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{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm, as a beginner, pretty bad with Kanji. I've heard that even some native\njapanese are. Is it really necessary to get the hang of it to be able to\nread/write in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T08:23:28.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28000",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-14T14:19:16.903",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11051",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Is knowing Kanji vital?",
"view_count": 392
} | [
{
"body": "If you are not going to read historical/official document ,just want to have a\ntreval or simple oral Communication,it is not neccessary to learn very well.\nMany Japanese before middle school are also very poor at kanji. As I am a\nChinese,the kanji is easier for me.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T11:06:32.953",
"id": "28003",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-14T11:06:32.953",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11161",
"parent_id": "28000",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "At the basic day-to-day level, there are several components of “knowing”\nkanji.\n\n## 1. Identifying visually\n\nThere is no way to understand written Japanese if you cannot identify a kanji\nand decipher its meaning. But, you can get away with not knowing how to\npronounce it, i.e. generate the hiragana equivalent.\n\n## 2. Choosing the correct one\n\nWhen writing a word you know orally, even when typing with an IME, you will\nstill have to know which kanji matches the word. So many words have\nhomophones, like the English _to_ , _too_ , and _two_. Is it 箸{はし}\n(chopsticks), 端{はし} (edge), or 橋{はし} (bridge) ? You will have to know if\nyou're going to communicate in written Japanese.\n\n## 3. Reproducing by hand\n\nThis is usually what natives means when they say they're “bad at kanji”. They\nhave no problem with all other components of “knowing” kanji — they just can't\nreproduce the characters correctly from memory. Of course this is exacerbated\nby the overwhelming use of computers/smartphones. It's like being a bad\nspeller. You can definitely get away with this.\n\nHere is the problem immortalized in this fun song,\n「[漢字読めるけど書けない](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Efy25Txzg9s&t=2m23s) (I Can\nRead Kanji, But Writing, Not So Much)」.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T14:19:16.903",
"id": "28007",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-14T14:19:16.903",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "888",
"parent_id": "28000",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 28000 | null | 28007 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28030",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here's the line:\n\n> この光は、本物の太陽の光、地上より導きいれた聖なる光にございます\n\nI would translate it something like this: \"This light, genuine solar light, is\nholy light let in from the surface\". I ignored the に, so I assume that\ninterpretation isn't correct. What's being said here and how does it work?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T09:02:24.537",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28001",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-15T12:40:45.713",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11112",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does にございます mean in this line?",
"view_count": 159
} | [
{
"body": "It has its origin in the roots of the modern copular verb だ. Classical\nJapanese had two main copular verbs たり and なり, the latter of which remains as\nthe な in things like 綺麗 **な** 花 or そう **な** んだ or 行く **なら**. These two copular\nverbs can further be broken down as とあり and にあり, the latter of which can also\nbecome **に** てあり → である → **で** ござる. This structure also \"often\" comes up in\nthings like ～ことにあり・にあらず。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-15T12:40:45.713",
"id": "28030",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-15T12:40:45.713",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6841",
"parent_id": "28001",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28001 | 28030 | 28030 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28028",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the book 数学ガール ガロア理論, the phrase くびきを共にする, which I would infer means\nsomething like \"to yoke together\", appears repeatedly as a metaphor for\nphenomena where a number of elements are related.\n\nSome google hits for the phrase can be found in a religious context (e.g.\nイエス様とくびきを共にする \"Be joined to Jesus (as with a yoke)\").\n\nBut why is くびき the object in this phrase? I would expect くびき to be the\ninstrument or means of yoking (the yoke itself) rather than an object.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T18:45:20.677",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28011",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-15T10:34:14.627",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "816",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"syntax"
],
"title": "Syntax of くびきを共にする",
"view_count": 140
} | [
{
"body": "Are you confused because you think 「食事を共にする」 is the same as 「共に食事する」?\n\n「食事を共にする」 is [to share] [meal], not [to eat] [together].\n\nThis is more obvious in phrases like 「運命を共にする」「生死を共にする」, where 運命 and 生死 are\nclearly not verbs. (You don't say 運命する or 生死する)\n\nSo 「くびきを共にする」 is [to share] [a yoke].\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pD2pv.jpg)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-15T10:34:14.627",
"id": "28028",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-15T10:34:14.627",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "888",
"parent_id": "28011",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28011 | 28028 | 28028 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28013",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Occasionally I come across an interesting usage of 合える with a verb stem,\nmostly when I listen to music. One such example can be found\n[here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgSDZfcq_9o) at approximately 0:42\n\n> 分かり合えない、あなたと私\n\nAs far as I can guess, this means \"we don't understand each other, you and\nI\"(or lit.: our understanding cannot meet). However, since I couldn't find any\nuseful information using Google, I really can't be sure of it. I would really\nlike to know how common this kind of usage is, and in what situations it\nwould/wouldn't be fitting.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T18:52:42.443",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28012",
"last_activity_date": "2022-08-09T04:57:00.570",
"last_edit_date": "2022-08-09T04:57:00.570",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "11176",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "Usage of 合える with verb stems",
"view_count": 613
} | [
{
"body": "合える is the Potential conjugation of 合う。\n\n> Attaching ~ 合う （あう）to the end of a verb stem means to do the action with\n> each other or to do the action mutually with someone else.\n\n(See more examples on the [source page](http://jvocab-of-the-\nday.tumblr.com/post/52004228645/grammar-verb-stem-%E5%90%88%E3%81%86))\n\nAttaching `〜合う` and `〜合える` in this way is pretty common.\n\nTo determine whether it would be fitting in a certain situation, a good rule\nof thumb is to ask “Is the verb something you do _to_ or _amongst_ each\nother?”\n\nI advise against “ _with_ each other”, because for example you don't say\n「泳{およ}ぎ合う」 to mean “swim with each other”. (In the rare case that it is used,\nit means more like “swim amongst each other” as if intermingling.)\n\nA few combinations will need special attention as they have a counterintuitive\nmeaning:\n\n> 落{お}ち合う\n\nDoes not mean “drop each other”, but to “meet up”.\n\n* * *\n\n### Added:\n\nA Japanese friend who is more knowledgeable than me in grammatical terms told\nme that what I wanted to say in the “rule of thumb” section is better summed\nup as: “ **whether the verb is intransitive (自動詞) or transitive (他動詞)** ”.\n`〜合う` is only attached to transitive verbs.\n\nA great example they gave was the verb **fly** , which can be both\nintransitive (飛{と}ぶ) and transitive (飛ばす). This explains why you generally\ndon't say 「飛び合う」, but you can say 「飛ばし合う」.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T20:32:46.640",
"id": "28013",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-15T01:22:13.410",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-15T01:22:13.410",
"last_editor_user_id": "888",
"owner_user_id": "888",
"parent_id": "28012",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 28012 | 28013 | 28013 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28770",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "According to\n[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana#Table_of_katakana), the\n'sh' sound in Japanese し is pronounced [ɕ]\n_(in[IPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet))_\nwhile the 'sh' sound in English \"she\" is pronounced [ʃ].\n\nHow do these differ? I've been pronouncing them exactly the same.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T22:06:44.270",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28015",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-19T05:56:43.020",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6786",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "How does [ ɕ ] ( し) differ from [ ʃ ] (\"she\")?",
"view_count": 1763
} | [
{
"body": "Oooh! Good question. I haven't thought about it in some time, but the Japanese\nsound is pronounced (at least in my experience in Tokyo) with the tip of the\ntongue closer to the top front teeth, as in the Mandarin _xi_ sound. The way I\npronounce English \"she\" as a native speaker is with air over the middle-front\nof my tongue, not the tip.\n\nAs it so happens, the _Edokko_ accent pronounces _hito_ like _shito_ ; this\nmay offer you a way to approach the _shi_ sound in standard Japanese (if you\nhave _hi_ covered). You can try aspirating _hi_ more strongly until you get\ncloser to a _shi_ sound that passes muster.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-19T05:02:18.573",
"id": "28770",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-19T05:02:18.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3131",
"parent_id": "28015",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28015 | 28770 | 28770 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28063",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "My question is in relation to the pattern that appears at the end of sentences\nsuch as:\n\n```\n\n 本当なんです。\n 本当なの。\n これから行くんです。\n これから行くの。\n \n```\n\nI've seen this called the \"extended predicate\" around the web. **To be clear,\nI'm not asking what it means or how to use it.** I'm curious where this term\n\"extended predicate\" came from. It doesn't feel particularly descriptive to\nme. Is it a standard way of referring to this pattern? Are there other names?\nAnd is there a standard name for the pattern in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T23:33:32.987",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28016",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-17T01:27:26.000",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-15T03:49:43.640",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9959",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"terminology"
],
"title": "What is the origin of the term \"extended predicate\" and are there alternative terms?",
"view_count": 907
} | [
{
"body": "I think this was first used in Eleanor Jorden's [_Beginning Japanese_\n(1962)](https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=gb-\ndd4PU3awC&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false). Here's how it's described on page 56\nof her text:\n\n> Grammatically speaking, an extended predicate consists of a nominal n̄/no +\n> √da predicate, with the nominal preceded by a sentence modifier.\n\nJorden was a prominent structuralist and student of Bernard Bloch, but I don't\n_think_ Bloch ever used the term himself, and I don't think the term caught on\nwith other structuralists or more generally in linguistics, although you might\nsee it occasionally.\n\nI think it's called an \"extended predicate\" because it adds another layer of\npredication to the clause:\n\n> 〔〜だ〕＋のだ ＝ 〔〜な〕のだ\n\nThat doesn't really describe when it's used or what it means, but you'd be\nhard-pressed to come up with a label for のだ that does either of those things.\nA full definition simply won't fit in a short label. And that's okay--[Labels\nAre Not\nDefinitions](http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/myl/languagelog/archives/004227.html).\n\nAmong both learners and linguists, in both English and Japanese, the most\ncommon term I've seen for this is simply のだ. That's also what you'll find it\nunder in most dictionaries, and I think it's the closest you'll get to a\nstandard name.\n\nSometimes this is written in katakana as ノダ in linguistics (to make the [Use-\nMention Distinction](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quotation/#2.2)), as in\nthe phrase ノダ文.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T00:44:21.317",
"id": "28063",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-17T01:27:26.000",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-17T01:27:26.000",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "28016",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28016 | 28063 | 28063 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28045",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been trying to make proper sentences using the word きょう when I realized\nthat I'm not really actually sure when I'm suppose to mark it with は. I know\nrelative time expressions tend to stand alone meaning it's not followed by に\nand because of this its not uncommon for it to be followed directly by another\nword with no particle in between. This is where I start to get confused\nhowever when I see a sentence like this one\n\n> 明日{あした}きます\n\nand then a sentence like this\n\n> 今日{きょう}は 京都{きょうと}に いきます\n\nI'm pretty sure the reason I'm having a hard time understanding this is due to\nmy terrible understanding of は, regardless any help on when I should mark a\ntime like this with は and when it would be better left unmarked would be\nappreciated.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-14T23:56:27.897",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28017",
"last_activity_date": "2016-11-25T02:03:31.850",
"last_edit_date": "2016-11-25T02:03:31.850",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "When do you mark きょう or other similar relative time expressions with は",
"view_count": 1551
} | [
{
"body": "は here is a topic marker and it changes what you accentuate in the sentence.\n\nBy 「今日、京都に行きます」 you simply state \"I am going to Kyoto today\".\n\nUsing は next to 今日 it sounds like \" **Today** I am going to Kyoto\" meaning \"As\nfor today I am going to Kyoto\".\n\nI think the pattern comes more naturally in dialogs:\n\n> お昼一緒に食べませんか? Why don't we have a lunch together? (early morning\n> conversation)\n>\n> すみません、今日は京都に行きます。 **Oh, today** I am going to Kyoto, I am sorry.\n\n* * *\n\nYou can stress \"today\" even more with 今日こそ or 今日という今日 ( _isn't it a bit\narchaic though?_ ) like in:\n\n「今日こそ早く帰って、特別な夕食を作ろうと思います」 (context: today is our anniversary, so...) \"\n**especially today** I am going to come back earlier and prepare a special\ndinner\"",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-15T04:55:50.640",
"id": "28023",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-15T13:09:15.930",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"parent_id": "28017",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
},
{
"body": "> 1) 今日 **は** 、京都に行きます。 \n> 2) 今日、京都に行きます。/ 京都に **は** 、今日行きます。\n\nI would use #1, with a stress on 京都, as a reply to \"Where will you go today?\"\nor \"What will you do today?\", and #2, with a stress on 今日, as a reply to \"When\nwill you go to Kyoto?\" Here, the は is the topic particle. 今日は in #1 and 京都には\nin #2 are old information (既知情報), and 京都に(行きます) in #1 and 今日 or 今日行きます in #2\nare new information (新情報).\n\nYou would use #1 in a conversation like this:\n\n> (on the phone) \n> A: もしもし。今日、暇？今から遊びに来ない？ \n> B: あ、ごめん、今日 **は** 京都に行くから無理。(not just 今日)\n\n* * *\n\nThe は can also be the contrastive particle. For example:\n\n> 1') 昨日は大阪に行きました。(でも、)今日 **は** 京都に行きます。 \n> I went to Osaka yesterday. (But) today, I will go to Kyoto. \n> 1\") 今日 **は** 、京都に行きます。 (with a stress on 今日は) \n> Today, I am going to Kyoto (but on another day I didn't / won't go there).\n\n* * *\n\nWhen I just tell someone that I am going to Kyoto on that day (i.e. when 今日\nand 京都 are both new information), I would use:\n\n> 2') 今日、京都に行きます。(without a stress on 今日)\n\nfor example, in a context like this:\n\n> (on the phone) \n> 母: もしもし。 \n> 娘: あ、お母はん？あのさ、 **今日** 、京都行くねんけど、なんか伊勢丹で[買]{こ}うてきてほしいもんとかある？ (not 今日は.)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T13:48:25.463",
"id": "28045",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-17T07:25:42.983",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-17T07:25:42.983",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "28017",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
}
]
| 28017 | 28045 | 28045 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28027",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Instead of using the proper counter for each thing, is it okay to just use the\nつ counter?\n\nLike in:\n\n> 彼女は子猫２匹を持っている。\n\nUse つ instead of 匹:\n\n> 彼女は子猫２つを持っている。\n\nAre there situations when this is incorrect or not recommended?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-15T07:05:51.317",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28026",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T03:25:57.197",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-15T20:10:09.897",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "7405",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 18,
"tags": [
"counters"
],
"title": "Is it okay to use つ counting for everything?",
"view_count": 3241
} | [
{
"body": "つ is a generic _inanimate_ counter. It might be confusing sometimes, but you\ncan get away with using it for lots of inanimate objects if you don't know a\nmore appropriate counter.\n\n**Don't use つ for animals or people.**\n\nYou should use 匹 for kittens in your example, not つ. The basic counter for\npeople is 人{にん}.\n\nIn general, animate objects (animals and people) have special counters. No\nmatter how long and thin a snake may be, you can't use the inanimate counter\nfor long and slender objects (本) to refer to it. And you should never refer to\npeople like they're inanimate objects.\n\nIf you don't already know them, you should try to learn some basic counters at\nsome point. Planning on using つ _all_ the time is no good. Some of the most\ncommon ones include 人・名・匹 (animates) and 本・枚・台 (inanimates), along with つ and\n個.",
"comment_count": 15,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-15T07:37:45.253",
"id": "28027",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-15T20:22:00.077",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-15T20:22:00.077",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "28026",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 22
},
{
"body": "It might work for most objects.\n\nFor some other concepts it won't be understandable at all, though, for\ninstance don't use it for:\n\n * Hours/days/months/etc\n * People (as snailboat said)\n * Number of occurences\n * Distances",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T03:25:57.197",
"id": "28037",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T03:25:57.197",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "107",
"parent_id": "28026",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28026 | 28027 | 28027 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28034",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between は and が ? when and how do we use these?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T00:06:35.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28033",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-29T21:01:35.853",
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"owner_user_id": "11190",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Difference between は and が",
"view_count": 336
} | [
{
"body": "Roughly speaking, \"wa\" is a topic marker, and \"ga\" is a subject marker. The\ntopic is often the same as the subject, but not necessary. The topic can be\nanything that a speaker wants to talk about (It can be an object, location or\nany other grammatical element). In this sense, it is similar to the English\nexpressions, \"As for ~\" or \"Speaking of ~.\"\n\nWatashi wa gakusei desu. 私は学生です。 I am a student. (As for me, I am a student.)\nNihongo wa omoshiroi desu. 日本語は面白いです。 Japanese is interesting. (Speaking of\nJapanese, it is interesting.)\n\n\"Wa\" is used to mark something that has already been introduced into the\nconversation, or is familiar with both a speaker and a listener. (proper\nnouns, genetic names etc.) \"Ga\" is used when a situation or happening is just\nnoticed or newly introduced. See the following example.\n\nMukashi mukashi, ojii-san ga sunde imashita. Ojii-san wa totemo shinsetsu\ndeshita. 昔々、おじいさんが住んでいました。 おじいさんはとても親切でした。 Once upon a time, there lived an\nold man. He was very kind.\n\nIn the first sentence, \"ojii-san\" is introduced for the first time. It is the\nsubject, not the topic. The second sentence describes about \"ojii-san\" that is\npreviously mentioned. \"Ojii-san\" is now the topic, and is marked with \"wa\"\ninstead of \"ga.\"\n\nThere are many other usages also.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T00:25:44.520",
"id": "28034",
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]
| 28033 | 28034 | 28034 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28036",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Both of them mean \"nice\". So, what exactly is the difference between them?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T03:02:05.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": -5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the difference between いい and きれいな?",
"view_count": 183
} | [
{
"body": "Really? What dictionary told you those two words have the same meaning?\n\nThe most basic definition of いい in English is \"good\", but it has many many\nuses.\n\n[綺麗]{きれい} has two conceptually related meanings. The first is \"pretty\"; the\nsecond is \"tidy\" or \"clean\". For adult human beings, 綺麗 is commonly used to\ntalk about women meaning that she's pretty. For tables and rooms, it means\nthat the object is clean and tidy. (I'm not sure which it means if talking\nabout a baby but I'm not a native speaker).\n\nWhile not always perfect, you can get these sorts of basic definitions sorted\nat places like jisho.org. <http://jisho.org/search/%E7%B6%BA%E9%BA%97> or\nusing any competent electronic dictionary.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-16T03:08:21.197",
"id": "28036",
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| 28035 | 28036 | 28036 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28041",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "### Question\n\n少女 means `little girl` because 少 means `little/small` and 女 means\n`lady/female`. It makes sense here. However it does not make sense when I read\n少年 because 年 means `year`. **Is there any reason why 年 was used instead of 男\nwhich means`men/male`?**\n\n### Research\n\nMy stackexchange search skills are poor, and my\n[search](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/search?q=%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4)\n[attempts](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/search?q=%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3) did\nnot yield anything relevant to my question. Googling something however gave me\n[this Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen).\n\nIt said:\n\n> Shōnen (少年?), shonen, or shounen, is a kango word that literally means few\n> years and generally refers to a typical boy from elementary school through\n> high school age. It is used in everyday conversation when referring to the\n> period of youth, including in legal wording referencing youth, without\n> regard to gender.\n\nSo if my understanding is correct 少年 means young person regardless of gender\n(because `small years` or `few years` [of living] means the person is still\nyoung).\n\nHowever, this does not answer my question as to why the counterpart of 少女 is\n少年 and not 少男.\n\nSome expert opinion on this would be appreciated because the Wikipedia article\nI quoted has the superscript `clarification needed`.",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T04:10:24.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28038",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-18T04:40:12.980",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4508",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"words",
"kanji"
],
"title": "If 'little girl' is 「少女」, then why is 'little boy' 「少年」?",
"view_count": 2993
} | [
{
"body": "Im no expert in Japanese but\n[macraf](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/11104/macraf)'s comment\nsomehow enlightened me to an answer.\n\nIn English, we have nouns like god, actor, waiter etc. These nouns do not\nnecessarily denote a gender because they are **supersets**. Their subsets are:\ngod & goddess for god, actor & actress for actor and waiter and waitress for\nwaiter.\n\nVisually it's like:\n\n```\n\n god actor waiter\n / \\ / \\ / \\\n god goddess actor actress waiter waitress\n \n```\n\nAs you can see, the superset is also the word for the male, and the one for\nthe female is another word.\n\nSo in the case of the question, 少年 is the superset for young people. Following\nthe above example, it will also be the word for the male, and the word for the\nfemale is another word, 少女.\n\n```\n\n 少年\n / |\n 少年 少女\n \n```",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-16T08:54:56.973",
"id": "28041",
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| 28038 | 28041 | 28041 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28052",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "What is the difference between 殺人 and 殺害? As I know, both of them mean\n\"killing\". I found the words in these sentences:\n\n> 秋田運転手刺殺事件、男を逮捕 強盗 **殺人** 容疑で。 \n> 金品を奪い取る目的で **殺害** した疑い。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T07:50:30.920",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28040",
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"owner_user_id": "7045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 殺{さつ}人{じん} and 殺{さつ}害{がい}?",
"view_count": 426
} | [
{
"body": "Simply, 殺人 is a noun, \"the act of killing another human: homicide\", and 殺害 is\na verb, \"to murder / to mortally wound\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T12:13:16.883",
"id": "28044",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T12:13:16.883",
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},
{
"body": "Note the kanji 「人」 in 殺人. This implies that this word is only used when\nreferring to the **act of killing a human**. 殺害 can include animals as well.\nAlso note that 殺人 is only a noun (or no-adjective). 殺害 is also a noun, but can\nalso be used as a -suru verb.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T13:48:32.597",
"id": "28046",
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"owner_user_id": "11116",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "Basic meanings are:\n\n殺人: killing a human.\n\n殺害: killing.\n\n殺害する: kill.\n\nSo, 殺害 includes 殺人. But, you cannot change every 殺人 to 殺害.\n\nJapanese criminal law defines a crime called 強盗殺人罪 (A robbery homicide). So,\nif you refer to this crime, 殺人 is used. There are several similar crimes like\n殺人罪 (A murder).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T17:20:46.763",
"id": "28052",
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}
]
| 28040 | 28052 | 28046 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "For example how would you say\n\n> I like John, because I think he is charming and attentive.\n\nIs there any other way to say \"because\" besides of _kara_ (& _node_ )? _kara_\nmakes the sentence sound like \"since John is charming and attentive, I like\nhim\". So, is there another way to say \"because\"?\n\nWould _nazenara_ work for this type of sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T10:35:42.663",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28042",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T14:57:11.360",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-16T10:54:26.877",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11195",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "How would you say \"I like sth/sb because of [that reason]\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 6321
} | [
{
"body": "There are many different ways to express reasons for things just as there are\nin English -- it all depends on what sort of level of formality and feeling\nyou wish to express.\n\nジョンのことが好きなんだ。 **なぜかというと** 、とてもチャーミングで尽くしてくれる **から** さ \nジョンのことが大好き！だってものすごいチャ－ミングでいつも私のことを考えてる **の** \nとてもチャーミングだ **し** 、尽くしてくれる **し** 、だからジョンのことが好きなんだ \n**なぜ** 好き **かというと** 、いつも私のことを考えてる **し** 、とてもチャ－ミングな人 **なん** だよ \n\nDoes that help? There are other expressions that could be used like ため, ゆえ or\nうえ and so on, but for something related to one's emotions they wouldn't feel\nappropriate IMO.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T12:06:14.923",
"id": "28043",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T12:06:14.923",
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{
"body": "(I'm not sure why you think kara makes the sentence sound like \"since\".)\n\nOther than から・ので, there are expressions like 気が利くし素敵だと思うがゆえに私はジョンが好きだ or\n…思うがために…. However, they sound too bookish for it. から or ので are much better in\nthis regard.\n\nなぜなら is a guiding adverb that leads to a reasoning clause, mainly a から clause,\nand it's a bookish expression too. As Brandon said, なぜかというと is more casual in\nthat sense. You can use it in combination with a reasoning clause like\n「私はジョンが好き(だ)。なぜかというと、気が利くし、いい感じだと思うから(だ)。」. In other words, なぜなら or なぜかというと\ndon't mean \"because\" by themselves. They can only imply that a reasoning\nclause would follow.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T14:26:27.737",
"id": "28047",
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{
"body": "I understand why you would want to avoid implying that you wouldn't like John\nif he weren't charming or attentive. The intention is more like sentence #2:\n\n> 1. John is X, therefore I like him.\n> 2. I like John, because he is X (among other reasons).\n>\n\nBut when you take more blunt characteristics like “popular and handsome”,\nwouldn't the two be just as problematic?\n\n> 1. Since John is popular and handsome, I like him.\n>\n> 2. I like John because he is popular and handsome.\n>\n>\n\nA better approach might be to simply say “John is popular, handsome, and I\nlike him.” The correlation/causation is implied in just the right amount to\ncommunicate your intention:\n\n> 1. Since it was a long day, I'm tired.\n>\n> 2. I'm tired because it was a long day.\n>\n> 3. It was a long day, and I'm tired.\n>\n>\n\nThis would be constructed as:\n\n> ジョンは人気者{にんきもの}だ **し** 、かっこいい **し** 、好き。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T14:57:11.360",
"id": "28049",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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}
]
| 28042 | null | 28049 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28051",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have been looking at grammar guides on the Internet. But I'm not clear about\nthe meaning of ながら and its usage. Could you help me with some examples and\nexplanation?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T16:03:19.190",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28050",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-02T14:52:50.603",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-02T14:52:50.603",
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"owner_user_id": "10904",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of nagara and when is it used?",
"view_count": 5254
} | [
{
"body": "-ながら is appended to the -masu stem of a verb to create the sense of \"while doing A also doing B\".\n\nFor example:\n\n> 歩きながら{あるきながら}音楽{おんがく}を聴いていた{きいていた}\n>\n> _Aruki-nagara ongaku o kiite ita._\n>\n> I was listening to music while walking.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T16:49:49.383",
"id": "28051",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T16:49:49.383",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11116",
"parent_id": "28050",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28050 | 28051 | 28051 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28055",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In Issunboushi, there is a line that goes like this. \"Issunboushi wa hari wo\nkatana ni shite koshi ni sashi\" I found a translation that says \"He made use\nof a needle as a sword\", but I have no idea why. True, hari=needle,\nkatana=sword, but I couldn't find any grammar to help me understand the form\nof this phrase. Where does the \"made use\" come from? What does \"koshi ni\nsashi\" mean? Thank you in advance! :)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T18:15:00.593",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28053",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-19T21:46:57.090",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-19T21:46:57.090",
"last_editor_user_id": "921",
"owner_user_id": "11200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "How do you say \"using X as a Y\"?",
"view_count": 572
} | [
{
"body": "The part, \"katana ni shite\", means to use as a katana. *\n\nAs for the other question, \"koshi ni sashi\" is an old way of saying, to \"put\nin/on his belt\". Koshi meaning hip, and sasu being the verb for insert/put in\n[belt].\n\n*Note that this is not the same as \"ni shitemo\", which is a pattern meaning \"even if\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T18:31:24.900",
"id": "28055",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T18:42:12.600",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-16T18:42:12.600",
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},
{
"body": "I'll put this as an answer but @oals explained it perfectly. \n[AをBにする](http://nlp.cis.unimelb.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-\nbin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MUJ%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B) (3) to make use of A for\nB; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B.\n\nIn this case the \"suru\" is in the te-form, so it becomes \"shite\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T21:46:11.367",
"id": "28137",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-19T21:46:11.367",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "921",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 28053 | 28055 | 28055 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28060",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I want to say:\n\n> One person I told about XYZ said, \"...\".\n\nKnowledgeably incorrect translation:\n\n> XYZについて話した一人は「…」と言いました。\n\nThis makes it sound like they were the one telling me about XYZ. How do I\nwrite this so that it's clear that they are the one being told? The only ways\nI can think of makes it sound like they've had a moral offense committed\nagainst them (話された), or that they really wanted to know what I told them\n(話してもらった).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T20:33:42.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28058",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T21:40:46.660",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How do you express \"the person I did something to\"?",
"view_count": 210
} | [
{
"body": "I'm pretty sure you can just add yourself at the start with が.\n\n> 私がXYZについて話した一人は「…」と言いました",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T21:40:46.660",
"id": "28060",
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}
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| 28058 | 28060 | 28060 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28062",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When describing もらう DBJG says \"The first person or s.o. the speaker empathises\nwith recieves some benefit from an action by someone whose status is **not as\nhigh as the receiver's** \"\n\nIt then goes on to give the example\n\n> 私は父にカメラを買ってもらった\n\nBut surely the father's status is higher than the son/daughter's status so\nthis example seems to contradict the description.\n\nSo, are both the description and the sentence correct? If so what am i\nmissing?\n\nI would like to believe the desciption and replace the sentence with\n\n> 私は父にカメラを買っていただいた\n\nWould that be correct? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-16T22:04:01.210",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28061",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T22:55:27.437",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"politeness"
],
"title": "もらう level of politeness",
"view_count": 259
} | [
{
"body": "I believe the confusion with the example sentence is caused by another issue -\npoliteness levels when it comes to family. When you talk about your family to\npeople outside the family, you are supposed to use less respectful terms such\nas 父{ちち} and 母{はは}, as opposed to respectful terms like お父{とう}さん and お母{かあ}さん\nthat you are supposed to use when you talk to other family members.\n\nThis is part of the cultural standard of referring to yourself and things\nrelated to yourself in a humble manner. This can be seen in the use of the お/ご\npolite prefix:\n\n> A: お元気{げんき}ですか？ Are you well? \n> B: はい、元気です。 Yes, I am well.\n\nIn the example 私は父にカメラを買ってもらった, they are lowering the status of the father to\nbe humble about their family, so it makes sense to use もらう. Other reasons they\nwould use もらう are because it is a casual conversation, or because they have a\nnice, friendly relationship with their father.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-16T22:55:27.437",
"id": "28062",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9981",
"parent_id": "28061",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 28061 | 28062 | 28062 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28065",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I often hear a particular sentence about taking a shower.\n\n> 私がシャワーをしています。\n\nIs this the correct way to say \"I am taking a shower\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T01:31:48.037",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28064",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-02T15:34:43.153",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-02T15:34:43.153",
"last_editor_user_id": "11849",
"owner_user_id": "10904",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "The grammar of \"taking a shower\"?",
"view_count": 8544
} | [
{
"body": "> 私はシャワーを浴びています。-I'm taking a shower\n\n浴びる is the correct verb used to mean \"to shower\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T01:43:56.030",
"id": "28065",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 28064 | 28065 | 28065 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28067",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "They all translate to the same thing: business, enterprise, etc. Most\nsentences I've found online seem to use them interchangeably (at least, as far\nas I can tell), and they are all very common words. An entry for any of the\ngiven words in a monolingual dictionary uses one of the other two in the\ndefinition, which is really annoying.\n\nSo what is the difference between 事業, 企業, and 会社?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T02:53:06.847",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28066",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-17T03:26:58.050",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 事業, 企業, and 会社?",
"view_count": 1904
} | [
{
"body": "In my understanding\n\n * 事業 is more like a specific job that a person does for a company or the specific task or service that a company can perform.\n * 企業 can be more specifically translated as \"enterprise\"... like \"Enterprise Technology and Services\". You wouldn't say \"the 企業 that I work at\". \n * 会社 is the general term for a business or your place of work. \"My company\". ie: 株式会社 = a corporation. \n\n職場 (workplace) or 仕事 (job) can be used in place of 会社 in certain situations\nlike:\n\n * He's still at work. まだ会社（職場）に居ます。\n * He quit his job. 会社（仕事）を辞めた。\n\n法人 can also mean \"Enterprise\" or \"Business\" similarly to 企業 but is usually\nused to differentiate between a service or rule that applies to companies\nrather than individuals (個人）\n\nI'll try to add more 類語 as I think of them.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T03:06:33.250",
"id": "28067",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 28066 | 28067 | 28067 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28069",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I received an email from a new professor in my department asking for a native\nEnglish speaker's check of his paper. Since no one had ever asked me to check\ntheir English before, whereas I had previously asked fellow grad students to\ncheck my Japanese, I assumed the email was from some student who I didn't know\npersonally. I had only met this professor once in person, so I didn't\nrecognize it was him from his name in the email. Thus, I did not refer to him\nas 「先生」 and instead replied with:\n\n> 宮嶋様\n>\n> ご電子メールを受信しました。\n>\n> 学会発表のため東京にいます。１６日に北海道に帰りますので、その後、9月末の締め切りまで宮嶋さんの英語論文のネイティブ・チェックができます。\n>\n> この論文の目的は何でしょうか（例えば、日本での発表、海外の発表、海外の学術誌）。\n> 宮嶋さんの希望は、英語の文法などのチェックだけでしょうか、または、西洋の論文の構成やスタイルもチェックでしょうか。私にとって両方とも大丈夫ですので、宮嶋さんの選好にします。\n>\n> よろしくお願いいたします。\n\nWhen I found out afterward that I sent that to a professor, I felt terribly\nembarrassed!!\n\n**How can I write an adequately polite and humble email that apologizes for\nnot realizing it was him, and for my rudeness?**\n\n**What is the most polite way to express that I had not recognized his name?**\n\nI found some nice apologetic phrases at\n[ビジネスメールの書き方](http://email.chottu.net/phrase/wabi.html), but I'm not sure\nwhich ones are most suitable for this case, such as:\n\n * 無礼千万なことと、謹んでお詫びを申しあげます。\n * とんだ失態を演じてしまいまして、まことにお恥ずかしい限りです。\n * 大変失礼いたしました。\n * 誤解を与えたようでしたら、謝罪いたします。\n * 今回の件を厳粛に受け止め、陳謝いたします。\n * 配慮が行き届かなかったと、自責の念にかられております。\n * 不注意であったと、反省いたしております。\n * 私の不徳のいたすところと、猛省しております。\n * 弊社の不注意でこのようなことになり、本当に申し訳ありません。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T03:42:23.757",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28068",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-17T05:14:05.860",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"politeness",
"business-japanese",
"keigo",
"email"
],
"title": "How do you politely apologize to a professor for unintentional rudeness?",
"view_count": 2163
} | [
{
"body": "I feel that the expressions you listed include \"super-polite\" apologies which\nwould be a bit too much in this situation. The professor would be surprised if\nyou really used these heavy expressions. (And it would be more true\nconsidering the fact that he knows you're not a native speaker of Japanese.)\n\nAmong those, 大変失礼いたしました is probably the safest, and you can write something\nlike this:\n\n> 先日は、以前にお会いした○○先生であると全く気づいておらず、失礼なメールを送信してしまいました。大変申し訳ありません。\n\nA native business person who is strict on business manner may take this more\nseriously and recommend stronger expressions, but I personally feel an average\nacademic researcher is kind enough to forget this instantly.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T04:34:59.163",
"id": "28069",
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"score": 13
}
]
| 28068 | 28069 | 28069 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28074",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In my opinion, it would not function as interrogation or alternative\nexplanation.\n\nHere is the sentence.\n\n> 電源ボタンを押すと表示される電源メニューで「電源を切る」をタッチする **か**\n> 、電源ボタンを電源ランプが消えるまで押し続けると、電源がOFFになります。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T07:12:36.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28072",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-17T08:25:25.837",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-17T07:16:50.173",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "What is the purpose of か in this sentence?",
"view_count": 216
} | [
{
"body": "か means literally \"or\" in this instance.\n\nIt splits the sentence into the two options you have for turning off the\ndevice.\n\nYou can turn off the device by choosing from the menu, OR you can long press\nthe button until the light turns off.\n\nAlso acceptable in its place would be 「又は」or「もしくは」but the latter seems more\nformal, so it wouldn't be used in (what I assume to be) a user manual. and 又は\nI believe is more commonly used at the beginning of the next sentence denoting\na second choice that can be taken as opposed to being used in the middle of\nthe same sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T08:25:25.837",
"id": "28074",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11203",
"parent_id": "28072",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 28072 | 28074 | 28074 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28075",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the difference between いい and よい？\n\nI notice that usually, いい is most commonly used, but sometimes, I get it wrong\nand よい is the correct answer. What is the situation to use each and what is\nthe difference?\n\nThanks for the help.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T07:16:21.517",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28073",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-17T17:31:12.950",
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"owner_user_id": "11206",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "いい versus よい? When do you use which?",
"view_count": 3878
} | [
{
"body": "They are quite the same except that よい sounds a bit more formal or contrived\ndepending on the situation but that's all.\n\nWhat you may already know is that いい only has a 連体形 and a 終止形 which are いい in\nboth cases. For the others bases you have to use よい.\n\n連用形 → よく・よかっ; ex: よくない・よかった \n未然形 → よかろう\n\nSome expressions explicitly call for よい but it is rare and most of the time\nrather archaic usage. (ex: 聞くが良い - You should listen)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T09:46:51.683",
"id": "28075",
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},
{
"body": "(Please see this as an appendix to the first poster's answer.)\n\n 1. As the other post says, when they can be used interchangeably, いい sounds more informal/colloquial and よい sounds more formal/literary. \n\n* * *\n\n 2. いい doesn't have 未然形, 連用形, and 仮定形:\n\n> 未然: よかろ(-う) \n> 連用: よかっ(-た)・よく \n> 終止: よい・いい \n> 連体: よい・いい \n> 仮定: よけれ(-ば) \n> 命令: ---\n\nYou'd also find archaic/fossilized よかれ-/よから-/よき-/よし in set phrases like:\n\n> [良]{よ}かれ[悪]{あ}しかれ (for better or worse) \n> よかれと思って (out of good intentions) \n> よからぬ (≒ よくない、悪い) e.g. よからぬこと よからぬ噂 \n> よき友 (≒ いい友達) \n> 古き良き時代 (good old days) \n> よし！/ よっしゃあ！ \n> (～で)よしとする (settle for ~~)\n\n*よかれ, よから and よき are 命令形, 未然形 and 連体形 of archaic adjective よし, respectively. \n\n* * *\n\n 3. You use よい for some (set) phrases:\n\n> ほどよい (≒ちょうどいい; moderate; proper) \n> よりよい (better) \n> よさ (noun form) \n> よさそう (+ 様態の助動詞「そう」; sounds good) \n> 住みよい (≒ 住み易い; liveable)\n\nAnd いい for several (set) phrases:\n\n> いいね！ \n> かっこいい \n> いい男 (≒ イケメン) \n> いい女 (≒ 美人) \n> 「もういいかい？」--「もういいよ」(when playing hide and seek) \n> いい人ができた (got a boyfriend/girlfriend) \n> いい奴 \n> いい仲 (romantic relationship) \n> (いい is often used for set phrases with negative nuance or sarcasm:) \n> いい[気味]{きみ}だ \n> いい[様]{ざま}だ \n> いい気になる (carried away) \n> いい加減な (irresponsible, inaccurate, etc.) \n> いい歳をして \n> いい顔をする \n> いい恥さらしだ \n> いい迷惑だ",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T12:54:50.777",
"id": "28078",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
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"score": 12
}
]
| 28073 | 28075 | 28078 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28081",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there a difference between no versus not in japanese, or is it just always\nいいえ？",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T13:15:02.730",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28079",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-17T16:45:01.247",
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"owner_user_id": "10377",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "No versus not in Japanese",
"view_count": 770
} | [
{
"body": "\"not\" is merely a way to express negation in English. In Japanese, this is\nusually expressed using different conjugations. It seems like you are a\nbeginner, so this is a good place to start:\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/negativeverbs>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-17T16:45:01.247",
"id": "28081",
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}
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| 28079 | 28081 | 28081 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I recently read about 場合 for the use of \"situation, or circumstance\". What\nis the difference between ～場合、, 場合は, and 場合には? My friend couldn't explain it.\nHe just said you need to feel for which is correct. If I had to guess, I'd say\nthe は is optional and thus can be replaced by the comma, and the には is for\nadded emphasis. Is that at all close?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-18T01:30:03.237",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28082",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-18T11:34:12.343",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9635",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"particles"
],
"title": "～場合、 vs 場合は vs 場合には",
"view_count": 2102
} | [
{
"body": "> I'd say the は is optional and thus can be replaced by the comma, and the には\n> is for added emphasis.\n\nI agree with your guess. There is no tricky difference here.\n\nOne pattern I noticed was that in written language, `〜場合、` is much less likely\nto be used when in the second half of a sentence:\n\n> X の場合、Y しよう。\n>\n> 今日は雨だし、 X の場合は Y しよう。\n\nBut this is more about legibility and visual flow. Keep this in mind when\nomitting the `は`, so you don't create a choppy sentence or an ugly “visual\nrun-on”:\n\n> 今日は雨だし、X の場合どうする？ (Good)\n>\n> 今日は雨だし、X の場合、学校行かない (Flow is choppy)\n>\n> 今日は雨だし、X の場合学校行かない (Harder to read)\n>\n> 今日は雨だし、X の場合は学校行かない (Good)\n\n(In spoken language, as you may know, there won't need to be a discernable\npause at the comma. 「Xのばあいがっこういかない」 with no audible comma will be understood\njust fine.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-18T11:22:47.297",
"id": "28094",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-18T11:34:12.343",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "888",
"parent_id": "28082",
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"score": 5
}
]
| 28082 | null | 28094 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I learned it from [this\nguide](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/must), detailing\n「だめ」,「いけない」 and 「ならない」constructions.\n\nI was able to assume that the past-tense of \"I must _not_ do\" is て-formはだめだった\n(correct me if I'm wrong), but how can I do the same for things I must do? I\nguess maybe it's negative て-formはだめだった, but as Tae Kim says, that's super long\nand thus would probably sound weird if I used it outside formal situations. Up\nto now, I've used the \"replace なくて with なくちゃ\" slang form, but how would I put\nthat into past tense?\n\nI was thinking about using 行けないだった, but that's even longer than だめだった so it's\na no go, I'm guessing. Any advice?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-18T01:52:00.983",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28084",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-21T16:28:34.963",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-19T22:23:50.180",
"last_editor_user_id": "921",
"owner_user_id": "11168",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"obligations"
],
"title": "How to say things must be done, but in the past tense?",
"view_count": 2814
} | [
{
"body": "You don't really have to do anything special- just put the final verb\n(adjective) in the past tense.\n\n> 学校まで走らなければならない - I have to run to school \n> 学校まで走らなければならな **かった** - I had to run to school\n\nThis works with all three of the constructions you mentioned.\n\n> ならない = ならなかった \n> だめ(だ) = だめだった \n> いけない = いけなかった\n\nOf these, I see ならなかった the most by far, but the other two are possible.\n\nYour suggestion of 「いけないだった」 is not possible, because it is ungrammatical. The\npast tense of an i-adjective is -かった; you can't append -だった. So it should\ninstead be 「いけなかった」.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T22:55:08.603",
"id": "28139",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28084 | null | 28139 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28101",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I get it that ありがとう means \"thanks\", is informal without the ございます added to it\nand so on. \nHowever, I do not know what I should say after someone thanked me. In English,\nyou generally say something like \"No problem\" or \"You're welcome\", it is\nsimilar in German as well. \nBut what do you say in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-18T10:47:44.903",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28093",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-20T10:24:15.913",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-20T10:24:15.913",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11184",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"politeness"
],
"title": "How to respond to ありがとう?",
"view_count": 1447
} | [
{
"body": "\"Ie ie\", literally \"no no\" is the same as \"no problem\" in this context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-18T12:07:24.127",
"id": "28095",
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},
{
"body": "`いえいえ` is an informal way to respond to `ありがとう`; similar to saying \"No\nproblem\" or \"Don't mention it.\"\n\n`どういたしまして` means \"You're welcome\" and is more polite/formal.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-18T19:50:26.043",
"id": "28101",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-18T19:50:26.043",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7390",
"parent_id": "28093",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 28093 | 28101 | 28101 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28104",
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"body": "Whenever I watch drama or news I always hear \"し\" particle being used. Back\nwhen I was still studying \"Minna No Nihongo\" my teacher taught me that ”し”\nmeans \"だから” but native Japanese tend to use this to enumerate list of option\nlike in the following example\n\n> 結婚式ってだいたいいくらかかるんですか？\n>\n> えと。。。１００万円っていうのもあります **し** 、５万もありますよ。\n\nI just want to know what is the real meaning of \"し\".",
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"tags": [
"syntax",
"particle-し"
],
"title": "Usage of ”し” particle",
"view_count": 1668
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{
"body": "The particle **し** is used to create a non-exhaustive list of reasons.\n\nExample from Wikipedia\n(<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_particles#shi>):\n\n> 綺麗{きれい}だ **し** 、広い{ひろい} **し** 、いいね、このアパート！\n>\n> Kirei da **shi** , hiroi **shi** , ii ne, kono apaato!\n>\n> It's clean, it's spacious; this apartment is nice, isn't it!\n\nIn this example sentence, **し** indicates that the cleanness and spaciousness\nof the apartment may not be the only reasons the speaker likes it.",
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"body": "In your example:\n\n> 結婚式ってだいたいいくらかかるんですか？ \n> えと。。。１００万円っていうの **も** あります **し** 、５万 **も** ありますよ。\n\nThe し is used to give options, indicating 「前に述べる事柄が、後に述べる事柄と **対比的な関係**\nであること」, \"what's stated first has a **contrastive relation** to what's stated\nlater\", explained in definition #1 in\n[デジタル大辞泉](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/92431/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%97/).\n\n> \"About how much does a wedding cost?\" \n> \"Well... some cost 1,000,000 yen, **while** others, 50,000 yen.\"\n\nThe binding-particle も (or だって) usually co-occurs with this し.\n\n* * *\n\nAs you can see in the dictionary, the conjunctive particle (接続助詞) 「し」 has\nseveral usages:\n\n> し ［接助］活用語の終止形に付く。 \n> １\n> 前に述べる事柄が、後に述べる事柄と並列的、対比的な関係であることを表す。「御飯も炊けるし、味噌汁も作れる」「成績はよくもないし、悪くもないしといったところだ」 \n> ２ 前に挙げた事柄を原因・理由として下の事柄に続ける意を表す。から。ので。「身体はじょうぶですし、もっと働けます」「家も近いんだし、たまには寄れよ」 \n> ３\n> （終助詞的に用いて）一つの事実・条件を言いさし、結論を言外に暗示する意を表す。「旅行はしたいけれども、暇はないし」「せっかく出場させてもエラーはするし」 \n> ４ （「…まいし」の形で）相手を軽んじたり、詰問したりする意を表す。「子供のけんかじゃあるまいし」「人ごとではあるまいし、まじめに考えなさい」 \n> [補説]近世以降用いられ、おもに打ち解けた対話に用いられる。\n\nSo し can indicate:\n\n * enumeration of two or more similar things/facts, eg 勉強はできる **し** スポーツも得意だ。\n * enumeration of two things/fact in contrast, eg 得意な人 **も** いる **し** 苦手な人 **も** いる。 (も or だって usually co-occurs) \n * one or more reasons/causes, eg お腹もすいた **し** 、そろそろ帰ろう。\n\netc...\n\nSidenote: ～～し is usually used in informal/casual speech.",
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"body": "The original sentence is:\n\n> 俺が呆れてものを言えないでいると、ハルヒはディジタルカメラを手にして、記念に写真を撮っておこうと言い出した。\n\nI don't think the で in ～ない _で_ いると～ indicates て形 but rather I have the feeling\nthat ～ないでいると～ shows two situations that almost occur at the same time.\n\nI would translate the above sentence as:\n\n> While still in daze that I could not say/reply anything, Haruhi took a\n> digital camera and said 'Let's take some photos as souvenirs'\n\nor literally as:\n\n> While I was in a situation where I could not express my astonishment,\n> (before I could do anything), Haruhi took a digital camera and said \"Let's\n> tale some photos as souvenirs.\"",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-18T14:52:58.747",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of ～ないでいると～",
"view_count": 841
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{
"body": "ないで is the casual version of ず(に), which is similar to the なくて form, but\ninstead of meaning \"didn't do (verb), and...,\" it means \"without doing (verb),\n....\"\n\n> 何も言わずに走った。 \n> 何も言わず、走った。 \n> 何も言わないで走った。 \n> Ran without saying anything.\n\nAs opposed to:\n\n> 何も言わなくて走った。 \n> Didn't say anything and ran.\n\nOf course the いると part makes it more complicated to translate, as I don't\nthink \"without\" fits in naturally. I think you basically got it, but here's my\ntry:\n\n> 俺が呆れてものを言えないでいると… \n> While I was still shocked and unable to speak...\n\n[Tae Kim's explanation of ないで and\nず(に)](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/negativeverbs2)",
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{
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"body": "> いつでも捜しているよ どっかに君の姿を \n> 向かいのホーム 路地裏の窓 \n> こんなとこにいるはずもないのに \n> 願いはもしも叶うなら 今すぐ君のもとへ \n> できないことは もう何もない \n> すべてかけて抱きしめてみせるよ \n>\n\nThis paragraph of \"One More Time, One More Chance\" by Yamazaki Masayoshi, I'm\ntranslating to:\n\n> I'm always looking for you everywhere I go \n> On the opposite platform, through the alleys \n> Even though you will not be there. \n> If my wish can come true, I will be with you right now \n> **The impossible would no longer be anything.** \n> **I'll show that i'll hug you tight again.** \n>\n\nBut the marked, I definitely think it's pretty wrong. But I can not think of a\nbetter way, no matter how hard I try.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "How can I translate this? すべてかけて抱きしめてみせるよ",
"view_count": 568
} | [
{
"body": "> できないことは もう何もない\n\nis literally like \"There's nothing impossible anymore\", \"There's nothing I\ncan't do now\" or \"Nothing is impossible now/anymore\".\n\nBreakdown: \nできない can't do; impossible \nこと thing \nは (particle) \nもう anymore \n何もない nothing exists; there's nothing\n\n> すべてかけて抱きしめてみせるよ\n\nすべてかけて (を is omitted) → 全てを賭けて means \"at all costs\" \"at any cost\". (≂\n全てを犠牲にしても・どんな犠牲を払っても)\n\nThe ～てみせる doesn't mean \"show\"; it's a subsidiary verb (補助動詞) meaning \"I'll\ndefinitely/surely do~~\". It indicates the speaker's strong will or\ndetermination to do something. From [#9-イ on\nデジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/211967/m0u/):\n\n> みせる【見せる】 \n> 10 （補助動詞）動詞の連用形に助詞「て」の付いた形に接続して用いる。 \n> ㋑ 強い決意を表す。「絶対に勝ってみせる」(Indicates the speaker's strong determination. \"I'll\n> definitely win by all means.\")",
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| 28098 | 28099 | 28099 |
{
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"body": "I will see 五兵衛 (a name) romanized as \"gohei\" in almost every English source\nand even some Japanese sources I can find with the name, even though I am\npretty sure it is actually ごへえ. Why is this? Is there a romanization rule I\ndon't understand?\n\nExamples:\n\n * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeniya_Gohei>\n * <http://www.sobaya-gohei.com/>\n * <http://www.sugigohei.com/>\n\nThe bottom two being Japanese websites.",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"readings"
],
"title": "Why do people romanize 五兵衛 as \"gohei\" instead of \"gohee\"?",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "I think according to usual romanization rules, 五兵衛 should be romanized _gohee_\n, as you say.\n\nThat said, the そば屋 you link to actually provides a reading of its name そば屋 五兵衛\n【そばや ごへい】. So they're not romanizing ごへえ, but are romanizing ごへい, which would\nbe _gohei_. Whether their reading of 五兵衛 is nonsense is a different matter.\n\nI can only guess that whoever tried to romanize 五兵衛 from the other site you\nlinked thought that 五兵衛 should be read ごへい (which isn't hard to imagine since\nごへえ is an irregular spelling and both ごへい and ごへえ are pronounced the same).\n\nSo, you continue to romanize 五兵衛 as _gohee_ and pride yourself in knowing that\nthe reading of 五兵衛 is ごへえ, with an え.",
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| 28102 | 28103 | 28103 |
{
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"body": "I'm not too sure what it means. I've seen it used in a lot of different\ncontexts, and the most I can gather is that it means something along the lines\nof, \"it's not that\". Is this correct, and if not, could someone explain it to\nme?\n\nAn example I saw in the lyrics of a song\n\n> そんなかわいいもんじゃないけど 奪わないでいて",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "What does \"もんじゃない\" mean?",
"view_count": 1850
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{
"body": "もん is short for 物{もの}. That reading is shown under \"Other forms\" in\n[jisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/%E7%89%A9).\n\nThe most common meaning for もの is \"(physical) thing,\" but もん is often used on\nthe end of sentences to mean \"reason\" or \"the (hypothetical) thing is,\"\nsimilar to (な)の.\n\n> そんなかわいいもんじゃないけど \n> The thing is, it's not that cute, but...\n\nもん often sounds somewhat childish, petulant, cutesy, or girly.\n\nHere are some other [common uses of もん by Maggie-\nsensei](http://maggiesensei.com/2010/04/08/requested-\nlesson-%E3%80%8C%E3%82%82%E3%82%93%E3%81%8B%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8C%E3%82%82%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8C%E3%81%A0%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A6%E3%80%8Dmonkamondadanante/)",
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| 28105 | 28108 | 28108 |
{
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"body": "I've seen both 実践 and 実戦 used in the context of practice questions, both\npronounced じっせん, of course.\n\n実践問題 seems to be the more common of the two, meaning a practice exercise, but\nI've recently come across one which instead says 実戦問題.\n\nFirstly, I'd like to confirm this isn't a typo, given that 実戦 refers to\ncombat. If the text is correct, and both 実戦問題 and 実践問題 are technically\naccepted, Is there a difference in meaning or nuance between the two?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-18T21:54:45.697",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"kanji-choice"
],
"title": "実践 and 実戦 in exercises",
"view_count": 138
} | [
{
"body": "In Japan, entrance exams (usually of college; sometimes of high school and\nmiddle school) are often compared to battle or war. For example, the slogan of\n代々木{よよぎ}ゼミナール, one of the largest entrance exam prep school, is\n日々是決戦{ひびこれけっせん} (decisive battle every day). So 実戦問題 is a kind of pun and\nmeans super-practical, must-learn problems.",
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| 28106 | null | 28115 |
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"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lHN5P.jpg)\n\nPlease tell me how to read this kanji. What does it mean?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-18T23:02:29.500",
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"tags": [
"kanji",
"handwriting",
"calligraphy"
],
"title": "How to read this kanji?",
"view_count": 612
} | [
{
"body": "It looks to me like [[舞]{まい}](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%88%9E)\n(dance)...",
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| 28110 | null | 28112 |
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"body": "Are 「〜のは欲しい」 and 「〜のは出来る」 valid alternatives to 「〜たい」and 「られる」conjugations for\ndesire and potential form? If so, what's the difference?\n\nExamples: If 見れる means \"can see,\" does 見るのは出来る mean the same? If so, is there\na difference in nuance?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-19T05:29:30.927",
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"id": "28117",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"conjugations",
"potential-form",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Are 「〜のは欲しい」 and 「〜のは出来る」 valid alternatives to 「〜たい」and 「られる」?",
"view_count": 185
} | [
{
"body": "No. However, you can rephrase 見れる as 見ることができる, and substitute の for こと like\n聞くことはできない。しかし、見るのはできる, though I'd not necessarily recommend that method. In\naddition, presence or absence of は makes difference.\n\nAs for the difference between ～のは欲しい, for example, そうじするのは欲しい means \"I want\none to clean up\", opposed 掃除したい, which is \"I want to clean up\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-19T07:21:53.560",
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{
"body": "No, 見るのはできる is not a valid alternative. However, you can say 見ることができる is, and\nit's an alternative form. _A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar_ , page 201\nsays this about the difference:\n\n> 【Related Expression】\n>\n> A shorter potential form of verb, i.e., _rareru_ ² can replace the longer\n> potential form _koto ga dekiru_ without a change in basic meaning. Thus,\n> Examples (a), (b) and (c) can be rewritten as [1], [2] and [3],\n> respectively.\n>\n> [1] 新幹線に乗れば大阪まで三時間で **行ける** 。 \n> _Shinkansen ni noreba Ōsaka made sanjikan de **ikeru**._ \n> [2] 小田は六つの時バッハが/を **弾けた** 。 \n> _Oda wa muttsu no toki Bahha ga / o **hiketa**._ \n> [3] ジョンソンさんは日本語で手紙が **書ける** 。 \n> _Jonson-san wa nihongo de tegami ga **kakeru**._\n>\n> Basically, the difference between the shorter and the longer potential form\n> is one of style; namely, the shorter version is more colloquial and less\n> formal than the longer one.\n\nNote that は here is incorrect.\n\nAs for 欲しい, this is also wrong. The only similar construction would be using\nほしい as a auxiliary, like so:\n\n> 魚を食べてほしい\n\nBut this means a completely different thing; it acts as a request for someone\nelse to eat fish. Note that this request is inappropriate if the listener is a\nhigher status than you.\n\n欲しい as a non-auxiliary is only used when you want something, as in:\n\n> ぬいぐるみがほしい \n> \"I want a stuffed animal\"\n\nたい is the only appropriate construction for expressing the desire to take an\naction.",
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| 28117 | null | 93183 |
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"body": "Can the English suffix [-zilla](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-zilla), a\nbackformation from \"Godzilla\" describing something as large and/or\ndestructive, be translated into Japanese and easily understood, and how would\nit be translated? As \"ジラ\"?\n\nDoing a search of weblio for [zilla](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/zilla) or\n[ジラ](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9) didn't come up with\nanything.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T06:39:58.957",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28119",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-19T12:54:45.987",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "Can the English suffix \"-zilla\" be translated back into Japanese?",
"view_count": 1326
} | [
{
"body": "I remember that this \"-zilla\" caught on for some reason among English-speaking\npeople, and appeared in several software names such as Mozilla, Bugzilla,\nFileZilla. English Wikipedia even has a page describing this [suffix\n-zilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-zilla)!\n\nHowever, I believe that was an English-only phenomenon, and Japanese people\ndon't regard ジラ as a suffix. FWIW, this \"-zilla\" originally came from \"whale\",\nbecause [ゴジラ was named after ゴリラ (gorilla) + クジラ\n(whale)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9_\\(%E6%9E%B6%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%AE%E6%80%AA%E7%8D%A3\\)#.E8.A3.BD.E4.BD.9C.E7.B5.8C.E7.B7.AF).\n\nThat does not mean Japanese doesn't have a similar suffix. One classic example\nis [-ゴン, which appeared in the names of many imaginary\nmonsters](http://www.infonet.co.jp/apt/march/syllabus/bookshelf/G/gon.html).\n教育ママゴン is a buzzword used in the 1980's and it referred to abnormal mothers\nwho were crazy about education.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T10:34:43.217",
"id": "28125",
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"score": 10
}
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| 28119 | 28125 | 28125 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28124",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In English, \"Pearl Harbor\" is sometimes used\n[metaphorically](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor#Noun) to indicate\nan unannounced attack, or an event that strongly changes the outlook of a\ncommunity. Can these metaphorical meanings be used in Japanese with either\n\"真珠湾\" or \"パールハーバー\"? For example, \"This action was no Pearl Harbor - we knew it\nwas going to happen\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T07:06:42.747",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28122",
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"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"metaphor"
],
"title": "Are Japanese translations for \"Pearl Harbor\" ever used metaphorically?",
"view_count": 169
} | [
{
"body": "No, and Kamikaze either, which is synonymous to 天佑 or something like\nmiraculous fortune unless ~~they're~~ it's used as a loan word.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T07:31:38.007",
"id": "28124",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "28122",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 28122 | 28124 | 28124 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28132",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The narrator is complaining about men on the train making noise and says:\n\n> 車掌さんが彼等に注意をしてくれるのを待ちました。\n\nI'm uncertain of the interpretation of に together with くれる here. I can see two\npossibilities:\n\na) に translates as **to**. She waited for the conductor to give a warning\n**to** the men and that would benefit her. (I think this is more likely)\n\nb) に translates as **for**. She waited for the conductor to give a warning\n**for** the men and that would benefit the men (because it will improve their\ncharacter or it will stop someone going and punching them for example).\n\nAre both my interpretations grammatically valid (with and without the context)\nor have I failed to appreciate a grammar point which makes one of them\nobviously wrong? Thanks.\n\n**Edit:** Perhaps I should explain further. I'm have little doubt that a) is\nthe correct answer, but I'm interested to know if b) is a grammatically valid\ninterpretation. For example:\n\n> 父は **私に** カメラを買ってくれた。\n>\n> My father bought a camera **for** me.\n\nThis sentence has the same structure but the person receving the benefit is\nthe one marked by に.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T10:53:04.183",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28126",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-08-25T02:31:37.383",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"giving-and-receiving"
],
"title": "Who is receiving the benefit in this sentence?",
"view_count": 262
} | [
{
"body": "Well, in this case the answer is of course a), and I don't really know why\nwould it translate to \"for\". 注意をしてくれる means \"he will warn\nthem(thankfully/which I will be thankful of)\", so the one benefiting is\nclearly \"myself\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T12:07:21.953",
"id": "28127",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-19T21:57:38.223",
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{
"body": "I think that if you take this sentence and add a general subject to it, the\nmeaning becomes clearer, i.e.:\n\n> 私は車掌さんが彼等に注意をしてくれるのを待ちました。\n\nAs you can see, it is easier to understand now who will benefit from what\naction:\n\n\"As for me, I waited for the conductor to give them a warning[an action which\nI would benefit from]\" Keep in mind that くれる is used when the _direction_ of a\ncertain action's benefit is from whoever you are talking about towards\nyourself(the main subject).",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T16:07:13.263",
"id": "28132",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-19T16:07:13.263",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11176",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28126 | 28132 | 28132 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can someone elaborate the structure and the changing of the verb in the\nsentence? Thank you",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T13:01:56.337",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28128",
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"owner_user_id": "11230",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "What does「飛んじまいそうです」 mean?",
"view_count": 380
} | [
{
"body": "It's a collapsed way of saying 飛んでしまいそうです. I think (～し)ちまう/～じまう is colloquial\n江戸 or 東京 dialect for (～し)てしまう. (cf. 飛んじゃいそうです。)\n\nbreakdown: \nとんで -> the てform of 飛ぶ (or the 連用形 of 飛ぶ + 接続助詞「で」) \nしまい -> the 連用形 of 補助動詞「しまう」 \"end up\" \nそうです -> the polite form of 助動詞「そうだ」(or the stem of そうだ + 助動詞「です」) \"is about to\n~\" \"is likely to ~\"\n\nExamples of this contraction: \n死んでしまいそうです -> 死んじまいそうです \n飲んでしまいそうです -> 飲んじまいそうです \n食べてしまいそうです -> 食べちまいそうです \n眠ってしまいそうです -> 眠っちまいそうです",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T16:04:37.077",
"id": "28131",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "28128",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28128 | null | 28131 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28130",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In my textbook book It states that the て from of a verb can be used to connect\ntwo activities together similar to the particle と and how it connects nouns\nbut with verbs.\n\n> ex given in textbook: きょうは ろくじに おきて、 べんきょうしました\n\nToday I got up at 6 and studied\n\nI attempted to make a sentence myself but I'm not sure if I'm using it\ncorrectly here\n\n> My ex. おふろにはいって、 がっこうに いきました\n\nWhat I was trying to say is \"I took a shower and went to school\" and while it\nfeels correct, every time I look at it I can't help but imagine myself getting\ninto a bath and riding it to school. Any explanation on why this is or isn't\nwrong and confirmation on whether or not I really am using て form to connect\nverbs properly would be appreciated.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T14:19:46.297",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28129",
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"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Using て form to connect two activities",
"view_count": 1164
} | [
{
"body": "I think it works. After all, 「お風呂に入って寝る」 means \"take a bath and go to bed\".\n\nI think (お風呂に)入る here is closer to English \"take a bath\" rather than \"enter\nthe bath\". It's similar to how 上がる is closer to \"enter a house\" rather than\n\"rise into the house\" (see [this\nanswer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/25286/9749)).\n\nIf you need to talk about something during the bath, you can combine it with\nいる:\n\n> お風呂に入っている - I am taking a bath \n> ６時にお風呂に入っていた - I was taking a bath at six \n> お風呂に入っているとき、電話がなった - The phone rang while I was taking a bath",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T15:54:23.767",
"id": "28130",
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
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"score": 4
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{
"body": "て form not only can connect two actions but many more if they occur\nconsecutively. It's likely to be understood as listing actions, for example:\n\n> 毎日６時半に起きて、シャワーを浴びて、朝ご飯を食べて、学校にいきます。 \n> Every morning I wake up at 6:30 then take a shower, next I have breakfast,\n> and after that I go to school.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T18:10:03.260",
"id": "28135",
"last_activity_date": "2018-11-20T23:57:51.713",
"last_edit_date": "2018-11-20T23:57:51.713",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11231",
"parent_id": "28129",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28129 | 28130 | 28130 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28159",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Assuming \"学校で読んでいる本は簡単なの?\" translates as \"Are you finding reading books at\nschool easy?\", is there a general nominalising rule here?\n\nFrom another question about [こと and\nの](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1395/what-is-the-difference-\nbetween-the-nominalizers-%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8-and-%E3%81%AE?lq=1), it's clear\nthat the generalised act of reading would be 読んでいるの. Since 読む can take a\ndirect object with を, it would follow that adding a noun that can be read like\n本 or 新聞 allows you to be more specific.\n\nHow far can this be taken? For example, if I like reading books and\nnewspapers, could I say \"読んでいる本と新聞はすき\"?\n\nIs this correct and how is the rule actually formulated?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T16:55:44.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28133",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "2898",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Can you nominalise a verb for specific subjects by adding a noun after the verb in ている form?",
"view_count": 144
} | [
{
"body": "Well, I'm afraid it's not quite right. And as far as I know there are the two\nways which can help you nominalize a verb!\n\n> 1. Ｖる＋こと \n> 。。。本と新聞を読むことがすき。I love reading books and newspapers.\n> 2. Ｖる＋の \n> 。。。本と新聞を読むのがすき。 I love the act of reading books and newspapers.\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T17:39:41.457",
"id": "28134",
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{
"body": "I find a close translation of that to be, \"As for the books that you read at\nschool, do you find them easy/simple?\"\n\nThat is, the base sentence is 本は簡単なの \"Are the books easy?\", and 学校で読んでいる is an\nadjectival clause describing the books—they're \"reading at school\" books.\n\nBut I'm still pretty new to Japanese, so there might be more nuance than that.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-20T15:43:39.310",
"id": "28159",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 28133 | 28159 | 28159 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28140",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "In the following, my textbook says that #1 is the correct choice.\n\n> (1) **お食事の** 際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。 \n> (2) **ご飯を食べる** 際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n\nI think that both are grammatically correct and have the same meaning\n(ignoring whatever \"nuance\"). What am I missing?\n\nAnd what about this? Is it grammatically correct? Does it sound natural?\n\n> (3) **お食事する** 際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T21:03:53.483",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28136",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-20T19:46:06.820",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-20T19:46:06.820",
"last_editor_user_id": "10938",
"owner_user_id": "10938",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"set-phrases",
"keigo"
],
"title": "Why \"お食事の際は、...\" instead of \"ご飯を食べる際は、...\"?",
"view_count": 1284
} | [
{
"body": "Since 際 is a noun, all three sentences are more or less valid regarding basic\ngrammar. But grammar and usage are two different things, while something may\nbe grammatical it could sound unnatural and so is `ご飯を食べる際`. 際 is used in\nspecial occasions in place of 時 and special occassions tend to like sino-\njapanese vocabulary rather than vernacular vocabulary, hence the choice of 食事.\nOf course, a special occasion can be described without sino-japanese\ncoumpounds but \"to eat a meal\" is not really something special unless if done\nin a peculiar setting.\n\nAn example of special occasion could be, `二人きりで散歩した際にようやく告白ができた。` Here 時 would\nhave been possible to use but the use of 際 make the situation more \"unique\" to\nyour eyes.\n\n(1) and (2) are grammaticaly fine, and (3) needs a little fix if you want to\nkeep お before 食事 (お食事 _を_ する際に…) (but since a する-verb is also a noun you can\njust drop the をする and instead put の which leads to (1)).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T21:52:14.930",
"id": "28138",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-19T21:52:14.930",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4216",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
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{
"body": "This looks primarily like a 敬語{けいご} problem, more than a syntax or semantics\nproblem.\n\n`お使いいただく` is 敬語, and `食べる` does not match it at all. `食べる` is neither 尊敬語 nor\n謙譲語. This means that 「ご飯を食べる」 is not even polite when 私 is the one doing the\neating.\n\nThere are many ways to say **(あなたが)食べる in 敬語** :\n\n * 召し上がられる\n * お召し上がりになる (*1)\n * お食べになる etc.\n\n**(私が)食べる in 敬語** :\n\n * いただく\n * ちょうだいする\n\nYour example #3 has a problem with the `する`:\n\n**(あなたが)する in 敬語**\n\n * なさる\n * される\n\n**(私が)する in 敬語**\n\n * させていただく\n\nMinor technicality: 食事 as a noun is a little tricky because it could change\ndepending on who provided the meal. 「お食事」 will work in both 私が and あなたが\ncontexts, except for when _you_ are the one eating a meal that is _not_\nprovided by someone who should be shown respect. Like if you are eating a meal\nprovided by yourself, that would be 「食事」 and not 「お食事」.\n\nSo, with that in mind, there are many possible combinations depending on who\nis doing what:\n\n * (あなたが)お食事の際は、(あなたが)こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n * (あなたが)お食事をされる際は、(あなたが)こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n * (私が)食事をいただく際は、(私が)こちらのテーブルを使わせていただきます。\n * (私が)ご飯をいただく際は、(あなたが)こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n * (あなたが)ご飯をお召し上がりの際は、(あなたが)こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n * etc.\n\nThe point is that sentence #2 in your textbook is wrong in any possible\nsituation, because 「食べる」 is inappropriate in a 敬語 context.\n\n* * *\n\n(*1) An instance of redundant keigo (二重敬語) that is technically incorrect, but\nhas taken root by custom\n(文化庁『[敬語の指針](http://www.bunka.go.jp/seisaku/bunkashingikai/sokai/sokai_6/pdf/keigo_tousin.pdf)』\np.30).",
"comment_count": 13,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-19T23:04:26.773",
"id": "28140",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-20T14:40:47.497",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-20T14:40:47.497",
"last_editor_user_id": "888",
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"score": 9
},
{
"body": "(Please see this post as an appendix to @mirka's answer.)\n\n> (1) お食事の際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n\nこちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます is polite and formal, using こちら (= more formal than こっち)\nand (お～)いただく (= the humble form of (～して)もらう), so polite/formal お食事の際は is\nappropriate here.\n\n> (2) ご飯を食べる際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n\nThis sounds awkward (though is not grammatically/semantically wrong), because\nご飯を食べる is casual while 際 and こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます sound formal. With ご飯を食べる,\nyou'd say more like:\n\n> (2') ご飯を食べる時は、こっちのテーブルを使っていいよ。/ 使ってもらっていいよ。etc.\n\nwhich would sound quite casual. You might say it to your family or friends,\nbut not to your boss or customers.\n\n> (3) お食事 **する** 際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n\nYou'd change お食事する to the honorific form, as in @mirka's post. (And it would\nalso help to clearly show that the subject for 食事する is the listener.)\n\n> (3') お食事を **される** 際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。 \n> or \n> (3\") お食事 **される** 際は、こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n\nHope this helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T07:16:53.793",
"id": "28145",
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{
"body": "As you say, both (1) and (2) are grammatically fine. However, (2) is\ndisproportional in the point that it adopts a humble verb in the main clause\nwhile the former clause doesn't use some respectful expression.\n\nThe problem of (3) is, you use a humble verb for the action of the listeners.\nIf the location is one that should be respected, that would be a valid\nexpression. Or it could be accepted as a euphemism (so called 謙譲語２) But that's\nnot likely the case, considering that you use a humble verb いただけます to the\nlisteners.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T07:27:48.180",
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| 28136 | 28140 | 28140 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28142",
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"body": "I've perused many sites and have found \"コ上,\" but if I hit translate, I get\n\"co-on,\" a term I am not familiar with. Is this a Japanese term with no\nEnglish equivalent?\n\nI'm attempting to read a manga and this phrase pops up twice and has me\ncompletely baffled. Below are the contexts in which I found them. Any help\nwould be much appreciated.\n\n> オレらより１ **コ上** なんだけど \n> 海外行ってる間の \n> 単位取得で\n\nand\n\n> １ **コ上** の先輩に聞いたんだけど \n> 留学先で仲間と会社設立して \n> すんごい儲けたんだって",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T02:53:53.190",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28141",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-20T06:23:44.367",
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"owner_user_id": "11234",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"usage"
],
"title": "Japanese コ上 meaning in English",
"view_count": 948
} | [
{
"body": "I think the reason you aren't finding it is that you're parsing wrong.\n\nYou should split it as 1コ and then 上. And for this コ, you can think of it as\nthe kanji [個]{こ}, which is one of the most generic counter words in Japanese.\nSee [the Wikipedia article on Japanese counter\nword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_counter_word) and\n[ウィキペディア「日本語の助数詞」](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E6%95%B0%E8%A9%9E#.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E8.AA.9E.E3.81.AE.E5.8A.A9.E6.95.B0.E8.A9.9E).\n\n１個上 in this case means 1 level above.\n\nSo:\n\n> オレらより１コ上なんだけど\n\n= he's one [year/grade] above us but ...\n\n> １コ上の先輩に聞いたんだけど ...\n\n= I heard it from the _sempai_ one year above us but ...\n\n* * *\n\nAs per the comment, this can only be used for comparatives, like 1個上, 2コ下, ...\n\nIf you want to say the year directly, you would say 一年生, 二年生",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-20T03:32:15.407",
"id": "28142",
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| 28141 | 28142 | 28142 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": ">\n> [私たちはしばらく肉を食べていない。](http://classic.jisho.org/sentences?jap=%E7%A7%81%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AF%E3%81%97%E3%81%B0%E3%82%89%E3%81%8F%E8%82%89%E3%82%92%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84&eng=)\n>\n> We have eaten no meat for several days.\n\nI don't get how you get the meaning of \"have not eaten for several days\" from\n\"しばらく肉を食べていない.\" I can only see it being \"we will not eat meat for several\ndays.\" If it means \"have not eaten for several days\" why isn't it\nしばらく肉を食べていなかった? しばらく with ていない makes sense in past and future tense, but I\ndon't get how it works with the present tense.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T09:21:01.440",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "How does しばらく work with ていない?",
"view_count": 231
} | [
{
"body": "しばらく means \"for a while\" and the form 〜ている is used for progressive tense (as\nexplained\n[here](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/complete/progressive_tense) for\nexample) which corresponds either to present perfect or present continuous in\nEnglish. In this context it is present perfect and both sentences (Japanese\nand English) match.\n\n〜ている / 〜ていない are not used for future tense.\n\n> why isn't it しばらく肉を食べていなかった?\n\nBecause that's past (progressive) tense and English \"have not eaten for a\nwhile\" is present tense. Of course it is perfectly correct, but means \"had not\neaten meat for a while (when something happened)\" or \"had not been eating meat\nfor a while\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T11:45:25.537",
"id": "28148",
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{
"body": "> 私たちは しばらく肉を食べていない。\n>\n> We have eaten no meat for several days. (or for a while) --- could be 20\n> years. w w w\n\nThis could have all of the 3 elements.\n\n 1. present perfect \n\n 2. general condition, habit \n\n 3. (past perfect?) or [ past Experience ]\n\n* * *\n\nFor 「昨日 寝てない」 there are a few different possible interpretations.\n\n 1. present perfect 「昨日から 寝てない」\n\n 2. general condition, habit 「最近 よく寝てない」\n\n 3. (past perfect?) or Experience\n\n3a. Preparation, e.g. for a test. --------------- See: [Meaning of\n寝てない](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/38796/meaning-\nof-%e5%af%9d%e3%81%a6%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84/38807#38807)",
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| 28147 | null | 28148 |
{
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"body": "I am currently doing exercise questions from a JLPT N5 book. The particular\nexercise shows some pictorial on which we have to construct the sentences.\n\nThe example shows a guy going by taxi because he is a hurry\n\n> 時間がありませんからタクシーで行きます\n\nThe assignment is to use the same pattern to describe a picture showing a guy\nbuying flowers worth 1000 Yen for Wife's birthday to Japanese.\n\nfor which my attempt is\n\n> つまの誕生日から千円の花を買います.\n\nI am not sure if I am using から correctly here.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T11:55:19.710",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Using から to link two sentences",
"view_count": 186
} | [
{
"body": "In the 例, two sentences 「時間がありません。」 and 「タクシーで行きます。」 (both in the polite form)\nare connected with a から.\n\nSo you can write two sentences 「妻の誕生日です。」 and 「花を買います。」, both in the polite\nform, and just connect them with a から:\n\n> 妻の誕生日ですから、花を買います。\n\nAlternatively, you can say:\n\n> 妻の誕生日ですから、千円の花を買います。 \n> 今日は妻の誕生日ですから、千円で花を買います。 \n> 今日は妻の誕生日ですから、花屋で花を買います。 \n> etc...\n\n* * *\n\nIf you didn't need to stick to the 例 pattern, you could also say:\n\n> 妻の誕生日ですので、花屋で花を買います。 \n> 妻の誕生日なので、花を買います。 \n> 妻の誕生日だから、花屋で花を買うよ。(in the casual form) \n> etc...\n\nGood luck :)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T13:33:13.200",
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| 28149 | 28155 | 28155 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Grammatically speaking, is it correct if I translate\n\n> During my two years stay in Japan, I have visited many places.\n\nto\n\n> 日本に住んでいた二年で、色々な所へ行きました\n\n？",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T12:35:39.287",
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"id": "28150",
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"owner_user_id": "11103",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Constructing phrase with \"During\"",
"view_count": 3595
} | [
{
"body": "Your translation looks already correct and natural. But I think it would be\neven better if you use the [kanji\n間](http://jisho.org/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keyword=%E9%96%93) and say like\nthis:\n\n * 日本に住んでいた二年【にねん】間【かん】で、色々な所へ行きました。\n * 日本に住んでいた二年【にねん】の間【あいだ】に、色々な所へ行きました。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T14:10:26.077",
"id": "28157",
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| 28150 | null | 28157 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28160",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "While answering [How does しばらく work with ていない?\n](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28147/how-\ndoes-%E3%81%97%E3%81%B0%E3%82%89%E3%81%8F-work-\nwith-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84) I started to wonder if 暫く{しばらく} and\n暫く{しばらく}の間{あいだ} were fully interchangeable? Or are there any examples where\nyou would use one and not the other?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-20T12:57:29.797",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28152",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-20T15:38:18.133",
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"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"adverbs",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Is there any practical difference between しばらく and しばらくの間?",
"view_count": 295
} | [
{
"body": "Simply put, しばらく is 'a while'. When it is used alone, it usually means 'for a\nwhile'. When other words come after しばらく、the meaning change:\n\n> しばらく前 : a while back \n> しばらくして : after a while \n> しばらくぶり : (something reoccurs) after a while \n> しばらくの間 : for a while (makes it clear that the しばらく means 'for a while')",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 28152 | 28160 | 28160 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> この大作の完成を願えども余命とぼしき **を** 如何せん。I had hoped to finish writing this novel, but\n> I'm afraid I have little time left.\n>\n> 貧窮なる **を** 如何せん。I am poor, so what can I do?\n\nIn the sentences above is ヲ used as a conjunctive particle (㊁１\n[here](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%92)) or case particle (with an\nimplied nominalizer)? (Sentences and translations are taken from a dictionary)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-20T14:00:31.513",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28156",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-21T07:14:52.193",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11053",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-を",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "How is を used here?",
"view_count": 364
} | [
{
"body": "(もっと詳しい人もいると思うので、この回答は参考程度にお願いします…)\n\n**Short Answer:** It can be interpreted in both ways.\n\n**Long Answer:** 「[noun] + を + 如何せん」 is a common pattern which means\n「[noun]をどうしよう」 in modern Japanese, or \"What can be done with [noun]?\" in\nEnglish. Usually it implies nothing can be done, or どうしようもない. Of course, を\nhere is an object marker.\n\nIn old Japanese, nominalizer こと was not used, and verbs could be directly\nfollowed by を, が, etc. Today, this grammar is mainly seen in proverbs (e.g.,\n負けるが勝ち, 足るを知る者は富む, 聞くは一時の恥).\n\nSo you can understand 余命とぼしきを如何せん as 余命が乏しいことをどうしよう in modern Japanese.\n\nThat said, I think it is still possible to interpret this [を as\n接続助詞](http://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa010018.htm), and read the sentence\nas 「余命が乏しいのだが、どうしよう」. The given English translation seems to be based on this\ninterpretation. It doesn't change the meaning of the sentence anyway.\n\nOne famous verse which contains this pattern is\n[垓下の歌](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9E%93%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%8C).\nIts third line says 「騅不逝兮可奈何」, or 「騅の逝かざるを如何せん」 in 書き下し文. Most (but not all)\nof the translations available on the net were along the lines of\n「馬が進まないことをどうすればいいのだ」, with the implicit nominalization.",
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| 28156 | null | 28169 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28204",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I would like to understand the nuance between two sentences. I found on a\nwebsite the sentence :\n\n> この問題{もんだい}を解{と}けるもんなら解いてみろ。 : If you can solve this problem then try solving\n> it.\n\nAnd I wondered what would the difference be if I just used 「なら」 without 「もの」\nin a conversation for example :\n\n> この問題を解けるんなら解いてみろ。\n\nI feel like the second sentence using 「のなら」 would be bad without context, but\nafter reading one more time the first one it feels the same.\n\nSo what would the nuance be in these two sentences?\n\nAnd do we use 「ものなら」 only after a potential verb?\n\nIn a sentence like :\n\n> お金持{かねも}ちに成{な}れるもんならこの仕事{しごと}を辞{や}めるよ。\n\nHere, without context I don't think replacing the 「ものなら」 by 「なら」 is correct.\nAm I right?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T14:58:23.957",
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"id": "28158",
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"owner_user_id": "9539",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "What is the difference between「ものなら」 and 「(の)なら」?",
"view_count": 538
} | [
{
"body": "I think the first has the nuance of \"If (you think that) you're the kind of\nperson who can solve this problem, then have a go at solving it.\"\n\nThe second has the nuance of \"If you are going to solve this problem, then do\nsolve it.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-20T23:10:57.097",
"id": "28166",
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{
"body": "When 「ものなら」 comes after a potential verb, the speaker thinks it is actually\nimpossible.\n\n> この問題を解けるもんなら解いてみろ。\n\nThis is a provocative or insulting phrase because it implies \"no, you can't\".\n\n> お金持ちに成れるもんならこの仕事を辞めるよ。\n\nThe speaker doesn't think he can quit his job and wishes he could.\n\ncf. <http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/219924/m0u/>",
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| 28158 | 28204 | 28204 |
{
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"body": "What is the correct reading for these two lines:\n\n血啜の獣斧 - Chisusu no Shishi Ono or Chisusu no Kemono Ono? 約束されざる守護の車輪チ -\nYakusokusarezaru Shugo no Sharin or Yakusoku Sarezaru Shugo no Sharin?\n\nI know that 獣(しし) is no longer used for beast, and it's more used for\ndogs/lions and even for the left-hand guardian dog at a Shinto shrine.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-20T18:54:09.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28161",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-21T03:20:36.037",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-21T03:20:36.037",
"last_editor_user_id": "921",
"owner_user_id": "11241",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"readings"
],
"title": "The correct reading for 血啜の獣斧 and 約束されざる守護の車輪チ",
"view_count": 114
} | [
{
"body": "The words in the former are made up so don't think you can tell what the\n\"correct\" way to read it. You'll have better luck looking up the meaning of\nthe kanji. As for the later, looks good to me either way.\n\n_EDIT_ : 血啜 means sucking-in blood (like you'd suck-in ramen noodles),\nalthough it's normally a sentence and not a noun (血を啜る). The noun here sounds\nmade up. This description is normally reserved for super-natural, evil things\n(like 化け猫). 獣斧 would mean a \"beast axe\", possibly \"axe used by a beast (as in\nsuper-natural, evil beast)\". That's also a made up word. I don't quite know\nhow to parse `約束されざる守護の車輪` but something like \"Wheel of protection that wasn't\npromised\"?",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T21:23:53.553",
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| 28161 | null | 28164 |
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"body": "I would like to ask a follow-up question about the 敬語 used in [Why “お食事の際は、…”\ninstead of\n“ご飯を食べる際は、…”?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28136/why-%E3%81%8A%E9%A3%9F%E4%BA%8B%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%9B%E3%81%AF-\ninstead-\nof-%E3%81%94%E9%A3%AF%E3%82%92%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%82%8B%E9%9A%9B%E3%81%AF?noredirect=1#comment59018_28136).\n\n_example sentence:_\n\n> こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n\nSounds like:\n\n> I can use this table.\n\nSo, the listener certainly must be a 3rd party who has nothing to do with the\ntable, right? If I were addressing the _\"owner\"_ of the table, I'd have to\n**ask** :\n\n> こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけ **ませんか？**\n\n 1. If the listener is the \"owner\" of the table, I am interested in knowing why I do not need to ask if it is ok. Seems like I'm just (humbly) telling them what I am going to do to something they \"own\" (whether they like it or not). \n 2. If the listener is not the \"owner\", then what is being said is that _\"I can use this table, **but you cannot**.\"_ This is because I cannot use 謙譲語 to describe the actions of others.\n 3. Technically, I guess, \"こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\" does not comment on whether the listener can, or cannot, use the table. But, it'd seem weird to make no comment about the listener. like: _\"こちらのテーブルをお使いいたいてもいいし、使ってもいいです。\"_ You'd just say (to include me and you): _\"こちらのテーブルを使ってもいいです。\"_ anyway, i don't get it...",
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"tags": [
"keigo"
],
"title": "Does \"こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\" mean \"I can use the table, and you cannot?\"",
"view_count": 1031
} | [
{
"body": "It just means _\"You can use this table\"_ (e.g. a hotel employee explaining to\na guest).\n\n「こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけませんか？」 means _\"Could you use this table (instead)?\"_ (maybe\nthe guest sat at a wrong table).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-20T21:17:57.543",
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"body": "I would like to counter-argue by introducing an article about the **[common\nmisuse of いただく as the 尊敬語 not as the\n謙譲語.](http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/column/20101018/248732/?P=2)**\n\nThe writer of the column says:\n\n> 「いただく」は尊敬語ではない\n>\n> 同様に、尊敬語を用いるべき場面でよく使われる謙譲語の一つが「いただく」だ。\n>\n> 誤\n>\n> お昼はもういただきましたか。\n>\n>\n> 「食べる」の尊敬語「召し上がる」を知らない人はいないはずなのだが、実際には「いただく」もよく耳にする。ついうっかりでも勘違いでもなく、丁重な表現だからこれでいいのだと確信して使っている人もいるようだ。しかし、「いただきました」はあくまでも謙譲語であり、自分が食べたことを述べるときにのみ使いたい。\n>\n>\n> 「いただく」は「もらう」の謙譲語でもあるが、やはり尊敬語と錯覚して使用する人がいる。会議の参加者一人一人に資料を配付しながら、「もういただきましたか」と聞いたりする。「もらう」の尊敬語は、形の上では「おもらいになる」と「もらわれる」だが、目上の人に対しては使いにくい動詞だ。「お受け取りになりましたか」「お持ちでしょうか」としたほうがよいだろう。動詞を機械的に変換して、「ハイ、敬語、一丁上がり」というわけにはいかないのだ。\n\nTranslation:\n\n> 「いただく」 is not an honorific (尊敬語).\n>\n> ( _In the previous article, the author talked about the misuse of \"お会いする\"._)\n> In the same way, the commonly misused word which should be used as a humble\n> form (謙譲語) but often used as an honorific (尊敬語) is いただく.\n>\n> Example sentence (wrong): 「お昼はもういただきましたか」\n>\n> I think people should know the honorific form (尊敬語) of the verb 食べる is\n> 召し上がる, but often I hear people say いただく instead. It seems that they not only\n> are unaware of the misuse, but they are even certain that いただく is the\n> correct word because it sounds so polite. いただきました is certainly an expression\n> of modesty (謙譲語), therefore I would like to ask people to use this word only\n> when they eat something themselves.\n>\n> いただく is also a humble form of the verb もらう，but many people mistakenly use\n> this word as an honorific. At (business) meetings, I often hear a person who\n> delivers the documents (to those in higher positions) say もういただきましたか. An\n> honorific form of the verb もらう is おもらいになる or もらわれる, but I think these verbs\n> are a bit hard to use so often. Therefore, I would like to suggest using\n> 「お受け取りになりましたか？」 or 「お持ちでしょうか？」 instead.\n\n* * *\n\nThus said, いただく is a humble form (謙譲語) and not an honorific (尊敬語)，therefore:\n\n> こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます。\n\nis wrong, because the person who uses the table can not lower him/her/them\nself/selves in order to express the respect.\n\nSo my alternative way of saying it is:\n\n> こちらのテーブルを（は）お使いなさる事が出来ます。\n\nUsing なさる - the honorific of する.",
"comment_count": 11,
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"body": "こちらのテーブルをお使いいただけます is right, because in this context 「〜いただく」is used for\nexpressing \"get you (to use this table)\".\n\nThink about a case when a group of people invites someone to talk about a\ncertain theme at symposium or somewhere.\n\nThe moderator can say: ①「Ａ氏に◯◯のことについてお話しいただきます」 because he is a part of the\ngroup which planned the whole symposium. As this group asked A to talk about\nthe ◯◯ theme 「(お話し)いただきます」 reflects also the host's intention.\n\nBut in a rare case if moderator says: ②「Ａ氏は◯◯についてお話しになります」 he simply states\nthe fact that A will give a speech, like when some guest or non-related person\nwould ask to take the floor. In this case the honorific 「(お話し)になります」 applies\nonly to A and not to a relation between A and the whole group.",
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"creation_date": "2015-09-22T10:41:08.707",
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| 28162 | 28163 | 28163 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28175",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I recently came across the following sentence:\n\n> 他人が悪い事をしているからといって自分もそうしてよい **という** ことにはならない。\n\nI understand the sentence. It means that if other people do bad things and you\nalso do bad things, it doesn't become a good thing (i.e. two wrongs don't make\na right.)\n\nHowever, I don't understand what という means, and what purpose it serves in the\nsentence.\n\nI know that という can be used to refer to the name of something.\n\nFor example: これはというスマトフォン。（This is called a smartphone.)\n\nWhat does it mean in the first sentence I gave?",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-21T07:36:53.607",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Can you help me to understand how という is used?",
"view_count": 312
} | [
{
"body": "There are [many ways](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/52678/m0u/) 「という」\nworks, but in this type of sentence, I think you can voice it as the word\n`that`.\n\nAlthough you understand the meaning of the sentence correctly, your literal\ntranslation leads me to suspect you are parsing it incorrectly. (I'm sorry if\nthat's not the case.)\n\n## X からといって Y ということにはならない\n\nThis is a frequently used construct in the form 「X からといって Y ということにはならない」.\nRemember that `ことになる` here can be voiced as `make it fact`. So `ことにならない` is\n`doesn't make it fact`. And notice that the `といって` is also a form of `という`.\n\n> X ←[ から(because) ][ といって(that) ] Y←[ という(that) ][ ことにはならない(doesn't make it\n> fact) ]\n\nReorder the words, and you get “Because that X, doesn't make it fact that Y”.\n(= Just because X is true, doesn't mean that Y is true)\n\nNow, take the translations of 「他人が悪い事をしている (Other people are doing bad\nthings)」「自分もそうしてよい (It is fine for one to do so also)」, and insert them in as\nthe X and Y. This procedure will work for other sentences in this format (e.g.\n「 **自分ができない** からといって、 **あきらめていい** ということにはならない」「 **値段{ねだん}が高い** からといって、\n**おいしい** ということにはならない」).\n\n## Similar uses of という\n\nMaybe visualize it as a pointer:\n\n * 王子が結婚した という(→) ニュース (news ← that is \"the prince married\")\n * 彼が生きている という(→) うわさ (rumor ← that is \"he is alive\")\n * コーヒーが飲みたい という(→) 気持ち (feeling ← that is \"wanting to drink coffee\")\n * iPhone 6 という(→) スマートフォン (smartphone ← that is \"iPhone 6\")\n * 女性が多い という(→) 情報 (information ← that is \"there are many women\")\n\n* * *\n\nUsing this pointer image, maybe you can also visualize 「これは X という (This is\ncalled X)」 reordered, as:\n\n> X という(→) これ (this ← that is \"X\")\n\nHope that helps in some way.",
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| 28170 | 28175 | 28175 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28180",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is there some nuance between using each one?\n\nFor example:\n\nCould I use と in place of -ba form in\n\n> 電気を消せば暗くなる。\n\nor in place of -ra form in\n\n> 電気を消したら暗くなる。\n\nlike this:\n\n> 電気を消すと暗くなる。\n\n?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-21T08:29:22.580",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"particles",
"conjugations",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Difference between using -ba or -ra form and と for conditionals?",
"view_count": 869
} | [
{
"body": "To answer your question, No you can not use と in the first 2 sentences. To\nexplain further, in Japanese, there are total 4 forms to explain the condition\nand its corresponding outcome. They are generally classified as follows:\n\n * と \nUsed to state natural consequences. In above example, getting dark is a\nnatural consequence.\n\n * なら \nUsed to explain the contextual conditions. In short, it gives an answer to the\nquestion \"What you will do if this context occurs?\"\n\n * ～ば \nSame as なら, but in formal way.\n\n * ～たら \nUsed to explain past conditions, as past tense ends with たら/ったら。",
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"body": "This is not meant as a rigorous translation template, but just a simplified\nillustration of the conceptual differences in your example:\n\n 1. P **すれば** Q → **If** P, Q **will** happen\n 2. P **したら** Q → **When** P, Q **will** happen\n 3. P **すると** Q → P, **and** Q happens\n\n### 電気を消す → 暗くなる\n\n 1. 電気を消せば〜 (If I turn off the light, it will get dark)\n 2. 電気を消したら〜 (When I turn off the light, it will get dark)\n 3. 電気を消すと〜 (I turn off the light, and it gets dark)\n\n### お店に行く → ポスターをもらえる\n\n 1. お店に行けば〜 (If I go to the store, I will receive a poster)\n 2. お店に行ったら〜 (When I go to the store, I will receive a poster)\n 3. お店に行くと〜 (I go to the store, and I receive a poster)\n\n### 食事をする → 元気になる\n\n 1. 食事をすれば〜 (If I eat, I will recover)\n 2. 食事をしたら〜 (When I eat, I will recover)\n 3. 食事をすると〜 (I eat, and I recover)\n\n* * *\n\nIn other words, (1) feels more strictly conditional, and (2) feels more\ntemporal. In (3), your conviction in the inevitability between P and Q feels\nweaker, almost like you’re not really sure why or how P is causing Q. (This\noften resembles inductive reasoning, where you only know that “P results in Q”\nbecause of prior experiences.)\n\nI guess the short answer is, sometimes they can be switched without a major\nshift in meaning, and sometimes not. Depends on what you're trying to convey.",
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| 28171 | 28180 | 28180 |
{
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"body": "The context is \"暑っちぃ.. 今日はこの暑さ..\"\n\nIs it a slang/dialect type of suffix that is added to the adjective?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-21T10:54:10.320",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "What nuance does っち give in \"暑っちぃ”？",
"view_count": 1133
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{
"body": "In this particular case, I agree with Shoko's assessment that it is just\nbending the rules of 送り仮名 for effect, and not the suffix `〜っちい`. (Maybe she\nwill elaborate on that in a full answer.)\n\n`〜っちい` as a suffix is similar to the English suffix `-y` or `-like`, but with\na negative connotation. Unlike `〜っぽい`, it usually isn't tacked on to whatever\nword you want.\n\n### Examples\n\n * 弱っちい weakly\n * 安っちい cheap-looking\n * ぼろっちい shabby\n * ばっちい dirty\n * みみっちい stingy\n\nMaybe I missed a few, but I think these are the only ones you are likely to\nencounter.",
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"id": "28178",
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"body": "The nuance of \"[暑]{あ}っちぃ\" is \"It's too hot to pronounce even an easy three-\nletter word あつい (so shorten or pronounce the word in a much easier way),\" I\nthink. The small hiragana っ works here to emphasize the meaning of [暑]{あつ}い.\n\nI don't know whether 暑っちぃ is categorized as slang or dialect in Japanese\nlanguage, but I'm sure that 暑っちぃ is a very casual expression. So decent adults\ndon't use it at work or in a situation where politeness is required.\n\nUsing ち instead of つ makes the word あつい sound very informal, while small\nhiragana っ doesn't cause too informal nuance. Sometimes people say\n「[今日]{きょう}は[本当]{ほんとう}に、あっついですね」 at work or in a formal situation on a really\nhot day, and it's still polite, though sounds somewhat friendly.\n\n暑っちぃ is used a lot in informal situations. It's one of very common casual\ncolloquial expressions. I guess that whether someone uses 暑っちぃ or 暑い depends\non her/his personality or social status, not the region where s/he grew up,\nespecially nowadays.\n\nThe small hiragana ぃ of written 暑っちぃ could express at least two ways of\npronouncing, from my observation as a native Japanese speaker.\n\nOne is that the vowel _i_ of the ち( _chi_ ) followed by small hiragana ぃ is\npronounced longer than ち alone, but shorter than ちー.\n\nAnother possibility is that the ち followed by small hiragana ぃ is pronounced\nin a special tone or not normally/smoothly pronounced. The nuance of this kind\nof っちぃ depends on the way of speaking, or the characteristics of the person\nwho says it.\n\nOr maybe, it's possible that the author just liked small hiragana ぃ more than\n[katakana-hiragana prolonged sound mark\n(長音符)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu), ー, and used it in writing.\nSome people prefer to use small hiragana rather than to use the symbol ー, so.",
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| 28172 | null | 28178 |
{
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"body": "退院して以来、健康問題がなかったといいですね。\n\nI hope you haven't had any problems since you got out of hospital.",
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"creation_date": "2015-09-21T11:32:14.893",
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"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Can I use といいですね in this situation? \"I hope you haven't fallen ill again\"",
"view_count": 492
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{
"body": "No, first, なかったと is not a conditional clause. It's given by combination of\npresent tense and と. Second, the form of ないといい **ですね** doesn't make really\ngood sense here because the listener can not hope it together. The one who can\nhope is only you. So, how about 退院して以来健康問題がないといい **な** と思います or so?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-21T14:19:20.670",
"id": "28176",
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"body": "You can't really use this expression as it sounds weird. The most natural\nwould be `退院してから、体の調子はいかがでしたか？` or `退院してから順調にご回復されていれば良いのですが` and then when\nyou have information that they were ok, go `それは良かったです` or something.\n\n`退院して以来、健康問題がなかったといいですね` sounds ungrammatical. `退院して以来健康問題がないといいなと思います` sounds\nweird because a) it sounds like the speaker was ill, and b) ないといいな would mean\n\"I hope there won't be anything in the future\", but 以来 implies talking about\nthe past, so it doesn't go together. `退院して以来、健康に問題がなかったのであれば、良かったですね` would be\ngrammatical but it doesn't work the way the english sentence work (casually\nexpressing sympathy).",
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| 28173 | null | 28177 |
{
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"body": "The title of a Take Free magazine I picked up at Shimokitazawa is\n\n> とりあえず、シモキタで 降りなよ\n\nWhat does 「な」 in 「降りなよ」 mean in this context?\n\nI'm sure it isn't a negative; _not_ dropping off by Shimokitazawa.",
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"creation_date": "2015-09-21T18:16:31.653",
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"last_editor_user_id": "3437",
"owner_user_id": "6680",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"syntax"
],
"title": "What does 「な」 in 「降りなよ」 mean in this context?",
"view_count": 170
} | [
{
"body": "This use of 「な」 is simply a contracted form of the imperative construction\n～なさい that attaches to the stem form (連用形) of a verb.\n\n[See definition 1.2 at\ngoo辞書](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/162229/m1u/%E3%81%AA/):\n\n> 《補助動詞「なさる」の命令形「なさい」の省略形》\n>\n> 動詞・動詞型助動詞の連用形に付く。命令の意を表す。\n>\n> 「早く行き―」「好きなようにやり―」\n\nSo, as you suspected, it does not mean \"don't such-and-such\", but rather \"\n_do_ such-and-such\".\n\nI'm not sure that \"drop off by\" makes sense here as a translation of 降りる -\n\"get off at\" Shimokitazawa seems more likely, assuming there is a train\nstation or something nearby.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-21T20:45:59.390",
"id": "28181",
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| 28179 | 28181 | 28181 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "[The line\nsings](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJgztDpKG4w&feature=youtu.be&t=1m38s):\n\n> わざと訛って\n>\n> あなたが喋るから\n>\n> ヘンで笑えた\n>\n> 上達してないね 今も\n\nI am not sure about the (implied) subject of 「上達してない」.\n\nIf 'you' were DELIBERATELY speaking with an accent, I guess 「上達してない」 must not\nbe referring to 'your' pronunciation. Then what can it be referring to? The\nability to refrain from laughing out when someone deliberately speaks with an\naccent?\n\nAny romantic suggestions? :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T04:20:05.740",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28184",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T17:24:26.913",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5346",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"ambiguity"
],
"title": "About an ambiguous line in 「東京日和」, a song by Komatsu Miho",
"view_count": 120
} | [
{
"body": "There seems to be an explanation related to the song's story. From a piece I\nfound online:\n\n> The Tokyo accent is considered standard Japanese and so speaking another\n> accent is referred to as \"namaru ('having an accent')\"...\n>\n> ...And as Miho is not from Tokyo, it would show in her accent, which may\n> have made her feel like an outsider. So her boyfriend spoke a regional\n> accent to make her feel like she didn't have to change her accent to fit\n> in...and that would have given her the confidence not to be insecure about\n> her strange laugh.\n\nThis means that the line 上達してないね 今も refers to the fact Miho still didn't\nimprove her ability to speak without a regional accent.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T17:24:26.913",
"id": "28201",
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| 28184 | null | 28201 |
{
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"body": "I need to know what トルネル means in the following sentence from a manga I'm\nreading (slashes are where the line-breaks are):\n\nこの **トルネル** から ／ 出る！\n\nThe katakana is throwing me off. Is it one or two words? Is it a Japanese word\nthat's written in katakana for emphasis? Is it a foreign word? Is it\nmisspelled?\n\nFor context purposes, I've added the previous sentence in parentheses here:\n\n（この人が言うことは ／ 無茶ばかりだけど） この **トルネル** から ／ 出る！\n\nBelow, I've added a photo of the page where the text comes from. It's to the\nleft of the binding superimposed on top of the girl blushing.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/QM7Gm.gif)",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T04:36:30.167",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28185",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-24T02:59:48.997",
"last_editor_user_id": "11234",
"owner_user_id": "11234",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"katakana"
],
"title": "Meaning of トルネル is actually misspelling of トンネル?",
"view_count": 205
} | []
| 28185 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28212",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Many times I heard/read an archaic form of giving thanks to somebody かたじけない\nmodified to かたじけなや. I also think I heard ありがたや quite a lot.\n\nWhat exactly does this や at the end (is it regional, emphatic, or else?) and\nhow does it sound to a native speakers' ears?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T05:20:02.830",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28186",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-22T09:20:11.873",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"archaic-language"
],
"title": "How does かたじけなや differ from regular かたじけない?",
"view_count": 221
} | [
{
"body": "This や is an old 終助詞 which is [described here](http://www.asahi-\nnet.or.jp/~sg2h-ymst/yamatouta/intro/josi05.html#ab02). It's probably similar\nto the English exclamation mark, or \"Oh/O\" seen in verses and lyrics.\nBasically it is only found in old Japanese and haiku. (や used in Kansai-ben is\ndifferent from this, I think)\n\nIn _modern_ Japanese usage, ありがたや sounds archaic as compared to ありがたい. It\nsounds as if you were jokingly simulating a person in the past who is\nfaithfully worshiping Japanese 神 and 仏. Or it sounds like you were thanking\nfor something in an exaggerated manner, as if you saw a miracle of God.\n\nA typical usage of ありがたや can be found in [this page introducing a VPN\nrouter](http://jp.yamaha.com/products/network/solution/asciimw_bb_03/). The\nmen in the picture are worshiping the almighty router!\n\n> QoSも、VPNも、バックアップも1台で済むとは。ありがたや、ありがたや\n\nDon't use it in formal situations, because ありがたや is usually used jokingly like\nthis.\n\nI think かたじけない is already an archaic, samurai-like wording, and people use it\nonly as a joke today. So I see very little difference between かたじけなや and\nかたじけない. Theoretically though, the former is more emphatic.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T00:33:53.310",
"id": "28212",
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| 28186 | 28212 | 28212 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28192",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I understand that the meaning is loosely something along the lines of \"Asking\nme so suddenly... I don't know!\". \nBut I want to understand the function of も here. \nI thought for a time that it is concession e.g. \n食べてもいいよ, \n先生でもたまに勉強する、 \n高くても買う！ \nBut in this case it doesn't make sense. Something was asked a question he\ndoesn't know the answer to or doesn't understand, the more time you give him,\nthe probability that he won't know or understand is lowered, thus the highest\nprobability of him not knowing is you ask him いきなり. \nBut if we understand the も to be concession then it translates as: \"Even if\nyou ask me out of the blue, I do not know/understand!\". \nBut asking out of the blue is harder than giving him 4 hours to think about\nit. \nSo I think that \"Even if you gave me 4 hours to think about it, I wouldn't\nhave known!\" makes more sense for a concession than out of the blue. \n\nSo given that line of thought, which function does も serve here? Is it も of\nemphasizing? Like 三時間も待ってたよ！ \nOr is it's use as an emphasizer is limited to emphasizing quantities? \n\nAny help is greatly appreciated! Thanks!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T05:54:18.710",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28187",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T10:09:44.210",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9677",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "Is this も of concession? いきなり言われても分からない！",
"view_count": 363
} | [
{
"body": "How about thinking it's for avoiding ては? Which highlights いきなり, when the\nspeaker would not know it either it's sudden or not.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T07:25:07.633",
"id": "28189",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T07:25:07.633",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "This question is really interesting. I never thought about it that way.\n\nFirst of all, I'd like to suggest **〜ところで** as the equivalent conjunctive\nparticle:\n\n * いきなり言われた **ところで** わからない (= いきなり言われ **ても** 〜)\n * 急に来られた **ところで** 会えない (= 急に来られ **ても** 〜)\n * ぜんぶ頼まれた **ところで** できない (= ぜんぶ頼まれ **ても** 〜)\n\nI tried to reverse engineer a catch-all translation that is better than `even`\nor `although`, and I think it's `but`:\n\n * いきなり言われても〜 Tell me out of the blue, but I wouldn't know.\n * 急に来られても〜 Come unannounced, but I wouldn't be able to see you.\n * ぜんぶ頼まれても〜 Ask me to do everything, but I wouldn't be able to.\n\nTry it out with more examples\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/54391/m0u/) and\n[here](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D%E3%81%A7).\n\n* * *\n\nSide Note: To stretch it a bit, you can maybe even rephrase the other\nsentences to fit this conceptual mould, too:\n\n * 食べてもいいよ → 食べたところでかまわないよ\n\nEat it, but I wouldn't mind.\n\n * 先生でもたまに勉強する → 先生であったところで勉強はする\n\nBeing a teacher, but still study.\n\n * 高くても買う → 高かったところで買いはする\n\nBe expensive, but I'll still buy.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T10:09:44.210",
"id": "28192",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T10:09:44.210",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "888",
"parent_id": "28187",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28187 | 28192 | 28189 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28191",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Watching Volleyball World Cup on TV now, I started to wonder where does the\ncheering 「ゴーリゴーリ」 come from? Seems to be independent of which team serves, but\nis more loud when Japanese hold the ball.\n\nIs it used in other sports or specific to volleyball?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T07:00:26.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28188",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T08:32:25.850",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-22T14:42:04.247",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"sports"
],
"title": "Cheering Japanese (volleyball) team (ゴーリゴーリ)",
"view_count": 994
} | [
{
"body": "(credit to [Shoko](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/users/9831/shoko) for\nhint)\n\nゴリ is a nickname of [Kunihiro\nShimizu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunihiro_Shimizu)\n[清水邦広](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B0%B4%E9%82%A6%E5%BA%83)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T09:08:18.467",
"id": "28191",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T08:32:25.850",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-25T08:32:25.850",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"parent_id": "28188",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28188 | 28191 | 28191 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28198",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was so surprised to read:\n\n> 孝行をしたい時分に親は **なし** 。\n\n( **paraphrase** ) _When one finally wants to truly fulfill the obligation to\nhis/her parents, they often have already passed away._\n\n( _note_ ): I would have said \" **親たち** \", but that is not the real question I\nhave. anyway...\n\nI had expected:\n\n> 孝行をしたい時分に親は **いなし** 。\n\nHow about this example sentence:\n\n> 日本人なしで、お店に入った。\n\nThis example is not a \"set phrase\" and uses \"なし\" for an animate thing\n\n * That such a massive paraphrase was requited means that sentence is more of a \"set phrase\"?\n * \"無し{なし}\" is used for both inanimate things and animate things?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T14:52:18.267",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28196",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T00:25:43.757",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "\"なし\" used for both animate and inanimate things?",
"view_count": 478
} | [
{
"body": "There's two reasons.\n\nHistorically, 無し (modern ない) wasn't the negative form of ある but an adjective\nin its own right (meaning 'absent', and valid for any subject). The negative\nform of ある was あらず. Naturally, these words meant mostly the same thing, and\nover time あらず was fully replaced (in Kantou Japanese at least) with ない, which\nlater went on (in Kantou Japanese only) to be incorporated into other verbs as\nthe negative marker -ない.\n\nAlso historically, あり (modern ある) was used for both animate and inanimate\nsubjects. Modern いる (historical ゐる) was a verb meaning 'sit, stay' that became\nfirst an honorific and then an animate version of あり.\n\nThe necessity of using いない with animates is a result of a combination of two\nthings: いる restricting ある to inanimates; and ない being reanalysed as the\nnegative form of ある, invalidating its use with animate subjects. なし here is a\nleftover of historical uses of what became ない, and so it doesn't matter\nwhether the subject is animate or not.\n\n(also, いなし is not a word; the historical negative 終止形 is first -ず and later -ぬ\n(the old 連体形), and thus the historical negative form of ゐる would be ゐず.)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T16:11:41.820",
"id": "28198",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-23T00:25:43.757",
"last_editor_user_id": "3639",
"owner_user_id": "3639",
"parent_id": "28196",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 13
},
{
"body": "1. first one's answer is yes, this case なし as uses as passed away is no same uses in normal japanese.\n\ne.g.死人に口なし direct meaning is \"corps won't talk\" more sentenced meaning is \"to\nkill someone is the best way to keep a secret\" this なし is similar to 親はなし but\nnot just a same.\n\n2. second one's answer is yes. not so think that difficult,なし uses really close as \"nothing\" or \"lacks of\". 用なし means \"nothing to use\". 文なし means \"lacks of money\". Looks similar and complicated but both gives meaning of \"less for purpose\"d",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T16:31:35.263",
"id": "28199",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T16:31:35.263",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11255",
"parent_id": "28196",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 28196 | 28198 | 28198 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28214",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 夢 **の** ある人\n\nand\n\n> 夢 **が** ある人\n\nI understand that both have obviously the same meaning, but why is it also\ncorrect to use の, which, as I learned, has the function of either a possessive\nparticle or of a nominaliser. I heard this example in the first few seconds of\nfollowing video (so you get the context):\n\n[ゴルゴ松本「少年院で漢字を使った魂の授業」](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_pF4a_TxmU&list=LL1HAVqMMAdDKm0hSGsnLd-w&index=14\n\"ゴルゴまつもと「しょうねんいん で かんじ を つかった たましい の じゅぎょう」\")\n\nEDIT: As I read in the linked post in the comment now, I saw following: \"In\nmore precise terms: の can act like a subject (nominative) particle in\ndescriptive (attirbutive/relative) clauses. \" – user54609\n\nTo further my question now, is there historic context to this rule? How come の\ncan take this role as well?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T16:56:41.300",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28200",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T18:45:06.987",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-23T18:45:06.987",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11253",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particles",
"history",
"subjects",
"subordinate-clauses"
],
"title": "Why can の and が both mark subjects in relative clauses?",
"view_count": 419
} | [
{
"body": "This is actually an interesting little story.\n\nOld Japanese, as far as we can tell, didn't have a dedicated subject marker -\nif you wanted a subject that wasn't the topic also, you just left it unmarked.\nIt had two genitive particles, though, *nə and *ŋga (modern の and が); which\nvaried according to a kind of animacy hierarchy - *ŋga with personal pronouns\nand names IIRC (I've forgotten some of the details), *nə with the rest.\n\nHowever, like several nearby languages that have this kind of relativisation-\nthrough-adnominalisation strategy (where relative clauses look like main\nclauses with different verbal morphology), the subjects of relative clauses\ncould be marked as genitive. (Korean and Turkic both do/did this IIRC,\nMongolic and/or Tungusic might.) This seems to be a reflection of the fact\nthat noun clauses and verb clauses share some interesting structural\nsimilarities, especially crossover between subjects and possessors - compare\nEnglish 'I don't like his having done that'.\n\nOver time (starting around the Old > Middle Japanese transition IIRC), people\nreanalysed subject genitives inside relative clauses as just subject markers,\nand started using them within main clauses as well. The Ryuukyuuan languages\nhave mostly stopped here, and maintain the dual use of reflexes of *nə and\n*ŋga in both subject and possessor functions. Mainland Japanese further\nreduced was now が to only marking subjects, and restricted what was now の to\nonly marking possessors.\n\nThis case is the exception to that split. It's not clear whether it's a simple\nretention from earlier times or instead a further example of subjects and\npossessors patterning alike, and it's probably both.\n\n(Yaeyama IIRC is an example of a Ryuukyuuan language that doesn't have an\nanimacy hierarchy in subject markers, but it doesn't mark subject or object at\nall and leaves role marking to word order.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T02:45:48.293",
"id": "28214",
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"owner_user_id": "3639",
"parent_id": "28200",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 28200 | 28214 | 28214 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28209",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I've been trying to say that a friend has lived in America for about 9\nmonths, and is still currently living in America.\n\nWould it be: アメリカで９月間ぐらいに住んでいます。\n\nI'm not sure if I'm using the correct form of 住む, but I don't think it would\nbe 住んでいました since it is still currently taking place.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T17:45:02.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28202",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T06:32:41.437",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-22T19:11:12.633",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10587",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"aspect"
],
"title": "How to say, \"I've been living in America for 9 months\" (and still am)?",
"view_count": 5301
} | [
{
"body": "住む is indeed the correct verb, but you have to structure your sentence\ndifferently to make it clear that you are still living there. 前から is basically\nwhat you are looking for.\n\n9か月前からアメリカに住んでいます。",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T20:40:31.397",
"id": "28207",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T22:46:20.623",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-22T22:46:20.623",
"last_editor_user_id": "10083",
"owner_user_id": "10083",
"parent_id": "28202",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "The construct is more or less correct, but there are a few grammatical errors\nin your proposal.\n\n> アメリカで９月間ぐらいに住んでいます。\n\n 1. I believe 住む takes に for the location of residence. \n\n> アメリカ **に** 住んでいます。\n\n 2. 「９月間ぐらい」 should be 「9ヶ月間ぐらい」, and does not need to take any particles. Also note that the 「間」 may also be dropped here in less formal situations.\n\n> 9ヶ月間ぐらいアメリカに住んでいます。\n\nThis should convey the idea that you have been living in the United States for\n9 months, and still are.\n\nSimilarly,\n\n> １年間ぐらい日本語を勉強しています。",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T22:34:08.403",
"id": "28209",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T06:32:41.437",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-23T06:32:41.437",
"last_editor_user_id": "9838",
"owner_user_id": "9838",
"parent_id": "28202",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 28202 | 28209 | 28209 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "30593",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Please explain what 反対に is doing in this sentence:\n\n> そういえば先日も、駅のホームにおいて、化粧をしている若い女性に注意した年配の女性が、 **反対に**\n> つきとばされて電車に接触し、大怪我をする事件がありましたっけ。\n>\n> Come to think of it, just the other day on the station platform I recall\n> there was an incident where an old lady, who told off a young girl who was\n> putting on make up, was pushed away and came into contact with the train,\n> and was seriously injured.\n\nI thought it meant 'on the contrary' but that doesn't make any sense. Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-22T18:15:25.850",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28203",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Function of 反対に in this sentence",
"view_count": 469
} | [
{
"body": "反対につきとばされて電車に接触し\n\nRoughly maybe 'thrust opposite [her intended stance]' or somesuch. 反対 means\n\"other side\" or \"opposite\" so if you consider that she had a way she wanted to\nbe and got \"thrust opposite\" or \"thrust 反対 and made direct contact with the\ntrain\" it might make more sense.\n\nIt is not an easy situation to translate literally because this use of 反対 is\nmuch more open and vague than \"opposite\" or \"away\" in English.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T20:07:34.750",
"id": "28206",
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"owner_user_id": "9542",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "There are two overlapping meanings here, and given the scene where it's\nhappening, I'm assuming it's also the intention of the writer when he/she\nchose to use 反対に:\n\n1) The young girl was being rebellious so she simply pushed the old woman.\n\n2) The young girl simply pushed the old woman (assuming out of rebellion)\ntoward the opposite platform.\n\nHope that helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-23T06:38:59.960",
"id": "28829",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10428",
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"score": 0
},
{
"body": "(Just turning my own comment into an answer.)\n\n「[反対]{はんたい}に」, in this context, means 「[逆]{ぎゃく}に」= \"contrary to expectations\",\n\"contrary to what one might normally expect\", etc.\n\nIf a woman is putting make-up on the platform standing near the track, the\n\"general\" expectations would be that it could potentially be dangerous for her\n(because she is busy looking in her mirror and all).\n\nIn this case, however, it was the kind lady who was courageous enough to chide\nthe young woman who, \"contrary to expectations\", got pushed and got seriously\ninjured. This 「反対に」 has nothing whatsoever with a physical direction in which\nsomething or someone moves. It is only used in the sense that the \"opposite\"\nof what people feared might happen actually happened.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-01-21T10:04:03.650",
"id": "30593",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 28203 | 30593 | 30593 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28210",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "**Context**\n\nI wrote and submitted text in Japanese to be corrected, and received a\ncorrection from an acquaintance followed by 「この調子で頑張って」.\n\n**Question**\n\nI understand 調子【ちょうし】 to be something like \"condition\" or \"state of affairs\",\nbut I am not sure I understand this sentence clearly.\n\nIs it perhaps something like \"Keep going at this pace!\" or \"Keep it up!\"?\n\nWhat is 調子 referring to?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T22:12:29.670",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28208",
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"owner_user_id": "9838",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 「この調子で頑張って」",
"view_count": 1056
} | [
{
"body": "I think you've pretty much got it.\n\n調子 refers to the pace, so it translates literally to something like \"keep\ngoing at this pace\". You could translate it less literally to things like\n\"keep it up\" or \"keep up the good work\".\n\nEither way, it's definitely a statement of encouragement.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T23:05:26.967",
"id": "28210",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "To complete Blavius' answer, 研究社 新和英大辞典 says for 調子 :\n\n> 3 〔やり方〕 a way; a manner; a style; 〔こつ〕 a knack; a hang.\n>\n> こういう調子で in this way [manner]\n>\n> こういう調子でやってください. Please do it this way.\n>\n> 彼はだれに対しても同じような調子で接する. He acts the same way toward everyone.\n>\n> 調子を飲み込む get the hang 《of…》; get [acquire] the knack 《of…》.\n>\n> その調子, その調子! That's it. ｜ That's the way. ｜ Keep it up. ｜ That's more like\n> it.\n>\n> 田舎では万事がこの調子だ. This is the way things go in the country.\n>\n> この人, いつもこんな調子なんですよ. This is the way he always is.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-22T23:11:06.023",
"id": "28211",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-22T23:19:21.260",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4822",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 28208 | 28210 | 28210 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28220",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "In [a recent\ncomment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28196/%e3%81%aa%e3%81%97-used-\nfor-both-animate-and-inanimate-things#comment59151_28196), Sjiveru wrote:\n\n> 親たち isn't really valid for 'one's two parents', it means more of 'a group of\n> parents (necessarily several families' worth)'. Outside of very modern uses\n> with personal pronouns, たち can't be used for just two people.\n\nTo which mirka wrote [a thoughtful\nreply](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28196/%e3%81%aa%e3%81%97-used-\nfor-both-animate-and-inanimate-things#comment59154_28196):\n\n> Interesting, you'd never call your parents 親たち, but you would call your two\n> children 子供たち, or your siblings お姉ちゃんたち, 弟たち, etc. I wonder why that is.\n\nIs there a restriction on using 〜たち for just two people? If so, is this a rule\nwith exceptions, as in mirka's comment?\n\nOr is there a better explanation for why you'd never call your parents 親たち?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T00:34:34.423",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28213",
"last_activity_date": "2016-04-12T17:41:15.990",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"plural-suffixes"
],
"title": "Is 〜たち used for groups of only two people?",
"view_count": 471
} | [
{
"body": "To answer the specific question: No, there is no restriction. You can use\n`〜たち` with two people but you aren't exactly saying \"two people\", you are\nsaying \"groups of ~\"; the definition given by JDIC being `pluralizing suffix`.\n`〜たち` is used to refer a group and this group could very well include only two\n\"animate objects\" (or groups of \"animate objects\"); the number is\nindeterminate.\n\nTo specifically address what Sjiveru said: you would never call **your own\nparents** `親達`. His point is valid in that `親` means parent/parents and if\nsomeone wanted to refer to their own parents as a group/couple, they would\njust say `親`.\n\nReferencing [weblio for 親達](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E8%A6%AA%E9%81%94)\ngives the following example.\n\n> 息子が卒業すると親達が安心する。\n>\n> The parents are made happy by their son completing his education.\n\nand `親たち` is used because the `親たち` is not the speaker's own parents. You\ncould just as well use `親` here but that would come off as, at least to my\nears, as more direct and less polite.\n\nAs to why you would not use `親たち` with your own parents, I don't have a\nconcrete explanation. If I heard a native speaker refer to their own parents\nas `親たち`, to my ears it would indicate some weird distance between the speaker\nand their parents. If you, as a non-native speaker, said `親たち` in reference to\nyour own parents, it would be understood by the context but it would be\nunnatural in the same way that non-native speakers overuse `私` and `あなた` in\nsituations where the subject is already understood; they know you most likely\nhave two parents, you don't have to add `たち` and (over) explain it to them.\n\nReferring to mirka's comment, I also don't have a concrete answer. I suspect\nthe reason is because `子ども` does not have a \"strong implication to mean a\nfather + mother\" like `親` does and so whether or not `子ども` is being used as a\nsingular or plural noun is less easy to determine from context. Also, in a lot\nof cases the specifics of `親` doesn't matter. If I tell my son he can't do\nsomething, he'll say to his friends:\n\n> 親がダメと言った。\n\nWhether `親` means father, mother, or both isn't important. His `親`-figure said\n\"no\" and that's all that matters.\n\nMy guess is that with `子ども`, in addition to the noun's person being harder to\ndetermine from context, whether or not it is plural matters more when\nunderstanding the sentence.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T04:40:58.423",
"id": "28215",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T12:27:35.583",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "7390",
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},
{
"body": "In this case, I think it's simply because we already have a specific and\ncommon word which refers to \"one's both parents\": **両親【りょうしん】**. There is no\nreason not to use 両親 in formal situations.\n\nI feel I sometimes hear (私の)親たちは旅行中だよ (instead of 両親は旅行中だよ) in casual\nconversations.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T08:05:02.297",
"id": "28218",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T08:05:02.297",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "28213",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "The single/plural duality of 親 _as a concept_ is actually not that different\nfrom 子供, in that these phrases parallel each other:\n\n * 親のいない家庭／子供のいない家庭\n * 親同伴／子供同伴\n * 親の目が届かない場所／子供の手が届かない場所\n * 親に反対された／子供に反対された\n\nI was thinking about this further, and noticed one good reason that 親たち is so\ninfrequently used.\n\n# It is rude\n\n親 is simply rude when referring _actual parents_ , and not the _concept of\nparent_.\n\n 1. Within the family and with casual acquaintances, you are likely to refer to your parents by what you actually call them — 「お父さんお母さんどこ行った？」「パパたち帰ってきたよ」「お袋たちに聞いてみよう」. (`〜たち` is often suffixed to one of the parents to mean both parents)\n 2. To people you are on 敬語 terms with, you refer to your own parents humbly but politely, as 両親, 父母, 父と母.\n 3. People outside the family will refer to your parents politely, as ご両親, 親御さんたち, 親御さん方, お父様方, お母様方 etc. (`〜たち` is suffixed very naturally to 親御さん, the polite form of 親)\n\nSo, since _actual_ parents are referred to politely, and the _concept_ of\nparent already includes some sense of plurality, there is very little need for\nthe word 親たち. It is only used to emphasize that you are talking about concept-\nparent in plural (i.e., sets of parents), and almost never used to talk about\nactual-parent in plural.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T08:12:31.757",
"id": "28220",
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"score": 8
}
]
| 28213 | 28220 | 28220 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28226",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "王子さまは、王さまに別れの挨拶をして、旅に出ました。夕方、ある町をとおりにかかると、鐘が鳴っています。\n\nWhat does ある町 mean? I don't see it, is it something like \"The town he's in?\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T07:32:47.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28216",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T21:06:23.013",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11253",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "Meaning of ある in this sentence",
"view_count": 247
} | [
{
"body": "In that context ある means \"one\" or \"some\". ある町 means \"some town\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T19:08:28.103",
"id": "28226",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T19:08:28.103",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "In this context it means he was passing another town. So 'another' or 'some'\nmay be an apt translation here.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T21:06:23.013",
"id": "28228",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11274",
"parent_id": "28216",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28216 | 28226 | 28226 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28221",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Are these 斑{ぶち} or そばかす?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4xyGJ.jpg)\n\nAre freckles (そばかす) in Japanese limited to human? Would it be a mistake to\ndescribe a pattern on dog's face as そばかす?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T07:54:32.903",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28217",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T08:55:45.587",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"animals"
],
"title": "Can そばかす be used to describe a pattern on dog face?",
"view_count": 722
} | [
{
"body": "I haven't seen そばかす used for animals.\n\nIn this case, possible expressions include\n「ぶち模様の犬」「顔にぶちのある犬」「まだら模様の犬」「ぶち毛の犬」「[ぶち犬](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/259286/m0u/)」.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T08:15:55.087",
"id": "28221",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T08:35:48.957",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-23T08:35:48.957",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "28217",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "I don't think so. I never saw this expression has been used for animal.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T08:52:36.790",
"id": "28224",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T08:52:36.790",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10924",
"parent_id": "28217",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
}
]
| 28217 | 28221 | 28221 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28229",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm reading a study with this sentence in it:\n\n> これらの研究の課題として4点挙げられる。\n\nI'm having problems understanding this. Are they saying there's a problem with\nthe study?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T21:03:35.797",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28227",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-29T21:04:19.233",
"last_edit_date": "2015-11-29T21:04:19.233",
"last_editor_user_id": "3097",
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"academic-japanese",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "これらの研究の課題として4点挙げられる ー＞ having problems understanding",
"view_count": 240
} | [
{
"body": "> Four points will be brought up as the subjects of this research/study.\n\nYou could use 課題 here to mean \"problem\" in the sense of an abstract problem --\ni.e., the issues that the research is tackling. It would not be \"problem\" in\nthe sense of some difficulty in performing/conducting the research.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-23T21:31:39.473",
"id": "28229",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-23T22:23:15.403",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "28227",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 28227 | 28229 | 28229 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Kind of a japanese newb here. I've googled this a bit and haven't seen\nanything except demo vs temo comparisons. I understood that these words all\nkind of mean \"but, well, so, anyways\"....am I way off base on this? And if\nnot, what are the subtleties or grammar rules governing each one?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T03:47:59.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28231",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T06:03:03.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11276",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"nuances"
],
"title": "では vs でも, vs じゃ what is the difference?",
"view_count": 1165
} | [
{
"body": "「じゃ」is colloquial form of 「では」.\n\nI think it's no easy to explain here...\n\n「では」emphasises, for example: 「東京 **では** 物価は高い」. This means, prices (costs) are\nin expensive in Tokyo, having in mind than it's cheaper in other cities.\n\n「でも」: Let's say you can accomplish 1 task in 2 different ways. Method 1 is\nbetter than method 2, but it's achievable with method 2 as well. So you can\nuse 「でも」as follows. Method 2 **でも** できる。I would translate 「でも」as 「as well」or\n「as well as」.\n\nHope this helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T06:03:03.403",
"id": "28234",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T06:03:03.403",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "28231",
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}
]
| 28231 | null | 28234 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a question regarding the translation of the following sentence.\n\n人は誰もまた失うほどに求めるけど\n\nI know the basic functions of ほど but still can't see how this plays out.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T05:23:14.127",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28232",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T01:42:43.537",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11278",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "Translation question regarding 「ほどに」",
"view_count": 427
} | [
{
"body": "> 「Verb Phrase A + ほどに + Verb Phrase B」\n>\n> = \"the more (Verb Phrase A), the more (Verb Phrase B)\"\n\n「[失]{うしな}うほどに[求]{もと}める」 ＝\n\n「失うにつれて、ますます求める」 ＝\n\n「失えば失うほど求める」, etc.\n\nThus, 「[人]{ひと}は[誰]{だれ}もまた失うほどに求めるけど」 means:\n\n> \"The more people lose, the more they desire, (but)....\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T01:42:43.537",
"id": "28252",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"parent_id": "28232",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 28232 | null | 28252 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28235",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 専売特許に違背 **せる** 物品 infringements on patents\n>\n> 和英字書を編集 **せる** はヘボン博士をもって嚆矢とす。Dr. Hepburn was the first to compile a\n> Japanese-English dictionary.\n\nIs it する・す mizenkei followed by り rentaikei\n([here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/230313/m1u/%E3%82%8A/)), or\nsomething else?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T05:33:48.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28233",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T06:27:07.327",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11053",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "What is せる followed by suru-verbs?",
"view_count": 212
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, they're the 未然形 of す, followed by the 連体形 of the so-called\n[完了の「り」](http://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa009007.htm) in 文語. (It has\nnothing to do with the causative auxiliary verb せる used today.)\n\nIn modern Japanese 口語,\n\n * 専売特許に違背せる物品 ≒ 専売特許に違反した物品\n * 和英字書を編集せるは… ≒ 和英辞書を編集した **の** は…\n\nAlso see [this chiebukuro\nQ&A](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1411392644).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T06:07:39.537",
"id": "28235",
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"parent_id": "28233",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28233 | 28235 | 28235 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28239",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have problem understanding grammar in this sentence:\n\n> アニー、もらわれていくのがいやになったの。。。\n\nCould you help to translate it and give links to grammar?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T08:37:40.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28236",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-14T14:28:21.713",
"last_edit_date": "2019-07-14T14:28:21.713",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11280",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form",
"passive-voice",
"subsidiary-verbs",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "もらわれていくの grammar",
"view_count": 213
} | [
{
"body": "It's possible to explain the grammar (and that's what OP asked for)\n\n * もらわ: The nai-form of the verb もらう (\"to receive/get/take\").\n * れ: The te-form of the auxiliary verb れる, which forms the [passive voice](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/causepass).\n * て: A conjunctive particle [that connects two verbs](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/compound).\n * いく: A [subsidiary verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010) which [describes the subject is (physically or emotionally) moving away from the speaker](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/teform).\n * の: A [nominalizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalization), which [turns verbs into nouns](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/nounparticles).\n\nThus, もらわれていくの literally means \"(something or someone) being taken (by\nsomeone) (and going away)\".\n\nI think it's impossible to explain the actual meaning of this phrase, since\nyou provided _no_ context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T11:36:21.673",
"id": "28239",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
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"score": 6
}
]
| 28236 | 28239 | 28239 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28243",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is sonkeigo form of verb-て/で+みる? I've heard somewhere 思い出してごらんになる as a\nkeigo form of 思い出してみる, but I doubt if it's correct.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T10:57:37.350",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28237",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T08:40:37.937",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "6668",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"て-form",
"keigo"
],
"title": "Keigo form of ~てみる",
"view_count": 519
} | [
{
"body": "Honorific form would be 〜てごらんなさる, often used in imperative 〜てご覧{らん}なさい\n\nOn the other hand, a person in a higher position talking to a person in a\nlower position might use a shortened form 〜てごらん, like やってご覧{らん}. Although you\nadd a word in seemingly polite form \"ご覧\" it would be considered impolite if\nused toward a teacher or a stranger.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T12:40:24.327",
"id": "28242",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T12:48:09.080",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-24T12:48:09.080",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "This may be too obvious to OP, but we can use られる and say like this:\n\n * その本{ほん}を読んで{よんで}みられると良い{よい}でしょう。\n * 食べて{たべて}みられることをお勧め{おすすめ}します。\n * 正直{しょうじき}に言って{いって}みられてはどうですか。\n\nBut I recommend that you try to apply honorifics to the main verb (these are\nmore common, and perhaps politer, too):\n\n * その本{ほん}をお読み{およみ}になってみると良い{よい}でしょう。\n * 召し{めし}上が{あが}ってみることをお勧め{おすすめ}します。\n * 正直{しょうじき}に仰って{おっしゃって}みてはどうですか。\n\nThese 二重敬語{にじゅうけいご} examples are not entirely wrong, but are probably frowned\nupon by some:\n\n * (?) その本{ほん}をお読み{およみ}になってみられると良い{よい}でしょう。\n * (?) 召し{めし}上が{あが}ってみられることをお勧め{おすすめ}します。\n * (?) 正直{しょうじき}に仰って{おっしゃって}みられてはどうですか。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T13:06:26.270",
"id": "28243",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 28237 | 28243 | 28242 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28241",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "How would you politely say that? When you talk to a stranger, and you don't\nknow the word he just said. Say f.e.: 落札 I understand that you could just say\n「落札」の意味は何ですか？ but is there specifically a polite form of って ?\n\nAnd to take it further, would there be even a Keigo version of って ?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T11:31:54.347",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28238",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T12:30:49.780",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11253",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"spoken-language",
"keigo",
"politeness"
],
"title": "Polite form of って in 「なになに」って何？",
"view_count": 322
} | [
{
"body": "って in your example is an informal version of と言う (other usages are explained\n[here](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6-572021))\n\nと言う is a general set phrase ( _something called something_ ) and does not\nidentify the speaker, but you can ask specifically for a word someone said in\na polite form replacing 言う with 仰る{おっしゃる}, for example\n先ほどおっしゃった◯◯と言う言葉の意味は何ですか。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T12:26:37.050",
"id": "28240",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T12:26:37.050",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11104",
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},
{
"body": "I would say\n\n落札ってどういう意味？(casual)\n\n落札ってどういう意味ですか？(polite)\n\n落札とは、どういう意味でしょうか。(politer, formal)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T12:30:49.780",
"id": "28241",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T12:30:49.780",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "28238",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 28238 | 28241 | 28241 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28246",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've seen several sources explain the colloquialism in different ways. One\nsays the っちゃ is a slang way of saying よりの, as in ありよりのあり. Another says it's a\nslang way of saying と言えば as in ありと言えばあり (which I frankly find more likely).\n\nSince both full sentences point to rather different sentiments (the affirming\nattitude of 'it more than exists' vs the unwilling 'well it is there') I\nthought I'd ask if there was anyone familiar with it.\n\nIs it one of the two sentences, or am I misunderstanding the sentiment of one\nsentence, or is it a shortening of something else entirely?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T17:48:06.377",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28245",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-26T10:18:09.593",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-24T22:10:35.760",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"translation",
"slang",
"colloquial-language",
"contractions"
],
"title": "ありっちゃあり meaning?",
"view_count": 979
} | [
{
"body": "ありっちゃあり is indeed a contraction of ありといえばあり and it's a way of saying \"yeah,\nsure, why not...\".\n\nAs you say, it's completely parallel to おいしいといえばおいしい, just with あり (which\nmeans something like \"something is possible/doable/acceptable/...\").",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T18:40:45.557",
"id": "28246",
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},
{
"body": "〜っちゃ of ありっちゃあり is a contraction of と言{い}えば. So, ありっちゃあり is basically\nありと言{い}えばあり 'it is possible if you say so (but...)'\n\nありっちゃあり is normally used to talk about a thing that has a high possibility,\nthough the translation varies depending on what the verb あり indicates in\ncontext.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T10:18:09.593",
"id": "28286",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-26T10:18:09.593",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5090",
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"score": 1
}
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| 28245 | 28246 | 28246 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28249",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The phrase runs thus:\n\n> お[姫様]{ひめ・さま}と[結婚]{けっ・こん}して。\n\nIs it literally \"married the princess\" or does the と affect the subject in any\nway?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T19:33:19.507",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28247",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-24T23:20:37.137",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-24T22:09:29.163",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "To marry OR Marriage? Japanese と in context",
"view_count": 903
} | [
{
"body": "In English it's \"to marry someone\" (direct object), in Japanese it's 誰か **と**\n結婚する \"to marry [ **with** ] someone\". So, yes, it is literally \"marry the\nprincess\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T20:38:47.597",
"id": "28249",
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}
]
| 28247 | 28249 | 28249 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Recently, I looked up the definition of 「流暢{りゅうちょう}」 in a monolinguistic\nJapanese dictionary, and the definition is as follows:\n\n> 言葉が滑らかに出てよどみないこと。また、そのさま。\n\nWhat is the meaning of そのさま in this situation? I've never seen this usage\nbefore, and I can't seem to find any information on it on Google.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T19:55:59.753",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28248",
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"owner_user_id": "11116",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of 「そのさま」?",
"view_count": 655
} | []
| 28248 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28251",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Taken from the manga 暗殺教室.\n\n> 暗殺【あんさつ】は勉強【べんきょう】の妨【さまた】げにならない時【とき】にと言【い】ったはずです\n\nMy best guess for this sentence would be:\n\n> I'm sure there has been a time I've told you that assassinations shouldn't\n> get in the way of your studies\n\nI'm mostly relating 時に here to 'has been a time' here, but what throws me off\nis the と after it so would it be included in what he had said before? And the\ntranslation just feels a bit weird in general. I'm mostly trying to think of\nthe difference between this sentence and 暗殺は勉強の妨げにならないと言ったはずです with the 時に.\n\n> I'm sure i've told you that assassinations shouldn't get in the way of your\n> studies\n\nIs that right?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T22:06:20.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28250",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-24T22:08:40.210",
"last_editor_user_id": "9749",
"owner_user_id": "3896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Role of 時に in 暗殺は勉強の妨げにならない時にと言ったはずです",
"view_count": 90
} | [
{
"body": "Your second translation is in deed far better than your first, but it is still\nmissing something.\n\nThe 「と」 in 「～～と言った」 must certainly be quotative, right? It is if it directly\nprecedes 「言う」.\n\nWhen you see or think you are seeing a quotative 「と」 , try putting in\nimaginary quotation marks the part of the sentence that looks like it is being\nquoted.\n\nYou will have:\n\n> 『暗殺は勉強の妨げにならない時に』と言ったはずです。\n\nNow, take a _**close**_ look at the quoted phrase above. To me,\n『暗殺は勉強の妨げにならない時に！』 makes perfect sense without any alterations as I am a\nJapanese-speaker, but does it to you? More specifically, does that part look\nlike a complete sentence to you?\n\nIf not, what you might need to do is to fill in the \"missing\" or \"implied\"\nwords. That is a big part of Japanese study to begin with.\n\n『暗殺は勉強の妨げにならない時に！』 What is missing from this? The main verb is! It is the verb\nto go with 「暗殺は」.\n\n> 『暗殺は勉強の妨げにならない時に！』 ≒\n>\n> 『暗殺は勉強の妨げにならない時にしろ/せよ/しなさい/やれ！』\n\nMake sense?\n\nIt should be clear now that the original sentence means:\n\n> \"I am sure that I have told you to commit assassinations (only) when it does\n> not get in the way of your studies.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-24T23:08:01.263",
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"score": 6
}
]
| 28250 | 28251 | 28251 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28263",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was looking through _A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar_ recently and\nfound this as an example under `ni (3)`:\n\n> 一男{かずお}は友達に手紙を読まれた。 \n> Kazuo's friend read his (= Kazuo's) letter (and Kazuo was unhappy).\n\nAnd another under `rareru (1)`:\n\n> 私は弟にケーキを食べられた。 \n> _Lit. I got my cake eaten by my younger brother._ (= My younger brother ate\n> my cake (and I was unhappy).)\n\nI found this to be a bit strange, because I can't see why the subjects\nnecessarily become unhappy even if the events were not of their control.\n\nAfter looking around a bit, it appears some categorise one of the uses of ～られる\nas a \"suffering passive\" form, with some adverse implication for the subject\nunto which the action has been performed.\n\nHowever there are others that say that such a thing doesn't really exist and\nthat it's context specific. This is also explained partially in the\n_Dictionary_ under `rareru (1)`, note 7.\n\nWhat connotations are there with ～られる? And are there ways to discern them\nwithout the use of context?\n\nThere has been an [almost identical question posed on\nReddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/LearnJapanese/comments/1wnrxj/still_dont_understand_the_suffering_passive/),\nbut I feel that the answers didn't really explain where this general view\ncomes from.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T10:29:38.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28254",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T16:19:24.137",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "6783",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs"
],
"title": "～られる connotations",
"view_count": 267
} | [
{
"body": "IMO, we should ignore if it has \"suffering\" sense or not, for the time being.\n\nThe most important reason why we use that structure is because it's simply a\nstraightforward way to describe it.\n\nSuppose you translate \"My boss called me up and made some complaint to me\",\nmore often than not, 上司が私を呼び出して小言を言った is not necessarily a natural composition\nbecause it's based on ~~the boss'~~ universal perspective, not yours.\n\nJapanese speech tends to require consistency of the identical subject or\nperspective. In that case, the composition like（私は）上司に呼び出されて小言を言われた is often\nthe most natural solution. With that, you can inherit the subject and keep\nconsistency.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-25T11:36:31.957",
"id": "28255",
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},
{
"body": "> subject unto which the action has been performed\n\nI think this is a useful way to look at it. Why is the sentence even\nstructured so that the action is performed unto another person?\n\n## Why am I the subject?\n\nIf it's just that my friend read my letter and I have no problem with it, the\nnatural way of stating that is with my friend as the subject:\n\n> **友達が** 手紙を読んだ\n\nOnly when I perceive that to be done _unto_ me, like some kind of\nencroachment, will I structure the sentence with me as the subject:\n\n> ( **私が** ) 友達に手紙を読まれた\n\nSame goes for the cake example. The neutral statement, naturally, takes my\nbrother as the subject ( **弟が** ケーキを食べた). When I feel intrusion, I take over\nas the subject (( **私が** )弟にケーキを食べられた). (Whether it's _my_ cake or some\ncommunal cake.)\n\n## Sometimes I have to be the subject\n\nThen, there are many situations when it is perfectly natural for me to be the\nsubject, even in the most neutral case. My sister questioned _me_ (妹に質問された),\nor my husband asked _me_ for help (夫に手伝いを頼まれた). But it could still mean that I\nfeel burdened. You can't tell from just the sentence. This is probably why it\nseems context specific.\n\n* * *\n\nThere is no sure-fire way to discern between them in every case, but a good\nway to tell is **when the subject is someone that doesn't have to be**.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T16:19:24.137",
"id": "28263",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T16:19:24.137",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "888",
"parent_id": "28254",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28254 | 28263 | 28255 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm going through a Nintendo DS instruction manual and trying to do a bit of\ntranslation. I'd like to ask about the difference between 遊びます and 遊べます。\n\n```\n\n 本ゲームは、 ボタン操作とタッチスクリーン操作の どちらでも遊べます。\n \n```\n\nI'm sure this is \"you can play using both the buttons and the touch screen\".\nIs this a simple rule? I can change a verb -masu form from 'bi' to 'be' (for\nexample) to become \"can\"?\n\nI am certain I've seen this elsewhere, the changing of 'i' to 'e'\n\n```\n\n 本が 読みます - The book is read\n 先生が本を読めます - The teacher reads the book\n \n```\n\nI'm a bit confused as to how/when this changes.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T11:37:52.037",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28256",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-24T14:54:55.783",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-25T11:43:09.710",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "遊びます vs 遊べます - 'be' meaning \"you can\"?",
"view_count": 1338
} | [
{
"body": "**I - CONSTRUCTION**\n\n_1 - Godan verbs._\n\nThe potential form of the Godan verbs is constructed by changing the /u/ sound\nto /e/ and adding る :\n\n> 読む → 読める ; 帰る → 帰れる ; 買う → 買える\n\nIt's actually a contraction of 読まれる, 帰られる and 買われる which are now only used as\nthe passive form (I think).\n\n_2 - Ichidan verbs._\n\nThe potential form of the Ichidan verbs is constructed like the passive form\nby adding られる to the stem (verb at it's simple form minus る) :\n\n> 食べる → 食べられる ; 忘れる → 忘れられる\n\nThe contracted forms 食べれる and 忘れれる, though widely used, is not considered\ngramaticaly correct.\n\n_3 - Irregular verbs._\n\nWatchout for ある which have a different kind of potential form.\n\n> 来る → 来られる ; する → 出来る{できる}\n\n**II - Meaning**\n\n_1 - Potential._\n\n> 忘れられない人。 Someone unforgettable.\n>\n> 世界大戦が起これる。 A world war can happen.\n\n_2 - Capacity_\n\n> 犬は泳げる。 Dogs know how to swim.\n>\n> ついに私は読める! I'm finally able to read.\n\n**III - Expressions with similar meaning.**\n\n_1 - ことができる._\n\nVerb (simple form) + ことができる has the same meaning as the potential form\n(potential + capacity).\n\n> 飛ぶことができると思います。 I believe I can fly.\n\n_2 - 得る{える} and 得る{うる}._\n\nVerb stem + える (literary) or うる (more literary) has the meaning of potential\nbut not capacity. It's also the only potential form of ある.\n\n> そんな馬鹿な事はありえないよ。\n>\n> Something that stupid can't exist!\n>\n> ガラスは圧力で割れ得る。\n>\n> Glass can break under pressure.\n\n**IV - Regarding the particles and your examples.**\n\nThe basic sentence is (neutral and polite) :\n\n> 私は本を読む。 私は本を読みます。 I read a book.\n\nThe passive form isn't 本が読みます* but :\n\n> 私に(は)本が読まれる。 私に(は)本が読まれます。 The book is read by me. (unnatural)\n\nThe gramatical subject of the potential verb in japanese isn't the one being\nable to do but the thing that can be done :\n\n> 私(に)は本が読める。私(に)は本が読めます。 I can read a book. (Litteraly) The book can be read\n> by me.\n\nDue to the influence of the occidental languages, and mainly english, you can\nalso find が (insisting on the object \"the book\") replaced by を (insisting on\nthe action \"to read\").\n\n[The difference between が and を with the potential form of a\nverb.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/609/the-difference-\nbetween-%E3%81%8C-and-%E3%82%92-with-the-potential-form-of-a-verb)",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T12:28:34.847",
"id": "28257",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T12:53:11.307",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4822",
"parent_id": "28256",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28256 | null | 28257 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28285",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This passage of the movie, Kotonoha No Niwa: \n\n> 鳴る神の \n> 少し響みてさし曇り \n> 雨も降らぬか \n> きみを留めむ \n>\n\nSeveral sites translate as:\n\n> A faint clap of thunder, \n> clouded skies. \n> Perhaps rain will come. \n> If so, will you stay here with me? \n>\n\nAnd, the translation I see:\n\n> Thunder echoes weak. \n> Amid the cloudy (sky). \n> The rain will fall? \n> You'll remain here (?) (my certainty in that sentence is close to 0%). \n>\n\nI don't trust a lot in my translation, but I place less trust in texts found\nonline. Could anyone tell me which one is more correct and why? \nOr, if both are completely wrong, how I can properly translate this passage?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T14:38:34.160",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28258",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-15T11:44:03.167",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-15T08:10:21.070",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11216",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "Translating 鳴神の少し響みてさし曇り... etc",
"view_count": 1123
} | [
{
"body": "Let's modernize it first.\n\n> かみなりが 少し響いて 空に雲がさして曇り 雨でも降らないか… 君を留めよう.\n>\n> I wonder if thunder echoes weak, cloud interferes with the sky and rain or\n> something falls. (Then,) I'll keep you here.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T09:40:50.247",
"id": "28285",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-15T11:44:03.167",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "28258",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28258 | 28285 | 28285 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28261",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am aware that in Japanese it is considered to be rude to address other\npeople with just their first name, but I wonder if this is only true for\ncommunication in Japanese, of if this still holds true when communicating with\nJapanese people in other languages than Japanese like for example in English.\n\nI am especially interested in business communication in industries that use to\nprefer rather informal communication between business partners in the western\nworld.\n\nFor example in the computer games industry a typical email would just be\nstarted with \"Hi recipientsFirstname\" and ended with something like \"Kind\nregards, sendersFirstname\", even when addressing people that one has never\ntalked to before and no matter of where in the world the recipient is from,\nexcept when it comes to Japanese people. Whenever the recipient is Japanese,\nthen even for English mails most colleagues try to get more formal and start\ntheir email with either \"Hi recipientsLastname-San\" or just \"Hi\nrecipientsLastname\" (interestingly, Mr./Mrs./Ms. always gets left out), but\nthey still end it with something like \"Kind regards, sendersFirstname\".\n\nNow this looks very strange to me and feels just terribly wrong.\n\nAm I even supposed to attach \"San\" to the name, even when I am not writing in\nJapanese, but in English, even in the most informal industries?\n\nWhat about this weird mix of addressing the recipient with his/her last name,\nbut using only the own first name in the greeting, so that in worst case (if\nhe/her can't get it from anywhere else and its neither contained in the\nsignature nor in the email-address of the sender) the recipient would not even\nknow the senders last name?\n\nPS: I am aware that this is more a question about the Japanese culture and\netiquette than about the Japanese language, but unfortunately those don't have\nthere own stackoverflow communities. Please move this question if there is a\nmore appropriate community for it than \"Japanese Language\".",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T15:33:56.737",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28259",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-14T11:05:06.600",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-25T16:22:14.573",
"last_editor_user_id": "11291",
"owner_user_id": "11291",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"culture",
"business-japanese",
"email"
],
"title": "How to address and greet Japanese people in an english email",
"view_count": 72942
} | [
{
"body": "It would **not** be considered polite to use the suffix \"-san\" in a formal\nletter or a business email written in Japanese, so there is no reason to claim\nit would make an English phrase more polite.\n\nIn written formal and business Japanese formal suffix さま or 様 (both -sama)\nwould be used.\n\n* * *\n\nI am a foreigner living in Japan and the only people who start English emails\nwith \"Dear Myname-san\" are other foreigners. I find it highly pretentious and\nnever use it.\n\nIn email communication with Japanese people I use \"Dear Mr Lastname\" most\noften.\n\nI tend to end with \"Kind regards, Myfirstname MYLASTNAME\" (last name in\ncapital letters to avoid confusion)\n\nIf Japanese recipient responded using my firstname, only then I would switch\nto \"Hi Firstname\" in subsequent emails.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T16:04:11.100",
"id": "28261",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-14T11:05:06.600",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-14T11:05:06.600",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"parent_id": "28259",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28259 | 28261 | 28261 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28262",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "If you were using the toilet and someone knocked on the door what would be the\ncommon response to indicate it was occupied?\n\nI noticed some Japanese people knock back, but it is not always possible, so\nhow do you answer verbally?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T15:41:05.340",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28260",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-10T13:03:35.613",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-30T01:12:45.317",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 20,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "How do you respond when someone knocks on the toilet door?",
"view_count": 3324
} | [
{
"body": "I think the most common phrase is...\n\n> [入]{はい}ってます。\n\n^.^",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T16:18:25.900",
"id": "28262",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T16:18:25.900",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "28260",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 39
},
{
"body": "Just make sound of water by using flush or pour it in a bucket. Or just knock\non bucket or something like tht if you're door is far.. the person will\nunderstand that someone is inside..\n\nAdvantage?\n\nIt works for all languages , not only Japanese..\n\nMinus voters? Only minus vote it if you haven't done it in your whole life\ntime...",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T17:21:43.343",
"id": "28264",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-10T13:03:35.613",
"last_edit_date": "2019-11-10T13:03:35.613",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11294",
"parent_id": "28260",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
},
{
"body": "Just do louder cough voice..this voice is helpful of your existence.I see most\nof the people doing that voice..Hope this answer can solve your problem",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T08:37:07.243",
"id": "28281",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-26T08:37:07.243",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11304",
"parent_id": "28260",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -2
}
]
| 28260 | 28262 | 28262 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I stumbled on 高2くらいまで and i don't know what means this all together...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T17:47:47.407",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28265",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T17:52:06.457",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6677",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 高2くらいまで",
"view_count": 116
} | [
{
"body": "Without more context, I'd say 高２ is probably shorthand for 高校２年生. So whatever\nit's talking about means \"until you're/they're about a 2nd year high school\nstudent\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T17:52:06.457",
"id": "28266",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T17:52:06.457",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "28265",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 28265 | null | 28266 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know this word can refer to the the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic\nchurch, but when I tried looking it up on google images, in addition to the\nPope, I also saw the Dalai Lama, and some other people I did not recognize.\nCan the word have meanings besides Pope?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T18:04:00.500",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28267",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T21:05:08.950",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-25T21:05:08.950",
"last_editor_user_id": "921",
"owner_user_id": "11296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"religion"
],
"title": "Can 法王（ほうおう） mean anyone besides the Pope?",
"view_count": 150
} | [
{
"body": "法王 is an originally Chinese Buddhist term, originally referring to monks and\nreligious rulers who followed the laws of Buddhism (hence the literal\ntranslation, law-king). In modern times, this title has been expanded to refer\nto religious leaders of other religions, including Christianity.\n\nSource: [法王 (Wikipedia)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%8E%8B)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T18:14:12.217",
"id": "28268",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-25T18:52:31.107",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-25T18:52:31.107",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "28267",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28267 | null | 28268 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28284",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "**Which sentence is more natural?**\n\n**Sentence 1** :\n\n> また、突出部１６４は、シャフト１３０と平行にボディ１６２から延長形成されることができる。\n\n**Sentence 2** :\n\n> また、突出部１６４はシャフト１３０と平行にボディー１６２から延長形成されることができる。\n\nIs ボディー a better translation for Body? Or is ボディ better? **Which is use for a\nscientific setting with the lengthen vowel or without?**",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T20:10:29.913",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28270",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-26T09:11:30.533",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-25T20:37:03.737",
"last_editor_user_id": "3576",
"owner_user_id": "3576",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"loanwords",
"english-to-japanese",
"punctuation"
],
"title": "Which is more natural? ボディー vs ボディ",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "Either ホディ or ボディー are equally common, but (I believe) the recent trend among\nexperts is the former.\n\nIncidentally, されることができる is wrong, it should be することができる if it's referring to\ncapability or されることがある if it's probability.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T09:11:30.533",
"id": "28284",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-26T09:11:30.533",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "28270",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28270 | 28284 | 28284 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28279",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I realize 東西南北 means all 4 directions (East, West, South and North) and 春夏秋冬\nmeans all 4 seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter), but when should these\nwords be used? I can imagine there might be a somewhat poetic meaning to them,\nbut are there any commonplace usage examples?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-25T21:50:35.133",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28273",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-11T09:55:30.987",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-11T09:55:30.987",
"last_editor_user_id": "11849",
"owner_user_id": "7668",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Usage of 東西南北 and 春夏秋冬?",
"view_count": 501
} | [
{
"body": "## Usage of 東西南北\n\n[東西南北]{とう・ざい・なん・ぼく} is commonly used in daily life. For example, when someone\ngets confused about which is the east / west / south / north, s/he usually\nsays\n\n> 「東西南北が[分]{わ}からない。」\n\nWhen someone explicitly asks the direction, 東西南北 is used to avoid\nmisunderstanding.\n\n> 「東西南北どっち？」\n\nA simple question 「どっち？」 could imply various choices, so people usually add\nexplicit choices before the word どっち to create a clear question, such as\n\n> 「[上下]{じょう・げ}どっち？」, 「[上下]{うえ・した}どっち」, 「[左右]{さ・ゆう}どっち？」, 「[右左]{みぎ・ひだり}どっち？」,\n> 「[赤白]{あか・しろ}どっち？」, 「[塩]{しお}、[砂糖]{さ・とう}、どっち？」etc.\n\nGenerally, どっち is used in a two-choice question, whereas どれ is used in a\nmultiple(more than two)-choice question. 東西南北 contains four choices, however\nin this case, どっち is used for it. Because どっち is a word for directions, while\nどれ is a word for objects or concepts which are treated as objects.\n\nIf there are four chairs and each chair is placed in each of 東西南北, someone may\nask\n\n> 「東西南北どれにする？」\n\nwhich implies \"Which chair(object) will you sit in?\" This is not about\ndirections, so どれ is the right one to use. However, if someone wonders which\ndirection the chair should face, s/he may ask\n\n> 「この[イス]{い・す}、東西南北どっち[向]{む}ける？」\n\nThis is about directions. So, どっち follows 東西南北.\n\nWhen someone talks about the directions of something, a phrase 「〜の東西南北」 is\ncommonly used.\n\n> 「この[地図]{ち・ず} **の東西南北** 」\n>\n> 「[月]{つき} **の東西南北** 」\n\nWhen someone is willing to go anywhere, s/he may say\n\n> 「東西南北どこへでも[行]{い}きます。」\n\nWhen an area is divided into four smaller areas in someone's thought, 東西南北 is\nused to describe the smaller areas.\n\n> 「あの[町]{まち}には、東西南北にひとつずつ、[小学校]{しょう・がっ・こう}がある。」\n\n## Usage of 春夏秋冬\n\n[春夏秋冬]{しゅん・か・しゅう・とう} is also commonly used. For example,\n\n> 『[春夏秋冬訪れたい日本の名所](http://tabijikan.jp/2015/02/08/8675/)』\n\n春夏秋冬 is a noun, but can be used as an adverb to mean \"every season.\"\n\n> 「あの[観光地]{かん・こう・ち}は、春夏秋冬[楽]{たの}しめる。」\n\nA noun 春夏秋冬 meaning \"every season\" is commonly followed by の, and a 春夏秋冬の\nphrase modifies a following noun or nouns.\n\n> 「春夏秋冬の[星座]{せい・ざ}」\n>\n> 「春夏秋冬の[景色]{け・しき}と[味覚]{み・かく}」\n\nThe synonyms of 「春夏秋冬の〜」 are 「[四季]{し・き}の〜」 and 「四季[折々]{おり・おり}の〜」.\n\nOn the other hand, 「〜の春夏秋冬」 is used to express all four seasons or all\nseasonal characteristics of something.\n\n> 「日本の春夏秋冬を楽しむ。」（日本 can be read にほん or にっぽん）\n>\n> 「[人生]{じんせい}の春夏秋冬について[考]{かんが}える。」",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T08:18:08.540",
"id": "28279",
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| 28273 | 28279 | 28279 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28276",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 装備一式が未だギルドの支給品である自分には、笑ってしまうくらい不釣り合いな代物だとわかっているけど、一度は使ってみたいとそう思ってしまうわけ **で**\n> 。...欲しいなぁ。\n\nI'm not sure how to interpret the で at the end of this sentence. Is there\nsomething being omitted here?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-25T22:56:05.713",
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"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does で do at the end of the first sentence?",
"view_count": 731
} | [
{
"body": "If I had to say, it's an omission of わけであって…… to leave the sentence hanging\n(cf. わけである for a full-stop). It really doesn't mean much.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T06:59:36.877",
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| 28274 | 28276 | 28276 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Several years ago an acquaintance introduced me to the Hiroshima dialect and\nmentioned clear distinction between perfect and continuous aspects:\n\nExample 1:\n\n> The bus is coming. \n> Standard: バスが来ている。 \n> Chugoku: バスが来よる。 \n>\n>\n> The bus has already arrived. \n> Standard: バスが来ている。 -- same as above \n> Chugoku: バスが来とる。\n\nExample 2:\n\n> When I got up this morning and opened the window, it was raining. (still\n> raining) \n> Standard: 今朝起きて窓を開けたら、雨が降っていた。 \n> Chugoku: 今朝起きて窓を開けたら、雨が降りよった。\n>\n> When I got up this morning and opened the window, I found it had rained.\n> (already stopped.) \n> Standard: 今朝起きて窓を開けたら、雨が降っていた。 \n> Chugoku: 今朝起きて窓を開けたら、雨が降っとった。\n\nNow living in Kansai, I hear verbs like 言いよる, 来よった, 当てよった quite often, but so\nfar assumed it was regional variation of past tense: 言っている, 来た, 当てた.\n\nNow that I looked at the explanation of Hiroshima-ben, I started to wonder if\nthis tense distinction was present in Kansai area too?\n\nIs it archaic and getting extinct now because of hyōjungo prevalence?\n\nOr maybe 「masu-stem」＋よる does have different function in Kansai-ben?",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T07:37:09.947",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28277",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-26T11:48:18.813",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"dialects",
"kansai-ben",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Function of 「masu-stem」＋よる in Kansai-ben",
"view_count": 1657
} | [
{
"body": "As you noticed, the auxiliary verb\n[よる](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B-406886), used in the form of\n\"連用形＋よる\", mainly in the western part of Japan, has two different functions.\n\nOne is よる used to form the progressive form, which corresponds to ～ている in 標準語:\n\n> * 「今、なにしよるん?」「勉強しよるんじゃ。」 (広島弁) \n> ≒ 「今、なんしょーん?」「勉強しょんじゃ。」 (contracted 広島弁) \n> ≒ 「今、何しているの?」「勉強しているんだ。」 (標準語) \n> ≒ \"What are you doing now?\" \"I'm studying.\"\n>\n\nAnother usage of よる is related to accusation, surprise, or just plain\nemphasis. This is partly similar to\n[～やがる](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/221163/m0u/) used also in slangy\n標準語.\n\n> * うわ、ほんまに来よった! (大阪弁) \n> ≒ うわ、本当に来やがった! (標準語) \n> ≒ [accusingly/surprisingly] Wow, (you/he/they) _did_ come! (although it was\n> not expected)\n> * 宝くじが当たりよった! (大阪弁) \n> ≒ 宝くじが当たった! (標準語) \n> ≒ I won a lottery! (not \"I was winning ...\")\n>\n\nI believe this kind of よる is not related to tense in any way.\n\nAnother example:\n\n> * あいつ、嘘を言いよった。(mainly 大阪弁) \n> ≒ [accusingly] He told a lie!\n> * それ、ママがいつも言いよった。(mainly 中国四国方言) \n> ≒ My mom was always saying that. (past progressive)\n>\n\n( **EDIT as per the comments below:** The 'progressive' usage of よる may be\nspecific to 中国四国方言 including 広島弁, and I am better at it than 大阪弁. See this\n[Wikipedia\ndiscussion](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80#.E6.96.87.E6.B3.95).\nI removed the word 関西弁 because it is ambiguous and [may or may not include\n中国方言](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%81).)\n\nI'm afraid I don't know whether 大阪弁 actually distinguishes between the perfect\ntense and the past tense in some way.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-26T09:01:07.840",
"id": "28283",
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"body": "In Kansai-ben (or, in Kyoto and Osaka), we say:\n\n〖する〗(do / will do): \n「する、言う、くる」 <-- 「する、いう、くる」 \n「しよる、いいよる、きよる*」 <-- 「する、いう、くる」 **+おる/よる** \n「しはる、いわはる、きはる」 <-- 「する、いう、くる」 **+はる** \n(*also pronounced しおる、いいおる、きおる)\n\n〖している〗(is doing / have done): \n「してる、言うてる、きてる」 <-- 「している、いっている、きている」 \n「しとる、いうとる、きとる*」 <-- 「している、いっている、きている」 **+おる/よる** \n「したはる、いうたはる、きたはる」 <-- 「している、いっている、きている」 **+はる** \n(*also pronounced しとおる、いうとおる、きとおる)\n\n〖した〗(did): \n「した、言うた、きた」 <-- 「した、いった、きた」 \n「しよった、いいよった、きよった*」 <-- 「した、いった、きた」 **+おる/よる** \n「しはった、いわはった、きはった」 <-- 「した、いった、きた」 **+はる** \n(*also pronounced しおった、いいおった、きおった)\n\n〖していた〗(was doing): \n「してた、言うてた、きてた」 <-- 「していた、いっていた、きていた」 \n「しとった、いうとった、きとった*」 <-- 「していた、いっていた、きていた」 **+おる/よる** \n「したはった、いうたはった、きたはった」 <-- 「していた、いっていた、きていた」 **+はる** \n(*also pronounced しとおった、いうとおった、きとおった)\n\n「～はる」 is mildly honorific. 「～おる/よる」 is mild やがる; it's like the opposite to\n「～はる」. I think はる is more used in Kyoto, and おる/よる is more used by men in\nKyoto and by both men and women in Osaka.\n\n* * *\n\nFor example:\n\n> あいつ、明日、[来]{く}る？ \n> -> あいつ、明日、来る？ / [来]{き}よる？ (来おる？)\n>\n> あいつ、今日、来てる？ \n> -> あいつ、今日、来てる？ / 来とる？ (来とおる？)\n>\n> あいつ、昨日、来た？ \n> -> あいつ、昨日、来た？ / 来よった？ (来おった？)\n>\n> あいつ、昨日、来てた？ \n> -> あいつ、昨日、来てた？ / 来とった？ (来とおった？)\n\n* * *\n\n(Although I am not sure if this answers your question:)\n\nFor \"The bus is coming\", I'd say:\n\n> バス(が)[来]{く}る(で), バス[来]{く}んで, バス[来]{き} **よる** (で) or バス[来]{き} **よん** で etc.\n\nFor \"The bus has already arrived\", I'd say:\n\n> バス(が)[来]{き}てる(で), バス[来]{き}てんで, バス[来]{き} **とる** (で), バス[来]{き} **とん** で etc.\n\nFor \"When I got up this morning and opened the window, it was raining. (still\nraining)\", I'd say:\n\n> 今朝起きて窓開けたら、雨降ってた。 or 雨降っ **とっ** た。etc.\n\nFor \"When I got up this morning and opened the window, I found it had rained.\n(already stopped.)\", I'd say:\n\n> 今朝起きて窓開けたら、雨降った[後]{あと}やった。 or 雨降り終わっ **とっ** た。etc.\n\nHope this helps.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 28277 | null | 28283 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28282",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In a book called 鉄道員 （ポッポヤ） I read following sentence:\n\n> 俺ァ、ポッポヤだから、身うちのことでなくわけいかんしょ。\n\n(This sentence is really only one sentence, it's his thought on something.)\nNotes: This ポッポヤ is an old man living somewhere in Hokkaido.\n\nNow, I never heard of いかん before, fortunately there was already a question\nasked for this [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/7035/how-\ndoes-the-use-\nof-%E3%81%84%E3%81%8B%E3%82%93%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF-\nin-this-question-determine-one-answer-over-another). But what does the\nadditional しょ mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T08:28:29.670",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28280",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
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"owner_user_id": "11253",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"dialects",
"suffixes"
],
"title": "Meaning of いかんしょ in following sentence",
"view_count": 271
} | [
{
"body": "> 俺ァ、ポッポヤだから、身うちのことでなくわけいかんしょ。\n\nis a collapsed/colloquial way of saying:\n\n> 俺は、ポッポ屋だから、[身内]{みうち}の[事]{こと}で[泣]{な}く[訳]{わけ}に(は)いかないでしょう。\n\nThe いかん is 行かん(=行かない), and the いかん in the linked question is [如何]{いかん}.\n\n~わけに(は)いかない means \"can't~\", \"not supposed to~\" or \"not allowed to~\".\n\nThe しょ at the end is Hokkaido dialect for\n[でしょう](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/151485/m0u/) (See naruto's\ncomment).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T08:45:19.517",
"id": "28282",
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"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "28280",
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"score": 2
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]
| 28280 | 28282 | 28282 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28289",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I can't really figure this out myself so I don't think I can really give an\nexample for this question so I'll just ask it and if it's too obscure to\nreally answer say something in the comments and I'll try to add to it.\n\nSo, you guys have really been helping me out explaining は and even が a little\nin a [previous\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28017/when-do-you-\nmark-%E3%81%8D%E3%82%87%E3%81%86-or-other-similar-relative-time-expressions-\nwith-%E3%81%AF), but now I'm wondering about marking location words with は and\nが.\n\nI know that usually に and へ usually mark the thing to which you do something\nand で usually marks where something takes place or by the means of which you\ndo something (by/with). So how do I know when to use a subject/topic marker to\nmark words like きっさてん、 としょかん、 がっこう etc. that would usually take に, へ, and で.\nI'm pretty sure I'm overthinking this, but whenever I start a sentence like\nthis がっこう に I'm always wondering if it shouldn't be the topic or subject or\nsomething. Forgive the probably somewhat vague question, but I seem to have a\nlot of problems/questions when it comes to particles.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-26T14:41:14.883",
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"id": "28288",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
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"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "Using location words with Subject/topic markers",
"view_count": 298
} | [
{
"body": "I'm not sure I understand what exactly you're asking and I don't know if this\nhelps, but objects can also be the _topic_ of a sentence (には, では, へは), but\nobjects can't be the _subject_ of a sentence.\n\nIf you want to use がっこう as an object, you can say がっこう **に**. If you want to\nalso make this object the topic of the sentence, you can use がっこう **には**.\n\nIf you want to use がっこう as the subject, you use がっこう **が**. If you want to\nalso make this subject the topic of the sentence, you use がっこう **は**.\n\nWhether がっこう becomes the topic of the sentence is independent of it being an\nobject or a subject. But がっこう can only be either an object or a subject, never\nboth.\n\n> がっこうには とけいが あります。 \n> At the school there is a clock.\n>\n> (スーパーは でんしゃで 10ぷんのところに あります。) \n> がっこうは ちかくに あります。 \n> There is a school in the neighbourhood.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T15:53:43.170",
"id": "28289",
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| 28288 | 28289 | 28289 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28292",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How should be translated the phrase \"上の二\" in the next sentence? :\n\n> 日本の[食堂]{しょくどう}に行くと、同じ料理が[並]{なみ}と上の二[種類]{しゅるい}あることがある。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-26T21:22:12.137",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28291",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T08:39:13.733",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-26T22:12:41.893",
"last_editor_user_id": "9364",
"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "上の+number - how should we translate it?",
"view_count": 140
} | [
{
"body": "You should parse that sentence as\n\"『同じ料理が、「並{なみ}」と「上{じょう}」の「[2]{に}種類{しゅるい}」ある』ことがある\". 並 is ordinary grade, 上 is\nhigh grade, 2種類 is two kinds.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T22:11:15.290",
"id": "28292",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3506",
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"score": 9
}
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| 28291 | 28292 | 28292 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "空に見る: to look at the sky\n\n空へ見る: to look towards the sky\n\nAre these correct or can を見る express the same concept?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-26T23:28:34.887",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28294",
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"owner_user_id": "11168",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Can directional particles be used with 見る?",
"view_count": 188
} | [
{
"body": "No, 空に見る and 空へ見る are incorrect.\n\n見る is a transitive verb, which must be used as ～を見る.\n\nIf you want to say \"to look towards the sky\", the translation is 空の方向を見る.",
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"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T05:49:29.950",
"id": "28302",
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"score": 2
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{
"body": "The correct sentence will be: 空を見る\n\n「方向」means \"direction\", but you don't need to use it in this case.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T08:26:09.630",
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| 28294 | null | 28302 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I'm familiar with the concept of how たくさん、多く、and 多い are used in relation to\nnouns (多くの人、人が多い、etc.) but I'm still unfamiliar with how you can say the\nexpression \"a lot of [verb]\". I know, for example, たくさん食べる means \"a lot of\neating,\" but I'm unsure if you need to distinguish 多く and 多い when it comes to\nverbs.\n\nIn addition, here's what I know; tell me if I got anything wrong.\n\n多く and 多い can carry an additional meaning of \"too much.\" たくさん doesn't.\n\nWhile there's a grammatical distinction between 多く and 多い, たくさん doesn't need\nthis.\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-26T23:42:09.677",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "たくさん vs. 多く vs. 多い when used on verbs?",
"view_count": 2816
} | [
{
"body": "First of all, I apologize for posting this as an answer, since I still don't\nhave enough reputation to post it as comment.\n\nI might be forgetting something but from what I remember, たくさん is more about\nintensity (but can also be about quantity depending on the context), while 多い\nand 多く are more about quantity.\n\n[this answer might provide a better\nexplanation](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/881/7668)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T10:01:27.013",
"id": "28307",
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"body": "At first, basic concept about some words which you posted is below.\n\n 1. \"多く\" and \"たくさん\" are adverbs, and these words are same meaning.\n 2. \"多い\" is adjective.\n\nBased on these, I share you some example sentences below.\n\n 1. (多く)たくさん + 食べる [adverb + verb]\n 2. (多く)たくさん + 飲む [adverb + verb]\n 3. 車が + 多い [subject + adjective]\n 4. 人が + 多い [subject + adjective]\n\nHope it helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T10:51:14.573",
"id": "28308",
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"score": 6
},
{
"body": "In addition to htcoelho's link, I'd like to point out that たくさん doesn't mean\nsomething is common, I mean, for example, you can say 多くの人はスマートフォンを使っている for\n\"many people use smartphones\" meaning that use of smartphones is common. But\nyou can't say たくさんの人は… in that meaning. (If it meant \"a person who has a lot\nof something uses a smartphone\", it would be fine.)\n\n(Though this is complicated and may be confusing) That said, when you\nreconstruct it through spectrum of neutral description, you can say\nたくさんの人が…使っている. Being common is now regarded as largeness of amount in a moment\nthat's cut out by observation. In addition, you can say こんにちでは、たくさんの人が…, for\nsome reason.\n\nEdit: たくさん can mean \"too much\" too. e.g. もう たくさんだ！ It's enough!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T15:13:43.390",
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| 28295 | null | 28308 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28298",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "So I'm practicing how to count the strokes of a Kanji. I've been having\ntroubles for this one since I can't find it on Jisho. So I've wanted to ask:\nam I even right with the number of strokes?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/yHPtV.png)\n\nIf not, is there an easier way to count the strokes of a Kanji? And since I\ncan't find the Kanji at all, can somebody tell me which Kanji is?\n\nThank you in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T03:48:52.710",
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"owner_user_id": "6997",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"stroke-count"
],
"title": "Stroke recognition in this kanji?",
"view_count": 346
} | [
{
"body": "Yes; 12 is correct.\n\nYou can look up the stroke count from any dictionary, such as\n[JDIC](http://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1B).\n\nLook at the `[画数]` for `満` and you will see that it is 12.\n\n(At least I think you are looking at `満`)",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T03:59:04.450",
"id": "28298",
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{
"body": "The (free) computer application [Wakan](http://wakan.manga.cz/) has the option\nto specify a rough number of strokes and the radical (or radicals) to narrow\ndown your search -- so if you're convinced it has 12 strokes and it's not\nshowing up, expand the window to 11-13 strokes, etc.\n\nThis sort of functionality is also available on the (free)\n[KanjiDraw](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.leafdigital.kanji.android)\napplication for Android, and if I recall correctly the Chinese handwriting pad\non iOS is one of the few algorithms that is not heavily stroke-dependent (so\nmay recognize your attempt even if you're drawing in 1 stroke something that\nis properly 2 strokes, which I'm often guilty of)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T12:19:01.463",
"id": "28310",
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{
"body": "You can use the following site for the stroke numbers in kanji\n<http://jiten.go-kanken.com/>\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/4v59T.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/QRhpQ.png)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jW5zc.png)",
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| 28297 | 28298 | 28298 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28314",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In old stories I often find the following structure:\n\n> _general place_ **は** _specific place_ **、** _story unfolds_\n\nfor example:\n\n> ① 江戸は芝、増上寺門前町で _(例: ◯◯人が歩いた)_ \n> ② 東海道は宮宿、ただいま名古屋市の熱田神宮辺で _(例: ◯◯浪人の二人が出会った)_\n\n * I took it for granted so far, but how exactly does it work? What is the function of **は**? It just sets the place of the story, so it is hard to call it \"topic marker\".\n\n * Why place names are not combined with の particle like 「江戸の芝の増上寺門前町で〜」 or 「東海道の宮宿はただ今〜」?\n\n * Is this construction limited to literature? Is it used contemporarily? Like let's say... 「東京は新宿、JR駅前にコカ・コーラの自動販売機がございます」 :) How does it sound?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T06:14:04.970",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28303",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-03T15:22:24.387",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-04T01:13:41.540",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は",
"archaic-language"
],
"title": "Grammatical construction「placeはsubplace、story」 as an introduction",
"view_count": 274
} | [
{
"body": "It is a little remnant of [美文調]{びぶんちょう}, the ornate writing style that was\npopular in the literary circle for a decade or two in Meiji Era. The style as\na whole has largely, if not completely, died out in literature but has\nremained alive in [浪曲]{ろうきょく}, which is a recitation of stories that sounds\nlike a mixture of singing and speaking. (Please go to YouTube if interested.)\n\nThe pattern 「Place + **は** + Sub-place」 is probably much more common even\ntoday than Japanese-learners might think. In documentaries, narrations,\nstories, etc. we still use it quite often. In meaning, it is exactly the same\nas 「Place + **の** + Sub-place」. So, we say things like:\n\n「今、イギリス **は** ロンドンからメールしています。」\"I am now e-mailing from London, England.\"\n\n「京大 **は** 経済学部の出身です。」\"I hail from the Economics Department of Kyoto\nUniversity.\"\n\nIn both sentences above, the 「は」 functions as a fancy version of 「の」.\n\n> I took it for granted so far, but how exactly does it work? What is the\n> function of は? It just sets the place of the story, so it is hard to call it\n> \"topic marker\".\n\nIt is no topic marker; It is a [係助詞]{かかりじょし} (a binding particle). It is used\nto specify the preceding word/phrase. That is to say the pattern will always\nbe:\n\n> 「Larger & More General Entity + **は or の** + Smaller & More Specific Entity」\n\nAs I stated above, this 「は」 is used just like 「の」 in the \"usual\", non-ornate\nspeech style.\n\n> Why place names are not combined with の particle like 「江戸の芝の増上寺門前町で〜」 or\n> 「東海道の宮宿はただ今〜」?\n\nBecause that would not help create one's intended aesthetic effect, which in\nthis case is a **_more stylized story-opener with dramatic impact_**. Any\n3-year-old native speaker could form those phrases using 「の」. Using 「の」 would\nonly make the phrases sound \"bare factual\", which is fine as you do not expect\na 3-year-old to speak an ornate type of language.\n\n> Is this construction limited to literature? Is it used contemporarily? Like\n> let's say... 「東京は新宿、JR駅前にコカ・コーラの自動販売機がございます」 :) How does it sound?\n\nThough it might depend on the larger context, that sentence sounds pretty\nfunny (and unnatural) all by itself if I may be honest. Why? Because it is a\ncold and factual piece of information that one is trying to convey. Where is\nthe need to dramatize it?\n\nThis 「は」 is used over 「の」 contemporarily in personal letters, conversations,\nself-introductions, etc. by quite a few adults if not by teenagers.\n\nIf I asked someone where he was from and he just said 「北海道です。」, I might reply\n「北海道 **は** どちらですか。」 to ask for a specific city or region. Unless the other\nperson is a kid or teenager, I would rarely use 「の」 there as it would not make\nme sound like a seasoned speaker.\n\nUnlike the sentence about the location of a Coke machine that you mentioned,\nthis is about a real person that I am trying to get to know. That makes a huge\ndifference even though I know Coke is real as well.",
"comment_count": 5,
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| 28303 | 28314 | 28314 |
{
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"body": "I am having confusion with the follow two sentences. Currently I am preparing\nJLPT N5 so please answer accordingly (I can't understand very advanced\nexplanations).\n\n> 私は日曜日国へ帰ります\n>\n> 私は誕生日に国へ帰ります\n\nSo there are expressions of time where we should use に and some where we\nshouldn't . Can anyone classify for which expressions of time we should に\nparticle and where we shouldn't. I read that for specific \"time\" we should use\nに but then also it seems like 日曜日 is a specific time. So why are we not using\nに particle here. These examples are from a book.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T06:17:19.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28304",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4370",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "Almost similar looking sentences with and without に particle",
"view_count": 216
} | [
{
"body": "Check these sentences which I wrote in English below.\n\n> 私は日曜日国へ帰ります → I will go to (my or someone's) country on (this, next or\n> someday) Sunday. \n> 私は誕生日に国へ帰ります → I will go to (my or someone's) country at (my or someone's)\n> birthday.\n\nAs you can see my sentences, these Japanese sentences have some unclear\npoints. In short, these are lack of \"whose?\" and \"when?\".\n\nIf I write Japanese sentence, for example, it is below:\n\n> I will go to my country on next Sunday. → 私は次の日曜日に自分の国へ帰ります。 \n> I will go to my country at my mother's birthday. → 私は私の母の誕生日に自分の国へ帰ります。\n\nHope it helps.\n\nThanks",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T08:20:35.157",
"id": "28305",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-27T08:36:01.897",
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{
"body": "It's said that words that mean absolute time are accompanied with に while\nrelative ones are not.\n\n今日、きのう、明日、今週、先週、来週 or 今年 are ones that are used without に to indicate when\nsomething occurs. (Of course, they can be an (indirect) object in a sentence\nlike (予定を)今日にする, besides that.)\n\n日曜日 or 週末 are ones that might take に.\n\n誕生日 or ◯月◯日 are ones that almost always call for に.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T14:35:35.367",
"id": "28313",
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{
"body": "Both sentences are OK.\n\nThe difference is the 1st one is more colloquial.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 28304 | null | 28313 |
{
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"body": "How should the phrase おこの[沙汰]{さた}だ be translated in the following sentence?\n\n> [太陽光発電]{たいようこうはつでん}に[馬鹿高]{ばかだか}い[補助金]{ほじょきん}を[出]{だ}すのは **おこの[沙汰]{さた}だ**\n> というのが[正直]{しょうじき}なところだ。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T09:06:39.527",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2016-09-19T11:20:42.313",
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"owner_user_id": "9364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "おこの沙汰だ - how should we translate it?",
"view_count": 190
} | [
{
"body": "It means: Impertinence, Absurdity",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T08:15:52.673",
"id": "28347",
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{
"body": "It means \"absurd thing,\" \"absurdity.\"\n\n * おこ came from an Old Japanese adjective をこ-なり which means \"stupid, absurd.\" It only survives in set phrases such this one.\n\nをこなり: [Weblio古語辞典:\nをこなり](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%92%E3%81%93%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A)\n\n * 沙汰 is a Modern Japanese word, and in this case simply means \"thing.\"\n\n狂気の沙汰 crazy thing (crazy situation, deed and so on)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-09-19T10:53:42.627",
"id": "39313",
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| 28306 | null | 39313 |
{
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"body": "This has mostly to do with me not understanding Keigo well, so when I enter\nrestaurants or other service-based businesses, and they talk in Keigo to me, I\nhardly ever understand, which is why I always struggle my away around the\nconvos somehow.\n\nSo, would it be rude to ask the staff, which actually _has_ to talk in Keigo\nto you, to change to Teineigo, so I understand?\n\nAnd to further generalize: Is it even _ok_ to ask the conversation partner to\nchange the speaking form he's using?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T11:41:03.357",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "11253",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"culture",
"keigo"
],
"title": "Is it rude to ask a Japanese person using keigo to speak less formally? How to do it politely?",
"view_count": 2669
} | [
{
"body": "It is not rude if you explain why you want them to speak casually.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T12:52:42.557",
"id": "28311",
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"body": "Basically, as nominozomy-san said, it's not rude, because most Japanese people\nwill understand such a situation. I think the situation in other countries is\nthe same. I'm Japanese, but Teinei-go has proved difficult for me to master.\nSo, please don't be concerned over it. It is important for you to continue\nyour studies (speaking Japanese and so on) and not to be afraid to do so. And\nif you keep on using Teinei-go, you will build up your skill gradually.\n\nHope this helps",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T13:54:59.713",
"id": "28312",
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{
"body": "Asking someone to speak in plain Japanese is not rude if it's done nicely.\nHowever, asking someone to speak in Teineigo seems strange, I would say.\nBecause it sounds like a challenge.\n\nKeigo(敬語) is composed of Sonkeigo(尊敬語), Kenjogo(謙譲語) and Teineigo(丁寧語). So, a\nTeineigo-only conversation sounds like a sorting Keigo quiz or something.\n\nHow about asking them like this?\n\n> 「すみません、[簡単]{かん・たん}な[日本語]{に・ほん・ご}でお[願]{ねが}いします。」\n\nor\n\n> 「すみません、簡単な[言葉]{こと・ば}でお願いします。」\n\nThese sentences are polite and don't specify what kind of speech to use. So\nthey might reply in plain casual Japanese, or probably in very simple Keigo.\n\nI think they, waiters/waitresses or some other kind of staff, want to\ncommunicate with you to do their jobs. It's nice to tell them that you know\nbasic Japanese words by asking them to speak in plain Japanese. I guess that\nthey will be happy to use simple Japanese phrases for you, because it's much\neasier for them to speak Japanese than to speak other languages such as\nEnglish, Chinese, French, etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-27T16:05:19.647",
"id": "28319",
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"owner_user_id": "10484",
"parent_id": "28309",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 28309 | 28319 | 28319 |
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