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"body": "> 「...そんなはずがあるか」と信じてくれなかった。\n>\n> ...Is such a thing to be expected? He didn't believe me.\n\nI'm used to くれる being used to express the idea that the verb was done for the\nbenefit of the speaker. I don't see how that pattern works here. Can some one\nplease explain why くれる is needed in this sentence. I've not used the verb 信じる\nbefore. Thanks.",
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"title": "Use of くれる with 信じる",
"view_count": 242
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{
"body": "When someone believes you, they are giving you their belief. English has a\nsimilar phrase, \"to give the benefit of the doubt.\" くれる, もらう, and so on are\nnot restricted to physical gifts; they are quite flexible.\n\nWhy is くれる needed in this sentence? I don't think it is needed exactly, but it\nprovides context and flavor by implying that the speaker was the one who was\nnot believed.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-18T21:54:08.143",
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"body": "I might suggest a slightly different nuance in understanding the\n[[補助動詞]{ほじょどうし}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E)\nくれる.\n\nIn question forms, it asks whether someone would do something for the speaker.\n\nIn the past tense, it expresses when the speaker's judgment that he received\nsome benefit from the action of the main verb.\n\nThus,\n\n> アイスを買ってくれた。\n\nis not merely \"he bought ice cream\" , but he bought ice cream _for me_. Or he\nbought me an ice cream.\n\nSo while you're translating:\n\n> 「...そんなはずがあるか」と信じてくれなかった。\n\nto\n\n> ...Is such a thing to be expected? He didn't believe me.\n\nYou're stripping the くれる nuance out.\n\n* * *\n\nIn a negated form, くれなかった means that the speaker judges that they did not\nreceive the benefit of the main verb.\n\nFor the last part, I might suggest:\n\n> He wasn't willing to believe me.\n\nOR\n\n> He didn't want to believe me.\n\n* * *\n\nFor the earlier part, depending on context, I might go with:\n\n> \"Is that really the reason why?\"\n\nand pull them together,\n\n> He said \"is that really the reason why?\" and wasn't willing to believe me.",
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"body": "Recently I've been studying Japanese and although I still have a lot to learn;\nI decided to try and translate some lyrics, to help myself improve and learn\nmore than what's taught in books. If anyone could check my translation of the\nsong, it'd be much appreciated! \n \n\nHere are the lyrics:\n\n> どこか遠くへ行きたい 電波もないどこかへ \n> ごらん満天の夜光 僕が指差す場所 \n> Going towards somewhere far away Somewhere where there aren’t even radio\n> waves \n> Watching the who sky’s night lights, I point at the location \n> \n>\n>\n> 線香花火は時間{とき}の儚さ教えてくれる \n> 揺れる夏草の合唱 とても心地いいな \n> The sparkler tells us the transience of time coming to an end \n> The swaying summer grass’ chorus feels very good \n>\n>\n> さぁ帰ろう君の待つ街まで \n> 伝えたい事があるよ ほんの一言さ \n> Now, Returning to your street, I wait \n> Just a word of the things I want to tell you \n> \n>\n>\n> Sha la la 蛍の光よ夜空に舞え \n> たとえ僅かな明かりでも君を照らし続けよう \n> Shalala The firefly’s light dances in the night sky \n> Even if there's only a slight illumination, your light continues \n> \n>\n>\n> 「永遠という一瞬」手のひらで転がせば \n> まるで宵の月みたく切なくて脆いな \n> “This moment of eternity” Your palm rolls into a circle \n> I want to see the moon as if the tender hearted is painful \n> \n>\n>\n> Sha la la 蛍の光よ届けてくれ \n> 遠く離れた場所だって君を想い続けよう \n> Shalala Please deliver the fireflies’ light to me \n> Because although we're separated, the thought of you continues even if\n> you’re far away \n> \n>\n>\n> ねぇ、過去は忘れてしまうものかな \n> 愛された事さえも 愛した事でさえも \n> Hey, I wonder if the past is completely forgotten \n> Even the things I loved, even the things I love \n> \n>\n>\n> Sha la la 蛍の光よ夜空に舞え \n> たとえ僅かな明かりでも君を照らし続けよう \n> Shalala The firefly’s light dances in the night sky \n> Even if there's only a slight illumination, your light continues \n> \n>\n>\n> Sha la la 逢いたくても逢えぬ夏の恋 \n> また巡り逢うその折はあの頃の気持ちのままで \n> Shalala, I can't meet you but I want to meet you even if it's a summer love \n> Even if we happen to meet by chance again, the feelings from those days\n> remain. \n> \n>\n>\n> 季節と共に去りぬ \n> Gone with the season.\n\nPlease excuse any extreme mistakes I've made. As mentioned above, any help at\nall (even a little) is greatly appreciated!",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T03:03:22.330",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"song-lyrics"
],
"title": "Could someone please check my translation of these lyrics?",
"view_count": 413
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{
"body": "As I'm neither an artist nor a native English speaker, please take them as\npurely grammatical advice rather than the recommended translation.\n\n> どこか遠くへ行きたい 電波もないどこかへ \n> _I want to go_ towards somewhere far away Somewhere where even _no_ radio\n> waves _reach_\n\nI wasn't sure \"there aren’t even radio waves\" has the same connotation, but 電波\nin Japanese is often used for \"signal\" or \"reception\" of wireless\ncommunications.\n\n> ごらん満天の夜光 僕が指差す場所 \n> _See_ the whole sky’s night lights, _(look at) the place I'm pointing at_\n\nごらん is a soft word to say \"behold\" or \"see\", but you might only hear it in\nfictional works nowadays. `dictionary form` + `noun` makes a relative clause,\nthough there are many translated lyrics on the internet that fail at this\npoint.\n\n> さぁ帰ろう君の待つ街まで \n> Now, _I'll return to the town where you wait_\n\nThe sentence is inverted for a rhetorical reason. The ordinary word order is\nさぁ君の待つ街まで帰ろう. The kanji 街 _is_ for \"street\", except when it's used on its own.\nIn this case it reads まち and means \"town\" (I'd imagine a certain area in a\nlarge city). の in 君の待つ is equal to が, [you can use them interchangeably in\nrelative clauses](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/7810).\n\n> Sha la la 蛍の光よ夜空に舞え \n> Shalala _Dance, fireflies' lights,_ in the night sky\n\nよ is the vocative particle, \"O fireflies' lights\". 舞え is the imperative\n(command form) of 舞う.\n\n> たとえ僅かな明かりでも君を照らし続けよう \n> Even if _that's_ only a slight illumination, _I'll keep on shining on you_\n\n君 is the object of verb 照らす. `masu-form stem` + 続ける means \"continue to V\".\nIt's one of 複合動詞 (compound verbs).\n\n> 「永遠という一瞬」手のひらで転がせば \n> “This moment of eternity” _When I roll it on my palm_\n\nで is a particle for location: \"at/on/in...\". 転がせば is the hypothetical form\n(not subjunctive) \"if one rolls\" of 転がす (\"roll (tr.)\"). ~~Meanwhile, the\nsubject of the sentence is unknown, so here I used generic _you_.~~ I'd like\nto assume the subject is _I_ , because な at the end of the next line makes it\ninterpretable as a direct experience.\n\n> まるで宵の月みたく切なくて脆いな \n> _It feels as fragile and_ painful _as the evening moon_\n\nI had no idea how your translation was going on at this part. [みたく is a\nsubstandard equivalent for\nみたいに](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24089/7810). 切ない is a sorrow-like\nemotion typically felt when you're missing or longing for something.\n\n> Sha la la 蛍の光よ届けてくれ \n> 遠く離れた場所だって君を想い続けよう \n> Shalala Deliver _it, fireflies’ lights_ \n> _I'll continue to think about you_ even if you’re far away\n\nSame as above.\n\n> ねぇ、過去は忘れてしまうものかな \n> Hey, I wonder if the past is _something easy to forget (tends to be\n> forgotten)_\n\nしまう emphasizes \"unexpectedness\" rather than \"completeness\".\n\n> 愛された事さえも 愛した事でさえも \n> Even _the fact that I was loved_ , even _the fact that I loved (you)_\n\nHere is the tricky part of Japanese relative clause. [Japanese allows\nappositive relation](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14541/7810), where 事\nactually refers to the very event of \"愛された\".\n\n> Sha la la 逢いたくても逢えぬ夏の恋 \n> Shalala, _a summer love:_ I can't meet you but I want to meet you\n\nAnother gapless relative clause.\n\n> また巡り逢うその折はあの頃の気持ちのままで \n> _Were we to_ happen to meet by chance again, _let us remain with_ the\n> feelings from those days\n\nいよう \"let's be\", \"shall be\" (< いる \"(of animate thing) be\") is omitted here.\n\n(Of course, feel free to point out my English errors and incomprehensible\nparts in my answer...)\n\n* * *\n\n**_Acknowledgements:_** Thanks to @choco for correction and advice!",
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{
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"body": "* What is the difference between たくさんの本を読んで and 本をたくさん読んで?\n\n * Is たくさん an adverb in this case?\n\nAnother example, 多くの食料が輸入される and 食料が多く輸入される where 多く is an adverb here.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T05:35:47.913",
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"tags": [
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"title": "たくさんの本を読んで versus 本をたくさん読んで",
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{
"body": "I think it's a difference in emphasis.\n\nCase 1:\n\n> **たくさん** の本を読んで\n\nHere the thing that is emphasized is the number of books read. It's saying:\n(I) read a **lot of books**.\n\nCase 2:\n\n> 本を **たくさん** 読んで\n\nHere the thing that is emphasized is the action of reading. It's saying: (I)\ndo a **lot of reading** of books.\n\nThat said, I think they're mostly equivalent.",
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"body": "「たくさんの本を読んで」 and 「本をたくさん読んで」 have the same meaning which is \"read many books\nthen...\", \"because of reading many books, ...\" or something like that, I\nthink.\n\nたくさん in 「たくさんの本を読んで」 is a noun.\n\nたくさん in 「本をたくさん読んで」 is a noun originally, but it's working as an adverb here.\n\nWhich たくさん should be used in a sentence depends on the context or the other\nwords in the sentence.\n\n###\n\nOne of the purposes of using adverb-type たくさん is not to use too many の in a\nsentence. For example,\n\n> おばあちゃん **の** [家]{いえ} **の** [近所]{きんじょ} **の** [図書館]{としょかん} **の** たくさん **の**\n> [本]{ほん}を[読]{よ}んで、[僕]{ぼく}は[天気]{てんき}と[気象]{きしょう}について[詳]{くわ}しくなった。\n\nthis sentence contains five のs and it sounds too many. In some situations,\nusing many のs sounds childish or having a poorer writing/speaking skill. There\nis a Japanese picture book called 『[これはのみのぴこ](http://amzn.to/1J3HJWx)』 in\nwhich の is used again and again, and the sentence seems to keep growing\nforever. ([This is the cover and last page of the\nbook](http://ameblo.jp/koccun/entry-11346448520.html), if you are interested\nin it.) It's fun and I like it. But the way of using の like the book is not\npractical for most adults.\n\nUsing adverb-type たくさん helps polish the sentence.\n\n> おばあちゃん **の** 家 **の** 近所 **の** 図書館 **の** 本を **たくさん** 読んで、僕は天気と気象について詳しくなった。\n\nAnd dividing a sequence of の is commonly preferred. The sentence above can be\nmodified like this.\n\n> おばあちゃん **の** 家 **の** 近所 **にある** 図書館 **の** 本を **たくさん** 読んで、僕は天気と気象について詳しくなった。\n\nThis sentence looks better than the five-の version of it.\n\nIf there is no other の before 本を, 「たくさんの本を読んで」 is totally fine.\n\n###\n\nI think that 「多くの食料が輸入される」 and 「食料が多く輸入される」 also have the same meaning which\nis \"Many foods are imported.\" or something like that.\n\nIn both cases of たくさん and 多く, it's common for Japanese people to select noun\none or adverb one in order to make the meaning of a sentence clearer and to\nmake a sentence sophisticated. I guess that the word balance in a sentence or\nsentences is the key. For example,\n\n> **多くの** 食料が **安全に** 輸入される。\n\nin this case, 輸入される already has a modifier 安全に before it. So, if a speaker\nsays 「食料が多く安全に輸入される。」, the listener might feel it's a little congested before\n輸入される while there is no word before 食料が, and her/his understanding process\nmight not go smoothly. 「多くの食料が安全に輸入される。」 sounds more balanced and natural.\n\n> **家畜用の** 食料が **多く** 輸入される。\n\nIn this case, 食料 has a modifier 家畜用の before it. So, putting 多く before 輸入される is\na better idea than 「多くの家畜用の食料が輸入される。」, I think. 「多くの家畜用の食料が輸入される。」 is not\nwrong, though.\n\nIf I combine the two sentences above to form a new sentence, I would say\n\n> 多くの家畜用の食料は、安全に輸入される。\n\nThis order of modifiers sounds natural to me. (By the way, I'm Japanese.)\n\n###\n\nPlease note that there are other reasons people use noun-type one or adverb-\ntype one. I can't explain all of them, sorry. I hope this answer is helpful.",
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| 27483 | 27490 | 27490 |
{
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"body": "今日仕事で、出張の日程についてメールを書きました。三人が同じ学会で発表しますが、一人一人は違う場所から出発します。一人目の分も二人目の分も日程をきちんと書いていましたが、三人目については省略しようと思い、このように書きました。\n\n> X先生は国際便が一緒に乗るようにして、X街からの便が多くのため、私は決めることができません。\n\n= X-sensei should be on the same international flight, but since there are\nmany flights from his city, I cannot decide for him.\n\n多分これも間違いがあるのではないかと思いますが、ここで質問したいのは、下書きで書いて結局送らなかった、次の別案についてです。\n\n> X先生は国際便を一緒なようにして、...\n\n= X-sensei should be put with us on the same international flight (かな)\n\nこの「一緒なように」は日本語として不自然だったり、意味が通らない表現でしょうか。\n\n（もちろん、この質問の日本語への訂正もご遠慮なく）\n\n* * *\n\nToday, during work, I was writing an e-mail about a business trip's itinerary.\nThere are three of us presenting a the same conference, but each of us is\ngoing from a different city. I wrote out the first person's plan and the\nsecond person's plan, but I wanted to abbreviate the third person's plan. I\nwrote a sentence like this:\n\n> X先生は国際便が一緒に乗るようにして、X街からの便が多くのため、私は決めることができません。\n\nWhile there are probably grammatical problems with that sentence, my question\nis about a different thought I had in draft I didn't send where I wrote the\nfollowing sentence:\n\n> X先生は国際便を一緒なようにして、...\n\nMy question is whether 一緒なように is unnatural and/or incomprehensible Japanese.\n\n(Of course corrections to the Japanese in the question are appreciated).",
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"tags": [
"usage",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "「一緒なように」は不自然かどうか",
"view_count": 413
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{
"body": "(I still don't really get the situation where you leave a different city and\nnevertheless board on the same plane, however ...)\n\nOne example I now come up with is Ｘ先生と一緒の国際便に **なるように**\n*したいのですが、先生の街からの便がたくさんあって (or あるので)、どれにすればいいか わかりません.\n\n(* I edited according to what's noticed in the comment)\n\nX先生と国際便 ~~を~~ が 一緒なようにしたいのですが works too.\n\nTo translate \"X-sensei should be on the same international flight\" as\nstraightforwardly as possible, you can do it to Ｘ先生は一緒の国際便に乗ることになっているのですが.\n\n~~Here, X先生は(国際)便を一緒にすることに… works too. But making the sentence obscure with\n…なように seems pointless to me.~~",
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"body": "日本語でのご質問ですので、日本語で回答させていただきます。\n\n* * *\n\nご質問にあるような状況において「一緒なように」という表現を用いることは、不自然だと思います。意味は伝わりますが……。\n\n仕事で、相手に何か行動を促したり、目的となる状態や行動を伝えたり等する場合に使う「〜ように」という表現は、一般的には、 **動詞の後** に用います。「\n**動詞＋ように** 」という言い方をすると、伝える内容が明確になりますし、また、くだけていない話し方に聞こえるからです。\n\n「一緒な」は「な形容詞」です。な形容詞の後に直接「〜ように」をつけると、動詞が省略されているように感じる場合が多いです。くだけた表現になっている印象です。\n\n例えば、\n\n> Ａ「この機能をより **便利に使えるように** 改良して、新商品として発売しましょう。」\n>\n> Ｂ「この機能をより **便利なように** 改良して、新商品として発売しましょう。」\n\nこのふたつの文は、意味はほぼ同じですが、Ａのほうがより社会人らしい、きちんとした話し方をしている印象です。\n\n###\n\n漢字に直接「な」をつける種類の な形容詞等を、礼儀の求められる場や仕事で使う場合には、少々注意が必要です。\n\n「漢字＋な」という表現は、歴史的にみると比較的新しい言い方で、まだ完全には社会に浸透していないものもあるからです。まだ大多数の人々に受け入れられていない用法は、俗語的に聞こえたり、くだけた表現と思われたりします。\n\n仕事でも使える「漢字＋な」には、例えば以下の語があります。\n\n> **便利な** 機能、 **不便な** ドア、 **大変な** 事態、 **簡単な** 作業、 **有名な** アプリ、\n>\n> **安全な** 環境、 **特別な** 日、 **不思議な** 出来事、 **親切な** 言葉、 **自由な** 時間、\n>\n> **無理な** お願い、 **丁寧な** 挨拶、 **親密な** 関係、 **極端な** 話、 **精密な** 機械、\n>\n> **必要な** 経費、 **清潔な** 服装、 **着実な** 進歩、 **身近な** 人、他多数\n\n日常会話で使うことはありますが、仕事で用いるには適切でない、くだけた表現と思われがちな「漢字＋な」の例は、\n\n> **一緒な** 友達 → 「一緒の友達」「一緒にいる友達」「同じ友達」\n>\n> **普通な** 会話 → 「普通の会話」\n>\n> **我慢な** 時 → 「我慢の時」「我慢する時」\n>\n> **(地名)な** 人 → 「(地名)在住の人」「(地名)出身の人」\n\n等があります。このような表現の中には、厳密に言えば、な形容詞に分類されないものもあります。右側に表記したものが、仕事でも使える適切な表現になります。\n\n###\n\n「漢字＋送りがな」という形の語は、その言葉自体が適切であれば、「な形容詞化することで不適切な表現に変わる」という可能性は、ほぼありません。\n\n> **静かな** 郊外、 **鮮やかな** 色、 **爽やかな** 笑顔、\n>\n> **好きな** 仕事、 **嫌いな** 飲み物、\n>\n> **大げさな** 言い方、 **切れ切れな** 声、\n>\n> 何か **言いたげな** 表情、他多数\n\nこれには、もともと漢字である語を平仮名で表記したものは、当てはまりません。例えば、「一緒な友人」を「一しょな友人」と書いても、仕事で使える適切な表現にはなりません。\n\n* * *\n\nメール文についてですが、私でしたら、このように書くと思います。\n\n> 国際線は、Ｘ先生も同じ便にお乗りいただくかたちで【手配いたしました。／ 手配する予定です。】\n>\n> 国内線のＣ空港発・Ｄ空港着の便は多数あるため、Ｘ先生のご都合に合う便をお選びいただくと良いかと思います。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-20T09:56:35.980",
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| 27484 | 27520 | 27520 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27487",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Both 日本 and 料理{りょうり} are nouns but why aren't they concatenated with の? I\nthink it should be written as 日本の料理 rather than 日本料理.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T08:07:24.183",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の",
"compounds"
],
"title": "Why isn't 日本料理 written as 日本の料理?",
"view_count": 755
} | [
{
"body": "Noun+noun compound words like 日本料理 are quite common in Japanese and do not\nrequire の to concatenate.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T08:46:47.837",
"id": "27486",
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{
"body": "I think the difference is somehow similar to that between _ice cream_ and\n_iced cream_ , or _popcorn_ and _popped corn_.\n\nWhen you combine two nouns directly, it becomes one fixed idea. 日本料理 is the\nname of traditionally recognized Japanese local cuisine, in the same way\nFrench cuisine, Chinese cuisine or Turkish cuisine are. It includes _sushi_ ,\n_soba_ , _tempura_ etc.\n\n日本の料理 is simply \"cooking in/from/of/etc. Japan\". It _could_ tell similar\nnotion to 日本料理, but also _could_ just mean \"meal you ate in Japan\".",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T10:02:41.977",
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| 27485 | 27487 | 27487 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27502",
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"body": "In English, there's an expression, 'What kind of ~~~ is/am/are\nhe/she/it/they/you/I?' used as a rhetorical question meaning the thing in\nquestion is not a very good example of a ~~~. I'd like to know if there's a\nsimilar use in Japanese. (A literal translation might be\nどんな～～～なの・なんだ・なんですか・なんです, but I don't think that works.)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T13:58:19.087",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "What kind of ~~~ is it?",
"view_count": 4242
} | [
{
"body": "The phrase that immediately comes to my mind is どのような～～～ + question ending.\n\nBased on EDICT:\n\n> どの: (adj-pn) which, what (way) \n> 様（よう）: (n-suf, n) appearance, form, style, design, method, similar to, like \n> どの様: (na-adj) what sort, what kind",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T18:07:32.560",
"id": "27502",
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| 27492 | 27502 | 27502 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27494",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How exactly do you say \"but\" when it's an information situation and the fist\nsentence is in plain form? In formal speech it would be something like this:\n\n> 漢字が読めます **が** 、漢字が書けません。\n\nIn informal speech, what would the **が** become? _(Without using でも)_\n\n> 漢字が読める＿＿、漢字が書けない。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T14:33:11.357",
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"id": "27493",
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"owner_user_id": "9915",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "Conjunction after verb in dictionary form",
"view_count": 77
} | [
{
"body": "You can still use が even if it does not follow マス形. That said\n\n> 漢字が読めるが、漢字が書けない。\n\nis grammatical.\n\nThere are some alternatives けど<けれど<けども<けれども (least to most formal):\n\n> 漢字が読めるけど、漢字が書けない。 \n> 漢字が読めるけども、漢字が書けない。 \n> 漢字が読めるけれども、漢字が書けない。",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 27493 | 27494 | 27494 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27498",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "\"六日\" means \"the 6th day of the month\". \n\"六日間\" means a \"time period of six days\".\n\nIn a textbook, I found this example: \"六日目の朝\". How would you say that in\nEnglish?\n\nI _think_ that \"六日目\" means an abstract kind of \"6th day\"? But, what is that\n\"6th\" day relative to? What are some examples that use \"~日目\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T15:06:10.393",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"counters"
],
"title": "Usage of \"六日目\", \"七日目\", \"八日目\", etc.?",
"view_count": 1507
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{
"body": "It's just what you probably already guessed:\n\n> 六日目の朝 \n> the morning of the sixth day\n\n_relative to the beginning of the story/narrative_ (i.e. it doesn't have to\nmean \"6th of the month\"). You know how to use `th day`:\n\n> The **first day** we went to the park. [Blah blah blah.] On the morning of\n> the six **th day** [we found ourselves tired from all the park-going and\n> decided to start smoking weed on an empty stomach].\n\nAs far as I can tell it works exactly the same in Japanese.",
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"id": "27496",
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"body": "You are correct that 六日目 means \"the 6th day\". Thus, 六日目の朝 is the morning of\nthe 6th day. Relative to what? Relative to whatever the context where it\nappears.\n\n> * 旅行の六日目に海に行った。 → On the 6th day of our trip, we went to the beach.\n> * 裁判の十日目 → The tenth day of the trial\n> * クルーズの二日目 → The second day of the cruise\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T15:33:07.117",
"id": "27497",
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"body": "As you stated, if you used 六日 alone it refers to the \"sixth of the month\".\nHowever, you may want to refer to the sixth day of something, where something\nwill be either defined by the context or explicitly expressed.\n\nIn that sense, I think that ～日目 is almost the same that 第～日, the latter being\nmore formal to my opinion.\n\nI did not have another example in mind, but, for example, wikipedia sums up\nthe beginning of the Book of Genisis the following way:\n\n> * 1日目 暗闇がある中、神は光を作り、昼と夜が出来た。\n> * 2日目 神は空（天）をつくった。\n> * 3日目 神は大地を作り、海が生まれ、地に植物をはえさせた。\n> * 4日目 神は太陽と月と星をつくった。\n> * 5日目 神は魚と鳥をつくった。\n> * 6日目 神は獣と家畜をつくり、神に似せた人をつくった。\n> * 7日目 神は休んだ。\n>\n\nFrom\n[天地創造](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9C%B0%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0)\n\nIf I would have wanted to state clearly that it is the sixth day of the\ncreation of the universe, I could have said, 天地創造の6日目.\n\nIn [one](http://bible.salterrae.net/kougo/html/genesis.html) of the\ntranslations of the Bible, you can see that 第～日 is used.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T15:33:29.290",
"id": "27498",
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| 27495 | 27498 | 27498 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Im having so much troubles trying to find a good explanation on how to use the\nて形 to express a cause, I saw that its more natural to use when the second part\nof the sentence is either a potential form or volitional, so I came up with\nthe sentence :\n\n> 喋らなくて練習できない。\n\nWhich sounded a bit weird to me and I had confirmation from a friend that it\nwas better to use 【から】 here...\n\nI have no trouble understanding this form when its used, but sometimes when I\nuse it myself it doesnt feel right to my ear and often feel like I should use\n【から】 instead of the て形\n\nHere are two sentences :\n\n> 車がなくて行けない。\n>\n> 車がないから行けない。\n\nI asked him how he sees those two sentences and he said that the first sounded\nmore like a condition than an explication of \"why I can't go\".\n\nI really like to fully understand things but here I must admit I have no idea\nhow this should be understood, like how japanese people understand those\nsentences and the nuance, and how you would translate them...\n\nThanks",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T16:12:14.160",
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"tags": [
"て-form",
"reason"
],
"title": "て形 to express 原因・理由, as opposed to から",
"view_count": 269
} | [
{
"body": "How about this form:\n\nあまり喋らないので練習できない。\n\n車がないので行けない。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-19T17:28:12.230",
"id": "27501",
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"body": "て形 in this case is used to string sentences together. I've never seen it used\nto specifically indicate cause and effect. For you first sentence...\n\n喋らなくて練習できない。 I don't talk (to others) and can't practice.\n\n喋らないから練習できない。 I can't practice because I don't talk (to others).\n\n車がなくて行けない。 I don't have a car and can't go.\n\n車がないから行けない。 I can't go because I don't have a car.\n\nYour friend is correct in assuming the former is a statement while the latter\nsounds more like an answer to a question asking for reason. Does this make\nmore sense now that I put it in English terms? Let me know.\n\nBasically, with て形 you are forming causation with two sentences. Like, if I\nasked if your friend wanted to come to my party. In English you might say,\n\"He's busy and can't make it.\" That right there shows cause and effect without\ndirectly stating \"because\". Why couldn't he come to me party? Because he was\nbusy. You just don't directly state it with \"because.\"\n\nNow, this doesn't work in all cases. If I asked instead, \"Why don't you eat\nmore vegetables?\" It sounds a little off to answer with, \"They are expensive\nand I can't eat them too often.\" That makes it sound like there are multiple\nreasons for you not eating vegetables. So, instead, you would say, \"I can't\neat them too often because they are expensive.\" This provides an explanation\nfor my question.\n\nMake sense...?",
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"creation_date": "2015-12-21T18:38:14.203",
"id": "29980",
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| 27499 | null | 29980 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27507",
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"body": "While reading\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/13009/%E4%BA%8C%E7%95%AA-\nvs-%E4%BA%8C%E7%95%AA%E7%9B%AE-confusion) question I could not explain myself\nwhy に is used rather の after ～番{ばん}目{め} in the following sentences.\n\n> * 「それは、二{に}番目に高{たか}い建{たて}物{もの}です。」\n> * 「四{よん}番目に速{はや}い人{ひと}は、田{た}中{なか}さんです。」\n>\n\nI checked\n[goo](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/182084/m0u/%E7%95%AA%E7%9B%AE/)\ndictionary about 番目 and the sole example with に (1番目と2番目に分{わ}けられる) is fine\nbecause the に is there because of 分けられる.\n\nIs there a reason that explain why に follows 番目? What confuse me even more is\nthat 番目 is not a 形{けい}容{よう}動{どう}詞{し} so I can't see any reason explaining に\nrather than の.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T19:16:33.227",
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"id": "27503",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
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"owner_user_id": "4216",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "番目に～ versus 番目の～",
"view_count": 164
} | [
{
"body": "It is because X番目に is an adverb, and X番目の behaves like an adjective.\n\nBecause you can't have an adjective to describe another adjective, X番目に is\nneeded to order objects based on a quality given by an adjective.\n\nThus, in your example, 「二番目に高い建物です」, に is needed because you are ranking the\nbuildings based on the adjective 高い.\n\nOn the other hand, の is used if you aren't ordering the objects based on a\nstated adjective. For example:\n\n> 週の2番目の日は月曜日だ - The second day of the week is Monday. \n> 三番目の子供が生まれた - The third child was born.\n\nThe days of the week or order of the children aren't being ordered by any\nquality here. They're just in the implied order.\n\nAlso, even if some adjective is implied in the definition of a noun, you still\nshould use の because it is still modifying only a noun and not an adjective.\nThe following sentence is perfectly valid:\n\n> 大阪は日本で2番目の大都市だ - Osaka is the second largest city in Japan.\n\nBut:\n\n> 大阪は日本で2番目に大きい都市だ - Osaka is the second largest city in Japan.",
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| 27503 | 27507 | 27507 |
{
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"body": "My textbook has this example:\n\n> 四方を海に囲まれる。\n\nIs it the _indirect passive_ that allows for the **を** direct object marker to\nbe used in that passive voice example?\n\nThis sentence matches my understanding of passive voice grammar:\n\n> 四方が海に囲まれる。\n\nIs it also correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T19:20:37.890",
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"tags": [
"particle-に",
"particle-が",
"particle-を",
"passive-voice",
"によって-passives"
],
"title": "Does indirect passive allow for the を in \"四方を海に囲まれる\"",
"view_count": 808
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, the indirect passive (aka \"suffering passive\") allows for を to mark the\nobject of a transitive verb.\n\nThere are, in general, three basic structures to create a passive in Japanese:\n\n 1. [subject] が [agent] に [transitive verb]\n\n 2. [subject] が [agent] に [object] を [transitive verb]\n\n 3. [subject] が [agent] に [intransitive verb]\n\nNumber 1 is the regular passive that also corresponds to English passive.\nNumbers 2 and 3 are the indirect passive forms that you are referring to,\nindicating that misfortune occurred to the subject because the agent did the\nsaid verb.\n\nThe example your textbook gave has structure 2. Because of the を, we know it\nis indirect passive. The subject has been removed, but I will assume it is the\nspeaker. The sentence can be translated as:\n\n> 四方を海に囲まれる。 \n> Every direction is surrounded by the sea (and that is unfortunate [for\n> me]).\n\nThe speaker may be stuck on an island.\n\nNow, replacing the を with が moves it to the first structure. Now the whole\n\"misfortune\" part is no longer implied.\n\n> 四方が海に囲まれる。 \n> Every direction is surrounded by the sea.",
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"body": "> My textbook has this example: \n> 四方を海に囲まれる。 \n> Is it the indirect passive that allows for the を direct object marker to be\n> used in that passive voice example?\n\nThe answer is no. It is the **direct passive voice**. The reason will be\nexplained below.\n\nIn Japanese, the passive voice takes human beings (or something **which can\nfeel emotions** as the de-facto subject (before に)), as explained\n**[here](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B)** ,\n\n> また直接受身では、「誰々に」を「誰々によって」と言い換えることができるが、迷惑の受身では一般にこの言い換えはできない。\n\nwhich translates to:\n\n> Moreover, in the case of the _direct passive_ , 「誰々に」 can be reworded as\n> 「誰々によって」, but, in the case of the _suffering passive_ , **such a rewording\n> is not possible**.\n\nYour sentence\n\n> 四方を海に囲まれる。\n\ncan be rephrased as\n\n> 四方を海によって（より）囲まれる (I personally think より is more common.)\n\nNow, let's take a look at\n**[here](http://www.tomojuku.com/blog/passive/passive-4/)** for a full\ndefinition of the Japanese direct passive voice.\n\nThe **definition of Japanese direct passive voice** is\n\n> ①対応する能動態がある \n> ②迷惑の意味はない \n> （受身文に迷惑の意味があるかどうかは、動詞自体の意味による） \n> ③英語にある\n\nwhich translates to:\n\n> 1. There is an equivalent phrase that use active voice.\n> 2. The sentence does not hint that you may experience an unpleasant\n> moment. \n> (You have to rely on the verb to tell whether the passive voice implies\n> \"suffering\".)\n> 3. It can be translated in English.\n>\n\nYou can see that your sentence matches these 3 conditions:\n\n> 1. 四方を海に囲まれる。--> 海が四方を囲む\n> 2. No suffering at all is implied. How 四方 would suffer???\n> 3. An English translation could be: \"The sea encircles all directions\".\n>\n\nWhile Japanese passive voice takes the de-facto subject (why I say de-facto is\nbecause when it is converted to active voice, it stands as the subject, in\nyour case: 海), **generally human beings or something which has emotions** ,\nyour sentence is a case of\n**[非情の受身](http://www.tomojuku.com/blog/passive/passive-7/)** (passive voice\nwhose subject is emotionless).\n\nRegarding the explanation of 非情の受身 provided by the link,\n\n> 主語になる物・事には、感情がないので、 非情の受身は、多くは客観的な意味を表します。 そこで、ニュース、新聞、本で多用されます。\n>\n> The thing or phenomenon which stands as the subject does not have any kind\n> of emotion, thus, this passive voice is mainly used when one wants to be\n> objective. It is used a lot in news, newspapers or books.\n\nYour sentence seems to describe from an objective point of view.\n\nThank you. Have a nice day.",
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"body": "Your question actually contains multiple topics.\n\n 1. Is 四方を海に囲まれる an indirect passive sentence?\n 2. Does this type of passive allow for the を?\n 3. Is 四方が海に囲まれる correct as well?\n\n**Spoiler** : 1.--Maybe, 2.--Yes, 3.--Yes\n\n* * *\n\n**Is 四方を海に囲まれる an indirect passive sentence?**\n\nWell, it depends. Japanese passive usages can be categorized into three types.\n\n 1. **Direct passive** : _you_ * are affected by _something_ doing _something_ to _you_ (= English passive)\n 2. **\"Possessor\" passive** : _you_ are affected by _something_ doing _something_ to _something you own_\n 3. **\"Third party\" passive** : _you_ are affected by _something_ doing _something_ (towards _elsewhere_ )\n\n* _you_ means the subject of the sentence here\n\n四方を海に囲まれる \"it is surrounded by sea in all directions\" falls under #2. It's\nclear because the word 四方 \"all directions\" indicates relative position from\nthe reference point, so it has to be \"all directions _of somewhere_ \". Thus,\nthe sentence requires an unpronounced subject as the \"owner\" of 四方.\n\nWhat makes your question difficult is, some people call #3 \"indirect passive\"\nwhile others call #2 and #3 \"indirect passive\". So if you ask people whether\nit is an \"indirect passive\", you might get different opinions. But it couldn't\nbe #1 or #3.\n\n**Does this type of passive allow for the を?**\n\nYes, in fact, it has to. By definition (see above), #2 passives requires an\nobject other than _you_ (i.e. the subject of the sentence) and the object\nremains in を-case. Meanwhile, the type #3 doesn't have to, because the action\ndoesn't have to be transitive. A typical example of that is `雨に降られた` (lit. \"I\nwas rained\") \"I got caught in the rain\", which describes that it was just\nraining irrespective of me, and the unfortunate me happened to be there too.\n\n**Is 四方が海に囲まれる correct as well?**\n\nYes, grammatically it's an ordinary #1 passive. And in this case, Japanese\ngrammar is so evil that this sentence has the same meaning as 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる.\nBut it's only because 四方 request for an \"owner\" (as said above) and Japanese\ncan utilize the [double nominative\nconstruction](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/9788/7810) to fulfill it.\nOf course, you can't expect to paraphrase all these kind of passives using\ndirect passive, especially when the subject is human: if you'd say `兄が彼に殺された`\nI'd assume you were talking about your brother, but `兄を彼に殺された` I'd assume the\nsubject would be you, who had the experience that whose brother was killed by\nhim.",
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"body": "(Here I'm trying to show why 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる is not direct passive. Please see\nthis as an appendix to broccoliforest's answer and reply to [KentaroTomono's\ncomment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/27504/does-indirect-\npassive-allow-for-\nthe-%E3%82%92-in-%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E3%82%92%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AB%E5%9B%B2%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B#comment58182_27566).)\n\n* * *\n\nFirst, OP's second sentence 四方 **が** 海に囲まれる is direct passive.\n\nWikipedia\ndefines「直接受身は、能動文における直接目的語または間接目的語を主語にするものである。」([source](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B#.E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E5.8F.97.E8.BA.AB)).\nFollowing this definition, a direct passive sentence is formed this way:\n\nThe active sentence 海が四方を囲む has a direct object, \"四方を\". \nUse the 四方 as the subject in the direct passive sentence. \nYou get 四方 **が** 海に囲まれる。\n\nTherefore, 四方 **が** 海に囲まれる is direct passive.\n\n* * *\n\nNow, [this page](http://www.tomojuku.com/blog/passive/passive-4/) says the\npossessor passive is something like this:\n\n> (1)私は 田中さんに パソコン **を** こわされた。← possessor passive \n> cf: (2)私のパソコンが 田中さんに こわされた。← direct passive \n> ＃2 has a corresponding active voice phrase: 田中さんが 私のパソコンを こわした。 \n> ＃1 doesn't have a corresponding active voice phrase.\n\nThe phrases in question can be analysed in the same way:\n\n> (1)島は 海に 四方 **を** 囲まれる。 ← possessor passive \n> cf: (2)島の四方が 海に 囲まれる。 ← direct passive \n> ＃2 has a corresponding active phrase: 海が島の四方を囲む。 \n> ＃1 doesn't have a corresponding active phrase.\n\nThis shows that 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる is possessor passive, not direct passive.\n\n* * *\n\nAs for the quote from Wikipedia:\n\n> また直接受身では、「誰々に」を「誰々によって」と言い換えることができるが、 **迷惑の受身**\n> では一般にこの言い換えはできない。([source](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B#.E8.BF.B7.E6.83.91.E3.81.AE.E5.8F.97.E8.BA.AB))\n\nIt says **迷惑の受身** ではこの言い換えはできない(the **suffering passive** can't take によって),\nnot **持主の受身** ではこの言い換えはできない(the **possessor passive** can't take によって). For\nexample, 私は家族を日本兵 **に** 殺された, which is possessor passive not direct passive,\ncan be rephrased as 私は家族を日本兵 **によって** 殺された. So you can't conclude that 四方\n**を** 海に囲まれる is direct passive just because you can rephrase it as 四方を海\n**によって** 囲まれる.\n\n* * *\n\nThe conditions of the Japanese direct passive voice are:\n\n> ①対応する能動態がある \n> ②迷惑の意味はない \n> ③英語にある \n> ([source](http://www.tomojuku.com/blog/passive/passive-4/))\n\nFirst, does 四方 **が** 海に囲まれる meet these conditions?\n\n> ①It has a corresponding active phrase. \n> →Yes. 海が四方を囲む. \n> 海が **四方を** (object)囲む。→ **四方が** (subject)海に囲まれる。 \n> ②It doesn't have a meaning of suffering. \n> →No. The subject 四方 doesn't suffer from being surrounded by the sea. \n> ③There is an equivalent passive phrase in English. \n> →Yes. \"The four sides are surrounded by the sea.\" \n> (Not \"The sea encircles all directions\", which is active voice.)\n\nIt meets all these conditions. Therefore, 四方 **が** 海に囲まれる is direct passive.\n\nNow, does 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる meet these conditions, too?\n\n> ①It has a corresponding active voice phrase. \n> →No, it has no corresponding active voice phrase. \n> ②It doesn't have a meaning of suffering. \n> →No. In 島は四方 **を** 海に囲まれている, for example, the island doesn't necessarily\n> suffer from being surrounded by the sea. \n> ③There is an equivalent passive phrase in English. \n> →No, there is no equivalent passive phrase in English.\n\nIt doesn't meet ① and ③. Therefore, 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる is not direct passive.\n\nIs 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる possessor passive, then? Here's the conditions of the\npossessor passive:\n\n> ①対応する能動文がない。 \n> ②動詞によっては必ずしも迷惑を表さない。 \n> ([source](http://www.tomojuku.com/blog/passive/passive-4/))\n\nDoes 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる meet these conditions?\n\n> ①It doesn't have a corresponding active voice phrase. \n> → No, it has no corresponding active phrase. \n> ②It doesn't necessarily indicate suffering, depending on the verb used. \n> → No. In 島は四方 **を** 海に囲まれる, for example, the island doesn't necessarily\n> suffer from being surrounded by the sea.\n\nIt meets both of these conditions, so 四方 **を** 海に囲まれる is possessor passive,\nand not direct passive.\n\nHope this helps.",
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| 27504 | 27531 | 27578 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27508",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For some background: MC asked his girlfriend questions about wedding\narrangements without specifying who the wedding is for (he's arranging his\ncousin's). Later, MC realises his girlfriend thought the wedding talk was\nabout them the whole time:\n\n彼女はもしかするとー\n\n「なあ、おい。。。まさか」\n\nI know that まさか is usually used to indicate disbelief, but I'm a bit torn as\nto whether here まさか would mean 'It probably wasn't that, right.' (disbelief,\nunsure that's what she thought) or 'To think that you had thought that.'\n(surprise, but realising that's what she thought).\n\nI'm leaning towards disbelief, but I feel like that conflicts with his thought\nprocess all 'it's possible she could have thought--'\n\nA second opinion would be much appreciated.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-19T19:59:56.477",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"translation",
"nuances"
],
"title": "How to translate まさか with this context- disbelief or surprise?",
"view_count": 170
} | [
{
"body": "From my experience living in Japan for 19+ years, I would translate this more\nas _disbelief_ : \"wait, you couldn't have thought that...\".\n\nAlso, have a look at various translations on alc.co.jp, if you haven't\nalready:\n[http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%BE%E3%81%95%E3%81%8B&ref=sa](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%BE%E3%81%95%E3%81%8B&ref=sa).\nYou'll notice they tend to align more with _disbelief_ than _surprise_",
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| 27505 | 27508 | 27508 |
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"body": "I found this chapter title quite confusing:\n\n> サブライターがメインに昇格した二作目って大抵（ry\n\nwhich I understand to mean something like:\n\n> A second work made by a sub writer who became the main writer? Seems\n> mediocre.\n\nI don't know what the `(ry` means though.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-20T01:37:09.517",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"internet-slang"
],
"title": "What does (ry mean?",
"view_count": 3779
} | [
{
"body": "It is internet slang that is used to indicate that the rest of the sentence\nhas been omitted for one reason or another, usually to some comedic effect.\nThe answer is explained in detail on this site:\n\n<http://imimatome.com/netyogonoimi/ry.html>\n\nIf the site is forbidden, try viewing a [cached\nversion](http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:n0xoE2wkhp4J:imimatome.com/netyogonoimi/ry.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us).\n\n> 最後までハッキリと言わない時に使う、謙虚なネット用語です（違 ハッキリ言わない方が面白いことがあったり、感情を表現できたりします。\n\nThis is basically as I said above: sometimes it's more humorous or effective\nnot to say everything. It should be read as 略{りゃく}, and the \"ry\" comes from\n\"ryaku.\"\n\nRather than venture to create my own examples, I'll borrow from the site\nagain:\n\n> A｢おい、聞いてくれ！昨日吉野家いったんです。 そしたらなんか、家族連れで賑わってるんです。 よくみたら（ry｣\n>\n> B｢さ、最後まで言えよっ！ｗ｣\n>\n> というような意味がわからない略の仕方をしたり、\n>\n> ｢それって結婚詐（ry｣と 明らかに略した言葉がわかる使い方をしたり、いろいろあります。\n\nIn your example, the person is suggesting that the second work by a secondary\nwriter is usually a bit... yeah. You got the point I think. It's saying that\nthe works aren't as good without saying that the works aren't as good, and\nit's using this little bit of slang to call attention to the act of omission.\n\nA good English analogue might be [yada\nyada](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6kRqnfsBEc).",
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| 27509 | 27510 | 27510 |
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"body": "If I'd like to take a picture _with_ someone, how do I go about asking them?\nAnd also, if I want to take a picture _of_ someone, how should I ask them?\nWould it be something like \n\n> 写真を撮ってもいいですか?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-20T03:03:45.990",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27511",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How to say \"Can I take a picture of / with you?\"",
"view_count": 8021
} | [
{
"body": "To take a picture _with_ someone:\n\n> **一緒に** 写真を撮って(も)いいですか?\n\nTo take a picture _of_ someone, when the subject is your friend:\n\n> 写真(を)撮って(も)いい?\n\nWhen you know the subject is ready to be taken a picture (for example when\nit's Mickey Mouse in Tokyo Disney Land):\n\n> 写真を撮って(も)いいですか?\n\nSomething like [写真お願いします](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/25576/5010)\nusually means 'Can you take a photo for/of us?', but it's actually a confusing\nexpression and it may work in this situation, too ([See the joke #5 in this\npage](http://members.jcom.home.ne.jp/1228377201/peji/omosiro.html)).\n\nBut usually you have to be more polite and say like this:\n\n> 写真を撮らせてもらって(も)いいですか? \n> 写真を撮らせていただいて(も)いいですか?",
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| 27511 | null | 27514 |
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"body": "あまり and 過ぎる both indicate an excess of something, so saying あまり食べ過ぎる seems\nredundant and the equivalent of \"eat too too much.\" However, a sentence like\nthis occurs [quite\noften](http://classic.jisho.org/sentences?jap=amari%20sugi&eng=). Is there\nactually any difference in meaning compared to simply saying 食べ過ぎる or あまり食べる?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-20T03:34:06.863",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Is there a difference between あまり食べ過ぎる and 食べ過ぎる?",
"view_count": 281
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{
"body": "By using similar words twice, it says the excess is even more excessive. For\nexample,\n\n> 少しだけなら食べ過ぎても大丈夫だけど、あまり食べ過ぎるとお腹が痛くなるよ。\n\nIf you just eat a little too much, that's OK, but if you eat really too much,\nyou'll get a stomachache.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-20T06:35:08.117",
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| 27512 | 27519 | 27519 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27518",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Should it be read 「じゅ」 or 「う」 or something else?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T04:38:33.277",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27515",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"readings"
],
"title": "How should I read the Kanji 「受」 in the word 「赤外線受発光部」?",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "I think it's read せきがいせん **じゅ** はっこうぶ.\n\n受発光 should be from 受光【じゅこう】 (light receiving) and 発光【はっこう】 (light emission),\nso 赤外線受発光部 is a part which both emits and receives infrared light.\n\nIt's similar to 送受信【そうじゅしん】 (two-way transmission, sending and receiving),\nwhich is from 送信【そうしん】 and 受信【じゅしん】.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T05:07:10.020",
"id": "27516",
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"score": 6
},
{
"body": "受{う} isn't really a thing in Modern Japanese―that's just part of 受{う}ける or\n受{う}かる. Most of the time, if the word is 受ける or 受かる, you can tell how to read\nthe kanji because of the [okurigana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okurigana).\nAnd when there are no okurigana, it's usually じゅ instead.\n\nThere are a few deverbal examples where the okurigana may not be used, such as\n受付{うけつけ} or 受身{うけみ}. With this sort of word, the okurigana aren't really\nneeded because the word is no longer a verb, and therefore it doesn't inflect\n(change form). And if it doesn't change form, the okurigana aren't needed to\nindicate the part of the word that changes.\n\nSometimes when compound verbs are built on 受{う}け, people choose not to write\nthe け, although it's still pronounced. They may write 受入れる instead of 受け入れる,\nor 受渡す instead of 受け渡す, or 受取る instead of 受け取る. Although this is somewhat less\ncommon, the reason is the same as in the deverbal examples above; since 受け\ndoesn't change form in these compounds, the okurigana aren't really needed.\n\nBut those are more or less exceptions. In most cases, if you see 受 in a big\nstring of kanji with no okurigana, unless you recognize it as part of a word\nlike 受付 or 受身, you'll be using Sino-Japanese readings (音読み). The Sino-Japanese\nreading for 受 is じゅ, and that's the right reading in this case.\n\nFor more discussion about the word 受 appears in, please see naruto's answer.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T06:22:29.507",
"id": "27518",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 27515 | 27518 | 27518 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27575",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I ran into the following sentence in a video game called 善人シボウデス:\n\n> 俺の腕は **暴力的なまでの勢い** で、後方に向かって手{た}繰{ぐ}り寄{よ}せられた。\n\nI decided to look online, and I found similar examples, some of which used に\nrather than の:\n\n> [危険 **なまでに**\n> 美しい](https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&q=%22%E5%8D%B1%E9%99%BA%E3%81%AA%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AB%E7%BE%8E%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%22)\n>\n> [異常 **なまでの**\n> こだわり](https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&q=%22%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E3%81%AA%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AE%E3%81%93%E3%81%A0%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A%22)\n\nDictionaries describe まで as a particle. Depending on the usage and which\ndictionary you check, it seems to be described as a 副助詞, or sometimes as a 格助詞\nor 終助詞.\n\nIt looks to me, though, like まで is a noun that means ほど in these examples. I\nthink I could substitute ほど in place of まで.\n\nBut dictionaries don't appear to list まで as a noun.\n\n 1. Am I right to call まで a noun in this usage?\n 2. Am I right that まで means ほど here?\n\nIf not, how would you describe it?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T06:03:29.893",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27517",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-22T22:32:12.460",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-まで"
],
"title": "How does まで work in ～なまでの／～なまでに?",
"view_count": 1611
} | [
{
"body": "You are right about that ほど can be a substitute for this kind of まで in these\nphrases. However, they are not nouns. This まで is 副助詞 and this ほど is also 副助詞.\n\nDictionaries (eg. 大辞林, 大辞泉) define both the [noun\nmeaning](http://bit.ly/1PHzsfo) and the [副助詞 meaning](http://bit.ly/1EMgfCY)\nof ほど.\n\nまでに is considered a collocation（連語） in these dictionaries. So, they contain\nthe entry of までに. According to [the second definition of\nまでに](http://bit.ly/1Ec8FHh) presented by デジタル大辞泉,\n\n> **まで‐に** 【×迄に】\n>\n> ２ 動作・作用の至り及ぶ程度を表す。…ほど。…くらいに。\n\nほど can be substituted for まで in までに.\n\nThere is no entry of までの in these dictionaries. But I think, まで in までの is also\n副助詞 (and this の is 格助詞) and ほど can be a substitute for this kind of まで,\nbecause [the second definition of 副助詞「まで」](http://bit.ly/1MKRjnz) is almost\nthe same as までに's second definition above.\n\n> **まで** 【×迄】\n>\n> ２ 動作・事柄の及ぶ程度を表す。…ほど。…くらいに。\n\nBesides, I think that both 〜なまでの／に and 〜なほどの／に sound natural to most native\nJapanese speakers, or at least to me.\n\nHowever, some words match までの／に more than ほどの／に in some contexts, and some\nother words match ほどの／に more than までの／に in some other contexts. Unfortunately,\nI can't find a good example of it right now, though.\n\nAbout the difference in nuance between 〜なまでの and 〜なほどの, I would say, 〜なまでの\nimplies \"reaching a 【危険な／見事な etc.】 degree,\" while 〜なほどの implies \"being\naround/about a 【危険な／見事な etc.】 degree.\" But, I asked two native Japanese\nspeakers (adults) \"Do you feel any difference between 〜なまでの and 〜なほどの?\" One\nanswered \"Hmmm......let me think......Yes, somewhat.\" and another said\n\"Ehhh......No, not particularly.\" So, I guess that the difference is not\nobvious, or there is no difference for some people, when both phrases work\nfine in a sentence.\n\nBy the way, くらい can be 副助詞 either. Here are [名詞「くらい」](http://bit.ly/1MFDuVG)\nand [副助詞「くらい」](http://bit.ly/1PsBAHp) presented by デジタル大辞泉.\n[ばかり](http://bit.ly/1JE5FFH) and [だけ](http://bit.ly/1U7iRT8) are 副助詞 too, in\nthis pattern of phrases.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T22:32:12.460",
"id": "27575",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10484",
"parent_id": "27517",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 27517 | 27575 | 27575 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27538",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am somewhat confused about the meaning of `へりくだった態度`.\n\nThe `へりくだる` means being humble. So I'd assume that `へりくだった態度` means `humble\nattitude`. However, most of [translations I\nfound](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%B8%E3%82%8A%E3%81%8F%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%BA%A6&ref=sa)\ngive the `condescending attitude` — that is quite the opposite meaning from\nwhat I've expected. `Condescending` does mean `lowering oneself` (so it is\nsomewhat related) but is generally used for people displaying their\nsuperiority when dealing with other.\n\nSo, what does it actually mean? Does someone exhibiting a `へりくだった態度` is humble\nor condescending (as in patronizing)? Has this word a good connotation (like\nhumble) or bad (like condescending)?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T11:05:23.110",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27521",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-21T04:16:41.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "6593",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"definitions"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of へりくだった態度?",
"view_count": 260
} | [
{
"body": "へりくだる only means \"act humbly, lowering oneself below one really is\", so you\nwon't know they do so because they're really humble, or on courtesy, or\npatronizing, or having other thoughts.\n\nAs for alc.co.jp, where you find those translations, though they boast of\nabundance of information, their dictionary is basically made up by collective\nauthorship, which doesn't always guarantee the optimal.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-21T04:16:41.963",
"id": "27538",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "27521",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 27521 | 27538 | 27538 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "37155",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 青年が皆の手で地面に取り押さえられ、縄でぐるぐる巻きにされている **ところ** だった。\n\nDoes ところ here take on the meaning of \"in the midst of doing\"?\n\nSo this sentence would mean: \"The boy was held down by everyone, and was being\nrolled up by a rope.\"?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T12:46:58.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27522",
"last_activity_date": "2016-09-01T22:40:29.177",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does ところ do here?",
"view_count": 269
} | [
{
"body": "[A bunch of questions about\nところ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/27541/a-bunch-of-questions-\nabout-%e3%81%a8%e3%81%93%e3%82%8d) seems a very good overview.\n\n> 青年が皆の手で地面に取り押さえられ、縄でぐるぐる巻きにされているところだった。\n\n * _Does ところ here mean \"in the midst of doing\"?_ ------> Yes.\n\n\"The young man was held down to the ground by everyone, and was being rolled\nup by a rope.\" ...\n\n-- as I (or another witness) arrived at the scene.\n\n-- just as I (or another witness) started watching the movie.\n\n-- when I (or another reader) opened up a random page in the book and started\nreading.\n\nEtc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-02T22:40:26.630",
"id": "37155",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-02T22:40:26.630",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "16344",
"parent_id": "27522",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27522 | 37155 | 37155 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27524",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "There's a belief that \"Christmas cake\" (presumably クリスマスケーキ) was used\nmetaphorically about Japanese women over 25 - no-one wants Christmas cake\nafter Christmas is over, and similarly men don't want to marry women over the\nage of 25. Sometimes it's qualified by saying that current generations don't\nuse the phrase.\n\nIt's mentioned on the [English\nlanguage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_cake#Japanese_term_for_an_unmarried_woman)\nedition of Wikipedia, mostly citing non-Japanese people, but not the [Japanese\nedition](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD).\nWeblio doesn't mention in its [example\nsentences](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD)\nor\n[definitions](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD)\nof the phrase any cases of it being used metaphorically, and doing an [image\nsearch](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD&biw=1909&bih=989&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAWoVChMI9cme2923xwIVoeKmCh18swCF#imgrc=_)\ndoesn't bring up any non-literal cakes.\n\nWas the phrase used metaphorically this way, and if so, do current generations\nunderstand, or still use, the phrase?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T13:18:41.853",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27523",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-20T14:43:55.750",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"metaphor"
],
"title": "Was クリスマスケーキ used metaphorically about women?",
"view_count": 2573
} | [
{
"body": "I barely remember hearing this metaphor many years ago, but I can safely say\nthis metaphor is completely dead now.\n\nAccording to [this 発言小町\nquestion](http://komachi.yomiuri.co.jp/t/2011/0531/413784.htm?g=01), this\nmetaphor used to be recognized all over Japan, around 30 years ago. Many\npeople there say 懐かしいですね or 今じゃ考えられないですね :-)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T14:33:23.473",
"id": "27524",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-20T14:33:23.473",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
},
{
"body": "I remember クリスマスケーキ was used that way decades ago.\n\nThe chart below is average age at first marriage in Japan. In 昭和55年 (1980),\nfemale's average age was 25.2. The metaphor probably worked around that time.\nBut in 平成21年 (2009), it was 28.6. I don't think people in their 20s would\nunderstand the phrase.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/TV4Yc.gif)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T14:33:47.200",
"id": "27525",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-20T14:43:55.750",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-20T14:43:55.750",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "10770",
"parent_id": "27523",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 27523 | 27524 | 27525 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27527",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Two characters are playing a game and talking about some more serious stuff at\nthe same time. They both think the game is kinda crappy, and in particular\nthey get to a scene that's trying to be emotional, but they feel it's just\ntrying too hard/poorly done. However, one character then thinks:\n\n> そんな、エセ感動シーンの力を借りて、今だけ、ちょっと真面目モードに移行する。\n\nFrom what I can tell, this seems to be saying: Drawing power from the\n(crappy?) scene, he moves into serious mode.\n\nHowever, I'm not sure exactly what エセ means. I suspect it's some slang.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T14:51:48.207",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27526",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-20T15:20:36.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"slang"
],
"title": "What does the エセ in エセ感動 mean?",
"view_count": 507
} | [
{
"body": "Japanese has a couple prefixes that are kind of like 'pseudo-' or 'fake'.\n\n 1. エセ- means it's fake because it isn't good enough to be the real thing. For example, imagine a 'scientist' who takes themselves seriously but you regard as a crackpot, not doing real science. They could be an エセ科学者.\n\n 2. ニセ- (or 偽{にせ}-) means it's fake because it's really something else, but it looks like the real thing on the surface. For example, if someone tries to sell you diamonds, but what they're really selling you are diamond-shaped pieces of glass, you could call those 偽ダイヤ.\n\nIn your example, they're saying it's a pseudo-emotional scene, in the sense\nthat it's not good enough to qualify as the real thing.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T15:20:36.157",
"id": "27527",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-20T15:20:36.157",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "27526",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 27526 | 27527 | 27527 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27536",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "My understanding is that \"見やる\" means \" _to cast a casual glance at_.\" So, I'd\nthink that these sentences are synonymous?:\n\n> 空を見やった。 \n> 空を無頓着に見た。\n\n\"見すえる\" is \" _to intensely stare at something_ \". Thus, these are synonymous?:\n\n> 速く近づいてきた虎を見すえた。 \n> 速く近づいてきた虎を恐怖で見た。\n\nThus finally making \"見やる\" and \"見すえる\" antonyms? Any major nuance between the\ntwo?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-20T16:28:59.797",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27528",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-21T20:51:13.393",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-21T02:15:59.160",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Are ”見やる\" and \"見すえる\" near perfect antonyms?",
"view_count": 170
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know if 見やる and 見据える are antonyms, but anyway, unfortunately, many of\nthese sentences are not natural, and do not work as you expect.\n\n> 空を見やった。\n\nYes, this means \"gave the sky a glance\".\n\n> 空を無頓着に見た。\n\nI don't think this sentence is natural because 無頓着 usually means \"not to be\ninterested in something people should usually care for.\" (e.g., 彼は服装に無頓着だ = he\nis indifferent to clothes). 頓着 means 'interest/heed'. Better ways to rephrase\nthe first sentence are 空を何気【なにげ】なく見た, 空に目をやった, etc.\n\n> 速く近づいてきた虎を見すえた。\n\n見据える (見る see + **据える settle** ) mainly takes intangible objects such as\n夢/将来/現実, and means \"to bear/keep in mind (for a long time)\". It may also take\ntangible/animate objects, but this word refers to seriously looking at\nsomething with both time and care. I don't think that's what people normally\ndo against an approaching tiger.\n\n> 速く近づいてきた虎を恐怖で見た。\n\nThis で in 恐怖で denotes the reason for the action. You can say 恐怖で震えた or\n恐怖で動けなくなった, but I don't think 恐怖で見た is natural (to look due to fright??).\nInstead, you can say 虎を恐怖に満ちた目で見た (to look at the tiger with frightened eyes).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-21T02:11:53.850",
"id": "27536",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "In addition to the good answer already given, here's an explanation of the\nnuance of 見やる.\n\nThe action of 見やる can be a glance but does not have to be so.\n\nThe verb 見やる means \" **see (someone/something) far away** \" or \" **look at\n(someone/something) in the distance.** \"\n\nFor example,\n\n> 彼は虎を **見た** 。\n\nthis sentence simply tells \"He looked at a tiger/tigress.\" We don't know the\ndistance between the place 彼 was at and the other place 虎 was at, unless\nadditional information is provided.\n\nBut if the verb in the sentence is 見やった instead of 見た, like this,\n\n> 彼は虎を **見やった** 。\n\nthe sentence not only tells that 彼 looked at 虎, but also expresses that 彼 was\nsomewhere far from the 虎. How far away they are from each other is not\ncertain, but probably the distance is not short.\n\nThis is the nuance of the word 見やる. I don't think that 見やる and 見すえる are polar\nopposites. They are just different.\n\nI think that the meaning of 「無頓着に見る」 is almost equivalent to a verb 見[流]{なが}す.\nBut in general, it's strange to use 見流す when someone sees the whole sky. 見流す\nis usually used to mention objects which have shapes. So, I guess that the\nphrases which narutoさん has suggested fit the original meaning of your first\nsentence more than this verb.\n\nIn terms of attention, 見流す has an opposite meaning of 見つめる／見[入]{い}る. But\ntechnically, they are not polar opposites or antonyms, as far as I know.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T20:51:13.393",
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| 27528 | 27536 | 27536 |
{
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"body": "間違っていたら、修正してください。\n\nI don't understand the word いたら after the verb in -TE form.\n\nThank you",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-20T19:51:12.503",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"verbs",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "What does 間違っていたら、修正してください mean, particularly ～ていたら?",
"view_count": 416
} | [
{
"body": "間違っていたら、修正してください。\n\n * 間違う means \"to make a mistake\"\n * 間違って is the て form of 間違う\n * 間違っている means \"are/is making a mistake\"\n * 間違っていた is the た form of 間違っている and means \"were/was making a mistake\"\n * 間違っていたら means \"if I was making a mistake\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-20T22:28:59.233",
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"body": "I believe this is the past conditional with -ている. Here are two good resources\nthat will allow you to understand this grammar form and anything similar to\nit:\n\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/teform>\n<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/conditionals>\n\nFriendly Ghost described the deconstruction of the meaning very well in his\nanswer. In general, you can recognize the above intuitively as:\n\nて-form + いる --> enduring state of verb (i.e. 食べている -> eating)\n\nて-form + いた --> past enduring state of verb (i.e. 食べていた -> was eating)\n\nて-form + いたら --> past enduring state of verb with conditional (i.e. 食べていたら ->\nif was eating)\n\nSo this sentence means something along the lines of: \"If you were making a\nmistake, please correct it.\" I think the subject of the sentence is up for\ndebate since there's not really any context. Hope this helps!",
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| 27530 | null | 27532 |
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"body": "I am reading chapter 4 from the JLPT N5 book, where I found the following\nsentence:\n\n> 昨日勉強しましたか。\n\nAfter 昨日, why wasn't there a topic particle? Is \"昨日は勉強しましたか。\" an incorrect\nsentence?",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T01:34:34.037",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Topic particle after \"expression of time\"",
"view_count": 719
} | [
{
"body": "Marking it with は is certainly not wrong, and would in fact be natural. It\ndoesn't change the meaning, but if the は is stressed, it will contrast\nyesterday to all other days, and will thus put stress on the time:\n\n> 昨日勉強しましたか - Did you study yesterday? (Plain question) \n> 昨日 **は** 勉強しましたか - Did you study **yesterday**? (As opposed to any other\n> day)\n\nHowever, if the は is not stressed, then は is a normal topic marker and it is\nstill a plain question:\n\n> 昨日は勉強しましたか - Did you study yesterday? (Plain question, は unstressed)\n\n(Thanks to naruto for pointing this out in the comments.)",
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| 27534 | null | 27537 |
{
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"body": "To beef up my listening skills, I've been watching some anime targeted at\nyoung-adult or older audiences, and got hung up on this line of dialogue:\n\n> また一年、こうして通{かよ}い詰{つ}める **ことになりそう** 、ね。\n\nWhile I understand ことになる and そう well enough by themselves, I've never seen\nthis construct. I hazarded to guess that this line of dialogue reads something\nlike \" **It seems decided** that I'll visit often like this for another year,\"\nwhich ends up sounding a little coy--given the context is a refined woman\nbeing a bit flirty, it seems appropriate.\n\nThen, I went to verify my interpretation by looking up sentence examples\nfeaturing ことになりそう on Denshi Jisho, and found that it's interpreted in\nessentially the same way as そう by itself, which is a close meaning anyway\n(seems vs. seems decided), though it does lose some nuance that way.\n\nOut of curiosity, I turned on the subs and watched that portion again to see\nhow they rendered it, and to my surprise, they had rendered the line \"It seems\nanother year has come and gone, hasn't it.\" Which left me wondering if\nこうして通い詰めることになりそう as a whole is some idiomatic phrase for \"seeming to come and\ngo.\"\n\nGoogle searches seem to mostly turn up results for そう by itself or ことになる which\nare unhelpful. Any guidance would be most appreciated.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T02:05:51.563",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Three conflicting interpretations of \"ことになりそう\"",
"view_count": 1307
} | [
{
"body": "Edited: go look at naruto's answer. He's got a lot more experience to answer\nthis (its my first time on this site, down voters pls no harass).\n\nUsually, ことになる roughly means \"to become thing,\" where \"thing\" is usually\nmodified by some phrase.\n\nAccording to Denshi Jisho, 通い詰める means \"to visit frequently.\" In this context,\n通い詰める is modifying こと (thing, matter) to create the phrase 通い詰めること, meaning\n\"the thing of visiting frequently.\" So putting this together with なる creates\n通い詰めることになる, or \"to become the thing of visiting frequently.\"\n\nSince そう is used to mean \"seems,\" the whole phrase 通い詰めることになりそう means \"it\nseems that it has become the thing of visiting frequently.\"\n\nHowever, this doesn't quite seem right yet. Where does the \"coming and going\"\ncome from? To dissect the nuance we can try to separate out 通い詰める, getting 通い\n(meaning \"coming and going\") and 詰める (which as a suffix means \"to continue\"\nalso according to Denshi Jisho). Now everything makes sense. 通い詰めることになりそう\nmeans \"it seems that it has become the thing of continuing to come and go.\"\n\nPut this in the context of the entire sentence and you get that\n「また一年、こうして通い詰めることになりそう、ね。」 means roughly \"It seems another year has come and\ngone, hasn't it.\" Hope that helps! Let me know if you have any other\nquestions.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T04:29:19.193",
"id": "27539",
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"body": "First of all, forget that fansub. It's totally wrong (unless you've misheard\nthe woman's line), and 通い詰めることになりそう has nothing to do with any idiomatic\nexpression.\n\nTranslating ことになる as 'It is decided that ...' is one of the possibilities. In\nthis case, it's the matter of her prediction rather than the decision of\nsomeone else, and phrases like 'cannot help but', 'have to', 'going to', or\n'end up' can be used.\n\n> 君は泣くことになる。 \n> You're going to cry. / You will end up crying.\n\nWith そう (≒seem), it would translate as \"It seems I can't help but ...\" or\n\"Looks like I have to ...\", or more simply, \"Looks like I'm gonna ...\".\n\n通い詰める is a compound verb which means 'to visit very frequently', as [defined\nin\njisho.org](http://jisho.org/search/%E9%80%9A%E3%81%84%E8%A9%B0%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B).\nGenerally you have to memorize it as one verb. Don't try to split it.\n\nAll in all, this sentence means \"Looks like I'm gonna visit [you?] like this\nfor another year.\"",
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| 27535 | 27540 | 27540 |
{
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"body": "I think the word ところ in my questions have nothing to do with 所{ところ}. Please\ncorrect me if I am wrong. Let us consider the following sentences.\n\n# Case 1\n\n * これから **食{た}べるところ** なんですが。。。\n * 今 **食{た}べているところ** なんですが。。。\n * 今 **食{た}べたところ** なんですが。。。\n\n# Case 2\n\n * これから **出{で}かけるところ** なんですが。。。\n * 今 **出{で}かけているところ** なんですが。。。\n * 今 **出{で}かけたところ** なんですが。。。\n\n# Questions\n\n 1. Is ところ a noun?\n 2. Can 時 replace ところ in the above sentences?\n 3. What is the difference between 食べているところなんです and simply 食べているんです when answering 何をしているんですか？\n 4. 食べているところ in the first case means the action occurs between 食べるところ and 食べたところ. How about 出{で}かけているところ? Does it also occur between 出{で}かけるところ and 出{で}かけたところ? Does 出{で}かけているところ mean that the person is still in his/her house but preparing to go out?\n 5. Are there special examples in which ～ところ grammar is very crucial?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T10:02:41.107",
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"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "A bunch of questions about ところ",
"view_count": 1577
} | [
{
"body": "1. It is a noun. It has a meaning of \"abstract place; scene; range\". [I used online Japanese-Japanese dictionary here: search for 抽象的な場所。場面。範囲。](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/158611/m0u/)\n\n 2. No, they would all sound weird.\n\n 3. 食べているところなんです feels like \"I'm at the moment of eating (something)\", and 食べているんです means \"I'm eating\".\n\n 4. 出かけているところ is not between 出かけるところ and 出かけたところ. I noticed that in addition to leave house, 出かける can include the meaning of doing something (outside the house), although the weight is put mainly on the action of leaving house. Since it will sound weird that the action of \"leaving house\" is continuing, it will be interpreted as the meaning of \"going out and doing something\" when used as 出かけているところ. When used as 出かけたところ, it means the action of leaving house is just finished; I feel that, since the word 出かける's weight is on the action of leaving house, it is weird to specify the very ending scene of the followed action.\n\n 5. ところ is just a noun.",
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"id": "27548",
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"body": "1. In your examples, ところ is used as a 形式名詞 (formal noun). It grammatically is a noun, but can't stand alone and just works like converter between word classes. Think it as \"the time\" used for \"when\", or \"the way\" used for \"how\".\n\n 2. No. ～する時 means \"when ~\". When you're asked \"What are you doing?\", your answer wouldn't be \"When I'm eating.\"\n\n 3. It depends on what you think they want is. 食べているところなんです answers \"What are you doing (at this moment)?\", while 食べているんです is for \"What (kind of action) are you doing?\"\n\n 4. 出かける means \"leave home (or usual places)\". However, 出かけている isn't \"leaving home\" but \"away from home\". It's because Japanese punctual verbs take ている form to mean \"consequent\" rather than \"progressive\". \n**EDIT** : In this case, 出かけた means \"have (just) left home\" while 出かけている \"(in\nthe state of being) away from home\", or dead literally, \"be having left home\",\nif such English were to exist.\n\n 5. ところ is a word fills up more than a whole column in my dictionary. It has a bunch of meanings each of them worth a question. Maybe you can ask one on more specific usage, or it could be too broad for a single post.",
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| 27541 | 27570 | 27570 |
{
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"body": "I know that when in a sentence-final position が and けど can be used as\nsofteners or to convey hedging, but in some situations understanding them as\nsuch doesn't feel right. Although my brain instinctively wants to interpret\nthem as \"though\", I can't think of any reason that would be correct. Here's an\nexample from a story, spoken from the point of view of the narrator:\n\n> 彼は唯一の生き残り。無論、生き残ったのには理由があるからなのだ **が** 。\n\nWould translating it as something like this be wrong:\n\n> \"He is the sole survivor. Though of course, it's because there's a reason he\n> survived.\"\n\nI can't understand how だが's usage here would indicate hedging or softening,\nbut \"though\" doesn't make sense either. Could someone help me get this?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T11:41:09.290",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "が and けど at end of a sentence",
"view_count": 668
} | [
{
"body": "The purpose of that structure is making \"無論、生き残ったのには理由があるからなのだ\" into a\nsubordinate clause for \"彼は唯一の生き残り\", in other words, those are one sentence\ndivided by period. It enhances an effect like \"He - of course, it's because\nthere's a reason he survived - is the sole survivor\".",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T20:27:52.840",
"id": "27550",
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| 27542 | null | 27550 |
{
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"body": "Consider the following sentences:\n\n 1. ボタンを押すとジュース **が出ます** 。\n 2. ６時に家 **を出て** ８時に帰ります。\n\nI don't understand why the verb 出る which is an intransitive (as in the first\nexample) can take an object (as in the second example).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T15:32:11.297",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"verbs"
],
"title": "Why can an intransitive verb 出る take an object?",
"view_count": 41
} | []
| 27544 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What does (をする) and (がする). Sometime ago I read on site something I dont\nremember, but I got confused because the use of 勉強がする, but I just knew the\nexistence of 勉強をする. So actually Im pretty confused. Any help is appreciated\n\n勉強をする and 勉強がする\n\n復活をする and 復活がする\n\n感情がする and 感情をする",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T17:29:16.110",
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"id": "27545",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"usage",
"particle-が",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "(をする) and (がする). Meanings and Uses",
"view_count": 4251
} | [
{
"body": "勉強がする and 復活がする don't make sense.\n\n感情がする and 感情をする themselves make little sense but for example, なつかしい感情がした can\nbe understood as 懐かしい感情を覚えた and 複雑な感情をしたロボット as \"a robot who is equipped with\ncomplex emotion\".",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-22T03:39:00.247",
"id": "27556",
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{
"body": "Here's the basic difference.\n\n * `[noun] + をする`: common; means \"do ～\".\n * `[noun] + がする`: relatively uncommon; means \"there's a sense of ～\", \"feel ～\".\n\n> 勉強をする and 勉強がする \n> 復活をする and 復活がする\n\n勉強 here is a noun meaning 'study', and 復活 here is a noun meaning\n'revival/resurrection'. So 勉強をする and 復活をする make sense, but 勉強がする/復活がする does\nnot make sense. Examples:\n\n * 日本語の勉強をする To study Japanese (literally, 'do a study of Japanese')\n * 完全な復活をする To be back in full force (literally, 'do a complete revival')\n\n> 感情がする and 感情をする\n\n感情 is a noun meaning 'feeling/emotion'. Only 感情がする makes sense, although it's\nrare. Examples and similar expressions:\n\n * 冷たい感情がする (rare) To feel chilliness\n * 悪い予感がする To feel something bad is happening (literally, 'feel a bad foresight')\n * 残念な気持ちがする To feel regret (literally, 'feel a regrettable feeling')\n * ひどい臭いがする There is a terrible smell",
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| 27545 | null | 27557 |
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"body": "Mostly on the news I always hear 「～と思う」 very often at the end of a sentence,\nso i started to wonder, Does it has other meaning besides of \"I think\"?",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-21T17:47:52.743",
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"owner_user_id": "10792",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"particles"
],
"title": "Meaning 「～と思う」 at the end of a sentence",
"view_count": 313
} | [
{
"body": "One could argue that 思う has meanings other than \"to think\", such as \"feel\" or\n\"regard\", but they all boil down to thinking and emotions. The reason you hear\nit so often actually isn't because it has separate meanings. You hear it a lot\nbecause it shows the speaker is uncertain or has quoted an opinion and is not\nnecessarily a fact. This makes it great for the news, because it takes the\naccountability off of the speaker. This is used _very_ often, even outside the\nnews.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-21T22:17:57.640",
"id": "27553",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 27546 | null | 27553 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27555",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I encountered a short sentence that I'm having trouble understanding\ncompletely.\n\n> なにも遊ぶのは人間だけじゃない。\n\nThe context is, a young girl is playing with a dog for the first time.\n\nI'm pretty sure I at least understand the basic meaning and a very literal\ntranslation might be:\n\n> Regarding the act of playing, it isn't just humans.\n\nAnd put into more reasonable English:\n\n> (I see), Humans aren't the only ones who play.\n\nMy question lies with the use of なにも. I can't seem to fit it into the\ntranslation and was wondering if anyone could explain its meaning in this\nsentence and perhaps suggest a better translation.\n\nI assume it modifies じゃない since じゃない is the only negative verb (which also\nmakes me wonder why it's placed in front of the sentence) but in that case,\nwhy are people being described as \"things\"?\n\nThanks for reading and I appreciate any help!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-21T18:05:39.187",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27547",
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"owner_user_id": "3296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"negation",
"adverbs",
"polarity-items"
],
"title": "Uncertain about なにも",
"view_count": 278
} | [
{
"body": "That なにも is a Guiding Adverb that leads partial negation. It means nothing by\nitself but functions as a sign that tells that partial negation is following.\nIt's different from normal なに＋も ((not) anything) in the point of pitch accent.\n[なにも{HLL} vs なに{LH}+も{H}]\n\ne.g. 何も、急がなくてもいいじゃないか You don't need to hurry, do you?\n\nOther examples of Guiding Adverbs are もし(も)…(conditional clause) or どうやら…ようだ /\nらしい.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T03:22:37.727",
"id": "27555",
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"score": 8
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]
| 27547 | 27555 | 27555 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> [In English, a verb that expresses a state can also express the entrance\n> into a state. This is called inchoative aspect. The simple past is sometimes\n> inchoative. For example, the present-tense verb in the sentence \"He\n> understands his friend\" is stative, while the past-tense verb in the\n> sentence \"Suddenly he understood what she said\" is inchoative, because it\n> means \"He began to\n> understand\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stative_verb#Difference_from_inchoative)\n\nI'm not sure if a sentence similar to that in Japanese would work. For\nexample, 突然信じた sounds wrong, but I'm not sure. There are some other parts I'm\nnot too sure about.\n\n> [Dowty gives some tests to decide whether an English verb is stative.[6]\n> They are as\n> follows:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stative_verb#Dowty.27s_analysis)\n> They cannot be complements of \"force\":\n```\n\n I forced John to run.\n *I forced John to know the answer.\n \n```\n\nThis one is tricky. 信じさせる is a valid word, but I'm not sure if that's because\nthere is an inchoative aspect to it or something like Japanese perceiving\nstative verbs differently.\n\n> They do not occur as imperatives, except when used in an inchoative manner.\n```\n\n Run!\n *Know the answer!\n Know thyself! (inchoative, not stative; archaic)\n \n```\n\nSince expressions like 信じて and そばに居て are valid, one would be inclined to think\nJapanese stative verbs would also have an inchoative aspect, but I'm not so\nsure if it can be used similarly in a way like 突然信じた. I'm also curious if\nverbs like 信じられる and 信じがたい have the inchoative aspect like \"can believe\" and\n\"hard to believe\" do.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-21T21:57:15.520",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "7712",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Do Japanese stative verbs have the inchoative aspect?",
"view_count": 578
} | [
{
"body": "1. Does English have the [ inchoative aspect ] ?\n\n--- The answer depends on the definition.\n\nThere is no inchoative prefix, infix, etc. as in Latin, Russian, ...\n\nRussian -- prefix по-, e.g. бежать, побежать\n\nEsperanto -- prefix ek-, e.g. danci, ekdanci\n\nSee: <https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/19513/does-english-have-\ninchoative-aspect>\n\n 2. Does Japanese have the [ inchoative aspect ] ?\n\n--- I think it's exactly like English. If there's an interesting difference, i'd like to know it.\n\nLater i thought that [見初める, 明け初める, 咲き初める] and [書きかける, 飲みかける] and maybe\n[彼は走り出した。] are closer to the Latin inchoative infix than anything in English.\n\n為出す ・ 取掛る ・ し掛ける ・ 仕懸かる ・ し掛る ・ . . . 手紙を書きかけたところへ客が来た。 薬を飲みかけたが苦くて吐いた。\n\n> dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/165508/meaning/m0u/ なれそめる【馴れ初める】....\n> ［動マ下一］［文］なれそ・む［マ下二］ 親しくなりはじめる。男女が恋する仲となる。.......\n\nまだ上げ初めし前髪の 林檎のもとに見えしとき 前に挿したる花櫛の 花ある君と思ひけり・・・\n\n 3. Do Japanese stative verbs have the inchoative aspect?\n\n--- Again, I think it's exactly like English. If there's an interesting difference, I'd like to know it.\n\nThis great page <http://www.geocities.jp/niwasaburoo/24asupekuto.html> has\nmaterial on both 状態動詞 and 起動相.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-09-02T22:05:48.783",
"id": "38917",
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| 27552 | null | 38917 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27568",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In what situations would you use 消え失せる instead of 消える, and 消える instead of\n消え失せる?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T00:44:40.670",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27554",
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"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 消える and 消え失せる?",
"view_count": 256
} | [
{
"body": "消え失せる is a compounded verb of 消える \"disappear\" + 失せる \"be lost\". You can reword\nit as 消えてなくなる.\n\n消える only implies it disappears from your presence, or somewhere you can easy\nsee. 失せる means it's gone and becomes irretrievable (it's not a common word\ntoday except when you say 失せろ！ \"Get lost!\").\n\nSo, detectives can search after 消えた財宝 \"missing treasures\", because it must be\nstill hidden in somewhere, but not 消え失せた財宝, because none of them remains\nanymore.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T14:57:28.440",
"id": "27568",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 27554 | 27568 | 27568 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27561",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What really is 人身事故【じんしんじこ】 (jinshin-jiko) we often hear at train stations?\nSome say that it always means that somebody just threw him/herself onto a\ntrain track and got killed. Others say that it's just any kind of train\naccident that involves humans; it doesn't necessarily means somebody lost\nhim/her life in it.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T05:06:47.673",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27558",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-22T13:53:03.193",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "4936",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"definitions"
],
"title": "What really is 人身事故?",
"view_count": 2069
} | [
{
"body": "The latter is correct.\n\nWhen an accident happens, the train company need to stop trains and to let\npassengers know what is going on right away. Then don't know why the accident\nhappened yet. Technically speaking, it is police that investigate an accident\nand find out the reason.\n\nRight after an accident, often it is apparent to everyone that the victim got\nkilled, but not always.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T07:30:42.397",
"id": "27560",
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},
{
"body": "It is technically any \"accident causing injury or death\" however as your\nquestion points out it is generally accepted in society that it means that\nthere was a fatal injury. In the event that this is displayed on the monitors\nit means that the train company had to stop train service (or later service is\ndelayed) to deal with the accident.\n\nAnecdotal: A friend of mine slipped in the gap between the train and the\nplatforms and train service was temporarily suspended as a 人身事故",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T08:33:21.083",
"id": "27561",
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"owner_user_id": "1805",
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"score": 5
}
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| 27558 | 27561 | 27561 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27567",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The volitional form is often translated as \"let's,\" but that's a first person\nplural imperative and I am not sure if that's the case for Japanese. In\nJapanese dictionaries, one of the definitions for the volitional form is:\n\n> 勧誘や婉曲な命令を表す。下に「か」「じゃないか」などが付いて，意味を強めることがある。 「いっしょにジョギングでもしよう」\n> 「少しおなかがすいてきた。すしでも食べようか」\n\nAt first glance, it seems that it's a second person imperative such as in\nexpressions like 私と行こうよ. It would seem strange to order yourself to go\nsomewhere with yourself. However, it being a second person imperative doesn't\nseem to work with other sentences such as みんなで行こうよ and 全員で行こうよ where \"I\" seems\nto be included with みんな and 全員. This leaves me at a loss as to who the\n勧誘や婉曲な命令 is directed to when the subject is omitted and it's just a verb. For\nexample, if a group of people were about to go somewhere and someone said 行こう,\nis it a second person imperative with 私と omitted or a first person plural\nimperative?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T07:27:30.150",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27559",
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"owner_user_id": "7712",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is よう used for first person or second person imperatives?",
"view_count": 196
} | [
{
"body": "It's used for both, but the use as second person imperatives is a \"hack\". E.g.\none can say `ドア閉めようぜ` to a person, and it's clear that the other person closes\nthe door alone. Yet literary it would mean `Let's close the door (together)`.\nSimilarly, one can say `そういうこと言うのやめようよ` and it's clear the speaker isn't doing\nthat activity, but it doesn't quite mean `Don't say such things`, it's more\nlike `Let us (as society) not say such things`.\n\nSame with `私と行こうよ`, `私と` is just elaborating on the activity suggested. If you\nsay `たかしと行こうよ` it's implied that the speaker comes as well, unless it's used\nin the hacky way e.g.\n\n> 「上の子がかわいそうじゃん、下の子と動物園とか連れて行こうよ」 \n> The older child would be sad. Let's (as a society) take both children to\n> the zoo etc.\n\nIn the above example it can be that the speaker won't come. This hack is used\nto avoid being rude/inconsiderate.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T14:42:14.860",
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}
]
| 27559 | 27567 | 27567 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27564",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I came across the following sentence:\n\n> どうしても納豆だけは食べられない。\n\nThe sentence as a whole makes sense, but what meaning or function does も have\nhere?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T08:54:11.080",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27562",
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"owner_user_id": "10972",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "Meaning of も in the following sentence",
"view_count": 282
} | [
{
"body": "`〜ても` means \"Even if X\". In this case, \"No matter what I do, Natto I cannot\neat.\"\n\n> 雨が降っても強行だ \n> 走っても間に合わない \n> 見つかったとしても壊れているに違いない \n> 食べてもよい",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T12:22:41.443",
"id": "27564",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-22T12:22:41.443",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "Let's look at the definition of\n[`どうしても`](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/155913/m0u/%E3%81%A9%E3%81%86%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82/):\n\n> どう努力【どりょく】してみても。\n\nThat is to say `regardless of how hard (I) try`. `も` here means `regardless`.\nIt's part of a general pattern of `~(て/で)も`, which has a general meaning of\n`even if`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T12:28:37.767",
"id": "27565",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-22T12:28:37.767",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10045",
"parent_id": "27562",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27562 | 27564 | 27564 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27569",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here are some Japanese sentences:\n\nA)\n\n_Uses ga. Subject comes first_\n\n> Who is (existing) over there? / Dare-ga asoko-ni imasu ka? だれが あそこに います か。\n\nB)\n\n_Uses ga. Location comes first_\n\n> There is a dog over there. / Asoko-ni inu-ga imasu. あそこに いぬが います。\n\nC)\n\n_Uses ga. Location comes first_\n\n> There are comic books here./ Koko-ni manga-ga arimasu. / ここに まんがが あります。\n\nD)\n\n_Uses wa. Subject comes first_\n\n> Where is the hotel (located)? / hoteru wa doko ni arimasu ka\n\nIn these sentences, the order of the subject/location is different. The marker\nalso changes (ga & wa).\n\nIs there are rule to follow, or does the order/marker not matter?\n\nI know Japanese makes a difference between `imasu` and `arimasu` for animate\nand non animation subjects. I'm not sure if that affects the marker and word\norder.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T11:59:52.807",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27563",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:57:00.850",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:57:00.850",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "9537",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-は",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Specifying location: Do you use ga/wa and does the word order matter?",
"view_count": 1423
} | [
{
"body": "The order does not matter in Japanese The only rule is that the verb must come\nlast (aside from sentence-ending particles). The following are all correct and\nmean the same thing:\n\n> 6時に私がケーキを食べた \n> ケーキを私が6時に食べた \n> 私が6時にケーキを食べた\n\nThey all mean \"I ate (the) cake at 6:00\". In English, which relies on word\norder to determine grammar roles of words, flipping around the subject and\nobject would make the sentence sound weird (\"The cake ate me at 6:00\"), but in\nJapanese there are particles to show the role of each object, so there's no\nambiguities.\n\nTechnically, Japanese is a strongly left-branching language, meaning the most\nimportant stuff goes at the right (which is why the verb goes at the end, as\nit's considered to be the most important part of the sentence). Thus, my first\nsentence is centered around that it's cake I ate, with the time being the\nleast important element; my second sentence focuses on that I ate it at 6,\netc. You don't really need to stress out over this too much, though.\n\nAs for your が/は question, it has already been answered\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22/9749).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T15:42:03.457",
"id": "27569",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 27563 | 27569 | 27569 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27573",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know 少し{すこし} and 少ない{すくない} both as 'few', but what's the difference?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T20:48:56.507",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27572",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:29:09.953",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:29:09.953",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "7355",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 14,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Difference between 少し{すこし} and 少ない{すくない}",
"view_count": 8697
} | [
{
"body": "Those two words do not assume the same roles. 少{すこ}し is an adverb and 少{すく}ない\nis an i-adjective. So basically, 少し will modify a verb whereas 少ない will tell\nthat there is not much of something.\n\nSome examples.\n\n> * 友達｛ともだち｝が少ない。I don't have a lot of friends.\n> * 時間｛じかん｝が少なくなった。There is not much time left. (lit. Time has become\n> rarer.)\n> * Aさん：日本語｛にほんご｝話｛はな｝せるかい。Bさん：少しだけ（話せる）。(A: Can you speak Japanese? B: Just\n> a bit.)\n> * 納豆{なっとう}を少し食｛た｝べました。I ate a bit/some of nattou (but not much of it).\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T21:24:59.590",
"id": "27573",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4216",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 14
}
]
| 27572 | 27573 | 27573 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I am having an hard time understanding the difference between のですね and ですね and\nthe difference between のですよね and ですよね.\n\nFor example, what is the difference between 簡単ですね and 簡単なのですね? Or the\ndifference between 簡単ですよね and 簡単なのですよね? Thank you all in advance!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-22T22:14:51.150",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27574",
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"owner_user_id": "10992",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "Question about の",
"view_count": 285
} | [
{
"body": "It's all about emphasis.\n\nPlain and simple 簡単です: \"It's easy\".\n\nBut that's a bit abrupt for the Japanese speaker who doesn't want you to feel\nstupid that you need to have it explained, so s(he) says instead...\n\n簡単ですね: \"It's easy, isn't it?\"\n\nThis creates a little fiction that instead of telling you something you don't\nknow and thus exposing your ignorance, he is simply calrifying something that\nyou already know.\n\nよ gives greater emphasis\n\n簡単ですよ: \"It certainly is easy\" but that could sound very rude, so ね is included\nto soften the blow.\n\nなの is best translated as \"a kind of thing\".\n\nPutting it all together, 簡単なのですよね is \"It really is an easy kind of thing,\nisn't it\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-22T22:42:30.013",
"id": "27576",
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"score": 5
},
{
"body": "First, I'm going to explain about sentence ender ね (not interjectional ね).\n\nIt has several usages and among them, there's one that can be interpreted like\nEnglish tag question. But there's a function that's shared by those usages. It\nis to indicate that information accompanied with な or ね is your impression or\nconclusion through observation (including recollection) in the moment.\n\nFor example, when you are talking to your friend on the phone, you can say\n声きれいだね (which can be translated to \"you have nice voice, right? / indeed /\nafter all\") . However, if you say 髪きれいだね, s/he will be surprised and respond\nas \"Are you watching me!?\".\n\nThat's to say, you can't use it like tag question unless you share the context\nwith the listener.\n\nOn the other hand, 髪きれいだよね works even in that scene because よね can refer to\nwhat is not present in your observation.\n\nIn the situation where you can say 声きれいだね, if you nevertheless use よね and say\n声きれいだよね, it feels a little uncertain compared with one without よ.\n\nAs for difference between …ですね and …なのですね, when they're used in confirming\nwhat the opponent have said as it is, they aren't really different.\n\nWhen you confirm your interpretation of the opponent's remark, なのですね works,\nbut ですね is only taken as your impression to the remark.\n\nWhen you ask for agreement, …ですね works but なのですね doesn't make sense.\n\nIt's tough to cover up all the usages, but each です and なのです can be combined\nwith each usage of ね. Difference between ね and よね will be parallel.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T06:47:16.140",
"id": "27583",
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27574 | null | 27576 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27581",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I just learned a new word, \"地主{じぬし}, whose definition in my web dictionary,\nand paper dictionary, is _landlord, land owner_.\n\n\"家主{やぬし}\" is surely the word that native English speakers would use for the\n_landlord_ of the apartment where they live. I've never heard anything else.\n\n * Because \"地\" means \"land, soil\", is \"地主\" like the _owner of a plot of land_? Whether there is a house on that plot of land is not relevant?\n * Most \"家主\" work as employees for large companies that own buildings with apartments in them? In that, your typical \"家主\" does not own the apartments that they manage?\n * If so, then a 不動産屋 would introduce me to a 地主 to exchange cash for her / his land? I would be introduced to a 家主 to ask if it is ok to live in the apartments that he/she manages?\n\nAm I correct about this?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T03:55:03.883",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27577",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-23T07:02:17.513",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-23T04:01:16.600",
"last_editor_user_id": "10547",
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between \"地主\" and \"家主\", and their relationship with 不動産屋？",
"view_count": 277
} | [
{
"body": "地主 is an owner of the land, while 家主 is an owner of housing. Land and housing\nare ~~separate~~ objects of separate ownerships in Japan. If you rent a land\nfrom someone, he/she is 地主 for you. If you build a house on that land and rent\nthe house to someone else, you are 家主 for him/her.\n\nWhen you are seeking a house, 不動産屋 wouldn't introduce you to a 地主, instead,\nthey would to a 家主. 地主 is irrelevant in this contract.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T05:01:42.290",
"id": "27581",
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"score": 5
}
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| 27577 | 27581 | 27581 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How do you indicate a lack of surprise at something? For example, in response\nto someone noting that Cyprus had given 12 points to Greece at the Eurovision\nSong Contest.\n\nI tried using \"本当に?\" sarcastically, but I don't know how well it works.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T04:14:22.997",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27579",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-23T07:43:59.843",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-23T07:43:59.843",
"last_editor_user_id": "91",
"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "Indicating a lack of surprise",
"view_count": 233
} | [
{
"body": "* やっぱり\n * 予想【よそう】通【どお】り\n * 案【あん】の定【じょう】\n * ほらね！\n * お約束【やくそく】\n\nAnd [many\nothers](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E6%A1%88%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9A).\n\nI don't know how to use 本当に sarcastically.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T04:50:20.937",
"id": "27580",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 5
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]
| 27579 | null | 27580 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27584",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was looking up in the dictionary, and came across a sentence like this:\n\n> その少女は小さい口元をしている。\n\nFrom what I understand, している means \"is doing\" or \"does\". So the girl \"does\"\nher little mouth?\n\nThen I rechecked the meaning of する, and the only closer meaning I found is \"to\nwear\". One \"wears\" a mouth? Though it makes a bit sense, for me the most\nappropriate word would be \"to have\". One can't take off the mouth then \"wear\"\nit back.\n\nIs this sentence correct? Is there another meaning that makes sense that I\ndon't know? Or \"to wear\" totally makes sense but I didn't understood it right?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T06:18:50.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27582",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7405",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"meaning",
"verbs"
],
"title": "Meaning of する verb in 「その少女は小さい口元をしている」",
"view_count": 241
} | [
{
"body": "> Is this sentence correct?\n\nYes, your sentence is perfectly correct.\n\nand\n\n> Is there another meaning that makes sense that I don't know?\n\nYes, **[there are many meanings of する suru\n(Wiktionary).](http://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B)**\n\nYour sentence falls under definition 11.\n\nFrom the link:\n\n> 11（修飾語 + 体の一部 + をする）その人の特徴として、そのようなものを持つ。\n>\n> 青い目をした少女。\n>\n> あの子は長い髪をしている。\n\nTranslated:\n\n> 11 (Following the adjective + noun + **case-marking particle を** ,) the word\n> (actually it is the continuative form of する → し) denotes the characteristic\n> of the person related.\n>\n> Example 1: The little girl has blue eyes.\n>\n> Example 2: The girl? child? has the long hair.\n\nHere the adjective is 小さい, in English 'small', and the referenced noun (before\nし) is 口元, in English, 'mouth'.\n\nP.S Regarding the bold marked case-making particle を, it would be hard for the\nJapanese learners to comprehend ( I guess ) why it should be there so that I\nwould like to explain for further information. Japanese sentence has the\nstructure of 係り受け（かかりうけ）, which means, the former \"parts of speech\", here,\nその少女は小さい口元を, \"continuously modifies\" the latter parts of the speech, in this\ncase, している, especially the verb し, which means **here** , \"looks like\",\n\"seems...\". The examples are\n**[here](http://study.pink/progressiveform.html)**.\n\n> 状態動詞(じょうたいどうし）の現在形（げんざいけい）：\n>\n> ① 現在（げんざい）の一定（いってい）した状態（じょうたい）\n>\n> 次(つぎ）も状態動詞（じょうたいどうし）です。\n>\n> 「～ のようすをしている」\n\nTranslated\n\n> The progressive form of the substantive verb\n>\n> ①( Expressing ) the continuous state, or the condition, or the appearance (\n> in your case ), ( of something or somebody )\n>\n> The next is too the example of the speech using the substantive verb.\n>\n> It seems 〜\n\nLet's switch the word using the above example so that you might be able to\nunderstand more precisely.\n\n> のようすをしている --> Swap the ようす（様子） by 口元\n\nthen\n\n> の口元をしている。\n\nBut this does not **YET** matches with your former part of the speech.\n\n**What is the difference then?**\n\nIt is not so hard. Since 口元, mouth is a noun, in your case the adjective 小さな\nshould be in place of の of the above example.\n\n> の口元をしている\n\n-->\n\n> 小さな口元をしている。\n\nTranslated ( in your case )\n\n> (The girl) seems to have the little mouth ( Though the translation is weird.\n> )\n\nWhy I dared to use the word **seems** is just only to **emphasize** the verb\nする, or し ( continuative form ) of your case, denotes the \"appearance\" or the\n\"condition\" ( of the girl ).\n\nI hope you were able to understand by my flimsy English....\n\nTranslated\n\n* * *\n\nFYI\n\nIf you would like to know the grammatical structure of している, it can be broken\ninto parts of speech as the following:\n\n> し the continuative form of する\n>\n> て conjunctive particle, meaning, after the て follows something.\n>\n> いる stative verb, equivalent to English's _be_ , and the form is conclusive.\n\nHave a nice day.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T07:03:49.700",
"id": "27584",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 27582 | 27584 | 27584 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27592",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I heard that we cannot describe the feeling of a third person using たい, ほしい,\n楽しい, and others? Is it true?\n\nFor example, the following sentences are considered incorrect.\n\n * あの人は楽しかったです。\n * 亀は寂しいです。\n * 彼はお好み焼きを食べたいです。\n * 彼女は赤ちゃんがほしいです。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T13:23:11.497",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27586",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:22:06.357",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:22:06.357",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Is it true that we cannot say the feeling of a third person using たい, ほしい, 楽しい?",
"view_count": 381
} | [
{
"body": "It is not exactly _incorrect_ to do that, but you should try to avoid assuming\nother people's emotions because you can never know them for sure.\n\nThe way to get around it is to add uncertainty to the statement. Most\ncommonly, at least in casual conversation, you use でしょう at the end.\n\n> 彼はピザを食べたいでしょう - (it seems) he wants to eat pizza.\n\nYou can also use the -がる grammar for adjectives, but this often has an\nimpersonal and distant feel to it, so it's not used as often.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T16:43:34.660",
"id": "27592",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "27586",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 27586 | 27592 | 27592 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27591",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was surprised when I came across this Wikipedia page:\n[アーシュラ・K・ル＝グウィン](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BBK%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3)\n\nDoes someone knows what that = sign is? I can see it works as a separator like\n「・」 Is it simply an alternative?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T13:38:41.770",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27587",
"last_activity_date": "2018-09-26T16:45:43.263",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7148",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 27,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"names",
"punctuation"
],
"title": "= sign in a katakana name",
"view_count": 4339
} | [
{
"body": "It's a [double\nhyphen](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E3%83%B3),\nnot an equals sign.\n\nOne of its uses is when transliterating names that have a hyphen in them. This\nis to avoid confusion with the extended sound symbol (`ー`) in Japanese. For\nexample: `クロード・レヴィ＝ストロース (Claude Lévi-Strauss)`\n\nAnother time when the double hyphen is used is when in the original language,\nthere is a stop in the sound. Your example fits this case. `アーシュラ・K・ル＝グウィン\n(Ursula Kroeber Le Guin)`. In English there's a very obvious stop after `Le`.\n\nNow you might ask why use the double hyphen instead of `・` (the\n[interpunct](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%BB%92)). After all,\n`・` is used way more often in nearly all cases as noted\n[here](http://www.raitonoveru.jp/howto/p3.html): `中黒（・）を用いるのが一般的だが、厳密な規定は無い。`.\nIt seems that it mostly depends on whether the text is vertical or horizontal.\n\nFor vertical text, `・` is preferred overwhelmingly. For horizontal texts, `゠`\ncan be used instead, although people still generally use `・`. Source: [The\nbest answer from here](http://q.hatena.ne.jp/1322033268)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T15:57:21.220",
"id": "27591",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 38
}
]
| 27587 | 27591 | 27591 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27701",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I just read a famous Japanese legend as follows.\n\n> 昔、ある所に浦島太郎という若い男がいました。 ある日、太郎は子供達にいじめられている亀を助けてあげました。\n> 亀は「助けてくれて、ありがとうございました」と言って、太郎を海の中のお城へ連れて行って **くれました** 。\n\nWhy can story writers use くれる when describing a third person (亀)?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T14:30:25.657",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27588",
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"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why can story writers use くれる when describing a third person?",
"view_count": 327
} | [
{
"body": "I think it's because he (story writer) is seeing the turtle's action from\nTaro's side.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T09:49:56.063",
"id": "27611",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T09:49:56.063",
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{
"body": "「〜あげる」 and 「〜くれる」 make it clear that there are a giver and the beneficiary.\n\n「〜くれる」can be used to describe an action which benefits not only the speaker\nbut also **people who are intimate or familiar with the speaker**.\n\n> 「水泳のコーチが、 **私に** 平泳ぎのコツ(tips)を教えて **くれました** 。」\n>\n> 「水泳のコーチが、（私の） **友達に** 平泳ぎのコツを教えて **くれました** 。」\n>\n> 「水泳のコーチが、（私が応援する） **佐藤選手に** 平泳ぎのコツを教えて **くれました** 。」\n\nThese sentences are all totally acceptable to native Japanese speakers.\n\nThe sentences of the 浦島太郎 story are written from third-person point of view.\nIn general, there are two kinds of third-person point of view: omniscient and\nlimited. I think the author wrote this 浦島太郎 tale in the limited third-person\nand 太郎 is the author's viewpoint, at least about these sentences.\n\nWhen a writer uses a character's point of view to write sentences of a story,\nI think I can say, the writer is intimate with the character at the time. So\ns/he can use 「〜くれる」 to describe the character's pleasure or fortune brought by\nsomeone else.\n\nThis 「〜くれる」 generally sounds natural to native readers, because in the story\nthe character is presumably the most familiar to readers too, especially when\nthe character is a hero/heroine or main one, since readers are probably seeing\nthe character's point of view and reading the story with it.\n\nThe pair of 「〜あげました」 and 「〜くれました」 is commonly used in old tales (e.g.\n『[河童のくれた妙薬](http://nihon.syoukoukai.com/modules/stories/index.php?lid=81)』)\nand children's books. It usually shows that someone did a good thing for\nsomeone else, and then the second one did a good thing **back** for the first\none. I think it's helpful for children to understand the relationship between\n「〜あげました」 and 「〜くれました」, and good because many children like to see both\ncharacters happy.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T20:36:33.133",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 27588 | 27701 | 27701 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am currently applying for a job teaching English in Japan, and one of the\ntasks is to introduce myself to the Japanese teachers at the school. It's\nbasically a test in beginner Japanese. I have worked out most of my speech,\nbut as I know very little Japanese, I would greatly appreciate it if someone\nwho does know Japanese can check it is ok for me, and maybe alter it if some\nof the wording is wrong? As I have done it by myself. Also, I want to add an\netra bit (where I have written \"Insert Here\") but do not know enough Japanese\nto translate this to say, and I feel that it would be pointless getting a\ngarbled machine translation.\n\nIf anyone has the spare time, It would be a great assisstance to me if someone\ncoul go through this a correct it for me. Thanks!\n\n# Japanese:\n\n> Konnichiwa Minna-san! Watashi wa Trigg Matthew des, watashi wa eigo. Watashi\n> ha suki hon, anime to bideo geimu. (Insert here) Watashi wa\n> tanoshinoshitemasu goruden weiku, comiket anime expo, eto taberu daifuku\n> ichigo. Yoroshkun gozaishimasu!\n\n# English:\n\n> Good afternoon, everyone! My name is Matthew Trigg, I'm english. I like\n> books, anime and video games. (insert here) I am looking forward to Golden\n> week, Comiket anime expo and eating daifuku strawberries. Please take care\n> of me!\n\nWant to add (insert here) - I often reviewed and improved my friends' essays\nat University, and help them with spelling correction, grammar and the correct\nwording in sentence structure.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T15:10:30.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27589",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T04:34:39.980",
"last_editor_user_id": "9896",
"owner_user_id": "10997",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -3,
"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "Japanese introduction speech help for an English Teacher",
"view_count": 905
} | [
{
"body": "こんにちはみなさん。\n\nトリッグマシューと申｛もう｝します。\n\nイングランドから参｛まい｝りました。\n\n本｛ほん｝を読｛よ｝むこととアニメを見｛み｝ることとゲームすることが好｛す｝きです。\n\nコミケアニメエキスポに行こうと思っています。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T05:03:13.873",
"id": "27601",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-23T06:41:46.033",
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"owner_user_id": "9896",
"parent_id": "27589",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27589 | null | 27601 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27630",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I encountered a question in my JLPT n1 practice book , and I got really\nconfused because I was sure my answer was right but when I look at the answer\nsheet the answer is really far from what I have learned so far.\n\nthe question was\n\n```\n\n その日、私はホームに入ってきた電車に飛び乗った。ところが、電車は反対方向に走り始めた（ ）。\n 私は電車の行き先を確かめなかったことを後悔した。\n １．ではない\n ２．ではないか\n ３．のではない\n ４．のではないか\n \n```\n\nmy answer was 4 but it says on the book its 2. Up until now I know that I have\nto put の after verb+た or verb +る in order to place ではないか.\n\nand the sentence \"私はホームに入ってきた電車に飛び乗った。\" really confuse me Does it mean \" I\ntook the train that just arrived\" ?\n\ncan someone help me with this one?",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T15:27:19.203",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27590",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:57:06.510",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:57:06.510",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "7242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"translation",
"syntax",
"jlpt"
],
"title": "た＋ではないか or た＋のではないか can someone enlighten me?",
"view_count": 3898
} | [
{
"body": "This `[verb] + ではないか` is an exclamatory phrase which denotes the speaker's\nsurprise or accusation.\n\n> [*]電車は反対方向に走り始めた **ではない** 。 (Ungrammatical)\n>\n> 電車は反対方向に走り始めた **ではないか** 。 \n> **(To my surprise,)** The train started to run in the opposite direction!\n>\n> 電車は反対方向に走り始めた **のではない** 。 \n> It is not that the train started to run in the opposite direction.\n>\n> 電車は反対方向に走り始めた **のではないか** 。 \n> **(I wonder,)** Didn't this train start to run in the opposite direction?\n\n4 is incorrect, because the following sentence says 後悔した, which indicates he\nrealized (rather than just wondered) something bad in the second sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T21:43:41.127",
"id": "27630",
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"parent_id": "27590",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 27590 | 27630 | 27630 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "38185",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How can we say \"endure austerity\" in both formal and informal situations?\n\nFor example, how can we say:\n\n * \"The people of Greece are currently enduring austerities.\"\n * \"If you have to endure such austerities to afford a house, you are probably not ready to buy a house.\" (In this case the meaning of \"austerity\" is probably less extreme than in the above example.)\n * \"The Buddha discovered that enduring austerity is not the path to enlightenment.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T19:24:47.347",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27593",
"last_activity_date": "2016-09-03T20:00:11.553",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T23:00:05.477",
"last_editor_user_id": "9749",
"owner_user_id": "10870",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What are the ways to say \"endure austerity\"?",
"view_count": 174
} | [
{
"body": "(Buddha on) enduring austerity == \"禁欲の修行\" ?\n\n \n\nAs for: Money-related \"belt-tightening\" expressions\n\n * For nations or cities -- 緊縮財政 (きんしゅくざいせい) (which senshin mentioned) and 緊縮政策, 緊縮財政政策, 金融引き締め政策、体質改善策\n\n * For companies -- 緊縮経営, 減量経営, 体質改善策\n\n * For an individual, couple, family, or household --\n\n * 節約、倹約、耐乏生活\n * つましい暮らし、緊縮生活、節約ライフ、倹約ライフ\n * 窮乏生活、かつかつの生活(暮らし)、食うや食わずの生活(暮らし)\n * 禁欲生活、貧乏生活、極貧生活、シンプル・ライフ、ミニマムライフ\n\n`\"endure ...\" \\----- に甘んじる, を我慢する, に堪える, ...`\n\n> \"Scrimp and save in order to buy a house\" -->\n>\n> 家を買うために生活費を切り詰める。 .... 切りつめた家計で生活する\n\nI'm sure there are many other similar or related expressions.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-04T02:05:31.777",
"id": "38185",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 27593 | 38185 | 38185 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27615",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm a bit confused about で particle in 「微妙な具合で五感を鈍くしている」. Is it used here to\nseparate 「微妙な具合」 from 「五感を鈍くしている」? Or does it show the way the summer\natmosphere makes the senses of the speaker dull with its 'strange' condition?\n\n> 開け放った窓から入ってくる夏の空気が、微妙な具合 **で** 五感を鈍くしているのかも知れない。\n>\n> 暑くはないが、涼しくもない、停滞しているような、それでいて流れの存在しているような。\n>\n> 全てが内保されて、中には何も存在しない。\n>\n> 矛盾こそが理論的であり、同時に混沌の中に秩序が成り立っている。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T20:15:10.350",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27595",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T11:19:31.693",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "3183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "Meaning of particle で",
"view_count": 338
} | [
{
"body": "This で clearly indicates cause (原因{げんいん}) [goo で\n❶-7](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/148951/m0u/%E3%81%A7/).\n\n> 開け放った窓から入ってくる夏の空気が、微妙な具合で五感を鈍くしているのかも知れない。\n\nThe summer atmosphere filtering in through the opened window. Under this\ndelicate/subtle situation, his/her (five) senses (seem to) have become dull.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T20:44:20.970",
"id": "27597",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-23T20:44:20.970",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "I would translate 微妙な具合で to 'in a subtle way'.\n\nHow 'subtle' is it? What does 微妙な具合で actually mean? The following sentences\nexplain:\n\n> 暑くはないが、涼しくもない、停滞しているような、それでいて流れの存在しているような。\n>\n> 全てが内保されて、中には何も存在しない。\n>\n> 矛盾こそが理論的であり、同時に混沌の中に秩序が成り立っている。\n\nで here shows a certain condition or state.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T11:19:31.693",
"id": "27615",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "27595",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27595 | 27615 | 27615 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27639",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I was looking for Mama's Lullaby on Youtube (Once there was a mama bear /\nsitting in her rocking chair etc.), and I bumped into\n[this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRgt1UQPgFo). After the astonishment\nthat a video of an evidently Japanese song could be titled \"Re: mama's\nlullaby\", I decided to try understanding it. My tentative transcription was\nmostly right, but then I found the lyrics\n[here](http://mojim.com/twy113296x1x7.htm). I kanji-ized the part in the video\nas:\n\n> いつもそばにいるの \n> あなたには見えないけど \n> いつもそばにいるの \n> 思い出して くれている時も\n>\n> 今日も一日 \n> 楽しかったわね \n> あなたが笑うと \n> ママも嬉しい\n\nWhich should mean:\n\n> I will always be on your side \n> Even though you can't see me \n> I will always be on your side \n> Even in the times when you will remember me\n>\n> Today too was \n> A funny day, wasn't it? \n> If you smile \n> Mama is happy too\n\nI have a couple of doubts:\n\n 1. Am I right in taking the の in the repeated line いつもそばにいるの as a marker of emphasis, as is an option in [sense 3 here](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AE)?\n\n 2. Is my interpretation of implied subjects and objects right? This is an especially wild guess in 思い出して くれている時も.\n\n 3. Is my translation of 一日 correct?\n\nAlso, do you know where I can find a complete video of the song? Searching for\nthe title given on mojim returns [all sorts of\nvideos](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%E3%83%9E%E3%83%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%88%E6%AD%8C),\nbut definitely not the song here…",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T20:43:58.823",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27596",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T08:30:09.327",
"last_edit_date": "2016-04-12T18:17:50.690",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5324",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particle-の",
"song-lyrics",
"particle-わ",
"particle-ね"
],
"title": "Translation question on part of a lullaby",
"view_count": 394
} | [
{
"body": "Here's the full version: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFnlveT-v3c>. It has\nsome random subtitles (I think they're comments on the video)\n\n 1. You should probably say `be by your side` instead of `be on your side`. That said I think the `の` means more like definition 4 in Wiktionary. \n\n 2. This is pretty good. I would maybe say `think of me` instead of `will remember me`\n\n 3. There's a major problem with this part.\n\n> 今日も一日楽しかったわね\n\n`楽` isn't `funny`. It's means that something was fun/enjoyable, not humorous.\nSo this sentence translates to something like: `Today was fun too, right?`",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T16:11:38.243",
"id": "27620",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T16:11:38.243",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "This is an ending theme from anime 怪傑ゾロリ, and ゾロリ's mama has already been dead\nfor years when the story begins, so...\n\n 1. The の is [#❷-1 in デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/171157/m0u/%E3%81%AE/):\n\n> ［終助］活用語の連体形に付く。 \n> １ （下降調のイントネーションを伴って）断定の言い方を和らげる意を表す。多く、女性が使用する。\n\nIt's a sentence-ending particle. (With a falling tone) You use it to soften an\nassertive statement. It's more used by women.\n\nSo ゾロリ's late mama is talking/singing to him:\n\n> I'm always by your side \n> Even though you can't see me\n\n 2. I think it means:\n\n> I'm always by your side \n> (Of course) When you remember me, too (as well as when you're doing\n> something else)\n\n 3. As the other poster says the 楽しい means \"fun, enjoyable.\"\n\nbreakdown:\n\n> 今日も today, too/again \n> 一日 one day, the whole day \n> 楽しかった you had fun, you enjoyed \n> わね (a feminine way of ending a sentence) ≒ ね\n\nSo I think it'd be something like:\n\n> \"(I can see that) you had another fun day today.\" \n> \"You had fun/enjoyed the whole day today again (right?/didn't you?)\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-25T05:38:00.353",
"id": "27639",
"last_activity_date": "2017-03-27T08:30:09.327",
"last_edit_date": "2017-03-27T08:30:09.327",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "27596",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 27596 | 27639 | 27639 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27625",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have been conviced for a long time that both 人前｛にんまえ｝ and 人前{ひとまえ} existed.\nWhich is backed by this [wikitionary\npage](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%89%8D).\n\nRecently, I just wanted to warn another Japanese learner about this pair of\ntricky words. By any chance, at this time, a native speaker was with us. Some\nminutes later she asked me where I heard にんまえ. I did not remember so I could\nnot answer well. (According to the meaning of にんまえ I should have seen it in a\nrecipe or something of this kind).\n\nNevertheless, the fact that she was a bit troubled by にんまえ made me investigate\na bit. The result of my investigation is that neither 明鏡辞書 nor goo nor 大辞林\nhave any record about にんまえ but all of them reference ひとまえ.\n\nThis leads me to wonder whether にんまえ really exists as a word. And if so, what\ndoes it really mean and what is its usage?\n\nEdit: It seems that 一人前{いちにんまえ｝ exists and mean 一人分｛ひとりぶん｝",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-23T23:24:49.917",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27598",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:23:30.450",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "4216",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage",
"definitions"
],
"title": "人前｛ひとまえ｝ and 人前｛にんまえ｝",
"view_count": 559
} | [
{
"body": "Both ひとまえ and にんまえ exist.\n\n * 人前【ひとまえ】: _(noun)_ public place; front of the audience.\n * 人前【にんまえ】: _(counter)_ portion of, often for meal. 1 serving = 1人前【にんまえ】.\n * 人前【じんぜん】(式【しき】) : _(noun)_ A certain irreligious style of wedding, as opposed to Christian-, Shinto-, or Buddhism-style weddings.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T19:22:02.153",
"id": "27625",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-26T16:07:09.833",
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"score": 8
},
{
"body": "I guess you could hear にんまえ in at least three cases (two of which already\nmentioned in answers and comments, but one still not):\n\n * a \"serving\" for meal, in this case it is countable 一人前｛いちにんまえ｝, 二人前｛ににんまえ｝ and \"askable\" 何人前｛なんにんまえ｝\n\n * a set phrase 一人前｛いちにんまえ｝ meaning \"grown\", \"fully-fledged\" like in \"一人前｛いちにんまえ｝になる\" meaning \"become a man\"\n\n * a set phrase 半人前｛はんにんまえ｝, which I guess, is historically a derivative of the above meaning \"half-baked man\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-06T14:33:32.340",
"id": "27859",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-13T02:54:13.123",
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"owner_user_id": "11104",
"parent_id": "27598",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 27598 | 27625 | 27625 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27626",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I learned a long time ago that 就職 meant \"looking for a job\".\n\nBut just a few minutes ago, I came across a new word- 求職, which I assumed to\nmean (almost) the same thing. After a quick check in a few online\ndictionaries, it turns out it does. I know that it is a lot rarer than 就職.\n\nIs there a difference in meaning between them?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T03:03:52.437",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27599",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T19:43:36.233",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 就職 and 求職?",
"view_count": 434
} | [
{
"body": "就職 means 'getting a job' or 'going into a company' (就 = commit, 職 = job).\n\nIt is not 就職 but **就職活動** that means 'looking for a job'.\n\n就職活動 and 求職(活動) are similar, but 就職活動 tends to refer to the job hunting done\nby young hopeful college students. There are many 就職活動情報サイト for students on\nthe net.\n\nOn the other hand, 求職 sounds like something that is done after some unhappy\nperson has lost his job. Top Google results for 求職 include how to go to\n[ハローワーク](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Work) (the official employment\nservice center for the unemployed people), or how to apply unemployment\ninsurance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T19:43:36.233",
"id": "27626",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27599 | 27626 | 27626 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Recently, I heard (in a song) these 3 sentences and I can't translate some\nwords in them. I've tried various translators but I'm still confused, so I\nhope you can help me. Sentences are.\n\n紡いだ日々もあるよ\n\n本当はいつもどんな場面にも「誰か」がいたんだ (In this one. I just don't understand 「本当はいつも」)\n\n花束も約束もいらないただいくつもの愛でこの空は繋がってるよ (In this one. I just don't understand 「いくつもの愛で」)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T03:20:21.353",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27600",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-27T09:47:26.343",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T04:46:06.030",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "10792",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"set-phrases",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What do these sentences mean?",
"view_count": 325
} | [
{
"body": "1) `There are days where we are together`. `紡いだ` I think of as weaving the\nfabric of the day by being together.\n\n2)\n\n> 本当はいつも\n\nmeans `In truth, there has always...`. Note the `has` is because the sentence\nis overall past tense. So it means overall like: `In truth, there has always\nbeen a certain someone there, regardless of the situation I was in`\n\n3) `いくつも` as choco pointed out means `a great many`. The phrase is actually\ntwo sentences:\n\n花束も約束もいらない: `I don't need flowers or promises`.\n\nただいくつもの愛でこの空は繋がってるよ: `After all, our loves connect the entire sky together.`",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T16:56:04.653",
"id": "27622",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-27T09:47:26.343",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-27T09:47:26.343",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "10045",
"parent_id": "27600",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 27600 | null | 27622 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27618",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I understand that when a series of numbers in Japanese includes a decimal\npoint each number is voiced individually with the decimal point pronounced as\nてん as in the following example:\n\n> 9.76 = きゅうてんななろく\n\nHowever, if I'm reading a series of digits which includes a counter that has a\nsound change in the final digit like if I wanted to say for example\n\n> 5.6 minutes (5.6分）\n\nhow would I read this?\n\nWould I pronounce it as ごてん **ろっぷん**? Or would I simply ignore the sound\nchange in 6 related to the counter word (in this case 分) and simply pronounce\nit as ごてん **ろくふん**?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T05:58:36.427",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27602",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T15:14:36.960",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T15:14:36.960",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "4385",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"readings",
"counters",
"gemination",
"rendaku"
],
"title": "Decimal points and sound change of counters",
"view_count": 126
} | [
{
"body": "Even if you read ６分 as ろくふん, it's ok. But ろっぷん is easier to pronounce and much\nmore common. It's the same when it's used like 5.6分, which is usually\nごーてんろっぷん.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T15:05:37.473",
"id": "27618",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "27602",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 27602 | 27618 | 27618 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27605",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is the sentences including the words said by a Kansai guy.\n\n思{おも}ったよりやるやないか。ええ？\n\n見｛み｝なおし **たでえ**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T06:09:24.067",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27603",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T06:35:56.980",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T06:35:56.980",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does ～たでえ mean?",
"view_count": 97
} | [
{
"body": "「で」is the Kansai equivalent of 「よ」, so it's 「見なおした」+「で」\n\n見なおしたで～ is the same as 見なおしたよ\n\n(the で sound is often extended in speech, that's why there's an え on the end.\nSame as using「～」)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T06:23:51.197",
"id": "27605",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10317",
"parent_id": "27603",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 27603 | 27605 | 27605 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27606",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For example in this sentence:\n\n> 迷宮内は天井が宿す燐光によって光源に困らない代わりに、 **夜になろうと朝を迎えようと** その眩しい光が途切れることはない。\n\nHow should I interpret 夜になろうと朝を迎えようと?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T06:16:02.273",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27604",
"last_activity_date": "2020-10-12T02:09:30.183",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:58:20.557",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と",
"volitional-form"
],
"title": "What does volitional + と mean?",
"view_count": 880
} | [
{
"body": "> 夜になろうと朝を迎えようと \n> ≒夜になろうが朝を迎えようが \n> ≒夜になっても朝を迎えても (more casual)\n\n「～（よ）うと～（よ）うと」(volitonal form+と+volitonal form+と) means \"(regardless of)\nwhether ~~ or ~~\".\n\nThis ～ようと is like \"even if~~\", consisting of 意志・推量の助動詞「う・よう」 + 接続助詞「と」.\n\nThis usage of と is ＃❷-4-ア on\n[goo辞書](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/154670/m0u/%E3%81%A8/):\n\n>\n> 逆接の仮定条件を表す。たとえ…であっても。…ても。㋐意志・推量の助動詞「う」「よう」「まい」などに付く。「何を言われよう―気にしない」「雨が降ろう―風が吹こう―、毎日見回りに出る」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T06:54:53.620",
"id": "27606",
"last_activity_date": "2020-10-12T02:09:30.183",
"last_edit_date": "2020-10-12T02:09:30.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 27604 | 27606 | 27606 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27619",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I was reading about possession on the particle の and it stated one of the ways\nyou can show possession was\n\n> これ は だれ の かんばん ですか\n\nand I was just wondering if this would also work\n\n> あの かさ は だれ の ですか\n\nI'm not sure if you need to have something for the の to connect to or if you\ncan just do it this way.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T07:46:19.897",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27609",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T17:37:24.800",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T15:42:31.167",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "Can the possessive の particle be used like this? あの かさ は だれ の ですか",
"view_count": 191
} | [
{
"body": "Well... how about this\n\n> あの かさ は だれ の **もの** ですか \n> Ano kasa-wa dare-no **mono** desu-ka?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T09:23:58.673",
"id": "27610",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T17:37:24.800",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T17:37:24.800",
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"owner_user_id": "11008",
"parent_id": "27609",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "Yes it works. だれの can stand for だれのもの too.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T14:59:56.727",
"id": "27617",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T14:59:56.727",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "27609",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Yes you can. This is one of the cases where `の` effectively acts as `の +\nnoun`. The noun is implicit and as stated in previous answers it is 物{もの}. You\ncan read more about how `の` works\n[here](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/nounparticles).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T15:35:19.537",
"id": "27619",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T15:35:19.537",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10045",
"parent_id": "27609",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27609 | 27619 | 27619 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the meaning of と in this sentence?\n\n> このため、地震のときと同じように机の下などに入っている **と** 安全なことがあります。\n\nIt seems different from all senses in _A Dictionary of Basic Japanese\nGrammar_. Kind of \"in the manner of\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T10:55:35.973",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27614",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:47:52.017",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:47:52.017",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "11010",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of と here?",
"view_count": 330
} | [
{
"body": "`と` here means `when`. It's a conditional (A と B), where B naturally follows\nfrom A. See [this\npost](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/393/differences-\namong-%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89-%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89-%E3%81%88%E3%81%B0-etc).\n\nThe sentence as a whole reads like:\n\n> Because of this, it will be safe **when** you hide under a desk like you\n> would during an earthquake.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T14:04:44.527",
"id": "27616",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T14:04:44.527",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10045",
"parent_id": "27614",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 27614 | null | 27616 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27623",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "有難う御座います is one Kanji spelling. However, I thought, 'is ございます here an\nauxilliary verb, and thus are the Kanji incorrect?' Should the proper spelling\nbe 有難うございます?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T16:43:24.793",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27621",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:51:44.013",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:51:44.013",
"last_editor_user_id": "10045",
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"kanji",
"orthography",
"spelling"
],
"title": "The Kanji for ありがとうございます",
"view_count": 566
} | [
{
"body": "[Jisho\nsays](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%9C%89%E9%9B%A3%E3%81%86%E3%81%94%E3%81%96%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99)\nyou can use both forms:\n\n * 有り【あり】難う【がとう】ございます\n * 有り【あり】難う【がとう】御座います【ございます】\n\nEven though I suppose Japanese only use the kanji on formal texts. The kana-\nway is probably better for a daily-basis use, as [mentioned\nhere](http://www.japan-guide.com/forum/quereadisplay.html?0%20127419).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T17:22:15.510",
"id": "27623",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T17:39:42.017",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T17:39:42.017",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11013",
"parent_id": "27621",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "ありがとうございます is a greeting which was lexicalized long ago, and I don't think\nit's a good idea to analyze it like this and try to apply the modern style\nguideline.\n\nAnd while most of the recent style guidelines do say hiragana should be used\nfor auxiliary verbs, this is not a strict rule. Not many people strictly\nfollow this in daily life. I can't say, for example, 起きて下さい or 見て貰う are\n_incorrect_.\n\nAt any rate, the most common form of this greeting is ありがとうございます, in all-\nhiragana. 有難うございます is usually acceptable, but it looks a bit too stilted by\ntoday's standards, and a strict person may stop you from using this in a\nbusiness email.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T21:07:22.150",
"id": "27629",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:07:22.150",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "27621",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 27621 | 27623 | 27629 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27628",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Written Japanese ordinarily doesn't use any spaces to separate words. But\nJapanese children's books do.\n\nFor example, the opening of Tomi Ungerer's _The Three Robbers_ (すてきな 三にんぐみ)\n\n> あらわれでたのは、\n>\n> くろマントに、 くろい ぼうしの さんにんぐみ。\n>\n> それはそれは こわーい、 どろぼうさまの おでかけだ。\n\nAre there general rules by which spaces would be inserted? (For example,\nalways after particles, always at \"word boundaries\" (suitably defined).) Or do\neditors/authors just insert spaces at \"natural\" reading pauses? (Natural for\nsmall children at least.)\n\nFor example, in the same book きがついた is written without spaces (which would be\nfine if the rule were \"no spaces in phrases which are a unit\"), but then だれも\nかれも is written _with_ space, but I think of the phrase as a unit.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T17:24:34.113",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27624",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-25T04:33:54.427",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"punctuation",
"child-speech"
],
"title": "Spaces in children's books",
"view_count": 1321
} | [
{
"body": "This practice is known as\n[分{わ}かち書{が}き](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A1%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D).\nAs you said, it's not really used in normal written Japanese. Spaces, however,\nare used in texts that are mostly kana based, such as those for kids or for\nforeigners new to the language. Its purpose is to separate words and to help\navoid confusion. Wikipedia gives the example of:\n\n> こうしまるやさいいち\n\nbeing interpretable as either `講師丸谷才一` or `こう閉まる野菜市`. If there were spaces,\nthe writer could clearly indicate as to which one of those the sentence\nactually means.\n\nNow as to what the rules are for how to use these spaces,\n[this](http://www.writer-support.com/children/writing_matter01.html) website\nappears to be dedicated to children's book writers and says some things about\nit. It notes that the ways to do 分{わ}かち書{が}き include by [文節]{ぶんせつ} (phrase) or\nby [単語]{たんご} (word). However, it mostly seems to be case dependent.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T20:28:36.830",
"id": "27627",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T21:53:22.513",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-24T21:53:22.513",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "There's a quick way to know this. The place where a space can be inserted is\nroughly the same place where ね can be naturally inserted.\n\n> あらわれでたのは **ね** 、 \n> くろマントに **ね** 、くろい **ね** 、ぼうしの **ね** 、さんにんぐみ。 \n> それはそれは **ね** 、こわーい **ね** 、どろぼうさまの **ね** 、おでかけだ。\n\nActually this structure is known as\n[文節](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%AF%80). Basically, a 文節 starts\nwith a noun/adjective/verb/adverb/etc, optionally followed by one or more\nsubsidiary verbs and particles.\n\nInserting spaces between all words (i.e. `あらわれ で た の は`) is overkill in most\ncases.\n\nBut this rule is not strict, and you will find a lot of exceptions in\nchildren's books and old video games. Don't worry too much.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-24T20:53:11.270",
"id": "27628",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-24T22:27:14.850",
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"score": 15
},
{
"body": "Because it's just kana it would be easy to get confused and join together\nwords improperly (foreign learners can certainly attest to this). Although\nit's a different language with different rules, as a general rule of language\nprocessing, providing visual separation enhances readability until such point\nthat the learner can move on to kanji and/or quickly separate words.\n\nNote that this same style — words separated by spaces but conjoined with their\nparticles — is present in proper Korean writing. For instance, the place\nmarker で in Japanese equates with 에 in Korean. In Korean this is more\nimportant because in common use the entire language is written using the\nalphabet (hangul), whereas everyone in Japan is expected to use kanji.\n\nIs it proper? No. Does it aid learning in the short term? Yes.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-25T04:33:54.427",
"id": "27638",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-25T04:33:54.427",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11021",
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}
]
| 27624 | 27628 | 27628 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27649",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been learning Japanese for a while but I'm truly investing my time\nrecently into really learning Japanese. I have private lessons once a week and\nI'm trying to use Japanese as much as I can.\n\nI'm trying to tell my friend that I'm cooking Beef Tataki tonight by saying:\n\n> 僕は今夜牛たたき料理しています。\n\nBut I'd like to add to the end of my message:\n\n> \"Correct me if I'm wrong\"\n\nor any similar saying in Japanese.\n\nHow can I say that?\n\nThank you very much in Advance",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-25T01:28:46.253",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27632",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-26T17:10:17.307",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "6683",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"learning",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "How to ask to \"correct me if I'm wrong\"",
"view_count": 3466
} | [
{
"body": "I am not a native speaker, but that's how I would say it :\n\n> もし日本語の間違{まちが}いを見{み}つけたら、直{なお}してください。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-25T03:29:31.077",
"id": "27637",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-25T03:29:31.077",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11020",
"parent_id": "27632",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "If you like to be nicer, these sentences can be what you are looking for, I\nthink.\n\n>\n> もしおかしな[日本語]{にほんご}に[聞]{き}こえたら、[自然]{しぜん}な[言]{い}い[方]{かた}を[教]{おし}えてもらえると[嬉]{うれ}しいです。\n\n> もし[不自然]{ふしぜん}な日本語に聞こえたら、自然な言い方を教えてもらえると[助]{たす}かります。\n\n> もしおかしな日本語に[思]{おも}えたところがあれば、[簡単]{かんたん}でいいので、[正]{ただ}しい[表現]{ひょうげん}を教えてもらえませんか？\n\n> もし[僕]{ぼく}の日本語が[変]{へん}に思えたら、教えてもらえませんか？ 自然な表現を[知]{し}りたいです。\n\nThese are all polite but not too formal, so can be used in a friendly way to\nsay, and sound natural to native Japanese speakers (including me).\n\n* * *\n\n### 「〜てください」 Tips\n\nIn your case, I recommend to avoid using 「〜てください」.\n\n「〜てください」 is a straightforward expression and does not imply that there are\nother choices, so it may make the listener feel uncomfortable because most\npeople don't like to be said what to do without other choices.\n\nIn general, 「〜ください」 is used in a situation where the listener **needs to\nknow** exactly what to do and the speaker **needs to tell/ask** it.\n\nFor example, a customer(the speaker) may say this to the waiter(the listener)\nwhen ordering a drink at a restaurant.\n\n> [烏龍茶]{うーろんちゃ} **ください** 。\n\nWhen giving a direction to a taxi driver(the listener), someone(the speaker)\nwould ask it like this.\n\n> [次]{つぎ}の[角]{かど}を[右]{みぎ}に[曲]{ま}がっ **てください** 。\n\n「〜てください」 is also used usually in a situation where someone needs to warn\nothers **very clearly** in a nice way, like this.\n\n> これは[毒]{どく}きのこです。[食]{た}べないで **ください** 。\n\nIn your case, using 「〜てください」 is too clear or too firm for the nuance you\nactually want to express, I guess.\n\n* * *\n\n### 「教えて」\n\n「教えて」 in the sentences above means \"tell me\" or \"let me know.\" It's a very\ncommon way to ask someone something you don't know. This is an example of\n「[教]{おし}えて」 used in a casual conversation.\n\n> Ａ「たったの[一晩]{ひとばん}で[漢字]{かんじ}[千]{せん}[個]{こ}を[暗記]{あんき}する[方法]{ほうほう}、[知]{し}ってる？」\n>\n> Ｂ「知らない。 **教えて** ！」\n>\n> Ａ「わたしも知りたい。」\n\n「教えて」 can imply various needs if there is enough context for it. In your case,\nif you use 「教えて」, 「教えて」 means \"tell me that it's wrong\" and implies \"tell me\nthe correct one.\" So, you can simply say\n\n> もしおかしな日本語になってたら、教えてもらいたいです。\n\nor\n\n> もし変な日本語になってたら、教えてほしいです。\n\nor\n\n> もし日本語[間違]{まちが}ってたら、教えてほしいです。",
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| 27632 | 27649 | 27649 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27636",
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"body": "> 力任せに壁面に罅{ひび}を **刻んでは一つ** 、また一つと体のパーツを外気に晒{さら}していく。\n\nWhat does は do here? Is it contrasting?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-25T02:19:36.210",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "What does the は in this sentence do?",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "`[V1] + ては + [V2]` or `[V1] + では + [V2]` is a fixed expression that describes\ntwo actions (V1, V2) are repeatedly happening in rapid succession.\n\nSee [ては](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/152199/m0u/) definition 3:\n\n> ３ 二つの動作・作用などが対になって繰り返される意を表す。「幼い頃は電車を見 **ては** 喜んでいた」「姉はいつも洋服を脱い **では**\n> 着て楽しんでいる」\n\nSo this sentence means that someone is repeating the two actions (壁面に罅【ひび】を刻む\nand パーツを外気に晒【さら】す) again and again.",
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| 27634 | 27636 | 27636 |
{
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"body": "I'm often unsure what to say when answering the telephone when I am the\ncustomer; people usually say their name and then wait for me to say something\nbefore stating their business. I'm guessing there is a set phrase that people\nusually say at that point.\n\nUsually it goes like:\n\n * **Me:** はい、XXです。\n * **Them:** XX社のXXXと申します。\n * **Me:** お世話になってます。 ← _What I'm unsure about_\n\nIs this appropriate to say as a customer? What if I've never spoken to them\nbefore? What else could I say here?",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"set-phrases",
"politeness"
],
"title": "What to say when answering the phone",
"view_count": 749
} | [
{
"body": "If you are a customer I wouldn't care too much. `お世話になってます` would be a good\nchoice. `あ、どうも` or even `はい` would work (albeit less polite, but as a customer\nyou don't need to be polite). If you want to ask why they called you can say\n`何のお電話でしょう？` or `どうしました？`.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-25T12:27:34.017",
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"body": "If you're not expecting their call, then one does wonder what exactly the 世話\ncould be that made them call you. If it's a company where you are a customer,\nI would probably wait to hear more, so\n\n * _Me._ はい、◯◯です。\n * _Them._ ◯◯社の◯◯と申します。\n * _Me._ はい。\n\nIf you want a firmer handle on the conversation, you can also ask\n\n * _Me._ どういったご用件ですか。\n\nIf in the end you did benefit from their call (i.e. it wasn't just a sales\ncall, but they helped you fix something, set something in order, etc.), you\ncan always say something nice later.\n\n * _Me._ お世話様でした。 ( _or_ よろしくお願いします。 _or_ ご苦労様でした。)\n\n(Note that お世話様でした is **not** a different way of saying お世話になっています. The former\nis said from \"above\" to \"below\", the latter is said from \"below\" to \"above\".)",
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| 27640 | 27644 | 27641 |
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"body": "I was reading a Japanese sentence of which part read\n\n> 生真面目な性格で、 **何によらず** 人の注目を引くことが苦手だった。\n\nbut could not work out the meaning of 何によらず. I thought that perhaps the よらず is\nthe negative of よる but that still didn't make sense to me.\n\nJust wondering if anyone has come across this before and know what it means.\nAny help much appreciated.\n\nThe meanings of the other words in that sentence are\n\n * 生真面目【きまじめ】 _too serious, a person who is too serious_\n * 性格【せいかく】 _character, personality_",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Meaning of 何によらず",
"view_count": 600
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{
"body": "によらず means regardless of\n\nfor example： すなわち，血によらず，肉によらず，人によらず，神によって生まれた人々である who were born not of blood,\nnor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God.",
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"body": "何によらず (literally \"regardless of whatever\") indicates that the following part\napplies for every respect. I think you can translate it using \"in all\nrespects\", \"in every way\", \"whatever it is\", \"whatsoever\", \"all sorts of\",\netc.\n\n何事【なにごと】によらず means the same, and is more common, according to [BCCWJ\nCorpus](http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/).\n\nBy the way, 生真面目 does not necessarily have the negative connotation, and it\ncan just mean _very serious_ or _earnest_.",
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| 27642 | null | 27663 |
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"body": "This is my understanding:\n\n 1. する名詞： \n\n> 運転する。 \n> 残業する。 \n> 勉強する。\n\n 2. their potential forms: \n\n> 運転することができる。 \n> 残業することができる。 \n> 勉強することができる。\n\n 3. abbreviated potential forms:\n\n> 運転できる。 \n> 残業できる。 \n> 勉強できる。\n\nCan you say 日本語する? \nIf the answer is **no** , how can 日本語できる be grammatically correct? \nWithout realizing it, you are actually saying 日本語が分かることができます.\n\nIf ジョン **が** 日本語できる is grammatically incorrect, why is it listed as the\npremier example of how to use **が** with the exhaustive listing meaning in\nthis thread with 83 up-votes: [What's the difference between wa (は) and ga\n(が)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/22/whats-the-difference-\nbetween-wa-%E3%81%AF-and-ga-%E3%81%8C)\n\nI read ジョン **が** 日本語できる as ジョン **が** 日本語 **が** 分かること **が** できる. But, now it\nlooks like a sentence with 3 **が** that has 2 implied. That seems kind of\ndeceptive and not that useful.\n\n* * *\n\n**Summary of the question**\n\nI agree that ジョン **が** 日本語できる sounds ok. It looks like a sentence with one が.\nBut, you can only create that by tacitly implying **が** 分かること **が**? 日本語 is\nnot a サ変名詞. You can't say 日本語する. So, you can't simply say 日本語できる? There must\nbe implied が?\n\n83 up-votes cannot be wrong, so where am I wrong?",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"verbs",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "If 日本語する is not ok, why is 日本語できる ok?",
"view_count": 1889
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{
"body": "> Can you say \"日本語する\"?\n\nI suppose you can use it idiomatically or somewhat playfully (perhaps akin to\nsomething like \"I'm Japanese-ing it up\"), but it's not a real verb that is\nused.\n\n> If the answer is no, how can \"日本語できる\" be grammatically correct? Without\n> realizing it, you are actually saying \"日本語が分かることができます。\".\n\n日本語できる is really just dropping the `が` from 日本語** _が_ **できる. Whether or not\nsimply leaving out particles in casual speech is grammatically correct or not\nis debatable (I would say it isn't). Also, 分かる is a bit special in that it\nalready includes potentiality in its own definition—\"can understand\"—so saying\n`日本語が分かることができます` is redundant at best.\n\nSo to answer the question, 日本語できる is acceptable because it's just particle-\nless casual speech, while 日本語する is something that is, at best, not used, and\ncompletely incorrect at worst.\n\n> If \"ジョンが日本語できる\" is grammatically incorrect, why is it listed as the premier\n> example of how to use が with the exhaustive listing meaning in this thread\n> with 83 up-votes: \n> What's the difference between wa (は) and ga (が)?\n\nI suspect that due to the whole point of that thread being comparing and\ncontrasting は and が, the author of that post intentionally left out the が\nbetween 日本語 and できる to avoid further confusion about が; but I'm no mind-\nreader.",
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"body": "The heart of your confusion lies in the fact that できる can serve in other roles\nin which it is not the potential form of する。It's better to think of 出来る as its\nown completely separate word, which also has a use/meaning that conveniently\nlets it fill the role of the potential form of する。\n\nLet's look at the definition of できる・出来る in a dictionary (大辞林第2版).\n\n> 1. 自然に生じる。（ア）それまでなかった物が生じる。\n> 2. 新たに作られて完成する。\n> 3. 作物が成熟する。また，作物が生長する。\n> 4. 課せられた作業・課題や準備が完成・完了する。仕上がる。\n> 5. 材質・つくりが…である。\n> 6. 人が…するように生まれついている。教育されている。\n> 7. 能力・人柄がすぐれている。\n> 8. 世間に知られないうちに，男女が情交を結ぶような親しい仲になる。\n> 9. 能力・可能性がある。近世以降の用法。 （ア）おこないうる。 （イ）それをうまく行える。\n> （ウ）動作性の名詞を受けて，…をすることが可能であるという意を表す。 （エ）サ変動詞の語幹に付いて，…することが可能であるの意を表す。\n>\n\nOnly definition #9 is the potential form of する. Everything else encapsulates\nできる's unique meaning.\n\nAs @istrasci said, here 日本語できる is actually 日本語[が/は]できる abbreviated. This できる\nis NOT an abbreviation of 分かることができる (and as @istrasci mentioned, the meaning\nof stative/affective verbals like 分かる already encompasses their potential\nmeaning). Also, the \"hidden\" が here is not the one in ジョン **が** 日本語できる, but in\nsomething like ジョンが日本語 **が** できる.\n\nYou are right that 日本語 is not a サ変名詞/compound verbal. If 日本語 could be used as\nsuch (i.e. 日本語する), then we would not have 日本語ができる, but just 日本語できる as the\nunabbreviated form.\n\nI think using 大辞林 might not be the best dictionary to explore the 日本語ができる\nmeaning of できる, though, so let's use 新明解（第五版）for that:\n\n> 1.〈（なに・どこニ）―〉 物事が生じる。\n>\n> 2. 〈（なにニ）―〉 成立する。\n>\n> 3. その方面の特技を持っていたり それをこなすだけの能力を備えていたり する。\n>\n> 4. 何かをする△見込み（チャンス・余裕・権利）が有る。\n>\n> 5. その人のしようとした事が支障無く成立する。\n>\n> 6. 〔俗〕（相愛の）男女の間に、情交関係が成立する。\n>\n>\n\n#3 is the definition we want. Zooming into the example sentences for #3, we\nsee:\n\n * 運転ができる\n * **外国語のできる〔＝話せる〕人**\n * この問題は私には出来ない\n * よくできる〔＝成績の良い〕人だ\n\nWe can also see here how できる is different from 分かる, in that it implies that\nsomeone can speak the language, not merely understand it.\n\nAccording to JSL (Japanese: The Spoken Language) by Jorden, this usage of できる\nmeans something akin to \"capable:\"\n\n> **Sâtoo-san wa eégo ga dekimàsu.** 'Mr/s. Sato (for one) is capable in\n> _English_.\"\n\n-Lesson 5, p. 116 (the romanization is a kunrei variant; don't be alarmed by the oo/ee)",
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| 27645 | 27646 | 27646 |
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"body": "How do you interpret this? This is an artist talking:\n\n> 一番気にしているのはやっぱり **過去の蓄積** 、自分が面白いと思ってきたものでしょうね。 **おもしろいと思ってきたもの**\n> には一貫性はあるんですよ、人間の癖がありますからね。だから、昔おもしろいと思ったものを、自分というフィルターを通してもう一回具現化したい、それが今の願望なのかもしれない。\n\nI guess I have two main questions:\n\n 1. What exactly is being 蓄積ed -- 過去 or おもしろいと思ってきたもの\n 2. When you read this, do you understand おもしろいと思ってきたもの as referring to things _he himself_ has done in the past, or just anything in general that he liked?",
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"tags": [
"parsing",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "Help me understand 過去の蓄積 and 面白いと思ってきたもの",
"view_count": 198
} | [
{
"body": "1. 蓄積 here is a _noun_ which literally means 'accumulation' but actually means '(accumulated) experience' in this context. 過去の蓄積 means \"what I have accumulated\", or simply \"experience in the past\".\n\n 2. It depends on his career. If he is a young creator, this should mainly refer to what he has seen as a consumer. If he is a veteran creator who is trying to challenge something new, it probably refers to what he has done as a creator, too.",
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| 27647 | null | 27652 |
{
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"body": "> WWWJDIC: [天地無用]{てんちむよう} (exp) (yoji) do not turn upside down\n\nI see this on some cardboard boxes in the context of shipping and handling.\nWhy is this expression used to indicate \"this side up\", or where does it come\nfrom?\n\nI can understand that 天 and 地 refer to up and down, but how does 無用 (useless,\nfutile, prohibited) play a role in this phrase?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"owner_user_id": "603",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Etymology of 天地無用",
"view_count": 365
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{
"body": "Yes, many Japanese wonder why, too.\n\nThe truth is that it's an obsolete usage of 天地 (except in this idiom!).\n日本国語大辞典 (kind of the OED of Japanese) apparently has a definition:\n\n> **てん‐ち 【天地】**\n>\n> (...)\n>\n> **(6)** （─する）上下をひっくりかえすこと。\n>\n> ＊滑稽本・早変胸機関〔１８１０〕「裾廻しは天地（テンチ）するだよ」\n\nthat is, 天地 once meant for \"to turn upside down\", at least attested on 1810 in\nEdo period. Thus, 天地無用 means \"must not turn (it) upside down\", which makes\n(made) great sense.\n\nBut since this meaning has dropped from usage and 無用 for \"must not\" has become\nan old-fashioned wording too, [one third of Japanese people end up taking it\nas \"Don't care about top and\nbottom\"](http://bylines.news.yahoo.co.jp/fuwaraizo/20141019-00040074/), which\nis the exact opposite of the original meaning.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-26T15:06:29.770",
"id": "27662",
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"score": 9
}
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| 27650 | 27662 | 27662 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 妻が死んで、子供が家を出て。\n>\n> Then my wife died, and my kids left home.\n\nIs the sentence ending て a contraction for another expression? If so can\nsomeone list the possible expressions for any sentence ending て form?\n\nAlso is the で connecting the sentences the reason-giving で?\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-26T01:02:39.873",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27651",
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"owner_user_id": "10787",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Sentence Ending て form",
"view_count": 3365
} | [
{
"body": "By ending the sentence like this, the speaker is implying he has something\nmore to say. His wife died, his kids left home, and that may not be the end of\nhis story. Or he may just want to add how sad he was.\n\nHe may continue his story right after this sentence, but the remaining part\nmay be simply omitted when it's obvious.\n\n> 「明日映画に行こう。」「あー、今、お金がなくて…。」 \n> \"Let's go to a movie tomorrow.\" \"Er, I don't have money now, so...\"\n\nThe で in 死んで is basically the same as て, but [て will be voiced after some\nverbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation#Summary_of_verb_conjugations)\n( _rendaku_ phenomenon).\n\n_(Not to be confused[て as a casual\nrequest](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/13003/5010).)_",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-26T16:56:46.137",
"id": "27665",
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| 27651 | null | 27665 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27657",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I would imagine that my friend is trying to say _\"My work is very difficult,\nbut other than that I'm fine!\"_ ,\n\nBut for me it feels like it's missing an adjective like 難しい.\n\n> 仕事は大変だけど元気だよー\n\nI imagine it should be\n\n> 仕事は大変難しいだけど元気だよー\n\nMy friend is Japanese, so I would guess that either\n\n 1. 仕事は大変 is assumed to mean \"Work is very difficult\", or\n 2. She forgot to include an adjective\n\nAm I wrong in understanding, or did she just forget an adjective?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-26T03:25:21.357",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"adjectives",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "\"仕事は大変だけど元気だよー\" Missing adjective or is it correct?",
"view_count": 354
} | [
{
"body": "Here 大変 is used as a na-adjective. It's [definition #3 in\n研究社新和英中辞典](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%89): たいへん =\n\"〈労力を要すること〉 a hard task; a difficult job.\"\n\n> 仕事は大変だけど元気だよー\n\nShe's saying her job is hard/tough and/or busy, but she's fine/healthy.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-26T04:17:55.680",
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{
"body": "仕事は大変だけど、元気だよ means \"My job requires hard work, nevertheless (I can endure it)\nI'm fine.\" It's a self-completing statement.\n\nI don't think you need to be redundant by adding \"difficult\" on top of \"hard,\"\nwhich is already referred to, and you don't know if her job is really\n\"difficult\" work such as demanding high level of computing, designing, or\nnegotiation work or not. It's can be a simple labor, but tough work because it\nlasts long hours.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-04-23T03:05:58.137",
"id": "33739",
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| 27656 | 27657 | 27657 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27661",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In my textbook, the following phrase:\n\n> **子どもたちが話している** にぎやかな声\n\nis derived from the following example sentence:\n\n> にぎやかな声で子どもたちが話している。\n\nIt is the phrase that confuses me. It appears to me that the section in bold\nis modifying にぎやか, and if this is indeed the case, I do not understand the\nmeaning of this construct.\n\nI would appreciate help understanding this phrase.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-26T06:28:58.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27658",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9838",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax",
"adjectives",
"na-adjectives"
],
"title": "Modifying 形容動詞 (ナ adjectives) with verb phrases",
"view_count": 172
} | [
{
"body": "What to do you think about this parsing: (子どもたちが話している)(にぎやかな声). The verb\nphrase modifies にぎやかな声 as a whole.\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT** : \nThe て form and 連体節 (modifying with a verb phrase) doesn't serve the same\npurpose. て tends to stream-line (one things after the other) whereas 連体節\nmodifies the things that follows.\n\n(子どもたちが話していて)(にぎやかな声), the parenthesis can't be placed like that. At most, you\ncan insert a comma : 子どもたちが話していて、にぎやかな声(…) but it doesn't really make sense if\nyou don't complete the … part.\n\nIn (あったかくて) (おいしい料理), here again parenthesis can't be like that. あったかくて、おいしい料理\n(The food is warm and and it is good/delicious) (another way to understand it\nwould be: The food is warm and (because of that) it is good/delicious)\n\nMore information on how to parse sentence can be found in Appendix 8 of the\nbook \"A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar\". And if you're brave enough 連体節\nare discussed in details\n[here](http://www.geocities.jp/niwasaburoo/56rentaisetu.html) ;) (beware EUC-\nJP encoding)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-26T13:14:01.463",
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| 27658 | 27661 | 27661 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27772",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know 資格 is しかく, 活動 is かつどう and 許可 is きょか, but the 外 puzzles me here. Is it\njust がい？",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-26T12:04:37.483",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27659",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-26T12:18:15.897",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10712",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"compounds"
],
"title": "How to read 資格外活動許可?",
"view_count": 178
} | [
{
"body": "As you suspect, しかくがいかつどうきょか.\n\n[An agreeing source (via\npronunciation)](http://forvo.com/word/%E8%B3%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%A4%96%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%B1%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%B3%E8%AB%8B%E6%9B%B8/)\n\nEdit: hah i'm too late. The same source is cited in the comments before me.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-01T17:30:50.423",
"id": "27772",
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| 27659 | 27772 | 27772 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27666",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've been reading an [article](http://xn--\nvcs415akpfnn7a.com/%E9%80%A3%E7%94%A8%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF.html)\nabout 連用修飾語 when I noticed the following lines -\n\n> 「サルビアの花は真っ赤で美しい。」\n>\n> 「美しい」が形容詞だというのが分かりますか？ **これを修飾するのは、「真っ赤で」になります**\n> ね。つまり、「真っ赤で」が連用修飾語ということになります。\n\nIf I'm understanding correctly the author says that in this sentence 真っ赤\nmodifies 美しい. However, as far as I know, in order to modify 美しい the particle に\nshould be written before 真っ赤 - 真っ赤に美しい. And で in 真っ赤で美しい is used to split two\nadjective - \"Salvian flower is deep red and beautiful.\". Or maybe I'm just\nmisunderstanding something?\n\nSince I think that the subject is similar, I would like to ask one more\nquestion. I'm interesed in the 平凡で埋没している part in the following sentence. Is で\nparticle used to split 平凡 and 埋没している in the following sentence?\n\n> まず、ただでさえジョン・ウェインのような突出したスターが起用されていない上に、キャラクターがどれも **平凡で埋没している** のがよくない。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-26T13:05:01.067",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27660",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "連用修飾語 with で particle",
"view_count": 140
} | [
{
"body": "I agree with you; I would interpret this sentence about サルビア as \"red and\nbeautiful\", where 真っ赤 and 美しい are connected in parallel. 真っ赤に美しい (redly\nbeautiful?) doesn't make sense to me, but grammatically, that should be how\n真っ赤 can adverbially modify 美しい.\n\nThe same goes for 平凡で埋没している. It's just \"キャラクターが平凡だ and キャラクターが埋没している\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 27660 | 27666 | 27666 |
{
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"body": "From [the Wikipedia article for\n源頼朝](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E9%A0%BC%E6%9C%9D):\n\n> 源頼朝は、平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期の武将、政治家であり、鎌倉幕府の初代征夷大将軍である。\n\nClearly, 平安時代末期から鎌倉時代初期の modifies 武将、政治家. However, what does the 平安時代末期から\nmodify? Is 鎌倉時代初期の treated as a の-adjective here, grammatically?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-26T16:50:53.483",
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"id": "27664",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Does Xから modify Yの here?",
"view_count": 126
} | [
{
"body": "First, I assume you have the basic knowledge discussed in this question: \n[Why can we use の after へ and\nから?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/27363/5010)\n\nIn short, 平安時代末期から is like an adverb and modifies a _verb_. 平安時代末期から **の** is\nlike an adjective and modifies a _noun_.\n\n> * 平安時代から **の** 武将 a bushō from the Heian period (say he's a time traveler)\n> * 平安時代から知られている to be known from the Heian period\n> * 月へ **の** 旅行 a journey to the moon\n> * 月から **の** 帰還 a return from the moon\n> * 月へ旅行する to travel to the moon\n>\n\nWhen two or more phrases modify the same _noun_ , usually such の is _not_\nomitted:\n\n> * 僕と **の** 月へ **の** 旅行 a journey with me to the moon\n> * 月へ **の** 僕と **の** 旅行 a journey to the moon with me\n> * カナダから **の** 重要な手紙 an important letter from Canada\n>\n\nHowever, since から and まで/へ are used together very frequently, AからBまで or AからBへ\nis treated as one set, and the の after から is usually omitted:\n\n> * 地球から月へ **の** 旅行 a journey from the earth to the moon\n> * カナダから日本まで **の** チケット a ticket from Canada to Japan\n>\n\nIn your example, there is no まで after 鎌倉時代初期, but I feel inserting まで there is\nsomewhat out of place, or at least redundant.\n\nSo I think this 平安時代末期から modifies nothing by itself, but it modifies the noun\nphrase \"武将、政治家\" when it's coupled with の.\n\n> * 平安時代から **の** 武将 (modifies a noun)\n> * 平安時代から鎌倉時代 **の** 武将 (modifies a noun; の after から is omitted because it's\n> the \"from A to/till B\" pattern)\n> * 平安時代から **の** 秘密 **の** 武将 (modifies a noun; の must _not_ be omitted)\n> * 平安時代から現代に来た武将 (modifies a verb 来る)\n>",
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| 27664 | 27668 | 27668 |
{
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"body": "It should be mentioned I can't read kanji, so please keep that in mind when\nanswering\n\nI've just encountered the verb [必要]{ひつよう}, in the Rosetta Stone sentence\n\n> [私]{わたし}はチケットを[二枚]{にまい}[買]{か}う必要があります\n\nQuestion 1: Does 必要 operate the same as 要ります? Is there a difference in what it\nimplies, or is it like the english equivalent of need vs require, where the\ndifference isn't meaning but context and which fits the sentence better?\n\nQuestion 2: Can I use 必要 before and after が? \nI.e. are these three sentences equally valid? Do they mean the same thing?:\n\n> 1. 私は [読]{よ}む [の・こと] が [要]{い}ります\n>\n> 2. 私は 読む 必要 が あります\n>\n> 3. 私は 読む [の・こと] が 必要 です\n>\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-27T11:45:16.050",
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"owner_user_id": "11037",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"verbs"
],
"title": "必要{ひつよう} vs 要{い}ります",
"view_count": 6126
} | [
{
"body": "In fact, 必要 is not a verb, but a noun. It can be an adjective if it is\nfollowed by な. As a noun, 必要 means \"a necessity\" or \"a need\". As an adjective,\nit means \"necessary\" or \"needed\".\n\n> そんなに高いパソコン買う必要ありますか？ Is there a necessity to buy such an expensive computer?\n>\n> たくさんの文献を読む必要がある。 There is a necessity to read a lot of literature.\n>\n> ログインが必要です。 The login is a necessity.\n>\n> 必要な物 necessary things\n\nBut 要る / 要ります is a real verb, so the construction will be different:\n\n> パソコンが要ります。 I need a computer.\n\nI would say that the meaning is quite similar, and that the main difference is\ntheir role in the sentence (verb, noun, adjective).\n\nA slight difference about the meaning could be that 必要がある is more used in\norder to express an \"external necessity\" (that doesn't come from you), like a\nrule or a law. For instance, if you want to buy something, there is a\nnecessity for you to have money. On the contrary, 要る can also express that you\nwant something, so this is an \"internal necessity\" (that comes from you).\n\n* * *\n\nAs @naruto said in the comments, the expression \"を必要とする\" (\"require\" / \"call\nfor\") can also be found:\n\n> パソコンを必要とする。 This task requires a computer.\n>\n> 技術を必要とする分野 a field that requires skill\n\n* * *\n\nAs @Chocolate♦ said in the comments, \"読むことが要ります\" would be understood but it\nsounds strange and is almost not used. Prefer other suggested alternatives.",
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| 27669 | 27672 | 27672 |
{
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"body": "So, I've been told by a native Japanese that the following sentence sounds\nweird:\n\n * LA VITA E'BELLAを見{み}る[時]{とき}、[感動]{かんどう}しました。\n\nIn her own words, 'because watching that video is a one time thing and not\nyour habit, so we usually use the past tense.'\n\nBut in my book, it says that in a A時、B sentence, we use the present short form\nwhen A happens after or at the time of B. And I want to say that I got\nemotional when I watched that film (at the same time, not after the film). So,\ncould anybody explain to me in more detail whether the sentence is correct or\nnot, and why?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-27T12:20:54.613",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "5423",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Use of 時{とき} in the following sentences",
"view_count": 332
} | [
{
"body": "When you are moved by a movie, you have already watched the movie. You\nremember the scenes, music, and the story.\n\n> LA VITA E'BELLAを見る時\n\nimplies when you were moved, LA VITA E'BELLA **hadn't finished** yet. So it\nsounds like you were moved by something else (such as equipment of the theater\nor behavior of the audience) during the movie or just before it started.\n\n> LA VITA E'BELLAを見た時\n\nThis means that you **had watched** LA VITA E'BELLA when you were moved, that\nis, you were moved probably by the movie itself.",
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| 27670 | null | 27676 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27675",
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"body": "I've just used a sentence that I think was wrong:\n\nグループ員はよくパブで飲みに行く.\n\nThe concern there is the yoku.\n\nWhere would the often/hardly/always/whatever actually go in this sort of\nsentence structure and why?\n\nIs it グループ員はパブでよく飲みに行く or グループ員はパブで飲みによく行く?\n\nOr was I right the first time?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-27T13:54:56.533",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Often go to do something",
"view_count": 4174
} | [
{
"body": "In most of the cases よく should be put just before the verb:\n\n> コリアンレストランへよく行く。 I often go to the corean restaurant.\n>\n> よくあるご質問 frequently asked questions\n\nIt sounds better. And when the verb is built with a noun, just before this\nnoun:\n\n> 日本語をよく勉強します。 I often study Japanese.\n>\n> よく検索されるキーワード keywords that are often looked up\n\nBut you can also put よく at the beginning of the sentence:\n\n> 新聞をよく読みます。 I often read the newspaper.\n>\n> よく新聞を読みます。 I often read the newspaper.\n\nHere both are correct.\n\nAnd sometimes you can find よく elsewhere in the sentence in order to emphasize\na precise element:\n\n> 子どもたちはよくテレビを見ます。 Children often watch TV.\n\nBut here it's correct because Japanese people say it like that. We are almost\nin the case of a verb built with a noun because the expression テレビを見る is so\nfrequent that it has become almost undivisible. For the same reason, Japanese\npeople will say:\n\n> このごろ、よく夢を見るんです。 These days, I often dream.\n\nIndeed, 夢を見る has become a very usual expression.\n\nIn some sentences, placing よく anywhere will sound strange. If you don't know\nwhere to put よく, I recommend you to put it just before the verb.",
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| 27671 | 27675 | 27675 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Dictionary translation is \"I beg you will favour me with your company―I\nrequest the pleasure of your company.\"\n\n御来駕被成下度奉懇願候\n\nI can only surmise about ご来駕 noun 懇願候 verb (ask), sourou being a polite form\nof suru.\n\nThe particles seem to be omitted.\n\nWhat to make of the 被成下度奉 part?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-27T16:04:30.580",
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"owner_user_id": "10777",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "What the grammar/syntax of 御来駕被成下度奉懇願候?",
"view_count": 572
} | [
{
"body": "That's a phrase anyone younger than Sherlock Holmes never uses. It's an\nexample of [候文{そうろうぶん}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%99%E6%96%87),\nwhich had been official writing style until Edo period but completely died out\naround WWII.\n\nBoth the wording and orthography are as old as hills (literally). Despite its\nlook, not much particles are omitted because most of them are embedded in the\nform of kanji in this Classical Chinese-inspired notation.\n\nIt reads:\n\n> 御{ご}来駕{らいが}成{なし}下{くだ}されたく懇願{こんがん}たてまつり候{そうろう}\n\nwhere you may notice `被V` and `奉V` stand for common honorific words `V-(さ)れる`\nand `V-(し)たてまつる`, and `度` for a conjugated form `たく` of `V-(し)たい`.\n\nThen, if you replace them with present-day vocabulary, it'll be:\n\n> ぜひともお越しくださいますようお願い申し上げます",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T01:46:13.243",
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{
"body": "The first phrase is nominal. It is composed of 接頭語(prefix)「御」 and\n名詞(noun)「来駕」.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/obV1v.png)\n\nThe numbers in the right side represent the reading order of 漢字.\n\nThe second phrase is composed of a verb(動詞)「[成]{な}す」, a subsidiary\nverb(補助動詞)「[下]{くだ}さる」 and an auxiliary verb(助動詞)「たい」.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/O4Jxc.png)\n\nThe reading order of the second phrase is not simple top-to-down. This kind of\nreading order is called 「[返]{かえ}り[読]{よ}み」 which is commonly used in [漢文]{かんぶん}\nand [候文]{そうろうぶん}, but almost never used in present-day proses.\n\n「返り読み」 is also used in the last phrase which is composed of 名詞「懇願」,\n動詞「[奉]{たてまつ}る」 and 補助動詞「[候]{さうら}ふ」. （The written Japanese word さうらふ = 候ふ is\ntraditionally pronounced そうろう in spoken Japanese.）\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FVu56.png)\n\n[漢文]{かんぶん} means Classical Chinese writings. However, the most common meaning\nof 漢文 in Japan is \"Classical Chinese-Japanese word-for-word translation.\"\nJapanese people in some era attempted to translate Classical Chinese writings\ninto Japanese, trying to maintain the original structure of Classical Chinese\nlanguage. So, 漢文 is a writing, written by using 漢字 and Classical Chinese\ngrammar, and read by using Japanese vocabulary and grammar. 返り読み has been\nneeded in order to overcome the conflicts between Classical Chinese grammar\nand Japanese grammar.\n\nIn [候文]{そうろうぶん}, many parts are written by using Japanese grammar, however, a\nlot of 漢文 style grammar are also used.\n\n御来駕被成下度奉懇願候 is 候文 and the ways using 被 and 奉 in it are of 漢文 style grammar.\n\nIf the order of 漢字 is modified into Japanese grammar and [送]{おく}りがな are added,\nit is no longer 漢文 or 候文 (actually some 候文 contain 送りがな though) and called\n「[書]{か}き[下]{くだ}し[文]{ぶん}」 or 「[読]{よ}み下し文」. For example, the first Japanese\nsentence in broccoli forestさん's answer is 書き下し文.\n\n書き下し文 is always helpful to understand the reading orders of 漢字 in 漢文 and 候文,\nespecially for people who learned 返り読み in school. (Most teenagers living in\nJapan learn 漢文 and 返り読み in school. This 漢文 is translation one, so most\nJapanese people don't know how to pronounce them in Chinese.) I posted this\nanswer in case you don't know the existence of 返り読み in Japanese language.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T22:24:33.990",
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| 27674 | null | 27721 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27698",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "私たちはこの時代に生きていて邪悪さがいよいよ増していることを知っています。\n\nI was given this sentence from a friend and I'm having trouble with the extra\nて in 生きていて。\n\nCould someone explain what grammar is being used here? Why it needed the next\nTe for this enduring state?\n\nI would have translated it more 私たちはこの時代に生きているのが邪悪さがいよいよ増していることを知っています。<\nProbably wrong, I'm still new to Japanese.\n\nAny explanations as to how this sentence works would be much appreciated!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-27T21:37:27.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "10713",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Understanding 生きていて～",
"view_count": 238
} | [
{
"body": "Looks to me to be just the て that joins clauses i.e. verb-A-て verb-B\n\ndo verb-A **and** do verb-B\n\nor,\n\n**during the act of** verb-A, verb-B\n\nThe latter option seems to work better here.\n\n> Living in these times, we know that wickedness is increasing more and more.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T15:55:31.787",
"id": "27695",
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{
"body": "生きる is the verb \"to live\", whereas 生きている means \"to be living\", as you\ncorrectly guessed.\n\nUsing 生きているのが leads to some problems. This の makes the verb to a noun, which\nbecomes the subject due to が. But in the following you don't use it as\nsubject.\n\nUsing the te-form instead solves that problem, as it breaks the sentence down\nin two meaningful parts: The one part is \"We are living in these times\", the\nother is \"We know that the wickedness is steadily increasing\". The grammar\npoint used here is that you can connect sentences to one large sentence with\nthe te-form.",
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| 27677 | 27698 | 27695 |
{
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"body": "How is it possible to naively get both \"Foreign Carrot Regime\" and \"Foreigner\nSuffrage\" from \"外国人参政権\"?\n\nI'm interested in how the same kanji can be combined in different ways to\ncreate a different meaning.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-27T22:27:14.590",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_editor_user_id": "91",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "How did we get \"Foreign Carrot Regime\"?",
"view_count": 1706
} | [
{
"body": "[外国]{がい・こく} + [人参]{にん・じん} + [政権]{せい・けん} → Foreign + Carrot + Regime\n\n## OR\n\n[外国人]{がい・こく・じん} + [参政権]{さん・せい・けん} → Foreigner + Suffrage",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-27T22:43:14.297",
"id": "27680",
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{
"body": "[外国人](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA) is formed from \"外\"\n(outside), \"国\" (country), and \"人\" (person). Outside country person =\nforeigner.\n\n[外国](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD) is formed from \"外\" (outside),\n\"国\" (country). Outside country = foreign.\n\n[人参](http://jisho.org/word/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%82) can mean either carrot or\nginseng. Wiktionary's entry on\n[人参](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%82) refers to\n[人參](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%83) in Chinese, describing\nits etymology as a combination of the Chinese characters for person plus that\nof a root, because of the forked root of ginseng looking like a human's limbs.\n\n\"Suffrage\" is [参政権](http://jisho.org/word/%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9), and\n\"Regime\" is [政権](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9). The former\ncontains \"参\", which jisho.org says can mean participation. Participation +\nregime = suffrage.\n\nForeign suffrage = Outside country person | participation in regime.\n\nForeign carrot regime = Outside country | person root | regime.\n\nI don't quite understand why \"参\" has meanings of both root and participation,\nbut apart from that, it makes sense.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T13:12:38.920",
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| 27679 | null | 27680 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27686",
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"body": "There is no context for these sentences:\n\n> (1) **ある** 男と自己紹介するために、夜明けに家を出かけた。 \n> (2) **どっかの** 男と自己紹介するために、夜明けに家を出かけた。\n\nboth best translate to:\n\n> _I left my house at daybreak to introduce myself to a man._\n\n#2 explicitly states ( _I did not know where the man was from_ )? \n#1 tacitly hints ( _I did not know where the man was from_ )?\n\nAre those translations correct? \n#1 does not sound like it would be used in a daily conversation among friends? \n#2 is too informal to use in business Japanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T02:42:34.020",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"translation"
],
"title": "Do both \"どっかの男\" and \"ある男\" equally effect an indefinite article kind of meaning?",
"view_count": 133
} | [
{
"body": "First, \"to introduce myself to X\" is \"X **に** 自己紹介する\", not \"X **と** 自己紹介する\".\n\"家を出かけた\" is a bit strange, too, and you should say either \"家を出た\" or \"出かけた\"\n(without 家を).\n\n> ある男に自己紹介するために…\n\nThis is the natural choice, because you probably know who you're going to\nmeet, and at least his name. ある男 here means \"a (certain) man\". This phrase is\nfine in a novel, but if this is used in a business setting, [you should\nreplace this 男 with 男性, 男の人, or simply,\n人](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4380/5010).\n\nIn casual conversations, people usually say \"ある(男の)人に自己紹介しに...\" or even simply\n\"ある人に会いに...\" because するために sounds stiff.\n\n> どっかの男に自己紹介するために…\n\nThis is highly unnatural, because it sounds like you're going to introduce\nyourself to a random person out there. Or it would sound as if you were\nthinking the person you are going to meet were trivial, and his name were not\nworth memorizing.\n\nAnd どっか is too casual in business settings, too.",
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| 27682 | 27686 | 27686 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27690",
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"body": "I've seen that 箱 could be read as ソウ, but when I look in the dictionaries I\nuse most of the time, I can only find words with はこ （Or ばこ）reading (then you\nrealize that Japanese have boxes for everything ^^)\n\nDo you have any examples where 箱 is read ソウ?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T02:49:57.837",
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"tags": [
"readings",
"word-requests",
"onyomi"
],
"title": "音読み for 箱 - word examples",
"view_count": 78
} | [
{
"body": "There aren't really any common words using the ソウ reading. However, I was able\nto find the word 書箱{しょそう}, meaning \"bookcase\". That word is definitely not\ncommon, but it is the only one I can find.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T03:13:08.617",
"id": "27684",
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"body": "Here you have some (from my 漢和辞典):\n\n> 箱櫃{そうき}・箱筥{そうきょ}・箱篋{そうきょう}・箱匣{そうこう}\n\nEvery word roughly means \"various boxes\". None of them is common word, but I\ncan guarantee these words are never read in 訓読み, because it would become はこはこ\nand you don't make sense.",
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| 27683 | 27690 | 27684 |
{
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"body": "I've always assumed that kanji characters are almost always morphemes, but\nI've hardly seen anyone explicitly state that. I think the idea that kanji\nusually represent ideas, not pronunciation, played a role in my assumption.\n\nAre most kanji no bigger than, and no smaller than, a single morpheme?\n\nAlso, are most words containing multiple kanji characters based on a\ncombination of the meanings of individual characters, like \"volcano\" being 火山,\na combination of the kanji for \"fire\" and for \"mountain\"?\n\nRelated questions looking for exceptions to \"one kanji = one morpheme\": [Does\nJapanese have morphemes that span two\nkanji?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/8239/does-japanese-have-\nmorphemes-that-span-two-kanji) and [Kanji for native Japanese concepts:\nKun'yomi spanning multiple\nmorphemes](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6581/kanji-for-native-\njapanese-concepts-kunyomi-spanning-multiple-morphemes)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T03:17:43.243",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27685",
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"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Are most kanji characters morphemes?",
"view_count": 739
} | [
{
"body": "No. 「火山」is one morpheme.\n\nIf you believe not, please find an article written by a linguist of Japanese.\nI've already introduced a few articles that support my idea.\n\nAll Kanji, as far as I know, are one syllable in old Chinese.",
"comment_count": 16,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-16T19:07:54.370",
"id": "28056",
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{
"body": "Short answer: Yes, most of the time each kanji represents a single morpheme.\nThere are exceptions.\n\nLong answer:\n\nThe basic principle of kanji _in the original Chinese system_ is that 1\ncharacter = 1 morpheme. This plays along well the property of Chinese\nlanguages where, in most cases, 1 syllable = 1 morpheme (source: Packard, _The\nMorphology of Chinese_ ). So in the typical Chinese case, 1 character = 1\nmorpheme = 1 syllable. There are exceptions even in Chinese (some of them\ndisputed, some undeniable); but that’s the basic principle. This is accepted\nby all major linguistic works on writing systems including Rogers, Sproat,\nDeFrancis etc.; the technical term is **morphography**.\n\nIn Japanese, some of the _on'yomi_ became two syllables, so the last part of\nthe equation (1 kanji = 1 syllable) breaks even for _on'yomi_. And then there\nare _kun'yomi_ which are, historically speaking, translations. Of course\n_kun'yomi_ throw syllabic regularity out of the window (政 = _matsurigoto_ ).\nBut more than that; since morpheme count doesn’t always translate 1:1, the 1\ncharacter = 1 morpheme rule got a lot more exceptions, too:\n\n * In some cases, a Chinese single morpheme, like _léi_ \"thunder\", translates to two or more in Japanese, like _kami-nari_ gods-voice = thunder. As a result, the character for _léi_ , 雷, represents two morphemes in _kun-yomi_. Other examples include 唇 _kuchi-biru_ , 卵 _tama-go_ , 政 _matsuri-goto_ above, etc. This is the morphographical equivalent of the letter 'x' representing two sounds, /ks/, in English. These exceptional cases aren't morphographical but logographical (they represent whole words).\n * In some cases, a polymorphemic Chinese word, like _dà-rén_ big-person = \"adult\", translates to a single Japanese morpheme, like _otona_ \"adult\". In these cases you need a string of multiple kanji to represent a single morpheme: 大人= _otona_. This is the morphographic equivalent of a digraph. \n * Note that the original Chinese morpheme breakdown is usually indicative of the meaning (if the compound is transparent, which is normally the case). This means that, by historical coincidence and _in these cases only_ , kanji can be said to be representing meaning, and not morphemes or sounds. An _otona_ is a \"big person\", in meaning though not in etymology. Once the practice was established, it was used productively, too; like writing the Portuguese word _tabaco_ (tobacco) as 煙草 smoke-herb. These are called \"mature _kun_ readings\" 熟字訓 _jukujikun_ in Japanese (\"mature\" in the sense of \"conventional\"). They’re a minor part of the system, but they’re part of the system.\n\nStill, the _most common_ use of kanji is _on’yomi_ (e.g. according to my own\ncorpus research, around 83% of Jōyō readings used in the Japanese wikipedia\nare _on_ and not _kun_ or _jukujikun_ ). And even for _kun’yomi_ , 1:1\nmorpheme equivalence is the typical case ( _ken_ → _inu_ , _fuu_ → _kaze_ ,\netc.) Which means that the _basic principle_ of Japanese kanji is still\nmorphography. It’s just messy morphography. See Terry Joyce, _The significance\nof the morphographic principle for the classification of writing systems_ ,\nfor more discussion.\n\nThere’s another sense in which someone may argue that kanji don’t represent\nmorphemes but ideas. It’s because a single kanji can _potentially_ represent\ndifferent morphemes (typically one _on_ and one _kun_ reading, but up to 12\nalternatives in 生); and these multiple possibilities are normally related by\nmeaning (because the _kun_ are conventionalized translations of _on_ ). So 犬\ncan be said to represent the \"idea\" of dog because both the morphemes _inu_\nand _ken_ (as in _ai-ken_ , \"beloved dog\") can be represented by it, and these\ntwo morphemes both mean \"dog\".\n\nThis fact is interesting; it distinguishes Japanese writing from simpler\nmorphography like Chinese, and it has to be acknowledged. But claiming that\nit's not morphography is like saying that English letters don’t represent\nsounds because the letter ‹a› has multiple possible pronunciations. There’s\nstill a clear underlying principle. In any specific _use_ of 犬, it will\nrepresent one morpheme, either _inu_ or _ken_ , specifically in these\nsound/meaning pairings (and cause the activation of the specific sound\npatterns in the reader’s brain, priming them for further use etc.; this has\nbeen shown in neurolinguistic research). What's more, the idea of \"dog\" as\nrepresented by _doggu_ or _-ku_ (as in 走狗 _sōku_ \"hunting hound\") are not\nrepresented by 犬; so even _in potentia_ , 犬 doesn’t actually represent the\nidea of \"dog\" however it may be expressed, it represents the specific\nmorphemes _inu_ and _ken_.\n\n(Compare 犬 to the algarism ‹1›, which represents the mathematical idea of\n'oneness' however it's expressed linguistically: ‹1› \"one\", ‹10› \"ten\", ‹11›\n\"eleven\", ‹100› \"hundred\", ‹1st› \"fir-st\", ‹ _100 años de soledad_ › _\"\n**Cién** años de soledad\"_… The mechanics of these two kinds of symbol are\nsimilar, but aren’t the same.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2018-05-16T08:32:06.453",
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| 27685 | null | 58701 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27693",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is the sentence I have seen them from a boxing Manga.\n\nひじを左{ひだり}わきからはなさない心{こころ}がまえで..... やや内{ない}角{かく}をねらい\n\n**えぐりこむ** ようにして...打{う}つ **べし** ！\n\nEspecially 「べし」, I don't know the purpose to use it in the context.\n\n**Another question:** As my understanding to the content, am I correctly\ntranslating?\n\nTranslation: From the left armpit, keep the elbow close to the front of the\nchest and aim to the inside corner (of the opponent) then move forward (to\nhim) to punch/hit.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T07:21:00.157",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-29T00:15:41.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"manga"
],
"title": "What are the meanings of the words 「えぐりこむ」and「べし」?",
"view_count": 510
} | [
{
"body": "えぐり is the 連用形 (continuative form) of えぐる, which means \"to hollow out\", \"to\ngouge\"\n\nえぐり + 込む is a 複合動詞 (compound verb). The second verb (後項動詞) in a compound\nusually loses its original meaning. A small list of such verbs can be found in\n[this](http://www.fluentu.com/japanese/blog/essential-common-japanese-verbs-\nlist/) fluentu article.\n\n込む alone can be translated as \"to be crowded\", whereas this meaning is lost\nhere and it's more something like \"to do something completely\", \"to do\nsomething extremely\". A great website for understanding those verbs is\n<http://vvlexicon.ninjal.ac.jp/db/>, where you can click on \"Search by V2\" and\nsearch for 込む. There you will get plenty of different examples with verb\ncompounds using 込む, covering all the different nuances that 込む might have.\n\nべし is the same as べき, which means \"to be supposed to do\", \"to should do\nsomething\" in this case.\n\n～ようにして打つべし becomes \"you are supposed to hit as if you were hollowing out\nsomething completely\"",
"comment_count": 3,
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| 27687 | 27693 | 27693 |
{
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"body": "車は駐車場から出てきていったん止まりました. why use ん here? why dont' use ~ 出てきていって止まりました.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T08:46:23.790",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Why use ん here?",
"view_count": 179
} | [
{
"body": "You're seeing a verb which does not really exist there.\n\n[一旦【いったん】](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/13469/m0u/) is an adverb which\nmeans \"once\", \"temporarily\", or \"for a moment\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T16:52:57.577",
"id": "27696",
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| 27688 | null | 27696 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27697",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How does one tell his manager that he is late because of a traffic jam? Is it\nokay to say:\n\n> すみません、交通渋滞できから遅きます。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-28T09:27:51.467",
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"id": "27689",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-02-02T15:34:12.370",
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"owner_user_id": "10904",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"politeness",
"reason"
],
"title": "Politely giving a reason for coming to the office late",
"view_count": 451
} | [
{
"body": "When you are in traffic jam, you would call to say\n\n> すみません、渋滞で遅れます。\n\nor more formally\n\n> 申し訳ありません。渋滞で遅れてしまいます。\n\nWhen you have gotten there, you would tell your manager in the past tense\n\n> すみません、渋滞で遅れました。\n\nor more formally\n\n> 申し訳ありません。渋滞で遅れてしまいました。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T18:00:38.477",
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| 27689 | 27697 | 27697 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27723",
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"body": "So, I'm trying to construct a sentence along the lines of \"After I do this\naction, I do that action,\" but I'm having the absolute hardest time figuring\nout what syntax and verb conjugations to use. Specifically, I'm trying to say\n\"After I wake up, I feed my cat\". Could I get some assistance?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-28T14:14:53.527",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27692",
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"owner_user_id": "7692",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"syntax"
],
"title": "\"After I do [x], I do [y]\"?",
"view_count": 1559
} | [
{
"body": "You have several possibilites to do this. The most used are:\n\n 1. Verb + と + action afterwards. This is a good choice, if you want to list many subsequent events. The verb must be in the present tense. If you still want to speak about the past, make the part after と in past tense.\n 2. Verb + [後]{あと}で + action afterwards. The focus here is on the previous event being finished, so the verb has to be in the past tense.\n 3. te-Verb + から + action afterwards. Similar to ５時から, the から means \"since\" here. It is preferably to use this, instead of 後で, if you want to emphasize the since-ness. \n\nApplying this on your example sentence, you'd get:\n\n[明日]{あした}、[起]{お}きると[猫]{ねこ}に[餌]{えさ}をやる, I added tomorrow here\n\n[昨日]{きのう}、起きた後で猫に餌をやった, talking about yesterday here.\n\n起きてから猫に餌をやっている, ever since waking up, you are feeding the cat. Lucky cat ^^",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T15:18:00.293",
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"body": "I feel that the forms in David's answer are a bit uncommon. I'd just use a\nplain 〜たら:\n\n> 朝起きたら、猫にエサをやる。\n>\n> When I wake up in the morning, I feed my cat.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T15:11:07.477",
"id": "27716",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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{
"body": "That depends on context.\n\n * _(After/Once) I wake up, I feed my cat._\n\n> 起きたら、猫にえさをやる。\n\n * _(The order/sequence is) after I wake up, I feed my cat._ \nor _(Only) after I wake up, I feed my cat._\n\n> 起きてから、猫にえさをやる。\n\n * _(After) I wake up, (then) I feed my cat._\n\n> 起きた後（で）、猫にえさをやる。\n\n* * *\n\n**PS**\n\n> △ 起きると、猫にえさをやる。\n\nis unnatural, especially for talking about your own actions.\n\n* * *\n\nThanks to @oals!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-30T03:14:16.737",
"id": "27723",
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| 27692 | 27723 | 27723 |
{
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"body": "What is the difference between the two Structures:\n\n1: VERB ni VERB. ex:sentaku ni dekakemasu.\n\n2:VERB(te form) VERB. ex:nagarete kaeimashita.\n\n(The example are from momotarou)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T20:31:19.063",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27700",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-28T21:40:00.597",
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"owner_user_id": "10508",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances",
"verbs",
"syntax"
],
"title": "ni vs te form to express continuity/reason",
"view_count": 670
} | [
{
"body": "Another phrase for \"reason\" is \"in order to\", which is usually constructed\nwith (の)ために. The shorter version of that is (の)に.\n\n私は日本語の[新聞]{しんぶん}を[読]{よ}むのに[辞書]{じしょ}を[使]{つか}う。\n\nwatashi ha nihongo no shinbun wo yomu no ni jisho wo tsukau.\n\nIn order to read Japanese newspaper, I use a dictionary.\n\nThat's the grammar point used in your first sentence \"sentaku ni dekakemasu\".\nSo, the longer form would be \"sentaku suru tame ni dekakemasu\". に usually has\na feeling of a target, not only in the locational sense. If you would have\nsaid \"sentaku shite dekakemasu\", the meaning would become \"I do the laundry,\nthen I leave\". As you can see, the te-form connects two sentences rather\nloosely.\n\nThe same applies for \"nagarete kaerimashita\" (note kaeri, not kaei!), which\nliterally can be translated as \"it flows and it comes home\", which is\nobviously the same as \"it flowed home\". But that's completely different to \"In\norder to flow, it came home\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-28T21:40:00.597",
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| 27700 | null | 27702 |
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"body": "We use \"desu\" and \"deshita\" to make the polite form and \"ka\" to make it a\nquestion, for example:\n\n```\n\n Tokyo ga suki desu ka? (Do you like Tokyo?)\n Tokyo ga suki deshita ka? (Did you like Tokyo?)\n \n```\n\nHow can I ask **the same questions** using the dictionary, casual forms of\n\"desu\" and \"deshita\" which are \"da\" and \"datta\"?\n\nShould I add \"ka\" at the end of a sentence? Or just replace \"desu\" and\n\"deshita\" with \"da\" and \"datta\"?\n\nP.S. I don't need a long explanation, but rather a simple answer. The\ninformation I've found so far is ambiguous.\n\n**P.S.2**\n\nHow common and ok to use this in informal speech (without **ka** )?:\n\n```\n\n Tokyo ga suki da/datta?\n \n```\n\nJust yes or no.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T06:34:50.433",
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"id": "27705",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-29T13:52:55.450",
"last_editor_user_id": "11051",
"owner_user_id": "11051",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"verbs",
"questions"
],
"title": "Asking a question with \"da\" and \"datta\"",
"view_count": 20018
} | [
{
"body": "All of _desu, deshita_ , and _datta_ appear normally before _ka_.\n\nBut _da_ is an exception. In main clauses (like your examples), _da_ is\ndeleted before _ka_ :\n\n```\n\n desu + ka → desu ka\n deshita + ka → deshita ka\n da + ka → ka\n datta + ka → datta ka\n```\n\nIn subordinate clauses (like _[dare da ka] shiranai_ ), _da_ sometimes appears\nbefore _ka_.\n\n* * *\n\nAlthough you want a short answer, you should also consider alternate ways of\nforming questions, for example using rising intonation, omitting _ka_. In\ninformal speech, people don't always use the textbook-style question with _ka_\nat the end.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"body": "I try to be simple, but there's always something that needs explanation.\n\n> _Should I add \"ka\" at the end of a sentence? Or just replace \"desu\" and\n> \"deshita\" with \"da\" and \"datta\"?_\n\nGrammatically you _**can**_ have them (see @snailboat's answer), but I'm not\nsure if you _**should**_. The reason is that, plain form + `ka` often sounds\ntoo harsh, unless you're a manly man talking to your child or lover. Otherwise\nit simply sounds like a rigid boss, a soldier, or a police officer (during\ninterrogation). To avoid that, you should omit `ka` and say `Tokyo ga suki\n(datta)?`, where the `?` is accompanied with rising intonation.\n\n* * *\n\nThe main use of plain form + `ka` is to form indirect speech.\n\n> Tokyo ga suki (datta) ka to kikareta. \n> _I was asked if I (had) liked Tokyo._",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T13:41:06.327",
"id": "27714",
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| 27705 | 27710 | 27710 |
{
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"body": "> ベルの成長速度にアイズへの恋慕が **これまでかと影響した** 「ステイタス」を見せつけられ、ちょっとも面白くなかったゆう昨夜。\n\nIs the と here acting as a quotative particle? So it's 「これまでか」と影響した?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T06:39:53.313",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27706",
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"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does か + と do in this sentence?",
"view_count": 459
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, that と is the quotative particle, because that's a short for これまでかと言うほど.\n\nこれまでかと (\"to this extent\", \"this much\") as a whole modifies 影響した, and it\ndescribes how strongly the 恋慕 influenced the 成長速度.\n\nA more common fixed expression similar to this is\n[これでもかと(言うほど)](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%93%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82%E3%81%8B),\nwhich works just like this and effectively means _strongly/badly/cruelly_.",
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| 27706 | 27711 | 27711 |
{
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"body": "So I've got my tables of verb conjugations and I've settled down with \"Read\nReal Japanese\", the short story edition, and the very first verb in the first\nstory is さそう - to invite - used in the passive. This is presented as さそわれて and\ntranslated as \"having been invited by...\"\n\nI've spent a couple of days searching the Internet and piles of books but\nalthough I have been able to find other examples of this verb being conjugated\nthis way, I can't find any explanation. Surely さそう is a ru-verb [edit: I see\nthat this was a confusion caused by differing terminology] and conjugates in\nthe passive to さそられる?\n\nI can sort of see that ら might become わ under some circumstances (but I don't\nknow what they might be) but how or why would る become て?\n\nWhat's going on here?",
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"tags": [
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "How does the passive form of \"to invite\" work?",
"view_count": 865
} | [
{
"body": "さそえる would be a ru-verb, but さそう doesn't even end in る, and its stem is\n_saso(w)-_ , which when joined to _-areru_ gives _saso **w** areru_ さそわれる.\n\nRecall, if the word ends in anything but _-iru_ or _-eru_ it's a \"consonant\nstem\" verb and you get the stem by deleting the final vowel. This includes\nverbs ending in _-(w)u_ , where you only see the consonant if the stem is\nfollowed by an _a_ , e.g. 払わない \"not pay\".\n\nSome _-iru_ or _-eru_ verb are consonant stem verb, such as 切る _kir-u_ \"to\ncut\" or 帰る _kaer-u_ \"to return\". All others are \"vowel stem\" verbs, e.g. 着る\n_ki-ru_ \"to wear\" or 変える _kae-ru_ \"to change\".\n\nThe passive ending is _-areru_ for consonant stem verbs and _-rareru_ for\nvowel stem verbs.\n\nWell, this is one analysis and I hope this language is familiar at least from\nsome books you read.\n\nOnce you get to さそわれる its \"te-form\" is さそわれて, because さそわれる now conjugates\nlike a vowel stem verb.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T09:37:19.670",
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"body": "I'm going to try to do two things in this answer. First, I'm going to try to\naddress the tangle of terms and theories that have got you confused. (So this\nanswer will unfortunately be rather long!) Second, I'll try to address the\nspecific question of 誘う.\n\nFeel free to skip any section that doesn't look immediately helpful :-)\n\n* * *\n\n# What do ' _-u_ verb' and ' _-ru_ verb' mean?\n\nThe terms ' _-u_ verb' and ' _-ru_ verb' only make sense in rōmaji:\n\n 1. ## _-u_ verbs\n\nVerbs such as 泳ぐ can be divided into _oyog- **u_** :\n\n``` 泳がない oyo **g** -anai\n\n 泳ぎます oyo **g** -imasu\n 泳ぐ oyo **g** - **u**\n 泳げば oyo **g** -eba\n 泳ごう oyo **g** -oo\n \n```\n\nThe **stem** is _oyog-_ , which ends in the **consonant** /g/.\n\nSo in linguistics, these are often called **'consonant-stem verbs'**.\n\n* * *\n\n 2. ## _-ru_ verbs\n\nVerbs such as 食べる can be divided into _tabe- **ru_** :\n\n``` 食べない tab **e** -nai\n\n 食べます tab **e** -masu\n 食べる tab **e** - **ru**\n 食べれば tab **e** -reba\n 食べよう tab **e** -yoo\n \n```\n\nThe **stem** is _tabe-_ , which ends in the **vowel** /e/.\n\nSo in linguistics, these are often called **'vowel-stem verbs'**.\n\n* * *\n\n# _-ru_ is not る\n\nVerbs that end in the kana る aren't always _-ru_ verbs. We saw 食べる _tabe-\n**ru_** above, and that's definitely a _-ru_ verb.\n\nBut let's take a look at 図る _hakar- **u_** :\n\n```\n\n 図らない haka **r** -anai\n 図ります haka **r** -imasu\n 図る haka **r** - **u**\n 図れば haka **r** -eba\n 図ろう haka **r** -oo\n \n```\n\nAs you can see, even though this ends in the kana る, it conjugates like an\n_-u_ verb.\n\nUnfortunately, this point can be very confusing for people who see the terms\n_-u_ and _-ru_ without an explanation about rōmaji!\n\n* * *\n\n## When the verb stem ends in /w/\n\nYour verb, 誘う _sasow-_ , is somewhat special. In Modern Japanese, the\nconsonant /w/ disappears before all vowels except /a/. The conjugation looks\nlike this:\n\n```\n\n 誘わない saso **w** -anai\n 誘います saso **w** -imasu **** → saso-imasu (/w/ disappears)\n 誘う saso **w** - **u** → saso- **u** (/w/ disappears)\n 誘えば saso **w** -eba **** → saso-eba (/w/ disappears)\n 誘おう saso **w** -oo **** → saso-oo (/w/ disappears)\n \n```\n\nAnd of course, 誘われる _sasow-areru_ works the same way as 誘わない _sasow-anai_. The\n/w/ is followed by /a/, so it doesn't disappear.\n\n* * *\n\n# 一段 and 五段 verbs (the traditional analysis)\n\nIn traditional grammar, this was of course analyzed very differently! The\nsmallest unit they divided Japanese into was not the phoneme, but the kana.\nWith kana alone, it wasn't possible for them to indicate that the /w/ of\n_sasow-_ or the /g/ of _oyog-_ belonged to the stem.\n\nInstead, they naturally concluded that each verb had multiple surface forms to\nwhich auxiliaries such as ～ます and ～ない attached.\n\n 1. ## 五段 (Godan) verbs\n\nLet's take a look at your example of 誘う and see how it's traditionally broken\ndown:\n\n``` 誘 **わ** ＋ない saso **wa** -nai\n\n 誘 **い** ＋ます saso **i** -masu\n 誘 **う** saso **u**\n 誘 **え** ＋ば saso **e** -ba\n 誘 **お** ＋う saso **o** -o\n \n```\n\nHere we find five different kana, わ・い・う・え・お, one from each vowel row. The\nvowel rows in [the kana chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon) are\ncalled 段, so this is traditionally called a 五段 (five-row) verb.\n\nIn this analysis, the わ is simply an exception. With other 五段 verbs, you'll\nfind the kana more or less as you expect:\n\n``` 編 **ま** ＋ない a **ma** -nai\n\n 編 **み** ＋ます a **mi** -masu\n 編 **む** a **mu**\n 編 **め** ＋ば a **me** -ba\n 編 **も** ＋う a **mo** -o\n \n```\n\nHere we have ま・み・む・め・も, all from the same consonant column. Again we find one\nkana from each vowel row, so again this is a 五段 (five-row) verb.\n\n 2. ### 一段 (Ichidan) verbs\n\nNext, let's look at how a vowel-stem verb is traditionally broken down:\n\n``` 食 **べ** ＋ない ta **be** -nai\n\n 食 **べ** ＋ます ta **be** -masu\n 食 **べ** る ta **be** ru\n 食 **べ** れ＋ば ta **be** re-ba\n 食 **べ** ＋よう ta **be** -yoo\n \n```\n\nHere we just find one kana, べ, which belongs to one vowel column. And so, this\nis traditionally called an 一段 (one-row) verb.\n\nOf course, there's a lot more to talk about in traditional grammar. My goal\nhere is just to show you where 一段 and 五段 come from. Hopefully this is enough\n:-)\n\n* * *\n\n# A terminological mess\n\nIgnoring the theory, regular verbs break down broadly into the following two\ngroups. These groups have been given many names by grammarians, linguists, or\njust people trying to make things easier for learners:\n\n### Verbs like 泳ぐ _oyog-u_\n\n 1. 五段 verb\n 2. consonant-stem verb\n 3. _-u_ verb\n 4. Group I verb\n\n### Verbs like 食べる _tabe-ru_\n\n 1. 一段 verb\n 2. vowel-stem verb\n 3. _-ru_ verb\n 4. Group II verb\n\nBut whatever labels and theories you use, they're the same two groups of\nverbs. I know it's confusing that everyone uses different terms, but I hope\nI've managed to straighten out all the different terms people throw around!",
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| 27708 | 27712 | 27712 |
{
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"body": "I came across a definition of a word 権限 in a dictionary (三省堂 スーパー大辞林):\n\n> **ある範囲のことを正当に行うことができるものとして与えられている** 能力。また、その能力が及ぶ範囲。\n\nHowever, am not sure if I should read the bolded clause as\n\n((ある範囲のことを正当に行うこと)が(できるもの)として与えられている) or\n\n((ある範囲のことを正当に行うことができるもの)として与えられている)\n\nIn other words, does Xこと modify できる or 与えられている, and why?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T12:24:01.137",
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"score": 8,
"tags": [
"parsing"
],
"title": "How do I parse 正当に行うことができるものとして与えられている能力",
"view_count": 280
} | [
{
"body": "```\n\n In other words, does Xこと modify できる or 与えられている, and why?\n \n```\n\nある範囲のこと (something in a given scope)\n\nを正当に[(行うことができる)もの]として\n\n[V-ru ことができる] is a fixed expression meaning \"able to do V\"\n\n行うことができる is the same as 行える (おこなえる) = able to cast/do/make-an-event-take-place\n\n与えられている能力 (this construction pins \"ability to do so\" or \"potential of being\nable to do [all the prior stuff]).\n\nhope that helps",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-16T22:41:09.690",
"id": "28717",
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"body": "「ある範囲のこと」を 「正当に行うことができるもの」として 与えられている 能力\n\nThe ability to be able to grant「a certain range of dealings」as 「actions that\ncan be undertaken legitimately」\n\nAlternatively, 「ある範囲のことを正当に行うこと」が「できるもの」として 与えられている能力\n\nThe central problem here seems to be whether 与えられている here should take を or が\nas it can be either a passive or potential construction.\n\nMoreover, when isolating a noun phrase into the subject of a relative clause,\nJapanese does not distinguish whether it originally is a direct object,\nindirect object or some other adverbial phrase (for example noun phrases in\nで), so even taking を in a passive construction is theoretically possible, as\nnothing prevents 能力 to be parsed as an indirect object:\n\n*「あることを 能力に 与える」",
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"creation_date": "2015-11-21T16:35:31.397",
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"body": "Doesn't the sentence imply a potential doer of ある範囲のこと, who is the grantee of\nthe 能力 to do such?\n\n（ある人が）ある範囲のことを正当に行うことができるものとして（その人が/に）与えられている能力\n\nSupplemented with the missing person, it should translate to:\n\n\"the power granted to a person who is thought of as being able to perform\njustly a certain range of dealings\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-11-22T02:19:28.733",
"id": "29381",
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| 27713 | null | 28717 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27718",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've got a question regarding the use of the structure ~たって which I've just\nrecently stumbled across.\n\nFrom what I know so far, this is used in the form Verb(neg) + たって, for\nexample:\n\n> 現金なくたって、カードで支払える。\n\nIn its use, it is similar to ~ても：\n\n> 現金なくても、カードで支払える。(\"Even if you don't have cash, you can pay by card\")\n\nMy question is: As the structure ~ても can be used also with an adjective\npreceding it, can you also use Adjective+たって?\n\nFor example:\n\n> 天気が悪くても、海の旅行は楽しい。\n\nCan you say:\n\n> **天気が悪くたって、海の旅行は楽しい。**",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Can you use Adjective + たって?",
"view_count": 480
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, you can. Negative verb and adjective behave in the same manner\nconjugation-wise, so you can form it with adjective in analogy of ～なくたって. Your\nexample is correct.\n\nGrammatically you can create ～たって from:\n\n * verbs (positive), _na_ -adjectives & copula: ta-form + って \n\n> 食べたって, 行ったって, 死んだって, 勉強したって, きれいだったって, 子供だったって\n\n * _i_ -adjectives, negative verbs/adjectives (nai-form): adverb form (stem + く) + たって \n\n> 良くたって, 悪くたって, 行かなくたって, きれいじゃなくたって, 子供じゃなくたって\n\nTheoretically you can also make ～たって with polite endings, but they aren't much\nheard (except for some, e.g. そんなこと言いましたって) since ～たって itself is a quite casual\nexpression.",
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| 27715 | 27718 | 27718 |
{
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"body": "I am not sure how to parse these two sentences, particularly the two\nhighlighted clauses that fall under the same pattern:\n\n> 治水とは **洪水などの水害を防ぎ、また水運や農業用水の便のため** 、河川の改良・保全を行うこと。\n>\n> 雨戸とは 窓や縁側などの外側に立てる戸。 **風雨を防ぎ、また防犯のため** のもの。\n\n(both dictionary definitions).\n\nMy attempt is:\n\n（（洪水などの水害を防ぎ）、また（水運や農業用水の便の）ため） (sentence 1)\n\n（（風雨を防ぎ）、また（防犯の）ため） (sentence 2)?\n\nAre these correct, or have I made a mistake?",
"comment_count": 5,
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"tags": [
"parsing"
],
"title": "Parsing the pattern “[noun] を [verb]、また [noun] のため”",
"view_count": 198
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{
"body": "sentence 1:\n\n治水とは｛ [洪水などの水害を防ぎ] また [(水運や農業用水の便のため)河川の改良・保全を行う] ｝こと\n\nThe gist is 洪水とは…防ぎ…行うこと, i.e. こと is modified by 行う (adnominal), which is\nmodified by 防ぎ (adverbial). Eventually 防ぎ can modify こと through 行う.\n\nsentence 2:\n\n（雨戸とは）[風雨を防ぎ] また [(防犯のための)もの]\n\nThis sentence is disproportional. Something like 雨風を防ぎ、また防犯に用するもの or\n雨風を防ぐ、また防犯のためのもの will be better, though.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-31T12:45:03.993",
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| 27717 | 27750 | 27750 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27722",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The sentence is from dragon ball, the speaker is driving his car, chasing some\nother guys. He just said \"これじゃとてもおいつかん!\"\n\n> たしかやつらのより新型の銀星{ぎんせい}4型のカプセルがあっただろ!\n\nI didn't find info on 銀星 in the dictionary. My guess is the sentence means\nsomething like :\n\n> They probably had a newer model of \"type 4 stars capsule\" (than mine)!\n\nI'm also confused about the の after やつら, I would expect a (に)は instead...\n\n**Edit :** Ok, on second thought, I think I misunderstood the particle より for\nthe adverb より.\n\nI now think the sentence means something like :\n\n> I was sure I had a \"type 4 stars\" capsule newer than theirs.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T17:29:26.910",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 銀星4型 in this sentence",
"view_count": 147
} | [
{
"body": "I think this would satisfy you. After having googled, since I don't have any\nidea either, the word **銀星4型** is very likely to be borrowing the name of a\nvehicle which a character called\n**[Yamcha](http://dragonball.wikia.com/wiki/Yamcha)** is riding at in an anime\n**[Dragonball](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball)**.\n\nHere is a [**dictionary**](http://kaz.topaz.ne.jp/well/dragonball/terms.html)\nof the terms of Dragonball....\n\nExcerpt\n\n> 銀星４型【ぎんせいよんがた／02(015)-061(01)】\n>\n> ヤムチャがカプセルにして携帯していた新型の乗り物の型番。\n\nTranslated\n\n> Type Ginsei 4 ( I don't know how in the English version the word is\n> translated, so this is my translation. )\n>\n> 【ぎんせいよんがた／02(015)-061(01)】\n>\n> A new type **[Capsule](http://dragonball.wikia.com/wiki/Capsule)** ( in\n> English ) portable vehicle which Yamcha has.\n\nI think the **[image would be like this](http://dragonballon.com/?p=164)** (\nthough the **type of the vehicle number ( name )** is different. So from the\n**dictionary** of the Dragonball terms above, **once you \"throw\" the portable\ncapsule into the air**, the vehicle ( 銀星4型 ) shows up.\n\nWish you have good fun.",
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| 27719 | 27722 | 27722 |
{
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"body": "I'm trying to read a short story whose theme ( _I think?_ ) is that in order\nto have self-awareness other people are necessary. Like, they act as abstract\nmirrors to view oneself (or something...). So, I totally do not understand the\nusage of \" **おる** \" in the following sentence:\n\n> 自分一人だけで立っては **おらず** 、他人がいて初めて自己という存在が認識できる。\n\nSo, I roughly diagram the sentence:\n\n> ( **おらず** ) being all by yourself, it is from the existence of other people\n> that one begins to have self-recognition.\n\nok. So, \"おる\" is the humble form of \"いる\".\n\n<1> While I am almost sure you **cannot** say \"いず\" for \"居る\", you **can** say\n\"おらず\" for \"おる\"? \n<2> What is the meaning of that \"おらず\"? How do you translate the entire\nsentence? \n<3> This is an objective philosophical essay. Why are honorifics used at all?\n\nthank you.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-29T17:54:15.793",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"verbs",
"honorifics"
],
"title": "How is \"おらず\" used in the following sentence?",
"view_count": 3237
} | [
{
"body": "<1> Yes, いず does not sound natural in this context. \n<2> 立ってはおらず has the same meaning as 立っているのではなくて \n<3> It does sound more formal, but the nuance does not really change. \n\nI would loosely translate it like this:\n\n> It's not that you are alone; a sense of self-awareness first comes from\n> being surrounded by others.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-31T08:44:00.740",
"id": "27745",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-03T23:28:13.883",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-03T23:28:13.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "10274",
"parent_id": "27720",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27720 | 27745 | 27745 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27725",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the difference between 収める and 納める? The former is what I originally\nlearned the word as, and it seems to be more common. But I came across the\nlatter a few days ago and I'm not sure what the difference is, if any.\n\nSome dictionaries list 納める as an alternate form of 収める, while others just give\nthem meanings that greatly overlap. So now I'm not really sure.\n\nAre they interchangeable? Or does one have a meaning the other does not?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T04:39:59.763",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27724",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-30T05:21:47.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 収める and 納める?",
"view_count": 1126
} | [
{
"body": "They are definitely similar and I'm sure most Japanese native speakers do use\nthese interchangeably or wouldn't know the \"correct\" usage. After reading a\nfew 知恵袋 answers, I can say the following.\n\n「納める」 1. To pay or to make payments(納付、納入). For example お金を納める or 税金を納める. 2.\nTo finish up (おしまいにする), e.g. 仕事納め 3. To place or fit into something (しまい込む)\n\n「収める」 1. To put away, place into something (収容、収拾、取り入れる) e.g. 怒りを収める or 写真に収める\n2. something to finish/calm down/return to normal (元通りの安定した状態にする). e.g.\n風が収まる、勝利を収める",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T05:21:47.970",
"id": "27725",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-30T05:21:47.970",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7935",
"parent_id": "27724",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 27724 | 27725 | 27725 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "From what I've seen/learned so far, ー extends the sound from the previous\nkana.\n\nFollowing this logic デート should be read deeto. Why is it pronounced deito?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T06:22:43.433",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27726",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-01T02:48:47.813",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11057",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"phonology"
],
"title": "Why is デート read deito instead of deeto?",
"view_count": 3445
} | [
{
"body": "I think the romanization of the Japanese may be a bit confusing here. So, the\nfirst character \"デ\" is pronounced much closer to \"day\" than to \"dee\". The\nhyphen just lengthens the \"ay\" part.\n\nSo, imagine if you say \"day\" in a really short, staccato type way. That's how\nI would normally say \"デ\" on it's own. \"手\" is pronounced identically but with a\n\"t\" instead of a \"d\". Now, if you imagine saying \"day\" in a slightly longer,\nlazier way, that is now \"デー\". Then, just tack \"ト\" (pronounced like \"toe\") on\nthe end and you've got yourself a date!\n\nIf you were to change it to something like \"デイト\", now you're adding in a very\nsmall \"i\" (or \"ee\") sound to the end of \"デ\". So, it would end up getting\npronounced something like \"day-ee\", only with both \"day\" and \"ee\" being short\nand staccato like.\n\nSo, \"デイ\" has more of a rising inflection on the end of it as opposed to \"デー\".\nAlso, \"デー\" is pronounced for slightly longer than \"デイ\". The difference between\nthe two is very small and hard to catch at first. For example, my name in\nKatakana is \"デイビッド\" but it could just as easily be \"デービッド\". The only\ndifference is that the initial syllable is a little longer in the second\nversion. Other than that, they sound nearly identical.\n\nNow, why did the loan word \"デート\" end up as \"デー\" instead of \"デイ\"? Well, there's\nprobably a genuine reason, but it's hard to know for sure.\n\nHope this helps!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-31T00:41:44.360",
"id": "27739",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-31T00:41:44.360",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10923",
"parent_id": "27726",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The vowel sequence \"ei\" is often pronounced \"ee\". For example, many Japanese\nread 提案{ていあん} \"teean\".\n\nI think most Japanese read デート \"deeto\" but some pronounce it \"deito\" because\nit came from an English word \"date\". Others easily recognize it デート. It might\nsound pedantic, though.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-31T15:38:55.900",
"id": "27753",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-31T15:38:55.900",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10770",
"parent_id": "27726",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Yes, デート should be read 【deeto】 as you mentioned, and it's actually read\n【deeto】 commonly. (Note: The words enclosed in【 】 are ローマ字 in this answer.)\n\nIn 1950s, 「デイト」 was a new [外来語]{がいらいご}(word of foreign origin), and the\nwritten word 「デイト」 was popularly accepted as a young people's term in Japan,\naccording to [this blog post](http://shisly.cocolog-\nnifty.com/blog/2014/10/post-5ae4.html).\n\nNowadays many 外来語 are written in Japanese to match the actual pronunciation\ncommonly used, which is Japanized pronunciation and not the pronunciation of\noriginal foreign words. Discussions and research about those have been posted\non [NHK放送文化研究所's official website](http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/kotoba/yougo/),\nif you're interested in. I think\n『[外来語の発音・表記について〜用語の決定〜](http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/kotoba/yougo/pdf/123.pdf)』\nis very related, although there is no デート word example in it.\n\nデート has been commonly pronounced デート, not デイト, and now, everyone(not only\nyoung people) uses the word デート (fortunately or unfortunately if they need to\nuse the word in life). So,「デート」 is the official way to write the word, and of\ncourse, to say either. Most Japanese dictionaries have the entry of デート, but\nnone of デイト.\n\nIf you see 「でいと」 as [読]{よ}みがな of デート somewhere, that でいと is a written Japanese\nword and usually pronounced でーと. Some written Japanese words are not\npronounced literally, and this でいと or デイト is one of them, I guess.\n\nIf someone says 「デイト」 to mean デート now, it may sound retro because some people\nread デイト literally in 1950s or later, or it just may make the listeners simply\nthink the speaker is familiar with English and the original word \"date.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-01T02:48:47.813",
"id": "27760",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-01T02:48:47.813",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10484",
"parent_id": "27726",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 27726 | null | 27760 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27729",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm just wondering if I'm using the word でも correctly here.\n\n> わたし は たいてい おちゃ を のみます。 でも ときどき おさけ を のみます。\n\nFrom what I've read you don't usually use でも in the middle of a sentence and\nI've seen a lot of comparisons with a word called けど, but right now I'm just\nreally concerned with whether or not this example I made is the correct way to\nuse でも.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T09:59:09.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27727",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-30T11:12:11.623",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-30T10:39:24.167",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjunctions"
],
"title": "The proper way to use でも",
"view_count": 522
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, you are using でも correctly in this sentence.\n\nAnd this sentence would be much better if you say \"おさけ **も** \" instead of\n\"おさけを\". ([も ≒ also](http://www.punipunijapan.com/grammar-\nlesson-6-particle-%E3%82%82-mo/))",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T11:12:11.623",
"id": "27729",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-30T11:12:11.623",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "27727",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27727 | 27729 | 27729 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27730",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> それ以外、つまり冒険者の半数以上は未だLV1 **のもとで燃え燻っている。**\n\nI am having trouble understanding the last part of this sentence. What does\nのもとで do here?\n\nAlso, how do you figure out the exact meaning of compound words? I tried\nlooking up 燃え燻る but I can't find it in a dictionary. The story I'm reading has\na lot of these words that I can't find in a dictionary.\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T11:09:34.670",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27728",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-30T11:49:21.450",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-30T11:14:55.547",
"last_editor_user_id": "10316",
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Having trouble with this sentence and how to figure out the exact meaning of compound words?",
"view_count": 125
} | [
{
"body": "～のもとで means \"under (control of) ～\", of course, but I think this usage of もとで\nis not very natural. This sentence would have been perfectly fine without that\n(i.e., \"未だLV1で燃え燻っている\"). Or maybe the author wanted to express a feeling of\n\"can't get rid of the LV1 group\" by using that. Anyway, I recommend that you\ndon't try to learn something new from this part.\n\n燃え燻る seems to be very rare (I couldn't find another example of this\ncombination in BCCWJ Corpus), but I think it's just a literary variation of\n燻る. 燻【くすぶ】る literally means 'to smolder, to burn without flame', but it often\nfiguratively means 'to be without much success', 'to live idly, just waiting\nfor a chance', etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T11:49:21.450",
"id": "27730",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-30T11:49:21.450",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "27728",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 27728 | 27730 | 27730 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27748",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In this sentence:\n\n> 僕は両親が帰ってくるまで公園で時間を **つぶしてい** なければいけなかった。\n>\n> I had to kill time in the park until my parents came home.\n\nWhy does 時間をつぶす need to be in the progressive form? Why can I not write\n...時間をつぶさなければいけなかった。\n\nI'm assuming 時間をつぶしている is progressive here. It certainly isn't habitual and I\ncan't see how it would work as change of state. Thanks.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-30T13:23:42.033",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27731",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-31T12:02:23.763",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-30T17:27:41.653",
"last_editor_user_id": "7944",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Puzzling use of progressive form",
"view_count": 143
} | [
{
"body": "It doesn't need to be progressive, つぶさなければ works as well.\n\nThere's not really big difference between つぶしていなければ and つぶさなければ here. I think\nit's parallel to \"had to be killing time\" and \"had to kill time\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-31T12:02:23.763",
"id": "27748",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-31T12:02:23.763",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "27731",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 27731 | 27748 | 27748 |
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