n\n(Edited as per the comments)\n\nGenerally, if \"what did you hear\" is asking about the sounds the listener\nheard, you may want to use 何が聞こえましたか. In this case, the asker has little idea\nwhat the listener heard. 何を聞きましたか? would be more natural about e.g. music.\n\nMore specifically:\n\n * 何{なに} **が** 聞こえましたか if you are sure the listener heard some sound.\n * 何{なに} **か** 聞こえましたか if you aren't sure the listener heard in the first place\n * 何{なに} **を** 聞きましたか if you ask about specifically what the listener heard/listened to (E.g., _I went to a concert yesterday_ / _what did you hear?_ , though _hear_ may not be exactly right here.)\n\nOn the other hand, if you know that the listener heard something from\nsomebody, then 何{なん}と聞きましたか is better. In this case, the asker has some idea\nwhat the listener heard (opinion, directions, etc.), and \"what did you hear\"\nshould be close to \"what did they say?\" As suggested in the comment, なんて聞きましたか\nis also possible (and probably more colloquial).\n\nFYI _what did they say?_ is なんて(と)言ってましたか.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-27T23:16:29.563", "id": "96879", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T09:13:17.560", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T09:13:17.560", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96876", "post_type": "answer", "score": 8 } ]

[ { "body": "No, it's definitely なおと{HLL} to me. But I have to agree with you that the\nphonetic pitch peak resides in the mora お in your clip (遅下がり). It seems that\nthe third one's あさひ{HLL} also exhibits a similar trait in a less significant\ndegree (by the way, I hear the second name せいや{LHH} but this word as a name is\nexpected to be せいや{HLL} in Tokyo and I don't know whether it is an\narticulation issue).\n\nNevertheless, it is still distinguishable from なおと{LHL}. The research of 遅下がり\nis still immature as far as I know so the answer is quite subjective, but in\nthis case, true なおと{LHL} should have consistently high if not upward (and\nstrong) mora お, where in your video お was only high at the beginning but\ndropping afterward (not intentionally in falling tone but like losing power\n\"ohhhh...\"), which suggests that the high point is only the residue of an\naccent that should have fallen on the previous mora.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T08:04:51.343", "id": "96891", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T10:40:02.173", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T10:40:02.173", "last_editor_user_id": "7810", "owner_user_id": "7810", "parent_id": "96877", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "1. 休んどいてもいい is a colloquial contraction of 休んでおいてもいい. See [this chart](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18159/5010). 休んで is the simple te-form of 休む, but a te-form may be \"fused\" with a following subsidiary verb and look different.\n 2. 違うんだろう is the dictionary form of the verb 違う, followed by an [explanatory-の](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010), followed by だろう for inference.\n 3. 考えんの is a colloquial contraction of 考えるの, which is 考える with a nominalizer. See [this rule](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/61959/5010).\n\n* * *\n\nHere are translations in case you need:\n\n 1. 念のため休んどいてもいいけど \n= 念のため休んでおいてもいいけど \nIt's fine to have a day off just in case.\n\n 2. 何か違うんだろうか \n= 何か違うのだろうか \nI wonder, is it that something is different?\n\n 3. 考えんのやめよ \n= 考えるの(を)やめよう \nI'm gonna stop thinking (about it).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-27T23:32:25.087", "id": "96880", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-27T23:32:25.087", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96878", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 }, { "body": "「休んで」of「休んでおいてもいい」 sometimes change to 「休んど」 in spoken language becuase the\nnext Hiragana of 「休んで」 is 「お」. 「え e」drops from「休んでおいて Yasundeoite」, so it\nbecomes to 「休んどいて Yasundoite」in this case.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T15:56:59.160", "id": "96896", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T15:56:59.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96878", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Didn't you hear a long pause between 断定 and 説得? It's essentially two\nsentences.\n\n> 警視庁は犯人を音原田九郎、無職、42歳 **と** 断定(しました)。説得を開始するもようです。\n\nOmission of する/しました is very common in news articles and such. See: [体言止め can\nonly be applied to サ変名詞 when する is just する (and not past or passive),\nright?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/77604/5010)\n\n断定する is one of the [verbs that take arguments that look like\n`AをB(だ)と`](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/55169/5010). AをBと断定する means\n\"to judge/conclude (with 100% confidence) that A is B\". So in short, と in bold\nis like \"as\" in English.\n\n> 警視庁は犯人を音原田九郎、無職、42歳 **と** 断定(しました)。説得を開始するもようです。 \n> The Police Department identified the perpetrator **as** Kuro Otoharada,\n> unemployed, age 42. They are going to start persuading him.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T02:59:03.007", "id": "96886", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T03:41:33.870", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T03:41:33.870", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96881", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "と in these sentences corresponds to the first bullet in [my\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/63300/5010). It's for showing the\nactual, concrete number that supports expressions like 高い, 小さくなった and\n1.35倍になった. I should have mentioned the use of this type of と is not limited to\nadjectives (I updated the answer in the linked question).\n\nIn your second sentence (which is simpler), the basic structure of that part\nis:\n\n> 和歌山県が最も高かった\n\nAnd \"1.75倍と\" has been added as a concrete number supporting 最も高い.\n\nLikewise, in the first sentence, the base structure is:\n\n> 全国の新規感染者数は前週比で1.35倍になった\n\nAnd \"直近1週間で10万人当たり約197人と\" has been added as the actual number that supports\nthe main predicate (\"1.35倍になった\"). In English, you may use parentheses like so:\n\n> 全国の新規感染者数は直近1週間で10万人当たり約197人と、前週比で1.35倍になった。 \n> The number of new cases nationwide was 1.35 times higher than the previous\n> week (approx. 197 per 100,000 last week).", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T02:35:12.363", "id": "96885", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T02:42:49.710", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T02:42:49.710", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96882", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "The ～たら ending does indeed also serve as \"when\", not just \"if\". One of my\nJapanese teachers years ago explained this as a contraction from ～てから. While\nthat fits for the meaning, my research over the years into Japanese\netymologies suggests that this isn't the derivation.\n\nThe ～と conditional could sometimes also be translated as \"when\".\n\n * 起きる **[と]{●}** 二日酔いになっているはず \nI expect you'll have a hangover **when** you wake up.\n\nThe ～えば conditional does not have any such \"when\" connotations.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T02:12:58.213", "id": "96884", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T02:56:08.593", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T02:56:08.593", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "96883", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Whether to translate it as “when” or “if” is due to a distinction English\nmakes and has little to do with Japanese.\n\nたら focuses on a state where some event has just completed. If that event is\nhypothetical, “if” would be more appropriate. In your case, the main clause\ntalks about something the speaker actually found out at some point in the\npast. Then the completed event of her waking up cannot be hypothetical.\n\nI think the term “conditional” is misleading.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T03:03:35.753", "id": "96887", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T03:03:35.753", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96883", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "One type of protein itself cannot directly produce, store or consume fat.\nHere, the implied agent (\"causee\") of 使わせる is the same as the subject of 脂肪を作る\nor (脂肪を)ため込む, that is, one's body.\n\n> [このたんぱく質は]脂肪を作る働きを抑え、ため込んだ分を[体に]使わせる効果があるそうだ。 \n> [This protein] is said to have a function of suppressing (your body's) fat\n> production and making _[your body]_ use the fat it has stored.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T07:36:56.960", "id": "96890", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T07:46:28.050", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T07:46:28.050", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96889", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think\n\n * 風邪をひい **て(い)た** から電話 **し** ませんでした\n\nis most natural while\n\n * 風邪をひい **た** から電話しませんでした\n\nis ok.\n\nOn the other hand 電話し **て(い)** ませんでした is usually odd.\n\nテイル形 has various meanings and I suppose you can check your textbook\n([This](http://www.wayaku.jp/blog/?p=758) may give the idea of its variety).\nWhich meaning is the default varies from verb to verb.\n\nWithout context,\n\n * 電話している means progressive 'is calling', so 電話してませんでした would mean 'wasn't calling', which wouldn't fit in the sentence in question.\n * 風邪をひいている does not mean progressive (in the process of getting cold), but simply indicate the subject is in state of having a cold. 風邪をひいた means a simple past, which works ok in the sentence.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T21:46:38.663", "id": "96905", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T22:38:06.537", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T22:38:06.537", "last_editor_user_id": "9971", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96892", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "「風邪をひいていて電話しませんでした」or「風邪をひいて電話しませんでした」is natural. 風邪をひいていて is not past\nexpression but in Japanese language, past expression is not needed because\n電話した is past.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T11:25:10.967", "id": "96931", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T13:46:33.563", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-30T13:46:33.563", "last_editor_user_id": "54823", "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96892", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "I'm Japanese.\n\nIt sounds perfectly correct to me too.\n\nBut you can omit the word \"という\".\n\nThe following phrases sound correct too.\n\n * 溺れる恐怖\n * 何かしたい気持ち\n\n# feeling but digress\n\nStrictly speaking, \"desire\" is often translated as \"欲求\", \"欲望\" and things like\nthat.[ref](https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/desire)\n\nThese are little stronger than \"気持ち\".", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T15:27:32.680", "id": "96895", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T16:24:37.080", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-28T16:24:37.080", "last_editor_user_id": "30454", "owner_user_id": "54588", "parent_id": "96894", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "Do you mean following?\n\nKanji: 磨き棒\n\nHiragana: みがきぼう\n\nKatakana: ミガキボウ\n\nAlphabet for Japanese: migakibou ← easily understand for Japanese\n\n# Superfluous\n\n\"磨き\" means \"polishing\". \"棒\" means \"rod\".\n\nI found the word (磨き棒) at [here](https://www.togishi-\ntouken.jp/%E7%A0%94%E7%A3%A8%E5%AE%9F%E6%BC%94/).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T16:37:54.337", "id": "96898", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T16:37:54.337", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54588", "parent_id": "96897", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "The [関 entry in Kotobank](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%96%A2-86733) is backed\nby a version of the 日本国語大辞典【にほんこくごだいじてん】 that doesn't include as much detail\nas my local copy, which includes this bit about the etymology:\n\n> (動詞【どうし】「せく(塞)」の名詞化【めいしか】で、「堰(せき)」と同語源【どうごげん】) \n> (Nominalization of verb _seku_ [塞く, \"to narrow and close off\"], cognate\n> with 堰 [ _seki_ , \"dam\"])\n\nThe very first sense line seems applicable to the usage for Go:\n\n> ① 物事【ものごと】をささえとめること。また、そのもの。へだて。 \n> (1) To close off and stop something. Or, the closing or stoppage. Barrier.\n\nThe oldest citation for this sense is the\n[伊勢物語【いせものがたり】](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E),\ni.e. [_The Tales of Ise_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Ise),\ndated to some time after 880. This doesn't make any specific mention of the\ngame of Go, but the definition seems very fitting for the sense used in the\ngame: basically, \"a blockage, an impasse\".", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T21:10:36.430", "id": "96903", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T21:10:36.430", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "96899", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "Yes, I'd say this rating is more or less accurate.\n\n何 is usually read as なに・なん, and is one of the most basic words. Therefore,\nit's not a surprise for it to be N5.\n\n方, read as かた or ほう, means a few things, but 日本の方、仕方、漢字の書き方, as you can see,\nare all pretty basic as well, 方法、正方形 are not too advanced either. Therefore\nN4.\n\nどなた is basically a synonym of 誰, also one of the most basic words; therefore\nN5. There is also あなた and そなた, with the latter being somewhat archaic.\n\nThe problem with 何方{どなた} is not the word itself, but the spelling, namely the\nkanji. Yes both kanji and very basic, but this reading is not a normal\nreading, but a 熟字訓. Meaning it's got a special reading that's specifically for\nthis kanji pair, and cannot be broken down to individual kanji. Like with\n今日{きょう}, you can't separate 今 and 日, and it's not いまじつ, but when and only when\nthis pair comes together, it's きょう.\n\nSo, while some words are simple, they're mostly spelled in ひらがな. The kanji\nversion exists, but is not too common among Japanese people and therefore\nwould be attributed a higher level. Other examples could be\n\n * あなた・貴方{あなた}\n * ここ・此処{ここ}\n * いつ・何時{いつ}\n\nThere are some words whose kanji spelling are so rare most Japanese would not\nknow of.\n\n * かかし・案山子{かかし}\n * さんしょううお・鯢{さんしょううお} but more commly 山椒魚{さんしょううお}\n * そびえる・聳{そび}える\n * えぐい・蘞{えぐ}い\n * and way too many others to list exhaustively...\n\nBy themselves, かかし or さんしょううお or others are not necessarily hard words, but\nthere kanji version is just too rare.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T20:34:58.357", "id": "96902", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T20:34:58.357", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "96900", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

[ { "body": "According to\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A8/#jn-154670), it is not\nthe と meaning _and_ (格助詞), but a particle of another category 並列助詞. It is a\nmarker for enumeration.\n\n> ［並助］いくつかの事柄を列挙する意を表す。「君―ぼく―の仲」 「幸ひの、なき―ある―は」〈源・玉鬘〉\n\nNote that [weblio](https://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A8) lists it as a\n格助詞 and 並列 is a usage. So the category is a matter of opinions.\n\nEither way, both と are more like commas and different from と in と同じ/違う.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-28T21:29:14.893", "id": "96904", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-28T21:29:14.893", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96901", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[]

[ { "body": "> い adjectives are adverbialized by く\n\nYes, but they can also be adverbialized by adding a こと after them. Take these\nexamples from 三省堂国語辞典 and 大辞林:\n\n> うまいことやれよ / Do it well. \n> 早いことやってしまえ / Get it done as soon as you can.\n\nThis adverbialization use of こと is listed separately in all the dictionaries I\nreferred to, and 明鏡国語辞典 takes a step further to list it as one of こと's\ngrammatical usages (文型表現). Hope you enjoy こと's different usages coming up\nalong the way you learn Japanese!", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-29T09:24:20.390", "id": "96908", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-29T09:24:20.390", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54297", "parent_id": "96907", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "「長い間 nagai aida (long time)」is formal expression, I think. 「長いこと」is casual. If\nthe sentence is 「長いこと」only, we can't find what is 「こと」 time or things. But\nin「長いこと歩く」,「こと」means time in this case.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-29T09:50:23.323", "id": "96909", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-29T09:50:23.323", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96907", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "It is a bit redundant, but 根拠となる土台 itself means literally _the base that\nbecomes/works as the grounds (for doing 奉仕)_.\n\nPersonally, it seems to be a bit odd sentence to start a paragraph with, but I\nsuppose the whole structure parses as\n\n * 往々にして（その根拠となる土台には....与える）というケースがある\n * There are often cases where the base for doing service is to give help...\n\n* * *\n\nIt should be a miswriting in the sense that 土台には does not connect with 与える\nvery well.\n\nAnother possibility is to try to connect 土台には with ケースがある, but to me, it\ndoesn't sound right either.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T00:33:57.343", "id": "96919", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T00:33:57.343", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96911", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "When you look at the dictionary meaning of 安 in Japanese, you can see that\nwhile it does mean cheap (安い/やすい) it can also mean peaceful. I'd also like to\nnote that many Japanese words have two readings, a _kun-yomi_ reading and an\n_on-yomi_ reading. _Kun_ readings are generally used in Japanese words for\ntheir reading alone, while _on_ readings are used for borrowed Chinese\nmeanings or words. 安 has a _kun_ reading of やす and an _on_ reading of あん. You\ncan see in some words that it retains its original meaning and reading: 安心\n(あんしん) can mean relief, or peace of mind. 安定 (あんてい) can mean stability, and\ncomposure. However, _it seems that some Japanese words relating to\npeacefulness were read as \"やす,\"_ in particular 安らか (peaceful) and 休まる (feel at\nease). Here, 安 was chosen for its meaning, but its reading was ignored to\naccommodate the original Japanese reading\n\n**Judging from this** , it is likely that since 安 was used in words where it\nwas read as やす, it became generally associated with that reading. Therefore,\nwhen people sought to write \"cheap,\" which was already read as \"やすい,\" with\nkanji, they chose 安 based on its _kun_ reading with little regard to the _on_\nreading or original meaning.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-29T21:58:05.393", "id": "96915", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-29T21:58:05.393", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54837", "parent_id": "96912", "post_type": "answer", "score": 10 } ]

[ { "body": "If I had to guess, it would be the first character of 模様 ( **も** よう)\nparticularly for the meaning \"state/condition.\" If I recall correctly, light\nis testing the death note and watching a news report? in that case, the\nsentence would mean\n\n> \"the criminal seems to be in a dying state\"\n\n(spoilered in case you would rather translate on your own)", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-29T22:26:20.763", "id": "96916", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-29T22:26:20.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54837", "parent_id": "96913", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "It is not the particle も(+ようです), but 模様{もよう}(+です) is one word meaning\n_appearance_ as commented.\n\n> [模様](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98/#je-75717)\n>\n> II〔有り様，様子〕\n>\n> どうも彼は来ない模様だ \n> It looks 「as though [《米》 like] he's not coming.\n>\n> 火星には生物はいない模様である \n> 「There is no sign of [There doesn't seem to be any] life on Mars.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T00:39:35.330", "id": "96920", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T00:39:35.330", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96913", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "It is more like _or not_. The following dictionary entry explicitly gives the\nusage:\n\n> [否](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/kanji/%E5%90%A6/#jn-182283)\n>\n> ２ …か…でないか。「安否・可否・合否・採否・賛否・実否・真否・正否・成否・存否・諾否・適否・当否・認否・能否・良否」\n\n安否=safe or not, 可否=possible or not, 合否=(about exams) passed or not, etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T00:21:56.527", "id": "96918", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T00:21:56.527", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96917", "post_type": "answer", "score": 15 } ]

[ { "body": "Without context, I would think the subject of the first 思う is people in\ngeneral, like “everyone” or “anyone”.\n\n> 絶対噓だと思うよね。わたしも思う \n> Anyone would think it is a lie, right? I think so, too.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T02:30:49.907", "id": "96922", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T02:30:49.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96921", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "I thinks this 内 of 保育園内 emphasize the location of the event. It's no problem\n保育園で gramally but maybe 犯人 is not a student of 保育園 in this case, so appending\n内 is better expression.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T07:36:24.987", "id": "96926", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T07:36:24.987", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96923", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "内 works as a suffix or as a standalone noun, similar to the English _inside_\n(e.g., inside a car/the inside of a car).\n\nWhen used as a suffix, 内 is read ない (always, I think). As hiroki's answer\nsuggests, it connotates the 'building'-ness of the preceding noun.\n\nThat is, 保育園[内]{ない}で sounds _in the building of the nursery_ while 保育園(の中)で\nsounds broadly _in the nursery_.\n\nOther examples of 内{ない}\n\n * 時間[内]{ない}: within the time limit\n * 期限[内]{ない}: before the expiration\n * 校[内]{ない}: inside school building\n\nWhen used as a noun, 内 is read うち. For example, 内{うち}と外.\n\nAlso note that when talking about _inside X(location)_ , Xの内{うち} is not used.\nIt should be Xの中. (For non-location, 計算の内{うち}= _expected_ (lit. _within\ncalculation_ )).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T14:07:59.640", "id": "96935", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T14:07:59.640", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96923", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "I think this 「ような」 means 「２ 例示の意を表す。「隣のおばさんのような働き者は少ない」」 of\n<https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%A0> . Because\n一般人が適用される is an example of 厳しいルール in this case.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T07:30:17.280", "id": "96925", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T07:30:17.280", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96924", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Maybe this is shorten expression of 「ヴァリエガータの部屋にたどりつくやいなや（…や否や）」 this means\n\"just sametime\". Please see following for reference\n<https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/17260/meaning/m0u/> 「たどりつくと」does not\ncontain meaning of sametime.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T09:52:47.603", "id": "96930", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T09:59:13.377", "last_edit_date": "2022-10-30T09:59:13.377", "last_editor_user_id": "54823", "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96927", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I think これでもか not equals いやというほど. As you said これでもか is from \"Isn't this\nenough?\" and it's neutral or a little bit positive expression. And いやというほど is\nnegative expression and is used in the situation subject persion don't want to\nsee it.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T13:44:51.120", "id": "96933", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T13:44:51.120", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96932", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Practically you can interpret これでもかと as _a lot, many, much_. Although there\nmay be some things lost in translation, _she had a(n awful) lot of scrolls and\nancient books at hand, and..._ is fine.\n\nThere is a connotation of excess, but literally, as you mentioned in the\nquestion, it is これでもかと(言わんばかりに)= _as if saying 'isn't this enough? (then I do\nmore)'_.\n\nAccordingly, it sounds like doing the thing further and further; in this case,\nun-rolling scrolls one after another to the point where it looks too many from\nthe viewer's perspective (but not from the doer's - I feel this is why _she\nhad too many scrolls_ does not sound completely right to me. The English\nversion seems to blur from whose perspective it is too many.)\n\n* * *\n\nいやというほど more commonly appears with verbs meaning some experience/sensation\nthan action. E.g., いやというほど食べた/飲んだ etc.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T23:13:54.933", "id": "96939", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T23:13:54.933", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96932", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "I would say 2. Practically よく (in the sense of _often_ ) appears mostly in\nnon-negative sentences, but strictly speaking, I don't think there is any word\nwhose use in negative/affirmative sentences lead to ungrammaticality.\n\n * 牛肉あまり食べません\n\nis natural for simply _not often_. Another possibility is\n\n * 牛肉をよく **は** 食べません\n\nwhich sounds denying _to eat beef often_ (It is not the case that I eat beef\noften).\n\n* * *\n\nよく in another sense can appear in negative sentences.\n\n * よく飽きないな How come you don't get bored?\n\nSee [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/93955/meaning-\nof-%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E4%BD%8F%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B) for this usage.\n\n* * *\n\nIn the western dialect (kansai-ben), there is a pattern よう+V+ん＝cannot V. E.g.,\nようせん=can't do, よう言わん=can't say. ([source](https://kansai-\nben.com/2018/04/09/%E3%82%88%E3%81%8F%E4%BD%BF%E3%81%86%E9%96%A2%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%81%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7/));\nよう is a version of よく.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-30T22:03:16.007", "id": "96938", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-30T22:03:16.007", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96937", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "You need to complement an appropriate verb after か, like _**to\nsee/check/verify** if_.\n\nSo the sentence means _That day he was patrolling around the woods **to see**\nif the people there come to town and behave badly._\n\n* * *\n\nNormally those _to see_ etc. are omitted.\n\n * 新情報がないか(どうか)ウェブで調べた Searched on the web (to see) if new info comes up\n * 壊れてないか起動してみる (e.g. after spilling water over PC) Try booting the device (to check) if it isn't broken\n\nInserting (か)調べるために/確かめるために in the above sentences would sound lengthy.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-31T00:11:20.173", "id": "96941", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-31T00:11:20.173", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96940", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "I agree that those sentences are slightly odd, but the following similar\nsentences are natural enough to me. (The translations are a little rough)\n\n> 結婚となると、もう少し考えたい \n> (The partner is pleasant enough to be with, but) If the talk comes to\n> marriage, I'd like to think it over a bit more.\n\n> 英語学を専攻するとなれば、しっかりした発音を身につけておきたい \n> If you major in English, you need to have a firm foundation in\n> pronunciation.\n\n> 20年後老後資金が2000万円必要となると、今から少しずつ貯めておきたい. \n> If one needs 20m yen for living after the retirement, which is 20 years\n> from now, then I'd like to save little by little starting now.\n\nMost probably, in Xとなると/なればY, wishes/intentions can come as Y, but those are\nwishes or intentions about what the subject does NOW (or before X happens). In\nall the sentences above, the latter part can be translated using _need to_ (I\nneed to think, you need to have, I need to save).\n\nStrictly speaking, these are not really wishes or intentions but たい can be\nused anyway. (The particular usage of たい is similar to English _You may want\nto X_ when suggesting to do X.)\n\n* * *\n\nFor comparison,\n\n * 来年円安が収まったら海外旅行に行きたい is normal\n * 来年円安が収まるとなれば海外旅行に行きたい is (probably) odd\n\nFollowing the above explanation, the first one is the most odd; The second is\n_If one comes of age of junior high, one needs to put preference to friends_ ;\nThe third, _If I'm to build a house five years later, I need to save money\nfrom now_. The last two should be acceptable though I feel the second is a bit\nstrange - possibly simply because of what it says.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-31T10:03:06.477", "id": "96951", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-31T10:03:06.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96942", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "Generally yes. あなたが命を懸けて and あなたの命を懸けて will mean something similar in a\ntypical context.\n\nHowever, with the あなたの命を懸けて option, you make the subject implicit (because the\nsentence will lack a noun marked with -が), making more room for\ninterpretation. The implicit subject could be あなた and that's probably the most\nreasonable estimation, but it could be someone else. In a scenario \"your life\"\n(あなたの命) is under a third person's control, that person will also be a\nreasonable candidate to fill the implicit subject slot.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-31T12:19:53.673", "id": "96954", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-31T12:19:53.673", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96944", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "-しか勝たん is a fandom slang that means something (or rather, usually a person) is \"the best.\"\n\n[https://www.nli-\nresearch.co.jp/report/detail/id=64923?pno=2&site=nli](https://www.nli-\nresearch.co.jp/report/detail/id=64923?pno=2&site=nli)\n\n> 自分の推しが一番いい、一番かわいい、といったように推しを称賛する際に「推ししか勝たん」と言い始めたのが起源だとされている。\n\n-は正義 can be used similarly, too. [A fandom website](https://www.paradisearmy.com/doujin/pasok_katan.htm) says they mean more or less the same, and appeared more or less in the same period.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-29T10:45:14.983", "id": "98366", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-29T10:45:14.983", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "96953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "は正義 feels like \"this is so good\". \nThis feels like there can be another choice that is as good as it but you rate\nit so high at least. \n正義 is so similar to 最高(not literally the best). \n風呂上がりのビールは正義(you may enjoy other things as this) \nクイズノックは正義(there can be as good a youtuber as them) \nカイリューのしんそくは正義(there can be as strong a move as it)\n\nしか勝たん has a nuance of comparing it to other things. \nIt feels like \"I love this, there's no other choice.\" \n風呂上がりのビールしか勝たん \nYouTuberはクイズノックしか勝たん\n\nHowever you can use this if it's not the best, when you pretend that you love\nit too much so that you're being blind. \nカイリューのしんそくしか勝たん", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-01-30T11:28:34.253", "id": "98381", "last_activity_date": "2023-01-30T11:28:34.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55517", "parent_id": "96953", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "> Why is there a と after そうなる?\n\n[そうなると](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A8)\nis a set expression meaning \"if that is the case\", \"if it becomes so\", or\n\"when it becomes so\".\n\n> Is やはり's reading \"矢張り\"?\n\nYes, this is 矢張り but it's almost always written with kana alone.\n[やっぱり](https://jisho.org/search/%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%B1%E3%82%8A) is also\ncommonly used but it's more informal. Additional details can be found on [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/418/whats-the-difference-\nin-usage-and-nuance-\nbetween-%E3%82%84%E3%81%AF%E3%82%8A-and-%E3%82%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%B1%E3%82%8A).\n\n> Is あまり's reading \"余り\"?\n\nYes, あまり is 余り.\n\n> What does this sentence mean?\n\nHere is my translation (disclaimer: I'm not a native speaker):\n\n> If that's the case, it should be a criminal. But someone too important would\n> be bad.\n\nI also looked up the official translation from the English subtitles which is\nthe following:\n\n> In which case, the victim should probably be a criminal. But it can't be\n> someone too infamous.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-10-31T21:32:01.140", "id": "96956", "last_activity_date": "2022-10-31T21:32:01.140", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "11034", "parent_id": "96955", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "As you mentioned, 結構 comes from the Chinese language and means \"structure\" or\n\"composition,\" as in the \"structure of buildings\" or the \"composition of\nsentences.\" When the word landed in Japan, it came to mean \"plan\" or\n\"preparation,\" and later by extension, a \"splendid plan\" or \"wonderful\npreparation.\" Other layers such as \"polite\" or \"good-natured\" were added over\ntime.\n\nThe layer of \"no, thanks!\" evolved from the nuance of being \"satisfied.\"\n\n[「結構」って結構フクザツ？](https://www.tanomail.com/dyn/bf/tanokun-\nroom/keigo/index15.html#:%7E:text=%E3%81%93%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89%E3%81%AF,%E5%8A%A0%E3%82%8F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%80%82)\n\n[語源由来辞典 > 結構](https://gogen-yurai.jp/kekkou/)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-01T05:25:02.140", "id": "96961", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-01T05:39:58.100", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-01T05:39:58.100", "last_editor_user_id": "18145", "owner_user_id": "18145", "parent_id": "96960", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "I think 1. is accent [0] な↑により 2, 3, 4, 5 are accent[1] な↓により, but not so\nstrict in this case.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-01T12:27:57.537", "id": "96965", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-01T12:27:57.537", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96963", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

[ { "body": "「で」of「考えることで」is 助詞. 「だ」of「伝えることだ」is 助動詞.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-01T12:35:12.827", "id": "96966", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-01T12:35:12.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96964", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

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[ { "body": "\"Here そう is being used as an Adverb, no\" Nope, that's a noun followed by\ncopula", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-01T22:47:47.917", "id": "96971", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-01T22:47:47.917", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54639", "parent_id": "96969", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The actual rule is that そう is heiban when it directly modifies the following\npredicate, but gets an accent when anything attaches to it (は、だ、です、か、も、さ,\netc).\n\nそう言わない \nそ＼うは言わない \nそ＼うだ \nそ＼うか\n\nYou should note that the そ＼うは case in particular really breaks the simple\n“adverb=heiban” model presented by NHK.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-02T00:34:23.853", "id": "96972", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-02T00:42:55.123", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-02T00:42:55.123", "last_editor_user_id": "3097", "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "96969", "post_type": "answer", "score": 5 } ]

[ { "body": "The context is\n\n> では / 追い詰められての / 自殺という事 / でしょうか?\n>\n> それが人質の証言では / 「犯人は突然倒れた」と\n\n(/ indicates the break in the bubble.)\n\nそれが here means something like _but_ ; here _actually_ would fit better. では is\nで＋は, literally meaning _in, by (the words of the hostages)_. So the whole line\nmeans _Actually, according to the hostages, (they say) \"the criminal suddenly\nfell\"_.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-02T13:37:39.907", "id": "96983", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-02T13:37:39.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96970", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

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[ { "body": "In this sentence も is not dditional も. This も can be replaced with でも. 「一刻も早く」\nmeans 「as soon as possible」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-02T10:05:42.737", "id": "96979", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-02T10:05:42.737", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "The も is close to _even (though)_. as hiroki's answer suggests, it is usually\nでも as in 子供でも分かる (Even a child can understand (let alone grown-ups)).\n\nAnother thing is that 早い here is _early/earlier_.\n\nSo, 一刻も早く literally means _earlier even by 一刻_ (+ if it is earlier by days, it\nis better), which translates to more idiomatic _asap_.\n\nThough it shouldn't be relevant, [刻](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%BB)\ndoes not have a fixed length but is something like 15 - 40 mins.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-02T12:48:12.890", "id": "96982", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-02T13:38:46.253", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-02T13:38:46.253", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "96975", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "「本当のところ」can be replaced 「実際には」「実際のところ」in this context.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-02T10:01:40.157", "id": "96978", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-02T10:01:40.157", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96977", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

[ { "body": "The short answer is no. The semantic \"distance\" between two homophones is\ndetermined at the discretion of the authors of each dictionary, and it is\nimpossible to draw an official line. Some dictionaries may define 鳴く and 泣く in\none entry, while others may define them in two separate entries.\n\nEtymology is an important criterion, of course, but how much emphasis is\nplaced on it depends on the policy of the dictionary. A dictionary that\nfocuses too much on etymology may not necessarily be handy for everyday use by\nmodern speakers.\n\nNevertheless, I agree most dictionaries explain 青い and 蒼い in the same entry,\nbut 熱い and 厚い in separate entries.\n\n**EDIT:**\n\nWord | _Meikyō_ | _Daijisen_ | _Kōjien_ \n---|---|---|--- \n**あつい** | **3** [暑][熱][厚] | **3** [暑][熱][厚] | **2** [暑/熱][厚] \n**はやい** | **1** [早/速/疾/捷] | **1** [早/速/疾/捷] | **1** [早/速/疾/捷] \n**つとめる** | **3** [務][努][勤] | **3** [務][努][勤] | **1** [務][努][勤] \n**なく** | **2** [泣][鳴] | **1** [泣/鳴] | **1** [泣/鳴] \n**あおい** | **1** [青/蒼] | **1** [青/蒼] | **1** [青/蒼] \n \nAs for あつい, _Meikyō_ and _Daijisen_ define 熱い, 暑い and 厚い in three different\nentries, which is perfectly understandable to me. _Kōjien_ defines 熱い and 暑い\nunder the same entry, which is perfectly understandable, too. As for はやい, all\nthe three dictionaries I checked define 早い, 速い (and 疾い, 捷い) in one big entry,\nbut _Meikyō_ explains when to use which kanji in detail.\n\nBasically, you won't know until you actually look it up in each dictionary. We\ncan only guess, but _Meikyō_ is a relatively small dictionary designed to\nprovide practical explanations for learners of modern Japanese, so they may\nhave thought 暑い and 熱い are different enough practically. _Kōjien_ is an\nauthoritative large dictionary with lots of trivial or obsolete definitions,\nand they may have thought 暑い and 熱い are the same word etymologically.\n_Daijisen_ is somewhere between the other two. Ultimately, it's up to the\npolicy of each dictionary.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-02T12:27:49.293", "id": "96981", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-02T23:29:06.147", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-02T23:29:06.147", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96980", "post_type": "answer", "score": 6 } ]

[ { "body": "Perhaps you've missed the cleft sentence grammar? This is a combination of the\nfollowing two patterns:\n\n * A(だ)からB ⟶ BのはA(だ)からだ (\"It's because (of) A that B\") \n(A cleft sentence where the reason part (から) has been pulled out for emphasis.\nSee [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/65126/5010))\n\n * Aだ (\"is A\") ⟶ Aにほかならない (\"is nothing but A\")\n\nPutting the two together, we get:\n\n * BのはA(だ)からにほかならない (\"It's exactly because (of) A that B\")\n\nThus a literal translation is:\n\n> この仕事が無事に終わるのはチームワークがよかったからにほかならず、心から感謝している。 \n> It's exactly because our teamwork was good that this job was completed\n> successfully, (so) I'm sincerely grateful.\n\nYour translation attempt is correct, too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T00:19:20.243", "id": "96986", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T00:19:20.243", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96984", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

[ { "body": "\"動けるか？\" is formal but in spooken language it sometimes change to \"動けっか\". In\nthis case る became very short so \"動けっか\". I never speak like this but Son-Goku\nin Dragon Ball speaks like this. And \"死ねるかよ\" is also formal too.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T08:09:47.130", "id": "96995", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T08:09:47.130", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54823", "parent_id": "96985", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

[ { "body": "It's strange to ask if 連体形 can be in the past tense, but a so-called past form\n(ta-form) can safely be in 連体形. た is a Japanese [auxiliary\n(助動詞)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/63365/5010) that [conjugates like\nthis.](https://www.kokugobunpou.com/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E/%E3%81%9F-%E3%81%A0/#gsc.tab=0)\nIn 喋った猫 (\"the cat that talked\"), 喋った is indeed the 連体形 of 喋った. The predicative\nform (終止形, aka dictionary form) and the attributive form (連体形) of 喋った look the\nsame.\n\n(As that article says, this is different in classical Japanese. The auxiliary\nfor past tense in classical Japanese is き, but its 連体形 is し. See [this\nchart](https://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa009002.htm). So 猫喋り **き** is \"The\ncat talked\", and 喋り **し** 猫 is \"the cat that talked\". Here, き and し are two\ndifferent forms of the same word, き.)\n\nWhat that table is saying is that ～まで (and ～前に) doesn't take the past form of\na verb, even in the 連体形. This is because Japanese is based on relative tense.\nFor example, \"I waited until he **came** \" is _not_ 彼が **来た** まで待った but 彼が\n**来る** まで待った in Japanese. You can never say 来たまで even if everything in the\nsentence happened long ago.\n\nFor details, please read the following discussions:\n\n * [How to appropriately pair tenses in subordinate and main clauses?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/25378/5010)\n\n> This entire concept is also why **後で always takes the past and 前に always\n> takes the non-past**. With 後で, the relative clause is always in the main\n> clause's past (happened before it), and thus must take the past:\n\n * [Why 広がる前 isn't 広がった前 in this sentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/94917/5010)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T02:07:27.533", "id": "96989", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T02:23:56.150", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-03T02:23:56.150", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "96987", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

[ { "body": "The character っ (the small つ) represents a blocking of the airflow that lasts\nfor more or less the duration of one mora (or one _beat_ ) before a plosive or\nan affricate, or a prolonged hissing in a voiceless sibilant (or very rarely a\nvoiceless fricative that is not a sibilant, such as /h/ and /ç/).\n\nSee [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/86530/43676) for the\nconsonants that meet these conditions.\n\nNeither phenomenon happens before a nasal such as /n/. The ン in トンネル is\nproduced by passing the air through the nose. (If not トンネル, _tunnel_ would be\ntranscribed as トネル, not トッネル.)", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T03:07:20.553", "id": "96990", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T03:15:07.083", "last_edit_date": "2022-11-03T03:15:07.083", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "96988", "post_type": "answer", "score": 9 }, { "body": "I have no actual sources to back this up with (if anyone knows of any, please\nfeel free to adduce), but it appears to me to be simply a matter of convention\nbased in having to make a choice between two options.\n\nIn Japanese, there is a complete merger of all non-nasal consonantal\nmorphophonemes in position before another consonant: they all assimilate\ncompletely to the following consonant. Some transcribe the result of this\nmerger phonemically as a generic ‘moraic obstruent’ phoneme written /Q/, while\nothers transcribe it according to the following consonant, but the outcome is\nthe same.\n\nThat is, for any sequence of morphophonemes |TC| (where T is any consonant\nthat is not nasal and C is any consonant at all), the phonetic output is\nalways [Cː], a geminate of the second consonant. In phonemic writing, some\nwill write this /QC/, others as /CC/.\n\nThe ‘moraic obstruent’ approach is practical because it fits with Japanese\nwriting, which is fully moraic: the phoneme /Q/ corresponds precisely to the\n_sokuon_ っ.\n\nIf the first consonant is a nasal consonant, however, there is only partial\nassimilation: the nasal assimilates to the following consonant’s place of\narticulation, but remains nasal and voiced. That is, for any sequence of |NC|\n(where N is any nasal consonant and C is any consonant at all), the output\nform is [NC] as well.\n\nTo summarise:\n\nMorphophonemes | Phonemes | Output | Kana \n---|---|---|--- \n|tp| | /Qp/ | [pː] | っぱ \n|rs| | /Qs/ | [sː] | っさ \n|pb| | /Qb/ | [bː]¹ | っば \n|nk| | /Nk/ | [ŋk] | んか \n|md| | /Nd/ | [nd] | んだ \n \nNotice how all the cases where the first consonant is non-nasal have っ, while\nthe ones where the first consonant is nasal have ん. Or, if we go by the\nphonetic output form, how all the cases where the output is a single, geminate\nsound have っ, while the ones beginning with a nasal sound have ん.\n\nIn principle, these developments hold true for all values of C, whether nasal\nor not, so the phonetic outcome of |pn| → /Qn/ is [nː], matching |pb| → /Qb/ →\n[bː] perfectly. The trouble is that the outcome of |mn| → /Nn/ is _also_ [nː],\nwhich is completely identical. In other words, before nasals, the merger of\nthe first morphophoneme in the sequence is actually complete: **all**\nconsonants assimilate completely to the following nasal.\n\nSo how do you represent that in writing?\n\nIn theory, you could be totally stringent and write っな when the first\nconsonant is underlyingly a non-nasal morphophoneme and んな when it is nasal.\nBut that’s easier said than done, because it’s not always clear what the\nunderlying morphophoneme is even to an etymologist, much less to the average\nperson who’s just writing a word. So it makes more sense to just use one or\nthe other consistently.\n\nThere’s no single way of choosing that inherently makes more sense than the\nother here. You could argue that, since the output is always a single,\ngeminate sound, っ should be used, just as it is for the other geminates; or\nthat, since the output begins with a nasal sound, ん should be used. When\nJapanese spelling became fixed, the latter argument apparently weighed heavier\nthan the former.\n\nAnother factor may be the restriction on voiced geminates in Japanese (see\nnote below): settling on んな rather than っな happened quite a while ago, before\nthe influx of (primarily English) loan words containing voiced geminates, so\nat the time, sequences like っば っが っだ were virtually nonexistent. っ itself was\nthen more obviously associated with _voiceless_ geminates specifically, and it\nmay have felt odd at the time to use it for a fully voiced, resonant geminate\nlike [nː].\n\n* * *\n\n#### Notes\n\n1. In native Japanese words, voiced geminates do not occur, and the outcome would possibly be /Nb/ → [mb] instead. In loan words, though, voiced geminates are perfectly allowable. A bit more detail is available in [the Wikipedia article on Japanese phonology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Gemination).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2022-11-03T13:08:21.877", "id": "96999", "last_activity_date": "2022-11-03T13:08:21.877", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9993", "parent_id": "96988", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]