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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've been reading since a long time ago that reading hiragana only texts is\nquite difficult or frustrating because you don't know where a word begins or\nends, I understand that and the importance of kanji to read more easily.\n\nSo I was wondering, how do Japanese people play hiragana only games like\npokémon or those of the famicom (NES) that use only kana. I know this games\nare oriented to children because they don't know kanji, but how do the adults\nunderstand these games?\n\nOn average, do Japanese speakers find it more difficult to read texts without\nkanji? Are there any methods to improve the legibility of hiragana-only texts?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T02:35:39.260",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kana",
"hiragana",
"orthography",
"comprehension"
],
"title": "Understanding hiragana-only texts in videogames",
"view_count": 3079
} | [
{
"body": "In the famicom/NES era, kanji was not available, and many games used some\nspaces between phrases. Spaces are usually inserted before nouns and verbs,\nbut not before particles.\n\n\n\nWith the aid of spaces Japanese adults can understand kana-only sentences\neasily, just like in English. Actually native speakers can even read this\n[broken kana-only passage](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/39697/5010)\nvery fluently.\n\nAnother common strategy is to [use katakana a bit more than\nusual](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23093/5010).",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T02:56:44.483",
"id": "23283",
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] | 23282 | null | 23283 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I am doing my Japanese reading, and I came across this sentence:\n\n> 快復の見込み **の** ない末期状態になったとき、単なる延命治療．．．\n\nI don't understand why we use の here instead of が. I am still a beginner so I\nalways use 名詞＋がない. I asked my Japanese friend and he told me that \"見込みがない is\nnot bad but 見込みのない is more natural\".\n\nAnother quick question is what's the difference between 快復 and 回復？",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T03:57:32.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23284",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "名詞＋のない？名詞＋がない？Which one is better here?",
"view_count": 786
} | [
{
"body": "The reason why の can be used here is already explained in this question:\n\n[How does the の work in\n「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)\n\nRegarding the nuance, I think the difference between 見込みのない and 見込みがない in your\nexample is very subtle, and both are perfectly natural. 見込みのない may only\nslightly sound more politely or euphemistically.\n\n快復 is an uncommon alternative spelling of 回復, and 快復 can be used only when it\nrefers to a cure from disease. 回復 is much more common and can be used for\nvarious kinds of recovery (from disease, economic depression, bad weather,\netc.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-16T04:44:48.787",
"id": "23285",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
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"score": 3
}
] | 23284 | null | 23285 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23300",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This is one of my most frequently encountered words and yet outside of\nspecific constructs (e.g. 一言一句｛いちごんいっく｝) I am never sure if I'm reading it\nright. How does it stand by itself? Dictionary entries like\n[these](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/10772/m0u/) are a bit beyond me\nat the moment:\n\n> 【１】三語とも、漢字表記は「一言」。\n>\n> 【２】「ひとこと」が、口語としても文章語としても一般的に使われる。\n>\n> 【３】「いちげん」「いちごん」は、「ひとこと」の改まった言い方で、用法が限られる。\n\n【１】 I don't understand at all. All I can grasp from [2] vs [3] is that いちげん is\nmore formal and used less frequently, is that so? Are there any hard rules?\n\nよろしくお願いします",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T16:18:04.907",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23288",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "ひとこと・いちげん・いちごん - what is the difference?",
"view_count": 598
} | [
{
"body": "It seems I get to talk about this fairly often here....\n\nForget the kanji for a minute and \"listen\" to the three words. Which one\nsounds \"most Japanese\" to you? To rephrase the question, which one sounds\n\"least Chinese-like\"?\n\nThat would be the word that is most intuitive to the native speakers. That is\nthe one we will use most often because it is the one that we have been using\nmuch longer than the other two and it is the one that is most versatile. Thus,\nstatement [2] stands.\n\n**「ひとこと」 refers to any little thing you say or write. Versatile, ain't it?**\n\n[1] simply says that all of the three words are written as 「一言」 **_if_** they\nare to be written in kanji. In other words, 「一言」 can be read in three\ndifferent ways. How to read it would solely depend on the context.\n\nRegarding [3],\n\n「いちげん」 and 「いちごん」 sound pretty un-Japanese, don't they? On-reading words are\ngenerally used in more formal and/or technical situations than kun-reading\nwords are. This, BTW, is just like how Latin-origin words are treated in\nEnglish -- \"conversation\" vs. \"chat\", \"profound\" vs. \"deep\", etc.\n\nGenerally speaking, the 「いちげん」 and 「いちごん」 readings (basically interchangeable)\nare only used in ceratin idiomatic expressions like:\n\n「一言[居士]{こじ}」 = \"a ready critic\" (You've gotta say something about everything.)\n\n「一言[一句]{いっく}」 = \"word by word\"\n\nFinally, as you already know, one can say 「on-reading word + する」 to form a\nverb from a noun. You can naturally say 「[一言]{いちごん}する」 or 「[一言]{いちげん}する」 to\nmean \"to make a short statement\".\n\nYou cannot, howevr, say 「[一言]{ひとこと}する」. You must say 「一言[言]{い}う」. It is as\nthough we instinctively know there is an important difference between 「ひとこと」\nand the other two words.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-17T01:47:59.013",
"id": "23300",
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}
] | 23288 | 23300 | 23300 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23293",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the **universal standard** used by Japanese natives to assign ordering\nto a group of kanji that might be as simple as: \n[決、元、川、湖]\n\nAs a non-native, my thinking is that I can use the index# of the [Nelson\nCharacter Dictionary](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Nelson_Japanese-\nEnglish_Character_Dictionary):\n\n * Every kanji has a kangxi radical or is the radical itself.\n * Kangxi radicals have an already decided ordering.\n * Within a group of kanji with the same kangxi radical, the tie-break is stroke count.\n * _I don't know the final tie-breaker._\n\nNelson index# seems like a really good way to create an ordering, right?\n\nBut, there is zero chance that Nelson influences Japanese at all. It is just a\nview of the Japanese language intended for non-Japanese to use. So, for\nofficial Japanese bookkeeping, what is the universal standard for ordering\nkanji?\n\nBasically, as the 3rd largest economy in the world, Japan cannot have chaotic\nrecord keeping. There must be a universally recognized way to order kanji. I'd\nlike to know what it is. Maybe it is as simple as a look-up table.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T16:54:14.400",
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"id": "23289",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Using the Nelson index# as a means to order kanji? What do natives use?",
"view_count": 690
} | [
{
"body": "If you want an ordering of 漢字 by themselves, each 漢字 dictionary will tell you\nwhat ordering they use for 漢字, as pointed out in the comments. As far as I can\ntell, this is usually very close (if not identical) to the Nelson system\n(which of course comes from the Kangxi dictionary of the 18th century).\n\nA total order on 漢字 would likely be unpractical, because there are many\nvariant characters which should be considered. (Even other variant characters\nmay be newly discovered in old documents.)\n\nThe 常用漢字 table has been revised several times, as has the 人名漢字 table. It would\nbe unwise to attach much importance to the ordering there.\n\nLastly, Unicode has a total ordering, which will not change, although new\ncharacters may be added in the future. (Of course it is unlikely that newly\nadded 漢字 characters will ever find their use in modern Japanese, although I'd\nkind of like if 変体仮名 make a comeback; at the moment there are very few\nUnicoded 変体仮名.)\n\nIn any case, Japanese _words_ (including names) may be ordered by the あいうえお\n(the \"dictionary\" ordering), i.e. the kana table. (Every name in the 戸籍 has a\nregistered kana reading, which doesn't change.) In daily life, therefore, it\nis not necessary to insist on a total order of 漢字, because 漢字 usually come\nwith a reading. If you ask a computer to order 漢字 \"alphabetically\" it will\ngive you the Unicode (or JIS) ordering.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T19:12:51.500",
"id": "23293",
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},
{
"body": "One way is to order by total stroke order, so in your example, the Kanji for\n\"river\" would come first.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-17T06:21:50.920",
"id": "54569",
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"score": 0
}
] | 23289 | 23293 | 23293 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23294",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This ties in to the dialogue in [a previous question I'd\nasked](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23063/%E9%A0%91%E5%BC%B5%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F-being-\ninterpreted-as-cheering-for/), although the subject is different, so I thought\nit best to separate it into another question.\n\nFor context, the series is in the middle of a tennis competition. Makoto did\nvery impressively during his match, but ended up losing and giving up towards\nthe end. Makoto's friends cheered him on fiercely until he lost. Arata was the\nnext person to have a match, and one of Makoto's friends started cheering the\nmoment he appeared (she likes Arata). Another one of Makoto's friends looked\nat her, frowning, and thought:\n\n> あんだけ頑張ったのにもうアラタ。。。マコトかわいそ\n\nThe context here has given me cause to translate the first part of the\nsentence as \"Even though you put so much effort into cheering for Makoto,\nyou're already cheering for Arata?\"\n\nMy question is about the second part. Should that be 'I feel sorry for Makoto'\nor 'Makoto's become pitiful'? I've seen both used as translations for かわいそ, so\nI'm left rather confused.\n\nIf someone could tell me which version would fit this context, along with an\nexplanation of why/how the meaning for かわいそ ('I feel pity for' vs. 'is\npitiful, i.e deserving of pity) changes with different context and/or\ngrammatical cues, I'd be very grateful.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T17:25:50.230",
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"id": "23290",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Does 'かわいそ' in this context mean 'is pitiful' or 'I feel pity for'?",
"view_count": 3334
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, there are a couple nuances for かわいそう but basically you have it.\n\nSometimes it can be softer like: \"Aww, that's too bad for Makoto!\". So, it can\nbe used in more serious context like \"I feel pitiful for that person\" or like\nI used previously, it can be more casual and light.\n\nYou'll also see it used by itself. I.e. \"かわいそうに！\" This can mean \"I feel bad\nfor him/her!\".\n\nAlso, it is spelled かわいそう（可哀相/可哀想）. I'm not sure if the misspelling was\nintentional or not. If intentional, see below.\n\nAs an aside, sometimes you'll see the last letter dropped in certain words. I\nwouldn't recommend this unless you are very fluent and culturally aware, as it\nis not proper.\n\nE.g. ありがとう。 → ありがと。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T19:36:34.123",
"id": "23294",
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}
] | 23290 | 23294 | 23294 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23298",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Please explain the grammar behind how 何か is used in this sentence\n\n> そこにはきっと何かお話があるに違いない。\n\nI'm translating it as\n\n> There must surely be a story there\n\nBut I don't understand what 何か is doing. Can I translate it as \"something of a\nstory\", or \"some story\"? Two nouns next to each other seems odd. Thanks.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T18:14:06.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23291",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Use of 何か in this sentence",
"view_count": 1116
} | [
{
"body": "Your translation is good, you can't really translate 何か, but if you want a\ncloser translation :\n\n> There must surely be kind of a story there",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T23:18:27.397",
"id": "23297",
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},
{
"body": "> 「そこにはきっと[何]{なに}かお[話]{はなし}があるに[違]{ちが}いない。」\n\nThis 「なにか」 is frequently used in the form of 「なにか + Noun/Noun phrase +\nVerb/Verb phrase」 and it means:\n\n> \"Verb + 'some sort of' + Noun\"\n\nThis would generally indicate that one has not found out the exact nature of\nthe \"thing\" described by the noun (and one would like to find out more about\nit). It is only natural to use 「なにか」 if you have little knowledge of the thing\nyou are speaking about.\n\nWithout further context, my translation would be:\n\n> \"There must be some kind of (untold) story there.\"\n>\n> \"There has got to be a deeper story (or \"reason\") behind it.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-17T00:40:12.233",
"id": "23298",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-17T06:29:39.167",
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"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "23291",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
] | 23291 | 23298 | 23298 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23296",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 十年前の話\n\nI'm not sure how 前 is supposed to be read in constructs like these. Is it safe\nto assume that because 十年｛じゅうねん｝ is 音読み then I should use the whole thing as\nじゅうんえんぜん (IME is returning both じゅうねんぜん じゅうねんまえ as 十年前). Am I completely\nwrong? This is probably very basic knowledge but somehow the answer eludes me.\n\nI've never (yet) heard or seen 前 used with さき 音 but my Japanese experience is\nminiscule and it's included in dictionaries so I included it here just to be\nsafe.\n\nよろしくお願いします",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-16T19:02:10.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23292",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-17T18:34:15.683",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9384",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "前 in 十年前の話 - ぜん, まえ, or さき?",
"view_count": 491
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{
"body": "十年前 is じゅうねんまえ.\n\nThe reading 前【さき】 is rather rare and not used much these days. Also, some\nnewer dictionaries such as the 明鏡国語辞典 do not even list this reading. Just\nbecause a fancy kanji is used for a word does not necessarily imply any\nsignificant change in meaning. 言う, 云う, 曰う, 謂う, and 道う are all いう and mean\npretty much almost the same, but 言う is _a lot_ more common.\n\n [Sake\nKoimari: Saki Series](http://www.sake-koimari.jp/products/saki/)\n\n前【ぜん】 is used mainly in compound words 前進, 事前, 前代. As as a prefix it means\n\"former\" or \"previous\": 前局長, 前世紀.\n\n前【まえ】 is used on its own, such as in テレビの前に座る. And like a suffix for nouns\nmeaning \"earlier\" (一時間前) or \"in front of\" (駅前, 広場前).\n\nPart of a dictionary entry:\n\n> まえ【前】\n>\n> 《名》 (=noun)\n>\n> ①体・顔・目・物の正面 が向いている方向。\n>\n> 「前を向いて歩く」\n>\n> ⑨基準となる時間より以前の時間。\n>\n> 「今から3年前の話だ」「それは結婚する前こことだった」\n\nまえ has got several derived senses, but I omit them here as this question is\nnot about the meaning of まえ. It is used in the expressions 一人前【いちにんまえ】 and\n半人前【はんにんまえ】 as well.\n\n* * *\n\nConcerning the combination of different readings:\n\nThe rule of thumb that words are read either ON-ON or KUN-KUN applies mainly\nto individual words. And it's at most a tendency for compound words. It's got\nmany exceptions as well.\n\nI don't think you should think of 十年前 as one word. It works almost like a\nsuffix, you can add it to many other words: (X)(Y)前, with X some number and Y\nsome unit. You can also talk about 3日前, 6ヶ月前, or 2秒前. In fact, you can use\nthese \"suffixes\" with all kinds of words:\n\n(N=native Japanese word, K=katakana/imported word, O=ON reading)\n\n * O+N: 技術では **一歩【いっぽ】先【さき】** を行く\n * N+N: **一月【ひとつき】前** 【まえ】までは想像もしていなかった\n * K+N: 元町【もとまち】中華街【ちゅうかがい】駅【えき】徒歩【とほ】[１分]{いっぷん}★元町【もとまち】 **メインストリート沿【ぞ】い** 店舗【てんぽ】\n\n[先 (\"in front of\"), 前【まえ】 (\"ago\"), and 沿い【ぞい】 (\"alongside\")]\n\n* * *\n\nThe same goes for ON readings. When an ON reading gains enough popularity that\npeople productively start to form new words with it, you could potentially get\nall sorts of ON/KUN combinations:\n\nWith 以外 (\"other than\"):\n\n * N+O: **氷【こおり】以外【いがい】** のものは入れないでください\n * K+O: **コーヒー以外【いがい】** の眠気を覚ます飲み物についてご紹介します\n * O+O: 未成年が **飛行機【ひこうき】以外【いがい】** で海外に行く方法\n\nOr with 派【は】 (\"faction\"):\n\n * N+O: **猫派【ねこは】** とは猫好きの人を意味します。 自由奔放な猫の性格は、私たちの憧れかもしれませんね。\n * O+O: **“貴族派【きぞくは】”と“革新派【かくしんは】”** の衝突で揺れるエレボニア帝国の向かう先とは？\n * K+O: [銀魂【ぎんたま】](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Tama)が好きな人に質問!!あなたは **【マヨ派【は】】or【サド派【は】】** ？\n\n* * *\n\nThis works with prefixes as well, they are not limited to ON/KUN either:\n\n * 再【さい】: 再確認 再チェック, 再はまり※\n * 超【ちょう】: 超ラッキー, 超すごい, 超格好いい, 超美人\n * 新【しん】: 新型【がた】兵器, 新バージョン, 新登場, 新発売\n * 御【お】: お手洗い, お肉, おタバコ\n * 真【ま】: 真新しい, 真鯛【まだい】, 真人間\n * 小【こ】: 小細工, 小雨【こさめ】, 小パニック\n * ど: ど派手, どえらい\n\n※ as in 「ポケットモンスター・ルビーに再嵌【はま】りしました」\n\n* * *\n\nNote that there are some restrictions to how you can combine these\nwords/prefixes/suffixes. You will probably need to get a feeling for how they\ncombine. As a rule of thumb, expect ON/ON and KUN/KUN combinations and be\nprepared otherwise.",
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"body": "Everything's pretty much been answered, but I just wanted to add that to the\naverage Japanese speaker, 「さき」would refer to 「先【さき】」(ahead). So saying\n十年先【じゅうねんさき】would mean \"10 years from now\".\n\nNote: 先【さき】 is confusing because saying when used alone it means \"before\" but\nwhen combined with time it means \"ahead\", but I'll leave it at that since it's\noff-topic.",
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] | 23292 | 23296 | 23296 |
{
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"body": "In my understanding :\n\n * もちろん = of course\n * はい = yes\n * うん = yes\n\nWhen is each of them more appropriate to use, or is it basically just\npreference? Are other options more _casual_ than the other options?",
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"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "When to use もちろん, うん, and はい?",
"view_count": 1234
} | [
{
"body": "もちろん is used when you want to say \"of course\". If you need it to be formal =>\nもちろんです。\n\nはい is formal to say yes and other stuff.\n\nうん is like はい but casual, not to use to people you _protocolly_ respect.",
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] | 23299 | 23308 | 23308 |
{
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"body": "> ジェネギャなジョーク\n\nNeed help with translating the phrase above to English. I know it is some kind\nof joke and Google Translate is not helping much.",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"jokes"
],
"title": "What does it mean to describe a joke as ジェネギャ?",
"view_count": 269
} | [
{
"body": "[marasai](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/3506/marasai) wrote in [a\ncomment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23302/what-does-it-mean-\nto-describe-a-joke-\nas-%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3#comment49483_23302):\n\n> ジェネギャ is probably an abbreviation for ジェネレーション・ギャップ (generation gap).",
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"body": "「ジェネギャ」 is as @marasai stated in the comments above.\n\nI had to google around, however, to find out what 「ジェネギャ **な** 」 means as an\nadjective as no one around me uses it. Fortunately, I was able to find enough\nexample usages to conclude that:\n\n> 「ジェネギャ **な** 」 is synonymous to 「[時代遅]{じだいおく}れな」.\n\nThus,\n\n> 「ジェネギャなジョーク」 should mean \" **outdated or old-fashioned kind of jokes** \".",
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{
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"body": "> 会社の帰りに本屋に寄るのが楽しみです\n\nDoes this means `on the way back to company` or `start from company, and back\nto some where else` ?\n\nAnd also why use `に` after `帰り`, what does that mean?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-17T04:05:07.603",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "~の帰り - what does this mean?",
"view_count": 748
} | [
{
"body": "Aの帰り means \"on a way to my home from A\", because 帰る not only means go back,\nbut usually also mean go back to your home. 会社の帰りに本屋を寄るのが楽しみです means \"I enjoy\ndropping by a bookstore on the way to go back my home from the company.\"\n\nThe equivalent word of に in English is \"at\". You use に in this case because\nyou drop by a bookstore \"at\" the moment you are going back to your home.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-17T04:12:15.783",
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"body": "会社の帰りに usually means 会社から帰る時に, or 'on the way home (from the company)'.\n\n帰り here is a noun meaning `the way back` or `return`, while 行【い】き means the\nopposite.\n\n> 学校の行きと帰りに本を読む \n> To read a book on the way to and from school",
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] | 23303 | 23305 | 23306 |
{
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"body": "Can someone please help me translate this kanji? I saw it on a tattoo and\nwould like to know what it means. Thank you so very much in advance!\n\n",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-17T04:10:38.997",
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"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Can anyone help translate this Kanji?",
"view_count": 281
} | [
{
"body": "[According to a Kanji dictionary](http://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%84%B6) 然\nhave two meanings.\n\n> 1. しかり、ただしい。肯定・是認の意を表す。\n> 2. ある状態にある。その状態である意を表す。\n>\n\nFirst meaning is \"right\", or \"correct\". The second meaning is \"something is at\nsome status\".\n\nIn practical Japanese language, you usually don't use 然 alone, but you usually\nuse with combination of other Kanji. Here is some examples.自然(nature,\nnaturally), 必然(necessary), 偶然(contingency), 漠然(abstract, ambiguous).\n\nAs you might notice, 然 only have abstract meaning, and the meaning can be\nchange a lot depending on the conbination of other Kanji.",
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{
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"body": "At least that's what I think is being said, \"ikkigomi\". It means like \"single\ncomment\" or \"impressions\" or something, but I don't know how it's written in\nJapanese. If someone could enlighten/correct me as to what the word(s) would\nbe.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-17T04:33:35.843",
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"tags": [
"words",
"definitions",
"nouns"
],
"title": "\"Ikkigomi\"? Single comment in Japanese",
"view_count": 261
} | [
{
"body": "You probably mean 意気込み(Ikigomi in Romaji, いきごみ in Hiragana). 意気込み means your\nenthusiasm trying to do something.\n\n意気込み is sometimes used like \"今の意気込みをお願いします。\" which means \"Tell me your\nenthusiasm to try this.\" This phrase is often heard some TV program, say a\nsports player is asked this question for his/her short comment on something\nabout to try.",
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] | 23310 | null | 23311 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23315",
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"body": "I read in a Japanese tale ([kachikachi\nyama](http://pangeranpenguin.blogspot.fr/2014/07/cerita-bahasa-jepang-\nkachikachiyama.html)) :\n\nAn old man (a peasant) is happy since he just catched a tanuki and says to his\nwife :\n\n> 「それじゃ ちょっくら まちへ かいものに いってくるから たぬきが **にげださんように** きをつけておくれ。」\n\ntranslation from Tom Ray and Sachiko Matsubara :\n\n> \"I will go to the town for a little while to shop and return please be\n> careful that the raccoon does not run away.\"\n\n* * *\n\nちょっくら is analysed as ちょっと ([a \"country\nform\"](http://pangeranpenguin.blogspot.fr/2014/07/cerita-bahasa-jepang-\nkachikachiyama.html)).\n\nI analyse にげださんように as 逃げる【にげる】(run away) + ださん + ように. I don't understand\n[ださん](http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1F) (or maybe\n[たさん](http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1F) ?) : is this\na verbal form ? I read\n[here](http://pangeranpenguin.blogspot.fr/2014/07/cerita-bahasa-jepang-\nkachikachiyama.html) that : \"ださん = do not begin\" .\n\nAny help would be appreciated !",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "what's the grammar of ださん?",
"view_count": 255
} | [
{
"body": "「[逃]{に}げ[出]{だ}さ **ん** 」＝「逃げ出さ **ない** 」 = \" ** _not_** run away\"\n\n「ん」 is a negation auxiliary verb. The dictionary form is 「ぬ」.\n\nSee ぬ[助動] in\n<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AC-593884#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88>\n\n「～～ように」 means \"so that ~~\".\n\n「たぬきが逃げ出さんように」 = \"so that the racoon will not run away\".",
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] | 23312 | 23315 | 23315 |
{
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"body": "My textbook makes a difference between verbs that describe activities and\nverbs that describe changes. Two examples given are:\n\n話す - activity \n結婚する - change\n\nIt then goes on to say that 話している describes an action in progress while 結婚している\ndescribes the result of a change (being married). Then it goes on that ている\nafter transitive verbs describe actions in progress, and ている after\nintransitive verbs describe states that hold after the change takes place.\n\nIt's clear to me that 結婚する is a change verb, but I'm not sure if 結婚する is\ntransitive or intransitive. All the dictionaries I've checked don't list 結婚する,\njust 結婚. But, in any case, do intransitive-change verbs always coincide? Or\nare there transitive-change verbs?\n\nAlso, how can I distinguish an action verb from a change verb? It's not always\nas obvious as with 結婚する. Is there any reference or dictionary that tells you\nwhich are which? Or any method you guys use to know which is which?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Activity verbs vs Change verbs",
"view_count": 1390
} | [
{
"body": "This is a great question, because Japanese and English don't coincide one-to-\none in some spots. ~ている can mean \"current status (as a result of something\nhappening)\" or \"currently doing\"\n\nLike snailboat mentioned in a comment, if you said 忘れている it means both \"in the\nstate of having forgotten\" and \"forgetting\"\n\nI think if you train yourself to see ~ている as \"the current state (as a result\nof doing something) is ~\" you really can't go wrong.\n\nFor example, もらっている？ can mean the same thing as もらった / もらいました (received). It\nmeans \"you're currently in the state of having received [something]?\" Which is\nthe same as saying \"did you get one?\"\n\nThere are a few \"intransitive\" verbs that fit the bill well, like\n\n```\n\n 死んでいる \"is dead\" ... versus 死んだ (died)\n \n```\n\nedit: Actually there are many intransitive verbs that work in this way, I\nwon't say \"all\" but to me it seems like all of them do.\n\n```\n\n 開いている : Open / Opened (like a store)\n \n 植わる -> 植わっている Has been planted / is being planted \n \n タクシー が止まっている (The taxi has stopped) -- of course as pointed out in other answers it can also mean \"the taxi is in the middle of stopping\" \n \n```\n\n* * *\n\n**もう is often used** as a qualifier to emphasize that something \"already\nhappened\"\n\n```\n\n もう もらっている (have already received) [space added for clarity]\n \n```\n\n**And まだ ~ない** (まだ plus negated verb) is often used to express clearly \"not\nyet\"\n\n```\n\n まだ もらっていない (not yet received) or \"I haven't gotten one yet\"\n \n```\n\nHope that helps",
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"body": "> \"It's clear to me that [結婚]{けっこん}する is a change verb, but I'm not sure if\n> 結婚する is transitive or intransitive.\"\n\nIn Japanese, it is intransitive. You can only say 「Person + **と** + 結婚する」,\n**_never_** 「Person + **を** + 結婚する」.\n\n> \" All the dictionaries I've checked don't list 結婚する, just 結婚.\"\n\nOf course not, because 「結婚する」 is **_two_** words. For the sake of a smooth\ndiscussion, however, we will pretend that it is one word and is a verb.\n\n> \"do intransitive-change verbs always coincide? Or are there transitive-\n> change verbs?\"\n\nThere certainly are transitive-change verbs. For instance, all the verbs that\nget translated into \"to wear\" are examples of those.\n\n[着]{き}る (to put on tops)、[履]{は}く (to put on bottoms)、かぶる (to put on hats)\n\n「スミ子は白いシャツを着ている。」 can actually mean two different things, strictly speaking.\n\n 1. State: \"Sumiko has a white shirt on.\" and\n\n 2. Action: \"Sumiko is in the middle of putting on a white shirt.\"\n\nFor the Action meaning, however, native speakers will almost always use a\ndifferent structure such as:\n\n「白いシャツを着ている **ところ** です。」 or\n\n「白いシャツを着ている[最中]{さいちゅう}です。」\n\nConversely, if a native speaker reads or hears the sentence 「スミ子は白いシャツを着ている。」\nwithout any further context, chances are that we are likely to think it means\n\"Sumiko has a white shirt on.\" She probably put it on 12 hours ago for all we\nknow.\n\n> \"Also, how can I distinguish an action verb from a change verb? It's not\n> always as obvious as with 結婚する.\"\n\nThe distinction is not always clear. You can destroy a vase in a second but it\nwould take you a while to destroy a large building.\n\nIn foreign language acquisition, **_both_** the teachers and the students look\nfor simplified rules about grammar points and such when, in reality, any\nnatural language is full of exceptions.",
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}
] | 23317 | 23335 | 23335 |
{
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"body": "What is the difference between [新規]{しんき} and [新]{あたら}しい? Both mean \"new\". What\nare the nuances here?",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"nuances",
"wago-and-kango"
],
"title": "What is the difference between [新規]{しんき} and [新]{あたら}しい?",
"view_count": 1377
} | [
{
"body": "The difference is two-fold.\n\n1) **Parts of speech**. 「新しい」 is an i-adjective while 「新規」 is basically a\nnoun. One could also say 「新規」 is a na-adjective as well.\n\n2) **Formality**. As usual, the on-reading word is more formal, technical,\netc. than its kun-reading Yamato counterpart. In this case, 「新規」 is the former\nand 「新しい」, the latter.\n\n「新しい」 is the more intuitive word for native speakers. Every small kid knows\nthe word. It is just used on a daily basis to mean \"new\".\n\n「新規」 is used almost exclusively in business. It looks and sounds good and\n\"official\" when combined with other on-reading words as in:\n\n「[新規開店]{しんきかいてん}」= \"grand opening\", 「新規[顧客]{こきゃく}」 = \"newly-acquired client\",\n「新規[採用]{さいよう}」= \"new hiring or recruitment\", etc.",
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"body": "In general, 新規 means older one does not exist.\n\n> マツダは、このたび、デミオに、新規にディーゼル車を追加した。\n>\n> At this time, Mazda introduced diesel engine model to Demio(MX3).\n\nThis is correct. Because Demio never has diesel engine model until that time.\n\nIf Demio had diesel engine model, above description is not correct.\n\n> 彼は、新しいクルマに買い換えることに決めた。\n>\n> He made up his mind to replace his old car with new car.\n\nIf he does not have a car then you can say\n\n> 彼は、新規にクルマを買うことにした。",
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] | 23318 | 23328 | 23328 |
{
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"body": "I assume it's always a (vs)noun, so 開始三秒 must be a noun composed of 開始｛かいし｝\nand 三秒｛さんびょう｝? If that is true, does it mean \"before 3 seconds have elapsed?\"\n(it would seem so from the context), but given that 開始 usually means something\nto do with beginnings I am probably wrong. This came up in this sentence:\n\n> 二度寝｛にどね｝の誘惑｛ゆうわく｝を開始三秒でノックアウトして、姿見｛すがたみ｝の前で軽く全身をチェック。\n\nAs I understand it so far: \"Within 3 seconds / before 3 seconds have elapsed\n[?] I beat the temptation to go back to bed again. I then check on my body in\nthe mirror [without too much fuss].\"\n\nお助けください",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "開始三秒 - what does it mean?",
"view_count": 260
} | [
{
"body": "Just a speaker and no expert on the grammar of this, but 開始三秒【かいしさんびょう】 means\n\"Three seconds after it started/Three seconds in\", so your translation wasn't\nfar from that.\n\nI've always assumed it's just a modern way of shortening\n「開始【かいし】してから三秒【さんびょう】」.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-17T22:57:19.847",
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"body": "「開始三秒」, in this particular context, means \" **three seconds into the match**\n\".\n\nWhy \"match\"? Because the author is using a metaphor in likening resisting\none's temptation to go back to bed to a boxing match. The person \"won\" the\nmatch in just three seconds into it.\n\nYour TL shows you have got the gist of the sentence.",
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] | 23319 | 23321 | 23320 |
{
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"body": "I want to say that \"as A becomes closer friends with C, B gets jealous and A\nand B drift apart\". What I have so far is A-さんは\nC-さんと仲良くすればするほど、B-さんがうらやましくなって、A-さんと_____てしまう。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-17T23:26:52.273",
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"owner_user_id": "9635",
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"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "How to say \"lose a friendship/drift apart\"?",
"view_count": 981
} | [
{
"body": "「距離{きょり}を置{お}く」\n\nwould fit this context.\n\nIf the separation is more passive, rather than intentional/active, then\n\n「離{はな}れ離{ばな}れになる」\n\nThese are expressions for drifting apart. \"Losing/ending a friendship\" has\nmuch different expressions.\n\n「縁{えん}を切{き}る」 「関係{かんけい}を損{そこ}なう・失{うし}う」 「～はもうおしまい」",
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] | 23322 | 23323 | 23323 |
{
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"body": "I always thought that they had similar meanings, however I got an exercise\nwhere I got all 3 of them and one only is the right choice.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-18T03:46:32.993",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 最近、このごろ and 近頃?",
"view_count": 2791
} | [
{
"body": "First, most of the time they would mean the exact same thing :\n~lately/recently, and can be interchanged.\n\nHowever there can be different feeling in the nuance of how long before you\nare referring to. By order of most recent to most distant :\n\n```\n\n このごろ > 近頃 > 最近\n \n```\n\nこのごろ is something that happened recently and still continuing or the result is\nimpacting the present.\n\n最近 can basically refer to how long ago you wish without sounding strange, for\nexample \"compared to the age of the universe, the human are on earth only\nrecently\", this recently can only be 最近\n\nAlso, このごろ is a very speech-like expression, and you would rarely see it in\nwritten composition.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-18T05:04:16.793",
"id": "23327",
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"body": "I will skip the explanation of the more superficial differences in meaning\namong these words because @WKx has already done it.\n\nInstead, I am going to explain a rather important \"hidden\" difference in usage\nthat would not be apparent if one just \"translated\" these words into English.\nAfter all, the three words all mean along the lines of \" ** _recently_** \".\n\n「[最近]{さいきん}」 is the most versatile of the trio in that it can be used to talk\nabout all of the following phenomena:\n\n> 1. Continuous or repetitive actions/events.\n>\n\n「ほとんど[毎日雨]{まいにちあめ}が[降]{ふ}っています。」= \"It has been raining almost everyday.\"\n\n「よく[運動]{うんどう}しています。」= \"I have been exercising a lot.\"\n\n> 2. States and situations.\n>\n\n「ペドロは[病気]{びょうき}で、ほとんど[学校]{がっこう}にも[来]{き}ていません。」= \"Pedro is sick and has been\nmostly absent from school.\"\n\n> 3. One-time-only or momentary actions/events.\n>\n\n「スミスさんはディズニーランドに[行]{い}きました。」= \"Mr. Smith went to Disneyland.\"\n\n「～～という[本]{ほん}を[読]{よ}みました。」= \"I read a book called '~~~'.\"\n\n「マサコさんはビールを1ガロン[飲]{の}んでしまった。」= \"Masako drank a gallon of beer.\"\n\n「このごろ」 and 「[近頃]{ちかごろ}」, however, can **only be used to talk about the first\ntwo above.** Careful speakers and writers would not use these words to talk\nabout one-time-only or momentary events.\n\nFor instance, if you want to talk about reading a **_particular_** book, you\ncan only use 「最近」, not the other two words, but if you are talking about\n**_any_** books (e.g., how many books per week you have been reading\nrecently), you can use any of the three words in question.",
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] | 23325 | 23342 | 23327 |
{
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"body": "I'm struggling to understand this\n[definition](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/186406/meaning/m0u/):\n\n> ［名・形動］他人の意見を無視して、自分だけでよいと思い込んでいること。また、そのさま。どくぜん。「―な（の）言動」. 「デジタル大辞泉」\n\nNamely this part:\n\n> 自分だけでよいと思い込んでいる\n\nI am not sure what \"thinking that only yourself is good\" (can't find a less\nawkward literal way to translate) would mean in Japanese.\n\nArrogant? (e.g. giving advice in a patronizing manner)\n\nOr acts only out of self interest? (e.g. not giving advice thinking it would\nbe a waste of time but being humble about it)\n\nOr - only values his own opinion (short-sighted, myopic - disregarding any\nopinions that may be contrary to his own).\n\nCould someone please help me clarify how someone would use 独り善がりの考え to\ndescribe someone?\n\nお助けください",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-18T09:51:30.460",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "独｛ひと｝り善｛よ｝がりの考え - what does it mean?",
"view_count": 351
} | [
{
"body": "> \"I am not sure what \" ** _thinking that only yourself is good_** \" (can't\n> find a less awkward literal way to translate) would mean in Japanese.\"\n\nBut that is not what the definition says. It says:\n\n> 「自分だけ **で** よいと思い込んでいる」\n\nIt does not say:\n\n> 「自分だけ **が** よいと思い込んでいる」\n\n「自分だけ **で** 」 means \" **only among oneself** \" literally. ⇒ \"You falsely\nbelieve something is good (without listening to others' opinions).\"\n\n> \"Arrogant?\"\n\nNo, that is what 「自分だけ **が** よいと思い込んでいる」 roughly means.\n\n> \"Or acts only out of self interest? (e.g. not giving advice thinking it\n> would be a waste of time but being humble about it)\"\n\nGetting kinda closer but not very much. You still clearly have \"arrogant\" in\nyour head. A「独りよがりな人」 is not open to others' advice. It is not that s/he does\nnot give advice to others. In fact, s/he will probably give lots of **biased**\nadvice to others.\n\n> \"Or - only values his own opinion (short-sighted, myopic - disregarding any\n> opinions that may be contrary to his own).\"\n\nFinally! I had been wanting to hear that!\n\n**If you are a self-satisfied and complacent kind of person, you would be\ncalled 「独りよがりな人」 and your ideas would be called 「独りよがりな考え」.**\n\nEDIT: It might help to think of 「よがり」 as the noun form of the verb 「よがる」,\nwhich means \"to consider good\", \"to feel satisfied\", etc. 「独りよがり」 is doing\nthat all by yourself without consulting others.\n\n<https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%96%84%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B%E3%83%BB%E8%89%AF%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8B-405290#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88>",
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}
] | 23330 | null | 23337 |
{
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"body": "レアチーズケーキ is a kind of cheesecake which is not baked.\n\nWhat is the etymology of the レア part of this word?\n\nAcademic references needed, as this is a controversial topic:\n\n * The [top Google result](http://www.homemate.co.jp/useful/english/wasei/dish/index04.shtml) claims it comes from \"layer\"\n * [ALC](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD) claims it comes from \"rare\"\n\n",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-18T10:24:26.420",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"katakana",
"food",
"wasei-eigo"
],
"title": "レアチーズケーキ: Does 「レア」 originally come from \"rare\" or from \"layer\"?",
"view_count": 263
} | [
{
"body": "大辞林 as well as 大辞泉 say\n\n> レアチーズケーキ [和 rare + cheesecake]\n\nso I'll say presumed \"rare\" until proven otherwise.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-18T10:55:58.927",
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] | 23331 | null | 23333 |
{
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"body": "I have a question about the meaning of 兵法 in the following passage. If I'm\nunderstanding correctly in the first sentence it means\n「[剣術・柔術などの武術](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%85%B5%E6%B3%95-129027#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88)」.\nBut what about the last one? Does 双厳 says something like \"there is 'tactics'\nlike this\" referring to the sentence before, 「変移抜刀には変移抜刀を・・・・・」, in this case,\nI think the meaning would be closer to 「用兵や戦闘の方法」. Or does he refers to the\nnext sentence, where stand in the stance for 変移抜刀落水?\n\n> 双厳「つまり、抜刀に対して天の構えなどという単純な兵法では貴様に勝つ事などできん」\n>\n> 舞「ならどうする」\n>\n> ・・・・・(Some lines are skipped)\n>\n> 双厳「変移抜刀には変移抜刀を・・・・・」\n>\n> 双厳「 **こういう兵法** もありなんじゃないか」\n>\n> 双厳は鞘に入ったまま剣を地の構えに構える。\n>\n> それは、まさに秘太刀”変移抜刀落水”であった。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-18T10:59:02.963",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Meaning of 「兵法」",
"view_count": 185
} | [
{
"body": "In this case, こういう兵法 means 変移抜刀落水.\n\nAnother but same meaning,\n\nこういう手もありなんじゃないか。\n\nこういうやり方もありなんじゃないか。\n\nBut you should be aware. This conversation about '武道'. Therefore you can use\n'兵法'. If things are not relevant with 武道, using '兵法' is wrong.",
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}
] | 23334 | 23336 | 23336 |
{
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"body": "These two sentences don't seem to fit to the grammar rules on と that I've been\nable to dig up so far:\n\n> ぼんやりとした意識｛いしき｝のまま窓｛まど｝に視線｛しせん｝をやると、とっくに日が昇｛のぼ｝っていた。\n\nThis form seems to fit と as an 'if/when' conjunction, however the grammar book\nI'm [using](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/4789004546) states that と\nmust be a natural consequence of the verb clause the precedes it [lit: \"a\nsubordinate conjunction which marks a condition that brings about an\nnoncontrollable event or clause\"]. Surely, the speaker turning her head\ncouldn't have caused the sun to have \"risen a long time ago\" (this doesn't\nmake any sense to me, at least)?\n\nWhat else is it, then?\n\nFrom the context it seems to be \"when I turn my head, I see the sun's already\nrisen\" but I this is pure conjecture on my part. How does と work here?\n\nThe next sentence seems to fit another familiar structure, と used as a\nparticle to list things:\n\n> 冬｛ふゆ｝にしては暖｛あたた｝かな空気｛くうき｝と、シーツにくるまりたい欲求｛よっきゅう｝と少しだけ格闘｛かくとう｝した。\n\nSo ～空気と、～欲求と少しだけ格闘した would make sense from pure grammar standpoint but it\ndoesn't make sense when I translate it as \"I [slightly] grapple with the\ntemptation to roll up in my sheets and (???) the air that is quite warm\nconsidering it's winter\". Fighting a temptation makes perfect sense but\nfighting air? Is it just a creative quirk on the author's part (and I'm\ncompletely fine with that if it's the case here) or am I completely\nmisunderstanding something from the grammar standpoint?\n\nよろしくお願いします",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-18T23:39:11.837",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "と particle usage - am I understanding it correctly?",
"view_count": 524
} | [
{
"body": "> ぼんやりとした意識のまま窓に視線をやると、とっくに日が昇っていた。\n\nThe と is like \"when I ~~, (I found) ~~\".\n\n> 冬にしては暖かな空気と、シーツにくるまりたい欲求と少しだけ格闘した。\n\nThe first と means \"and\", connecting 空気 and シーツ; you want to roll up in the\nwarm air and the sheets.\n\nThe second と is \"against\"; you fight against your desire, or resist the\ntemptation (=欲求と格闘).",
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] | 23340 | 23347 | 23347 |
{
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"body": "It seems that one difference between the usage of 木 and 樹 is that while both\nmean tree, the former is also used to mean wood. My question is, is there a\nfurther distinction for living trees?\n\nI'm reading 風の又三郎 and 宮沢賢治 uses both the characters 木 and 樹 for a living tree.\nFor example in one passage\n\n> 耕助(こうすけ)はうらめしそうに木を見上げました。\n\nThen, 3 lines later, referring to the same tree,\n\n> 耕助(こうすけ)は樹の下をはなれてまた別のやぶでぶどうをとりはじめました。\n\nIs there some nuance I'm missing, or explanation for the choice of characters?\n\n**Update:** (in case anyone is interested in why both were used in this text)\nnaruto said in a comment below there is no reason to alternate between 樹 and\n木, and pointed out only 木 appears in the 青空文庫 version. One possible reason for\nthe use of both is that the manuscript was never finished by the author, and\nthere were still inconsistencies in the original version, and that this is one\nof them (my version said it was minimally edited). Note [this online\n原文](http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/accent/kazeno/origin.htm) uses both 樹 and 木 as\nI indicated above.",
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"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "木 vs 樹 for trees",
"view_count": 1818
} | [
{
"body": "木 is the general term to design the tree in all its form.\n\n樹 is a standing, living tree only. (emphases it is alive)",
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"body": "When used alone, 樹【き】 is a literary expression mainly found in novels, lyrics\nand poems. For living trees, we use 木 in everyday writings.\n\nAnd probably 樹 is mainly used to refer to a large and grown tree. I feel one-\nmeter high tree is less likely to be called 樹.",
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] | 23343 | 23346 | 23346 |
{
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"body": "So, I have this sentence:\n\n\"つまりパスポートもビザもない、と\"\n\nThe first part is pointing out that someone doesn't have a passport or visa\n(since they threw their bag at someone earlier). But what is that 「と」 doing\nthere by itself?\n\nI went back and reviewed my explanations of 「と」 as a particle, and my best\nguess is that it's meant to be quotative, referring to what the other person\nsaid about throwing their bag. This seems reasonable in conjunction with the\n「つまり」, which I usually see defined/translated as \"in other words,\" but I\nreally don't know. I have a bad habit of fudging things in favor of sense-\nmaking. >.>\n\nCan anyone tell me if my assessment is at all right, and what semantic purpose\nis served by keeping _just_ the 「と」 instead of making a full statement?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "What does と mean all by itself here?",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "> my best guess is that it's meant to be quotative\n\nYep.\n\nYou could follow that と with 彼女 が 言いました or the something like と いう 状態 です\n\n> つまりパスポートもビザもない、という状態です\n>\n> つまりパスポートもビザもない、と彼女が言いました\n\nSo you might call it an abbreviated quotative use.\n\n> Can anyone tell me ... what semantic purpose is served by keeping just the\n> 「と」 instead of making a full statement?\n\nBrevity. Japanese tends to favor conciseness and ambiguity over explicitness.",
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] | 23344 | 23348 | 23348 |
{
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"body": "The first sentence of the second paragraph of the article titled\n[モンテ、ナビスコ初戦快勝](http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/local/yamagata/news/20150318-OYTNT50285.html)\nin Yomiuri Shinbun is written in the present tense (or possibly the future\ntense I guess): \n**序盤、何度も相手ゴールに迫るが、得点に結びつかない。**\n\nBut, the article is describing a past event. And, all the rest of the article\nis written in the past tense.\n\nWhat is going on?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-19T03:31:55.173",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"tense"
],
"title": "Why did the author briefly jump to present tense in this article?",
"view_count": 765
} | [
{
"body": "I would say : instead of presenting it as a simple given event, he summarizes\nthe beginning of the match, kind of headlining what happened during this\nopening, making it last longer in the readers mind. So you could say it is a\nhistoric present.",
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"body": "I've found an explanation on how tense switching works\n[here](http://www.amazon.co.jp/A-Dictionary-Intermediate-Japanese-\nGrammar/dp/4789007758):\n\n> A part of a past event (often a state rather than an action) can be\n> described using the nonpast tense, if the writer perceives it to be\n> relatively unimportant circumstantial information that has no direct bearing\n> upon the major story line.\n\nJust in case, I've scanned the relevant bits that work through an example.\n\n[1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BW2Ic.png)[2](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BW2Ic.png#1)[3](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BW2Ic.png#2)[4](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BW2Ic.png#3)",
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}
] | 23349 | 23350 | 23358 |
{
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"body": "The full sentence is 「ちょっと こいや」.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"spoken-language",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "What does the word 「こいや」 mean?",
"view_count": 1241
} | [
{
"body": "It's not a word on its own, but a combination of 来い (imperative \"come\") and や\n(see #3 in [this dictionary\nentry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/220994/m0u/%E3%82%84/)).\n\nAs l'électeur pointed out in the comments, it can be understood as a \"tough\nguy's imperative.\"",
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"body": "This means _come here_ and it is quite casual.",
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"body": "As l'électeur said, it definitely shows tough guy's commanding nature. For\nexample consider the following statement:\n\n> そんなの忘れてちょっくら晩飯でも食いにこいや。\n>\n> Forget your troubles for a while and come and have dinner with us.\n\nIn the statement above\n\n> ちょっくら means a little\n>\n> 晩飯 or ばんめし means dinner\n>\n> 食い or くい means eating\n\nAs you can understand from the context, the speaker's statement has somewhat\ndemanding/commanding nuance attached to it. I think if you understand the\nnuance, you will understand how and when to use it.",
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] | 23352 | 23353 | 23353 |
{
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"body": "Is バッチリ a generally used, non-slangy, and well recognised word?\n\nI couldn't find the word in jisho.org or the Japanese edition of Wiktionary. I\ncould find it in\n[weblio](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%83%90%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%83%AA),\nand apparently it means \"excellent\", but when it was listing examples, two of\nthe three examples seemed unrelated (\"除去可能なサセプタを伴う熱バッチリアクタ\" and\n\"バッチリアクター内でのＴｉＮ膜の堆積\", which were examples involving the katakana word for\n\"batch\" instead).",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-19T06:32:15.463",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Is バッチリ a generally accepted term?",
"view_count": 1377
} | [
{
"body": "It is more than just a common word; It is used everywhere except for in\nformal, technical, business or academic **writing** as the word has a light\nand somewhat onomatopoeic quality to it. It is not really slangy although it\nis informal.\n\nIt is the kind of word that makes a conversation sound alive as it gives a\ncertain rhythm that just sounds good to native speakers.\n\nThere are **_so many_** words consisting of four kana with a small 「っ/ッ」in the\nsecond and a 「り/リ」 in the final spots. Most of these words (mostly adverbs)\nshare the onomatopoeic quality that I mentioned above. None of them are formal\nwords, either. All are completely originally Japanese with no Sino or other\ninfluence.\n\nExamples: ぴったり、しっとり、もっちり、べったり、がっかり、しっかり、ばったり、どっきり、etc. The list would be near-\nendless, trust me. (And these happen to be the sore spot for many Japanese\nlearners as well because it is difficult to translate them. At least, the\ntranslations will not be just 4-letter long.)\n\nFinally, I personally assure you that the word has nothing to do with \"\n**batch reactor** \" = 「 **バッチリ** アクター」.",
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] | 23355 | 23356 | 23356 |
{
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"body": "[Tsu (ツ) kana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsu_\\(kana\\)) is sometimes used\non the internet as a smiling face, such as in the emoticon ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯. I'm\nwondering if Japanese people notice it or is just another character for them?\n\nThe reason I'm asking is that my native language is Arabic, and it has the\n[letter Ta' (ت)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw#Arabic_t.C4.81.CA.BC) that\nsome people think looks like a wide grinning face, but I'm simply unable to\nsee it. It's just a letter to me. Do Japanese people see ツ the same way?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-19T16:41:27.823",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 32,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"kana",
"internet-slang"
],
"title": "Do Japanese people see ツ as a smiling face?",
"view_count": 421172
} | [
{
"body": "I read your question \"Do Japanese people see [tsu] as a smiling face\" and read\nover the question several times before I got it. And I'm not a native Japanese\nreader (or speaker).\n\nJust like your ت (which sort of looks like a smiling face to me) and the\nGerman ü (to Japanese eyes, say), the Japanese ツ doesn't look like a smiling\nface to any eye who has become used to reading it as a letter.\n\nSo I think if you ask a Japanese native reader whether ツ looks like a smiling\nface, I would say the answer will invariably be そう言われてみれば、確かに… \"Now that you\nsay so...\". In other words \"No!\"",
"comment_count": 7,
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"body": "I never see it used this way in Japanese emoticons, and I just went ahead and\nchecked every single entry for かおもじ in Google's Windows Japanese IME, and\nthere wasn't a single example of one using it as a face.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"body": "I know one guy at work using it a lot. Can be either ツ （ツ） (ツ)/ etc. \nI joked creating a cyclope version with the （ソ）.\n\nAs you can see from the other answers, it is not common knowledge and I then\nthink it is mostly used by people close to the IT world, not the most famous\ntrend around here.",
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"body": "Well I think only kids and artists see it as a smiling face. Often artists and\nchildren would draw characters using that character",
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"body": "I know this is an old post, and I'm not Japanese, but I did some research and\nI found out this:\n\nJapanese don't look at the mouth to notice emotions, rather the eyes. Since\nthe \"eyes\" here are literally just stripes, I doubt they'd see anything.\n\nExample of Japanese emoji: (^_^)\n\nExample of English emoji: :)\n\nThese represent the same feeling (happy), but there's a stark difference, as\nyou can see.\n\nThis is because the Japanese learn to read eyes more than mouths, because in\nJapanese culture, people tend to suppress emotion, but eyes are harder to\ncontrol than mouths, so they're often easier to read in that case.\n\n\"when Yuki entered graduate school and began communicating with American\nscholars over e-mail, he was often confused by their use of emoticons such as\nsmiley faces :) and sad faces, or :(.\" -\n<https://www.livescience.com/1498-americans-japanese-read-faces-\ndifferently.html> (Thats a source, btw)",
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{
"body": "Considering\n\nの の\n\nも\n\nへ\n\nIs a popular face to make for Japanese Children, I'd say yes, I'm sure\nJapanese people notice that it looks like a smiley face.\n\nEdit: I suppose it could depend on the mindset. Even though no single English\nletter looks like anything, when I was a child, I would always think \"\"C\"\nlooks like a smile\" or \"\"E\" Looks like teeth.\"\n\nPerhaps some kids/people think that at some point (especially since the\n¯_(ツ)_/¯ is popular in Japan), but maybe some don't.",
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] | 23360 | 23362 | 23362 |
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"body": "I'm having trouble understanding when どころ is used more for emphasis/to show an\nextreme example, compared to when it's used to negate something. Also, when\nwould it be used to negate something in an extreme manner?\n\n> 難しい役どころを、なおかつ真摯に向き合っている\n\nIn that particular sentence, I would have understood the first part as \"The\nrole is far from difficult\" but it seems like it would contrast the second\npart unless I'm understanding it incorrectly, so would it just mean \"The role\nis extremely difficult\"?\n\nThere's also some context that might change the meaning of that sentence, but\nI was just generally confused about どころ. Thanks!\n\nEDIT: Maybe a better comparison would be \"馬鹿どころではない\" vs. \"紳士どころではない\" What\nmakes it \"He isn't a fool\" over \"He's far from being a fool,\" and \"He's far\nfrom being a gentleman\" over \"He isn't a gentleman\"?",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-19T17:52:27.563",
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"tags": [
"particles"
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"title": "A bit confused about the usage of どころ?",
"view_count": 218
} | [
{
"body": "The ～どころではない idiom you mentioned is irrelevant here.\n\n役どころ is a noun phrase which means _role_. This どころ is a sort of suffix which\nmeans _part_ , _place_ or something like that. Some examples:\n\n * 寄りどころ the thing one mentally relies on\n * 頑張りどころ the difficult part one has to work hard\n * 勘どころ knack, key",
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] | 23361 | null | 23363 |
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"body": "It seems の doesn't always express possession as in 私の本.\n\nWhat does it mean in such phrases as この役立たず and お兄ちゃんのばか?\n\nAnd, what does の do in \"埃だらけのテレビをちゃんと拭いてくれない？\"?",
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"tags": [
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"title": "The meaning of の in この役立たず and お兄ちゃんのばか",
"view_count": 514
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{
"body": "の in 私の本 is different from one in この役立たず/お兄ちゃんのばか, but it is the same as one\nin \"埃だらけのテレビをちゃんと拭いてくれない？\"\n\nMost typical usage of の is like \"(description) の (noun)\", which the\ndescription describe the noun, like \"私の本\" which means \"a book(本) that belongs\nto me(私)\".\n\nIn case of の in この役立たず, \"この\" is one Japanese word and の is not an independent\nword like \"私の本\". この means \"this\" or \"such a\". And 役立たず means a useless\nthing/person, so it means \"such a useless thing/person\". You also can say just\n役立たず, but put \"この\" together can emphasize on 役立たず. And it more sounds like the\nspeaker is frustrated of the thing/person because it is too useless.\n\nお兄ちゃんのバカ is a Japanese slang usually used by young girls. To understand the\nmeaning, simply replace \"の\" with \"は\". The usage is like this: (a person) の\n(negative word) A one of most famous example of this slang is from \"My\nNeighbor Totoro\" by Studio Ghibli: メイのバカ。 (Mei, you are so stupid!)\n\nNote that the usage of this slang is only to tell bad words in person, you\ndon't use this behind him/her.\n\nの in \"埃だらけのテレビをちゃんと拭いてくれない？\" works the same as 私の本. Because 埃だらけ describes\nテレビ. 埃だらけのテレビ: テレビ that is 埃だらけ = a TV that is covered with dust 私の本: 本 that\nbelongs to 私 = a book that belongs to me",
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"body": "Generally speaking you can think of の as a relation between sets, that can\ntranslate to possession(of, 's), preposition(that, which) or more...\n\n埃だらけのテレビ = the tv **which** is full of dust\n\nお兄ちゃんのばか = the idiot **that** is my brother",
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{
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"body": "> 彼の別荘は後ろに山を控えている\n\nTranslates\n[into](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/62692/m0u/%E6%8E%A7%E3%81%88%E3%82%8B/):\n\n> There is a mountain behind his country cottage.\n\nUnderstood literally: speaking of his country cottage, a mountain is located\nbehind. 控える locates something with を, if I understood it correctly.\n\nDoes the same apply generally to verbs that can \"spread\" an object? E.g.:\n\n山を背後に広がっている古い和風の住宅地\n\nWould translate into an old Japanese-style housing district with a mountain\nspreading in its background?\n\nHave I understood this correctly? Does this work with other intransitive\nlocation verbs?",
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"tags": [
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"title": "を as locational particle",
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{
"body": "控える is special. It can be used both an intransitively as well as a\ntransitively.\n\n * 広がる, on the other hand, is just intranstive. Thus 山を背後に広がっている doesn't work.※\n * を can be used with otherwise intransitive verbs of motion. See for example this answer: [Making sense of transitive usage of 行く and 来る - 「を行く」 and 「を来る」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3244/3275)\n\n* * *\n\nAs for 控える: It comes with few different senses that may not seem similar. The\nrelevant sense is listed in dictionaries as transitive:\n\n> 控える\n>\n> 《二》[他動詞]\n>\n> ③距離的・時間的にすぐ近くにある。「このホテルは近くにスキー場を控えている」「試験を明日に控える」\n\nPerhaps its basic meaning could be explained as \"keeping sth. inside\"※※.\n\nLet's take a look at its usage:\n\n> 双方の言い分を聞くまで判断を控えます. I will suspend judgement until I have heard both sides\n\nThink \"keep judgement within my my mind, not letting it out\"\n\n> たばこ[酒]を控える refrain from smoking [drinking, alcohol]\n\nThink \"keep the urge/desire/wish to smoke within myself\"\n\n> 糖分[塩分]を控える avoid taking too much sugar [salt]\n\nThink \"keep within a certain limit (or common sense).\"\n\nThe \"locative\" use:\n\n> 北に琵琶湖を控えた土地 an area which has Lake Biwa behind it to the north\n\nlit. \"keep/possess Biwa as (a special or worthy-to-mention-now) part to the\nnorth\". Note that English does pretty much the same: \" **Have** Biwa to the\nnorth\".\n\nAnd finally,\n\n> 彼の別荘は後ろに山を控えている\n\nThe English translation could be rephrased as:\n\n> His country cottage【subject】\n>\n> has got【verb】\n>\n> a moutain【direct object】\n>\n> behind it.\"\n\nThis should (I hope) make the transitive usage easier to relate to for English\nspeakers.\n\n* * *\n\n※ The word combination を背後に広がる is possible, but as in\n\n> \n>\n> 林間の木道を抜けると、穂高【ほたか】連峰を背後に広がる田代【たしろ】湿原に到着。\n\nor\n\n> 大型ホテルや高層ホテルを背後に広がる人工ビーチ。\n\nThe hotel is to the back, the beach is what stretches out.\n\n* * *\n\n※※ Mnemonic. This is my attempt to help you understand the different senses. I\ndo not claim it actually means that, nor am I aware of its etymology.",
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] | 23368 | 23371 | 23371 |
{
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"body": "I've grown accustomed to enunciating both 町 and 街 as まち in my head but it\nturns out this may have been totally incorrect, as 三省堂｛さんせいど｝ lists two\npossible pronunciations for\n[町](http://www.sanseido.net/User/Dic/Index.aspx?TWords=%25u753a&st=1&DORDER=151617&DailyJJ=checkbox)\nand only one (がい) for\n[街](http://www.sanseido.net/User/Dic/Index.aspx?TWords=%E8%A1%97&st=1&DORDER=151617&DailyJJ=checkbox)\n- even though IME returns まち as a 街 next to 町. It's clear-cut in constructs\nlike 町並み｛まちなみ｝ or 街道｛かいどう｝ (consult a dictionary - problem solved), but what\nabout meeting these Kanji by themselves?\n\nThis came to head as I tried speaking through this sentence:\n\n> わたしたちの住んでいる街、冬木市｛ふゆきし｝は大きくわけて二つの町で構成｛こうせい｝される街だ。\n\nThere is no further context to see what the narrator meant by these things,\nexcept that she goes on to describe the two 町 that 冬木市｛ふゆきし｝ is divided into.\nPlease help!\n\nよろしくお願いします",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-20T09:43:21.370",
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"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "町｛ちょう｝、町｛まち｝、街｛がい｝、街｛まち｝ - how to pick the correct pronunciation?",
"view_count": 1112
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{
"body": "The entry for 街【がい】 you linked to is:\n\n> (尾) まちなみ． ▼繁華～\n\nIf you take a look at the\n[explanation](http://www.sanseido.net/main/Dictionary/Hanrei/dailyJJ.aspx) for\nthe dictionary, we find what `(尾)` means:\n\n> (尾) 接尾語\n\nIe, it is used at the end of words, and not in isolation. Other dictionaries\nsay\n\n> がい【街】\n>\n> (造)\n>\n> ...\n\n`(造)` means almost the same: used only to form words, but not in isolation.\n「街灯」「商店街」「オフィス街」「地下街」「繁華街」「街路」\n\nFor 町, the same applies. 町【ちょう】 is used mostly within words. 「町会」「町議会」「町人」. [A\nchō is also a unit for an area (~99.2m²) or for a distance (~109m).]\n\n街【まち】 or 町【まち】※ is a word that can be used on its own.\n\nAlso, some dictionaries do list 街【まち】, ie. the\n[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/208376/m1u/%E8%A1%97/).\n\n* * *\n\nBut hold on, there's one more important class of words where you will\nencounter these kanji.\n\n**For place, names, there is no rule. You cannot know, unless you do know.**\n\nNames could potentially be anything. There is common sense, there is a\ntendency. And there are exceptions. Lots of them.\n\nI ran some statistics on a database of Japanese place names (based upon ZIP\ncodes); and analyzed each place name whether the part before 町 consisted of on\nor kun readings. This was done by a script, so there are some erros, but it\nshould give you the general idea. But note that\n\n * Names classified as _mix_ should often be split: 豊田町中村 → 豊田町 + 中村. \n * Names classified as _unknown_ often use non-standard _kun_ readings or variations: 「富村【とびむら】」「馬喰町【ばくろうまち】」「小深町【こぶけちょう】」「轟町【とどろきちょう】」\n\n# 町: 22350\n\n**ちょう: 15348 (69%)**\n\n * kun: 7257 (47%) 「月見町【つきみちょう】」「萩原町【はぎわらちょう】」\n * on: 1594 (10%) 「愛光町【あいこうちょう】」「水明町【すいめいちょう】」\n * mix: 5348 (35%) 「瓦師町【かわらしちょう】」「嵯峨朝日町【さがあさひちょう】」\n * unknown 1149 (7%) 「尾上町【おのえちょう】」「西愛宕町【にしあたごちょう】」\n\n**まち: 7002 (31%)**\n\n * kun: 3123 (45%) 「笹目町【ささめまち】」「暁町【あかつきまち】」\n * on: 578 (8%) 「和歌町【わかまち】」「海隣寺町【かいりんじまち】」\n * mix: 2854 (41%) 「宇津貫町【うつぬきまち】」「栄恵町【さかえまち】」\n * unknown: 447 (6%) 「廿里町【とどりまち】」「[下タ町]{したまち}」\n\n**other: 1**\n\n * 半町 (大阪府【おおさかふ】 箕面市【みのおし】半町【はんじょ】)\n\nちょう is more common overall. _kun_ readings are more likely for place names\nending on 町, regardless of whether 町 is read まちor ちょう. There are many\nexceptions.\n\nAnd here's まち vs. ちょう by geographical location:\n\n\n\n(zoomed-in: [1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BFSgN.png),\n[2](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1yoc0.png),\n[3](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nEg0l.png),\n[4](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9abbW.png))\n\nThere's a slight preference for one pronunciation in certain parts of Japan,\nand there are some smaller local aggregations.\n\n* * *\n\n# 街\n\nNot exactly common in place names.\n\n**がい**\n\n * on: 4 ( 南街【なんがい】 , 銀南街【ぎんなんがい】 , 中央街【ちゅうおうがい】 , 新市街【しんしがい】 )\n * mix: 6 ( 中久著呂市街【なかくちょろしがい】 , 虹別市街【にじべつしがい】 , 磯分内市街【いそぶんないしがい】 , 長島町又木市街【ながしまちょうまたぎしがい】 , 長島町西外面市街【ながしまちょうにしどもしがい】 , 博多駅中央街【はかたえきちゅうおうがい】 )\n\n**まち**\n\n * mix: 2 ( 河芸町杜【かわげちょうもり】の街【まち】 , 二見町光【ふたみちょうひかり】の街【まち】 )\n\n**こうじ**\n\nApparently, this reading exists as well.\n\n * kun: 5 ( 桜街【さくらこうじ】 , 吸川街【すいかわこうじ】 , 下大槻街【しもおおつきこうじ】 , 広街【ひろこうじ】 , 上大槻街【かみおおつきこうじ】 )\n * on: 1 ( 十軒街【じゅっけんこうじ】 )\n\n# 村\n\n**むら**\n\n * kun: 105 「赤石村【あかいしむら】」「水橋中村【みずはしなかむら】」\n * on: 16 「福村【ふくむら】」「多伎町久村【たきちょうくむら】」\n * mix: 108 「栗沢町宮村【くりさわちょうみやむら】」「初瀬本村【はつせほんむら】」\n * unknown: 11 「散布村【ちりっぷむら】」「炊村【かしきむら】」\n\n**そん**\n\n * on: 2 (本村【わきのさわほんそん】, 兵村【へいそん】, 南兵村【みなみへいそん】)\n\n* * *\n\n※ For the usage of the kanji, see for example\n[文化庁＝＝「異字同訓」の漢字の使い分け](http://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/syoiinkai/iinkai_06/pdf/shiryo_2.pdf)\n\n> まち\n>\n> 【町】行政区画の一つ。人家が多く集まった地域。\n>\n> 町と村。町役場。町ぐるみの歓迎。下町。町へ買物に行く。町外れ。\n>\n> 【街】商店が並んだにぎやかな通り・地域。\n>\n> 街を吹く風。学生の街。街の明かりが恋しい。街の声。街角に立つ。",
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] | 23370 | 23373 | 23373 |
{
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"body": "I am on Dr. Kim's Japanese site and want to make sure that I have this right.\n\nAm I correct in understanding that as long as the topic of conversation does\nnot change, は need only be used once in a dialogue or paragraph?\n\nFor example, a conversation might look like this:\n\n> 彼女は(topic defined)大校生ですか？\n>\n> ううん、(topic did not change)高校生です、僕は(now it is about me)大校生です。\n>\n> (Is she in college? -- No, she is in high school, but I am in college.)\n\nDo I have that right?",
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"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Omitting は when the topic did not change",
"view_count": 240
} | [
{
"body": "The particle は is primarily used to define the subject, and in that use, you\nare right that it is very common to omit the subject in the following sentence\nif it is the same.\n\nIt's not wrong to repeat the subject (eg. 僕は) explicitly, for example if a\nsentence is long, if there is room for confusion, or if you want to place\nemphasis on the subject.",
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] | 23372 | 23384 | 23384 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In this sentence\n\n> 僕はまったくのひとりぼっちで、まわりには誰もいない。\n\nthe adverb まったく uses の to modify ひとりぼっち (which I'm assuming is a noun in this\ncontext. I'll come back to that.) How do you know when an adverb can be used\nin this way? I've seen the same thing done with たくさん.\n\nOn a side note I'm confused about the sentence as a whole. I think ひとりぼっち\ntranslates as loneliness or solitude and I'm assuming that the で here is the\n-て form of the copula (だ). So the first half of the sentence becomes\n\n> I am complete loneliness, and ...\n\nwhich doesn't quite make sense. Thanks.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-の",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "When can an adverb use の to modify a noun",
"view_count": 1078
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{
"body": "So you might be familiar with the fact that adjectives in Japanese come in a\nfew flavors: Na-adjectives, i-adjectives\n\nYou can now add \"no-adjectives\" to your list. It is not official as far as I\nknow, but thinking it over I think it will be easy and clear to you:\n\nSome examples before I get to your sentence in question:\n\n```\n\n \"adj before noun\"\n 爽やかな 風 が 感じました (sawayaka + な)\n \n 大きい帽子をかぶっていた (ookii + (nothing), but ends in い)\n \n たくさんの人が来ました (takusan + の)\n \n```\n\nWhen you want to modify a verb with \"adjectives\" they change in this way:\n\n```\n\n \"adj before verb\"\n さわやかなように 触った (~なように sawatta)\n \n うまく出来た (umai -> umaku)\n \n まったくない (no special change)\n \n```\n\nSo that's how you can connect adjectives/descriptive words on a basic level.\nYou might call them adverbs once you connect, but the word choice in English\ndoesn't apply 100%/ひゃくぱ.\n\n```\n\n 僕は\n As for boku (me), \n まったくのひとりぼっちで、\n Completely/utterly ひとりぼっちで,\n \n まわりには誰もいない。\n In [the] surroundings, nobody [was].\n \n```\n\nYou're right that ひとりぼっち means alone/solitude/loneliness. The same could have\nbeen said by saying ひとりで but that just means \"by oneself/myself\" instead of\n\"totally alone\"\n\nSo your sentence, put together, means something like\n\n```\n\n I was completely alone; nobody around.\n \n```\n\nJapanese does not start with the assertion of an \"I\" or a \"subject\" that is\nmodified by verbs and adjectives like in English.\n\nOften people will translate things like this by saying \"Okay, there is an\nIdentity, and then the rest of the sentence modifies the identity\"\n\nActually, it is quite the opposite in Japanese, we simply state the situation\nas clearly as possible. Whether or not there is a subject involved is usually\nirrelevant or delegated to context. So for example,\n\n```\n\n 僕はまったくのひとりぼっちで、まわりには誰もいない。\n \n```\n\nIf we remove 僕は we have\n\n```\n\n まったくのひとりぼっちで、まわりには誰もいない。\n Completely lone, surroundings containing [absolutely] no one.\n \n```\n\nWhen translating and interpreting, I encourage you to read every statement as\na situation, instead of as a subject verbing. You will see this sort of aspect\nmost readily in statements for hunger and thirst:\n\n```\n\n お腹 が すいた\n Stomach が Empty/Hungry\n \n のど が 乾いた\n throat が dried/thirsting.\n \n```\n\nIf there is a relevant \"part\" it will be stated, but otherwise, we are simply\npainting a scene with a brush that cuts through identity.\n\nHope that answered your question and gave you some food for thought.\n\nEdit: \"When can an adverb use の to modify a noun?\" All the time provided it\nhas no -i or -na counterpart (which would be used instead)",
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"body": "Some words can be combined with の. These are called の-adjectives. Many are\nadverbs that become adjectives. The most common ones that can be used with の\nare たくさん、多い、and ほとんど. 多い is special. When used before the noun it changes to\n多く\n\nExample:\n\n> １）車が **たくさん** あります。There are a lot of cars.\n>\n> 風で **たくさんの** 木が倒れました。Due to the wind, many trees collapsed.\n>\n> ２）人が **多い** です。 There are many people.\n>\n> **多くの** 人は親切です。Many people are kind.\n>\n> ３）前に勉強したことを **ほとんど** 忘れました。I forgot almost everything I studied before.\n>\n> **ほとんどの** りんごは赤いです。Most apples are red.\n\nThe で is the sentence does not translate into \"and\". It has a few uses. It can\nbe used to link sentences, similar to our use of a semi-colon \";\". It can also\nbe used in situation meaning \"by means of\". But this is not stated when\ntranslating the sentence.\n\nThus is can be \"I am completely alone; no one is here.\" or \"(By means of)\nBeing completely alone, no one is here.\n\n一人で is the same. \"(by means of) being one person\". i.e. by myself/alone",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-21T00:28:12.097",
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"score": 2
}
] | 23374 | 23377 | 23377 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23381",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For example:\n\n> 肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **を** 食べません。",
"comment_count": 2,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-は",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "Why can は and を sometimes be used interchangeably?",
"view_count": 688
} | [
{
"body": "は and を can be interchangeable when it is put **after** object, but there are\nsome exceptions.\n\nThe most typical usage of を indicate the word is object. **すしを** 食べません。 means\n私は **すしを** 食べません。 which can be translated as \"I don't eat **sushi**.\"\n\nAnd the most typical usage of は is to indicate the word is subject. **私は**\nすしを食べません。 means **I** don't eat sushi.\n\nは also can be used to indicate the word is object. But it sounds like there is\nan exception. So if you say 私は **すしは** たべません。, it doesn't simply means \"I\ndon't eat sushi\", but it sounds like there are some food you can eat.\n\nBy the way, you also can say 私は **寿司も** 食べません。, and it sounds like there are\nmore similar example like sushi you don't eat.\n\nHere are some examples:\n\n 1. 私は肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **を** 食べません。 (good)\n 2. 私は肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べません。 (good)\n 3. 私は肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べません。 (wrong)\n 4. 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **を** 食べません。 (acceptable)\n 5. 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べません。 (good)\n 6. 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べません。 (wrong)\n 7. 私は肉 **も** 食べますが、すし **を** 食べません。 (wrong)\n 8. 私は肉 **も** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べません。 (wrong)\n 9. 私は肉 **も** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べません。 (wrong)\n\nAs you can see, 1, 2, 5 are good because you eat 肉, but すし。, and these 2\nobjects are exceptions. Using \"も\" is wrong in these sentences because you are\ntalking about two different foods you eat and don't. も sounds like there are\nmore example, not exception. You could say like 4, sounds like you have 肉 and\nすし right front of you and you declared to eat 肉 but すし.\n\nHere are some more example in case you eat both:\n\n 1. 私は肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べます。(wrong)\n 2. 私は肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **を** 食べます。(wrong)\n 3. 私は肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べます。(wrong)\n 4. 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べます。(wrong)\n 5. 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **を** 食べます。(not too good)\n 6. 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べます。(good)\n 7. 私は肉 **も** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べます。(wrong)\n 8. 私は肉 **も** 食べますが、すし **を** 食べます。(not too good)\n 9. 私は肉 **も** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べます。(good)\n\nUsing は is wrong in those sentences because you eat both 肉 and すし, there are\nno exceptions here. You should use \"も\" at least last sentence to indicate 肉\nand すし are the same thing you can eat. You could say like 5 and 8, but it\ndoesn't sounds like you are just talking about what kind of food you eat, but\nit sounds like you declared to eat sushi right now, and you eat 肉 later.\n\nWhy the meaning of the 5 and 8 have changed? That's because when you say\n\"私はすしを食べます。\", it is usually talking about what you usually do, but it also can\ndescribe what you are about to do, depending on the situation. And 5 and 8 are\ngrammatically strange if you assume it is talking about what you usually do,\nbut what you are about to do. That is what native speakers feel, but you don't\nhave to concern too much about the idea of 5 and 8.\n\nNote that も also can be used two examples that you DON'T do. 私は肉 **を**\n食べませんが、すし **も** 食べません。 私は肉 **も** 食べませんが、すし **も** 食べません。\n\nIn a conclusion, I recommend you to use を right next to a object. But if you\nwant to talk about two or more than two objects, you also should use も or は,\ndepending on the situation. If the 2 objects are the same thing, you should\nuse を or も at the first sentence, and you should use も at the second sentence.\n\n * 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べます。\n * 私は肉 **も** 食べますが、すし **も** 食べます。\n\n * 私は肉 **を** 食べませんが、すし **も** 食べません。\n\n * 私は肉 **も** 食べませんが、すし **も** 食べません。\n\nIf the 2 objects are the two different things you should use を or は at the\nfirst sentence, and you should use は at the second sentence.\n\n * 私は肉 **を** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べません。\n * 私は肉 **は** 食べますが、すし **は** 食べません。",
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] | 23378 | 23381 | 23381 |
{
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"body": "Is that sentence saying that you will worry, or that you won't worry?\n\n> 最初からユニコーンを見つけるくらい大変だって知っていれば心配しないじゃないですか\n\nI'm pretty sure it's saying that you will worry, since she said that a unicorn\nis something you don't find right before this. But even without knowing that\ncan Japanese people grammatically tell that it is \"will worry\", or is it\nimplied based on context?\n\nOr is it \"won't worry\" anyway? The double negative is confusing >.<",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-21T01:58:12.513",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Does this double negative make a positive or negative sentence?",
"view_count": 799
} | [
{
"body": "The sentence sounds like double negative, but it is not. To understand what\nじゃないですか mean, simply replace it with です. But じゃないですか more sounds like you are\nnot sure about what you've said, and you want the listener to agree with you.\n\nHere are some examples:\n\n * 心配しないです: I won't worry.\n * 心配しないじゃないですか: I won't worry.(and I want you to agree with it.)\n\n * これはとても難しい問題です: This is a very difficult problem.\n\n * これはとても難しい問題じゃないですか: This is a very difficult problem. (and I want you to agree with this)\n\n * そうです。: It is.\n\n * そうじゃないですか : It probably is.",
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{
"body": "〜じゃないですか can often be translated along the lines of:\n\n * Isn't (it the case that) ~ ?\n * ~, right?\n\nSo in your case it would be something like \"if ... one wouldn't worry, right?\"\n\nRelated: [Meaning of\nありじゃないかなぁ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5115/meaning-\nof-%E3%81%82%E3%82%8A%E3%81%98%E3%82%83%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%81).",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-25T19:26:09.877",
"id": "23455",
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"body": "The phrase じゃないですか in Japanese works in a similar way to the phrase _n'est-ce\npas_ in French. The speaker seeks some kind of approval from the listener. It\nis close to _isn't_ or _right_ at the end of a sentence in English.\n\n心配しない : You do not worry\n\n心配しない **じゃないですか** : You do not worry, **right?**\n\n最初からユニコーンを見つけるくらい大変だって知っていれば心配しない : You do not worry although you knew from\nthe start it may be as difficult as trying to find unicorns.\n\n最初からユニコーンを見つけるくらい大変だって知っていれば心配しない **じゃないですか** : You do not worry although you\nknew from the start it may be as difficult as trying to find unicorns,\n**right?**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2019-05-06T16:06:39.893",
"id": "68036",
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}
] | 23379 | null | 23383 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23382",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The world is covered in the necessary evil known in English as \"time zones\".\n\n\n\nGiven that, historically, it originated in England (some 300 or so years ago),\nthe concept of a time zone was probably not brought into Japan for quite some\ntime.\n\nThat said, [RomajiDesu suggests 時間帯 for \"time\nzone\"](http://www.romajidesu.com/dictionary/meaning-of-time%20zone.html).\nHowever, given the English-based origin of the term, I tend to think that this\nmay not properly refer to the same concept.\n\nWhat is the proper Japanese term for a time zone? Is it 時間帯｛じかんたい｝? Is タイムゾーン\nis more appropriate? Or is there another term I should use?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-21T02:52:10.740",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23380",
"last_activity_date": "2019-06-01T03:31:41.757",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"terminology"
],
"title": "What word describes the concept of worldwide time zones?",
"view_count": 11393
} | [
{
"body": "Both 時間帯 and タイムゾーン work, and both are very common ways to speak about time\nzones. But one thing you should know is that 時間帯 also describes the specific\nperiod of time in a day. Say, 朝の時間帯 means \"the morning time\" and used in this\nway it doesn't describes time zones.\n\nIn short, if it is clear your sentence is talking about time zones, you can\nuse either, but the context is ambiguous, I recommend that you use タイムゾーン.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-21T03:27:51.490",
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] | 23380 | 23382 | 23382 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23393",
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"body": "it happens a lot that I'm not sure which of the two is the more correct one. を\nmarks the object and が the subject, I know that. still I get them wrong\nbecause it's not that simple, maybe there some specific grammar rules that\ncould help to understand better their usage?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-21T22:02:46.910",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23391",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "when should I use を instead of が?",
"view_count": 8099
} | [
{
"body": "を is put right after object, and が is put right after subject, and they are\nnot exchangeable, or the meaning will be changed.\n\nThis kind of stuff is really confusing at first, but the most important thing\nyou should remember is the most common character you should put right after\nsubject is \"は\", and the one right after object is \"を\".\n\n[私]{わたし} **は** [車]{くるま}を[運]{うん}[転]{てん}します。 I drive a car.\n\nYou can use が, instead of は, if the subject is the only answer. Say, if\nsomeone ask you who drive this car, and you want answer it is you. You can\nsay,\n\n[私]{わたし} **が** この[車]{くるま}を[運]{うん}[転]{てん}します。 I drive this car.\n\nIn this case, が is proper but は. If you use は in this case, it sounds like the\ncar is shared by many people and you are one of them who drive it.\n\nHere is another example, if you want introduce yourself as an manager. You can\nsay,\n\n[私]{わたし} **は** マネージャーです。 I am an manager.\n\nBut if you are asked by a person \"who is the manager here?\" And you are the\nmanager you should answer\n\n[私]{わたし} **が** マネージャーです。 I am the manager.\n\nYou should use が in this case because [私]{わたし} is the only answer the person\nwant.\n\nI'm not sure why you think you can use を instead of が, but I guess it is\nbecause Japanese can omit subject, verb, or object when it is clear.\n\nIf you are asked if you play tennis like this:\n\nあなたはテニスをしますか？ Do you play tennis?\n\nAll the following answer is correct:\n\n 1. [私]{わたし}はテニスをします。 (no words are omitted)\n 2. [私]{わたし}はします。 (object テニスを is omitted)\n 3. テニスをします。 (subject [私]{わたし}は is omitted)\n 4. します。 (subject [私]{わたし}は and object テニスを are omitted)\n\nYou even can omit both subject and object because it is clear they are talking\nabout if you do tennis or not. **The most important thing is that if you omit\nsomething, it is assumed that you are talking about the same subject and/or\nobject.**\n\nIf you want to answer you don't play tennis, but he does, you can answer:\n\n私はしません。[彼]{かれ}がします。 I don't play. He does.\n\nNote that テニスを was omitted in above sentences. The full sentences will be:\n私はテニスをしません。[彼]{かれ}がテニスをします。You can omit テニスを because the object haven't\nchanged.\n\nIf you want to answer you don't play tennis but baseball, you can answer,\n\nテニスをしません。[野]{や}[球]{きゅう}をします。 I don't play tennis, I play baseball.\n\nNote that 私は is omitted in above sentences. The full sentences will be:\n私はテニスをしません。[私]{わたし}は[野]{や}[球]{きゅう}をします。You can omit subject [私]{わたし}は because\nthe subject haven't changed here.\n\nIf you answer [彼]{かれ} **を** します。, instead of [彼]{かれ} **が** します。, the meaning\nchanged into like \"I play him.\" It sounds like there is a sports called\n[彼]{かれ} and you play it. Here is why:\n\n[彼]{かれ} is an object because there is を right after [彼]{かれ}, and します is a\nverb. So there is no subject, and it will assumed there is the same subject as\nthe question. So the subject automatically become \"[私]{わたし}は\", and the\ncomplete sentence will be [私]は[彼]{かれ} **を** します。(I play him.)\n\nAnd if you answer [野]{や}[球]{きゅう} **が** します。, instead of [野]{や}[球]{きゅう} **を**\nします。, the meaning will change to \"Baseball play tennis.\" It sounds like there\nis a person that his/her name is [野]{や}[球]{きゅう}, and he/she play tennis. Here\nis why:\n\n[野]{や}[球]{きゅう} is the a subject because there is が right after it, and します is\na verb. So object is omitted, and it will assumed that there is the same\nobject as question. So the object automatically become \"テニスが\", and the\ncomplete sentence will be [野]{や}[球]{きゅう}がテニスをします。(Baseball play tennis.)",
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}
] | 23391 | 23393 | 23393 |
{
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"body": "Why is [渡部 累](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A1%E9%83%A8%E7%B4%AF)\ntransliterated/translated (I'm not entirely sure which it is) into English as\n\"Lui Watanabe\" rather than \"Rui Watanabe\"?\n\nThe only cases I've seen of transliterations or translations involving \"l\"s\nhas been when wasei-eigo expressions get translated back into English using\nEnglish words, for example サラリーマン being translated as \"salaryman\" rather than\n\"Sararīman\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-22T04:30:36.673",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"names"
],
"title": "Why is 渡部 累 transliterated/translated to \"Lui Watanabe\" with an \"L\"?",
"view_count": 189
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{
"body": "That's her personal preference, and the only way to reach the \"correct\" answer\nis to ask herself why.\n\nGenerally speaking, there are many people, especially 芸能人, who want\nnonstandard transliterated names, and people have the liberty to do that.\n\nThis typically happens when people want names which also [sound natural to the\near of Westerners](http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2128081286457824501). For\nexample [譲【じょう】](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%85%E7%9F%B3%E8%AD%B2) may\nwant his name transliterated as Joe rather than Jo,\n[ありす](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13901/5010) may become Alice rather\nthan Arisu, and so on. A friend of mine is named 琳【りん】, and she always\nintroduces herself as Lynn to foreign people.",
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] | 23392 | 23394 | 23394 |
{
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"body": "I was talking to one of my friends about these particles (He is a native\nspeaker of the language, and I thought he might know) and here's what he told\nme:\n\n私は芋が彼を殺すと思います => I think the potato is killing him.\n\nI asking him about why to write と instead of こと, and he couldn't explain it.\n\nOk, but why is it と? not こと? Every website that tries to explain it makes it\nseem like this would be correct. What am I missing?\n\n(And yes, I know that phrase sounds stupid, but it was the only one that I\ncould think of.)",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
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"title": "When to use と and こと?",
"view_count": 483
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{
"body": "I will preface this answer by saying there is no hard-and-fast rule, like with\nmost particles, about when to use と and when to use こと. So, I'll try to stick\ndirectly to the context you provided.\n\n# と\n\nThe particle と is used in quite a few ways, but in this particular case (haha,\nget it?) it's a [**quoting particle**](http://www.learn-japanese-\nadventure.com/japanese-particle-to.html).\n\n> 明日｛あした｝も雨｛あめ｝です。 \n> It will rain tomorrow, too.\n>\n> 明日｛あした｝も雨｛あめ｝だ **と** 言｛い｝いました。 \n> [Someone] said it will rain tomorrow, too.\n\nIt works a similar way for 思｛おも｝う. If something is a thought of yours, say,\nthat \"apples are tasty,\" the phrase 「りんごがおいしい」 becomes quoted.\n\n> りんごがおいしい **と** 思｛おも｝います。 \n> I think apples are tasty.\n\nThe construct ～と思｛おも｝う is very common, and there's only a few circumstances in\nwhich you will see 思う without being preceded by a quoting particle (usually\nと).\n\n# こと\n\nHowever, こと is much different. It is not a quoting particle. It literally\nmeans \"thing\" (an abstract thing, not a physical thing). You might see it in a\nfew contexts, generally following verbs.\n\n> 日本｛にほん｝に行｛い｝った **こと** がありますか。 \n> Have you ever been to Japan? _(lit. Have you ever done a thing where you\n> went to Japan?)_\n>\n> 泳｛およ｝ぐ **こと** ができますよ。 \n> I can swim! _(lit. I can do swimming things!)_\n\n(There are many more situations you'd use it in, beyond these examples.)\n\nSo, why can't you use こと in your initial example?\n\n> ｘ 私｛わたし｝は芋｛いも｝が彼｛かれ｝を殺｛ころ｝す **こと** 思｛おも｝います。 (Wrong!)\n\nThis is ungrammatical and would awkwardly translate to English as something\nlike, \"I think potato to kill him.\" Over time, and as you get used to the\nusages of ～と思う, [verb]こと, and so on, you'll see which ones can be used in\nwhich situations.\n\nHopefully this sort of explains the difference.\n\n# Further reading\n\n * [Expressing One's Thoughts](http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa061701a.htm) (about と思う)\n * [“verb (dictionary form)+ koto/no + verb” & “te-form verb + verb”](https://odatomoko.wordpress.com/2010/06/18/verb-dictionary-form-kotono-verb-te-form-verb-verb/) (some usages of こと)",
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] | 23395 | 23397 | 23397 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I don't understand how to describe a recurring or retrieved condition. Is\nthere a special way to express sentences like:\n\n> a) I was sick, but now (just now), I am finally better again.\n\nI want to express that being healthy is the normal state, \"had been sick\" was\na longer but now ended period and that for the future the expectation is \"to\nbe fine\".\n\n> b) As a child, I had a book, it got lost, but finally (just now) I found it\n> again (this time I will take care not to loose it again).\n\nI know there is \"bakari ~ta\" for the \"happened just now\" part, but how do I\nexpress the rest of the structure, mostly regarding time and correlation?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"time"
],
"title": "How to describe a recurring/retrieved condition?",
"view_count": 245
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{
"body": "I think the difference has more to do with semantics rather than specific\nwords or phrasing. Even in English, we say \"I was sick, but I got better\", to\nimply that being \"well\" is the normal state, probably because being sick in\nprolonged state is not commonly seen, but if you wanted to, you could also use\nthe same exact wording to indicate recovering from a chronic illness. When one\nsays \"今は大丈夫です\", does it mean she had the cold for a week? or did she have CML\nfor years and got better with bone marrow transplant?\n\nI mean, you could say something like \"元気な姿に戻った\" for a, since we want to\nindicate returning to a normal state (being healthy). For b, you're saying\nthat the book is loss-prone and the borderline-normal state is being lost.\nThere's not a good way to express this without being wordy or saying something\ncompletely different. I think you would literally need to say something along\nthe lines of \"今回は紛失しない\".\n\nTL; DR: I don't think there's a concise way to mark the difference.",
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"body": "As for example (a), it would be natural to say for example:\n\n> a) (ずっと)[寝込]{ねこ}んでいましたが、(やっと|ようやく)[元気]{げんき}になりました。\n\nIn this expression, ずっと \"for a long time\" and やっと/ようやく \"finally\" seems to be\nkind of key words in expressing notions in your question.\n\nOne point you have to note here is that this structure automatically contains\nan implication of \"long-held wish coming true\". So, if you say for example:\n\n> (ずっと)[探]{さが}していた[本]{ほん}が(やっと)[見]{み}つかりました！\n\nit means that you have always been longing for finding the book again.\nOtherwise if you have given up finding the book long ago, saying for example:\n\n> b) (なんと)[子]{こ}どもの[頃]{ころ}になくしてしまった本が[出]{で}てきました！\n\nmay be a natural utterance. (なんと here is an interjection to emphasize your\nsurprise.)\n\nBtw, though studying these words (ずっと、やっと、ようやく、なんと) would be helpful,\nbasically I agree with FJSK in that these specific words are not necessarily\nfundamental for these expressions. You can drop all these words from above\nsentences, and they still make sense totally grammatically.",
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] | 23396 | null | 23398 |
{
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"body": "According to a tweet from @real_eikaiwa, the following sentence:\n\n> こんなに私のこと笑わせてくれる人なかなかいないって思ってる！\n\nTranslates to:\n\n> \"I don't think I've ever met anyone that made me laugh so much!\"\n\nBut this doesn't sound right to me. To me, 「私のこと笑わせてくれる人」sounds like \"someone\nwho lets me laugh about myself\". My translation would be rather:\n\n> \"I think there aren't that many people who let/make me laugh at myself this\n> much!\"\n\nWhat do you guys think?",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "Trying to understand 私のこと in this sentence",
"view_count": 1981
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{
"body": "```\n\n こんなに私のこと笑わせてくれる人なかなかいない[-]って思ってる[+]！\n \n```\n\nactually translates more accurately to\n\n```\n\n \"I think[+] there's not[-] a person that \n makes (or lets) me laugh \n this much (or as much as ___ [you, him, her])\"\n \n```\n\nDoesn't exactly roll off the tongue, though ;)\n\nAs WKx said in the comments\n\n```\n\n 私のこと just makes the sentence softer than 私を there is no difference in the sense\n \n```",
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"body": "> あなたのもの\n\nI'm trying to translate the phrase \"I'm yours\" in a loving way. Or just\n\"yours\" as in I belong to you and vice versa.\n\nI know a bit of Japanese but I'm a bit confused here. I know \"anata no\" is\nsomething belonging to \"you\". The \"mo no\" part is what confuses me.\n\nAm I saying \"your thing\"?",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Translating \"I'm yours\"; does あなたのもの work?",
"view_count": 6278
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{
"body": "私はあなたの物です。\n\nYou can also use \"もの\" but the kanji helps to keep things cleaner. As you have\nit in the original question, it just reads \"your stuff.\"\n\nもの does literally mean \"thing/stuff,\" etc., but it's used in various\nsituations. Like most Japanese words, context and sentence structure are\nimportant.\n\nFor example, you can say: おいしいものが食べたい。 Eng: \"I want to eat something tasty.\"\nThen there's 食べ物 which _is_ the word \"food,\" yet breaking it down you have\n\"edible things.\"\n\nIt seems you might have read the original phrase as having two particles, \"mo\"\nand \"no,\" where it's just a single word (\"mono\" in Romaji).",
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"body": "Yes, (私は)あなたのもの is a common phrase, and it is used [more than a hundred\ntimes](http://www.uta-\nnet.com/user/index_search/search2.html?frm=ichiran&textfield=%82%A0%82%C8%82%BD%82%CC%82%E0%82%CC)\nin lyrics. You can also use other first- and second-person pronouns, for\nexample 僕は君のもの. Of course this can be one of the heaviest expressions to show\nyour love, but that's up to you.\n\nAnd it's best to leave it in hiragana, just as the OP suggested. The [BCCWJ\ncorpus](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/) returns 57 results for あなたのもの and\nno result for あなたの者.\n\n物【もの】 usually refers to inanimate things. 私はあなたの物 is not entirely wrong, but\nit may look similar to \"I'm your gadget\" or something. It's possible to say\n私は[あなたの物じゃない](http://www.uta-net.com/song/124065/)のよ in an angry tone, though.\n\n者【もの】 at least refers to a person, but 私はあなたの者 looks even weirder to me in\nthis situation. A Google search for あなたの者 primarily returns several results\nfrom Christian Bibles (which are full of uncommon and archaic expressions),\nand they're basically used in the sense of \"your follower/believer\".",
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] | 23401 | null | 23440 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23405",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is this sentence wrong grammatically, or am I missing something?\nカンニングをしているところを 見つかる This is an examplensentence from kenkyuusha.\n\nMore specifically, 見つかる is an intransitive verb, how is it used with を rather\nthan が？ Now i know some motion verbs like 歩く can do this, but as far as I know\n見つかるr is not one.\n\nIf this was an indirect passive, it would have been を見つけられる. So thay is not\nthe case here either.\n\nThanks for the help!",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-23T07:34:15.177",
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"tags": [
"particles",
"verbs",
"particle-を",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "ところを 見つかる, this was in a highly reputable dictionary",
"view_count": 501
} | [
{
"body": "> 「カンニングをしているところを [見]{み}つかる。」= \"I am found cheating (on the test).\"\n\nThis sentence is 100% grammatical. If you analyzed it using the grammar of\nanother language, however, it might look as though it were ungrammatical.\n\n「見つかる」 , as you stated, is an intransitive verb, but it happens to fall into a\ngroup of intransitive verbs that hold the transitive-verb-like\ncharacteristics. In particular, these intransitive verbs are used just like\ntransitive verbs in the passive voice with 「を」 attached to the direct object.\n\nJapanese-learners would need to know that it is far more natural for us to say\nthe sentence above than to say:\n\n> 「カンニングをしているところを **見つけられる** 。」\n\nusing a real transitive verb 「見つける」 in its passive voice form.\n\nThis group of intransitive verbs include: 「[教]{おそ}わる = \"to be\ntaught\"」、「[授]{さず}かる = \"to be blessed with\"」、「ことづかる = \"to be told to convey a\nmessage or give a present\"」, etc.",
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] | 23404 | 23405 | 23405 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23578",
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"body": "I'm wondering about the difference between adverbs, adverbial nouns, and\ntemporal nouns.*\n\nI know that adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. They usually\ntell amount, weight, time, distance, etc.\n\nSo here are my questions:\n\n 1. Does that mean that all temporal nouns are also adverbial nouns? I know that the other direction is not true.\n\n 2. Also, I'm under the impression that adverbs can't be the topic of a Japanese sentence, but adverbial nouns and temporal nouns can. Is this correct?\n\n* * *\n\n*Terminology [(as used by edict/jmdict)](http://www.edrdg.org/jmdictdb/cgi-bin/edhelp.py?svc=jmdict&sid=#kw_posl):\n\n * temporal noun (`n-t`): 時相名詞 ([list](http://beta.jisho.org/search?keyword=%23n-t))\n * adverbial noun (`n-adv`, formerly `adv-n`): 副詞的名詞 ([list](http://beta.jisho.org/search?keyword=%23n-adv))\n * adverb (`adv`): 副詞 ([list](http://beta.jisho.org/search?keyword=%23adv))",
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"tags": [
"adverbs",
"nouns"
],
"title": "Adverbial Nouns and Temporal Nouns",
"view_count": 7916
} | [
{
"body": "# Terminology\n\nFirst of all some remarks on the terminology used.\n\nAdverb (副詞) is the usual definition as it can be found in dictionaries. The\nother two words require some more thought.\n\nIt seems 時相名詞 is a technical term used by\n[jumandic](http://www.unixuser.org/~euske/doc/postag/), a dictionary for\n[morphological parsers](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_parsing).\nHere's the [only insight I could\nfind](http://www.anlp.jp/proceedings/annual_meeting/1997/pdf_dir/D2-1.pdf):\n\n>\n> EDRは時詞という名前で、JUMANは時相名詞という名前で、副詞としても振舞い得る名詞を分類している。しかしこのような分類は、名詞か副詞のどちらかであるという曖昧性の表現の仕方としては変則的である。\n\nThus: temporal noun = a noun that can be used adverbially. You can use a word\nsuch as 今年 like a noun or adverbially:\n\n> * 今年の目標\n> * 今年起きた事件\n>\n\nOften these are nouns related to time (hence the name), but not necessarily.\n全部 is classified as a temporal noun as well. However, I would judge this to be\na classification error, considering the name and that most of them are indeed\nrelated to time.\n\nFurthermore, this classification might be necessary in the context of parsing\nJapanese, but I suppose it is probably irrelevant if you only want to learn\nthe language. Also, the paper I linked mentions that this classification might\nnot be the best.\n\n* * *\n\nNext, 副詞的名詞 is used by _jumandic_ too. It's also used on the net and in papers\nin the context of Japanese and other languages. In _ipadic_ this is called\n副詞可能. It refers to nouns (or words originating from a noun) that can be used\nadverbially such as ところ, ため, ぐらい. For example:\n\n> 試験を棄権するぐらいつらいことはない。\n>\n> (from the noun 位【くらい】, from 座【くら】居【い】る)\n\n[In this\npaper](http://www.anlp.jp/proceedings/annual_meeting/1995/pdf_dir/A5-4.pdf)\nthere is a remark on adverbial nouns:\n\n> 副詞的名詞(連体修飾を受ける副詞)\n\nThis seems to suggest that an adverbial noun must admit the possibility to\naccept modifiers (adjectives, relative clauses &c.), such as in the above\nexample or this:\n\n> * 住所等を変更 **した場合** すぐにお知らせください\n> * 肝炎ウイルスは **多くの場合** 、 感染しても自覚症状が無く本人が気がつかない。\n>\n\n# Question 1\n\n> Are all temporal nouns also adverbial nouns?\n\nFirst of all, it should be obvious that not all adverbial nouns are temporal.\nAs for the other direction, most temporal nouns appear to be adverbial nouns\ntoo, namely [445/592(75%)](http://beta.jisho.org/search/%23n-t%20%23n-adv) of\nthem. Those that are alo adverbial can be modified:\n\n> * 楽しい毎日\n> * ほとんどまた何も **見えない未明** の視界\n>\n\nHowever, here are some words marked only as `temporal noun` in jmdict:\n\n> 月【つき】、今日【きょう】、明日【あした】、此【こ】れから、大部分【だいぶぶん】\n\nReferring to the definitions given above, here the explanation for this would\nseem to be that while 今日【きょう】 or これから can be used adverbially in a sentence,\nyou cannot modify it usually.\n\n> ○今日通知を受けとりました。\n>\n> ？通知を受けとりました今日\n\nOn the other hand, 昨日【きのう】 is marked as both temporal and adverbial noun in\n_edict/jmdict_. If we look it up directly in _jumandic_ , we find:\n\n```\n\n 明日,1501,1501,6660,名詞,時相名詞,*,*,明日,あした,代表表記:明日\n 昨日,1501,1501,6670,名詞,時相名詞,*,*,昨日,きのう,代表表記:昨日\n \n```\n\nThus my conclusion is that the tagging of 昨日【きのう】 is a mistake in\n_edict/jmdict_.\n\n# Question 2\n\n> Is it true that adverbs can't be the topic of a Japanese sentence; but\n> adverbial nouns and temporal nouns can be?\n\nI'm going to assume that by `can be the topic` you mean `can be marked with\nthe focus/topic particle は`. Also, any word can be used with は when making a\ncomment about that word in the form `「甲」は乙` (mentioning rather than using it,\neg. 恰【あたか】もはかたい表現), so I will exclude this usage from the following\ndiscussion.\n\nFirst temporal and adverbial nouns. This is easily answered by providing some\nexamples. Many words can be topicalized:\n\n> * 毎月第2火曜日temporal, adverbialは庁舎周辺のごみ拾いをしましょう。\n> * 3月10日未明temporal, adverbialは敗戦の序章・東京大空襲の日\n> * 今日temporal天気がいいですね。\n> * 父が原稿を書いている最中adverbialは、だれが話しかけても返事がない。\n>\n\nNow let us turn to adverbs. Some words marked as adverb in _edict/jmdict_\ninclude:\n\n>\n> 普通、特別、正直、一番、屡々【しばしば】、度々【たびたび】、本当、時々、多分、幾【いく】つ、迚【とて】も、若【も】し、忽【たちま】ち、のんびり、頗【すこぶ】る、更【さら】に\n\nSome of these are not only marked as adverb, but also as (na/no-)adjective\n&c., which might explain why they can be used with the focus particle は. For\nexample:\n\n> しかし、これが大変に難しくて、 **普通は** できないものだ。\n\nSo let us consider a word marked as adverb only: いくつ, たびたび, とても, and もし.\n\nIt's true that usually you wouldn't use them as the topic of the sentence or\nwith the particle は. However, language is flexible and people use it to fit\ntheir needs. Often, whether something is possible or not is only a function of\nhow hard you're looking. Consider the following sentences:\n\n**いくつ:**\n\n> この１２という数字には色んな意味が込められてて、そのうちの **幾つは** 冒頭でも話したけど、その他にもいくつかあって、\n> 例えば１６進数の「C」は１０進数で１２。 そして時計の針は１から１２。\n\n**たびたび:**\n\n>\n> 「あのお母さまも、誠に頼りなく暮らしていらつしやるやうでございますから、あの辺【へん】お二人でいらつしやるやうなことがあつたら、偶【たま】には寄っておあげなさいまし。それこそ如何【どんな】にお悦びなさいますか。」\n>\n> 「でも知れると悪いでせう。」\n>\n> 「だから **[度々]{たび/\\}** は可【い】けません。[…]」\n>\n> from 徳田秋声全集 第三期 長篇小説, ISBN 4-8406-9693-4\n\n**とても:**\n\nThis is the best I can come up with.\n\n> **とてもは** 言い過ぎだけど、たまにくるこの痛みはなんでしょ～\n\nBut it's borderline mentioning the word.\n\n**もし:**\n\n> 〔蜻蛉日記・上〕例の人は、案内【あない】するたより、 **若しは** なま女などして、いはすることこそあれ。\n>\n> 《訳》ふつうの人は、取り次ぎをする縁故者、または身分の低い女房などを介して、(意のあるところを)言わせることが例であるのに。\n>\n> (from 全国ご古語辞典 第三版 旺文社 2003)\n\nIn _edict/jmdict_ , these words are marked only as `adverb`. I'll leave it to\nyou to decide whether they are adverbs in the above sentences. The point is,\nsome of them _can_ be used with は.\n\nOther adverbs such as のんびり or あたかも are extremely rare with the particle は, so\nwe can't make a general statement that they could or couldn't be used with は.\n\n# Summary\n\n * most temporal nouns are adverbial nouns\n * some adverbs can be used with the particle は, but it depends upon the word and isn't too common\n * these classifications are not important unless you're a linguist or programmer",
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] | 23406 | 23578 | 23578 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23414",
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"body": "I'm new to Japanese so I'm working my way through _Human Japanese_ , when I\nwas adding the vocabulary to Quizlet I realized I didn't know how to type\nマスカット because I'm not used to seeing ツ used like that.\n\nAt this point I resorted to using _Google translate_ to see it spelt out in\nromaji. As I did that I saw Google says that マスカット means `muscat`. When you\nenter `green grape`, it gets translated as `midoriiro no budoo`.\n\nSo my question is:\n\n * What foregin word is マスカット derived from?\n * Is マスカット an accurate translation for `green grape`?\n * What is the most commonly used word in Japanese for green grape?",
"comment_count": 7,
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"translation",
"words",
"loanwords",
"food"
],
"title": "Is マスカット an accurate translation for \"green grape\", and what foreign word is it derived from?",
"view_count": 1188
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{
"body": "> What foregin word is マスカット derived from?\n\nAs already pointed out in the comment section, the word is derived from\n\"[muscat](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat_\\(grape\\))\", a type of grape.\n\n> What is the most commonly used word in Japanese for green grape?\n\nThe usual word for \"green grape\" (precisely in this generality) is 白ブドウ.\n\n> Is マスカット an accurate translation for green grape?\n\nIn Japan, マスカット usually refers to マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア \"muscat of Alexandria\" (a\ntype of white grape, which is large, sweet and fragrant), although there are\nother popular muscat grape varieties.\n\nThe 大辞林 entry doesn't explicitly say so, but by its description, it appears\nthat it defines マスカット to refer to the \"muscat of Alexandria\":\n\n> **マスカット** \n> ブドウの一品種。アラビア半島原産。 **粒は大形で黄緑色に熱し、香りが高く甘味が強い。** \n> _[emphasis mine]_\n\nSo, マスカット is certainly the best translation if your green grapes are of the\nvariety \"muscat of Alexandria\", but for a generic \"green grape\" you might just\nwant to stick with [白]{しろ}ブドウ (or 白ぶどう).\n\n* * *\n\nThere are\n[two](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1291416382)\n[questions](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q117908201)\non 知恵袋 asking about the difference between 白ブドウ and マスカット.",
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] | 23407 | 23414 | 23414 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23409",
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"body": "The girl who just spoke is clearly being a pain in the ass, and after she\nleaves, one of the boys says this :\n\n> 1 - オレ憎たらしさには 自信があったが あいつ **だけは** ぜったい勝てん。\n>\n> I was sure I was unpleasant, but it's nothing compared to her.\n\nI'm used to see 勝てる used with に, which here is replaced by だけ which confuses\nme a bit.\n\nIt doesn't seem to mean \"only her\", or maybe in the sense \"I'm still more\nunpleasant than anyone, except her\"?\n\nThe thing is the contrastive は combined with に seems to have this meaning\nalready, \"I can't win against him VS I can't win against him (though I would\nwin against others)\"\n\nin this question : [sometimes だけ gets mildly\nconfusing..](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1405/sometimes-%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91-gets-\nmildly-confusing) someone suggests that in example 2, だけ is juste used to\nstress は.\n\n> 2 - それ **だけは** 、食べないでください。 \"Please don't eat that. (Eat anything else.)\"\n\n* * *\n\n**Long story short, what would be the difference in example 1 if だけは was\nreplaced by the following (my guesses on the right)**\n\nに - Just a simple relation : I'm nothing compared to her.\n\nは - Same as には but with a casual drop of the に as in 僕（に）は自信がある\n\nには - Contrast : I'm nothing compared to her (though compared to ohers...)\n\nだけ - Stressed version of に with a casual drop of に : I'm nothing compared to\nher (and her only, don't know about the others)\n\nだけは - Stressed version of には with a casual drop of に : I'm nothing compared to\nher (and her only, though compared to others...)\n\nだけに - Plain version of だけ\n\nだけには - Plain version of だけは\n\nAll the versions without は dont feel right to me in a negative sentence.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-23T12:34:16.763",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Some questions about だけ and clarifications about its nuances",
"view_count": 135
} | [
{
"body": "> 「オレ[憎]{にく}たらしさには [自身]{じしん}があった **が** あいつだけはぜったい[勝]{か}てん。」\n\nFirst off, this sentence is highly colloquial and the speaker omits a couple\nof particles. That may be causing part of your confusion. The conjunction 「が」\nin the middle is actually a key word here that would help one understand the\nlast half of the sentence.\n\n\"I had confidence in my own 憎たらしさ, **_but_** ~~~~~~~~.\"\n\n「あいつ」 must be worse than the speaker in the degree of 憎たらしさ, n'est-ce pas?\nOtherwise, 「が」 would not have been used.\n\nIn this context (and **not** elsewhere),\n\n> 「あいつ **だけは** 」＝「あいつ **だけには** 」＝「あいつ **にだけは** 」\n\n「に」 is clearly being omitted as we say 「～～ **に** 勝つ/勝たない/勝てない」\n\n> \"I was confident in my own wickedness, but there is no way I could beat her\n> in that department.\"\n\nFinally, here is what I would think if you replaced 「だけは」 with the following\nwords.\n\n「に」: Not natural. Needs 「は」 or 「だけ」 as well.\n\n「は」: Possible.\n\n「には」: Very natural.\n\n「だけ」: Possible if not very natural.\n\n「だけは」: Pretty natural.\n\n「だけに」：Possible and slightly more natural than 「だけ」.\n\n「だけには」: Excellent choice.",
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] | 23408 | 23409 | 23409 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23411",
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"body": "I'm reading through a book about learning Mandarin written in Japanese.\nThere's a section describing the basics of initials (声母【せいぼ】) and finals\n(韻母【いんぼ】) in Chinese syllables with the following sentence:\n\n> 音節はまず大きく「声母」と「韻母」に分かれます。声母とは頭に付く子音のこと、韻母とはそれ以外の残りの部分で、ここに母音が含まれます。\n\nThere don't seem to be any entries for 頭に付く in any online dictionaries, or any\nalternate meanings of 頭 or 付く that would fit the context. Does anyone know\nwhat it means?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-23T18:07:07.720",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"idioms",
"phrases"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"頭に付く\"?",
"view_count": 941
} | [
{
"body": "頭 usually refers to a physical `head`, and here it is used in an extended,\nmore abstract, meaning, `front position`.\n\nCompare with the use of the English `head` in a programming context: `C++\nheader files`. There's also the linguistic term `head-initial`.\n\nThus, 声母とは頭に付く子音 says that a 声母 is a 子音 placed at the the beginning of a 音節.\n\n* * *\n\nA few more examples:\n\n * 単語の頭につく「S」の発音\n * フォント名称の頭に「＠」が付くものが縦書きフォントになります。 「@extfont2.shx」\n * 「『し』があたまにつくTVゲームと言えば？」「シュタインズゲート（XBOX360のADV）」\n * 「妹須比智邇神（イモスヒチニノカミ）」： 原文の方の神名のあたまにつく「妹（イモ）」は、女性を意味する接頭語で、兄弟姉妹の妹に限らない。\n * 第５問目：「”ド”があたまにつく、外国のなまえは？」「ドイツ」\n\n* * *\n\nFrom the 新和英大辞典:\n\n> 〔最初〕 the beginning [start] 《of…》; the opening 《of…》; 〔上方〕 the top [head]\n> 《of…》; 〔先端〕 the point [tip]《of…》.\n>\n> ･曲の頭 the opening [beginning, start] of a piece of music\n>\n> ･釘の頭 the head of a nail\n>\n> ･鼻の頭 the tip of one's nose\n>\n> ･月の頭 〔月初め〕 the beginning [start] of a month\n>\n> ･来月の頭にはゲラができてくる予定です. The proofs are due to be ready at the beginning of next\n> month.\n>\n> ･話の頭 the beginning [start, opening] of a conversation [discussion]",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-23T19:18:48.323",
"id": "23411",
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}
] | 23410 | 23411 | 23411 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23416",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For instance,\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/16090/m0u/%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99/):\n\n> 碑文に記されているところによれば\n\naccording to the inscription on the tombstone\n\nIt's listed under 記する｛きする｝. Why?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-23T20:00:37.773",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23412",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "記する｛きする｝、 記す｛きす｝、記す｛しるす｝ - how do I use and/or differentiate between them?",
"view_count": 288
} | [
{
"body": "> 碑文に記されているところによれば\n\nWithout furigana, I would read this as 碑文に **しる** されているところによれば without\nhesitation. 記【しる】す is already a stiff word, which is suitable for the\ninscription on the tombstone.\n\n記【き】する is very uncommon and sounds even stiffer to me. Probably [there is no\nmeaningful semantic\ndifference](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1041979795)\nfrom 記【しる】す. (Of course, there are many common compounds using 記, like 明記する,\n特記する, which are not stiff nor archaic at all.)\n\n記【き】す should be a archaic form of 記【き】する, but I think this won't be treated as\na distinct verb according to the modern standard grammar.\n\nIn conclusion, I don't know why that example sentence is listed under 記【き】する.\nI would say it's there simply by accident.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-24T02:47:41.350",
"id": "23416",
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{
"body": "\"記{き}す\" and \"記{しる}す\" are almost same, but \"記{しる}す\" include a bit nuance of\n\"explanation\". \"記{き}す\" means \"note down something\".\n\n> 碑文に記{き}されているところによれば From sentence written on the tombstone\n\nanother exmaple:\n\n> 手順{てじゅん}を忘{わす}れないようにノートに記{き}す。",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T05:34:13.200",
"id": "23487",
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}
] | 23412 | 23416 | 23416 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23421",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm a beginner in Japanese. So far I learned the following three words have\nthe same meaning - **Lease** (noun).\n\n 1. [租借]{そしゃく} \n 2. [賃貸]{ちんたい} \n 3. [リース]{りーす} \n\nWhere should I use them appropriately and what are the differences among them?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T08:56:00.400",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23418",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-24T10:27:29.250",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-24T10:09:37.957",
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"owner_user_id": "4171",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Where should I use 租借 {そしゃく} or 賃貸 {ちんたい} or [リース ]{りーす}?",
"view_count": 90
} | [
{
"body": "As a beginner, you would not need to know **_any_** of the three words if you\nwant to know the truth. Seriously, you would clearly need to know at least a\nfew thousand other words already to use any one of those three correctly and\nnaturally in a sentence.\n\nAbove is my answer in all honesty, but in case you insist...\n\n「租借」 is the leasing of a territory between two countries. A good example would\nbe that between England and China regarding Hong Kong that ended in 1997. 「租借」\nis **_far_** from being an everyday word because it simply does not happen\neveryday.\n\n「賃貸」 is an everyday word among adults, if not among children. It means\n\"renting\" (\"letting\" in British English?) a house, apartment, etc. for money.\nYou can talk about renting a place by using the easier verbs 「[貸]{か}す」 and\n「[借]{か}りる」 instead of using the somewhat technical noun 「賃貸」.\n\n「リース」, of course, means \"lease\". In real life, it is most often used in\nbusiness to describe the (long-time) leasing of machines and equipment such as\ncopy machines, vehicles, etc. Not exactly an everyday word for everyone.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-24T10:27:29.250",
"id": "23421",
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}
] | 23418 | 23421 | 23421 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23425",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've been asked to render a restaurant menu in Japanese, even though I'm not\nvery good with the language (don’t ask). The original menu has ingredient\nlists for each entry, usually like this:\n\n> Spam, bacon, sausage, eggs, ham.\n\nBut also like this:\n\n> Spam, bacon, and eggs.\n\nAnd sometimes like this:\n\n> Spam on bread with sausages, bacon, and ham.\n\nMy question is, how are these lists normally presented in Japanese restaurant\nmenus? Should I make them like the original with commas, i.e. this:\n\n> スパム、ベーコン、ソーセージ、卵、ハム。\n\nOr do they use a lot of とs like this?\n\n> スパムとベーコンとソーセージと卵とハム。\n\nOr something else?\n\nAnd for the last example above, is it weird to do a direct rendering like\nthis?:\n\n> ブレッドにスパムとソーセージとベーコンとハム。\n\nWhat's a natural/nonawkward way of expressing such enumerations?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T12:09:23.590",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23423",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-24T12:30:11.437",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "622",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"food"
],
"title": "How are items enumerated in Japanese restaurant menus?",
"view_count": 891
} | [
{
"body": "Ordinary, ingredient list looks like:\n\n```\n\n スパム、ベーコン、ソーセージ、卵、ハム\n \n```\n\nNo 。is used, because the list is not a sentence.\n\nFor\n\n```\n\n Spam on bread with sausages, bacon, and ham.\n \n```\n\nIt should look like:\n\n```\n\n スパムの乗ったパン、ソーセージ、ベーコン、ハム\n \n```\n\nAlso I suggest to use ランチョンミート for spam, because スパム is not common for\nJapanese. So last example should be:\n\n```\n\n ランチョンミートの乗ったパン、ソーセージ、ベーコン、ハム\n \n```",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T12:30:11.437",
"id": "23425",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-24T12:30:11.437",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9689",
"parent_id": "23423",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 23423 | 23425 | 23425 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23461",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Simply put Pimsluer says to use がすきではありません to express a dislike, but Human\nJapanese uses きらい, is there a difference?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T12:24:04.550",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23424",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-27T00:01:30.670",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-24T13:43:56.280",
"last_editor_user_id": "9683",
"owner_user_id": "9683",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Is there a difference between きらい and がすきではありません?",
"view_count": 783
} | [
{
"body": "As @dotnetN00b mentions in the comments, in general, the difference is between\ndislike and hate. Of course in some instances, individual interpretation may\nhave an effect on how one chooses to use each word and what context to use\nthem.\n\n> A basic and non-complete comparison of the words (as I understand them) is\n> below.\n>\n> * 大好き > Love / Really Like\n> * 好き > Like\n> * 好きではありません OR 好きじゃない > Dislike\n> * 嫌い > Hate\n> * 大嫌い > Loathe / Really Hate\n>\n\nI would assume that where different, what each teaching manual / book etc.\nteaches as it's definition, is largely open to the liberties taken by the\neditor.\n\nHowever, as I mentioned, this is a brief, basic comparison. There does happens\nto be times when 嫌い means dislike. For example 好き嫌い (Likes and Dislikes) and\nit really depends on the context and the person speaking.\n\nA:マヨネーズ好き？嫌い？\n\nB:あまり好きじゃないな～",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T06:22:03.473",
"id": "23458",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-27T00:01:30.670",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9241",
"parent_id": "23424",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "The nuance of 好きではない depends largely on the context and the tone of the\nspeaker's voice.\n\nPeople often use 好きではない when they actually _hate_ something/someone, because\n嫌い is a very strong and offensive word. Someone who says 嫌い too often is\nsomeone who is disliked by others. 好きではない can act as an euphemistic\nexpression, so to say. 苦手【にがて】だ (be not good at ～) is an even more euphemistic\nexpression, but it's still easy to express your hate on the target with this\nphrase, if you say it with an appropriate facial expression.\n\nOn the other hand, people can use 好きではない when they literally \"do not like\"\nsomething:\n\n> 「寿司は好きですか?」「好きではないですね。」 \n> \"Do you like sushi?\" \"Not particularly. / Not really.\"\n\nHere, the person who answered does not particularly love nor hate sushi.\n\nMy understanding is that 嫌い is more like _dislike_ and 大嫌い is closer to _hate_\n, but these should depend on the context, too.\n\nBy the way, there is also a verb 憎【にく】む, which is usually translated as _to\nhate_ , but this is a _really_ strong word which refers to a long-held grudge\non someone. Don't say, for example\n私は[納豆【なっとう】](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natt%C5%8D)を憎んでいます, because it\nsounds almost like a joke.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T10:10:28.467",
"id": "23461",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-26T10:10:28.467",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "23424",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 23424 | 23461 | 23461 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am trying to conduct business with a company located in Japan. I am trying\nto buy a kimono to complete a set for someone dear to me...(who may or may not\nbe on the site so I am keeping this part intentionally vague.)\n\nAnyway on to what I am asking...\n\nFor years, I have been opening blind inquiries with \"Sir or Madam:\"\n\nWhile お早うござします is fine for a friendly meeting or a second letter somehow this\nseems like it might be a bit of a put-off for an initial inquiry.\n\nWould it be better to use 皆さん or 御中 皆さん？\n\nSecond: Is it preferable to use 私 or 僕 when addressing oneself in business\ncorrespondence?\n\n皆さんにありがとうございます",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T13:41:39.697",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23426",
"last_activity_date": "2015-05-28T04:05:43.717",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-24T14:13:21.870",
"last_editor_user_id": "4314",
"owner_user_id": "4314",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "Dear sir or madame.... Japanese Mail Etiquette",
"view_count": 5520
} | [
{
"body": "おはようございます is fine.\n\nDo you think 皆さん and 御中 are the same? They are entirely different. 御中 is an\nhonorific that's added to a company name with their address on an envelope. If\nyou use 皆さん, みなさま is better instead in letters or so. みなさん is fine in\nconversation.\n\nYou should use 私 in public.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T15:21:24.993",
"id": "23432",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-24T15:21:24.993",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "23426",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "The below would be formal way to address somebody serving you. Company name\nfollowed by contact person (for lack of a better English term, if somebody has\none please let me know)\n\n> Company Name \n> ご担当者様{ごたんとうしゃさま}\n>\n> お世話になっております。NAMEと申します\n>\n> blah blah, your request",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-05-28T04:05:43.717",
"id": "24595",
"last_activity_date": "2015-05-28T04:05:43.717",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1805",
"parent_id": "23426",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 23426 | null | 24595 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23439",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It strikes me, reading Japanese that katakana is often used for words that\nhave functional equivalents in the Japanese language. Why is this? For\ninstance, using ビル as opposed to 建物。\n\nOr ブルー instead of 青い.\n\nOr ジュース. Am I supposed to believe the Japanese never smashed fruit to drink\nthe liquid before they \"met the west\"?\n\nMost other languages are not so accommodating.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T14:08:21.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23427",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-25T00:31:51.303",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-24T16:48:05.747",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "4314",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "Why do the Japanese use loanwords for words that have functional equivalents?",
"view_count": 1376
} | [
{
"body": "In my expererience and from some research I did for an essay back in\nUniversity, this stems as a large part of the \"Westernisation\" of Japanese\nwords in the lead up to and immediately following the 1964 Tokyo Olympics in\npreparation for the influx of foreigners that were expected as well as a\nslight difference in meanings. JR (Then JNR) changed all it's stations sign to\nalso include a romaji reading during this period. It became \"fashionable\" to\nhave the name of a shop etc. to feature a \"modern\", foreign-sounding name as\nthe Showa era went on, leading to a peak in about the early 80s. There has\nbeen a lot of complaints directed at NHK, especially for Katakana-ising words\nwhich have functional equivalents leading to many elderly people unable to\nunderstand some broadcasts. Further, it appears as though at least the words\nyou mention, differ slightly in meaning between their origin language (the\nkatakana part) and the Japanese use (the kanji) as below.\n\nFor example.\n\n * 建物 means any built, freestanding structure (Tokyo Tower, Roppongi Hills Apartments, a random office block in Nihonbashi, Tokyo Sky Tree)\n * ビル means specificallybuilding (In which case Tokyo Tower and the Sky Tree would not be included whereas Roppongi Hills Apartments, a random office block in Nihonbashi would be) \n\n* * *\n\n * 青い the Japanese 青い is a kind of aqua colour (the Japanese traffic light \"green\" equivalent)\n * ブルー blue in this instance would be akin to something like rgb(0,0,255) / a solid blue colour\n\n* * *\n\n * 果汁 fruit juice\n * ジュース can mean fruit juice, carbonated drinks like coca cola and other like drinks etc.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T00:31:51.303",
"id": "23439",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-25T00:31:51.303",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9241",
"parent_id": "23427",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
] | 23427 | 23439 | 23439 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23447",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In many place and people names, there is an \"invisible の\", e.g., 三宮 is read さん\n**の** みや and 中大兄皇子 is なか **の** おおえ **の** おうじ. This can also happen in words:\n班田収授法 is read はんでんしゅうじゅ **の** ほう, which I am less comfortable with because I\nsuppose if it were modern Japanese it would be read without the の.\n\nAs I recall, this is because の was originally not written in 漢字 in olden days,\nso not all the phonetics were captured in writing (to the extent that\nphonetics were captured in 漢字). My question is: could someone in olden days\nknow or reasonably guess such readings without having specifically learned\nthese names/words? If so, can anyone explain what the basic rules/guidelines\nare? (You can restrict this question to being about insertion of の's, but I\nwould be happy to hear about other aspects as well.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T14:14:36.397",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23428",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-25T13:49:29.133",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9199",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"readings"
],
"title": "Seeing the invisible の in old names and words",
"view_count": 613
} | [
{
"body": "(I think 中大兄皇子 was actually なかの おおえの みこ more precisely, なかつおほへのみこ [nakatu-\nopopeno-miko])\n\nI believe they couldn't if it's off from common patterns just like people\ntoday. As for the examples above, I believe they could, because they are a\npattern that naturally makes sense (中大兄皇子・三宮； さんみや wouldn't make sense) or a\ncommon pattern (班田収授法).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T14:56:28.920",
"id": "23429",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-24T15:02:10.107",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-24T15:02:10.107",
"last_editor_user_id": "4092",
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "23428",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Out of interest, I did some statistics... see below for the resultng data.\n\n# How I generated the data:\n\n * kanji + readings taken from (a) ZIP codes place names, (b) jmdict, (c) wikipedia articles\n * matched each kanji to a part of the reading by iterating over all possibilties for each kanji's reading in kanjidict and jmdict\n * any の remaining that cannot be matched to a kanji is an \"invisible の\"\n\nThen I analyzed these readings for a list of which words/kanji are often\nlinked with の\n\n# Some notes:\n\n * In total, I managed to collect 9019 words with an invisible の.\n * They might not include very old words; or names of smaller villages/rivers/shrines/...\n * Automated parsing, there will be some errors. For example, 猪 has got the readings い and いの, thus the の gets classified as an invisible one. I did take a manual look at the data and removed such errors, but I probably did miss some.\n * The list below is sorted by the `length` of elements in front and after の, `length` is the number of elements into which the kanjis have been split: 浦村【うらむら】 is 2, 大人【おとな】 is 1 etc.\n\n# Some observations:\n\n * Overall, this seems to be more common with _kun_ readings as opposed to _on_ readings.\n * Never realized this before, but this happens in the really common word 彼女 as well: 彼【か】の女【じょ】\n * の is really common with simple native Japanese words: の宮, の上・下, の木, の国, の尾, の裏, の郡【こおり】, の内, の島, の森, の御子\n * For on-readings, often with place names or personal names etc: の洞院, の関市, の木町, の関町, の神社, の小路通, の黒麻呂\n * の法 occurs three times in the data set\n * In front of の, some common elements are 藤原, 大中臣, 菅原, 宇都, 安倍, 宮野, 大江.\n\n# Wordlist\n\nFor reference, a list of the words [on\npastebin](http://pastebin.com/FfA4Uqhz).\n\n# The resulting data:\n\nDon't view this on the mobile version...\n\n# Afterwards, ...のX\n\n**Length 1**\n\n * のX みや： 842 (宮)\n * のX うえ： 736 (上)\n * のX き： 261 (木²³⁶・樹⁴・棊¹・吉²・貴²・城⁹・嬉¹・紀²・岐¹・喜²・帰¹)\n * のX かみ： 247 (上¹⁵・守⁵³・神¹⁶⁹・頭⁷・侍²・髪¹)\n * のX くに： 241 (国²³¹・國⁵・邦⁵)\n * のX した： 229 (下²²⁸・舌¹)\n * のX お： 193 (尾¹⁰⁵・面⁴⁴・阿²・帯¹・御³・緒²・男⁸・小¹²・烏¹・雄¹³・お¹・生¹)\n * のX しょう： 188 (荘⁹⁷・庄⁶⁷・彰¹・少⁶・障⁵・請¹・正⁵・娼¹・小³・抄¹・生¹)\n * のX み： 188 (海¹³・実⁸・見¹・御⁷⁷・神⁴・躬²・美⁴・皇⁴³・満⁶・光²⁰・三⁸・巳¹・弥¹)\n * のX へ： 183 (戸)\n * のX うら： 147 (浦¹⁴⁶・裏¹)\n * のX もと： 137 (本¹⁰⁶・元¹²・基¹⁸・下¹)\n * のX こおり： 136 (郡)\n * のX こう： 132 (甲³・小¹²²・河²・神¹・更¹・幸¹・巷²)\n * のX せき： 124 (関¹²¹・夕²・席¹)\n * のX うち： 124 (内¹²¹・中²・打¹)\n * のX しま： 112 (島¹⁰⁴・嶋⁵・洲³)\n * のX や： 095 (谷⁶³・屋²⁷・八¹・矢³・夜¹)\n * のX みち： 092 (道⁸²・通¹⁰)\n * のX とう： 085 (洞⁶⁸・塔¹¹・党¹・東²・頭²・登¹)\n * のX す： 076 (巣⁴⁹・栖⁶・洲¹⁶・主¹・菅³・須¹)\n * のX もり： 072 (森⁴⁷・守³・盛¹⁹・杜³)\n * のX おお： 072 (大⁷⁰・邑¹・多¹)\n * のX よし： 072 (義³¹・好³・良²¹・嘉¹・淑³・吉⁴・善⁷・慶¹・宜¹)\n * のX だて： 066 (館)\n * のX わ： 064 (輪⁶²・和²)\n * のX こ： 064 (児³・子³⁷・粉²・古⁹・河²・国¹・小⁵・木¹・高¹・巨¹・己¹・湖¹)\n * のX すけ： 063 (介¹⁶・亮⁶・輔⁶・資¹³・助¹¹・佐⁸・祐¹・相²)\n * のX せ： 061 (瀬⁶⁰・背¹)\n * のX じょ： 060 (女)\n * のX べ： 058 (部²⁸・辺²⁷・戸³)\n * のX まき： 055 (牧¹²・巻⁴³)\n * のX ま： 054 (澗¹・勾¹・曲¹・間⁹・真³⁰・麻⁹・目¹・馬²)\n * のX はま： 052 (浜⁵¹・濱¹)\n * のX じょう： 052 (城⁴⁰・丞²・尉⁶・常¹・允¹・掾¹・上¹)\n * のX やま： 051 (山)\n * のX え： 050 (江³⁵・吉⁶・枝²・永⁵・会¹・兄¹)\n * のX いけ： 049 (池)\n * のX め： 049 (目⁴⁴・売²・眼¹・妻²)\n * のX まさ： 048 (将⁸・正¹³・雅¹⁴・当⁶・方¹・理¹・匡¹・政⁴)\n * のX つぼね： 048 (局)\n * のX くち： 047 (口)\n * のX くにのみやつこ： 047 (国造)\n * のX たか： 047 (高²⁵・隆¹⁵・孝³・鷹⁴)\n * のX より： 046 (頼⁴⁵・自¹)\n * のX い： 045 (井³⁰・居¹・胆²・去²・忌¹・威¹・五十¹・苡¹・伊²・猪¹・五¹・懿¹・出¹)\n * のX はら： 045 (原)\n * のX なが： 045 (長²⁸・永¹⁶・脩¹)\n * のX ただ： 043 (忠³⁶・斉³・縄²・三¹・直¹)\n * のX ひろ： 042 (広³⁷・博¹・弘³・寛¹)\n * のX ばん： 042 (馬³⁸・番³・晩¹)\n * のX もろ： 040 (師³³・諸⁷)\n * のX きよ： 040 (清³¹・浄⁶・潔²・聖¹)\n * のX か： 040 (日¹⁵・替¹・香¹⁰・花²・嘉¹・迦¹・鹿¹・蚊¹・箇¹・訶¹・冠¹・夏¹・上¹・賀²・歌¹)\n * のX つね： 039 (経²⁷・常⁹・恒³)\n * のX やす： 038 (泰⁷・靖¹・康⁴・安¹⁵・保¹¹)\n * のX いん： 038 (院³³・印²・胤¹・尹¹・因¹)\n * のX ちょう： 037 (町²⁴・丁¹・長⁷・庁⁴・超¹)\n * のX さき： 037 (崎³¹・埼³・前²・咲¹)\n * のX これ： 034 (惟¹⁰・維⁹・是⁶・伊⁹)\n * のX みささぎ： 034 (陵)\n * のX かわ： 033 (川²⁷・河⁶)\n * のX さだ： 033 (定¹⁴・貞¹⁹)\n * のX ため： 033 (為)\n * のX あき： 032 (明⁴・彰¹・顕²¹・秋⁵・昭¹)\n * のX ぶ： 032 (夫²⁴・部²・武³・敷³)\n * のX むね： 030 (宗²⁵・棟⁵)\n * のX あり： 030 (有²⁶・在⁴)\n * のX なか： 029 (仲²⁰・中⁹)\n * のX みこと： 029 (尊)\n * のX かね： 029 (兼²²・金³・鐘²・懐²)\n * のX いえ： 029 (家)\n * のX たに： 029 (谷)\n * のX うみ： 028 (海²³・湖⁵)\n * のX だい： 027 (台¹¹・大¹³・第²・内¹)\n * のX ちか： 027 (親²³・近⁴)\n * のX なり： 027 (業³・成²¹・済¹・生¹・形¹)\n * のX しげ： 027 (滋²・重¹⁸・繁³・成³・茂¹)\n * のX おおきみ： 027 (王²⁶・大王¹)\n * のX おか： 027 (岡¹⁹・丘⁶・崗¹・岳¹)\n * のX こし： 026 (越³・腰²³)\n * のX すく： 026 (宿²⁵・少¹)\n * のX は： 026 (葉¹⁵・波³・羽⁵・長³)\n * のX みね： 025 (峰⁹・峯⁹・嶺²・岑⁵)\n * のX きみ： 025 (公¹⁰・君¹⁵)\n * のX とし： 025 (俊¹⁴・歳¹・年⁴・利³・敏²・稔¹)\n * のX すえ： 024 (末⁴・季¹⁹・陶¹)\n * のX のり： 024 (範⁹・教⁶・則⁵・経¹・憲²・義¹)\n * のX とき： 024 (時²³・説¹)\n * のX そう： 024 (草⁹・宗⁶・匝²・僧¹・荘¹・奏⁴・諍¹)\n * のX くら： 024 (倉²²・蔵¹・鞍¹)\n * のX また： 024 (俣¹³・股³・又⁸)\n * のX とも： 024 (知¹⁰・友⁴・倫¹・朝⁴・具¹・智¹・奉²・誠¹)\n * のX むら： 024 (邑⁸・叢²・村¹⁴)\n * のX さね： 024 (実²¹・真³)\n * のX のぶ： 024 (信¹⁵・宣⁴・順¹・陳²・惟²)\n * のX ごう： 023 (郷)\n * のX ご： 021 (御¹⁴・五⁶・語¹)\n * のX はな： 021 (鼻⁵・花¹⁵・華¹)\n * のX まち： 020 (町)\n * のX たき： 020 (滝)\n * のX くま： 020 (熊⁶・隈¹⁴)\n * のX はる： 019 (春¹⁷・玄¹・晴¹)\n * のX いわ： 019 (岩⁷・磐²・石¹⁰)\n * のX さと： 018 (里¹³・郷⁵)\n * のX うじ： 018 (氏)\n * のX り： 017 (り²・里¹⁴・離¹)\n * のX ひ： 017 (秘¹・比³・日⁴・碑⁴・火²・非¹・毘¹・斐¹)\n * のX まえ： 016 (前)\n * のX ない： 016 (内)\n * のX た： 016 (太³・大²・手²・田⁵・多⁴)\n * のX だ： 016 (田⁴・太¹¹・多¹)\n * のX きん： 015 (近¹・公¹³・琴¹)\n * のX しろ： 015 (代⁷・白⁶・城²)\n * のX し： 015 (シ¹・四⁴・始¹・史²・志³・次¹・し¹・磯¹・資¹)\n * のX おう： 015 (王¹¹・皇⁴)\n * のX つ： 015 (津)\n * のX で： 015 (出)\n * のX ひら： 015 (平¹³・枚²)\n * のX ぼう： 015 (坊)\n * のX たな： 014 (棚¹²・店²)\n * のX ほう： 014 (方¹・法³・袍⁴・宝¹・芳¹・奉²・放¹・保¹)\n * のX まつり： 013 (祭)\n * のX とよ： 013 (豊)\n * のX と： 013 (戸³・渡³・と¹・止¹・利¹・門¹・頭¹・刀¹・十¹)\n * のX はし： 013 (橋¹⁰・嘴²・觜¹)\n * のX むらじ： 012 (連)\n * のX あさ： 012 (朝¹¹・浅¹)\n * のX ゆき： 012 (行)\n * のX う： 012 (生⁵・御²・宇³・右¹・卯¹)\n * のX ね： 012 (根¹⁰・音¹・禰¹)\n * のX あま： 012 (海²・天¹・尼⁸・海人¹)\n * のX つかさ： 012 (司)\n * のX たけ： 012 (岳²・武⁹・猛¹)\n * のX まつ： 011 (松)\n * のX わき： 011 (脇)\n * のX さか： 011 (阪¹・坂⁷・逆²・酒¹)\n * のX しん： 011 (新⁷・進¹・神¹・親¹・信¹)\n * のX いち： 011 (市⁴・一⁷)\n * のX ふみ： 011 (文)\n * のX やしろ： 011 (社)\n * のX て： 011 (手)\n * のX どう： 010 (道⁸・堂¹・童¹)\n * のX はか： 010 (墓)\n * のX かげ： 010 (景⁹・影¹)\n * のX しり： 010 (尻)\n * のX くぼ： 010 (窪)\n * のX さん： 010 (三)\n * のX うた： 010 (歌)\n * のX じん： 010 (神⁶・陣³・尽¹)\n\n**Length 2**\n\n * のX こうじ： 123 (小路¹²²・河内¹)\n * のX みやし： 078 (宮市⁶⁹・宮氏⁵・宮師¹・宮仕¹・宮四¹・宮し¹)\n * のX みやちょう： 073 (宮町)\n * のX とういん： 068 (洞院)\n * のX くにの： 067 (国の⁶⁵・国²)\n * のX だてまち： 056 (館町)\n * のX みこ： 048 (御子²・神子³・皇子⁴³)\n * のX うえまさ： 048 (上正³³・上政⁵・上雅⁸・上将²)\n * のX ばんば： 038 (馬場)\n * のX みやじん： 033 (宮神)\n * のX へし： 032 (戸市²⁵・戸氏⁶・戸試¹)\n * のX みやえき： 029 (宮駅)\n * のX みかど： 029 (御門)\n * のX したとし： 028 (下利¹⁴・下俊¹²・下淑¹・下敏¹)\n * のX みつ： 027 (満⁶・光²⁰・美都¹)\n * のX せきし： 026 (関市²⁵・関シ¹)\n * のX おおかみ： 024 (大神)\n * のX うえよし： 023 (上義⁸・上芳²・上喜¹・上嘉²・上良⁴・上佳²・上善¹・上由¹・上吉¹・上理¹)\n * のX うえの： 021 (上の²・上¹⁹)\n * のX すくね： 021 (宿禰²⁰・宿祢¹)\n * のX うえこう： 021 (上滉¹・上公⁵・上康¹・上高¹・上晃³・上光¹・上紘¹・上幸³・上浩²・上好¹・上孝¹・上紅¹)\n * のX みちし： 020 (道市)\n * のX うえかず： 019 (上和¹²・上一⁷)\n * のX おし： 019 (面市)\n * のX べの： 017 (部¹⁵・辺¹・辺の¹)\n * のX うえしん： 017 (上信⁴・上真⁴・上慎³・上伸²・上心¹・上親¹・上眞¹・上秦¹)\n * のX きちょう： 016 (木町)\n * のX うえしょう： 015 (上章²・上小⁴・上昭¹・上正²・上頌¹・上庄¹・上翔¹・上昌²・上尚¹)\n * のX せきちょう： 015 (関町)\n * のX うえひろ： 015 (上博⁷・上弘²・上宏¹・上寛²・上裕²・上浩¹)\n * のX いんみち： 015 (院通)\n * のX うえま： 014 (上真⁶・上ま²・上麻⁴・上マ²)\n * のX みやちゅう： 014 (宮中¹¹・宮駐²・宮忠¹)\n * のX うえたか： 014 (上堯²・上孝²・上隆⁵・上貴³・上高¹・上崇¹)\n * のX きまさ： 013 (木正)\n * のX しょうちょう： 013 (庄町)\n * のX じょうし： 013 (城市¹¹・城志¹・上子¹)\n * のX みやくに： 013 (宮国¹・宮邦¹²)\n * のX うえみ： 012 (上光³・上美⁶・上み²・上満¹)\n * のX うえゆう： 012 (上雄²・上祐³・上優¹・上裕⁴・上侑¹・上宥¹)\n * のX うえよう： 012 (上陽³・上瑤¹・上洋³・上庸²・上幼²・上瑶¹)\n * のX みやさだ： 012 (宮貞¹¹・宮定¹)\n * のX うえひで： 011 (上英⁵・上秀⁶)\n * のX みやひろ： 011 (宮広¹・宮博⁶・宮洋¹・宮宏²・宮弘¹)\n * のX うえやす： 011 (上泰⁴・上安⁴・上保¹・上康²)\n * のX まきし： 011 (巻市)\n * のX うらえき： 011 (浦駅)\n * のX ないし： 010 (内侍)\n * のX うえゆ： 010 (上由⁴・上ゆ²・上優²・上裕¹・上ユ¹)\n * のX うえかつ： 010 (上克³・上勝⁷)\n * のX そうし： 010 (草子³・草紙⁶・宗子¹)\n * のX みやしょう： 010 (宮小⁷・宮商¹・宮章¹・宮精¹)\n * のX みやけい： 010 (宮競³・宮敬²・宮警³・宮涬¹・宮慶¹)\n * のX さきちょう： 010 (崎町)\n * のX うらまち： 010 (浦町)\n * のX みたま： 010 (御魂)\n * のX みやき： 010 (宮記⁹・宮基¹)\n * のX みやよし： 009 (宮宜¹・宮好¹・宮圭¹・宮嘉¹・宮義²・宮芳¹・宮善²)\n * のX すし： 009 (巣市⁸・主市¹)\n * のX まろ： 009 (麻呂⁸・麻路¹)\n * のX へえき： 009 (戸駅)\n * のX やまし： 009 (山市)\n * のX やし： 009 (屋市⁷・谷氏²)\n * のX くにふ： 009 (国風)\n * のX みやゆう： 009 (宮優²・宮郵⁷)\n * のX えちょう： 009 (江町)\n * のX うえとし： 009 (上敏³・上寿¹・上俊³・上鋭¹・上利¹)\n * のX みやじょう： 009 (宮城⁷・宮定¹・宮常¹)\n * のX きむら： 009 (木村)\n * のX こしまさ： 008 (腰正)\n * のX したひろ： 008 (下博⁴・下裕²・下浩²)\n * のX たなどおり： 008 (棚通)\n * のX うえけん： 008 (上謙³・上健²・上堅¹・上賢¹・上憲¹)\n * のX いけちょう： 008 (池町)\n * のX うえとも： 008 (上知³・上智⁴・上朋¹)\n * のX うえしゅん： 008 (上春⁴・上俊⁴)\n * のX みやまさ： 008 (宮雅¹・宮正⁶・宮政¹)\n * のX うえち： 008 (上智³・上千²・上知¹・上地²)\n * のX かまち： 008 (日町)\n * のX へまち： 008 (戸町)\n * のX うえなお： 008 (上直⁴・上尚⁴)\n * のX ごしょ： 008 (御所)\n * のX みくりや： 008 (御厨)\n * のX うえまち： 007 (上町)\n * のX うえさ： 007 (上サ¹・上佐²・上小¹・上早³)\n * のX みやむら： 007 (宮村)\n * のX みやまち： 007 (宮町)\n * のX もりちょう： 007 (森町)\n * のX うえじゅん： 007 (上順¹・上準¹・上純³・上淳²)\n * のX かいち： 007 (日市)\n * のX こま： 007 (古麻⁴・子麻²・高麗¹)\n * のX ひろなり： 007 (広成⁶・広業¹)\n * のX ばば： 007 (馬場)\n * のX おおえ： 007 (大兄)\n * のX じょの： 007 (女の)\n * のX へゆう： 007 (戸郵)\n * のX しょうしょう： 007 (少将⁴・荘小¹・庄小²)\n * のX みややす： 007 (宮鳩¹・宮泰²・宮康³・宮安¹)\n * のX へちょう： 007 (戸長¹・戸町⁶)\n * のX みやさ： 006 (宮沙²・宮さ²・宮詐¹・宮砂¹)\n * のX きない： 006 (木内)\n * のX きまち： 006 (木町)\n * のX こぎ： 006 (子木⁵・小忌¹)\n * のX うえけい： 006 (上慶¹・上計¹・上圭²・上敬¹・上恵¹)\n * のX みやけ： 006 (宮家⁵・三宅¹)\n * のX みやかん： 006 (宮環²・宮簡⁴)\n * のX うえてつ： 006 (上鉄¹・上哲⁵)\n * のX きしん： 006 (木新⁵・木伸¹)\n * のX やかつ： 006 (谷勝)\n * のX みやじ： 006 (宮ジ¹・宮自²・宮寺¹・宮治¹・宮地¹)\n * のX やこれ： 006 (谷惟)\n * のX いわと： 006 (岩戸⁵・石門¹)\n * のX ちょうじゃ： 006 (長者)\n * のX だいぶ： 006 (大夫)\n * のX なかつ： 006 (中⁴・仲²)\n * のX わむら： 006 (輪村)\n * のX うえゆき： 006 (上雪²・上行¹・上幸²・上之¹)\n * のX うえたつ： 006 (上達⁴・上竜¹・上辰¹)\n * のX おの： 006 (男之¹・面²・尾の¹・雄¹・雄能¹)\n * のX おうじ： 006 (王子²・皇子³・尾氏¹)\n * のX えの： 006 (吉⁵・江¹)\n * のX じょた： 006 (女た)\n * のX じんじゃ： 006 (神社)\n * のX うえりょう： 006 (上亮²・上了¹・上涼²・上龍¹)\n * のX みやひがし： 006 (宮東)\n * のX うらちょう： 006 (浦町)\n * のX わちょう： 006 (輪町)\n * のX せちえ： 006 (節会)\n * のX したたか： 006 (下隆²・下高²・下尊¹・下貴¹)\n * のX うえせい： 006 (上製¹・上井¹・上誠²・上清¹・上青¹)\n * のX もとまさ： 006 (本正²・本雅¹・本政¹・基政¹・元政¹)\n * のX せんじ： 006 (宣旨)\n * のX うえはる： 005 (上春²・上治²・上晴¹)\n * のX うえそう： 005 (上宗³・上聡¹・上騒¹)\n * のX いし： 005 (威子¹・井氏¹・苡子¹・伊子¹・懿子¹)\n * のX たち： 005 (太刀³・大刀²)\n * のX よしこ： 005 (吉子¹・義子¹・良子¹・慶子¹・宜子¹)\n * のX かぐ： 005 (香久²・香具³)\n * のX みやこう： 005 (宮高³・宮公¹・宮孝¹)\n * のX みやま： 005 (宮ま¹・宮真²・宮麻²)\n * のX へぐん： 005 (戸郡)\n * のX みやなお： 005 (宮直⁴・宮尚¹)\n * のX くちちょう： 005 (口町)\n * のX すえき： 005 (巣駅)\n * のX べちょう： 005 (辺町⁴・部丁¹)\n * のX はまちょう： 005 (浜町⁴・浜丁¹)\n * のX もとちょう： 005 (本町³・元町²)\n * のX したちょう： 005 (下町)\n * のX うえたく： 005 (上琢²・上卓³)\n * のX へじょう： 005 (戸城)\n * のX きし： 005 (吉士¹・貴子²・嬉子¹・木氏¹)\n * のX したこう： 005 (下航¹・下浩¹・下康²・下広¹)\n * のX へば： 005 (戸バ)\n * のX したよし： 005 (下善¹・下好¹・下芳¹・下吉¹・下淑¹)\n * のX うらむら： 005 (浦村)\n * のX へけい： 005 (戸警)\n * のX やすま： 005 (安万¹・安麻³・安萬¹)\n * のX せと： 005 (瀬戸⁴・瀬ト¹)\n * のX みやつね： 005 (宮恒⁴・宮常¹)\n * のX みやたか： 005 (宮尊¹・宮崇¹・宮孝¹・宮隆¹・宮貴¹)\n * のX うえじ： 005 (上二¹・上ジ²・上次¹・上治¹)\n * のX うえし： 005 (上四²・上詩¹・上氏¹・上士¹)\n * のX すくな： 005 (宿那¹・宿奈²・少名¹・宿儺¹)\n * のX みくら： 005 (御倉)\n * のX つちょう： 005 (津町)\n * のX えら： 005 (永良)\n * のX いんの： 005 (院)\n * のX うらごう： 005 (浦郷⁴・浦河¹)\n * のX しょうじ： 005 (障子)\n * のX まきこう： 005 (巻港⁴・巻高¹)\n * のX はまえき： 005 (浜駅)\n * のX うえあきら： 005 (上鑑¹・上明¹・上旭¹・上昭¹・上章¹)\n\n**Length 3**\n\n * のX くにのしき： 063 (国の式)\n * のX みやしりつ： 049 (宮市立)\n * のX こうじどおり： 040 (小路通)\n * のX みやじんじゃ： 032 (宮神社)\n * のX こうじひがし： 024 (小路東)\n * のX とういんどおり： 022 (洞院通)\n * のX こうじにし： 021 (小路西)\n * のX とういんひがし： 018 (洞院東)\n * のX おしりつ： 017 (面市立)\n * のX みちしりつ： 016 (道市立)\n * のX とういんにし： 016 (洞院西)\n * のX ばんばどおり： 015 (馬場通)\n * のX へしりつ： 012 (戸市立)\n * のX せきしりつ： 011 (関市立)\n * のX ばんばひがし： 010 (馬場東)\n * のX くにふど： 009 (国風土)\n * のX こうじさ： 008 (小路下)\n * のX ばんばにし： 008 (馬場西)\n * のX みやきねん： 008 (宮記念)\n * のX とういんちょう： 007 (洞院町)\n * のX みやしょうがっこう： 007 (宮小学校)\n * のX みかどつね： 007 (御門経)\n * のX へゆうびん： 007 (戸郵便)\n * のX こうじちょう： 007 (小路町)\n * のX まきしりつ： 007 (巻市立)\n * のX みやゆうびん： 007 (宮郵便)\n * のX へちょうりつ： 006 (戸町立)\n * のX うえよしお： 006 (上芳雄¹・上善夫¹・上義雄¹・上義夫¹・上良雄¹・上義朗¹)\n * のX じょたち： 006 (女たち)\n * のX だてまちにし： 006 (館町西)\n * のX やましりつ： 006 (山市立)\n * のX うえけんじ： 006 (上謙二¹・上健司¹・上堅二¹・上謙治¹・上賢嗣¹・上憲氏¹)\n * のX じょうしりつ： 006 (城市立)\n * のX すしりつ： 006 (巣市立)\n * のX みやちゅうがっこう： 006 (宮中学校)\n * のX みかどのぶ： 006 (御門信)\n * のX おおえの： 006 (大兄)\n * のX うえしんいち： 005 (上伸一¹・上親一¹・上眞一¹・上信一¹・上慎一¹)\n * のX こまろ： 005 (古麻呂³・子麻呂²)\n * のX うえまさのり： 005 (上正紀¹・上正矩¹・上正賀¹・上将憲¹・上正憲¹)\n * のX へばい： 005 (戸バイ)\n * のX へけいさつ： 005 (戸警察)\n * のX うえよしひろ： 005 (上嘉浩¹・上義啓¹・上吉弘¹・上良弘¹・上嘉弘¹)\n * のX やすまろ： 005 (安万侶¹・安麻呂³・安萬侶¹)\n * のX うえたつお： 005 (上達夫¹・上竜夫¹・上辰雄¹・上達男¹・上達雄¹)\n * のX えらぶ： 005 (永良部)\n * のX だてまちしも： 005 (館町下)\n * のX うえかずお： 005 (上和雄¹・上一男¹・上和郎¹・上一夫¹・上一雄¹)\n * のX みやちゅうおう： 004 (宮中央)\n * のX しんやちょう： 004 (新屋町)\n * のX かぐやま： 004 (香久山²・香具山²)\n * のX みやししょう： 004 (宮市消)\n * のX みやかんい： 004 (宮簡易)\n * のX みやびょういん： 004 (宮病院)\n * のX ひがしのみささぎ： 004 (東陵)\n * のX しょうちょうりつ： 004 (庄町立)\n * のX うえしんじ： 004 (上信治¹・上真二¹・上伸治¹・上慎二¹)\n * のX へかいどう： 004 (戸街道)\n * のX うらしょうがっこう： 004 (浦小学校)\n * のX なかつくに： 004 (中国)\n * のX うえまさお： 004 (上雅央¹・上正夫¹・上雅雄¹・上雅夫¹)\n * のX うえまさゆき： 004 (上正幸¹・上正之¹・上将行¹・上雅之¹)\n * のX みやちょうひがし： 004 (宮町東)\n * のX やしりつ： 004 (屋市立)\n * のX うえこうじ： 004 (上浩司¹・上晃二¹・上公二¹・上幸治¹)\n * のX むしまろ： 004 (虫麻呂)\n * のX こうじけ： 004 (小路家)\n * のX くちちゅうがっこう： 004 (口中学校)\n * のX うえこういち： 004 (上晃一¹・上紘一¹・上幸一¹・上浩一¹)\n * のX うえしょうがっこう： 004 (上小学校)\n * のX みかどふゆ： 004 (御門冬)\n * のX したとしやす： 004 (下俊保¹・下俊泰¹・下利恭¹・下利安¹)\n * のX もとじんじゃ： 004 (本神社)\n * のX うえみつ： 004 (上光³・上満¹)\n * のX くろまろ： 003 (黒麻呂)\n * のX せきけいさつ： 003 (関警察)\n * のX うえまさひろ： 003 (上雅博¹・上正広¹・上正大¹)\n * のX うえてつお： 003 (上鉄勇¹・上哲夫¹・上哲央¹)\n * のX もとしょうがっこう： 003 (本小学校)\n * のX うえだいすけ： 003 (上大佑¹・上大輔¹・上大助¹)\n * のX えちょうやす： 003 (江町安)\n * のX うえけいいち： 003 (上圭一¹・上敬一¹・上恵一¹)\n * のX むつの： 003 (陸奥)\n * のX もりじんじゃ： 003 (森神社)\n * のX したひろゆき： 003 (下浩之¹・下博之¹・下浩行¹)\n * のX うえゆか： 003 (上ユカ¹・上ゆか¹・上優佳¹)\n * のX でがくえん： 003 (出学園)\n * のX みややまぐち： 003 (宮山口)\n * のX みやくけん： 003 (宮区検)\n * のX うえまさはる： 003 (上正春¹・上正治¹・上正晴¹)\n * のX うえしろう： 003 (上四郎²・上士朗¹)\n * のX おかこふん： 003 (岡古墳)\n * のX みやちょうふく： 003 (宮町福)\n * のX うえのまさ： 003 (上当²・上正¹)\n * のX みやけいさつ： 003 (宮警察)\n * のX うえひろかず： 003 (上博和¹・上博一¹・上弘一¹)\n * のX うえよし： 003 (上よし²・上ヨシ¹)\n * のX うえたかお： 003 (上孝雄¹・上貴朗¹・上隆雄¹)\n 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(大瀬戸町雪)",
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{
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"body": "偶然この質問を思い出しました。\n\n# Question 1\n\n英語で\n\n> Hey, look! The car over there is the car which I would buy if I were rich.\n\nという文があると思います。\n\nその「if I were rich」は従属接続詞（if）で「I would buy」を修飾しているのです。それだけではなく、実は「I would\nbuy」と「if I were rich」は「which I would buy if I were\nrich」の中の一部です。とりあえず、両方とも名詞修飾節の一部です。\n\nそういうわけで、日本語もそういう使い方があるかを考えています。\n\n例えば、\n\n> 明日早く起きたら食べられる朝ごはんはアイスクリームです。\n\n「たら」を使って「明日早く起きたら」で「食べられる」を修飾します。そして、「明日早く起きたら食べられる」は朝ごはんを修飾します。\n\n例えば、\n\n> 子供がうるさいのでたまらない父はイヤホンをつけた。\n\n「ので」を使って「子供がうるさいので」で「たまらない」を修飾します。そして、「子供がうるさいのでたまらない」は父を修飾します。\n\n# Question 2\n\n英語で時々従属接続詞で作る文が他の従属接続詞で作る文を修飾する場合もあります。\n\n例えば、\n\n> By the time she saw the boy, he had already escaped the scene because nobody\n> was there to attack him when he decided to pass through the narrow way.\n>\n> from No Grammar Tears 2\n>\n> 途中で何か良い物を拾ったら半分はヘルメスの神に捧げるから、無事に旅をさせてくれといったものです。\n>\n> from イソップ童話\n\nこれは「途中で何か良い物を拾ったら」で「半分はヘルメスの神に捧げるから」を修飾しているのですか？\n\nそして「途中で何か良い物を拾ったら半分はヘルメスの神に捧げるから」は「無事に旅をさせてくれといったものです」を修飾しているのですか？\n\n* * *\n\n以上の通りに接続助詞で名詞修飾節の文を修飾できますか？\n\n接続助詞で作る文は他の接続助詞で作る文を修飾できますか？\n\n一体この文法の使い方があるのかどうかを教えてください。\n\nAre they just like adverbial clauses?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
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"title": "接続助詞は名詞修飾節の中に使えますか？・接続助詞で作る文は他の接続助詞で作る文を修飾できますか？",
"view_count": 455
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{
"body": "Questionへの答えですが、全部YESです。\n\n「子供がうるさいのでたまらない父はイヤホンをつけた」は、実際は「…うるさくて\nたまらない父は…」のほうが自然です。しかし、いずれにせよ「ので」節で修飾された節が名詞を修飾することは問題ありません。\n\nOff Topicですが、「実は彼ら(I would buy と if I were rich)は”which I would buy if I were\nrich”の中に一部です」は、正しくは「実はそれら(…)は”…\"の中の一部…」です。",
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"body": "**Question 1**\n\n可能です。ただし挙げてくださった例文は、実際はあまり使われないでしょう。なぜなら\n\n> [明日早く起きたら] [食べられる朝ごはんはアイスクリームです。] \n> [子供がうるさいので] [たまらない父はイヤホンをつけた。]\n\nという構造に解釈する方が自然なので、そう誤解される可能性が高いからです。 以下のように、被修飾語が最後に来る文であれば一般的です。\n\n> こちらがポイントを貯めるともらえる景品です。\n\n「ポイントを貯めるともらえる」が「景品」を修飾しています。\n\n**Question 2**\n\nこれも可能です。ただし説明にある\n\n> そして「途中で何か良い物を拾ったら半分はヘルメスの神に捧げるから」は「無事に旅をさせてくれといったものです」を修飾しているのですか？\n\nは正しくありません。「途中で何か良い物を拾ったら半分はヘルメスの神に捧げるから」は「無事に旅をさせてくれ」を修飾し、「途中で～させてくれ」全体が引用文\n(narration) として、「といったものです」に接続します。",
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] | 23431 | 23609 | 23609 |
{
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"body": "I noticed that the word 単位 is written as た **んい** in hiragana, not た **に**. Is\nthere a difference in the way んい and に are pronounced? If so, does the same\nprinciple go for んあ and な, んえ and ね, etc.?",
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"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"orthography",
"spelling",
"pitch-accent"
],
"title": "Difference between んい and に",
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{
"body": "単{たん} is pronounced たん and 位{い} is pronounced い.\n\nTogether, they are pronounced たんい or _tan'i_. This is distinctly different\nfrom に or _ni_.\n\nFor example, 谷{たに} is pronounced たに or _tani_. I don't know phonetic symbols\nso I apologize but you can sound these two out to hear how they are different.",
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"body": "There are three differences\n\n * **rhythm** \nたんい has three morae (\"syllables\"), where as たに has only two.\n\n * **sound** \nたんい has a [uvular](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_nasal) (\"nasal\") /ɴ/,\ni.e. [ta.ɴ.i], whereas たに has a \"normal\" /n/, i.e. [ta.ni].\n\n * **pitch** \nたんい【HLL】 drops in pitch after the first mora, [たに]【LHL】 drops in pitch after\nthe second mora.\n\nTry to listen for all three differences, they're all important.\n\n* * *\n\nThe sound and rhythm of んあ んう んえ んお are analogous. (Pitch, of course, depends\non the word.)\n\nHowever, in some cases (e.g. 反応 はんのう from はんおう or 天皇 or 銀杏), the\n\"nasalization\" has been lost \"officially\", so to speak. But /i/ following /ɴ/\nit is usually preserved, 雰囲気 ふんいき, 原因 げんいん, 単位 たんい etc. That said, no one\nlikes the combination /ɴ.i/, so these words are often subject to\n[metathesis](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metathesis_%28linguistics%29), see\nfor example [this answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3293/1628).",
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"parent_id": "23434",
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"score": 5
}
] | 23434 | 23437 | 23437 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23441",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How should I parse the part that comes after 許さない:\n\n> その形容から打突こそ主体と思われるが、槍｛やり｝の基本戦術は払いにある\n> (1)。長さに物を言わせた広範囲の薙｛な｝ぎ払いは、もとより身を引いて躱｛かわ｝す、などという防御を許さない **からだ** (2)。\n\nFeels like it makes the sentence flow a bit better with sentence topic but\nwhat is it, exactly? から_だ? から used to affirm what's stated in (1) + copula for\nemphasis?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-24T23:08:48.483",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23438",
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"owner_user_id": "9685",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax"
],
"title": "How is からだ used here?",
"view_count": 1878
} | [
{
"body": "「～～からだ」＝「～～からである」＝「～～からです」\n\n> \"から used to affirm what's stated in (1) + copula for emphasis?\"\n\nKind of but not quite. It affirms a prior statement by explaining the reason\nand/or logic behind the content of the prior statement.\n\nThe copula is **not** there for emphasis. It is just needed there for the\ngrammar reason. In informal speech, it can be dropped and you could end a\nsentence with 「から」.\n\nStatement #2 explains why the sweeping is the core of the spear fighting\ninstead of the attacks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T02:45:16.703",
"id": "23441",
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}
] | 23438 | 23441 | 23441 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23443",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that ですね is a form of saying _right?_ but in this sentence `これビデオですね`\nwhat does that means? I understand that means \"it's a video\" but I don't\nunderstand the `ね`. A friend was recording a video and some people thought it\nwas a photo and they posed but then she said it ain't was a photo.\n\n> * _focusing in some friends_\n> * _they pose_\n> * これ、ビデオですね。\n> * ビデオですか？\n> * _laughs_\n>",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-25T05:47:22.400",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2015-03-25T21:32:24.287",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of ですね in here?",
"view_count": 7769
} | [
{
"body": "As @l'électeur asked, what is the context?\n\n> * It could mean `This is a Video, isn't it?`\n> * It could also mean `This is a video` as if introducing some long lost\n> technology.\n> * It could also show some kind of small astonishment like having found a\n> video where they were expecting something else `Oh! A video!`\n> * When addressing something you are confident is a video, without wanting\n> to offend another person's interpretation of the object `This, as you may\n> already know, is a video`\n> * Realisation that you are being recorded rather than photographed `You\n> are taking a video right?`\n> * From the view of the person taking the video `I'm recording!` (implying\n> that a video rather than a photo is being taken - as with the photo/video\n> element of digital cameras and phone camera/video recorders)\n>\n\nThe `ね` is either implying a question where agreement is expected (as in the\nfirst example). Implying solid understanding of the subject (That is\ndefinitely a video) as in the second example. Indicating a small amount of\nastonishment (as in the third example). Without intending to cause offense at\nstating an obvious fact (fourth example). Questioning the state of something\nand expecting an answer (fifth example). Softly stating a fact that others may\nhave not been aware of (sixth example).\n\nEDIT to include @Michael and @user224579's comments\n\nOnce again, without more background it could mean anyone of these things\nand/or more.",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T06:20:14.607",
"id": "23443",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
] | 23442 | 23443 | 23443 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23446",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am not sure if the 'あ' being used instead of 'は' or there is a meaning in\nthe word 'そいつあ'.\n\nIn addition, is it possible that the 'あ' is a kind of particle or suffix?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T07:10:50.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23444",
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"last_editor_user_id": "1141",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"particle-は",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "What does the 'あ' do in this sentence 「そいつあけっこうだね」?",
"view_count": 302
} | [
{
"body": "The 'あ' is a kind of intornation of 'は' in Edo, where is now called as Tokyo.\nIt sounds a little old fashioned and very frank situation. Often, I hear it in\nRakugo.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T07:23:38.963",
"id": "23445",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-25T07:23:38.963",
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"score": 5
},
{
"body": "「そいつあ」 is a colloquial pronunciation of 「そいつは」. This is most common among male\nspeakers around Tokyo in their informal speech. It is not something they would\nuse in school or business.\n\nParticle 「は」 is often pronounced like 「あ」 in other areas as well when combined\nwith certain words in informal situations. For example:\n\n「それは」(\"That is ~~.\") ⇒ 「そりゃあ」 or 「そりゃ」\n\n「たまには」(\"Once in a while\") ⇒ 「たまにゃあ」 or 「たまにゃ」\n\n> \" is it possible that the 'あ' is a kind of particle or suffix?\"\n\nThis 「あ」 is not a suffix. It is, in my own words, a cross between the lazy,\ncolloquial pronunciation of 「は = wa」 and a \"filler syllable\" when one wants to\nomit a 「は」. This may be a terrible way to describe it but that is what I\nhonestly feel when I use this 「あ」 myself as a Japanese-speaker. I feel I am\nhalf-using the particle and half-not-using it at the same time.\n\nPoint is everyone will understand what I am saying, which is the only thing\nthat counts in colloquial speech.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T07:55:43.473",
"id": "23446",
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}
] | 23444 | 23446 | 23445 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23451",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When people who know Japanese talk about \"kanji\" in English, is there a\nconsensus with regard to whether you would say:\n\n\"I know about 10 kanji.\" // _uncountable_ \n\"I know about 10 kanjis.\" // _countable_\n\nThis is more an English grammar question, but few native English speakers know\nwhat a \"kanji\" is.\n\nMy opinion is that \"kanji\" is uncountable since all Japanese nouns are\nuncountable and \"kanji\" is a Japanese word.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T14:41:26.410",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23449",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-03-25T14:48:22.970",
"last_editor_user_id": "9509",
"owner_user_id": "9509",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "is \"kanji\" an uncountable noun in English?",
"view_count": 1479
} | [
{
"body": "A noun with a plural form that's the same as its singular form does not make\nit an uncountable noun. No English speaker would tell you that \"sheep\" is\nuncountable even though its plural form is still \"sheep.\"\n\nKanji (and its plural form, kanji) is definitely a countable noun in English.\nI don't know what makes you think that Japanese nouns are uncountable in\neither Japanese or English, but that's not true at all.\n\nEDIT: One could argue that \"kanji,\" the concept of Chinese characters, is an\nuncountable noun, and that in order to classify it in English, one would have\nto say \"characters of kanji.\" In this usage, I can agree that \"kanji\" is an\nuncountable noun. However, in the case where it's used as the OP said such as\n\"I know about 10 kanji,\" where \"kanji\" is used as a gloss to mean the\nindividual characters in the Chinese character set, it seems evident that it\nwould be a countable noun.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T15:01:55.877",
"id": "23450",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-25T16:54:17.130",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-25T16:54:17.130",
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},
{
"body": "I think that _kanji_ is countable in Japanese (漢字一文字、漢字二文字) and I would say it\nshould be countable in English, too (one _kanji_ , two _kanji_ ). The plural\nform in English is often adopted (sometimes wrongly, but never mind\nexceptions) from the original language (one corpus, two corpora; one\nphenomenon, two phenomena). I'd say _kanji_ in English should be countable\nwith plural form _kanji_.\n\nSince _kanji_ already means \"Chinese character\", I think \"10 kanji\" or \"10\nChinese characters\" is perfectly natural. \"10 kanji characters\", which would\nbe the literal translation of 漢字10文字, sounds a bit like the not uncommon \"the\nhoi polloi\", where \"hoi\" by itself is already the article \"the\" in Greek.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T16:56:44.217",
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"score": 4
}
] | 23449 | 23451 | 23450 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23454",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Could someone please explain a difference between 揃う【そろう】 and 集まる【あつまる】. I\ndont think they are synonyms but can't see any difference between them?\n\nTwo example sentences:\n\n> 駅前【えきまえ】に 人【ひと】が 集【あつ】まっています。 Lots of people are gathered in front of the\n> station.\n>\n> 朝【あさ】は 家族【かぞく】全員【ぜんいん】が 揃【そろ】って 食事【しょくじ】します The whole family eats together\n> in the morning.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T17:10:53.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23452",
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"owner_user_id": "9696",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "Difference between 揃う【そろう】 and 集まる【あつまる】",
"view_count": 1131
} | [
{
"body": "揃う is used when _all_ the members of a certain group/family/section get\ntogether. When used for inanimate objects, it means that everything that\ncomposes a certain larger thing gets together.\n\n> * 揃った? Is everyone here?\n> * 部品が揃った All the pieces (of a machine, etc) are prepared.\n>\n\nYou can use 全員(が) or すべて(が) with 揃う, but it's usually optional and doesn't\nchange the meaning of the sentence. 家族が揃う and 家族全員が揃う are semantically almost\nthe same.\n\n集まる is used when random people/things are simply gathered.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T17:23:11.663",
"id": "23453",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-25T19:06:06.403",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-25T19:06:06.403",
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"score": 9
},
{
"body": "Both 揃う and 集める include objects or living being coming together at one\nlocation, but there's an important difference:\n\n * 集（め・ま)る is more or less a neutral collection\n * 揃う on the other hand includes a connotation of the collection being sufficient or complete \n\nYou can 集める the pieces of a puzzle and end up with 1000 out of 1500, with 500\nmissing; but if the pieces of a puzzle 揃う, you've got all you need to complete\nthe puzzle.\n\nIf there's a real difference between two words A and B, I think it's important\nto have a sentence with both words, such that A is true and B is not. So to\nillustrate, here's a short sentence using both verbs:\n\n> [members of an online community want to meet in real life]\n>\n> 全員揃うのは無理だろうけど、常連だけでせめて2、30人は集めたいよね\n>\n> It won't be possible for all of us to gather, but it would be nice if we\n> could get 20-30 people with the regular users.\n\nIf people gather at a train station, they're just an unordered group of many\nindividuals. But if all members of the family come together, they're complete.\n\nA few more examples to illustrate the difference:\n\n揃う: gathered, and that's sufficient\n\n * 何しろ人的被害が多数に上る、最悪の条件がすべて揃っていると言えよう。\n * ひとり親より、両親が揃っていた方がいいと思っています。\n\n集まる: gathered, but not yet enough\n\n * 多くの兵達が上甲板に集まっていたが、まだ部隊の集合は完了していない。\n * 二号の原稿はある程度集まっていたが、続刊を出すめどが立たなくなった。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-25T17:57:28.777",
"id": "23454",
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"last_editor_user_id": "3275",
"owner_user_id": "3275",
"parent_id": "23452",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
] | 23452 | 23454 | 23453 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23457",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to figure out where the term イギリス for the United Kingdom came from.\n\nI suspect 英国【えいこく】 because they sound similar, but that seems a bit odd as\nKatakana words are usually loan words.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T05:25:01.773",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23456",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-26T08:42:35.280",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-26T08:42:35.280",
"last_editor_user_id": "3275",
"owner_user_id": "1805",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "What is the etymology of イギリス?",
"view_count": 1765
} | [
{
"body": "After further research I can say that in fact, イギリス actually came from\nPortuguese and first appeared in the 日葡辞書【にっぽじしょ】 (Vocabulario da Lingoa de\nIapam) compiled by a Jesuit Missionary in Nagasaki in 1603, the start of the\nEdo Period. It came from the Portuguese word `inglês` which would have been\npronounced イグレス and after interactions with Great Britain, the word changed\nfrom イグレス to イギリス.\n\n* * *\n\nSometimes you can hear an alternative explanation, such as [here on\n_chiebukuro_](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1098017210)\n(Japanese). According to this link, イギリス came from the Dutch word (knowing no\nDutch I assume to be a variant of `Engels`) which in Japanese was for some\nreason pronounced エゲリス. The interactions with the Dutch when discussing\nEngland happened during the Edo Period (AD1603 - AD1868) and after\ninteractions with Great Britain, the word would have changed from エグリス to\nイギリス。\n\nHowever, reflecting my research above, the person responding to the question\nat _chiebukuro_ appears to be wrong.\n\nFor reference, the original explanation from _chiebukuro_ :\n\n> 江戸時代日本と唯一国交のあったオランダではイングランドの事をエゲレスと言った為それが変化してイギリスと呼ばれるようになったらしいです。",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T06:01:45.253",
"id": "23457",
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"owner_user_id": "9241",
"parent_id": "23456",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
] | 23456 | 23457 | 23457 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23464",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Do they mean the same thing when used as a sequence word (\"again, a second\ntime\") or is there any difference (apart from 二度 also being used to mean \"two\ntimes\")?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T09:37:37.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23460",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-27T04:48:00.470",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-27T04:48:00.470",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9685",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"polarity-items"
],
"title": "\"again\" word: 二度｛にど｝, 再び｛ふたたび｝ - usage, difference",
"view_count": 1156
} | [
{
"body": "Only in **_negative_** sentences, 「[二度]{にど}と」, not「二度」, can mean \"again\".\n\n「マクドナルドへは **二度と** [行]{い}かない！」= \"I'll never go to McDonald's again!\"\n\nIn affirmative sentences, 「二度」 always means \"twice\". 「二度と」 cannot be used in\naffirmative sentences.\n\n「日本に **二度** 行ったことがあります。」= \"I have been to Japan twice.\"\n\n「[再]{ふたた}び」 means \"again\" in any situation.\n\n「[去年]{きょねん} **再び** 日本に行った。」 means \"I went to Japan again last year.\" This\nmeans that you had been to Japan at least once before last year as well.\n\n「去年 **二度** 日本に行った。」 is completely different. It means \"I went to Japan twice\nlast year.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T11:56:29.107",
"id": "23464",
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"parent_id": "23460",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 23460 | 23464 | 23464 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23463",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Does すご refer to すごく or すごい?\n\nDictionaries have no entries on すごかない. I understand that わよ are sentence\nending particles though.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T11:02:19.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23462",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-08T12:31:17.937",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-08T12:31:17.937",
"last_editor_user_id": "11849",
"owner_user_id": "9702",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of the sentence \"すごかないわよ\"?",
"view_count": 357
} | [
{
"body": "> 「すご **か** ないわよ」＝「すご **くは** ないわよ」= \"It is not that great/awesome.\"\n\n「か」 is a colloquial contraction of 「くは」, with 「く」 being the last syllable of\nthe [連用形]{れんようけい}= \"continuative form\" of an i-adjective (「すごい」 in this case.\n「すごく」 is the 連用形.) and 「は」 being a topic marker.\n\nThis 「か」 is mostly, if not exclusively, heard around Tokyo.\n\nOther examples:\n\n「うま **か** ねえ」＜「うま **くは** ない」 \"It ain't yummy.\" (Kanto tough guy speech)\n\n「[高]{たか} **か** ないけど・・」＜「高 **くは** ないけど・・」 \"It is not expensive, but ...\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T11:16:48.873",
"id": "23463",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-26T11:27:50.877",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-26T11:27:50.877",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"parent_id": "23462",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
] | 23462 | 23463 | 23463 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23467",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> * たくさんの階段を昇った後だったので彼女は完全に息を切らしていた。1 ([original example\n> sent](http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-\n> bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1Q%B3%AC%C3%CA_0__).)\n> * たくさんの階段を昇った後で彼女は完全に息を切らしていた。2\n>\n\nMy guess: there is a strong causal link between this and that in 1. 2 just\nmeans \"A happened, then B happened\". Is that correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T12:51:42.393",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23466",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-26T14:56:27.380",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-26T14:56:27.380",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "9685",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "後だったので v 後で interpretation",
"view_count": 112
} | [
{
"body": "Exactly as you say.\n\n>\n> 「たくさんの[階段]{かいだん}を[昇]{のぼ}った[後]{あと}だったので[彼女]{かのじょ}は[完全]{かんぜん}に[息]{いき}を[切]{き}らしていた。」\n>\n> \"After running up so many flights of steps, she was completely out of\n> breath. \"\n\nThe English translation from that page is not topnotch IMHO because it fails\nto reflect the strong causal link that you speak of. **More specifically, it\ndoes not even translate the 「だったので」 part.**\n\nThat looks more like the translation of your **second** Japanese sentence.\n\nMy own literal-as-possible TL of the **first** sentence:\n\n**\" Because it was (right) after she ran up many flights of steps, she was\ncompletely out of breath.\"**\n\nThat should show the cause-and-effect relationship between the clauses as\nclearly as the original sentence does.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-26T13:04:26.780",
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] | 23466 | 23467 | 23467 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I would like to tell someone to talk more, because she has a radio voice. The\nterm I am looking for should be either non-formal or slang.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T15:54:06.750",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"slang"
],
"title": "How to describe someone who has a \"radio voice\"?",
"view_count": 1105
} | [
{
"body": "If you want a noun phrase, you could use:\n\n> 「ラジオ[向]{む}きの[声]{こえ}」\n>\n> 「ラジオに向いている声」\n>\n> 「ラジオに向いてる声」\n\nAll are natural-sounding, stress-free phrases.\n\nIf you want to form a sentence like \"You have a ~~~ voice.\", here is the\nperfect expression:\n\n[Use of する to describe one's\ncolour](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23234/use-\nof-%e3%81%99%e3%82%8b-to-describe-ones-colour/23235#23235)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T00:55:26.863",
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{
"body": "I don't know if I understand \"radio voice\" correctly but it might be...\n\n> 「[声優]{せいゆう}みたいな[声]{こえ}」\n\n声優 means voice actor or actress.\n\nIf you want to praise his/her voice, than I prefer you to tell so. It's hard\nto imply why you say that.\n\n> I like your voice / [君]{きみ}の声が[好]{す}きだ\n>\n> You're voice is cute / [可]{か}[愛]{わい}い声だね",
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"score": 1
}
] | 23468 | null | 23483 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23477",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "My guess it's a rude jargon thing (comes up a lot in anime and the like, used\nby male characters). What does it mean?\n\n> A: ～～ \n> B: そういう君は～ or そういうおまえこそ～\n\nそう言う (そういう君 = \"you who are talking like this...\"), そういう (that kind of thing),\nor something else?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-26T17:18:09.517",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"modification"
],
"title": "そういう君は～、 そういうおまえこそ～ - meaning?",
"view_count": 623
} | [
{
"body": "A common expression like 「そういう + Person + （こそ）」 has a few different meanings.\nWhat the 「そういう」 part refers to depends entirely on the context.\n\nMain Possibilities:\n\n 1. Someone has made a statement that you feel the need to address because it is not something you expected to hear and you want to come back at them. 「そういう」＝「そう言う」\n\n> Woman: 「[謝]{あやま}りなさいよ！ (You made a f***in' **** outta me last night, you\n> piece of ****in' ****!)」\n\n> l'électeur: 「謝るかっ、ボケ！そういうお前こそオレに謝れ！ (You always *********!)」\n\n 2. Someone is being a certain way that you do not approve of and you want to make a comment about it. 「そういう」＝「そんな」\n\n> 「(Explanation of how the listener has been to the speaker.)\n> そういうあなたがもういやになってしまったんです。」\n\n 3. The positive version of case 2). You like the way someone is or has been and you want to make a comment about it. 「そういう」＝「そんな」\n\n> 「(Explanation of the wonderful things the listener has done for the speaker\n> over the years.) そういう[君]{きみ}を[愛]{あい}している。[結婚]{けっこん}してほしい。」",
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}
] | 23469 | 23477 | 23477 |
{
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"body": "I saw this on the cover of a book about trains that was at least similar to a\nmagazine:\n\n>\n> [N700系](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9AN700%E7%B3%BB%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A)とはどこが違う？\n>\n> N700Aに搭載された性能\n\nThis is a little confusing:\n\n 1. とは is used to define things. It is often used either in a question asking for a definition or a dictionary entry that actually gives a definition. どこが違う？ does not sound like a question asking for a definition.\n\n 2. As for the second sentence, it almost looks like \"The ability by which it was loaded by N700A.\" That is obviously not the meaning of the sentence.\n\nMaybe this is something vaguely in the ballpark of the meaning of that phrase?\n\n> What's new and different in the N700 series [of train models]?\n>\n> The N700A, which is superior in terms of capacity\n\nWhat is the translation, and in particular, what am I missing here?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-26T17:58:53.993",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2015-03-26T19:13:02.057",
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"owner_user_id": "1771",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "How do とは and に/された work in 「N700系とはどこが違う？N700Aに搭載された性能」",
"view_count": 153
} | [
{
"body": "Here, とは is just pointing out that we're defining a characteristic of the N700\ngroup. (The と is the quotative particle, but I don't think that really helps\nin parsing this.) どこが違う？ is not asking for a definition _per se_ , but for\ndefining a characteristic.\n\nYour translation is pretty close. Literally, I'd translate it as something\nlike:\n\n> Where is the difference from the N700 line [of trains]? \n> The performance (or efficiency) that was equipped by the N700A.\n\nOr, more naturally:\n\n> What's different from the N700 train models? \n> The N700A's performance levels.",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-26T19:00:47.423",
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"body": "1. Don't treat 「とは」 as a single unit.\n\n「〜と違う」 means \"different from\". This 「と」 is the one normally glossed as \"with\",\nalthough I can't think of a way to use that gloss here.\n\nWhen 「〜と違う」 is used in the outermost layer of the sentence, it is normally\nbecomes 「〜とは違う」. While I can't give a technical explanation of why this is the\ncase, I'd say the hand-wavey one is that 「違う」 is a \"semantically negative\"\npredicate which is normally _not_ true of most things, so it is natural to use\n「は」 for the same reason it is natural to use 「は」 with syntactically negative\npredicates.\n\n 2. 「〜に搭載する」 approximately means \"to build into\" or \"to load onto\". When you change it to the passive 「〜に搭載される」 you get \"to be built into\" or \"to be loaded onto\". Literally, 「N700Aに搭載された性能」 ⇒ \"The capabilities built into the N700A.\"\n\n> What's different from the N700 model?\n>\n> The N700A's built-in capabilities.",
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}
] | 23471 | null | 23472 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I want to translate:\n\n> \"I gave my little sister a doll for her birthday\".\n\nI do not want to use `私` but imply that I did it, so the right particles are\ncrucial.\n\nI've come this far, but I'm not sure about the particle `は` which I chose\nbasically because it was the most likely one that was left.\n\n> 誕生日{たんじょうび}は妹{いもうと}に人形{にんぎょう}をあげました.\n\nMy original choice was `誕生日に` but then I would have two `に`s.\n\nHow can I say \"for occasion\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T20:36:33.120",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "Which particle to use to say, \"for (occasion)\"?",
"view_count": 1017
} | [
{
"body": "There is no problem having two に particles in one sentence. Your original\nchoice is most correct.\n\nUsing [event]+に is the best way to express that something will happen for\n[event], and [person]+にあげる happens to also be the best way to express that you\nare giving something to [person].\n\n> 誕生日｛たんじょうび｝に妹｛いもうと｝に人形｛にんぎょう｝をあげました。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-26T20:50:26.903",
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"body": "As @Eric mentioned, に is the correct choice, and there is no harm in having\ntwo of them in this sentence. In addition to that, you could use には to\nemphasize that it was specifically for her birthday instead of some other\noccasion.\n\n> 誕生日 **には** 妹に人形をあげました。 → For her **birthday** , I gave my little sister a\n> doll.\n\nNote that you can also use [贈]{おく}る for giving a present.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-26T20:56:40.750",
"id": "23475",
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"body": "To say 「誕生日に」＞「誕生日は」 in OP's context is very Japanese-as-a-foreign-language-\nesque.\n\nThere is absolutely nothing wrong or unnatural in saying 「誕生日は」. In fact, 「は」\nwould be a **_very_** natural choice among native speakers.\n\nTo attach 「は」, the word does not have to be the grammatical subject of the\nsentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-26T23:20:53.897",
"id": "23478",
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{
"body": "This isn't literal but it seems natural:\n\n妹の誕生日に人形をあげました。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-27T00:39:43.090",
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"score": 1
}
] | 23473 | null | 23474 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23481",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "The ending of the first line of the first paragraph in the newspaper article\ntitled\n[さくら市の歩み一冊に](http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/local/tochigi/news/20150326-OYTNT50467.html)\nreads\n\n... さくら市の記念誌を文星芸大（宇都宮市）のデザイン専攻の学生たちが制作した。\n\nMy understanding is that that means: \n_The students who majored in design at Bunsei University made a commemorative\nbook about Sakura City._\n\nWhat is gained by saying \"学生たち\" instead of just \"学生\"? Can't \"学生\" be plural\nwithout the \"たち\"?\n\nIf I were to re-arrange the sentence as such:\n\nデザイン専攻の学生たちが記念誌を作成した。\n\nwould it then be ok to replace \"学生たち\" with just \"学生\"?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-26T21:49:46.490",
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"id": "23476",
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"owner_user_id": "9509",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"plurals"
],
"title": "Why is \"学生\" made \"plural\" in this newspaper article?",
"view_count": 515
} | [
{
"body": "Although in some contexts `学生` can be plural (in fact the way you propose to\nchange the sentence MAY be read that way), as both @istrasci and @dainichi\nstated, it could lead to confusion as it could mean either one or many\nstudents. Adding the `たち` confirms that it refers to **more that one** student\nand removes this ambiguity.\n\n> * デザイン専攻の学生が記念誌を作成した。\n> * The design student(s) created a memorial magazine.\n> * デザイン専攻の学生たちが記念誌を作成した。\n> * The design students created a memorial magazine.\n>",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T00:24:00.553",
"id": "23480",
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{
"body": "I am going to say that is mainly because it was newspaper article writing,\nwhich is expected to be rather precise by the general public. It is just not\nwritten the same way we speak.\n\nEven if 「たち」 had not been used, well over 90% of the readers would have\nunderstood it to be plural from the context. 90%, however, is not a good\nenough number for a newspaper.\n\n> \"What is gained by saying \"学生たち\" instead of just \"学生\"?\"\n\nThat remaining 10% that I mentioned above. In addition, the publisher only\ngains if the articles are written in professional manners.\n\n> \"Can't \"学生\" be plural without the \"たち\"?\"\n\nSure can. It is just y'all J-learners who often talk about \"singular vs.\nplural\", not us J-speakers.\n\nIn my case, I did not even know the words 「[単数]{たんすう}= \"singular\"」 and\n「[複数]{ふくすう}= \"plural\"」 until I started learning _**English**_ in junior high\nschool. I am pretty sure most other J-speakers were like that as kids.\n\n> \"If I were to re-arrange the sentence as such:\n>\n> デザイン専攻の学生たちが記念誌を作成した。\n>\n> would it then be ok to replace \"学生たち\" with just \"学生\"?\"\n\nIt would be more than just O.K. if it were another type of writing such as an\nemail to a friend, but in a newspaper article, most people would expect 「たち」\nto be there as we have discussed.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T00:30:27.927",
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"body": "If it were 学生 without たち in the first sentence, I would probably interpret it\nas a single student, until \"専門スタッフ3人と学生約20人\" in the middle of the article. At\nthat point, I would notice the ambiguity and probably think the article is\npoorly-written.\n\nI assume a 68-page book can be designed by a single college student who majors\nin design, so the plurality was not obvious to me by context. If there are\nmore than one student, I expect the writer to include at least one clue that\nindicates that fact. Of course, たち is not necessary at all, as long as there\nis something else which implies the plurality, such as 全員で or 共同で.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T03:22:55.047",
"id": "23485",
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}
] | 23476 | 23481 | 23481 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23488",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is the full sentence I have found:\n\n> あんた **あれほど** ボクシングをきらっていたのに \n> どうして急に本気でやる気になったの?\n\nDoes it mean 'me'?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T04:25:23.457",
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 「あれほど」?",
"view_count": 388
} | [
{
"body": "As @Eric says,\n\n> あれほど means \"so much\" or \"to such an extent\". Best I can tell, this sentence\n> says, \"Given that you used to hate boxing so much, why have you suddenly\n> become so seriously motivated [to box]?\"\n\nHowever, as @oldergod mentions, `あれほど` would mean close \"to such an extent\",\nor \"that much\" rather than \"so much\".\n\n> You hated boxing **`that much`** , what suddenly made you become so\n> motivated [to box]?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T06:57:16.867",
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}
] | 23486 | 23488 | 23488 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23492",
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"body": "How should the 貰っておく part be interpreted? What (I) can receive, I ... (?).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-27T08:20:35.957",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23489",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-27T08:59:17.713",
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"owner_user_id": "9685",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"idioms"
],
"title": "貰｛もら｝える物は貰っておく (idiom?) meaning",
"view_count": 180
} | [
{
"body": "The sentence means\n\n> If you can have it, just get it ( _even if you are not sure you will use it\n> anytime soon. Let's just get it first and we will see what happen next_ ).\n\nthe -ておく implies what is in the brackets. It's like predoing/preparing for\nsomething that may or not come.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T08:58:37.253",
"id": "23491",
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"body": "To capture the nuance of the original, I would go with something short like:\n\n> \"I'll take anything that's free!\"\n\nYou might think I did not translate expressly the 「もらっておく」 part, but if I did,\nit would sound pretty wordy.\n\n> \"I'll take anything that's free as it might come in handy in the future.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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}
] | 23489 | 23492 | 23491 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23493",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For example explaining to an acquaintance or a stranger something, but I don't\nknow if it's understood or not and would like to ask. In English I would say\nsomething like \"I'm sorry, was my explanation clear?\" to imply that any\nmisunderstanding would be my fault. I doubt this, but would saying 分かりましたか？\ncarry that same sense? Or would it be impolite?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T08:21:45.740",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"politeness"
],
"title": "How do you ask if you are understood without being rude?",
"view_count": 441
} | [
{
"body": "わかりましたか would be like \"did you get it\" so avoid it and just ask it in a way\nwhere _they_ judge you and not the reverse as you did in English.\n\nSomething like 説明に不明点はなかったでしょうか。",
"comment_count": 0,
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] | 23490 | 23493 | 23493 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23499",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "You know how Japanese people say \"スタイルのいいお姉さん\" to basically refer to \"that\ngirl with huge boobs\" or \"that really tall girl\"? I've seen this get thrown\naround a lot but never really got the rationale behind this. My guess is that\nit's a euphemism but can someone give an accurate explanation of this?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-27T12:27:05.417",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "Why is スタイル used to denote body figure?",
"view_count": 600
} | [
{
"body": "In Japanese, スタイルのいい女性 is a plain and straightforward phrase that means \"a\nwoman with a nice figure/body.\" No euphemism is involved. And it usually\nrefers to her general appearance, not specifically to her height or breast.\n\n大辞泉 says [the primary meaning of スタイル is 姿 ( _figure_ ) of a\nperson](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/118595/m0u/), although it can\nalso mean _manner_ , _fashion_ , _format_ , etc. [Many Japanese people simply\nbelieve that definition](http://www.eigowithluke.com/2013/06/style/), and you\ncan call it a kind of 和製英語.\n\nI failed to find the exact explanation of when and why スタイル came to mean body\nfigure, but I think the reason is easy to speculate. スタイル was already used in\nsuch a way at least in [a novel written in\n1927](http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000037/files/1417_22265.html).\n\n>\n> 少佐がどうして彼を従卒にしたか、それは、彼がスタイルのいい、好男子であったからであった。そのおかげで彼は打たれたことはなかった。しかし、彼は、なべて男が美しい女を好くように、上官が男前だけで従卒をきめ…",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T18:08:21.033",
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}
] | 23494 | 23499 | 23499 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Not sure what to make of this volitional (?) + rhet. question particle. For\nexample:\n\n> それなら一息入｛ひといきい｝れようか。\n\nMy gut feeling is to to translate this as \"because of that, can (I) really\ntake a breather?\" (very strongly implying that I can't) or \"I can't really\ntake a break\"- would that be correct?\n\nDoes it feel similar to:\n\n> それなら一息入｛ひといきい｝れるまい。",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T16:27:11.530",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "連体形＋ようか (casual) - what to make of it?",
"view_count": 119
} | [
{
"body": "> 「それなら一息入れようか。」\n>\n> \"My gut feeling is to to translate this as \"because of that, can (I) really\n> take a breather?\"\n\nMine is to translate it as **\"Let's take a break then, shall we?\"**\n\nI used the all-purpose \"then\". I could not think of a situation or context\nwhere 「それなら」 in 「それなら一息入れようか」 would mean \"because of that\", but you are the\none who knows the context.\n\n> \" (very strongly implying that I can't) or \"I can't really take a break\"-\n> would that be correct?\"\n\nNo, it would not. Wonder what words lead you to think that way.\n\nUnder normal circumstances, 「それなら一息入れようか。」 would be said only when the speaker\nthinks it appropriate to take a break. Though there is the question particle\n「か」 in there, all it is saying is really just \"Let's take a break!\" If the\nlarger context proves otherwise, you should provide it.\n\n> \"Does it feel similar to: 「 それなら一息入れるまい。」?\"\n\nNo, not at all, I am afraid. Why bring in a negation auxiliary verb here?\n\nI feel it would be either:\n\n1) 「それなら一息入れようか。」 was said in an extremely unusual situation that is beyond\nthe imagination of an average J-speaker as myself. Or,\n\n2) You are somehow seeing something that is not in the sentence. (Perhaps\nbecause you are reading too much into it?)",
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] | 23497 | null | 23504 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23501",
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"body": "Is there any difference between these nouns?\n\nIs this like the difference between 'magic' and 'sorcery' in English?\n\nIs 魔法【まほう】 used most often?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T19:08:45.323",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 呪術【じゅじゅつ】, 魔法【まほう】, 奇術【きじゅつ】, and 魔術【まじゅつ】?",
"view_count": 833
} | [
{
"body": "**奇術【きじゅつ】** : Illusion or stage magic, which has tricks and is performed by\nreal magicians all over the world. A person who does this is called マジシャン or\n奇術師. But in this sense, the most common word is katakana マジック. Table magic is\noften called 手品【てじな】, too.\n\n**魔法【まほう】** : Supernatural kind of magic. Typical 魔法 is what you can find in\n_Harry Potter_ franchise or various fantasy role-playing games. Basically used\nonly in fictions.\n\n**呪術【じゅじゅつ】** : Ritual magic, performed by real people in order to [invoke\nrain](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainmaking_\\(ritual\\)), curse someone, etc.\nIt frequently appears in serious anthropological contexts, but it's used in\nfictions, too.\n\n**魔術【まじゅつ】** : This is similar to 魔法, but is an ambiguous word which can refer\nto everything above. Many sport players are nicknamed ～の魔術師.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T19:52:18.320",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
] | 23500 | 23501 | 23501 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Found two example translations, one is \"[there is no\nalternative](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/52725/m0u/)\", the other is\n\"[sorry, it was awful](http://lint.co.jp/e+/PoD/PoD.php?num=311)\". What is the\nscope of situations where it can be used? Is there a way to translate its\nnuance into English?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T20:18:59.990",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23502",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"idioms"
],
"title": "How would you use どうもこうもない?",
"view_count": 1371
} | [
{
"body": "This is my 5th try in answering this question, which is why it has taken some\ntime. The phrase is terribly difficult to explain (as the two translations you\nhave shown might already suggest).\n\nShort Yamato-kotoba set phrases like this are often extremely contextual and\nare used for different meanings and nuances in different situations. Just look\nat the words in the phrase:\n\n> 「どう + も + こう + も + ない」\n>\n> ≒ \"There is neither 'how' nor 'this'.\"\n\nIt immediately looks like there is trouble ahead, doesn't it?\n\n> Try thinking of 「どう」 as representing a **how** -question and 「こう」 as a reply\n> to the how-question.\n\n\" **How** was your date?\" \"Well, it was ( **this** and that).\"\n\nIf there should be neither \"how\" nor \"this\", this conversation would not\nstand, would it? That is the basic meaning/nuance of 「どうもこうもない」. You just do\nnot have many words to talk about the topic at hand because you did not like\nit, you are not interested in the topic, there is not much to it, etc. You\njust do not have anything good or interesting to say about the topic.\n\nWhat it exactly means depends entirely on the context/situation. It could be\nsaid with anger, disappointment, indifference, etc. Some people say it\nhabitually and some basically never do. I may have never used it myself.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-29T01:49:58.897",
"id": "23514",
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] | 23502 | null | 23514 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> ですから、 **一回限りの人生、かけがえのない自己** を大切にしようではありませんか。\n>\n> So, shall we value this **irreplaceable self in this life that we have but\n> once**? (example sentence from _A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese\n> Grammar_ )\n\nHow did the translator make the bolded connection (に、には)? Can 読点 work here to\nlist [predicate]人生 and [predicate]自己? That is, \"shall we value this one life\nthat we have but once **and** ourselves, who are irreplaceable?\n\nWhat is the grammar behind this? Assuming this structure can't mean \"and\", how\nwould you best rephrase it so that it does?",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-27T22:58:49.923",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "How to interpret this comma?",
"view_count": 272
} | [
{
"body": "You can interpret it as …人生 and …自己 as you suggest, but it's more like a noun\nused like an adverb like 一生（いっしょう）i.e. \"during your life\".\n\n…に or には don't make sense along with the predicate 大切にしよう. Though 人生に一度は大切にしよう\nmeans \"let's take care of it at least once in your life\". Basically に ≠ in.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-28T01:10:20.753",
"id": "23505",
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{
"body": "In this sentence, I think the author suggests valuing one important thing,\nlife. Not two things (life and self) separately.\n\nSo I would say this 読点 (comma) servers as an\n[appositive](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apposition) marker. That is to say,\n一回限りの人生 and かけがえのない自己 are the same idea described in two different ways.\n\nTo translate this literally, you can use comma as well in English:\n\n> Let's value the life that is unrepeatable, the self that is irreplaceable.\n\nThe example translation in your textbook looks like a free translation, but at\nleast they are treating them as _one_ concept.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-28T23:59:59.570",
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}
] | 23503 | null | 23512 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I was wondering about something that occurs in Japanese I've seen quite often\nbut have yet to find an explanation. I know the Japanese verb to say is 言う,\nand I know that sometimes you can simply end a sentence with って to indicate\nimplicitly that 言う follows. But I've also seen the following:\n\n[sentence]-っつの such as in the following 大丈夫っつの translated to mean: I said I'm\nfine.\n\nMy question is where does this っつ come from? I'm guessing the の is as in\n何をしているの, but the っつ puzzles me. I'm guessing that it's some sort of colloquial\nspeech style such as saying わかんない vs 分からない, and if that's the case, the only\nverb I can think of is 伝える.\n\nCan anyone elaborate?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-28T05:23:25.410",
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"id": "23506",
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"owner_user_id": "9721",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "Japanese verb to say",
"view_count": 98
} | [] | 23506 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Watching street commotion from a long distance at night, the vision is blurry:\n\n> それは見えてはいるけれど、見えていないという状態だ。\n\nMy guess is that it translates into \"you can call it a situation where\n(things) can both be seen and not seen\". However, I don't know anything about\nthe grammar involved with 見えてはいる. How does it work?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-28T11:11:36.130",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Te form + はいる question",
"view_count": 103
} | [] | 23507 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I don't understand the usage of こちらこそ in the following exchange:\n\nA: はじめまして、たなか ゆうこです。よろしく おねがいします。 \nB: たなかさん、こちらこそ よろしく おねがいします。\n\nIn the translation, I was told that it meant \"it is I, not you\". Could someone\nexplain this to me?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-28T16:59:47.143",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23508",
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"owner_user_id": "9725",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-usage"
],
"title": "How is こちらこそ used?",
"view_count": 12373
} | [
{
"body": "It's being used here as B being humble and saying that the pleasure of this\nmeeting is all theirs.\n\nYou know how sometimes, especially in cliched movies, there will be an\nexchange like this?\n\n> X: Thank you for all you have done for us. \n> Y: No, sir. **It is I who should** thank _you_.\n\nThe feeling is kind of the same here. Upon their first meeting, their exchange\ngoes something like this:\n\n> A: How do you do? I'm Yuuko Tanaka. Pleased to meet you. \n> B: Mr. Tanaka, **the pleasure is all mine**.\n\nOr, if we interpret it (perhaps overly) literally†:\n\n> A: How do you do? I'm Yuuko Tanaka. I humbly request that our relations go\n> favorably. \n> B: Mr. Tanaka; **no, no, it is I who** makes this humble request.\n\n† Thanks to [@sova](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/9542/sova) for\nthis suggestion.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-28T17:45:10.493",
"id": "23509",
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},
{
"body": "こちらこそ literally means \"Consequentely the same here\". (It's the same for me, I\nreturn the thank.) Actually, \"こちら\" is a... direction. It means like \"on my\nside\". And can even mean \"over there\" in a different context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-11-09T23:40:59.817",
"id": "54393",
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}
] | 23508 | null | 23509 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23513",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Struggling to grasp this sentence:\n\n残像｛ざんぞう｝さえ霞む｛かすむ｝高速｛こうそく｝の打突｛だとつ｝。\n\nRapid strikes that [verb clause starts] ...\n\nApplying structures from\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/28566/m0u/%E3%81%95%E3%81%88/) and\n[here](http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=sae) hasn't made sense to\nme so far.\n\nThinking about it more: \"Rapid strikes, such that even their afterimage\nbecomes blurred\"? Sounds horrible when I translate it like that.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-28T22:11:46.633",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23510",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-03-28T22:55:14.587",
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"owner_user_id": "9722",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"particles"
],
"title": "Noun + さえ + Verb (infinitive)",
"view_count": 557
} | [
{
"body": "Your translation shows your complete understanding of the phrase even if you\ndo not like it yourself.\n\nA difficulty this relative clause could present for the translator is the fact\nthat 「霞む」 is an intransitive verb and that is not the action either performed\nby or against 「打突」, the main noun of the relative clause.\n\nWhat I often do in such cases is that I rephrase it the way it does not change\nthe meaning or nuance of the original.\n\n> 「残像さえ霞む高速の打突」\n\nI mentally rephrased this to:\n\n> 「残像さえ霞む **ような** 高速の打突」,\n>\n> 「残像さえ霞む **ほど** 高速の打突」 or\n>\n> 「残像さえ霞む **ほどに** 高速 **な** 打突」\n\nThe phrase became somewhat easier to translate and I now have:\n\n> \"a strike so rapid that even its afterimage gets blurred\"\n\nA noun phrase needs to stay as such till the end. I said that because\n_**many**_ users here tend to call a phrase like this a \"sentence\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-29T00:56:10.810",
"id": "23513",
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}
] | 23510 | 23513 | 23513 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23518",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've come across this once or twice where people will say someone's name and\nthen add ' **め** ' in an irritable/victorious tone [e.g: ヒカル **め** , マコト **め**\n, etc.], but I've yet to find a textbook example explaining the\nreasons/meaning clearly.\n\nMy latest scenario is when one character, Daichi, is in the hospital, and his\nfriend Hikaru comes to visit him 'since you're not the type to have girl's\ncome and visit you/お前は女が見舞いに来るタイプじゃねーからな'.\n\nSome time after Hikaru goes home, Daichi gets a surprise visit from a female\nfriend. He thinks to himself:\n\n> へへーん！ボクだって女が見舞いに来るタイプなんだぞヒカル **め** ！\n\nSo far, I've translated that as 'Haha! Seems I am the type to have girl's come\nvisit\" but I'm not sure what to do with 'ヒカルめ'. Take that, Hikaru? You jerk,\nHikaru??? I have no clue.\n\nIf someone could explain the meaning behind this and how it can be translated\nas (in other situations as well as this one), I'd be very grateful.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-29T05:32:21.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 17,
"tags": [
"translation",
"nuances",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "Meaning behind adding 'め' after someone's name?",
"view_count": 6762
} | [
{
"body": "**「め」 is a suffix of contempt when attached to a noun or another person's\nname.**\n\n「この[犬]{いぬ} **め** ！」= \"You stupid dog!\"\n\n「[許]{ゆる}せん、[田中]{たなか} **め** ！」= \"Will never forgive Tanaka the bastard!\"\n\nTranslation is an art. You could use whatever word you feel appropriate for\nthe context that expresses contempt, scorn, disdain, etc.\n\nPlease note, however, that it becomes a **suffix of humility when attached to\nthe first-person pronoun 「わたくし/あたくし」**. This usage is much more often seen in\nfiction than in real life.\n\n「[私]{わたくし} **め** にお[任]{まか}せくだされ。」= \"Please leave it to the humble me!\" You\nwill hear subordinates say that to their bosses in period dramas.\n\nWe **do not** say 「ぼくめ」 or 「オレめ」 because those are far from humble. Even\n「わたしめ」 without the 「く」 would be quite rare.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-29T08:10:55.620",
"id": "23518",
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"score": 28
}
] | 23515 | 23518 | 23518 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23517",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across this line of dialgue, and I'm wondering what the lengthened\nversion would be. For context, the series is in the middle of a tournamet\n(there are teams, but players compete individually), and one player has just\nwitnessed another player winning their match with incredible skill. The\nspectating player thinks:\n\n> オレたちゃここまでだな\n\nI've translated that as 'We're finished/this is it for us', going on the\nassumption that オレたちゃ is a contracted of オレたち and another word.\n\nCould someone tell me exactly what the long form of 'オレたちゃ' is? Or am I wrong\nand is 'たちゃ' another word entirely?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-29T07:33:25.483",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"suffixes",
"contractions"
],
"title": "What is オレたちゃ a contraction of?",
"view_count": 356
} | [
{
"body": "It's contracted with the particle は:\n\n> オレた **ち＋は** → オレた **ちゃ**",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-29T07:35:11.977",
"id": "23517",
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"score": 4
}
] | 23516 | 23517 | 23517 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23523",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know that verb + ~ている+ 瞬間【しゅんかん】 has a similar usage to ~ている+とき, for example\n目を閉じている瞬間 and 目を閉じているとき.\n\nI want to know what is the difference between these two in general, will it\nchange the meaning of the sentence if I use しゅんかん over とき？",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-29T08:31:46.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23519",
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"owner_user_id": "7242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"syntax"
],
"title": "Difference between verb ~ている + (瞬間・とき)",
"view_count": 250
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese 瞬間 always refers to a _very_ short period of time, typically less\nthan a second. (It can refer to a longer period of time, for example if you're\ntalking about the history of the earth, though.)\n\n * 目を閉じる瞬間 the very moment someone closes their eyes\n * 目を閉じている時 when someone's eyes are closed\n\nSo you cannot use 瞬間 in the following sentence:\n\n>\n> 眠るために目を閉じている時、眼球は素早く運動することがあり、これを[レム睡眠](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep)と呼ぶ。\n\n目を閉じ **ている** 瞬間 is an expression we would seldom encounter. In general, the\nprogressive form `～ている` implies the situation persists over a longer period of\ntime, and thus it doesn't go very well with 瞬間.\n\nOnly when you know the eyes will be closed for a very short period of time,\nyou can say something like this:\n\n> [まばたき](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink)のために目を閉じている瞬間を、ふだん人間は認識していない。\n\n(I'm sorry, but your \"side question\" is totally irrelevant to the main\nquestion. Could you ask it separately?)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T02:56:09.383",
"id": "23523",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-30T02:56:09.383",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "23519",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 23519 | 23523 | 23523 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23521",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Consider the following bolded sentence from _Fate／stay night_ (previous and\nnext 2 sentences provided for some context).\n\n> 古来より、魂というものは扱いが難しい。 在るとされ、魔術において必要な要素と言われているが、魂《それ》を確立させた魔術師は一人しかいない程だ。\n>\n> **魂はあくまで“内容を調べるモノ”“器に移し替えるモノ”に留まる。** それを抜き出すだけでは飽きたらず、一つの箇所に集めるという事は理解不能だ。\n> だって、そんな変換不可能なエネルギーを集めたところで魔術師には使い道がない。\n\nTreating もの as a nominalizer makes it look like \"The soul is, at the utmost,\nsomething you'd study the substance with [魂は(で)内容を調べるもの], something you'd put\ninside a vessel [魂は（を）器に移し替えるもの], however this looks quite dubious - can you\nput the same topic particle は to two different uses in the same sentence? Is\nthere a way to employ は in one way that would make sense in both nominalized\nclauses?\n\nIn other words, I can't make heads or tails with the grammar here. How does\nthis sentence work, and what does it mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-29T10:48:59.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23520",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-30T00:33:06.440",
"last_edit_date": "2015-03-29T11:32:40.107",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9722",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"particle-は",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "How do は and もの work in this sentence?",
"view_count": 221
} | [
{
"body": "The sentence in question basically says that the soul is like liquid, and must\nbe always inside some kind of container. A magician can't drain soul from\nsomeone and keep it on its own.\n\nYou seem to have failed to translate the verb 留まる (=stay, reside) at the last.\nThe basic structure of the sentence is \"魂はあくまで～に留まる\" (The soul absolutely\nstays in ～). And the rest describes where the soul must stay.\n\nTaking the context into account, the remaining two elements seem to correspond\nto the source and the destination of the soul, respectively. So I would\ninterpret them like this:\n\n * \"内容を調べるモノ\" - The thing which (a magician) investigates\n * \"器に移し替えるモノ\" - The thing/vessel into which (a magician) transfers the soul\n\nHere モノ is not a nominalizer but a simple noun meaning \"thing\".\n\nHowever, the second one is puzzling to me, because the modified noun is\nrepeated in the relative clause. It's as odd as \"The thing into which you\ntransfer the soul into a vessel\", \"The book which I read the book\" or\nsomething. I feel this should have been \"それ(魂)を移し替えるモノ\" or just \"移し替えるモノ\". I\nmay be wrong, but I can't think of the better interpretation.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T00:25:56.227",
"id": "23521",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-03-30T00:33:06.440",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "23520",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 23520 | 23521 | 23521 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "How exactly would I say that a certain object is a certain length. Would it\njust be\n\n(noun)の 長さは (number) (units)。\n\nThis question got me wondering how I would say any other sort of measurement.\nCan any quantifiable quality of an object be expressed by simply\n\n(noun)の (length/weight/frequency etc)は (number)(units)。\n\nThis way of speaking is very close to how I would say the same thing in\nEnglish (The car's length is 14 feet. etc) which has me thinking this might\nnot be the right way to say it. Any help is appreciated.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T04:20:12.517",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23524",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-31T01:50:31.490",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7952",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to denote length or any other measurement",
"view_count": 581
} | [
{
"body": "I feel that (noun)の「高さ・長さ」は○○○ is correct, see for example\n[here](http://www.fujiyama-navi.jp/quiz/column6/) or\n[here](http://www.fujisan-net.jp/data/article/1073.html) or [even\nhere](http://www.nao.ac.jp/faq/a0303.html) or [this\none](http://b.high.hokudai.ac.jp/~konno/soutairon/r14/). It is also useful to\ncompare lengths of different things, or height of different people etc...\n\nHowever, there is another way to express the same idea: `(noun)は ○○○の「高さ・長さ」\n[だ・です・がある」`\n\nWhich would be closer obviously to \"This thing is 10 meters long\" rather than\n\"The thing's length is 10 meters\".\n\nSee a few examples :\n\n```\n\n 富士山は３７７６メートルの高さがある。\n その塔は３１２メートルの高さだ。\n \n```",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T04:55:40.127",
"id": "23525",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-31T01:50:31.490",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "You can say...\n\n(noun)の長さ・重さ・高さは(number)(unit)です。 \neg. \nネクタイの長さは１４５センチです。 \n百万円の重さは１００グラムです。 \nあべのハルカスの高さは３００メートルです。\n\n(noun)は長さ・重さ・高さ(が)(number)(unit)です。/が(number)(unit)あります。 \neg. \nネクタイは長さ(が)１４５センチです。/長さが１４５センチあります。 \n百万円は重さ(が)１００グラムです。/重さが１００グラムあります。 \nあべのハルカスは高さ(が)３００メートルです。/高さが３００メートルあります。\n\n(noun)は(number)(unit)の長さ・重さ・高さです。/の長さ・重さ・高さがあります。 \neg. \nネクタイは１４５センチの長さです。/の長さがあります。 \n百万円は１００グラムの重さです。/の重さがあります。 \nあべのハルカスは３００メートルの高さです。/の高さがあります。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T14:48:51.333",
"id": "23532",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-30T14:48:51.333",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "23524",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 23524 | null | 23525 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23527",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 緋【あか】色【いろ】の花【はな】つ月【づき】\n\nI'm trying to figure out the meaning for this part of kanji in a title for a\nseries. The red flower month? The red flower moon? The month of blossoming red\nflowers? I'm totally at a loss as to how to interpret 'はなつづき'.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T04:59:40.847",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23526",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-14T07:39:48.420",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-14T07:39:48.420",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"kanji",
"archaic-language",
"old-japanese"
],
"title": "What does 花つ月 mean?",
"view_count": 1722
} | [
{
"body": "According to a dictionary,\n[花つ月](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/178428/m0u/) is an alternative name\nfor _March_ , the third month of the year in the traditional Japanese\ncalendar. (I didn't know that.)\n\nSo 緋色の花つ月 means _March in Crimson_ or something like that.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T05:19:42.900",
"id": "23527",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "23526",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
},
{
"body": "The Crimson \"month of flowers\". Or Crimson March.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T06:44:21.413",
"id": "23528",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-30T06:44:21.413",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9735",
"parent_id": "23526",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
] | 23526 | 23527 | 23527 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23530",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is exact meaning of きっと良い? The ～良い part is easy to understand, it means\n\"good\". But きっと～ part is not very clear to me. Also, could this phrase be used\nin official language?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T09:41:57.680",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23529",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-30T10:42:03.587",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage"
],
"title": "Meaning and usage of きっと良{よ}い",
"view_count": 208
} | [
{
"body": "This is what the Wisdom Japanese-English Dictionary says:\n\n> きっと 〖確かに〗surely, certainly; 【きっと…する】be sure [certain] to 〘do〙;\n> 〖間違いなく〗without fail（必ず⇨①）〖…に違いない〗must 〘do〙 (!do は通例状態を表す動詞) ;\n> 〖十中八九〗probably（⇨多分）.\n\nIn official language usually more elaborate phrases are used, but I am not\ncompletely sure about the usage of this one in any more or less official\npapers.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-30T10:01:31.980",
"id": "23530",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-03-30T10:42:03.587",
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"owner_user_id": "6748",
"parent_id": "23529",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
] | 23529 | 23530 | 23530 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23533",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The definitions on ejje.weblio:\n\n * [彼ら](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%BD%BC%E3%82%89)\n * [彼女ら](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%BD%BC%E5%A5%B3%E3%82%89)\n\nWhat I would like to know is:\n\n 1. 彼ら is definitely gender neutral and 彼女ら can only have females in the group, right? \n 2. As explained in [Why is “学生” made “plural” in this newspaper article?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23476/why-is-%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F-made-plural-in-this-newspaper-article), adding -ら allows for a more precise statement. But I wonder, do they sound impolite and rough and would not be used in newspapers?\n 3. Is 彼ら rarely used in speaking? And never in writing?\n 4. Is 彼女ら just _never_ used?\n 5. Is あいつら not uncommon, but used in extremely informal conversations?\n 6. You cannot substitute たち for ら and say 彼たち, 彼女たち, or あいつたち, right?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T12:46:38.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23531",
"last_activity_date": "2015-03-31T00:19:11.073",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9509",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"pronouns",
"plurals"
],
"title": "Politeness / political correctness and gender polarity of \"plural\" suffix -等(ら) for 彼 and 彼女 etc",
"view_count": 1051
} | [
{
"body": "> 彼ら is definitely gender neutral and 彼女ら can only have females in the group,\n> right?\n\nIf you think using _he_ in English when the gender is unknown is politically\nincorrect, then you would still want to worry about 彼ら a bit, too. You don't\nhave to be too strict, but avoiding gender-neutral 彼ら when possible is a good\nhabit.\n\nAnd I think the singular 彼 strongly indicates the male gender, perhaps even\nmore strongly than English _he_.\n\n> Adding -ら allows for a more precise statement. But I wonder, do they sound\n> impolite and rough and would not be used in newspapers?\n\n彼ら and 彼女ら are used both in formal and casual situations. There's nothing\nimpolite.\n\n> Is 彼ら rarely used in speaking? And never in writing? \n> Is 彼女ら just never used?\n\nThey are used both in casual speaking and writing, but not as frequently as\nhe/she/they is used in English. Repeating the original noun (e.g. 学生たち, その人たち,\n山田さんたち), or simply omitting such pronouns, is the preferred way in Japanese.\n\n> Is あいつら not uncommon, but used in extremely informal conversations?\n\nあいつら (as well as こいつら, そいつら) is more than just informal; it's rough, and\nfrequently (not always) used in derogatory sentences. I would never use あいつ(ら)\nunless I'm really upset.\n\n> You cannot substitute たち for ら and say 彼たち, 彼女たち, or あいつたち, right?\n\n彼ら, 彼女ら and 彼女たち are all commonly used, but 彼たち is extremely uncommon for some\nreason. I don't know why. But you can check [this\narticle](http://www.ytv.co.jp/blog/announcers/michiura/2009/12/post-69.html).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-03-30T17:41:33.390",
"id": "23533",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "23531",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "> 彼ら is definitely gender neutral and 彼女ら can only have females in the group,\n> right?\n\nJapanese plurals are (or at least can be) associative. 彼ら means \"he and the\nones I/we associate with him\", just like 田中たち doesn't necessarily designate a\ngroup where everybody is called Tanaka, but means \"Tanaka and the ones\nassociated with him/her\". So 彼ら would usually have a male representative, and\n彼女ら would have a female representative. Not everybody would have to be female.\nSee previous question here: [What rules should be followed when saying\n\"we\"?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5844/what-rules-should-be-\nfollowed-when-saying-we/5850#5850)\n\n> You cannot substitute たち for ら and say 彼たち, 彼女たち, or あいつたち, right?\n\nたち and ら are both quite productive (i.e. you can attach them to almost all\nkinds of animate nouns/pronouns), but ら has an affectionate/derogatory nuance:\n\n広辞苑･･･ら[等] \n①体言の下について複数を表す。 \n②人を表す名詞や代名詞に付いて、 **親愛・謙譲・蔑視** の気持ちを表す。\n\n彼ら is an exception, since as @naruto says, 彼たち is uncommon. Also, あいつたち is, I\nguess, possible, but sounds strange, since あいつ already has\naffection/derogation built in and therefore goes better with ら.",
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] | 23531 | 23533 | 23533 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "24613",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When writing on Lang-8, I often end up writing both formal and casual versions\n(for practice), with labels. I also wish occasionally to discuss formality,\nand thus need words to talk about the different levels.\n\nWith formal language, 丁寧語｛ていねいご｝ is pretty universal. ( _Keigo_ is another\nstory, but I think I understand its terms pretty well.) However, over time, I\nhave tried (and been corrected many times) to use various words for casual\nlanguage, and never found the right one.\n\n * タメ語｛ご｝： I was told this was often used as a gambler's slang and that it was a bit too rough to use in average casual language.\n * 友達言葉｛ともだちことば｝： No one has ever told me anything is wrong with this, but it is frequently corrected to various other terms below.\n * 普通体｛ふつうたい｝： Seen this one only once, and I've never even heard of it before that.\n * くだけた表現｛ひょうげん｝： Was given this one today in place of 友達言葉.\n * カジュアル： The loanword for \"casual\", and I've been told to use it a couple times.\n\nWhat is the difference between the language represented by these various\nwords? Are some more acceptable than others? Are some more formal?\n\nAnd most importantly, **how do I know which of these words to use to talk\nabout casual, friendly language?**",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-31T01:26:17.790",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What do I actually call familiar or friendly language?",
"view_count": 1700
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{
"body": "It depends on what you're specifically trying to say.\n\n# Linguistics\n\nIf you're trying to _specifically_ contrast 「です」・「ます」 vs 「だ」・「る」, then you\nhave a few options:\n\n 1. Use **「敬体」** and **「常体」**.\n\n(Note that they refer to the _style_ (文体), not specific _words_ like, say,\n「丁寧語」 does; that is, 敬体≒丁寧語を用いた文体. If you are being anal about it.)\n\nHowever, if you use these, no one will understand you except linguists or very\nwell-read people, which should make sense, given that it's not normally useful\nto contrast this specific aspect of the language and the words are not\nparticularly intuitive.\n\n 2. Use **「丁寧体」** and **「普通体」**.\n\nThey are an, in my opinion, slightly more intuitive pair (which also refer to\n文体s); however they are just as uncommon and also currently only in used by\nlinguist-types AFAIK.\n\n 3. Use **「ですます体（or 調）」** and **「だ体」**.\n\n「ですます体」 is probably the most intuitive word that refers to 敬体・丁寧体, and is\npretty common. 「だ体」 is also pretty intuitive, yet I feel like I rarely see it\nused compared to 「ですます体」.\n\n 4. Use **「丁寧語」** and ☹.\n\nThis is this most common of all the technical words; that said, it is still a\ntechnical word (and its technical meaning is slightly different from 「丁寧体」 as\nearlier described, but no one really cares about this to be honest :-).\nUnderstood by virtually anyone.\n\n# General Concepts\n\nIf you want something that people would understand, I'd personally recommend\n**「敬語」** and **「タメ口」** -- there's no one that won't understand that pair.\n\nIn common speech, they mean \"respectful speech\" and \"casual speech\"\nrespectfully; basically they are as general as the English translations sound.\nSo, 「タメ口」 doesn't just mean using 「だ」 but also contractions like 「ちゃう」 ,\nendings like 「な」, 呼び捨て, etc, etc.\n\n(Note, there are some people that will complain that 「敬語」 refers to\nspecifically 謙譲語 and 尊敬語. But in common speech it really does just mean\n\"respectful speech\" as a general concept.)\n\nRegarding the other things you listed:\n\n * 「タメ語」 basically means the exact same thing as 「タメ口」, though I think it's slightly less common.\n * 「くだけた表現」 doesn't really refer to a style but to an expression if we're trying to nitpick. However, 「くだけた口調」 seems like something worth discussing. I feel the difference here is that it's pointing out a different aspect of style than 「タメ口」 to me -- I feel like a sentence using です・ます could be described as くだけた口調, as long as, well, it's くだけた (relaxed/informal) -- like say 「そうですねー！僕も行きたいです＾＾」. I'd be more reluctant to call that タメ口 but would call it くだけた口調. (This is purely my opinion.)\n * 「友達言葉」 seems pretty similar in meaning to 「タメ口」 to me -- I just think it's less common an expression.\n * 「カジュアル」 is just an adjective -- if you said something like 「カジュアルな口調」 I think it'd basically mean the same as タメ口. Has the benefit of being pretty intuitive like 「くだけた」.\n\n# tl;dr\n\nI'd use 「タメ口」 almost always. Possibly use 「だ体」 or 「常体」 if I'm talking\nlinguistics.",
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] | 23535 | 24613 | 24613 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23550",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I want to say the equivalent of\n\n> I can already tell (understand) that game X is (going to be) harder than\n> game Y.\n\nFor instance, I've already beat game Y. And even though I've only just started\nplaying game X, I can already tell it is going to be harder than game Y.\nThat's what I'm trying to convey in a sense.\n\nI know that to say \"game X is harder than game Y\" you would say:\n\n> ゲームXのほうがゲームYより難しいです。\n\nBut I'm unsure how to add on \"I already know/understand/can tell that..\"\n\nMy best guess is something like:\n\n> ゲームXのほうがゲームYより難しいともうわかった。\n\nBut I'm not sure if that is right or if there is a better way to say it.",
"comment_count": 8,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-31T12:22:48.193",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"usage",
"phrases",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How do you say \"I already can tell (understand) X\"?",
"view_count": 1878
} | [
{
"body": "for \"can tell\", as in I have the feeling that : the most natural would be\n\"気がする\"\n\n```\n\n ゲームXのほうがゲームYより難しい気がします\n \n```\n\nfor \"can tell\", as in after thinking about it and i'm sure of it : \"ことはわかる\" as\nkiss-o-matic said would be right",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-04-01T02:03:58.577",
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"body": "I don't really like xの方がyより in this order. \nI would rather say it like\n\n> ゲームXはゲームYより難しいのはもうわかっている。\n\nor\n\n> ゲームYよりゲームXの方が難しいのはもうわかっている。",
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"creation_date": "2015-04-01T05:45:02.857",
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] | 23538 | 23550 | 23550 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23552",
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"body": "I read in a Japanese Grammar(*) written in French:\n\n> 息子【むすこ】は元気【げんき】で,私達【わたしたち】 **も** 安心【あんしん】した.\n>\n> ~ \"My son is healthy, and we feel reassured\". (translation from the French\n> translation given by Reiko Shimamori: \"Mon fils est en bonne santé, et nous\n> en sommes rassurés.\")\n\nWhat's the exact meaning of も in this sentence?\n\nSince も doesn't coordinate propositions, this particle can't mean \"my son is\nhealthy **and** we feel reassured\". I don't think も stands for \"(we) too\" as\nin \"my son is healthy and **we too** feel reassured\".\n\nReiko Shimamori writes somewhere in her book that も may have an \"emphatic\nmeaning\" but I can't find the reference.\n\nAny idea to help me?\n\n(*) Grammaire japonaise systématique (Reiko Shimamori), I.235",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-31T13:24:41.087",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particles"
],
"title": "Exact meaning of も (maybe emphatic?) in a sentence",
"view_count": 417
} | [
{
"body": "This も can be understood along the lines of \"as well\" or \"too\". To put it very\nverbosely, this `も` means \"just like others\" or \"I guess we're not the only\nones, but...\"\n\nThis kind of も, which vaguely refers to \"unspecific others\", occurs commonly\nin Japanese.\n\nTo take another example, when a boss gives a word of advice to their people:\n\n> * 君 **も** 、もう若くないんだから…\n> * 君 **は** 、もう若くないんだから…\n>\n\nThe former sounds milder to me, because it sounds like \"you're not the only\none (to blame), but ...\". I don't know how to translate this to English, but I\nmay use \"kind of\" or something similar which makes the sentence milder.",
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"creation_date": "2015-04-01T07:27:32.620",
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] | 23539 | 23552 | 23552 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23541",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across the expression ~としたことが, for example:\n\n> 私としたことが\n\nI'm trying to figure out the meaning and usage of this phrase, but I can't\nfind any English resources that explain it.\n\nWhat does this mean?",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-31T17:39:22.030",
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"score": 11,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"usage",
"idioms"
],
"title": "Meaning and usage of ~としたことが",
"view_count": 1873
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{
"body": "としたことが and ともあろうものが are used to express the surprise of the speaker toward the\n(bad) behaviour of someone.\n\nWith 私, it expresses something around the line of \"Who could have thought\nI/someone like me/someone of my standing/someone of my position (would do such\na thing)\"\n\nHere are some examples from the 和英大辞典：\n\n> 君としたことが, とんだへまをしでかしてくれたものだ.\n>\n> You, of all people, have made an awful blunder.\n>\n> あらあら私としたことが.\n>\n> Oh my, look what I've done.\n>\n> 彼女としたことが, そこでついつい眠り込んでしまったらしい.\n>\n> Then she, would you believe it, seems to have fallen sound asleep.",
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"creation_date": "2015-03-31T18:08:54.263",
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] | 23540 | 23541 | 23541 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "> でありません （でない）\n>\n> で **は** ありません （で **は** ない）\n>\n> で **も** ありません （で **も** ない）\n\nCan anyone tell me the differences between these three?\n\nAnd in what kinds of context would people use these three?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-31T18:52:35.880",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "でありません(でない) vs ではありません(ではない) vs でもありません(でもない)",
"view_count": 3061
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{
"body": "Suppose you say \"it's not\" or そうで…ありません\n\n 1. そうではない is the most natural choice for simple \"it's not\", and if you put stress on は, it implies there's other possibility even if it's specifically not the case.\n 2. そうでもない is (1) \"not really\" or (2) \"it's not either\".\n 3. そうでない is not really natural for a sentence, it rather sounds like a clause.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-04-01T16:05:49.457",
"id": "23555",
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] | 23542 | null | 23555 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23544",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This bolded sentence is from Persona 4, from a random stranger:\n\n> 酔っ払い上司：ガハハ！\n>\n> 何だお前、噂の幽霊が怖いのかぁ！？\n>\n> **夜中、神社に立って魚を欲しがる白い着物の幽霊らっけかぁ～？**\n>\n> そんなんガキが夜遊びする為の嘘っぱちに決まってんらろぉ～！\n\n([transcript with this sentence](http://p4g.janken-pon.net/june/605ysh))\n\nWhat does the last part, 幽霊らっけかぁ～, mean? Is this slang?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "9677",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"slang",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "Meaning of noun + らっけかぁ～",
"view_count": 275
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{
"body": "This person's drunk and his speech's slurred. He's trying to say\n白い着物の幽霊だってかぁ～？\n\nThis ダ行→ラ行 sound change is commonly seen in drunken speech.\n\n> 決まってん **だ** ろ～！ → 決まってん **ら** ろぉ～！\n>\n> XXです。→ XXれす。 \n> XXだよ。→ XXらよ。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-03-31T22:37:50.220",
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] | 23543 | 23544 | 23544 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23580",
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"body": "I recently came across a [song](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziX1oQRiA3w)\nabout a person going to a convenience store.\n\nAt some point in the song, the character makes a 220 yen purchase and tries to\nannoy the cashier by giving 10,000 yen, expecting change. She (the character)\nsays this:\n\n> 一万円から！\n\nBoth the subtitles and every lyrics page I find translate this as \"here's\n10,000 yen\". Being that から means \"from\" after a noun, I have no idea how they\ngot that translation, and I can't find any other definitions where this would\nmake sense.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particle-から"
],
"title": "Meaning of <amount of money> + から",
"view_count": 335
} | [
{
"body": "In this context, the shop person was requested to make change from 10000yen to\n220yen.\n\n'から' means starting point. In this case, starting point is 10000yen and ending\npoint is 220yen.\n\n> 東海道は、江戸の日本橋から始まり、京都・三条大橋に至る街道である。\n\nTohkaidou was a road which connected Nipponbashi, Edo to Sanjyo bridge in\nKyoto.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"body": "In this case the best translation for から is with.\n\nIt means \"(paying) with 10.000yens bill\". In Japan people often try to use\ntheir coins especially at the convenient store so the cashier will wait to see\nif you don't have any coins to round it up. That's why people say out loud\n'i'll pay with this amount', so the cashier won't wait.\n\nMore proper way, also often used : 一万円からで (xx円からで)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-04-01T01:50:38.703",
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{
"body": "Quite simply, that just means **\"Out of a 10,000-yen bill, (please)!\"**.\n\nShe is demanding her change as meanly as the clerks are treating her.",
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{
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"body": "Is 明日辺り exactly the same as 明日?\n\nIf not, let's say I just got told \"`Please do <something> 明日辺り`\", then:\n\n * From what time today does it start to become acceptable to do it?\n * Approximately when will it start to be considered as later than expected?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-04-01T08:15:16.047",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"nuances",
"time"
],
"title": "When does 明日辺り start and finish?",
"view_count": 252
} | [
{
"body": "It means kind of \"tomorrow or the next day\", accurately \"tomorrow or another\nday if you can't afford tomorrow\".",
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},
{
"body": "I think '明日あたり' is more widely used but same meaning.\n\n明日 and 明日あたり are different.\n\n明日 == tomorrow\n\n明日あたり == tomorrow but with some tolerance. It means a day after tomorrow is\npossible option. But not today. Because most people know today's own schedule.\n\n25日あたり == In general, 24, 25 or 26 if today is not 24.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-04-01T23:26:27.380",
"id": "23560",
"last_activity_date": "2015-04-02T00:24:19.737",
"last_edit_date": "2015-04-02T00:24:19.737",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4162",
"parent_id": "23553",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
] | 23553 | null | 23556 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "23561",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As I understand it, most foreign words in Japanese are written in Katakana.\nHowever, I am curious as to whether in contemporary written Japanese, hacker\nis written as a literal adaptation of the western word, or whether a\nidiomatically Japanese character/concept is substituted in its place.\n\nFor the purposes of this discussion, what I mean by hacker is \"Person who\nattempts to subvert the security of digital systems\" rather than the wider\nmeaning of the term.\n\nIs this even a concept in contemporary Japanese outside of its status as\nforeign word?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-04-01T18:18:05.033",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "23557",
"last_activity_date": "2015-04-02T03:28:53.823",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9414",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Is there a kanji for \"hacker\"?",
"view_count": 4544
} | [
{
"body": "No. There isn't a single kanji nor a compound which means \"hacker\". Jisho.org\nreturns no results when searching\n[kanji](http://beta.jisho.org/search/hacker%20%23kanji), and only words\ncontaining ハッカー when searching [words](http://beta.jisho.org/search/hacker).\nPeople would just rather write new terms in katakana than to create a new\nkanji for them.\n\nHowever, as blutorange stated, the Chinese word for it is 黒客 (pronounced\nhēikè), but of course, that's Chinese and not Japanese.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-04-01T22:14:55.810",
"id": "23558",
"last_activity_date": "2015-04-01T22:14:55.810",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "23557",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "**ハッカー** is widely recognized by the general population in the _narrow_ sense\nOP indicated. But if you use this in, say, [Japanese Stack\nOverflow](https://ja.stackoverflow.com/), it will soon be corrected. \"Hey,\ndon't use ハッカー in that way! [They're not\ncriminals](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC)!\"\n\n**クラッカー** specifically refers to the evil ones, and is preferred by IT\nprofessionals.\n\nThat said, both ハッカー and クラッカー are still a bit slangy terms in Japanese.\nAlthough newspapers seem to use ハッカー freely recently, official government\ndocuments still avoid using them. For example, [Information-technology\nPromotion Agency](http://www.ipa.go.jp/), which is a semi-official\norganization, does not use ハッカー/クラッカー, and uses other lengthy replacements\nlike **攻撃者、侵入者、悪意のある第三者、悪意のある人……** in its [security\nguidelines](http://www.ipa.go.jp/security/vuln/websecurity.html).\n\nI don't know why you need a kanji version, but hope this helps.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-04-02T03:28:53.823",
"id": "23561",
"last_activity_date": "2015-04-02T03:28:53.823",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:52:38.647",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "23557",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
] | 23557 | 23561 | 23561 |
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