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{
"accepted_answer_id": "26211",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In my opinion, the usage of だ is already correct in the following sentence.\nBut someone in my other questions said it is incorrect.\n\nFor example,\n\n * 映画を見ることが好きだ女性は私の妹です。The woman who likes watching movies is my younger sister.\n\n * 使い方が便利だ電気機は何ですか。 What is the electric appliance that is handy to use?\n\nFor the sake of completeness and comparison, I provide relative clauses with a\nverb, i-adjective and noun as follows. I think they are also correct.\n\n * a verb: 映画を見ている女性が誰ですか。Who is the woman watching a movie?\n\n * i-adjective: 物価が安い町に住みたいです。I want to live in a town whose living cost is cheap.\n\n * noun: ジェットさんが２０歳だ映画を見ています。I am watching a movie in which Mr. Jet was 20 years old.\n\nMust I change every だ to な in the given examples above? Please correct me if\nit is wrong.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T22:13:04.393",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26202",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-08T20:43:52.433",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-08T20:43:52.433",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Must a relative clause with な adjective be ended with な rather than だ?",
"view_count": 700
} | [
{
"body": "You seem to be misunderstood about this and it is indeed a fairly common\nmisconception.\n\n> 「na-adjective + だ」\n\nIn na-adjectives, the 「～～だ」 form is the 終止形{しゅうしけい} (predicative form),\nmeaning it is used to **_end_** a sentence. Thus, it **cannot** be used to end\na relative clause in front of its final noun.\n\n> 「na-adjective + な」\n\nThis is the 連体形{れんたいけい} (attributive form), meaning it is always followed by a\nnoun. Thus, this is the form to use to end a relative clause since a relative\nclause will always end in a noun.\n\n(Was it not you whom I explained this to only yesterday? With 「便利な」?)\n\n* * *\n\n* * *\n\nNow, let us go over your sentences.\n\n「映画を見ることが好き **だ** 女性は私の妹です。」\n\nIncorrect. It is 「好きな」.\n\n* * *\n\n「使い方が便利 **だ** 電気機は何ですか。」\n\nIncorrect. Again, な ＞ だ\n\n* * *\n\n「映画を見ている女性 **が** 誰ですか。」\n\nIncorrect. Definitely, は ＞ が. A **_very_** common mistake among J-learners.\nMany use 「が」 as if it were the default subject marker, but it is not.\n\n* * *\n\n「物価が安い町に住みたいです。」\n\nCorrect.\n\n* * *\n\n「ジェットさんが２０歳 **だ** 映画を見ています。」\n\nIncorrect. I wanna scream 「『だ』はsentence ender **だ** ！」.\n\nYou could say 「ジェットさんが２０歳 **の時の** 映画を見ています。」\n\nor 「ジェットさんが２０歳 **だった時の** 映画を見ています。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T23:39:34.060",
"id": "26210",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-08T10:20:29.220",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-08T10:20:29.220",
"last_editor_user_id": "542",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "26202",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "Yes, you do have to change it.\n\nIt is ungrammatical for だ to appear at the end of a relative clause. If you\nneed to have a (present-tense) copula at the end of a relative clause, it must\nbe changed to either な or の. Which of these it changes to will depend on the\nnoun attached to it---some turn into into な (like 好き or きれい), some turn it\ninto の (like 普通 or 緑), and some can turn it into either な or の (like 特別).\n\n> この映画が好き **だ** → 好き **な** 映画(を見る) \n> この花は緑 **だ** → 緑 **の** 花(を摘んだ)\n\nThe former group is where the term \"na-adjective\" comes from. Which group a\ngiven word falls into isn't really predictable. [(See this question for more\ndetail)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/920)\n\nHowever, only だ must be changed in relative clauses. Past-tense だった can remain\nas it is in a relative clause.\n\n> この映画が好き **だった** → 好き **だった** 映画(を見る)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T23:41:13.867",
"id": "26211",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:43.857",
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"parent_id": "26202",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 26202 | 26211 | 26211 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In the exercise section of the chapter on potentials in my textbook, the\nanswer to the question \"kimono wo, kaimashita ka?\" is given as \"iie,\ntakasugite kaemasen deshita.\" Unfortunately, in neither the discussion\ncovering -te forms or potentials is the reasoning explained. Does the\npotential in this case necessitate the usage of \"takasugite\"? Also, does it\nforbid the use of \"kara\", as in \"takasugite kara kaemasen deshita\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T22:13:55.523",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26203",
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"owner_user_id": "10644",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"て-form"
],
"title": "How to explain the use of the -te form in \"takasugite kaemasen\"?",
"view_count": 2557
} | [
{
"body": "て can be used to concatenate some verbs in a single sentence. For example:\n\n * 行って来ます。I go and will return.\n * 食べすぎて眠くなりました。I ate too much and became sleepy.\n\nすぎる represents over states and actions. For example:\n\n * 食べすぎる too much eat\n * 高すぎる too high\n\n~てから is used to concatenate verbs with temporal. For example:\n\n * 食べてから寝ます。I go to bed after eating.\n\nIf you want to say \"Because the price is too high, I cannot buy it.\", the\nproper use of から is as follows.\n\n> 高すぎるから買えません。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T22:31:28.480",
"id": "26206",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "高い｛たかい｝(takai) is 'to be expensive'. To say something is **too** expensive, or\n**too much** of any i-adjective, we remove the final i and add すぎる (sugiru).\nThis makes a new verb 高すぎる｛たかすぎる｝(takasugiru) which means 'to be **too**\nexpensive).\n\nNow we can manipulate this new verb just like any other verb. In particular we\ncan change it in to the て-form to give 高すぎて｛たかすぎて}(takasugite). In its\nsimplest interpretation て just acts like 'and', so the full sentence becomes\n\n> No, it was too expensive **and** I couldn't buy it.\n\nBut this 'and' implies causality just like it would in English so it is\nequivalent to using 'because'.\n\nYour final suggestion \"takasugite kara kaemasen deshita\" doesn't make sense\nbecause \"verb-te kara\" mean \" **after** doing verb\" so in this case \"after too\nexpensive\". You could say \"takasugiru kara ...\" to mean \"because it is too\nexpensive\". This would have an equivalent meaning.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T22:55:50.087",
"id": "26207",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-05T23:06:55.393",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-05T23:06:55.393",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 26203 | null | 26207 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26214",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "素敵 is often described as a feminine word. Just how feminine is it? What would\nbe the impression of a male speaker using it, if he didn't already use\nfeminine speech?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T22:20:51.390",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26205",
"last_activity_date": "2020-02-06T18:34:07.157",
"last_edit_date": "2020-02-06T18:34:07.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "9971",
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"gender",
"feminine-speech"
],
"title": "Gendered usage of 素敵",
"view_count": 402
} | [
{
"body": "Female speakers would certainly use 「素敵{すてき}」 more often than male speakers\nwould, but it is not a female-only word by any means.\n\nI, an adult male last time I checked, use the word occasionally to describe\npersons and objects. I used to use it much more frequently when I was in the\nfashion retail industry where the vast majority of my customers were female. I\nused the word to compliment on my customers' clothes, handbags, watches, etc.\nas well as in describing my own merchandise.\n\nI do not think, however, I use it nearly as often when speaking to another\nmale. It would probably be considered kinda gay if I used it equally as often\nregardless of the listener's gender.\n\nIn retrospect, boys almost never used 「素敵」 to describe anything in elementary,\njunior high and high school while girls surely did. So, within those age\ngroups, it was indeed a feminine word in my own experience. I vaguely remember\nthat I gradually started hearing guys use the word after starting college, but\nthe usage was still fairly limited.\n\nAbove is my own use of the word as an adult and how boys around me did not use\nit when I was a kid. Naturally, I may or may not represent the male speakers\nin general.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T01:31:07.403",
"id": "26214",
"last_activity_date": "2020-02-04T16:56:35.390",
"last_edit_date": "2020-02-04T16:56:35.390",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "26205",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
]
| 26205 | 26214 | 26214 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "30384",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Both verbs have the same reading, and both seem to have meanings of\n\"yearning\", \"longing\" or \"admiration\". I can't figure any difference between\nthe two; are there any situations where you would use one kanji and not the\nother?\n\nI ask because Heisig's Remembering The Kanji's keywords for 憬, 憧 and 慕 as\n\"hanker\", \"yearn\" and \"pining\" respectively, are unhelpfully similar, but the\ntwo あこがれる kanji are particularly troubling me.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T23:34:38.760",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26209",
"last_activity_date": "2016-01-14T05:08:19.860",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"kanji-choice"
],
"title": "How are 憧れる and 憬れる different?",
"view_count": 635
} | [
{
"body": "There's no semantic difference, only stylistic one, as long as being used to\nwrite the word あこがれる.\n\n憧 is the primary choice because this is the original kanji designated for the\nword. 憬 didn't have this reading until the word 憧憬 (しょうけい or どうけい) was coined,\nbut you're allowed to use it in order to add some different flavor, too.\n\nAs an aside, technically neither of 憧 and 憬 means \"yearning\" separately. The\nformer is \"wander\" and the latter is \"go far\". [A\ndictionary](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%86%A7%E6%86%AC) says that 憧憬 was\ncreated to translate German _Sehnsucht_ , which sounds likely to me.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-01-13T07:38:32.700",
"id": "30384",
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "26209",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 26209 | 30384 | 30384 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26216",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've noticed this season two shows end the preview with the episode number and\ntitle underneath - 第六話 - but this confuses me.\n\nHow should I read this? Is 話 still はなし or is it something else? What is the\nfirst kanji? I know 六 (ろく) for sure but I need help understanding how to read\nthis.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T01:42:24.717",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26215",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-06T01:55:54.330",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10033",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"kanji"
],
"title": "I assume this means next episode number 6 \"第 六話\"",
"view_count": 363
} | [
{
"body": "The reading for 話 as a counter, [according to\njisho.org](http://jisho.org/word/%E8%A9%B1-1), is わ.\n\nThe first kanji is read だい, and is a prefix for ordinal numbers. So the whole\nthing is read だいろくわ and means \"sixth episode\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T01:49:13.180",
"id": "26216",
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"parent_id": "26215",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 26215 | 26216 | 26216 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Usually, some Japanese in our company say to us 気をつけてください but in that case\nthey are the superior. Now one of our superior is sick and we want to comfort\nhim like \"please take care of yourself and get well soon\". How to say it in\nJapanese in a polite/respectful way?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T03:09:20.323",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26217",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-08T09:43:41.790",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-08T09:43:41.790",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "10371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "What to say if you want to comfort your superior who is sick?",
"view_count": 10126
} | [
{
"body": "気{き}を付{つ}けてください means \"please pay attention\", or \"please take care of\nyourself\", so feel free to use it.\n\nAnd when it comes to your superior, you can add お before 気, and say\n\"お気をつけてください\" to show respect.\n\nAs for \"feel better soon\" or \"get well soon\", you can say \"お大事に（おだいじに）\". I\nthink there is no problem to say it to you superior.\n\nAnd please pay attention to another similar expression, which is \"お元気で\",\nbecause its meaning resembles お大事に, except that you cannot use it on a sick\nperson. You use it when you finish talking to someone just to show that you\nhope he will keep being healthy.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T05:36:32.907",
"id": "26221",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-08T09:28:21.293",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-08T09:28:21.293",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "You can also use [自愛]{じ・あい}.\n\n> * ご自愛ください → Please take care of yourself\n> * ご自愛を祈ります → (Same) \"I'll pray that you...\"\n>\n\nUsing 祈る with a superiour in your company might be a little too familiar, so\nください is probably the better choice here.\n\nRefer also to [this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1888/78)\nand [this one](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/8221/how-do-you-\nsay-please-tell-your-wife-to-get-well-soon?rq=1).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T15:45:30.527",
"id": "26226",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:48.447",
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"parent_id": "26217",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 26217 | null | 26221 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26219",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This is probably a simple question but something I've seemingly never\nconsidered while studying Japanese, but how would one compare ages of people\nin Japanese?\n\nFor example if I wanted to say \"I'm two years older than my girlfriend\" would\nbe something along the lines of \"僕は彼女より二年年をとった\" Although my interpretation of\nthis makes it seem unnatural, along the lines of \"I've aged two more years\nthan my girlfriend\". If someone can clarify I would greatly appreciate it.\n\nThanks\n\nMatt",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T03:43:20.777",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26218",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-06T19:58:11.257",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-06T19:58:11.257",
"last_editor_user_id": "4385",
"owner_user_id": "4385",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"syntax"
],
"title": "How to compare the ages of people in Japanese?",
"view_count": 8684
} | [
{
"body": "You would use [年上]{とし・うえ} for older and [年下]{とし・した} for younger.\n\n> * 僕は彼女より2歳年上だ。 → I'm two years older than my girlfriend.\n> * 妹は私より5歳年下です。 → My sister is five years younger than I.\n>\n\nYou can also use them by themselves.\n\n> * 花子さんには年下の[旦那]{だん・な}さんがいる。 → Hanako has a younger husband.\n> * 翔平は兄弟の中で一番年上だ。 → Shōhei is the oldest of his siblings.\n>",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T03:52:37.800",
"id": "26219",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-06T04:04:16.280",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-06T04:04:16.280",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
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"parent_id": "26218",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
},
{
"body": "In addition to istrasci's answer, a version that is often used in\nintroductions and the like is xxつ[上]{うえ}の[person] and xxつ[下]{した}の[person]\n\n> ５つ下の妹。 Younger sister five years younger\n>\n> ２つ上の彼女 Girlfriend two years older",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T10:49:23.917",
"id": "26225",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-06T10:49:23.917",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "6820",
"parent_id": "26218",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 26218 | 26219 | 26219 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26228",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've been learning Japanese for a while, but I usually use 敬語, like です、ます, so\nI still can not understand how to use something that is not 敬語 correctly,\nespecially the 終助詞. Like の and だ.\n\nFor example, 私は大丈夫 and 私は大丈夫だ. How to use them correctly?\n\nAnd I now know の can mean a question at the end of a sentence, but sometimes\nit does not mean a question, and I don't know what it means when it's not a\nquestion. And what is the difference between の and のだ ?\n\nFor example, 猫が好きだ。猫が好きなの。猫が好きなのだ。What is the difference?\n\nAlso, I have been told that only woman can use の at the end of a sentence when\nit is not a question, but what about man? When man wants to express the exact\nsame meaning as the one woman says with の at the end of it, what can he use?\n\nFor example, how can a man say \"猫が好きなの\"？\n\nThank you so much.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-06T06:13:11.033",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26223",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-06T19:08:11.333",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10835",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"usage",
"particles"
],
"title": "Please tell me how to use Japanese 終助詞 の and だ",
"view_count": 646
} | [
{
"body": "### だ\n\nだ is called a copula, roughly translating to the English verb \"to be\" (is,\nare, am, etc.). It is not a particle but a suffix that attaches to the end of\nnouns and adjectival nouns (na-adjectives). It is used in informal\nconversation, as opposed to its polite counterpart です, which it seems you\nalready know. Like です, its basic use is to equate two things as equal; in\nother words, to say one thing _is_ another thing.\n\n> 私は学生 **だ** - I **am** a student. \n> 彼は大丈夫 **だ** - He **is** all right\n\nAs I stated somewhere in the first paragraph, you can only attach it to nouns\nand na-adjectives (which are nouns that behave like adjectives). You cannot\nattach it to i-adjectives; they stand on their own at the end in informal\nspeech. This is where だ differs from です, which attaches to i-adjectives.\n\n> × 食べ物はおいしいだ \n> ○ 食べ物はおいしい\n\nAlso unlike です, which only really appears at the end of the main clause, だ\noften appears at the end of quotations and subordinate clauses (but not\nrelative clauses), even if the whole sentence is polite.\n\n> 元気だと言った - He said he was fine. \n> 冬だから客もあまりいません - Because it's winter, there aren't many customers.\n\nThe negative of だ is じゃない, which now, just like the negative form of verbs,\nconjugates like an i-adjective (so the negative past is じゃなかった, the -て form is\nじゃなくて, etc.).\n\n> 私は学生じゃない - I am not a student. \n> 友達じゃない - (He) isn't my friend. \n> 全然好きじゃなかった - (I) didn't like it at all.\n\nGrammatically speaking, だ and じゃない are always required. You can't end a\nsentence with a noun.\n\n> × 私は大丈夫 \n> ○ 私は大丈夫だ\n\nHowever, since it's informal speech, this rule is frequently ignored.\n\n* * *\n\n### の\n\nWhen used as a sentence-ending particle, の can generally do one of two things\nto a sentence, neither of which have the same function as だ. Firstly, it can\nemphasize emotion. This usage is used mostly by women or children.\n\n> ブロッコリーが好きじゃないの - I don't like broccoli\n\nSecondly, it can be used as an explanation, or in other words, to fill in an\n\"information deficit\". This の is basically the same thing as のだ/んだ, but with\nthe だ dropped. See more information about the のだ/んだ construction and meaning\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/5399/9749) or\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/3685/9749). の as a question marker\napplies to this as well- it is the short and informal form of のですか.\n\n> 今は忙しいの - I am busy (as an explanation) \n> お腹が空いたの - I was hungry (as an explanation) \n> どこに行くの(ですか) - Where are you going?\n\nIt is a little more complicated than that, but the links above should be good\nat explaining what の/のだ is used for as opposed to normal statements and\nquestions.\n\nNote, though, that sentence-ending の must be preceded by な if the preceding\nword is a noun so that it can be distinguished from the other uses of の.\n\n> 私のだ - it is mine \n> 私なのだ - it is me (as an explanation).",
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| 26223 | 26228 | 26228 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26238",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In this [this post's\ncomments](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4708/why-does-the-g-\ntends-to-sound-more-like-a-m-or-n?lq=1), Zhen Lin said that the rules\nsurrounding the nasal allophones in compound words are 'complicated', but\ncouldn't remember them. I'd like to know what these complex rules are.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-06T16:11:15.983",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
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"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 15,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"phonology"
],
"title": "The nasal allophones of /g/",
"view_count": 3185
} | [
{
"body": "Here is what I know. If, by \"complex rules\", you refer to more complex ones\nthan these below, I wish one of the experts here would post an answer.\n\nBy the way, the nasal sound we are discussing here is called 「鼻濁音{びだくおん}」 in\ncase someone did not know. \"Nose-muddy-sound\", literally. Since you know the\nword now, you can hear how it actually sounds on Youtube. It has quite a few\nvideos on the subject.\n\nThe other sound, I do not even know what it is called. It is the \"g\" sound\nused in English words such as \" **g** ame\", \"for **g** et\", \"su **g** ar\",\netc. I will call it the non-nasal here.\n\n### The Big Basic Rules\n\n 1. Use the **_non-nasal_** when the ガ行{ぎょう} syllable comes at the beginning of a word.\n\n> 「 **が** っこう」、「 **が** んばる」、「 **ぎ** んこう」, etc.\n\n 2. Use the **_nasal_** for the particle 「 **が** 」. **_No exceptions!_**\n\n 3. Use the **_nasal_** for basically all non-word-starting ガ行{ぎょう} syllables. (Exceptions will be discussed below.)\n\n> 「にん **げ** ん」、「おん **がく** 」、「に **げ** る」, etc.\n\n## Exceptions\n\n 1. Use the **_non-nasal_** for all of the ガ行 syllables in **_onomatopoeias_**.\n\n> 「 **ギ** リ **ギ** リ」、「 **ゴ** ロ **ゴ** ロ」、「 **ガ** リ **ガ** リ」, etc.\n\n 2. Use the **_non-nasal_** for ガ行 syllables in **_non-Sino loanwords_**.\n\n> 「ポイント **ゲ** ッター」、「オル **ガ** ン」、「エ **ゴ** 」, etc.\n\n 3. Use the **non-nasal** for number \"5\" (「五」).\n\n> 「25日{にち}」（にじゅう **ご** にち）\n\n「5月(ごがつ)」 will truly test your ability as the 「ご」 is non-nasal while 「が」 is\nnasal.\n\n 4. When a ガ行 syllable is preceded by the honorific 「お」, it is a **_non-nasal_**.\n\n> 「お **げ** んき」、「お **ぐ** あい」, etc.\n\n 5. Compound words can be rather complex when the latter parts start in ガ行 syllables because, unlike everything else we have discussed above, \"personal judgement\" is invloved. \n\nIn 「音楽学校(おん **が** く **が** っこう)」, for instance, the first 「が」 is 100% nasal,\nbut the second 「が」 is pronounced with a non-nasal by the majority of us native\nspeakers (including professional announcers, voice actors, etc.). This is\nbecause the part 「学校」 in the second half of the compound word \" ** _feels_** \"\nmore like an independent word to many of us than like just a part of the\nlonger word 「音楽学校」.\n\n 6. When an originally **カ** 行 syllable becomes a **ガ** 行 syllable by **_rendaku_** , that **ガ** 行 syllable is pronounced as a **_nasal_**.\n\n> 「飛行機雲（ひこうき **ぐ** も）」、「天然氷（てんねん **ご** おり）」, etc.\n\nThere should be a couple of more, I think, but this is all I can recall right\nnow.\n\nHere is a good video about 鼻濁音 by the National Institutute for Japanese\nLanguage and Linguistics.\n\n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amscTH7z3iM>",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T04:47:32.753",
"id": "26238",
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| 26227 | 26238 | 26238 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm reading a Shin Chan strip and he and his friends are discussing who is\ngoing to take care of the stray dog they found. One by one he asks his\nfriends, and they all say they can't. Then, he says (without looking at his\nlast friend)\n\n> そうだ！！マサオ _んち_ だまって置{お}いてきちゃお。\n\nThen, his friend, who is next to him, says:\n\n> ボクいるんだけど・・・\n\nSo, in the first sentences, I don't get the **だまって** (no idea what it is) or\nthe **置いてきちゃお**. I know 置く as an auxiliary verb to say you're doing something\nin preparation for something else, but I don't understand it in that context,\nwith きちゃお after it's て form.\n\nWould be very thankful if somebody could explain to me the use of each of\nthose expressions in the sentence.\n\nHere's a pic of the panel itself:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/D5EUR.jpg)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-06T18:21:52.153",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"colloquial-language",
"manga"
],
"title": "Meaning of だまって置いてきちゃお",
"view_count": 584
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{
"body": "You sure you're quoting their lines correctly? I haven't read the strip or\nseen the TV episode but found a similar dialog, in which Masao happened to be\nthat last friend Shin-chan didn't ask:\n\n同じまさおくんネタなんですが \n初めてシロが登場したシーンで \n捨て犬だったシロをどうするか４人で考えてる時\n\nしん ｢そうだ! 黙ってまさおくんちに置いて来ちゃおうか｣ \nまさ ｢僕いるんだけど…」 \nが最高に笑えました!\n\n<http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1240826137>\n\nShin: \"Oh, I know. How about leaving it at Masao's house without telling him?\" \nMasa: \"Um... I'm here.\"\n\n・（X に）黙って: without telling (X) / 黙る: to hush up, shut one's mouth \n・まさおくんち = まさおくん+の+うち （cf. 先生んち、俺んとこ、あんたんとこ, etc.) \n・置く in 置いてきちゃおうか here is NOT an auxiliary verb but part of the verbal\ncombination 置いてくる \"go and leave\" (lit. \"leave and come back\"). \n・きちゃおうか = きてしまおうか The use of 完了形 てしまう conveys not so much the sense of\ncompletion as the daring aspect of his mischievous act (given moral\nobjections, risks, etc.).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-06T21:15:40.450",
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{
"body": "Vしゃお→Vしちゃおう The meaning is \"Let's V \"\n\nしちゃう＝してしまう しちゃおう＝してしまおう",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-06T21:18:07.933",
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| 26229 | null | 26232 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26231",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the following sentence:\n\n> 魚は三匹に増えていた。\n\nI don't know whether to interpret に as **to** or **by**. So if I start with\none fish then:\n\n> The number of fish increased **to** three (there are now three fish), or\n>\n> The number of fish increased **by** three (there are now four fish)\n\nWhich is the correct translation and how would I modify the sentence to make\nit have the other meaning? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-06T19:28:01.650",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of 増える in this sentence",
"view_count": 425
} | [
{
"body": "It is the total number. I.e. now there are 3 fish.\n\nTo get the other meaning, you can say 魚が三匹増えた。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-06T19:59:49.613",
"id": "26231",
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| 26230 | 26231 | 26231 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26246",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 怖い想像をするけど、僕にはこのダンジョンが下界にヒューマンと亜人{デミ・ヒューマン}を創造した神様達と同等のような **存在に思えてならない。**\n\nWhy is に used here and what does it do?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T05:21:01.097",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does に do in this sentence?",
"view_count": 293
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{
"body": "に doesn't really have a particular meaning. It belongs together with verb 思える.\nSo it is always used as に思える. When it comes to the meaning of 思えてならない, I found\nthis older question from this site:\n\n[What is meaning of\n「〜ないように思えてなりません」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14090/what-is-\nmeaning-\nof-%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%82%88%E3%81%86%E3%81%AB%E6%80%9D%E3%81%88%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93)",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T08:21:53.107",
"id": "26242",
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"body": "## Correction due to the Choco san's recommendation for the correction at the\ncomment line and with the apology to the questioner\n\nKindly allow me to break your sentence into the parts of the speech.\n\n> 存在 (Noun: meaning \"existence\") \n> **に** \n> 思え (verb: meaning \"to think\", ア行下一段, 連用形) \n> て (the conjunctive auxiliary) \n> なら (verb basic なる, meaning \"to become\", 未然形) \n> ない (auxiliary, used to be _deny_ the former part of speech, 終止形) \n> 。\n\nThe postpositional particle に, **[from this\nlink](http://people.ucalgary.ca/%7Exyang/kobun/6-2-4.htm)** , would fall into\nthe\n\n> （七）内容・状態などを示す。「ーとして」の意。「ほうびにもらう」\n\nTranslation:\n\n> To denote the circumstance, condition. It can be swapped by the word 「－として」.\n> Example: \"receive as a present\"\n\nTherefore, here, **に** can be swapped by として, thus it functions as English's\n_as_ like you can see in the above example.\n\nSo since in your whole speech, the 存在 equals with ダンジョン and 神様, thus we can\ntranslate the broken parts of the speech as the following:\n\n> can not help but to think XXX as the existence (with ...)\n\n## Conclusion\n\nHere the postpositional particle に functions as **as** in English.\n\n## The translation of the whole speech\n\n> 怖い想像をするけど、僕にはこのダンジョンが下界にヒューマンと亜人を創造した神様達と同等のような 存在に思えてならない\n>\n> Though it might sound scary, I can not help but to think this dungeon seems\n> to me **as** some same kind of the existence, the Gods, which created the\n> Demi Humans underworld\n\nHave a good luck.\n\nThank you.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T15:26:03.990",
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| 26239 | 26246 | 26246 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "It's is one of the [Niju kun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niju_kun) of\nFunakoshi, the meaning seems quite \"cryptical\" to me, also seeing the english\nand italian translation.\n\nThe italian translation is something like \"be always creative\", and the\nenglish is \"Be constantly mindful, diligent, and resourceful, in your pursuit\nof the Way\". Not sure why this difference!\n\nWhich is a proper translation, or the meaning of the kanji?\n\nI don't know any japanese but I tried, without success, to figure out\nsomething with google translate.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T07:27:52.800",
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"id": "26240",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How would you translate 常に思念工夫せよ?",
"view_count": 317
} | [
{
"body": "* 常に: _tsune ni_ , 'always'\n * 思念: _shinen_ , 'to think deeply', in this context\n * 工夫: _kufū_ , 'to seek for the better', 'to try to come up with a new idea', 'to exercise ingenuity', etc.\n * せよ: _seyo_ , 'Do' (archaic imperative form of する)\n\nSo this short sentence just says \"Keep on thinking, and seek a new way\". The\ntranslation in the English Wikipedia article has several phrases not included\nin the original sentence. Your \"Italian translation\" is a bit too short,\nthough.\n\n(Note: I don't feel this 工夫 particularly refers to some difficult Zen/Buddhism\nrelated concepts.)",
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| 26240 | null | 26259 |
{
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"body": "There is a Japanese school in a foreign country. I want to ask if this\nschool's main language is Japanese, if the language of instruction is\nJapanese?\n\nHow do I ask this? I know the term, teach (oshie) and learn (manabu), but is\nthere a more specific term when used in this context?\n\nIf I were to ask 'At the school, is the instruction in Japanese?'.\n\nUPDATE:\n\nThe word I was looking for was 習（なら）っていますか？\n\nSee accepted answer for an alternative phrase, and see follow-up comments for\nthe full phrase using 習（なら）っていますか？",
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"tags": [
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "How do you say the language of instruction is in Japanese or if something is taught in Japanese?",
"view_count": 497
} | [
{
"body": "I would say \" **そちらでは授業【じゅぎょう】は日本語【にほんご】で行【おこな】っていますか？** \", abbreviating the\ngrammar since if I start to explain the grammar I think I just will end up in\npurely confusing you more. In English, your \"'At the school, is the\ninstruction in Japanese?'\" will be the translation....\n\nBy the way, from my personal experience, most of the Japanese ( teaching )\nschool has at least one person who can speak English, I personally would like\nto suggest for you to try to ask in English. Otherwise, if you ask in Japanese\nso fluently there would be the possibility they would reply in Japanese and\nyou would not be able to understand the reply....\n\nHave a nice day.",
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| 26241 | 26243 | 26243 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26249",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zHaSe.png)\n\nIf （衝撃、そして背後に流れていく視界）の中～ means \"amid 衝撃 and X視界 (field of sight), where X is\n視界's predicate, then what does 背後に流れていく視界 mean? Looking back? Literally seeing\nwhat's behind? The \"field of sight streaming (towards) back/behind\" doesn't\nmake sense to me when translated literally.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T13:41:19.257",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does 背後に流れていく視界 mean here?",
"view_count": 215
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{
"body": "As far as I know, 背後に流れる視界 has nothing to do with any existing Japanese idioms\nor slang expressions, and this phrase is kind of puzzling to the eyes of\nnative speakers, too, if we have to interpret this logically. But we can stick\nto the literal translation (\"the field of view flowing rearwards\") and\nspeculate what it means.\n\nI may be wrong, but my impression after seeing this sentence is that he is\nprobably experiencing some kind of \"shock wave\" caused by his enemy in front\nof him, [like in this\nvideo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LEUa2KeEzs&feature=youtu.be&t=4m13s).\nIn other words, this sentence is probably trying to say\n\"(彼の)視界の中のすべてのものが背後に流れていく中\" (lit. while everything is flowing rearwards in\n(his) field of view). I don't think he was trying to look back deliberately.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T16:10:25.233",
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"body": "I would intepret it as \"(all the things in) his vision are flowing past him,\ntowards his rear\".\n\nSo maybe he was moving forward, or from the impact, everything around his was\nblown past him in a shockwave.\n\nThis scene came to mind. <https://youtu.be/DpezTC6-aZ4?t=259>",
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| 26244 | 26249 | 26249 |
{
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"body": "There are two conversations:\n\n> Ａ：李さんが呼んでい **た** のが聞こえましたか。 \n> Ｂ：いいえ、聞こえませんでした。\n\nAnd:\n\n> Ａ：李さんが呼んでい **る** のが聞こえましたか。 \n> Ｂ：いいえ、聞こえませんでした。\n\nThe only difference is た and る. If I want to ask \"have you heard Li's call\",\nwhich one should I use?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"tense",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "呼んでいたのが and 呼んでいるのが which is right?",
"view_count": 264
} | [
{
"body": "> 1.「李{リ}さんが呼{よ}んで **いた** のが聞{き}こえ **ました** か。 」\n>\n> 2.「李さんが呼んで **いる** のが聞こえ **ました** か。 」\n\nBoth sentences are correct and neither one is any better than the other.\n\nWhy? Because the \"main\" verb of each sentence is 「聞こえました」 and that is the verb\nthat determines the tense of each sentence, which is the past for both.\n\nThe tense used with 「呼ぶ」, in this context, is of little importance because\nthese sentences are much more about hearing something than about calling a\nperson's name.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T15:46:00.690",
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| 26245 | null | 26247 |
{
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"body": "In these pairs, are the ones containg である simply more formal? I think I've\nseen both in writing.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-07T22:28:25.473",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"written-language"
],
"title": "であるので and であるのだ vs なので and なのだ",
"view_count": 290
} | [
{
"body": "Basically, yes. To be a bit more strict about \"formal\", I'd rather say it\n\"objective\" (vs \"subjective\"). That is, we hardly even use のだ when we have\ninformal speech.\n\nAnother point to notice is about であるのだ. The permissive range would be quite\nnarrow if you're going to end a sentence with it. Because, the overall mood of\na sentence is decided by the sentence-final particles, whereas であるのだ has だ in\nits end right after である, which creates such a dissonance on how much formality\nor subjectivity is intended, unless ～である is a part of some maxim, proverb or\nsolid fact. If you want the sentence to have an overall objective tone, try\nなのである (であるのである is not ungrammatical, but a bit of a mouthful, you know...).",
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| 26252 | 26253 | 26253 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26257",
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"body": "One thing that has always confused me is how the word `叶【かな】う` took on the\nmeaning of `for a (wish) to come true`. I find this perplexing because in\nChinese, the word has never had this meaning. `叶`'s ancient meaning was:\n\n> [叶](http://ctext.org/kangxi-zidian/30/2#n320472)：古文 **協** 字。 (Meaning the\n> same as 協)\n\nMore recently, `叶` has become the character in simplified Chinese meaning `葉`\nbecause it has historically been mistakenly used as a replacement due to being\nsimilarly sounding.\n\nHowever, neither of these meanings are at all close to a wish coming true.\n\nWhy/when/how did the kanji `叶` become associated with this meaning?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-08T01:09:30.057",
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"owner_user_id": "10045",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"etymology",
"history"
],
"title": "Origin of the kanji for 叶う",
"view_count": 593
} | [
{
"body": "\"Come true\" isn't the literal translation of 叶{かな}う. The word かなう means \"to\nfit; match; accord\", in this sense in accord with 叶's meaning in Classical\nChinese. So we are practically saying 願いが叶う \"my wish matches it\" as if a fixed\nphrase corresponds to \"my wish comes true\".\n\nかなう once had tons of kanji transcriptions (see below), but most of them were\nculled out and only [適, 叶 and\n敵](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%8F%B6%E3%81%86%E3%83%BB%E9%81%A9%E3%81%86%E3%83%BB%E6%95%B5%E3%81%86-232303)\nare left standardized. 叶, despite definitions in several dictionaries, is not\nonly for \"come true\"; it can also be used where you can use 適, e.g.\n「[法に叶い、理に叶い、情に叶う](http://damnet.or.jp/cgi-bin/binranB/TPage.cgi?id=235)」,\nwhich reflect more of its original meaning. That said, it's not vice versa; 適\ncan't be used where it means \"come true\". The actual process _how_ 叶 becomes\nthe only allowed kanji for \"come true\" is yet to be confirmed, but I guess it\nwas chosen because it was a fallen-out-of-use character that was convenient\nfor recycling. A similar example is 咲, which [originally was an obsolete\nvariant of 笑](http://www.zdic.net/z/16/kx/54B2.htm), but is only used for [a\ndifferent meaning](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%92%B2%E3%81%8F-509508) today.\n\n* * *\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2xM8b.jpg)\n(from [類聚名義抄仮名索引](http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1212353/139))",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-08T03:55:41.647",
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| 26254 | 26257 | 26257 |
{
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"body": "What is the usage of `なの` in:\n\n`最も有名なのがウーロン茶で`\n\nTo me, it seems to transfer a `adverb [有名]` to a `noun`, is that so? Could\nsomeone help to explain, thx.\n\n* * *\n\n**Update:**\n\nTo make the question more clear, the whole sentence is:\n\n`日本で中国茶として最も有名なのがウーロン茶で、`",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-08T02:31:06.637",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "最も有名なのがウーロン茶で : What is the usage of なの here?",
"view_count": 193
} | [
{
"body": "The predicative form of `有名` is `有名だ` and its attributive or adjectival form\nis `有名な`. The `の` particle nominalizes (changes) the preceding adjective into\na noun.\n\nSo 最も有名な **`の`** がウーロン茶で\n\nis saying that the most famous `thing` is oolong tea.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-08T02:41:33.367",
"id": "26256",
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| 26255 | null | 26256 |
{
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"body": "The context is that _A_ , _B_ , and _C_ just got home. They are now wandering\naround a big house looking for a group of kids. The 3 are wondering if the\nkids have been studying. _A_ has not yet talked with _C_ :\n\n> [line 1]「本当ですか？勉強していますか？」A-さんはたずねた。「証拠は？」 \n> [line 2] 「C-さんが見ました」B-さんはいった。「勉強していると **かれが** いうなら、それが立派な証拠だと思いますが」\n\nPart of line #2 reads:\n\n> ...勉強していると **かれが** いうなら...\n\nBecause \" **かれ** \" is obviously _C_ , do you really have to say \" **かれ** \"? \nIf you do not say \" **かれ** \", how does it change the nuance?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-08T14:09:09.667",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"pronouns"
],
"title": "Do you really have to say \"かれ\" (3rd person pronoun) here?",
"view_count": 235
} | [
{
"body": "In this context, it would make little to no sense if 「かれ（が）」 were not said.\n\nB-さん is saying that if it were C-さん(← かれ) who says that he saw the kids\nstudying, it would be a highly trustworthy source of information. It is almost\nlike saying \"if the information came from C-さん **_of all people_** \".\n\nIn other words, the fact that the witness is C-さん this time is being the\ncondition for B-さん to call it a good proof that the kids are studying.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-08T15:04:22.483",
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| 26260 | 27260 | 27260 |
{
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"body": "Wikipedia's [Tsu (kana)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsu_%28kana%29) page\nsays\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lLfL2.png)\n\n> つ/ツ\n>\n> hiragana origin 川\n>\n> katakana origin 川\n\n * How Is つ/ツ origin 川?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T07:12:54.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27263",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"kana"
],
"title": "How Is つ/ツ origin 川?",
"view_count": 516
} | [
{
"body": "That is because the cursive script of the kanji 「川」 kind of looks like 「つ」. It\nshould look even more like 「ツ」.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jn3d6.jpg) \n(source: [netdna-ssl.com](https://bcpzone-tsttechnology.netdna-ssl.com/wp-\ncontent/uploads/2011/10/figure_3_4_hiragana_tsu-horz.jpg))",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T08:41:26.177",
"id": "27266",
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{
"body": "There are actually three candidates for the origin of つ and ツ.\n\nOne is 州, which in the [Jiankang dialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-on)\nwas pronounced \"zhōu\". Zhōu → tsu (origin of kana) → shuu (modern on'yomi).\n\nThe next is 川, which is generally pronounced \"chuan\" in Chinese. Chuan → tsuan\n→ tsu (origin of kana) → sen (modern on'yomi).\n\nYet another argument is that the kana are derived from the kun'yomi of 州,\nwhich today is pronounced \"su\".\n\nThe way the hiragana is written might be a calligraphic form of either 州 or 川.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 27263 | null | 27266 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27265",
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"body": "> **とこ** の状況で思っちゃう僕はちょっとおかしいのか。\n\nI'm not sure how to interpret this sentence. What function is とこ serving?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-09T07:27:13.007",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27264",
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"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "What meaning does とこ have in this sentence?",
"view_count": 254
} | [
{
"body": "You should parse it as:\n\n> と、この状況で思っちゃう僕は・・・\n\nThe と is the quotative particle.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T07:46:34.903",
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| 27264 | 27265 | 27265 |
{
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"body": "I'm reading the Genki books and there was this story about an old man who was\npoor so he went to the market to sell some hats he had made. He didn't manage\nto sell any and is now returning home, which is described like this:\n\nおじいさんは長い山道を歩いて帰りました。\n\nSo they used the -ta form: \"kaerimashita\". I have read in multiple places that\nthe -ta form, when used with an action verb, indicates something closest to\nthe perfective aspect and/or a completed action, which in our case would\ntranslate to \"returnED home on foot\". But the words 長い山道を clearly leave only a\ncontinuous interpretation possible: \"was returnING home on foot\", plus after\nthis sentence the story actually went on to describe the man's adventures\nwhile walking so there's NO way the verb here is perfective/describes a\ncompleted action. So can someone please explain to me why \"kaerimashita\" is\nused here and _not_ \"kaette imashita\"?\n\nThe only explanation I can think of is that I know that verbs that affect the\nsubject in some way (physical motion/change/emotional development etc.) are\nmost often interpreted with focus on the _result_ of the verb process. Does\nthis then mean that\n\n...歩いて帰っていました。\n\nwould be translated as \"HAD returned home\" which is clearly wrong so\n\"kaerimashita\" has to be used instead, and is thus not taking its usual\nperfective/completed action interpretation? Or is there another reason for why\nthe -ta form is used here?\n\nSorry about the long post. And thanks in advance for your help!",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T09:34:15.290",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"tense",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Having troubles understanding aspect in Japanese (unclear word choice in this sentence written by native)",
"view_count": 443
} | [
{
"body": "I don't understand why you think \"長い山道を clearly leave only a continuous\ninterpretation possible\".\n\nAs for the story evolving things that happened on his way home, it doesn't\nnecessarily have to progress according to the exact temporal order, does it?\nAnd I don't think it'd be that unnatural to use 帰った even if you haven't fully\nreached home.\n\n帰っていました can be translated to \"was going home\" (though this usage is less\nfrequent) besides \"had returned home\" depending on contexts.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-09T14:29:14.403",
"id": "27283",
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{
"body": "This is not a real answer but it is way to long for a comment. I translated to\nthe best I can, the part I suggested in my comment to the original question.\nSince I think that the whole part about 「Ｖ－ている」 could be useful to a great\ndeal of people I post this answer as a community wiki, if somebody wants to\nhelp me provide a full translation of the part concerning 「Ｖ－ている」.\n\nI have read it twice but there might still be some mistakes. Part enclosed in\n// are where I was not really sure so take them with care.\n\n* * *\n\n## 24.3.6 Another classification: Verbs which express changes\n\nWell, through the classifications of action verbs with respect to their\nrelation with time we've seen the rules of application of 「Ｖ－ている」 and its\nrelation with time. Nevertheless, the concept of \"instant verbs\" is almost not\nused anymore.\n\nThe reason is that verbs that does not fit the definition of \"instantaneous\"\ncan express the state of a result (of an action). The word that fit best to\nexpress the common points of those verbs would be \"change\".\n\nFor example, the previously given examples of 「ふとる・やせる」gives two verbs that do\nnot describe something instantaneous; nevertheless, it does not mean either\nthat 「太{ふと}っている」express something ongoing, it does show the result (... has\ngrow fat). Let's see,\n\n> この湖の水には大量の塩が溶けている。 In this lake, a great bunch of salt is dissolved.\n>\n> 台風の影響で潮位が高まっている。 The typhoon caused the tide level to rise.\n\nAgain, it needed quite a bunch of time to reach this state; however, those\nsentences express the result not the process.\n\nThe 「行く」 enclosed in 「デパートへ買物に行く」can show the action of going from home to the\ndepartment store, the action of going out from home or the action of reaching\nthe store. It is all a matter of context to tell the right interpretation.\n\n> ８時にデパートへ買い物に行った。 I went to the store for shopping purpose at 8.\n>\n> ９時にデパートに行き、１０時に映画館に行った。 At 9 I went to the store, and at 10 I went to the\n> movie theater.\n>\n> デパートに行くのに１時間かかる。 To reach the store it takes one hour.\n\nHowever, 「行っている」 would not express anything but the result of the situation (~\nis gone). Here again, it is not possible to tell whether or not the action is\ninstantaneous.\n\nThus, if we were to think again about the shared features of verbs like\n「太る・高まる・行く」we would see that a change either in shape or in location can be\nobserved; we can, thus, say that a change occurred on the subject through the\naction of the verb.\n\nEven verbs that we previously considered as examples of \"instant verbs\", all\nexpress a meaning of change.\n\n> 始まる・変わる・死ぬ・出発する・帰る・着く・割れる\n\nFrom now on, let's rename, \"instant verbs\" to \"change verbs\".\n\n/Even \"duration verbs\", without expressing something that lasts in time\ncontrast with the concept of \"change\". Let's call those verbs \"action verbs\"\n(action can be one of a human being as well as something due to a natural\nphenomenon)./\n\nHowever, even from this stand point, some exceptions are still hanging around.\nThis is because, some verbs that express an instantaneous action can express\nthe final state of the action while used in the pattern 「Ｖ－ている」.\n\n> 彼女はその瞬間を目撃している。 \n> She saw this instant. (She witnessed the scene.)\n\n「目撃する」cannot be seen as a verb which shows something in progress (as it is\nimpossible to witness a scene forever), here 「目撃している」does not express an\nongoing action but the state of the situation.\n\nIf we were to look at a transitive-intransitive pair of verbs:\n\n> 紙を燃やしている（燃やす）：紙が燃えている（燃える）\n>\n> Setting fire to a paper. （燃やす）\n>\n> Burning paper. （燃える）\n\nIn both cases, the action can be said to be in progress but while 「燃やしている」\nexpresses an action, 「燃えている」 expresses that a change is ongoing. It is not the\nsituation of the result of the change. (In the case 「火が燃える」 we could consider\nit to be an \"action\" but no matter how you think of it 「紙が燃える」(the paper is\nburning) shows a change).\n\nBoth methods of classification are not free from exceptions, therefore, it\ncannot be considered as a definitive explanation. It might be a bit of trouble\nbut remembering both classifications (duration verbs/instant verbs and change\nverbs/action verbs) could be rewarding. Nevertheless, since the changes\nbetween the two versions is subtle, it may be not very important to bother too\nmuch.\n\n[The object of \"change verbs\"]\n\nThe verbs 「行く」and 「太る」may show that a change happens to the subject. Let's\nthink again about this kind of verbs which cause changes to the object. For\nexample in the sentence,\n\n> 彼は部屋の壁に自分の絵を掛けている。 In his room, a picture of him hangs on the wall.\n\nIn this sentence, the verb 「かける」 can be interpreted as an action (maintain the\npicture always in that state). In other words, it could be said that it\nexpresses the state of (the result) \"being hung\". It would therefore express\nthe change and how the object (the picture here) behaves due to the change.\n\n/Other verbs expressing \"changes in the object\" can be easily seen as \"the\nsituation ensuing from a result\"./\n\n> 学生たちはみな教科書の８ページを開いている。 Students opened theirs books at page 8.\n\n「８ページを開く」is not really an instantaneous action (you've to flip the pages\nthrough the right one), it does not carry the meaning of 「いま、開きつつある」( ~ being\nopening it) either. What it shows is the fact that the book has been opened at\nthe page 8 (the result of the action). There is no other explanation that the\nverb here focus on expressing the state of the situation of \"opening a book\"\n(「本を開く」)\n\n> 彼はいつも研究室のドアを少し開けている。 He always leaves the door of the lab slightly opened.\n\nThis example illustrates the same as above. Indeed, one could have also used\n「開けてある」which will be discussed later on.\n\n> あの喫茶店はテーブルをいくつか前の歩道に出している。 This coffee shop set some tables on the\n> pedestrian way.\n>\n> この会社は省エネのため、廊下の電気を半分消している。 For energy savings purposes, this company light\n> the corridor with only a half of the nominal power.\n>\n> 妻は、買い物に出るとき、空き巣よけにテレビをつけている。 When the wife goes to shopping, she let the TV\n> on to drive the thieves away.",
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| 27267 | null | 27283 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27306",
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"body": "I was reading the basic dictionary of Japanese grammar, an entry on が to be\nexact, and they used this interesting example sentence:\n\n走っていますが、ちっとも痩せません。\n\nand translated it as \"I'm running, but I haven't lost any weight at all\".\n\nWhy is \"yasemasen\" used here? The Genki textbook says that the English\n\"haven't done X\" constructions normally translate to \"~ていません\", which is\nobviously not the case here. Is it maybe because the sentence is actually\n_habitual_ or something? I.e. it doesn't mean \"I'm running _right now at the\nmoment of speaking_ \", but rather \"I run periodically but I'm not (habitually)\nlosing any weight\", or in Russian, \"Бегаю, но совсем не худею\"? Is this what\nthis sentence means?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T10:08:26.177",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Why is the \"-masen\" form used to convey the meaning of negative present perfect here?",
"view_count": 1682
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{
"body": "痩せません = 痩せます(explaned later, means lose weight) + ん(negation, auxiliary verb)\n\nIt seems 痩せます's origin was 痩す(lose weight, verb) + ます(polite, auxiliary verb),\nbut we don't use 痩す as an independent verb, at least in these days; we\ngenerally use it if it were one verb.\n\nAs conclusion, I think your Japanese\n\n走っていますが、ちっとも痩せません。\n\nwould be translated to\n\nI'm running, but I don't lose weight at all.",
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| 27268 | 27306 | 27306 |
{
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"body": "> 仕事を終えた労働者が、ダンジョンから無事戻ってきた冒険者達が、 **今日も一日** の締めくくりとばかりに酒盛りに耽っている。\n\nThis is the first time I have come across this. What exactly does it mean and\nhow would I use it? I've seen it in other sentences too like:\n\n> **今日も一日** 頑張りましょう！",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"phrases"
],
"title": "Meaning of 今日も一日？",
"view_count": 3773
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{
"body": "We have two very different 「今日{きょう}も一日{いちにち}」's here.\n\n> 「 **今日も一日** の締{し}めくくりとばかりに酒盛{さかも}りに耽{ふけ}っている。」\n\n＝\n\n> 「 **今日も** 、 **一日** の締{し}めくくりとばかりに酒盛{さかも}りに耽{ふけ}っている。」\n\n≒\n\n> 「 **一日** の締めくくりとばかりに、 **今日も** 酒盛りに耽っている。」\n\nHere, 「今日も (\"today also\")」 and 「一日 (the \"work\" day)」 function separately and\nindependently from each other. Grammatically, it is **_not_** the same 「今日も一日」\nthat we use very often as a set phrase.\n\n\" ** _Today, too,_** (they are) indulged in a drinking party as if it were the\nclosing ceremony of **_the day_**.\"\n\nMoving on...\n\nThe insanely common set phrase that I am talking about is the \"other\" 「今日も一日」\nseen below.\n\n> 「 **今日も一日** 頑張{がんば}りましょう！」\n\nHere, 「今日も一日」 means \" **today as usual** \" or even just \" **as always** \". It\nworks adverbially.\n\n\"Let us work hard (today) **_as usual_**!\"",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T11:22:47.040",
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"body": "I think there is an emphasis on 1日 when you say that 今日も１日 一生懸命に働こう. That is,\nit means Let's work hard \"for a whole day\" today (as well as yesterday).",
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| 27269 | 27271 | 27271 |
{
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"body": "The sentence in question is the following.\n\n> その しゅくだいを **やりおわったら** 、 ちょっと こちらを てつだって くれませんか。\n\nI can't figure out what やり is supposed to mean here since there is no kanji\npresent in the sentence. I'm guessing the first part of the sentence means _If\nyou're done with that homework_ , but none of the やる verbs in the dictionary\nhave a meaning close to that.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T10:52:26.190",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of やる stem in this sentence",
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{
"body": "As far as meaning,\n\n「やる」＝「する」＝「行{おこな}う」 = \" ** _to do_** \"\n\n「やりおわったら」＝「しおわったら」 = \" ** _when you are done with ~~\"_**\n\n「やる」, in this context, means \"to do\". It is a little more informal than 「する」\nand much more informal than 「行う」. It is an extremely common meaning of 「やる」,\nwhich has many meanings.\n\nSee definition #6 here in\n[デジタル大辞泉{だいじせん}](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%81%A3%E3%82%8B-649916#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88).",
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"body": "I am not sure what you mean by the word \"stem\" here, but certainly the origin\ngoes way back to even around **[from 10th to 14th\ncentury.](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E9%81%A3%E3%82%8B)**. The original\nkanji form varies, for example 遣(や）る 遣（＝meaning, send, summon, give, ) as a\ntransitive verb, from above\n**[徒然草](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurezuregusa)** ( English Wiki ),\n\nThe Japanese original\n\n> 明日（あす）その値（あたひ）をやりて牛を取らんといふ\n\nThe Japanese modern version\n\n> （牛を買う人は）明日その代金を払って牛を受け取ろうという。\n\nEnglish Tranlslation\n\n> (The person who buy the cow) says he will pay ( = give ) the money tomorrow\n> and receive the cow.\n\nor a subsidiary verb やる such as from\n**[源氏物語](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji)** ( English ) to\ndenote, do, finish.\n\nThe Japanese original\n\n> 言ひもやらず、むせかへり給（たま）ふほどに\n\nThe modern Japanese\n\n> （母君は悲しみのために）最後まで言うこともできず、むせび泣きなさっているうちに。\n\nThe English translation\n\n> (The mother, due to her deep grief) was not able to finish to say to the\n> last, crying and choking with..\n\nThe conjugative form is ( basically )\n**[ラ行五段活用](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/223431/m0u/)** 。\n\nSo the conjugation form is\n\n> 語幹(stem) や（or遣）\n>\n> 未然形(Imperfective) ら\n>\n> 連用形(Conjunctive) り/っ\n>\n> 終止形(Predicative) る\n>\n> 連体形(Attributive) る\n>\n> 仮定形(Conditional) れ\n>\n> 命令形(Imperative) れ\n\nSo among out of various meanings your speech **やりおわったら**\n\nwill denote using, \"to do\" or \"have finished XXX\",\n\n> when ( you ) have done XXX\n\n## The translation of your whole sentence\n\n> その しゅくだいを やりおわったら、 ちょっと こちらを てつだって くれませんか\n>\n> After you have finished the ( your ) homework, could you help me ( mine ) a\n> little bit too?\n\nHave a nice day.",
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| 27270 | 27272 | 27272 |
{
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"body": "I am studying Japanese using the Michel Thomas Method. It says you can use\n_nagara_ to show that one action happens while another occurs.\n\nIt then gives the following example:\n\n> _nominagara shigoto o shimashita_ \n> I drank while I worked / I drank while working\n>\n> _konban sushi o resutoran de tabenagara Nihon no tomodachi to hanashimasu_ \n> Tonight I will eat sushi in a Japanese restaurant while I talk with my\n> Japanese friend.\n>\n> _tabenagara terebi o mimasu_ \n> I eat while I watch TV / I eat while watching TV\n>\n> _koko no resutoran ga suki desu kara shigoto o shinagara koko de\n> tabemashita_ \n> Because I like the restaurants round here, I ate here while I worked.\n\nThe last one really confuses me. In all the others, the order of the actions\nin the English translation mirrors the Japanese.\n\nHowever, in the last one, the English translations mentions eating first and\nthen work, whereas in the Japanese it's the other way around.\n\nIs there are a reason for this, or, like most things in Japanese, does the\norder not matter?",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T11:38:33.637",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Word order of actions when using nagara (while)?",
"view_count": 1644
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{
"body": "V-nagara is basically a kind of transgressive:\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)>\n\nmy native language (Russian) has those. I'm not a linguist so take my\nexplanation with a grain of salt, but the way I understand transgressives, the\naction _that provides background_ is mentioned first and the _main action_\ncomes last.\n\nEnglish doesn't have this kind of transgressive structure, so these sentences\nare translated using coordinate clauses instead. Consider the following\nungrammatical sentence:\n\n\"Eating a cake, I read the newspaper.\"\n\nNo one ever talks like this. However, you should be able to understand the\ngeneral concept and why eating is mentioned first - it serves as a background\nfor the main action (reading the newspaper).\n\nIn your last example, working also serves as a background, not the main\naction. Kinda like \"working there, I used to eat there\".\n\nP.S. in Russian, you can often switch the word order depending on which action\nyou want to bring into the spotlight. Therefore \"reading the newspaper, I ate\na cake\" also works if you wish to focus more on the cake eating process rather\nthan the newspaper reading one. However, this is only possible for actions of\nsimilar scale. The \"working there, I used to eat there\" example can't be\nreformatted into \"eating there, I used to work there\" because eating can't\nserve as a background for something bigger, like work. I have no idea whether\nthis rule applies to Japanese, but most likely it does.",
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"body": "The verb in the **ながら** clause is always secondary to the main verb in the\nsentence. To take the example from the excellent book 'A Dictionary of Basic\nJapanese Grammar' by Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui, If you were told\n\n> ちょっと話がしたいんですが。 \n> I'd like to have a little talk with you\n\nYou could answer in two ways\n\n> A) じゃ、コーヒーを飲み **ながら** 話しましょう。 \n> Then, lets talk while we drink coffee\n>\n> B) じゃ、話し **ながら** コーヒーを飲みましょう。 \n> Let's drink coffee while we talk\n\nBoth responses would be fine in English, but in Japanese the main verb is\nabout **talking** because that's what the original sentence was about.\nTherefore only response A) is appropriate. Drinking coffee is secondary to the\nmain action of talking.\n\nIn your last example, the man is talking about liking the restaurants around\nhere, so the main action would be about eating or drinking in them. Working\nthere is secondary to the main theme, i.e. things to do with restaurants.",
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| 27273 | 27277 | 27277 |
{
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"body": "In active sentences, the verbs can be transitive and intransitive.\n\n * 私が消しゴムを落としました。I dropped an eraser. (transitive)\n * 私が走ります。I run. (intransitive)\n\nBut I got surprised that 見つかる which is an intransitive but it makes the\nsentence has a passive meaning, for example:\n\n * 財布が見つかった。The wallet was found. \n\nIs there a better translation in English for it but with active form?\n\nWhy can an intransitive verb have a passive meaning in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "Why can an intransitive verb have a passive meaning in Japanese?",
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{
"body": "Do you speak Scandinavian/Slavic?\n\n\"Кошелек **нашелся** \" - exact one-to-one translation\n\n\"Lommeboka **fant seg** \" (100% ungrammatical, but easily understood\nregardless)\n\nAfaik, there's no analogue in English. \"Found itself\", if it somehow helps you\nunderstand.",
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"body": "Many Japanese _active_ sentences are better translated into English using\npassive voice, and vice versa. One well-known example is already found in your\nquestion:\n\n> I was surprised. \n> 私は驚【おどろ】いた。\n\nWhere 驚く is an intransitive verb, and 'surprise' is a transitive verb. (We\nalso have the transitive version 驚かす, but we say 私は驚かされた far less frequently\nthan English speakers say 'I was surprised').\n\nOther examples:\n\n * 満足する be satisfied\n * 生まれる be born\n * がっかりする・落胆する be disappointed\n\nSo don't think that something has a universally passive meaning in all\nlanguages.",
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"body": "First,\n\n> _Why can an intransitive verb has a passive meaning in Japanese?_\n\nThis question sounds like a pseudo-problem because there's actually no\n\"passive meaning\" in the world. It seems to be true that you're so proficient\nin English (unlike me) that you can sense \"passive meaning\" as like Germans\nsense the gender of a noun (but occasionally [muddle them up in hazelnut\ncream](https://german.stackexchange.com/a/8546)) or Japanese know the correct\ncounter word to use, but it's only a language-specific matter that can never\nbe generalized. French disagrees with German in gender, so does Korean with\nJapanese in counters. Likewise, using passive or not is really depends on each\nlanguage (below is German):\n\n> _Ich war erstaunt._ (lit. \"I was astounded.\") vs. _I was astounded._ \n> _Ich bin erschrocken._ (lit. \"I've startled.\") vs. _I was startled._ \n> _Ich habe mich gewundert._ (lit. \"I've surprised/wondered myself.\") vs. _I\n> was surprised._\n\nYou can see German, a very close language to English, has three verbs each\ntakes different construction where English uses passive in all cases. \"Passive\nmeaning\" just doesn't exist.\n\nSo, the meaningful part in your question is: **_why we form phrases as_\n「財布が見つかった」 _instead of_ 「財布が見つけられた」 _?_**\n\nThe answer is, Japanese passive (\"～られる\") is used _when you emphasizes external\ninterference_. It's not an convenient tool to make intransitive from\ntransitive. In other words, it sounds like \"the wallet was found _by someone_\n\" rather than \"the wallet was found\". Since in most cases Japanese has proper\nintransitive counterpart for each transitive verb, you should try using them\nfirst, unless you believe whodunnit, howdunnit, or the fact it was done by\nsomething else (e.g. it was intelligently designed!), are relevant\ninformation.\n\n* * *\n\nRelated answer: [Examples of when passive form in English takes active/non\npassive form in Japanese](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/6788/7810)\n\nFurther reading:\n[自動詞文と他動詞の受身文（中上級を教える人のための日本語文法ハンドブック）](https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=0eprLex8sr0C&lpg=PA147&ots=4KGrr0DBoy&dq=%E8%B2%A1%E5%B8%83%E3%82%92%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%20%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&hl=ja&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q=%E8%B2%A1%E5%B8%83%E3%82%92%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%20%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&f=false)\n(Japanese)",
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"body": "Because 見つかる included a element of passive meaning.\n\n見つかる is a complex word.\n\nIt can divide some units.\n\n見る － 着く － らる みる － つく － らる\n\n見る means look or see or watch. 着く means arrive or reach. らる means passive\nvoice. this is a origin of Auxiliary verb.\n\nit conjugate like this: 1 みる － つく － らる 2 miru - tsuku - raru 3 mi - tsuku -\nraru 4 mitsuku - raru 5 mitsuk - aru 6 mitsukaru 7 みつかる 8 見つかる",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2020-11-01T06:10:27.300",
"id": "82409",
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| 27275 | 27280 | 27280 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": ">\n> ところが、そうした人々が、神社や寺院の建物の前に立って祈願をこらす時、その対象である神仏について、それがいかなる神であり仏であるかを問われて、適切な答えをすることができるかといえばそうではない。\n\nThe phrase その対象である神仏について and the intervening phrase それがいかなる神であり仏であるかを問われて here\nare confusing me. I have translated it as:\n\n> However, when these people stand before the shrine or temple buildings and\n> offer prayers, they enquire about the various deities enshrined there and\n> consider whether or not they will be able to give an appropriate answer to\n> their prayers, which is not necessarily the case.\n\nIs this correct, or at least have I got the meaning right? I've not come\nacross some of the words before, so the Japanese sounds somewhat dislocated to\nme.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T12:29:12.447",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of について and を問われて here?",
"view_count": 130
} | [
{
"body": "The original:\n\n>\n> 「ところが、そうした人々が、神社や寺院の建物の前に立って祈願をこらす時、その対象である神仏について、それがいかなる神であり仏であるかを問われて、適切な答えをすることができるかといえばそうではない。」\n\nYour TL:\n\n> \"However, when **_these people_** stand before the shrine or temple\n> buildings and offer prayers, **_they_** enquire about the various deities\n> enshrined there and consider whether or not they will be able to give an\n> appropriate answer to their prayers, which is not necessarily the case.\"\n\nProblem with your TL (Excuse me if I sound blunt!):\n\nThe grammatical subject is 「そうした人々」 throughout the long original sentence. As\nalways the case in Japanese, it may or may not be mentioned explicitly in all\nof the clauses.\n\nYour only mistake would be the part \" ** _they_** enquire about ~~~~\".\n\nIn the original, it says 「問われて」, which is in the passive voice. That means\nthat the temple- and shrine-goers are asked a question **_by an unmentioned\nthird party_**. The question is:\"Do you actually know what sort of god or\nbuddha you are worshipping?\"\n\nYour TL, however, reads like the temple- and shrine-goers are asking that\nquestion to themselves, does it not?\n\nThe original is talking about a **_hypothetical situation_** where they are\nasked that big question.",
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| 27278 | null | 27281 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27284",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have the following sentence:\n\n> 熊の神 **と** はどのようなものか、想像してみたが...\n\nMy book translates this as\n\n> I tried to imagine what the Bear God might be like.\n\nI have multiple problems:\n\n1) I think どのような means \"what kind of\" so would I be correct in saying that a\nmore literal (not better) translation would be \" I tried to imagine what kind\nof thing the bear god is\"?\n\n2) What is the purpose of the と after 熊の神?\n\n3) Why is there no と before 想像する? Would it be okay to add one?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-09T14:21:28.180",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27282",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-09T14:24:03.013",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "どのような and a particle soup",
"view_count": 1060
} | [
{
"body": "1) Yes.\n\n2) It defines the thing being talked about. In this case it is `熊の神`. See some\nprevious answers: [Purpose of ～とは in\n「あなたにとって仕事とはなんでしょうか」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/19310/purpose-\nof-%EF%BD%9E%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF-\nin-%E3%81%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E4%BB%95%E4%BA%8B%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B)\n\n3) I think it would be okay to have a と. I'm not very certain about this one\nthough.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T14:40:15.570",
"id": "27284",
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| 27282 | 27284 | 27284 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27288",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> (1) 遠い所 **を** 見つめた。\n\nI think means: \n_\"He was looking at some distinct location in the distance.\"_\n\n> (2) 遠く **まで** 見つめた。 \n> (3) 遠く **を** 見つめた。\n\nI think both mean: \n_\"He was looking off into the distance and looking for anything unusual.\"_\n\nSo, what is the grammar of **#3**?\n\n> (3) 遠くを見つめた。\n\nDoesn't \"を\" require an object? \nHas \"遠く\" been nominalized somehow?\n\n_btw_ : \nI heard #3 in an 男っぽい dialogue. \nMaybe the words that are needed to create proper grammar are not spoken?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-09T18:50:05.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27286",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-09T20:18:56.890",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"i-adjectives",
"nominalization"
],
"title": "Is anything implied, but not written, in this nominalization \"遠くを見つめる\"?",
"view_count": 316
} | [
{
"body": "デジタル大辞泉 says [遠く is a\nnoun](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/157255/m0u/%E9%81%A0%E3%81%8F/)\nwhich means 遠いところ. So yes, it was somehow nominalized and lexicalized in this\nform long ago. At least we can say 遠くから来る, 遠くに行く, 遠くへ行く, 遠くを見つめる, 遠くで音がする,\n遠くの国, 遠くがよく見える, and so on. 近く works in the same way.\n\nThe list of similar expressions is very small, according to [this\narticle](http://www.gges.org/library/class1/docuclass1/soturon/Ando2006.pdf).\nHere's the list:\n\n * 古く (old time), 早く (early time), 遅く (late time)\n * 近く (nearby place), 遠く (distant place), 深く (deep part), 高く, 広く\n * 多く (much), 詳しく (detail), 正しく (right thing)\n\nNote that many of these are related to time or distance. Also note that many\nof these are only used in certain fixed expressions, or are acceptable only\nwhen used with certain adverbs (See the article). It seems that 多く, 近く and 遠く\nare exceptionally less restricted.\n\n遠くまで見つめた is different from 遠くを見つめた, in that the observer looked at both 近く and\n遠く in the former sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T20:01:14.583",
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| 27286 | 27288 | 27288 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27289",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "「ええい、御託はいい！！それより流星。お前は見たくはないのか？嫁達の喜ぶ姿を。」\n\n「嫁達の喜ぶ姿…」\n\n「しかも温泉で！」\n\n「お、温泉で…」\n\n「…わ、分かった。嫁達の健康と笑顔には変えられん。」\n\n「ふははははっ、それでいい、それでいいのだ、流星！」\n\nIn this exchange I'm a bit confused as to what the それ is actually referring\nto. In this conversation they were trying to convince him to go with him and\nthe 嫁達 to a 温泉 and after much persistence(other stuff before this part of the\nexchange has been removed to keep it short) he eventually gives in and gives\nthe excuse/reasoning 嫁達の健康と笑顔には変えられん. Now normally I'd think that それ would\nrefer to the actual utterance itself but I can't see it literally referring to\nthe previous utterance apart from the fact that it's basically 流星 agreeing to\nwhat the other person had suggested(i.e 温泉で嫁達の喜ぶ姿をみたい). Can anyone explain\nexactly to what それ refers to in this situation?\n\nedit: Does it refer to 流星's desire (温泉で嫁達の喜ぶ姿をみたい) Does it refer to 流星's\nacceptance of his idea Or what does it refer to?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-09T18:57:22.590",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27287",
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"owner_user_id": "9219",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "What does それ refer to in それでいい in this exchange?",
"view_count": 332
} | [
{
"body": "「それ」 here does **_not_** refer to an actual utterance made. Instead, it would\nrefer to 流星's logic, reasoning or way of thinking that has been expressed by\nthe line 「…わ、分かった。嫁達{よめたち}の健康{けんこう}と笑顔{えがお}には代えられん。」= \"Alright. Nothing could\nreplace our wives' good health and smiles.\".\n\n「それでいい」 often means 「その考{かんが}え方{かた}でいい」 or 「そのやり方でいい」 and this one is no\nexception. It is an expression of approvement of another person's action or\nway of thinking.\n\nIt is kind of close to **_\"Way to go!\"_** in feeling.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-09T21:20:26.280",
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| 27287 | 27289 | 27289 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27291",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "recently I've been talking to some japanese people and came across a problem\nthat might sound stupid but I really had troubles expressing what I wanted.\n\nI know the different forms to express obligations, it's been a while and I\nhave no problem using them when I need to talk about what I have to do,\nhowever, I've found myself in a really stupid situation when a japanese friend\nasked me something about a game, and I wanted to say something like :\n\n> After you do this, you will have to do that.\n\nBut I had no idea how to express this kind of \"obligations\".\n\n【～ないといけない】, 【～なければいけない】, 【しなくてはいけない】 etc. just sounded wrong to me...\n\nIn this kind of moments I stress and panic it really frustrates me not knowing\nsomething like that, so I end up speaking gibberish and changing the topic\nwhich makes me look like a complete idiot\n\nSo I would like to know how to express this sort of obligations in the third\nperson, and how to ask someone what he has to do?\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-10T00:13:23.360",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27290",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-10T01:29:29.240",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9539",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"modality",
"obligations"
],
"title": "How to ask if someone has to do something",
"view_count": 287
} | [
{
"body": "I, a native speaker, would panic, too, if I **_had to_** use one of those\n\"textbook phrases of obligations\" to say something as casual as \"After doing\nA, you gotta do B.\" to explain something about a game. I would sound like a\nrobot if I used any of the three phrases you listed.\n\nWhat many native speakers would say to a friend in this kind of situation\nwould be so much simpler than J-learners would think. We would use phrases\nsuch as:\n\n「Aをしたら、Bをするんだよ。」\n\n「Aをした後{あと}でBをするの。」\n\n「Aをした後{あと}でBをするの。わかる？」\n\n「Aをしたら、次{つぎ}にBをするんだよ。」\n\n「Aをしたら、次{つぎ}にBをするんだよ。いい？」",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T00:44:01.720",
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{
"body": "How about the following\n\n> Aをしてから、Bをしなくちゃ\n>\n> Aをしてから、Bをしなきゃ\n\n～てから emphasizes the chronological order better than ～て and しなきゃ or しなくちゃ are\nthe informal of しなくて.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T10:02:24.543",
"id": "27298",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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| 27290 | 27291 | 27291 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27305",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I recently received a job offer from a company, say X会社. However, I would like\nto turn down their offer as I have some opportunity at my current place of\nemployment.\n\nHow can I express this in a polite manner as to not offend them ?\n\nAfter a few searches it seems that:\n\n> 体{てい}よく断{ことわ}る\n\n~~Is the polite expression to decline an offer~~. Is what I am looking for,\ni.e. \"Declining politely\". I found [a\nwebsite](http://www.wajyutu.com/?%C3%FA%C7%AB%A4%CB%C3%C7%A4%EB) with a number\nof phrases, however, I am not sure which to choose and how to use them in my\ncase. I would like to explain something along the lines of:\n\n> Thank you very much for this very interesting offer. However, due to an\n> opportunity at my current place of employment, I have to refuse your offer.\n> I am sorry for the trouble I may have caused, and hope to maybe work with\n> you at X in the future.\n\nAlthough I think I can get around the first part with something along the\nlines of:\n\n> 就職｛しゅうしょく｝の機会｛きかい｝を与｛あた｝えて誠｛まこと｝にありがとうございます。\n\nI also have ideas for the last part, around using `手数`, but I would really\nneed some help for the refusal itself.\n\nI guess proper keigo would be the only acceptable level of speech, but as my\nJapanese is not so good, I would like to keep it as natural as possible for\nsomeone my level (JLPT N3).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-10T02:06:28.297",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27293",
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"owner_user_id": "3614",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"keigo",
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "How to turn down a job offer",
"view_count": 7155
} | [
{
"body": "If you're really grateful for the offer, and you'd like to stay in touch with\nX会社, but you can't help but turning it down, then you can't be too polite. You\ncould write something like this:\n\n> 非常に魅力的なご提案をいただき、ありがとうございます。○○様に誘っていただいたことを大変光栄に思っています。 \n>\n> しかしながら、現在の職場でどうしても責任をもって終わらせたい仕事が残っているため、大変残念ですが、今回はご期待に沿うことができません。申し訳ございません。 \n> 今後も○○様ご一緒にお仕事をさせて頂くことがあるかもしれませんが、その時はどうぞよろしくお願い致します。 \n> 最後になりますが、○○様のますますのご活躍をお祈り申し上げます。\n\nIf you're not particularly interested in the job offered, and you just don't\nwant to be too rude, try something like this:\n\n>\n> ご提案ありがとうございます。せっかくのお申し出ですが、残念ながら今回はお断りさせていただきたいと思います。あしからずご了承ください。御社のますますのご発展をお祈り申し上げます。\n\nWith this simple mail, I think the person in X会社 will realize your position,\nand probably wouldn't try to headhunt you again.\n\nAs @broccoliforest said in his comment, saying 体よく断ります is out of the question.\n\nYou can say 「○○の機会を与えて **くださり** ありがとうございます」, but using 就職 would sound still\nawkward to me, because you're already employed by another company. Instead,\nyou can say 「 **転職** の機会を…」\n\n(I'm not a keigo master, so any suggestion to improve this is appreciated.)",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T13:48:56.267",
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| 27293 | 27305 | 27305 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I'm a little bit familiar with how の is to indicate possession but this just\nconfuses me. Does it translate to \"Grant my wish for a family\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "How is the の used in the sentence 願いの叶う家?",
"view_count": 122
} | [
{
"body": "It translates to\n\n\"A house that makes wishes come true.\"\n\nNot sure what the context is of the sentence, with that alone it seems to be\nthe above.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T08:52:36.847",
"id": "27297",
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"body": "願いの叶う家 = 願いが叶う家 as @choco said. A general rule is that if the construct is `X\nの Y Z` where X is a pronoun or noun, Y is a verb, and Z is a noun, then の is\nreally が.\n\nFor more on why, see the link above.",
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| 27296 | null | 27297 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27302",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "If you are older than your uncle or aunt, do you still address them as 叔母さん or\n叔父さん? I see no reason why you wouldn't, but I recall once seeing a description\nsaying that family titles are only used for elder relatives.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-10T12:02:05.340",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27300",
"last_activity_date": "2023-01-29T18:38:48.403",
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"score": 13,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"culture",
"kinship-terms"
],
"title": "Younger uncles and aunts",
"view_count": 3051
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{
"body": "There are obviously no official \"rules\" regarding the matter as it is\nsomething that each family should decide on.\n\nIn the vast majority of families, howeber, one would **_not_** be taught to\naddress one's younger uncle or aunt as 「叔父{おじ}さん」 or 「叔母{おば}さん」, respectively.\nThat would be almost unthinkable.\n\nHow one would be taught to address them by one's parents and other adults in\nthe family would differ from one family to another. Most would go with 「first\nname + くん/ちゃん」 or using nicknames which also would also often end with\n「くん/ちゃん」.\n\nIf your uncle or aunt were even a year older, you are likely to be taught to\naddress them as 「おにいちゃん(or さん)」 or 「おねえちゃん(or さん)」 as well as using 「first\nname + くん/ちゃん/さん」.\n\nWhen I was a kid, my father's youngest sister was just a little over 20 and\nsingle and my mother's youngest sister, still a high schooler. I was\n**_strictly_** forbidden to address or refer to them as 「叔母さん」 because that\nwould have made them \"look\" unnecessarily older to the public eye.\n\nSo I grew up addressing and referring to my father's sister as 「おねえちゃん」 and my\nmother's sister as 「first name + ちゃん」.\n\nNow that everyone is old enough, I use 「おばさん」 in addressing and 「おば」 in\nreferring to those two aunts.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T12:49:34.273",
"id": "27302",
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"body": "I think many people will feel uneasy if they are addressed as 叔母さん/叔父さん by\nsomeone older than them, even when they're 叔母/叔父 by definition. This is true\nespecially when your 叔父/叔母 is relatively young.\n\nThere is no single safe answer for this, but practically, you can just ask\nyour aunt/uncle how to address them, saying something like\n「叔父さんって呼ぶのは変だよね、なんて呼べばいいかな」. They may allow you to address them using their\nnickname. But it greatly depends on the relationship of you and your\naunt/uncle.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T12:50:27.713",
"id": "27303",
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| 27300 | 27302 | 27302 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "いくつになったら買ってくれるの？\n\nI'm not sure of the grammar used in this sentence.\n\nいくつ-> Does this still refer to how many?\n\nになった->Is the なった here a conjugation of なる (To become)?\n\nAlso is the の at the end of the sentence the contraction of an explanatory の\n(e.g. the written form of んです)\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T15:03:15.543",
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"id": "27307",
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"owner_user_id": "10787",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-の"
],
"title": "いくつになったら in this sentence",
"view_count": 222
} | [
{
"body": "I assumed that this sentence is used in a context where a child asks his\nmother/father to buy him something, yet the parent said no, due to the child\nbeing too young.\n\nIf translated directly, it would be something like \"If I become how old, will\nyou buy it for me?\"\n\nいくつ can be translated as \"how many\" or \"how old\", and in this case, I used\n\"how old\".\n\nOmitting the details, なったら is a form of なった, which can be thought as a past-\ntense of なる。\n\nAbout the terminal の, I don't know the correct grammatical explanation, but it\nadds the sense of questioning.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T16:12:57.180",
"id": "27309",
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"body": "> いくつになったら買ってくれるの？\n\n * How old do I have to be before you will buy it for me?\n\n * How long do I have to wait before you'd buy it for me? \nHow much more do I have to wait before you'd get it for me? \nHow many more years do I have to wait until I can finally get it?\n\nAbout the terminal の？, it's probably short for のですか？\n\nIn the last few years, this ending has become common on the Net :\n\n> 買ってくれるん？\n\n-- which is short for -- 買ってくれるんですか？\n\nThere's also a [relative tense] issue. Please see: [相対テンス -- ①ハワイへ行く時、帽子を買う。\n②ハワイへ行く時、帽子を買った。 ③ハワイへ行った時、帽子を買う。\n④ハワイへ行った時、帽子を買った。](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/39648/16344)",
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| 27307 | null | 27309 |
{
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"body": "This is a question I've wanted to ask Japanese natives for a while but have\nnever gotten the chance. In Japanese there are many more \"sentences\" that end\nunfinished(at least if we are comparing to English). Sometimes these just end\nin particles like を、に etc and are very clear(at least to me) as to what is\nimplied afterwards. Although sometimes I struggle to see exactly what would\ncome after particles like から、ので etc. How do Japanese natives \"think\", perhaps\nunconsciously, about exchanges like this?\n\n```\n\n 「これは？」\n 「どうした，サイエ？」\n 「いえ、どこからかピンク色の萌え電波受信したので」\n 「？」\n \n```\n\nPardon the example but it was the most recent thing I was reading. In this\nsituation he and サイエ are both on the battlefield and she \"picks up\" a signal\nand then this very brief exchange leaves our friend confused. Now, how does\none actually look at what this ので is doing?\n\n1) Is it used by her to explain to him why she spoke? \n2) Does it have an obvious bit afterwards that is implied (Even if one wasn't\non the battlefield I'm sure one would find that picking up a ピンク色の萌え電波 would\nbe interesting/surprising) \n3) If it's not one of the above how would a native think about this?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-10T21:25:24.580",
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"owner_user_id": "10872",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"particle-から"
],
"title": "The usage of ので etc to leave sentences \"hanging\"",
"view_count": 1803
} | [
{
"body": "> In Japanese there are many more \"sentences\" that end unfinished(at least if\n> we are comparing to English)\n\nThis is my speculation (as a native), but I think this might be because saying\na clear opinion can be considered offensive, inconsiderate or non-woman-like.\n\nAn example would be:\n\n> 「この車にしたらどうだね、君」 \n> 「こちらは少々値が張るようですので。。。」(違う車にしたいです)\n\nOf course it could be just because it's convenient.\n\n> 「お前ラーメン買ってこいよ」 \n> 「いや腹減ったのお前だから」（お前が買ってこいよ）\n\nAs for your example I think it's just the later. As in\n`（さっき「これは？」といったのは）「...電波を受信したので」（です）`",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-18T07:15:36.997",
"id": "27463",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T07:15:36.997",
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"body": "> 1. Is it used by her to explain to him why she spoke?\n> 2. Does it have an obvious bit afterwards that is implied\n>\n\nYes, these are the two ways `〜ので。` works. And the more I think about it, it\nhas a pretty straightforward equivalence to answering a sentence with\n`Because…`, and hanging a sentence with `so…`.\n\n## Answering with “Because”\n\nThe key in your specific example is that, while `どうした？` is posed as a WHAT\nquestion, it is interpreted and answered as a WHY question.\n\nSuppose you come in early for work and your boss is already there. The boss\ncan say to you:\n\n 1. どうしてこんな早くに？ (WHY this early?)\n 2. どうした、こんな早くに？ (WHAT is the matter, being this early?)\n 3. 何してるんだ、こんな早くに？ (WHAT are you doing, this early?)\n 4. 早いな。 (You're early.) ← Not even a question\n\nAll these can be answered with `眠れなかったので。 (Because I couldn't sleep.)` ,\nbecause you can interpret all such questions/statements as `Why are you this\nearly`. Note that there is nothing _hanging_ here. You are just answering as\nif the boss had asked a WHY question.\n\nAt first I thought this might be a typically Japanese “reading between the\nlines” mode of communication, but I realized it happens all the time in\nEnglish, too. “You're early.” can be responded to with “I couldn't sleep.”\nYou're answering an implied _why_ question with an implied _because_.\n\n## Hanging with “so…”\n\nThis is very similar to hanging a sentence with “so.” There can be a lot of\nvariance in the length of the hang, and the assertiveness of the whole\nsentence.\n\n> 本を買いましたので…… (I bought the book, so…)\n\nDepending on the length of the pause and uncertainty in tone, you may be\nfishing for a compliment, waiting for directions on what to do next, or asking\nfor a reimbursement. The context-sensitivity is just the same as you would\nexpect in English.\n\nThe key here is that you can in fact be quite assertive when ending a sentence\nwith `so`.\n\n> 本を買いましたので。 (I bought the book, so.)\n\nIn this case, all you are _hanging_ for is a simple acknowledgement of your\nstatement.",
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| 27311 | null | 27978 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27314",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "They all seem to mean 'need'. Do some sound stronger than the others? Are all\nof the following sentences grammatical, and if not which ones are?\n\nお金が要る。\n\nお金が必要だ。\n\nお金を必要としている。\n\nお金の必要がある。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-10T23:07:56.403",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "必要だ 必要とする 必要がある 要る - difference",
"view_count": 686
} | [
{
"body": "> お金が要る。\n\nI/He want/need the money\n\n(You just saying you need money or want money)\n\n> お金が必要だ。\n\nMoney is needed/Cannot be without the money.\n\n(This is more like saying if you need to buy something, you need to have\nmoney)\n\n> お金を必要としている。\n\nI/He is needing money.\n\n(This is like saying, you are trying to gathering the money)\n\n> お金の必要がある。\n\nI/He have the need of money.\n\n(You have the need for money.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T00:40:30.443",
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| 27312 | 27314 | 27314 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27316",
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"body": "Recently, I've been attempting to incorporate Japanese into my daily life more\nfrequently. As I went through my morning exercises, I realized that I wasn't\nsure if simply counting 一,二,三... was correct, or if there was a specific\ncounter for exercise repetitions (one pushup, two pushups, etc.). In looking\naround, the closest I've been able to find have been 度,回, and of course, つ.\nDoes anyone know which is correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-11T01:03:16.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27315",
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"owner_user_id": "10099",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"counters",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "Japanese counter for exercise repetitions",
"view_count": 1817
} | [
{
"body": "If you are talking about how to count when during the exercise, I would that\nsaying\n\n> 一｛いち｝、二｛に｝、三｛さん｝...\n\nIs perfectly okay. I also found some evidence of [people counting in\nenglish](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0o_vExY1_Y). If you to say something\nalong the lines of \"Today I did ten pushups\", then I would use 回{かい} that will\nindicate the number of repetitions of a given exercise. Example\n[here](http://matome.naver.jp/odai/2134682714158177601). I would not use 度｛ど｝\nin this context, because it has a meaning of occurrence rather than\nrepetition.\n\nFinally, if you want to count exercises as in \"In my routine, the first\nexercise is pushups, the second is squats...\" I would use\n\n> 一｛ひと｝つ目｛め｝、二｛ふた｝つ目｛め｝\n\nWhere 目 is used to change the counter to an ordinal.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T02:24:06.960",
"id": "27316",
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| 27315 | 27316 | 27316 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27319",
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"body": "Both of these words appeared on my N3 flashcards, and they both can translate\nto cost or expense according to dictionaries. Example sentences had a tendency\nto translate 費用 as \"cost\" and 支出 as \"expense\", but I can't tell if that means\nanything significant or not.\n\nIn English, \"cost\" and \"expense\" are typically interchangeable, except in\naccounting where they mean separate but specific things. Is this true in\nJapanese with these words too? If not, what's the difference between them?",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T03:05:52.017",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "Is there a difference between 費用 and 支出?",
"view_count": 315
} | [
{
"body": "I think the difference is exactly as you wrote. 支出 means simply a \"pay out\" or\n\"expense\", whereas 費用 can be used to mean \"expense\" but also the \"cost\" or\n\"fee/price\" for something. In certain contexts they can be used\ninterchangeably but the meanings are different.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T04:21:09.877",
"id": "27318",
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"body": "**費用** : the money for obtaining something--no matter who pay. Thus you can\ntranslate it as \"cost\".\n\n**支出** : the money you spend or use--for whatever purpose. I think a better\ntranslation is \"expenditure\".\n\nWhat tax officers find through investigation is 不明な支出. What an hotel charges\nyou for nothing is 不明な費用.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T04:35:09.800",
"id": "27319",
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}
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| 27317 | 27319 | 27319 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27324",
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"body": "How to pronounce `∞` in the context below?\n\n> 実はそのリスクが顕在化したら∞だったりするんじゃないか、というようなこと。 \n> ∞ったのはそれによって自分の人生が完全に変わってしまう可能性があるっていう意味。\n\n* * *\n\nContext: The author of an article discusses what he really meant in this\nsentence of his article:\n\n> 一緒にいたい人と一緒にいないというリスクはそのリスクが顕在化したら全てが根本的に変わってしまうぐらい重要な要素なのではないかと言うことです。\n\nHere is what he said just before the ∞ sentences:\n\n> いいたい事としては、ちょっと離れても仕方ないと判断したときに、その仕方ないっていう判断の根拠にしたリスクを過小評価してないかということかな。",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T05:12:41.753",
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"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"slang"
],
"title": "Pronunciation of ∞ used in Japanese text",
"view_count": 183
} | [
{
"body": "The most reasonable interpretation in this context is that ∞ stands for\n無限大{むげんだい} (\"infinity\"), in other words, \"incalculable(-y large)\".\n\n∞ったのは in the second line is, with high probability, a mistype for ∞っ **て** のは\n(contraction of っていうのは = というのは). With this correction you can read the\nsentence through as \"(Why I wrote) the sign ∞ is for it means...\"",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T07:07:32.623",
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| 27321 | 27324 | 27324 |
{
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"body": "My flashcard deck has 2 very similar cards: \n積む{つむ}\n\n * meaning: to load, pile up \n * jisho.org: to pile up; to stack \n\n載せる{のせる}\n\n * meaning: to place on, load onto, draufstellen\n * jisho.org: to place on (something), to load (luggage); to carry; to take on board\n\nAs a non-native of either English or Japanese, I don't see the difference. I\nfeel like 積む is for big objects and a rough action, while with 載せる the loader\nis concerned about the final position of a rather small object. But I have too\nlittle evidence. \nSo when I put an object on another object, when would I use the first and when\nthe second?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T11:11:18.057",
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"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"verbs"
],
"title": "What is the semantic difference between 積む{つむ} and 載せる{のせる} when loading stuff",
"view_count": 165
} | [
{
"body": "As Japanese native:\n\n積む feels like many things are loaded, and also feels that they are put on top\nof another (and I suppose that's what pile-up means).\n\n載せる feels like putting something on top of certain base.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T14:52:40.283",
"id": "27332",
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| 27328 | null | 27332 |
{
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"body": "> 美鶴木{みつるぎ}夜石{よいし}は怖がらない\n\nHow do I know if a multi-kanji word like the one in this sentence is a name?\nHow does one read it if the furigana was not given and there are multiple\npronunciations for the same kanjis?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-11T12:28:33.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27330",
"last_activity_date": "2022-06-21T04:41:15.263",
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"owner_user_id": "10881",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"readings",
"names"
],
"title": "How do I know if a multi-kanji word like the one in this sentence is a name 美鶴木夜石は怖がらない?",
"view_count": 238
} | [
{
"body": "> Is the notion that Kanjis one after another typically indicate that it is a\n> name?\n\nI think you can say that.\n\n> How does one read it if the furigana was not given when there are multiple\n> pronunciation of the said kanjis?\n\nWe can't. But typical name Kanjis has typical pronunciation, so we can guess.\nThe book give furigana because the name is not typical, and thus by only Kanji\nreader cannot tell its reading.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T16:02:18.900",
"id": "27334",
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{
"body": "I think it basically comes down to context.\n\nLiterate native speakers can usually read most or all of the words on a page,\nand because they recognize most of the words, when they come to something\nunknown, they can generally figure out from context what the function of that\nunknown thing is in a sentence. For example, if it seems to be the subject of\na verb that generally takes human subjects, then it's probably a name.\n\nAn unknown string of kanji isn't always a name. For example, you might run\ninto a technical term like 相貌失認 that you haven't seen before. But odds are,\neven if you can't figure out the meaning from the kanji, the rest of the\nsentence or surrounding context wouldn't make it seem like a name. (And if the\ncontext isn't enough for you to figure out the meaning, you can always look it\nup!)\n\nContext is probably enough most of the time. But . . .\n\nBesides context, you can also look at the kanji and see if it _looks_ like a\nword or a name. If you look at the kanji 美鶴木, you probably won't be able to\nfigure out any sort of meaning by looking at the characters. (Some kind of\nbeautiful crane tree?) It doesn't really look like a word. But if you try\nsounding it out, you might be able to figure out みつるぎ, [and you might\nrecognize that as a Japanese name](http://blog-\nimgs-80.fc2.com/e/b/i/ebichintabearuki/mitsurugi.jpg)―even if it isn't usually\nwritten with those particular kanji.\n\nIf you don't know enough words or can't understand enough to figure it out, or\nif you can't tell what words or names look like, don't worry! It'll get easier\nas you learn more Japanese, and you can always look things up if you get stuck\n:-)",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T23:30:45.953",
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| 27330 | null | 27343 |
{
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"body": "あわせて、あちらの黒いズボンもはいてみ **ては** どうですか。\n\nContext is a salesperson asking a customer to try out a pair of pants (in\naddition to a jacket he is already wearing).\n\nIs the ては in this sentence ています in subject form? (I'm still not sure how this\nworks though, can someone explain haha)\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T14:29:08.080",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "てはin this sentence",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "-て is a special form because it can be suffixed by certain particles like は or の (see [here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5212)). You are probably also familiar with its use in phrases like -てはいけない.\n\n-てはどうですか is more or less a set expression meaning \"how about (doing something)\". You can also replace どう with いかが to make it sound more polite, and drop the ですか to make it sound more familiar (leaving just どう).\n\nSo, your sentence translates to:\n\n> How about trying on those black pants, too?",
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| 27331 | null | 27333 |
{
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"body": "I've heard that some people only write わたし in kana and only use the Kanji 私\nwhen the intended reading is わたくし. How common is this practice? Is it old-\nfashioned? If I used it myself as a foreigner, would it seem odd?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T16:38:29.610",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"orthography",
"spelling"
],
"title": "How common is the practice of writing わたし in kana and わたくし in kanji?",
"view_count": 656
} | [
{
"body": "Almost nobody cares if you write them in hiragana or kanji.\n\nTheoretically, the kanji 私 is only associated with わたくし, whose original\nmeaning is \"personal, private\". But insisting so in this age only sounds very\nmuch like the \"spelling police\", because the most prevalent usage of わたくし is,\nafter all, as first-person pronoun like its shortened form わたし.\n\nPlus, the use of わたくし is considered as a \"deluxe edition\" practically confined\nwithin formal business protocol and by no means is the primary choice in\neveryday life these days. If your company boss commands you to use 私 only for\nわたくし, maybe you should follow. Otherwise, we just decide how to read 私\naccording to the context, so you don't have much to worry about.\n\nOf course if you really want to clarify if it's わたし or わたくし, you could make\nboth into kana or use furigana (私【わたし】--私【わたくし】). Anyway, you couldn't expect\nmuch people to disambiguate them by kanji 私【わたくし】 vs. kana わたし.",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 27335 | 27347 | 27347 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27346",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 会社では外様の地位に甘じている。 \n> He is reconciled to 「being outside of [not belonging to] the mainstream\n> faction at the company. \n> (Source:\n> [dictionary.goo.ne.jp](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/je2/54409/m1u/%E5%A4%96%E6%A7%98/))\n\nI wasn't able to find 甘じる or 甘ずる verb in dictionaries I looked at. Is it a\ntypo of 甘んじる?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T16:40:04.837",
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"owner_user_id": "10777",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"spelling",
"okurigana"
],
"title": "Is 甘じている a typo? (example sentence)",
"view_count": 144
} | [
{
"body": "Considering this is an example sentence in a modern J-E dictionary, yes, I\nbelieve this is a typo. At least in standard Japanese, it should be written as\n甘んじている.\n\n[BCCWJ corpus](http://pj.ninjal.ac.jp/corpus_center/bccwj/) returned only one\nresult for 甘【あまん】じる (\"屈辱に甘じているのだ\" in a novel published in 2002), and there may\nbe a few other instances where old writers used 甘【あまん】じる. But let's not care\nabout that too much.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T02:04:44.893",
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| 27336 | 27346 | 27346 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27340",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "X and Y are in a forest. They have been talking about it getting dark and\ncold. They both know that it is a long walk out of the forest.\n\n「これから長いことと歩かなければいかん」Xは指摘した。「２日間もです。もしかしたら３日かも。もう **日が暮れ** かかっています」 \nYは空を見やった。「毎日このくらいの時間になれば **日が暮れる** 。暗くなるのが怖い、X?」 この挑発に、Xは乗らなかった。......\n\n 1. Thus far, the verb \"暮れる\" has not been used.\n 2. \"暗くなっている\" _has_ been used.\n 3. \"日が暗くなっている\" _has never_ been used.\n\nSurely, #3 demonstrates that \"暗くなっている\" and \"暮れている\" are different in nuance.\nAnd, that is fine, a different issue.\n\n> Given context, can't you assume the \"日\" in \"日が暮れている\"?\n\nWe already know it is getting cold / dark / late. \nIt is said twice in a row. \nAnd, Y says it while he is looking at the sky.\n\n(wild guess): \"日が\" places emphasis on the sun. This emphasis allows you to\ncapture the sun's practical, and symbolic, meanings?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T17:22:20.297",
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"id": "27338",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "With context that it is getting dark, why say \"日が暮れる\" instead of just \"暮れる\"?",
"view_count": 228
} | [
{
"body": "暮れる alone can mean 'a day ends' or 'the sun sets' but 日 usually accompanies\nit. I don't think '日が' have any implications here.\n\n暮れる actually means 'a day, a month, a season or a year ends'. We say\n'今年も暮れますね' in December.",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 27338 | 27340 | 27340 |
{
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"body": "> **まさかそれが** 、あのような惨劇{さんげき}を引{ひ}き起{お}こす事{こと}になるとは、知{し}るよしもなかったのです。\n\nWhat if 「まさかそれが、」 is at the beginning of a sentence? What does it mean? Would\nit mean something like \"That's it,\"?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-11T17:24:44.523",
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"id": "27339",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-13T10:11:36.367",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "10884",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does 「まさかそれが、」 mean at the beginning of this sentence?",
"view_count": 394
} | [
{
"body": "まさかそれが...\n\nI think it literally means \"Don't tell me that is...\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T02:59:18.100",
"id": "27362",
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{
"body": "まさか is a _guiding adverb_ that leads to an expression of something unexpected.\nそれが is the subject for the verb 引き起こす.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-13T09:19:38.273",
"id": "27977",
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| 27339 | null | 27977 |
{
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"body": "> Person 1 「ところでなつみとさやこは？」 \n> Person 2 「あ、やりすぎた二人なら向こうで正座させてます」 \n> Person 1 「そ、そうか。大変だな。」\n\nIn context: Person 1 had been knocked unconscious by なつみ, さやこ, and some others\n(as a reaction to him unknowingly stepping into the room they were all\nchanging in). When he came to they were apologizing to him and he said that he\nwas to blame and that they shouldn't be apologizing to him, when he noticed\nthat two of them were missing the last few lines of the scene as seen above\nwere said.\n\nNow when I look at this I could see it being interpreted in two ways.\n\n 1. The 大変 is talking about Person 2 (He is expressing sympathy with her due to his actions leading to her having to punish the other two)\n\n 2. He is expressing sympathy with なつみ and さやこ due to them having to be punished even though he believes that all of the fault lies with himself. \n\nMy problem is understanding which understanding is correct(and if neither of\nthe above, which is it).\n\nIt's clear that there are two possible groups that it could refer to as Person\n2 is having the other two 正座. If he was just being told that they were being\npunished (by some other person and not the person who was punishing them) then\nI would naturally default to it being (1), but in this case I am unsure. How\ndo other people look at this? Would the sentence be worded differently\ndepending on whether it is case (1) or case (2) ?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "「そ、そうか。大変だな。」 誰が？",
"view_count": 290
} | [
{
"body": "I think this is indeterminate. Person 1 only said \"Oh, that's tough,\" and it\nis possible that he was vaguely describing the situation, referring to no one\nin particular.\n\nBut saying 大変だな implies the tough situation was continuing when he said this.\n\nIf he wanted to explicitly express sympathy with Person 2, maybe he would have\nsaid \"大変 **だった** な\" (You _had_ a tough time), because it appears that the\nhardest time for Person 2 had finished at that time (assuming なつみ and さやこ were\nalready regretting what they had done).",
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| 27341 | null | 27345 |
{
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"body": "I have the following sentence in my grammar book:\n\n> 私の妹は、ピアニストでも歌手でもありません。 \n> My younger sister is neither a pianist nor a singer.\n\nWhen the book has affirmative sentences, it uses も after each of the nouns.\nBut in this sentence, it uses でも instead.\n\nAll of the textbooks I have read only has the meaning of でも as \"but\" when used\nat the start of a new sentence — they don't mention this kind of use at all.\n\nIs this the でも particle with a new meaning or a combination of で AND も, where\nthe で does the negation? Or does the で mean something else entirely?\n\nEDIT: It does not look like でも is always used for the negative sentences:\n\n> ロスさんもヒルさんも銀行員ではありません。 \n> Neither Mr Ross nor Mr Hill are bank employees.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-11T23:21:21.947",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"particles",
"particle-で",
"particle-も"
],
"title": "If も means \"also\" in a positive sentence, does でも mean \"neither\" in a negative sentence?",
"view_count": 548
} | [
{
"body": "Think about it like this:\n\n> ピアニスト **です** 。 'is a pianist' \n> 歌手 **です** 。 'is a singer'\n\nTo negate this, we'll want to split です up into で＋あります:\n\n> ピアニスト **で あります** 。 'is a pianist' \n> 歌手 **で あります** 。 'is a singer'\n\nNow we can negate あります and insert は to go with the negation:\n\n> ピアニストで **は** ありま **せん** 。 'is not a pianist' \n> 歌手で **は** ありま **せん** 。 'is not a singer'\n\nTo put these both in one clause, we'll want to use も instead of は, because\nwe're putting two like things together and negating both of them:\n\n> ピアニストで **も** \n> 歌手で **も** ありません。 'is neither a pianist nor a singer'\n\nLike you said, も here is like 'also'. The individual words don't correspond\nexactly to English words, so I can't say that it's _exactly_ like 'also' or\n'neither', but hopefully you can see how it fits together.\n\nIt's true that there's a particle でも, but that's not what we have here. In\nthis case, we have the copular construction で＋ある in polite form with the\nparticle も inserted in between.",
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| 27342 | 27344 | 27344 |
{
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"body": "I've read somewhere that to say you are not good at something say for example\nJapanese language, you use:\n\n> 日本語は上手 **ではありません**\n\nbut can I also use:\n\n> 日本語は上手 **じゃありません**\n\nIs there anything wrong with this? What is the difference between the two?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T09:43:33.083",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"nuances",
"contractions"
],
"title": "上手ではありません or 上手じゃありません",
"view_count": 5609
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{
"body": "じゃ is the contraction of では. It's a contraction, because じゃ is one\n[mora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29) (one unit length)\nand では is two moras long.\n\nじゃ is frequently used as contraction of では, especially in じゃない < ではない. As\npointed out before by one of our native speakers on this site (@l'électeur),\nじゃありません is at risk of being overused by learners. Presumably, because the\n_uncontracted_ では is a more natural choice to go with the _polite/formal_ form\nof ある (which is あります, of course).\n\n(The converse doesn't hold, though: ではない is also extremely common.)\n\nHere are the numbers from the _Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written\nJapanese_\n\n> ではない 66121 results \n> じゃない 39664 results\n>\n> ではありません 9910 results \n> じゃありません 1743 results\n\n(Of course, these numbers are only for _written_ Japanese.)\n\nIn any case, there is no difference in meaning between the two phrases. A\nremark about your choice of particle, though: You can only say 日本語 **は**\n上手ではありません when you use は as the \"contrast particle\", i.e. when you intend to\ncompare your Japanese skill to something else. The natural choice for a\nstandalone statement would be が, as in\n\n> 日本語 **が** 上手ではありません ／ 日本語 **が** 上手じゃありません",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T10:02:15.680",
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| 27348 | null | 27349 |
{
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"body": "This is a sentence from 「ふたり」 by 赤川次郎\n\n> 向うは、やっぱり寒い？\n\nDoes it read as むこう？If that is the case, then what is the difference between\n向う and 向こう？",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-12T14:22:56.607",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27350",
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"owner_user_id": "6996",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"okurigana"
],
"title": "How to read 向う?",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "This is read as むこう.\n\n向こう is the \"standard\" spelling, but people (especially novelists like him)\nsometimes use nonstandard or customary spellings like this.\n\nYou can see the list of such kanji here:\n\n * [送り仮名の省略](http://takatakijou.web.fc2.com/okurigana.htm)\n * [送り仮名の最短化](http://homepage3.nifty.com/jgrammar/ja/hyouk016.htm#okurigana_ue)",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 27350 | null | 27351 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28287",
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"body": "This is similar to a [previous\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12564/particle-\ninterpretation-of-%E5%BE%8C%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82) of mine. Also from Kanji in\nContext, we have the example sentence (with no other context)\n\n> 東京｛とうきょう｝ **でも** 雪｛ゆき｝は降｛ふ｝りますが、たいていは大｛たい｝して積｛つ｝もりません。\n\nIs it possible to determine whether the でも here is でも (even in Tokyo, it\nsnows) or で(location of action) + も (it also snows in Tokyo)?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T16:26:44.387",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "Is this でも or で＋も?",
"view_count": 494
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, because it says in the end, that the snow is rarely piling up very high.\nThe whole translation would be like this. Even in Tokyo it snows, but mostly\nit doesn't pile up too much.\n\nThe word たいてい Indicates that it is a general matter.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-14T21:01:50.037",
"id": "27392",
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"body": "**_Formal vs. Informal_**\n\nI am going to say that:\n\n1) In **_informal_** speech, both interpretations are almost equally natural.\n\n2) In **_formal_** speech, however, it would be considerably more appropriate\nto interpret the 「でも」 as being 「で + も」(location + \"also\").\n\nHere is my reasoning.\n\nIf one said 「東京 **でも** 雪は降る」 in formal speech to mean \"It snows **_even_** in\nTokyo.\", then one would have to wonder where the location marker is because\n「でも」 is all taken to express \"even\".\n\nIn formal speech, one would instead need to use 「東京で **さえも** 」 or 「東京で **でも**\n」 to express both \" **even** \" and \" **in** \". Admittedly, though, the latter\nwould rarely be heard in real life as it is a mouthful.\n\n「Place Name + で + でも」 is very often contracted to 「Place Name + でも」 in\ninformal speech, which is the main reason that, in informal speech, 「東京でも雪は降る」\ncan naturally be interpreted to mean both:\n\n\"It snows in Tokyo, too.\" and \"It snows even in Tokyo.\"",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 27352 | 28287 | 28287 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27399",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I'm studying Japanese by myself. \nTo become is なる. \nAble to become / can be = なれる \nIf I say なれば it would mean ”If I became” (conditional) \nso \"If I can be \" should be \"なれれば\"？\n\nThe sentence I'm trying to formulate is :\n\n> It's no problem if that would make me rich.\n\nMy try was :\n\n> あんまり大変じゃない、お金持ちになれば。 \n>\n\nWhich might get interpreted as :\n\n> \"it's no problem if I was rich.\"\n\nI appreciate your help.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-12T22:12:58.357",
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"id": "27353",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjugations",
"potential-form",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "How to say \"If I can be\"?",
"view_count": 1110
} | [
{
"body": "I think the use about the word なる you said is right. But I am not so sure\nabout the translation you did. \nFirstly, no problem does not mean 大変じゃない, that sounds a little weird to me\nbecause in my opinion, 大変じゃない means it is not exhausting, I can still take it.\nFor no problem, I would say 大丈夫だ, that means it is not a problem, it's ok. \nAnd for \"if that would make me rich\", because there is this word make, I think\nit's better to translate it to する. So this sentence will be like\n\"もしそれが私をお金持ちにしてくれれば、大丈夫だ\". \nAs for your last sentence, was is the past tense of is, right? So it means である\nor です or だ in Japanese. There is no change, and it's just a condition I was in\nright? So it is not \"become\", and this sentence will be\n私がお金持ちだったら/であったら/でしたら、大丈夫だった。 \nI hope this is helpful to you. Enjoy learning Japanese.",
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"body": "この事で自分自身がお金持ちになっても、こんなに問題と言うわけではあるまい。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-14T20:46:28.713",
"id": "27391",
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{
"body": "I think you could say like:\n\n> (もし)それで(お)金持ちに **なれるのなら / なれるなら / なれたら / なれれば** 、問題(は)ないだろう。(or 構わないだろう /\n> いいだろう etc. depending on the context.)\n\nそれで = それ (that) + particle で (with; because of)",
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| 27353 | 27399 | 27399 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27357",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is the average native Japanese speaker likely to have heard of Hepburn romaji?\nNot necessarily being able to recall the entire kana table, but at least\nknowing that it is a romanization system which has some kana different from\nother systems?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T22:20:01.090",
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"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"terminology",
"rōmaji"
],
"title": "Has the average native Japanese speaker heard of Hepburn romaji?",
"view_count": 276
} | [
{
"body": "It's called ヘボン式ローマ字. 訓令式ローマ字 is taught in school but I think many Japanese\nknow ヘボン式ローマ字.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T23:45:11.520",
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| 27354 | 27357 | 27357 |
{
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"body": "I found this example sentence in the Internet.\n\n> [郷]{ごう}に[入]{い}っては[郷]{ごう}に **従え** と学んできました。 \n> I have learned to do as the Romans when in Rome.\n\nWhat I don't understand is, why use 従え? Shouldn't it be 従い? \nIs there any difference in meaning between the two?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T23:02:37.493",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "When to use 従え or 従い?",
"view_count": 242
} | [
{
"body": "従え is an imperative form of 従う. Cf.\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation#Imperative>\n\n従え = \"(please) do follow the rules of this place (郷).\"\n\nI guess it is similar to 従いなさい, though I've never read it in this form.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-12T23:32:27.677",
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| 27355 | 27356 | 27356 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27366",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was wondering if you guys could help me understand the adverb いちいち a little\nbetter. From my understanding in the following sentence it serves the purpose\nof \"Every single\" as in \" Because you don't have to look into every single\nfare to your destination at the station or buy tickets its a convenient thing\nto have\" Is this the correct interpretation of it in the sentence?\n\n> 駅で目的地までの運賃をいちいち調べたり、切符を買ったりしなくていいから、それを持っていたらすごく便利よ\n\nBut according to jisho.org it can serve the meanings of 1.)\"one-by-one;\nseparately\" and as I interpreted it in the above sentence as 2.)\"every single;\neach and every; without omission; fully; in detail\"\n\nIt seems like there is a bit of overlap between the definitions but what I'm\nwondering is can it actually take the definition of \"one-by-one; separately\"\nor does it almost always take the definition of \"every single; each and every;\nwithout omission; fully; in detail\". Also, what kind of situations would いちいち\nbe used in besides the above sentence? If you could give an\noverview/explanation of the adverb in general it would be super appreciated as\nwell!\n\nThanks\n\nMatt",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T00:57:05.177",
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"id": "27359",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-13T01:08:55.810",
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"owner_user_id": "4385",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "The various uses of いちいち？",
"view_count": 785
} | [
{
"body": "The most important point is that いちいち almost always has a negative\nconnotation. This adverb describes something annoying/trivial/unnecessary is\ndone all the time.\n\nFor example, ひとつひとつ説明する (to explain one by one / step by step) is neutral, but\nいちいち説明する means \"to bother to explain; to explain something while (I) don't\nwant to do that\". いつもありがとう (thanks always) is OK, but いちいちありがとう sounds clearly\nsarcastic and offending. You can find various other expressions using いちいち\n[here](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1).\n\nI think you can use all those words and phrases (fully, in detail, one by one,\nevery single, ...) to translate sentences like 「いちいち説明するな」, as long as these\nwords are used to emphasize how the speaker thinks something is\ntrivial/annoying.\n\nThe example sentence in jisho.org, ジョンが品物をいちいち手に取って見た, is not neutral, either.\nIf you just want to say 'take a look one by one', you have to say\n品物をひとつひとつ手にとって見た. On the other hand, いちいち手に取って見た implies that John doesn't\nhave to do so, or someone doesn't want him to do so.",
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| 27359 | 27366 | 27366 |
{
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"body": "I know they are all the negative form of a verb, but I just don't know the\ndifference. I still remember when I was learning Japanese, my teacher told me\nthat ずに equals ないで in a more ancient way, but what about the other two? When\nshould I use ないで, and when should I use なくて? And how about ず? Thank you.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T02:37:36.663",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "The difference among ずに、ず、ないで、なくて",
"view_count": 707
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{
"body": "なくて stands for a causal connection, that is, できなくて やめた means that you quit\nbecause you couldn't, while できないで やめた means that you quit it without\naccomplishing it.\n\nず can be interchangeable to either ずに（ないで） or なくて.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T10:36:57.760",
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| 27361 | null | 27372 |
{
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"body": "In my understanding, the particle の can be used to concatenate two nouns, such\nas\n\n * 私の本\n * アメリカの選手\n\nToday, I found\n\n * 先生へのプレゼント\n * 私達からのプレゼント\n\nWhy can の be preceded by へ and から (or maybe other particles) when\nconcatenating two nouns?",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T03:12:54.163",
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"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"syntax"
],
"title": "Why can we use の after へ and から?",
"view_count": 4293
} | [
{
"body": "The function of の is still more or less the same. It's connecting two nouns,\nbut with a different relationship given by the preceding particle.\n\n> 先生へのプレゼント - a present **to** the teacher \n> 私達からのプレゼント - a present **from** us \n> 東京への道 - a path **to** Tokyo\n\nWithout の, you wouldn't be able to connect the nouns grammatically (at least\nwithout being wordy), and without the other particle you lose the specific\nrelationship. The first sentence, for example, would mean \"teacher's present\",\nnot \"present _to_ teacher\".\n\nIt isn't just へ and から that can be combined with の. Most other particles can\ntoo, in the usual form \"particle + の\".\n\n> 女性 **との** 会話 - conversation **with** a girl \n> 学校 **での** 事故 - incident **at** school\n\nHowever, が, を, and に do not follow the same pattern as the others. が and を are\nremoved entirely, and に is replaced by へ.\n\n> すし **を** 作る → すし **の** 作り方 \n> 私 **が** 使う → 私 **の** 使い方 \n> 東京 **に** 行く → 東京 **への** 行き方\n\nの is not the only particle which can be compounded. You've already seen this\nwith は and も, which follow the same pattern as の: particle + は/も, except が and\nを which are dropped. (に stays the same with these, though.)\n\n> 東京 **に** 行く → 東京 **にも** 行く \n> 私 **が** すしを作る → 私 **は** すしを作る",
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| 27363 | 27365 | 27365 |
{
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"body": "Both に限って and だけ seem to be used with the meaning of \"only\".\n\nFor instance, both phrases seem to have the same meaning:\n\n> * このスーパーは土曜日 **だけ** 配達する。\n>\n> * このスーパーは土曜日 **に限って** 配達する。\n>\n>\n\nIs there any difference between them and their usage?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T03:20:29.433",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "What is the difference between に限って and だけ?",
"view_count": 287
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{
"body": "> _Both に限って and だけ seem to be used with the meaning of \"only\"._\n\nYes, they do. But I'd avoid to use に限って in this way (especially when I speak)\nbecause it's prone to be misunderstood as its second idiomatic senses (loaded\na lot), that are:\n\n**With negative sentence** : \"the last _something_ (to V)\", often advocative.\n\n> 彼に限ってそんなことするわけない！ _He is the last man to do such a thing!_\n\n**With positive sentence** : \"on the particular _time_ \", \" _time_ of all\n_times_ \", in mortifying situations.\n\n> 今日に限って目覚ましが鳴らなかった。 _My alarm clock failed me today of all days._\n\nAn alternative is に限り, which is almost interchangeable with だけ, only sounds\nquite a bit formal or businesslike.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T14:19:19.937",
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| 27364 | 27375 | 27375 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27377",
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"body": "Is it possible to change\n\n> このネックレスは買ったんですか。\n\nto\n\n> このネックレスは買うんでしたか。\n\nwithout changing the meaning?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T04:59:51.473",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"tense"
],
"title": "Is it possible to change です to でした in ～んです grammar?",
"view_count": 201
} | [
{
"body": "No. If you want it to be past, you will change the other verb into past and\nleave んです/んだ as it is. Only your first one is grammatical.\n\nHowever, it _is_ technically possible to have んだった, but only in the -ら\nconditional form: んだったら. You wouldn't see it at the end of a sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T16:34:02.010",
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"body": "No, these two sentences are different, and you have to use the first sentence\nin 99% of cases.\n\nThe first one is easy:\n\n> このネックレスは買ったんですか。 \n> Is this necklace what you bought? / Did you (really) buy this necklace?\n\nThe second one is difficult:\n\n> このネックレスは買うんでしたか。 \n> Is this necklace what you would buy (instead of just looking or borrowing)? \n> Are you thinking of (actually) buying this necklace?\n\nThis is an euphemistic version of このネックレスは買うんですか. Sometimes the past tense is\nused to express euphemism, just like in English. This sentence is not very\npolite and sounds like a broken\n[マニュアル敬語](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/18255/5010) to me, but a native\nspeaker may say this at a shop to someone who is a bit higher than him.",
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| 27368 | 27377 | 27377 |
{
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"body": "Here is the sentence including the phrase.\n\n> **こうなりゃ** 自｛じ｝分｛ぶん｝の力｛ちから｝でなんとかするさ。\n\nI am not sure if 「なりゃ」 is equivalent to 「なれば」.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T07:21:39.787",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does the phrase 「こうなりゃ」 mean?",
"view_count": 1752
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, なりゃ/なりゃあ is a colloquial contracted form of なれば and なりは:\n\n> * 大人になりゃ理解できる。\n> * どうもなりはしない。 → どうもなりゃしない。 \n> (in case you're not familiar with this pattern, [see\n> this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/19659/5010))\n>\n\nれば or りは can be contracted into りゃ:\n\n> * お金がありゃ、車が買える。(←あれば)\n> * お金がなけりゃ、車は買えない。(←なければ)\n> * お金なんてありゃしない。(←ありは)\n> * やりゃあできる。(←やれば)\n>",
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| 27369 | null | 27378 |
{
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"body": "I have been getting confused with these two ways of creating nouns and been\nwondering if there's any differences between them.\n\nFor instance, are the following sentences correct or not?\n\n * 映画を見に行った。\n * 映画を見るのに行った。\n * 映画を見が好きだ。\n * 映画を見るのが好きだ。",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T08:33:56.963",
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"owner_user_id": "10897",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"nouns",
"formal-nouns"
],
"title": "What are the differences between nouns created by renyoukei and the formal noun 「の」?",
"view_count": 324
} | [
{
"body": "Don't try to freely create nouns from 連用形. There are many nouns that look the\nsame as the 連用形 of the corresponding verbs, but such nouns were lexicalized\nlong ago, and they often have different meanings derived from the original\nverb. You have to look up a dictionary each time.\n\n * 話【はなし】 tale, story (rather than 'talking')\n * 叩き [this method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataki) of preparing foods in Japanese cuisine\n * 生き liveliness, freshness (rather than 'living')\n * 飲み alcohol drinking (party)\n\n見【み】 as a noun is found in certain fixed words such as 花見【はなみ】 (cherry\nwatching) or 月見【つきみ】 (moon watching), but 見 itself is not a noun which means\n'watching' in general. (e.g. you can't say 映画見 or 映画を見). 言い, 聞き, 食べ and so on\ndo not work as standalone nouns, either.\n\nTherefore 「映画を見るのが好きだ」 is correct, but 「映画を見が好きだ」 is ungrammatical.\n「映画を見るのに行った」 is highly unnatural or probably ungrammatical, too.",
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| 27370 | 27373 | 27373 |
{
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"body": "I have came across the phrase from the below sentence.\n\nいきつく **ところまでいくまで** だ。",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T14:15:14.397",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does the phrase 「ところまでいくまで」 mean?",
"view_count": 288
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{
"body": "`いきつくところ` <- The ultimate state / where it ultimately leads to / the end state\n\n> もうこの会社にはお金がないが、いきつくところ(Bankruptcy, acquisition etc., whatever the end may\n> be)までいきたい。\n\n`〜までだ` <- Determination to do something undesirable in order to achieve\nsomething (the literal meaning is `we merely need to do X`)\n\n> 電車がもうないなら、歩いて帰るまでだ\n\nSo the literal meaning is `I will merely see this to the end`, and what is\nimplied is `Whatever the outcome may be, I shall persist and see this to the\nend`",
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| 27374 | 27430 | 27430 |
{
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"body": "Please consider the following sentence:\n\n> 呼びかけの言葉 **としては** 、貴方、が好きですが...\n>\n> As a form of address, I like 貴方 (then goes on to explain that he means when\n> written in kanji, not hiragana)\n\nAccording to DBJG として means 'as/in the capacity of', whereas, としては means 'for'\n(a standard for comparison).\n\nIt seems to me that the definition of として would fit the meaning better than\nとしては. Can someone please explain why としては is the correct phrase to use here?\nAre they both acceptable?\n\nFinally how does it differ from just saying\n\n> 呼びかけの言葉 **は** 、貴方、が好きですが...\n\nThanks.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T20:46:44.427",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Why としては instead of として",
"view_count": 755
} | [
{
"body": "「呼びかけの言葉としては、」の「は」には「限定」、「注目」、「特記」、「取り立て」のニュアンスが付加されます。\n\n「呼びかけの言葉としては、」＝「（その他に、自称の言葉など色々ある中で、）（相手に対する）呼びかけの言葉について限定して言えば」。\n\n「呼びかけの言葉は、」＝限定していない＝他の要素の存在（の可能性）を無視し、単純に返答している。\n\n日本語は、そのとき注目していない話題についても、言外に、他の要素の存在がする可能性を残しておく用心深さを言葉の中に埋め込みます。\n\n英語圏の人々も、誰かを傷つけないためにわざわざ「in my opinion」という言葉を付け加えますね。\n\nそうやって他の意見が存在する可能性を排除しない態度を表明します。日本語でも英語でもpolitenessの考え方は本質的に同じです。",
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"body": "I would interpret “呼びかけの言葉としては、貴方、が好きですが...” as\n\n“As far as the addressing word concerns, I like (or prefer) the word, 貴方 (to\nothers such as 君、XXさん、あんた、おたく、旦那、大将),”\n\nand “呼びかけの言葉は、貴方、が好きですが...” as\n\n“I like ’貴方’ for addressing the other.”",
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| 27379 | 41210 | 41210 |
{
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"body": "I typed hibakusha as \"被爆者\" in \"被爆者：食べ物はあまり持っていませんでした。\", and someone hesitantly\nsuggested that I use kana.\n\nNeither Wiktionary nor jisho.org suggest using kana.\n\nIs there any linguistic or stylistic reason to use kana?\n\n**Update** : The person actually said \"被害者…かな？\", which actually means\n\"higaisha, perhaps?\", and isn't to do with hiragana/katakana versus kanji.",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-13T22:34:22.413",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"kana"
],
"title": "Should hibakusha be written in kanji or kana?",
"view_count": 374
} | [
{
"body": "Some Japanese words are often written in katakana when people want to\nemphasize _X-as-an-international-word_ or _X-as-known-to-foreigners_ feelings.\n\n * [カイゼン](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18529/5010)\n * [ニッポン](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/17799/5010)\n * ツナミ\n * ニンジャ, テンプラ, ゲイシャ, フジヤマ, ...\n\nヒバクシャ is occasionally the subject of this phenomenon (e.g. [**世界**\nヒバクシャ展](http://www.no-more-hibakusha.net), [**国際**\nヒバクシャ医療センター](http://www.hibakusha.jp/)), but in general, it's normally written\nin kanji. Depending on what and to whom you write, you may choose to use\nkatakana.",
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"body": "It could be because 被 and 爆 are not part of [Kyoiku\nKanji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji). Kyoiku Kanji are the\nKanji that are taught from 1st to 6th grade in Japanese elementary schools,\nand represent the Kanji that \"everyone is supposed to know\".\n\nOn Japanese TV, when non-Kyoiku Kanji appears in subtitles it will usually\neither have Furigana above the Kanji or be in Katakana. So depending on your\naudience, it might be a good idea to include Furigana or Katakana.\n\nYou can see the Kyoiku Levels by searching for that word on [JDIC's kanji\nlookup](http://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1B). 被 and 爆 are both\nlevel 8, meaning they aren't taught in primary school.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-14T04:18:53.607",
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| 27381 | null | 27382 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "29803",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 僕は任務を完成し **た** かどうかを確認しまし **た** 。 \n> I checked if you had finished the mission.\n>\n> 僕は任務を完成す **る** かどうかを確認しまし **た** 。 \n> I checked if you would finish the mission.\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> 僕は沖縄さんがドーナツを食べ **る** かどうかを確認しまし **た** 。 \n> I checked if 沖縄さん ate donuts.\n>\n> 僕は任務を完成しようとす **る** かどうかを確認しまし **た** 。 \n> I checked if you were going to finish the mission.\n>\n> 僕は着い **た** かどうかを確認しまし **た** 。 \n> I checked if you had arrived.\n>\n> 僕は彼が誰と話してい **る** かを知らなかっ **た** 。 \n> I didn't know who he was talking to.\n>\n> 僕は彼が誰と話してい **た** かを知らなかっ **た** 。 \n> I didn't know who he had been talking to.\n\n自分で翻訳しましたけど、大体そんな感じかなと思っています。過去のことを話す場合は、埋め込み表現は主節の動詞の時点を基準にして、 \n「た」を使ったら、過去の過去 \n「する」や「しようとする」などだったら、同じ過去の時点のことや過去から見た未来のこと \nっていうことですよね？\n\n埋め込み表現のテンスは主節の動詞によって変化するでしょう？(いわゆる相対テンス？)",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-14T01:23:43.397",
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"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"tense",
"subordinate-clauses"
],
"title": "～か ～かどうか 相対テンスの質問",
"view_count": 558
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{
"body": "> * 過去のことを話す場合は、埋め込み表現は主節の動詞の時点を基準にして、\n>\n\n>\n> 「た」を使ったら、過去の過去\n>\n> 「する」や「しようとする」などだったら、同じ過去の時点のことや過去から見た未来のこと っていうことですよね？\n\nそうです。\n\n> * 埋め込み表現のテンスは主節の動詞によって変化するでしょう？(いわゆる相対テンス？)\n>\n\nそうです。\n\n-「相対テンス（Relative Tense）」-> The time of main sentence\n\n-「絶対テンス（Absolute Tense）」-> The time of speech\n\n埋め込み表現のテンスは、主節（main clause）/主文{しゅぶん}（main sentence）の出来事が起こった時点（at the time of\nthe event of the main sentence)を基準にするので、「相対テンス」です。",
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| 27383 | 29803 | 29803 |
{
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"body": "Can 考える be translated to \"overthinking\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-14T08:03:20.513",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 考える and how to use",
"view_count": 705
} | [
{
"body": "It's more like \"considering\". If you're thinking of the difference between 思う\nand 考える, 思う could be equated to \"believe\" or \"feel that it is so\", where as\n考える is more like \"pondering over\". There's a little bit of overlap in some\nsituations, but that's a good base way to look at it until you see how it's\nused situationally a decent number of times.\n\nedit: I meant to say that if you're intentionally looking to say\n'overthinking', 考え過ぎます（かんがえすぎます）. If you're not familiar with it, appending\n-過ぎる to a verb stem or adjective (dropping the final い on い adjectives) means\nto 'over do' or 'do too much' of something.",
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| 27386 | null | 27387 |
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"body": "I've looked over my books but I can't find the answer. All I know is that とする\ncan be used to express something you assume. Such as 温度は一定とする。 We assume the\ntemperate is constant. Also I read we can use it for feelings such as ほっとする\nand look. So where can I read about this other usage? I have an example\nmeaning too.\n\nCan anyone please be so kind and explain how this grammar works as used down\nbelow.\n\n> 周囲は暗く **鬱蒼{うっそう}とした** 林に覆われていて、周りには街灯も少ないから夜なんて真っ暗だ。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-14T14:01:54.137",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Xとした usage and grammar?",
"view_count": 9756
} | [
{
"body": "Let me break your **鬱蒼とした** into the parts of the speech.\n\n**鬱蒼とした** is separated into **鬱蒼** ( to Japanese language learners this is\nfrequently called as **na-adjective** , but I would like to call it as\n**[quasi-adjective ( adjective noun )](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quasi-\nadjective)** , and here, it is used as the stem of the quasi-adjective = **A\nnoun that functions as an adjective.** ( Kindly be reminded there are many\ndisputes regarding how to deal with this as the na-adjective or if it is the\nnoun+auxiliary etc. ( For example, **[Motoki\nTokieda](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoki_Tokieda)** is taking the latter\nstance. Here I would like to the latter stance. ) **meaning, profuse, dense,\nthick etc** , ) _**/**_ **と** , case-marking particle, followed by the\n**[substantive, ( please see grammar\n)](http://www.thefreedictionary.com/substantive)** , meaning **like, as if,\netc** ( Please refer to the further information below ) _**/**_ **し** (\n連用形（れんようけい）,the continuative form ( **meaning, to be continued to such as\nverbs, auxiliaries etc..** ) of the verb **する** , meaning, **do or be ( this\ncase )** _**/**_ **た** , 連体形,the attributive form ( meaning, **after this\nfollows a noun** , so in your sentence the noun **林** , forest ) of the\nauxiliary た, which denotes here the continuation. )\n\nSo if you take not 鬱蒼とした, but 鬱蒼とした林, after the long and complicated Japanese\ngrammar above, it would stand as a subjective, meaning **\" dense, thick, dark,\netc., forest\".**\n\nNow let's take a look at the **[case marking\nparticle](http://www2.dokkyo.ac.jp/%7Eesemi008/kenkyu/kumagai.html)**\n\nFrom the source, 4,\n\n> 山と積まれた乾草\n\nmeaning, 乾草, a noun, **meaning dried grasses or hay** ,\n\nThe translation will be\n\n> the accumulated hay **like** a mountain.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T05:13:31.010",
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| 27389 | 27400 | 27400 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27408",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does 日にち会うかな？ means in the excerpts below?\n\n[1](http://blog.livedoor.jp/tuckeym/archives/52937510.html):\n\n> 太巻きのお題は来年にしようかな？ \n> **日にち会うかな？** \n> まぁ今年は、太巻きは買ってきて、豚汁作って食べますか。\n\n[2](https://twitter.com/28_uryu11/status/626261144458498048):\n\n> A: テニスやろ \n> B: みんな **日にち会うかな？** (^^;)笑\n\n[3](http://off3.2ch.net/test/read.cgi/offevent/1117465985/):\n\n> それ見たいんだけど **日にち会うかな** …_|￣|○\n\n[4](https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LhsvFwEGHacJ:twtrp.jp/user/TmyGackt%20&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=ubuntu):\n\n> 2日に帰る予定だから、 **日にち会うかな？**\n\nDespite my efforts I have failed to grasp a meaning that would fit all cases.\nMy guesses so far:\n\n * Maybe 会う should actually be 合う?\n * 3 seems to imply \"Sorry I can't go\", while 4 sounds optimistic.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-14T14:39:33.170",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27390",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-15T23:38:16.447",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-14T14:50:05.577",
"last_editor_user_id": "107",
"owner_user_id": "107",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"slang"
],
"title": "Meaning of \"日にち会うかな？\"",
"view_count": 389
} | [
{
"body": "These are just typo for 日にちが合う (=schedules meet). This is the casual version\nof 日程が合う or 都合が合う. (In English _meet_ (=会う) is used here, but that's probably\na coincidence)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T23:38:16.447",
"id": "27408",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 27390 | 27408 | 27408 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I recently learned that the symbol 〼, called 枡記号【ますきごう】, can be used as a\nphonetic shorthand for ます, as in 豆腐あり[〼]【ます】. In a similar vein, I am aware\nthat 〆 is used as a shorthand for しめ in 〆切【しめきり】 = 締め切り, and sometimes in\nother words.\n\nWhat other phonetic shorthands should a reader of Japanese be aware of? (Or,\nis there a word I can use to describe all of these things so I can look them\nup myself? 記号 is too broad, since it includes all kinds of symbols, and I\ndon't know of any more specific word.) For the purposes of this question, let\nus ignore 略字, which I'm led to understand are fairly numerous.\n\nIf there are a lot of them, feel free to close as \"too broad\", but I imagine\nthere can't be _that_ many of them.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-14T21:02:31.413",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27393",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3437",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"orthography"
],
"title": "What phonetic shorthands (like 〼, 〆) are there in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1354
} | [
{
"body": "The subset of 約物（特殊記号）you are referring to is 準{じゅん}仮名・漢字. One common symbol\nyou will see in this category is 々. It has various names but denotes a\nrepetition of kanji.\n\nE.g. 各々{おのおの} or 時々{ときどき}.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-14T21:50:53.740",
"id": "27395",
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{
"body": "「々」, or 同{どう}の字点{じてん} ( _dōnojiten_ ), indicates the repetition of the\nprevious kanji. For example, 「人々」, used instead of 「人人」, is read as\n_hitobito_.\n\nIn terms of hiragana, the symbol 「ゝ」is used. It's mostly used in names, such\nas 「おゝの」( _Ōno_ ) and 「いすゞ」( _Isuzu_ ). Katakana uses a different symbol, 「ヽ」,\nbut is used in the same way as its hiragana counterpart. While widespread in\nold Japanese texts, the kana iteration marks are generally not used in modern\nJapanese outside proper names, though they may appear in informal handwritten\ntexts.\n\nTo repeat multiple characters, the character 「〱」(くの字点, _kunojiten_ ) is used.\nNote the difference between the hiragana 「く」and 「〱」- you should be able to\ntell the difference based on context. Vertical writing makes the difference\nclearer. Kunojiten stretch to fill the space typically occupied by two\ncharacters, but may indicate a repetition of more than two characters - they\nindicate that the preceding word or phrase be repeated. For example, 「何とした〱」is\nread as 「何とした何とした」。As support for these is limited, the ordinary forward slash\n\"／\" and backward slash \"＼\" are occasionally used as substitutes.\n\nYou can read more\n[here.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration_mark#Japanese)",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2022-04-04T18:00:17.643",
"id": "93980",
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}
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| 27393 | null | 93980 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27410",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "**Y** has been in a heated discussion with another person. **X** has been\nobserving that discussion / argument:\n\n> Yの **目が、なんとか** 怒りを抑えつけようとしているのを、Xは見てとった。\n\n\" _X could see the suppressed anger in Y's eyes._ \"\n\nHow does Japanese sentence structure allow for a comma between \" **目が** \" and\n\" **なんとか** \"?\n\nbtw: _When speaking, I don't think you'd do a pause there._",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-14T23:05:15.313",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27397",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T00:01:04.510",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Reason for placing a comma between the subject and verb in this simple independent clause?",
"view_count": 431
} | [
{
"body": "There is no grammatical reason you need comma there.\n\nAssuming this is written by a professional writer who cares punctuation marks,\nI think this comma is there because the author actually wanted this sentence\nto be read somewhat slowly, so that this sentence looks impressive or\nimportant.\n\nWhen this sentence is read aloud, a professional speaker probably does pause\nthere, and read this sentence with emotion.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T00:01:04.510",
"id": "27410",
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}
]
| 27397 | 27410 | 27410 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What are the uses for ました, ます, and ません? For example with the word, ありがとう, what\nare the differences between ありがとうございました, ありがとうございます, and ありがとうございません?\n\nAlso, is it possible to properly use どうも as a prefix of any of these? (I've\nheard _doumo arigatou_ before, which is why I was wondering.)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T00:08:06.370",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27398",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-15T00:16:09.380",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10884",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"politeness"
],
"title": "What are the meanings of ました, ます, and ません?",
"view_count": 8231
} | [
{
"body": "In it's purest form ます、ました、and ません are just conjugations. So a good example\ndemonstrating the differences is to use 食べる (because it's breakfast time and\nI'm hungry).\n\n食べます - I can/will eat\n\n食べました - I ate\n\n食べません - I don't eat\n\nFor ございます, it's a bit more tricky. ございます is used as a polite form of ある, the\nverb for \"to exist\". So an example would be if someone asked if there are eggs\nin the fridge.\n\n冷蔵庫に卵ありませんか？\n\n冷蔵庫に卵ございませんか？\n\nSo for the above example, ある is being used in ます form to make it polite and\nthen ません is added in that funny Japanese way of asking if something exists by\nasking if it doesn't exist. For the second example, ございます is being used in\nplace of ある to make it even more polite.\n\nFor your example of ありがとうございます, the ございます is being used slightly differently\nhere. The proper etymology of ありがとうございます is meaning that \"there is something\nthat exists that I would like to express thanks for\". So, the ございます here is\nreferring to the \"something that exists\"． However, it is mainly used to just\nmake sentences more polite.\n\nありがとうございます - Thank you\n\nありがとうございました - Thank you (for something already done)\n\nありがとうございません - Not used at all. If you really want to tell something that there\nis nothing you want to give thanks for, you could say \"ありがたくはありません\". If you\nsay this in any setting outside of funny things to say with your Japanese\nbuddies when drunk, this is most likely going to get you in very hot water\nvery quickly, haha.\n\nAs for どうも, it is just another way of adding more emphasis to a sentence. You\ncan use it in several instances, not just with ありがとう. So for example:\n\nどうもありがとうございます - Thank you so very much!\n\nどうもすみません - Please excuse me very much\n\nYou have to be careful when and how you use どうも though, because it's one of\nthose words that can very easily be seen as sarcastic. So, for example, if I\nsaid どうもすいません (すいません is a speaking way of shortening すみません) in a condescending\nvoice, it's likely I'd have some serious trouble on my hands.\n\nI hope all this helps!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T23:55:37.337",
"id": "27409",
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"last_editor_user_id": "10923",
"owner_user_id": "10923",
"parent_id": "27398",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
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| 27398 | null | 27409 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27402",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "No, i'm not gonna ask you for tutorials, websites, books.\n\nI've already started learning Japanese, i know a few words and can type them\n(well, the Japanese driver just puts the Japanese characters there when i type\nlatin letters). However, i hear some different opinions about what to learn\nfirst/how to learn.\n\nOne site teaches romaji first, so Japanese words written in latin letters.\nHowever, others say, thats really bad and teach a few hiragana first before\ngetting to some basic words. Another learning resource expects me to learn all\nhiragana, then all katakana, before i even start to learn some words.\n\nSo the question(s):\n\nWhat do i learn first? Should i try to learn **all** Hiragana first? Do i need\nto learn Katakana right after or is it possible to write simple sentences with\nonly Hiragana?\n\nSo, as i said, i do not ask for resources, just for some guidelines, what i\ndefinitely need to learn before i can get really into it.\n\n(A line about romaji would be great, i've heard that there _is no_ romaji in\nJapanese, thats just invented for non-japanese people for learning(?)\npurposes)",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T16:10:31.840",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27401",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T20:20:58.850",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7611",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"learning",
"hiragana",
"rōmaji"
],
"title": "Learning, where to start?",
"view_count": 600
} | [
{
"body": "You should first learn hiragana and then slowly learn kanji and katakana.\nThere's no romaji in Japanese and katakana is only used for foreign words so\nit's not as important as hiragana and kanji.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T16:53:14.710",
"id": "27402",
"last_activity_date": "2017-02-27T20:20:58.850",
"last_edit_date": "2017-02-27T20:20:58.850",
"last_editor_user_id": "4216",
"owner_user_id": "9116",
"parent_id": "27401",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
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| 27401 | 27402 | 27402 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27406",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is there any difference between 交替 and 交代 or are they completely\ninterchangeable?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T18:34:44.460",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27403",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T04:45:46.217",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-15T18:36:18.753",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10551",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words",
"nuances",
"orthography",
"homophonic-kanji"
],
"title": "Difference between 交替 and 交代",
"view_count": 432
} | [
{
"body": "They're mostly interchangeable.\n\nIf you want to be nit-picky, 交替 is for regularly occurring changes, and 交代 is\nfor one-time changes, but this is not a hard-set rule.",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T21:08:13.653",
"id": "27406",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-15T21:08:13.653",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "I would like to give further information since Mr. Blavius asserts **交代 is for\none-time changes, but this is not a hard-set rule.** and per choco san's\nadvice.\n\nFrom this site\n[http://知っ得袋.biz/443.html](http://%E7%9F%A5%E3%81%A3%E5%BE%97%E8%A2%8B.biz/443.html)\n\nFrom the site,\n\n> 交代・・・役目などが一回限りでかわる時\n>\n> 交替・・・かわって行うことが繰り返されるとき\n\nTranslated\n\n> 交代 --- one time change of roles or jobs or plays etc etc,\n>\n> 交替 --- repetitive change of roles or jobs or plays etc, etc.\n\nAnd from the above\n\n>\n> つまり、スポーツの選手交代など、一度変わった後は、もう元に戻ることができない状況の事を「交代」と呼ぶのです。これに対し「交替」の「かわって行うことが繰り返されるとき」というのは、AからBに変わって、またAに戻ったり、またBに戻ったりする時を指します。例えば、警備の担当や仕事の当番など、何回も変わったりする時には「交替」を使うということですね！\n\nTranslated\n\n> So, 交代 is used to express irreversible situations such like when a sports\n> player is changed and the previous player will not return. On the other\n> hand, 交替, is used to express the repetitive motions, such as a person A does\n> a job then afterward another B take over the job. The example is guard men\n> or day and night duties. One person can not do the job 24 hours and 5 days\n> in succession, so that in such a case 交替 is used.\n\nExamples respectively from the source.\n\n交代\n\n> 会社が世代交代していく。\n\nTranslated\n\n> Generational changes of company's important members ( such as bosses ).\n\n**Would the previous bosses come back 50 years later? Quite unlikely**\n\n交替\n\n> 昼夜交替\n\nTranslated\n\n> Day and night shift ( works ).\n\n**A person A can not work day and night 5 days a week ( for example ). Please\nthink about the above mentioned guard men's case kindly**\n\nHave a nice day.",
"comment_count": 19,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T04:04:16.233",
"id": "27414",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T04:45:46.217",
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}
]
| 27403 | 27406 | 27406 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "\"渡辺さんってサブラの？\" - what could this mean? Just can't catch the meaning of \"サブラ\".\nHelp please.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T20:35:30.850",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27405",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-15T23:18:46.840",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10427",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"katakana"
],
"title": "Katakana that I can't get right",
"view_count": 127
} | [
{
"body": "I don't think サブラ is a common noun. This should usually mean \"You mean\nWatanabe-san _of Sabra_?\" where Sabra is the name of a shop or company.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-15T23:18:46.840",
"id": "27407",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
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}
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| 27405 | null | 27407 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27417",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been told that いや (in its use similar to いいえ) is a mainly masculine word,\nbut I've heard many female speakers use it, both as a filler and a content\nword expressing disagreement. Is it that young female speakers use it these\ndays?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T01:04:40.897",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27411",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-19T05:57:22.673",
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"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"spoken-language",
"gender"
],
"title": "The word いや - gender?",
"view_count": 409
} | [
{
"body": "There are two kinds of いや.\n\nOne is the one you mentioned. It basically means 'no'.\n\nThe other is a short form of 嫌{いや}だ. This word expresses a feeling of disgust\n/ dislike. Actually young female speakers use the short form a lot. Male\nspeakers say いやだ and seldom use the short form.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T03:16:20.070",
"id": "27413",
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{
"body": "When いや is used in the sense of being a casual way to say 'no', yes, it is\nmostly only used by men. And as Hideki says, 嫌だ meaning disgust or dislike is\nthe other meaning. The reason I'm submitting a separate answer that says the\nsame as his is because of potential difference in dialect.\n\nI've been living in Tokyo for several years and I hear women (usually mid\nthirties and under) say 嫌だ all the time, and I have never heard a man say it.\nThis is, of course, just my experience, but perhaps if the other answerer is\nliving in Kansai or something, it's a difference in trend or dialect.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T07:37:33.790",
"id": "27417",
"last_activity_date": "2022-01-19T05:57:22.673",
"last_edit_date": "2022-01-19T05:57:22.673",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 27411 | 27417 | 27413 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27420",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have received an email that begun with this:\n\n> その後、お元気にお過ごしですか。\n\nMy immediate thought was その後ってどの後, after which I proceeded to be further\nconfused by the rest of the sentence. I'm guessing it means something like\n\"How have you been (since I last sent you an email)\", but the lack of a past\ntense throws me off.\n\nWhat does this mean and what would be a polite response to it? And if it does\nrefer to the past, why is there no past tense?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T02:49:31.187",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27412",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T11:10:10.847",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-16T03:18:07.387",
"last_editor_user_id": "9749",
"owner_user_id": "9132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does お元気にお過ごしですか mean?",
"view_count": 323
} | [
{
"body": "\"How have you been\" is not a past tense either, it's called \"present perfect\".\nAs well as the English translation, the original sentence is referring to the\npresent state that is a consequence of the event (その as in その後). That's why\nit's not a past tense.\n\nAs for how to response to it, I'd recommend おかげさまで 元気です. When you somehow\ndon't want to reply positively, おかげ様と言いたいところですが、あまり調子がよくありません could work,\nthough I don't hope you use it.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T11:10:10.847",
"id": "27420",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
"parent_id": "27412",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27412 | 27420 | 27420 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27416",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When giving/asking for advice using a conditional (Such as たら) can there be\nambiguity as to if the speaker is giving or asking for advice?\n\nFor example\n\n> 1.) アルバイトを探したらいいですか？\n\nCould the above sentence share the dual meaning of \"Should I look for a part\ntime job?\" (Asking for advice) and \"How about you look for a part time job?\"\n(Giving advice) while leaving the actual interpretation to the context of the\nconversation? Or do they just simply mean one or the other?\n\n> 2.) アルバイトを探したらいいですよ\n\nI'm assuming changing the sentence final particle to よ like in the sentence\nabove would clear up this ambiguity by making the suggestion obvious and blunt\nis this correct?\n\n> 3.) アルバイトを探したらどうですか？\n>\n> 4.) アルバイトを探したら？\n\nAlso, is there ambiguity when following the conditional with a question word\n(I.E.どう) or simply ending with たら and a questioning intonation?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T04:37:18.240",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27415",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T00:07:40.157",
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"owner_user_id": "4385",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"ambiguity"
],
"title": "Ambiguity in giving suggesting and asking for suggestions?",
"view_count": 747
} | [
{
"body": "1.) アルバイトを探したらいいですか only means \"Should I look for a part time job?\". (\"How\nabout you look for a part time job\" can be translated to アルバイトを探したら **いかが**\nですか？)\n\n2.) アルバイトを探したらいいです（よ） can mean (1) \"You should look for a part time job\", (2)\n\"I'll allow it if you look for a part time job\". Use of よ doesn't depend on\nwhich the sentence means.\n\n3.4.) アルバイトを探したら？ is, in most cases, just an omission of アルバイトを探したらどうですか？ but\nyou can say it to mean \"if you look for a part time job, then what to do?\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T05:47:20.687",
"id": "27416",
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{
"body": "I'm not sure if this is what you're asking, but it can be “ambiguous” in the\nsense that sometimes the only signifier is the raised inflection at the end (=\nthe question mark). And, since people inflect differently, there could be\ntimes when it is unclear.\n\n### Suggesting:\n\n> A: 私、お金がないの。 I don't have money.\n>\n> B: アルバイトを探したらいい。 You should look for a job.\n\n### Asking:\n\n> A: あなた、お金がないのね。 You don't have money.\n>\n> B: アルバイトを探したらいい？ Should I look for a job?\n\nWith the question 「アルバイトを探したらどう？」 the dual meaning manifests in a slightly\ndifferent way:\n\n### Suggesting:\n\n> A: 私、お金がないの。 I don't have money.\n>\n> B: アルバイトを探したらどう？ How about you look for a job?\n\n### Asking:\n\n> A: あなたとは結婚{けっこん}できない。 I can't marry you.\n>\n> B: アルバイトを探したらどう？ How about if I look for a job?\n\nHere, the inflections can be identical, and still work both ways.\n\n## The way I think of it:\n\nI guess all this happens because grammatically (and therefore mentally),\nsubjects (you/I) tend to be ambiguous in Japanese. If you strip it down,\n「アルバイトを探したらいい」 is just “Good if job is searched for”. Then it's pretty natural\nthat “Good if X.” and “Good if X?” goes in different directions, just by the\ninflection.\n\nLikewise, if 「アルバイトを探したらどう？」 in caveman-speak is “Look for job, how about?”,\nyou're actually asking the same thing in both scenarios.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-15T23:04:46.627",
"id": "28032",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-16T00:07:40.157",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "888",
"parent_id": "27415",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 27415 | 27416 | 27416 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27439",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In Japanese, when describing the location of something you can say either\n`arimasu` and `desu`. E.g.\n\n> a) Resutoran-wa ik-kai-ni arimasu\n\nor\n\n> b) Resutoran-wa ik-kai desu\n\nWhat's the difference between a & b?\n\n(a) uses `ni`, so that stresses the location. (b) uses `desu` so it sounds\nmore polite. Is this correct?\n\nPlease note, this is a question about location. It is not a question about the\ndifference between `arimasu` (exists/to be: non animate) and `imasu`\n(exists/to be: animate).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T12:01:24.813",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27422",
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"owner_user_id": "9537",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What's the difference between arimasu and desu (when referring to location)?",
"view_count": 2053
} | [
{
"body": "I don't think there is any difference, other than that (b) is shorter and more\ncommon (both are very common). No difference in politeness because both use\n丁寧語.\n\nSource: Japanese native",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T14:00:17.100",
"id": "27426",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T14:08:51.753",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-16T14:08:51.753",
"last_editor_user_id": "499",
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},
{
"body": "They're both pretty polite, but I think you could say that there's an implied\nquantitative difference.\n\nFor example, when you say b 'restoran wa ikkai desu' to me, that sounds like\nthe person is implying that there is only **one** restaurant, and it's on the\nfirst floor. Like 'As for the restaurant, it's on the first floor'.\n\nBut when you say a 'restoran wa ikkai ni arimasu' then that sound like it\nimplies that there are _one or more_ restaurants on the first floor. 'There\nis/are (a) restaurant/s on the first floor'.\n\nOf course, Japanese is very vague so there's no singular/plural tell about the\nrestaurants, and there's no definitive law about this -restoran wa ikkai desu\ncould very well mean multiple restaurants are on the first floor too, there's\nnothing wrong with it grammatically- but that's what the implication sounds\nlike to me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T04:48:41.237",
"id": "27439",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "27422",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27422 | 27439 | 27426 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27427",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 一団は種族がてんで統一されていない冒険者で、 **見るに全員が全員** 、生半可じゃない実力を漂わせているような....。\n\nI'm not sure how to interpret this phrase. What does the に do in this phrase?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T13:17:07.113",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27423",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T14:05:38.840",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-16T13:54:16.583",
"last_editor_user_id": "10316",
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does the に in 見るに全員が全員 do?",
"view_count": 94
} | [
{
"body": "It's equivalent to `見るところ` ([dictionary\nlink](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E8%A6%8B%E3%82%8B%E3%81%A8%E3%81%93%E3%82%8D)).\n`全員が全員` is equivalent to `全員が` but gives extra emphasis, i.e. `everyone\nwithout a single exception`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T14:05:38.840",
"id": "27427",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T14:05:38.840",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "499",
"parent_id": "27423",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 27423 | 27427 | 27427 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27425",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know they're all connected to 奴, but what's the difference? Are the forms in\n～やつ more old-fashioned?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T13:25:49.263",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27424",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T13:56:53.720",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "こいつ そいつ あいつ vs こやつ そやつ あやつ",
"view_count": 274
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, ～やつ is antiquated and one would only use it in a joking manner. E.g.\n`こやつが犯人です` as a caption for a funny cat pic.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T13:56:53.720",
"id": "27425",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T13:56:53.720",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "499",
"parent_id": "27424",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27424 | 27425 | 27425 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27429",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have this sentence:\n\n> **建物と建物の間から差し込む** 太陽が音もなく世界を赤くにじませる夕方、...\n>\n> An evening in which the sun **piercing from between buildings** silently\n> blurs the world with red.\n\nI'm struggling with what the sun is actually doing, and with the geometry of\nthe scene.\n\nIs the verb 差し込む normally used to talk about the sun shining or is this just\nfancy poetic writing? Is it shining or thrusting or piercing etc?\n\nAs for the geometry, it's clear that something is happening **between\nbuildings** but I'm not sure what. From the use of から I have a picture of the\nsun on one side of the buildings shining through a gap. It is the sunlight\n**from/から** this gap that is \"silently blurring the world in red\". Do I have\nthe correct kind of image? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T14:46:21.383",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27428",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T15:53:48.770",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words"
],
"title": "Use of 差し込む to describe the sun",
"view_count": 382
} | [
{
"body": "I don't know if the translation is quite appropriate, but it makes sense to\nme.\n\nThen granted,\n\n> Is the verb 差し込む normally used to talk about the sun shining or is this just\n> fancy poetic writing? Is it shining or thrusting or piercing etc?\n\nIt goes without saying **the sun itself** can not **come through** the narrow\ngap between the buildings.\n\nSo, here sure, it means the **sun light** ( so that I guess the writer used\nthe word \"pierce\" in order to express the **sun light** , **not directly but\nindirectly**? )\n\nFYI From\n**[大辞林](http://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B7%AE%E3%81%97%E8%BE%BC%E3%82%80%E3%83%BB%E5%B7%AE%E8%BE%BC%E3%82%80%E3%83%BB%E5%B0%84%E3%81%97%E8%BE%BC%E3%82%80-274642#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88)**\n\n> 差し込む・差込む・射し込む\n\n差し込む is dealt same with **射し** 込む. The verb 射す reminds me of piercing or\npenetrating, by arrows personally, so may be the writer used the word\n**pierce** because everybody knows sun itself can not come to you\ndirectly.....\n\nFrom the very source\n\n> （「射し込む」とも書く）光が入ってくる。 「窓から朝日が－・む」\n\nTranslated\n\n> ( as is written as 射し込む ) meaning, the sun **light** comes. Ex : 「 The\n> morning sun light has begun to be seen at the window. 」\n\nHave a happy day.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T15:32:07.010",
"id": "27429",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-16T15:53:48.770",
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"score": 2
}
]
| 27428 | 27429 | 27429 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27436",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Namely this definition of 澄ます:\n\n> よけいなことを考えないで、 **その** 事一つに注意・意識を集中する。\n\n(under 3, <http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/119957/m0u/>).\n\nThis seems to be used like ある, e.g. あること (\"a certain thing\"), not like \"that\nthing\" そのこと, since the noun which その describes isn't referenced anywhere else.\nCan this be the case?\n\nChecking definitions of 其の 1 to 4 here\n<http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/131116/m0u/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE/>, none of\nthem seem to fit.\n\nSo what does 其の in the 澄ます definition mean here?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T17:49:25.950",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27431",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-17T04:58:48.013",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-16T22:49:50.830",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "10777",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"dictionary",
"kosoado"
],
"title": "Can その（其の）X be used without X previously being referenced?",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "This その is closest to the definition #2, 「聞き手が当面している事柄や場面をさす。今の」. So\n'present', 'current', or 'immediate' could be the possible translation.\n\nAnd here その事 is used instead of この事, because the author of the dictionary is\nobjectively describing 耳を澄ます as if someone else were doing that in front of\nthe author.\n\nBesides, at least in the following idioms, I think その is used to mean\n'immediate', and who is facing the problem is not important.\n\n * その日その日を暮らす、その日暮らしをする live day-to-day, live hand-to-mouth\n * その場限り one-time, ad hoc\n\nその日暮らし is used without specifying \"that particular day\" prior to this, and\nあの日暮らし／この日暮らし is almost always wrong. あの場限り／この場限り is uncommon, and people tend\nto use その場限り regardless of the mental/physical/temporal distance of the\nproblem.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-16T22:10:34.877",
"id": "27436",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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},
{
"body": "It is important to distinguish between whether a sentence is grammatical and\nwhether it is meaningful or comprehensible in a given context.\n\n_sono otoko_ is a grammatical phrase, but without any context at all, it tells\nus little if nothing at all by itself.\n\nConsider the examples given by the dictionary entry\n([デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/131116/m0u/%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE/))\nfor _sono_.\n\n>\n> 「その男は何者だ」「その服はどこで買いましたか」「その仕事が終わったら、次を頼むよ」「その調子で進めてください」「その日はとても暑かった」「その話はもうやめよう」「その一、その二」「まあ、その、何て言うか」\n>\n> «Who is that man?» «Where did you buy these clothes?» «When you finish that\n> task/job, please take care of the next too. » «Please continue at that\n> pace/rate.» «It had been really hot on that day.» «Let's not talk about that\n> anymore.» «First [part of that], second [part of that]» «Well, that is, how\n> should I put it...?»\n\nBy asking _nani mono da?_ , the first example establishes the necessary\ncontext for _sono otoko_ ― that man we saw and as to whose identity or\naffiliation we are inquiring. Note that we can use _that_ in a smilar way in\nEnglish ― who is that man?\n\nIf you think about it, the different dictionary definitions are pretty\nsimilar; _sono_ always refers to something, be it explicitly or implicitly.\nThey only differ as to what it refers to exactly:\n\n> 1. **some** thing close to the listener\n> 2. **some** circumstances the listener faces\n> 3. **some** thing mentioned recently\n> 4. **some** numbered part of a whole\n> 5. **some** thing you cannot or do not want to talk about\n>\n\nThese examples all start with _sono_. There is no referent mentioned\nexplicitly up to that point, and yet these example sentences are\ncomprehensible and meaningful. Here the sentences are commonplace enough one\ncan easily supply or imagine the context necessary to figure out what _sono_\nrefers to.\n\nApplying this to your sentence:\n\n> よけいなことを考えないで、その事一つに注意・意識を集中する。\n\nThis sentence is meaningful; and the referent of _sono_ is indicated\nimplicitly.\n\n> よけいなことを考えないで……\n\nFirst of all the definition starts off by saying what _sono koto_ does _not_\nrefer to ― _yokei na koto_. Do not waste your thoughts on superfluous things.\n\nThus _sono koto_ refers to those things that are important.\n\n> その事 → よけいではない事\n\nIn other words, the _present, current, or immediate_ (= _ima no_ )\ncircumstances of higher priority one needs to focus his attention to by\nsharpening his ears or eyes.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T04:58:48.013",
"id": "27440",
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}
]
| 27431 | 27436 | 27440 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27435",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across the phrase in the following sentence.\n\n> ええ度{ど}胸{きょう} **やのう** こまいの...けなげやで\n\nThe guy who said it is a Kansai speaker. I'm not sure if the phrase is related\nto the dialect.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-16T18:32:03.597",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27433",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words",
"kansai-ben"
],
"title": "What does the phrase 「やのう」 mean?",
"view_count": 338
} | [
{
"body": "This is western Japan dialect which is equivalent to だなあ in standard Japanese.\n\nIt's a part of Kansai dialect in the broader sense, but I think this のう is not\nvery common in typical Kansai-ben spoken in Osaka. AFAIK It's mainly used in\nChugoku/Shioku, which is located further west from Osaka.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-16T21:08:08.613",
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| 27433 | 27435 | 27435 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27441",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Nuance-ish question, there was an event for an anime with their voice actors\nanswering questions (all 6 present were the voice actors for parents/children\nin the Nakamura, Watanabe and Nakashima families) where this question was\nasked:\n\n「中村家・渡辺家・中島家の中で、入ってみたい家庭は？」\n\n'Between the Nakamura, Watanabe, and Nakashima households, which household\nwould you want to enter?'\n\nI'd like to ask if 家庭 here refers specifically to the family we see in\nquestion, or to entire clan. To elaborate, the series has, for example, an\nentire Nakashima clan (中島一族) in the background, but mostly concentrate on one\nfamily made up of a father, mother, and two daughters. Does the question refer\nto entering the Nakashima clan, or entering the Nakashima family that's\nconcentrated on? Or could it be either? I'd like to understand the\nnuances/usage behind the word 家庭.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T04:20:08.800",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27438",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Does \"入ってみたい家庭\" this mean enter the family specifically or enter the clan?",
"view_count": 88
} | [
{
"body": "家庭 usually refers to the smallest social unit, typically made up of parents\nand their children who live together. This word on its own never refers to a\nlarger group of families.\n\nThis question （入ってみたい家庭は？） sounds like a very casual what-if question to me,\nand translating this as \"entering XX clan/lineage\" is probably too grandiose,\neven when 一族 plays an important role in the anime.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T05:58:54.837",
"id": "27441",
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| 27438 | 27441 | 27441 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27443",
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"body": "In my understanding, でしょう is used to represent probability, for example,\n\n * 明日は雨でしょう。It might be raining tomorrow.\n * あの人は先生じゃないでしょう。That man might not be a teacher.\n\nNow, consider the following conversation in a station.\n\n> 鈴木：マリーさんはどこ **でしょう** か。\n>\n> 吉田：あ、あそこです。白い帽子をかぶっていますよ。\n>\n> 鈴木：ああ、わかりました。マリーさん！\n\nWhat does マリーさんはどこ **でしょう** か。mean? Is there any difference when I change it\nto\n\n * マリーさんはどこ **です** か。or\n\n * マリーさんはどこ **にいます** か。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T06:22:20.320",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27442",
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"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"questions",
"modality"
],
"title": "Why does this question use でしょう?",
"view_count": 1322
} | [
{
"body": "Depending on what you mean by \"meaning\", all three would translate naturally\nto:\n\n> Where is Mary?\n\nBut the difference is the degree of politeness.\n\n> でしょうか\n\nis a polite way of asking questions. As indicated in a different question on\nthis site, [What's the difference between でしょうか and ですか at the end of a\nquestion?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12977/whats-the-\ndifference-\nbetween-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%82%87%E3%81%86%E3%81%8B-and-%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B-at-\nthe-end-of-a-question), でしょうか can be used to ask a question that expresses\nuncertainty. でしょうか is the polite version of だろうか.\n\nSo it's not quite the same in literal meaning as ですか and cannot be used in\nevery context where ですか is used.\n\nいますか for 敬語 changes to いらっしゃいますか or perhaps better いらっしゃいませんか\n\nですか for some 敬語 changes to でしょうか\n\nマリーどこ？ ＜ マリーさんはどこですか。 ＜ マリーさんはどこにいますか。 ＜ マリーさんはどこでしょうか。 ＜\nマリー様はどちらにいらっしゃいますでしょうか\n\nAnd for the more polite ones, depending on relationship you might want to use\n[様]{さま} instead of さん",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T06:43:23.417",
"id": "27443",
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| 27442 | 27443 | 27443 |
{
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"body": "Is there any difference between, say, 子供の時 and 子どもの時代?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T08:13:08.723",
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"owner_user_id": "5423",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "時代 and 時 difference",
"view_count": 526
} | [
{
"body": "The difference is slight, but there definitely is a difference. The easiest\nway to think of it in my opinion is that \"の時\" means \"when\" and \"の時代\" means\n\"generation\".\n\nSo, for your example, I would translate them as follows:\n\n子供の時 - When I was a kid\n\n子供の時代 - Our generation when I was young\n\nSo, you can see that the \"時代\" translation doesn't work too well, and this is\nlargely because \"時代\" is very context heavy. So, a good example would be a\nconversation like this:\n\n\"あなたは25歳の時に携帯電話あったでしょう？\"\n\n\"うん、ありましたよ。\"\n\n\"私たちの時代はなかったよ。\"\n\nSo, this would roughly translate as follows:\n\n\"When you were 25 years old, there were cell phones, weren't there?\"\n\n\"Yes, there were.\"\n\n\"My generation didn't have them.\"\n\nYou can see here that \"の時\" didn't need much context around it, and since the\ncontext has already been established, \"の時代\" becomes much easier to translate.\nFurthermore, \"の時\" carries a bit more specificity to it. By using \"25歳の時\" it\ndefinitely sounds like we're talking about a very specific year, but using\n\"私たちの時代\" sounds more like we're talking about the speakers years between about\n20 and 30.\n\nThe two are very, very similar, and my explanation may not be the best, but I\nhope this gives you a bit more insight into the differences between the two!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T14:13:22.423",
"id": "27447",
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{
"body": "「子供の時」: The time when you were a child. (Similar expression: 「子供の頃（ころ）」）\n\n「時代」is basically equivalent to \"era\" such like 「江戸時代 in the Edo era」(a certain\nterm in history.) In Japan, a name of an era changes when the emperor changes.\n\n子供の時に、父と富士山（ふじさん: Mt. Fuji)に登りました。 （= 子供の頃に、父と富士山に登りました。）",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T14:23:42.253",
"id": "27448",
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{
"body": "～の時 (read とき{HL}) is half a suffix rather than a noun, nearly equals \"when ~\".\nSo 子供の時 literally translates into \"when (I was) a child\".\n\n子供の時代 means \"the age of children\". I don't know what it is, but it sounds very\npoetic. Probably what you really wanted is **子供時代** ; it means \"childhood\",\nand if used adverbly, \"in one's childhood\". \n( **EDIT** : Thus, if you compare 子供の時 and 子供時代, they show little difference\nin meaning but 子供時代 sounds more noun-like and literary.)\n\nThey are so confusing, but when you say ～の時代, it only stands for some\nhistorical period, but ～時代 can also refer a certain stage in someone's life\nhistory (e.g. 学生時代, 記者時代, 女優時代 etc.).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-18T13:25:03.813",
"id": "27466",
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| 27444 | null | 27466 |
{
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"body": "What does this phrase mean and how would I use it? I saw it in a sentence but\nI couldn't figure out what it meant.\n\n> 僕は赤の他人もいいところで **うんやらかんやら** 。\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T13:34:28.877",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27445",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"phrases"
],
"title": "The phrase うんやらかんやら?",
"view_count": 273
} | [
{
"body": "That's a variation form of\n[うんたらかんたら](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%86%E3%82%93%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E3%81%8B%E3%82%93%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89),\nwhich corresponds to 'yada yada' or 'blah blah' in English. It's used in place\nof something not very important to the speaker, or something too difficult to\nunderstand. In this case, the speaker thought the phrase following いいところで is\nobvious, and he was too lazy to say it.\n\nSimilar expressions include なんちゃらかんちゃら, なんたらかんたら, なんとかかんとか, なんちゃら, なんやかや and\nうんぬん.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T13:59:42.343",
"id": "27446",
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| 27445 | 27446 | 27446 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I see this written in furigana and hiragana as 'あいて / aite'. However, every\nsource I have looked at also seems to be pronouncing it with an additional\nsyllable before it making sound as if it were 'ひらいて / hiraite'.\n\nWhat is going on here? This is the first time I have encountered a word that\nwasn't pronounced exactly as written in hiragana.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T16:00:09.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "Pronunciation of 開いて question",
"view_count": 368
} | [
{
"body": "開く actually can be one of two words: 開く{あく} and 開く{ひらく}. These are separate\nwords that have slightly different meanings (but they both typically translate\nto 'open'). It seems you were thinking of the former, あく, but you actually\nfound the latter, ひらく.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T16:14:07.507",
"id": "27450",
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| 27449 | null | 27450 |
{
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"body": "In the US, there isn't really a standard way of counting from 1 to 5 on your\nfingers - numbering the fingers starting with 1 = thumb through 5 = little\nfinger, some people will raise their fingers in the order 1-2-3-4-5; others\nwill go 5-4-3-2-1; still others will go 2-3-4-5-1.\n\nNow, my question: how do people count on their fingers in Japan? I vaguely\nremember learning that this is more standardized in Japan, but I've forgotten\nthe details.\n\n(I know this isn't a question strictly about the Japanese language, but I\nwould imagine that this is the sort of non-verbal communication that native\nspeakers learn in tandem with the language, so it's kind of tied to it.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T19:23:25.557",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27451",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3437",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"numbers"
],
"title": "How do people in Japan count with their fingers?",
"view_count": 5826
} | [
{
"body": "It depends on whether you are counting to yourself or displaying for others.\n\nTo count with your fingers for others to see, raise your hand and face your\npalm outward. Holding no fingers up in this position (a fist) is zero.\nExtending your index finger indicates one, and extending the other fingers (in\naddition to the ones already up) going towards the pinky indicates the numbers\n2-4. Finally, extending the thumb outward, so that all five fingers are up, is\nthe number five. The other hand is added for numbers above five. (This is, I\nthink, the 2-3-4-5-1 method you mentioned.)\n\nTo count for yourself, you do almost the opposite. Zero is actually an open\nhand, that is, all five fingers are extended. To count 1, fold in your thumb,\nand fold in fingers going toward the pinky to count further. To count six\nthrough ten, do it in reverse order- extending out the pinky is six, and so\non. (This means that there are some ambiguities between 0-4 and 6-10, but\nsince you are on your own this isn't usually a problem.)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T19:46:16.000",
"id": "27452",
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| 27451 | null | 27452 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27458",
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"body": "In the One Piece manga, it's quite common to see the names of character's\nattacks written in both Kanji and Katakana. Take as examples:\n\n> Gekko Moriah's Doppelman [影法師]{ドッペルマン} Dopperuman, literally meaning\n> \"Silhouette\" \n> Daz Bones' Spider [斬人]{スパイダー} Supaidā, literally meaning \"Beheading/Cutting\n> Man\"\n\nMy question is: can those kanji really work together to be pronounced like\nthat, and the katakana is just there so people won't think it's pronounced\nsome other way? Or is it that the kana actually DEFINES how the word is\nsupposed to be pronounced, and I could in theory take any pair of kanji and\nkatakana and say \"you write it just like that other word, but this is a\ndifferent word and here's how it's supposed to be pronounced\"?\n\nI used to think it was just clever wordplay, but there's some things that just\nsound too good to be true.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-17T20:37:21.507",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27453",
"last_activity_date": "2020-02-01T09:34:51.440",
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"owner_user_id": "10935",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"katakana"
],
"title": "Confusion regarding writing a word in Kanji and Katakana",
"view_count": 686
} | [
{
"body": "In most cases, the kanji can't be pronounced that way, as in that\npronunciation does not match the standard on-yomi or kun-yomi for the\ncharacters at all. Basically, the kanji provide the meaning and the katakana\nshow how the author wants it to be pronounced. It's a stylistic choice.\n\nThis can be seen in song lyrics, too, where a word will have kanji but it will\nbe pronounced with its English meaning, for example 道{ロード}, or with the\npronunciation of another Japanese word that is usually written differently,\nlike 永遠{とわ}, 仲間{きみ}, or 現実{いま}.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-18T02:34:32.643",
"id": "27458",
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| 27453 | 27458 | 27458 |
{
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"body": "Again, I am not referring to the intransitive usage of 完成する.\n\n> **Examples**\n>\n> 文を完成させなさい。 \n> 文を完成しなさい。\n>\n> 夢を実現させた。 \n> 夢を実現した。\n\nFrom my understanding of the grammar, させる implies that you could be making\nother people help you along as well, but I'm not sure, it seems like in the\nexample sentences there shouldn't be much nuance differences.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T22:42:05.950",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27454",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T12:50:58.083",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10937",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"nuances"
],
"title": "Difference between 完成させる and 完成する (transitive usage only)",
"view_count": 1442
} | [
{
"body": "It depends on whether させる is causative or transitive that it means that you\nmake other people do it. Both させる and する can imply that you involve other\npeople.\n\nWhen させる is transitive (not causative), they (する and させる) are the same. But\nthe させる version is more common, especially 完成させる is much more common. If I\nwere to find 文を完成しなさい on Lang-8, I would correct it to 完成させなさい.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T03:46:04.317",
"id": "27461",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-18T12:47:47.150",
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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"score": 5
},
{
"body": "Most Sino-Japanese words could originally be used both transitively and\nintransitively, some even as all verb, noun and adjective, as they are in\nClassical Chinese. But since they have been more and more Japanized, many of\nthem were assigned a fixed grammatical status like other native words.\n\n完成 is almost _exclusively intransitive_ nowadays. Dictionaries _may_ say it's\nalso transitive, but that usage has nearly died out in actual world (though\nnot incomprehensible). Thus, if you'd like to use 完成 transitively, you should\nchoose 完成 **させる**.\n\n実現 still retains the ambiguity, so unfortunately you're not able to know if a\n実現する is \"to realize\" or \"to be realized\" without help of context. In your\ncase, 夢を実現する is not ambiguous (because it takes を), but 夢を実現させる allows two\ninterpretations: \"realize one's dream\" or \"make one realize one's dream\".",
"comment_count": 7,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-18T12:39:45.767",
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}
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| 27454 | null | 27465 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27459",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was under the impression that ございます was a humble form of ある. My belief was\nsupported by websites such as\n[this](http://new2japanese.blogspot.co.uk/2008/11/ix-humble-forms-of-desu-and-\narimasu-de.html) and\n[this](http://eng.nihongodecarenavi.jp/eng/entry_5195.html). However, in the\ncomments to [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/27398/what-are-the-\nmeanings-\nof-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99-and-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9B%E3%82%93)'s\nanswer, user4092 says it isn't a humble form (and also say it's used less in\nwestern Japan, which also runs contrary to my knowledge. Who is correct?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-17T23:40:48.717",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27455",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T03:19:52.107",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.397",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"honorifics",
"keigo"
],
"title": "ございます - Humble or neutral?",
"view_count": 380
} | [
{
"body": "I think ございます is a 丁寧語(polite form) of ある.\n\nSources:\n[Wiki敬語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E8%AA%9E#.E4.B8.8D.E8.A6.8F.E5.89.87.E5.8B.95.E8.A9.9E.E4.B8.80.E8.A6.A7)・[三省堂辞書](http://www.sanseido.net/main/words/hyakka/sonkei/)\n\n～がある / ～があります -> ～がございます \n～である / ～です -> ～でございます\n\nExamples:\n\n> 「お忘れ物の **ございませ** んようご注意ください。」 \n> 「ご不明な点・ご質問等が **ございまし** たら、こちらまでお問い合わせください。」\n\n* * *\n\nI live in Kansai and I don't think ございます is used more frequently here than in\nthe east (I'm not sure if it's used less, though).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T02:42:26.450",
"id": "27459",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-18T03:19:52.107",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "27455",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 27455 | 27459 | 27459 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27460",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have been reading [What's the difference between wa (は) and ga\n(が)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/22/whats-the-difference-\nbetween-wa-%E3%81%AF-and-ga-%E3%81%8C) In the \"contrastive wa\" section, there\nis this example sentence:\n\n> わたし **が** 知っている人はパーティーに来ませんでした。\n\nAs 7600+ people have read that posting, surely that is grammatically correct.\nBut, isn't using が with 私 a little unusual? So, what about the following\nsentence:\n\n> 「わたくし **の** 知っている人はパーティーに来ませんでした」\n\nIs this also correct grammar? \nDoes it sounds more natural?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T00:32:08.187",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27456",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T03:08:11.990",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-の",
"particle-が",
"subordinate-clauses"
],
"title": "\"私が知っている人\" or \"私の知っている人\"?",
"view_count": 298
} | [
{
"body": "> My thinking is that \"私\" is always in the \"universe of discussion\".\n\nYes, and that's why you should always say, for example, 「私は本を買った」, but not\n「私が本を買った」in simple sentences, unless \"exhaustive listing\" is clearly intended.\n\nBut in relative clauses modifying a noun, [we have to use が or\nの](http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/japanese/relativeclause.html). は is the\n\"topic marker\", and a relative clause does not serve as the topic of the\nsentence ([contrastive wa may be found in some complex relative\nclauses](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/19461/is-\nsaying-x%E3%81%AFy%E3%81%AF-acceptable/19468#19468)). We can say either\n「私が買った本は面白い」 or 「私の買った本は面白い」, but 「私は買った本... 」 is _ungrammatical_.\n\n> (1) Do native speakers think \"私が知っている人は..\" sounds strange? Is it\n> grammatically correct?\n\n「私が知っている人は...」 is grammatically correct and sounds perfectly natural.\n\n> (2) Would changing \"が\" to \"の\" be grammatically correct? Why? Do native\n> speakers think that would sound more natural?\n\nYes, 「私の知っている人は...」 is also grammatically correct and sounds perfectly\nnatural.\n\n[How does the の work in\n「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)\n\nThe difference between 私が知っている人 and 私の知っている人 is very subtle, but one may say\nthat the latter sounds a bit more euphemistic and milder, and thus goes well\nwith keigo.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T03:08:11.990",
"id": "27460",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T03:08:11.990",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.260",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "27456",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27456 | 27460 | 27460 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27462",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am having a difficult time understanding the meaning of \"ii tokoro\" in the\ncontext of this sentence.\n\nThe full sentence(s) in which I am translating is as follows:\n\n\"おっと、いいところに。 今日 は新しいムービーを撮るみたいなんや。\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T00:45:20.397",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27457",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T06:56:39.980",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10939",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"usage",
"expressions"
],
"title": "The meaning of \"ところ\" in context",
"view_count": 563
} | [
{
"body": "It essentially means `How convenient!`. It's a short form for `いいところに来たね`. The\nliteral meaning is `Ah, you came to an opportune occasion`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T06:56:39.980",
"id": "27462",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T06:56:39.980",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "499",
"parent_id": "27457",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27457 | 27462 | 27462 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Can anyone tell me what this character means?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/z1oUV.png)\n\nThank you in advance!",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T12:09:20.507",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27464",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T16:18:14.563",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10943",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "Help with identifying a character",
"view_count": 108
} | [
{
"body": "That's the first character in the well-known Mandarin Chinese greeting \"nĭ\nhăo\" (你好). 你 means \"you.\" I don't remember ever seeing it in a Japanese\ncontext, and jisho.org returns no words containing it.\n\nEdit: tried searching *你, and got one result - 玫瑰玫瑰我愛你, which is a Chinese\nsong from the 1940's which means \"Rose, Rose, I love you.\" *你* also has no\nresults.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T16:13:07.223",
"id": "27467",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T16:18:14.563",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-18T16:18:14.563",
"last_editor_user_id": "9981",
"owner_user_id": "9981",
"parent_id": "27464",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 27464 | null | 27467 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27472",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the correct grammatical structure for to say \"too [adj] to [verb]\"?\nFor example, \"this is too sweet to eat\" or \"It's too bright outside to sleep\".\nWould it be something like 「甘いすぎるから、食べる事ができない」？But I feel this translates more\nto \"because it's too sweet, I can't it eat\". I'm looking for a more natural\nway to say this that would resemble the English \"too [adj] to [verb]\". Anyone\ncan help? Thank you so much in advance.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T17:50:50.317",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27468",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T19:19:32.280",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9536",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "\"Too [adj] to [verb]\" structure",
"view_count": 933
} | [
{
"body": "I'm Japanese native speaker. \nYour sentence, \"甘いすぎるから、食べる事ができない\" is a little strange. Correct one is\n\"甘すぎるから、食べる事ができない\". Japanese words change irregularly influenced by back word.\nThere are 6 types of verb conjugation. I guess it's a little complex for non-\nnative speakers, haha. \nAnyway, I guess you want to emphasize \"甘い\" don't you? Then your sentence\nalready includes the expression for emphasis, \"すぎる\".\n\nOr you feel another problem for your expression? At least when I learned\nEnglish, I heard, \"When we translate \"too [adj] to [verb]\" into Japanese, we\nshould use the structure, \"[adj] because...\".\" So it's alright to use it, I\nthink.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T18:47:37.077",
"id": "27471",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T18:47:37.077",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10947",
"parent_id": "27468",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "_this is too sweet to eat_\n\n> 甘すぎて、食べられない\n\n_It's too bright outside to sleep_\n\n> 明るすぎて、眠れない\n\nThe ~sugite is not always necessary.\n\n> 明るくて、眠れない\n\nI'm using the potential form of the verb here. You can use ことができない to replace\nit if you're uncomfortable with it, but the long form sounds stiff to me.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T19:19:32.280",
"id": "27472",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T19:19:32.280",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6820",
"parent_id": "27468",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 27468 | 27472 | 27472 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Ura-zuki is more linear. Age Ura-zuki is rising but still linear. What about\nSukui ura-zuki? Any martial artists know this one? I am hoping for an official\nkarate term, but I will settle for a gramatically correct term that describes\na scooping punch (western boxing uppercut). Thank you in advance!!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T20:16:24.530",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "27476",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T23:52:50.387",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-18T20:22:05.807",
"last_editor_user_id": "9749",
"owner_user_id": "10951",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "What is the name for an uppercut (scooping punch) in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1269
} | [
{
"body": "I don't do karate or any other martial arts, but the basic term for this is\nkatakana\n[アッパーカット](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88),\nwhich should be understood by almost everyone who is fluent in Japanese.\n\n[裏拳 (ura-\nken)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%8F%E6%8B%B3%E6%89%93%E3%81%A1) is\nmore a like backhand blow, or a blow using the back of one's hand. This is\nwell-known, too.\n\n[裏突き (ura-zuki)](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%A3%8F%E7%AA%81%E3%81%8D-1460597)\nis a straight punch with the palm facing upward. I think it's a karate-\nspecific term.\n\nAccording to this [list of karate\n突き](http://www.ichiyukai.com/lesson/lesson-c.html), it appears\n[鉤【かぎ】突【づ】き](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%89%A4%E7%AA%81%E3%81%8D) (kagi-zuki,\n鉤 means 'hook') clearly says it's a 弧を描くような (=curved, arc-like) punch, but\nit's a punch blown horizontally. It looks like a karate jargon rather than a\ngeneric term, but I don't know the awareness of this term even among karate\nfans.\n\nI haven't heard age ura-zuki (上げ裏突き?) or sukui ura-zuki (すくい裏突き?) and they're\nnot listed in the linked list, either (these names look reasonable at least to\nme, though).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T23:33:10.973",
"id": "27480",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T23:47:52.787",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-18T23:47:52.787",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "27476",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "I think the term you're looking for is [上げ突き]{あげつき}. Though similar, it's not\nexactly the same move.\n\nアッパーカット or アッパー are recognizable to any Japanese familiar with martial arts,\ntoo, as naruto has mentioned.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-18T23:52:50.387",
"id": "27481",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-18T23:52:50.387",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9508",
"parent_id": "27476",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 27476 | null | 27480 |
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