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{
"accepted_answer_id": "25945",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's the difference between まねをする and ふりをする and what would be each one's\nproper translation?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T02:36:53.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25941",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-28T14:55:46.700",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-28T14:55:46.700",
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"owner_user_id": "10731",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words"
],
"title": "What's the difference between まねをする and ふりをする?",
"view_count": 161
} | [
{
"body": "まねをする means to mimic someone's movement. ふりをする means to behave as if you are\nthat person, or disguise yourself as that person.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T03:40:59.323",
"id": "25945",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-26T03:40:59.323",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "25941",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 25941 | 25945 | 25945 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25949",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Found a phrase on article which says,\n\n> 写真{しゃしん}をお届{とど}け!\n\ni don't think it's meireikei, so why the verb doesn't end with ru?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T02:39:18.767",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25942",
"last_activity_date": "2019-12-12T00:30:25.377",
"last_edit_date": "2019-12-12T00:30:25.377",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10345",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"keigo",
"godan-verbs"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 「届け」and 「届ける」？",
"view_count": 359
} | [
{
"body": "It's short for お届けなさい. (It's not included in Standard Japanese, i.e. it's\ndialectal.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T03:47:30.083",
"id": "25946",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-26T03:47:30.083",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "> 写真をお届け!\n\nI think it's short for\n\n> 写真をお届けします！ \n> or 写真をお届けいたします！\n\n\"We will deliver a photo/photos to you!\"\n\nお届けする is the humble form (謙譲語) of 届ける.\n\nExamples:\n\n> ～をご報告 / ご案内 / ご連絡 / ご紹介(いた)します！--> ～をご報告！/ご案内！/ご連絡！/ご紹介！ \n> キャンペーン情報をお知らせ(いた)します！--> キャンペーン情報をお知らせ！\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HU7na.png)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T05:28:34.117",
"id": "25949",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-26T06:46:58.887",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-26T06:46:58.887",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "25942",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 25942 | 25949 | 25949 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25953",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Consider the following conversation quoted from a textbook used in my class.\n鈴木 is the mother of 鈴木伸.\n\n> 鈴木：伸ちゃん、 **お母さん** が試着{しちゃく}している間、ここで待っていてね。\n>\n> 鈴木伸：うん。\n\nIn my understanding, お母さん is used to refer to mothers of other people, and 母\nis used to refer to the speaker's own mother. So 母 is not possible in this\ncase.\n\nWhen referring to herself, is there any pronoun other than お母さん when speaking\nto her children?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T03:47:31.423",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25947",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-19T04:13:04.140",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-19T04:13:04.140",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"nouns"
],
"title": "When referring to herself, is there any pronoun other than お母さん when speaking to her children?",
"view_count": 649
} | [
{
"body": "Actually, it is natural to use お母さん in the situation. Although お母さん means\nmother, but the usage is different from English. In Japanese family, when you\nsay お母さん, it does NOT mean my お母さん, but it is お母さん of the youngest child in\nthe family.\n\nHere is why お母さん can refer to herself: \nお母さん of the youngest child in the family \n= お母さん of 伸 \n= herself \n\nThis calling system based on the youngest child is common in Japan because\npeople in the family want the youngest child to remember what to call them.\n\nSo in the situation, all the word which means \"mother\" can refer herself. お母さん\nand ママ are very common.\n\nOff course, the mother also can say 私 to refer herself. It sounds the child\n(伸) is more mature as his mother already finished the education on how to call\nhis mother.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T05:28:15.840",
"id": "25948",
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{
"body": "It's 私.\n\nIt's not necessarily impossible to use はは in that case, though it sounds\noutrageously out-dated.\n\nYou use お母さん when you are in a position where you should look up to her. So,\nyou use it when you refer to your own mother in speaking to her or other\nmember of your own family.\n\nOn the other hand, you use はは when you should look up to the listener compared\nwith your mother, that is, when you are speaking to people outside your own\nfamily.\n\nKids are allowed to be ignorant at Standard Japanese. So they may always say\nお母さん.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T07:27:39.520",
"id": "25950",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-26T07:36:14.647",
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"body": "The short answer is that the list would be somewhat long if not endless.\n\nWhy so? Because whatever word a kid uses to address his/her own mom with, the\nmom will use that word to refer to herself with _**as if it were a first-\nperson pronoun**_. You would almost need to forget English to appreciate this\nphenomenon in Japanese.\n\n(Your second paragraph from the bottom worries me slightly because, frankly,\nthe 母{はは} vs. お母{かあ}さん issue has nothing to do with the matter.)\n\nHow kids address their moms differ from one family to another. The more common\nwords would include:\n\n「お母さん」、「母さん」、「おかあちゃん」、「かあちゃん」、「ママ」, etc.\n\nNone of these are \"pronouns\" by the book, but regardless of what dictionaries\nmay name them, they are used just like first-person pronouns in real life.\nWhen speaking to their own kids, moms use those words to refer to themselves\nwhile the kids are young.\n\nWhen the kid reaches a certain age, the mom starts using a \"real\" first-person\npronoun such as 「わたし」, 「あたし」, etc. to refer to herself when talking to her own\nkid. When that happens, again, differs from one family to another.\n\nIn my own case, my mother, who had originally referred to herself only as\n「お母さん」 when talking to me, started using a combination of 「お母さん」 and 「わたし」\nwhile I was in junior high or high school and she completely switched to 「わたし」\nafter I graduated from high school if I remember correctly.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T11:41:54.390",
"id": "25953",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-19T03:00:29.077",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-19T03:00:29.077",
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"parent_id": "25947",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 13
}
]
| 25947 | 25953 | 25953 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been confused about this ever since I started to learn Japanese: What is\nthe correct verb tense for sentences like \"If I had known ... then I would\nhave\"?\n\nConcrete example:\n\nIf I had known that (it was not going to be so hot today) I would've joined\nthe competition.\n\nMy attempt:\n\nそれを分かったら、大会に出る。\n\nI've been stuck for words in this situation lots of times.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T09:15:36.103",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25951",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-18T02:41:56.813",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10344",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Correct verb tenses for if-would-type sentences",
"view_count": 711
} | [
{
"body": "Since you are talking about things past, you should use past tense.\n\nそれを分かっていたなら、大会に出ていた。 \nor \nそれが分かっていたら、大会に出ていた。\n\nIf you say \"それ **が** 分かったら、大会に出る。\" (Quick grammar fix を -> が) it sounds like\nyou are talking about the future. Which means you haven't know it (it's going\nto be so hot or not) but you will know it later. And you will decide to join\nthe competition depending on it.\n\n** Description on the quick grammar fix **\n\nI fixed grammar それを -> それが, but one of my answer is それを... Here is the reason\nwhy.\n\nFirst off, the full sentences of my two answers are: \n**私が** それを分かっていたなら、大会に出ていた。 \nそれが **私に** 分かっていたら、大会に出ていた。 \n\nThe two sentences have almost the same meaning, but the nuance is different.\nThe subject of the first sentence is 私, so the sentence focus on 私 weather or\nnot know about それ (it's going to be so hot or not). Which has nuance that\nspeaker (it is equals to 私 in this case) know someone who know about それ. That\nmeans, 私 didn't know what the weather going to be before the competition, but\nnow 私 knows.\n\nThe subject of the second sentence is それ. It has extra nuance that 私 might has\nother information (like where the competition held, how many people are\njoining it, etc) but それ (it's going to be hot or not) is the important to make\ndecision.\n\nNow, get down to your phrase. The full sentence of \"それ **を** 分かったら、大会に出る。\" is: \n**私が** それを分かったら、大会に出る。 \nSince 私 is a subject, it sounds like speaker (the speaker is equal to 私 in\nthis case) know someone who know about それ. If so, 私 usually don't speak like\nthat. Maybe \"それを聞いてから決めます。\" (I'll make decision after I heard it.)\n\nThe full sentence of それが分かったら、大会に出る。 is: \nそれが **私に** 分かったら、大会に出る。 \nWhich has extra nuance you know some other information, but what you need make\ndecision to join competition is それ.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T11:01:09.217",
"id": "25952",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-18T02:41:56.813",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-18T02:41:56.813",
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},
{
"body": "I think you could say:\n\n> (もし)それが分かっていたら/いれば、大会に出たのに。 \n> ～～、大会に出ていたのに。 \n> ～～、大会に出ていただろう(に)。 \n> ～～、大会に出たんだけど(なぁ)。 \n> ～～、大会に出ていたんだけど(なぁ)。 \n> etc.\n\nExample:\n\n> (もし)彼女の電話番号を知ってたら/れば、電話したのに。/してたのに。/してただろう(に)。/したんだけど(なぁ)。etc. \n> (If I had known her phone number, I would have called her.)\n\nCompare:\n\n> (もし)彼女の電話番号を知ってれば/たら、電話 **する** のに。/ **する** だろう(に)。/ **する** んだけど(なぁ)。etc. \n> (If I knew her phone number, I would call her.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T01:19:56.607",
"id": "25958",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 25951 | null | 25958 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25991",
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"body": "I'm playing a video game called 善人シボウデス, and I noticed some grammar I'm not\nfamiliar with:\n\n> ところでこのラジオ、電源ケーブルに **つないだはいいが** 、この後どうすればいいんだろう？\n\nThis was said by the main character, who generally speaks in Standard\nJapanese. But I didn't know you could say 〜た＋は like this in Standard Japanese,\nso I tried looking it up. I mostly looked under た and は, but I couldn't find a\ndictionary that covered it.\n\nLater, in another part of the game, I noticed the same character saying a very\nsimilar sentence:\n\n> 電源を **入れたはいいが** 、こいつでなにをスキャンすればいいんだ？\n\nSo I started to wonder if this 〜たは was part of a larger pattern. For example,\nis this 〜たは always followed by 良い and some kind of contrastive conjunctive\nparticle like が・けど・ものの? I searched online and saw similar examples:\n\n> 【子役事務所】に **入れたはいいけど** 。。。どうしたらいいの？\n\nCan anyone explain this pattern?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-26T22:15:22.243",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25955",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "「〜たはいいが、……」grammar pattern",
"view_count": 1961
} | [
{
"body": "It's using the phrase as the subject of the sentence.\n\nHave you also seen は used after the て form of adjectives? It's similar to\nthat.\n\n来て **は** いるけど、まだ会ってない Although he is here, I haven't sent him yet.\n\nSo, as you might know, は is used to make comparisons. Let's take a look at\nyour sentence: In your sentence:\n\n> ところでこのラジオ、電源ケーブルにつないだはいいが、この後どうすればいいんだろう？\n\nThis in English would be something like\n\n> Although it all went well with the radio's cord, I don't know what to do now\n> (after that)...\n\nThe comparison being all being good up to attaching the cord, and then it not\nbeing good after that.\n\nI hope this helps.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-28T07:04:20.157",
"id": "25986",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-28T07:04:20.157",
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{
"body": "The `verb-た` + `は` + `いい/よかった` + `contradictory conj.` makes a set phrase\nroughly means \"have/had successfully V-ed, but now/then (the problem\nis/was)...\". It's one of a few idioms still allowed with direct nominalization\n(technically, 連体形準体法). You can rephrase it in regular modern grammar as\n`～たまではいいが` or `～たのはいいが` with meaning (almost) unchanged. While those modern\npatterns also accept present form of the verb (`～するまではいいが`), the idiomatic one\nnever allow *`～するはいいが`.\n\n`verb` + `は` combination generally doesn't show much productivity today, far\nless than `verb` + `に`. Most surviving examples are old sayings or proverbs\nbased on Edo-or-earlier-period colloquial language (e.g.\n[聞くは一時の恥、聞かぬは一生の恥](http://kotowaza-allguide.com/ki/kikanuwaissyounohaji.html);\nI couldn't find `～たは` examples).\n\n* * *\n\n(Maybe) related papers:\n「[滑稽本と人情本における連体形準体法，準体助詞について](https://m-repo.lib.meiji.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10291/16085/1/bungakuronshu_36_43.pdf)」,\n「[準体助詞の全国分布とその成立経緯](https://m-repo.lib.meiji.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10291/16085/1/bungakuronshu_36_43.pdf)」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-28T14:58:56.180",
"id": "25991",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-28T15:04:39.287",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-28T15:04:39.287",
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "25955",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
}
]
| 25955 | 25991 | 25991 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25961",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Working on translating a song by hand. I'm getting stuck on this line:\n\n`助けてくださいなんて言えればさぁ`\n\n`助けてくださいなんて` looks like \"Please help me!\"\n\n`言えればさぁ` seems like \"if I ask for it.\"\n\nSo, does this sentence then mean, \"Please help me if I ask for it\" ? But that\ndoesn't seem to fit with the \"さぁ\" at the end... Any hints?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T01:50:01.523",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25960",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-27T02:34:32.593",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10735",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Oddly structured \"-ba\" verb",
"view_count": 122
} | [
{
"body": "言えれば would mean \"If I could say\" since the れ in there indicates the potential\nform. (Obviously the pronoun I could be replaced with he/she/it/whatever as\nappropriate in context.)\n\nI would translate 助けてくださいなんて言えれば as \"If I could say 'please help me'\" or \"if\nonly I could ask for help\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T02:34:32.593",
"id": "25961",
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"parent_id": "25960",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 25960 | 25961 | 25961 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25967",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Which one is correct?\n\n 1. メガネをかけると見えます。\n 2. メガネをかけると見られます。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T04:14:56.633",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25963",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-28T04:06:10.710",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "見える versus 見られる",
"view_count": 4874
} | [
{
"body": "Both sentences are correct, but 見えます is more common.\n\n見られます sounds a bit awkward to me, because the passive form of 見ます is also\n見られます. ('to be seen' rather than 'can see')\n\nYou may also find people use 見れます ('見られます' without ら), which is often called\nら抜き言葉 (ra-removed word). This is nonstandard and colloquial, and I personally\navoid it whenever possible, but many people use this very often.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T04:33:09.823",
"id": "25965",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-27T04:33:09.823",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 8
},
{
"body": "The first one is most likely the one you want. Here is how to think about the\ndifference between the two:\n\n見える is used when the scene naturally enters your eyes, describing your ability\nto see.\n\n * I can see with glasses on. メガネをかけると見えます。\n\n * It's a clear day so I can see far off into the distance. 晴れているので遠くが見えます。\n\n * These letters are too small for me to see clearly. 文字が小さくてよく見えません。\n\n見られる is used to show potential based on some condition.\n\n * I don't have a Blu-ray player so I can't watch the movie. ブルーレイプレイヤーを持っていないからこの映画が見られません。\n\nIt can sometimes be a difficult distinction to make when thinking about it in\nterms of English. In my experience the former is much more common than the\nlatter.\n\nNote that 聞こえる vs 聞ける is a similar case.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T04:40:35.913",
"id": "25967",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 25963 | 25967 | 25965 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm having a hard time trying to find a way to express sentences like:\n\nHumans **evolved to eat** smaller amounts of carbohydrates than we're used to\neating today.\n\nPenguins **evolved to eat** fish.\n\nCould anyone suggest a close translation?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T09:48:14.330",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "How to express \"evolved to eat X\"?",
"view_count": 100
} | [
{
"body": "If I were you, I would say 'Xを食べるよう進化した' ( X wo taberu you shinka shita ).",
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| 25968 | null | 25971 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25970",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "At one point in a particular work of fiction, a character announces\n我が力、とくとご覧あれ！ As I understand, it means 'Behold my power!' But I don't know\nwhat とくと means. I would guess it's archaic, since the whole sentence sounds\narchaic, but I might be wrong. Is it some kind of honorific word?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T11:22:25.463",
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"tags": [
"words",
"archaic-language"
],
"title": "What does とくと mean?",
"view_count": 1612
} | [
{
"body": "「とくと」 means 「よく」= \"carefully\", \"thoroughly\", etc. It should be found in any\nsmall monolingual dictionaries.\n\nThe word is not really archaic; It is just not used often in informal\nconversation.\n\nIt is used quite often in dramatic- or theatrical-sounding **_imperative or\nrequest_** asking one to do something thoroughly just like in your example. In\nother words, one would expect to hear it more often in fiction than in real\nlife.\n\nThe verbs most often used with 「とくと」 would be 「見{み}る」,「聞{き}く」,「考{かんが}える」, etc.\n「ご覧{らん}になる」 in your example, of course, is the honorific form of 「見る」.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T11:33:39.257",
"id": "25970",
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{
"body": "とくと is used when you're trying to check on something thoroughly. \nIt is another form of totteyoku とってよく.\n\nTake something in one's hand to have a good look. \n何かを手にとってよく見る",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T17:46:50.510",
"id": "25977",
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| 25969 | 25970 | 25970 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25976",
"answer_count": 5,
"body": "I was looking at the [20 precepts of\nkarate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%AB_kun) and I really like this\none:\n\n> 空手の修業は一生である\n\nThe translation should be something like:\n\n> Karate is a lifelong pursuit.\n\nLooking for it on google.co.jp I've been suggested for:\n\n> 空手の修行は一生である\n\nWhich is the difference between the two kanji? Is the meaning correct (and the\nsame)?\n\nPS: \nSorry but I don't have any knowledge of the language, not sure about the tags\nor if the question is even \"correct\"!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T13:35:21.770",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"kanji"
],
"title": "Which is the difference of meaning beetween 業 and 行?",
"view_count": 332
} | [
{
"body": "I am a novice in this language, but i can say that, basically:\n\n * 業 means \"act\" or \"deed\"\n * 行 means \"to go\" or simply \"go\"\n\nSo, depending on the context/the way the phrase is formed, it could be used\ninterchangeably.\n\nAny more experienced can correct me if im wrong.",
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T15:15:00.927",
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"body": "From what I can see on jisho.org: \n修業{しゅうぎょう} is `pursuit of knowledge; studying; learning; training; completing\na course` \n修行{しゅぎょう} is `training; practice; discipline; study`.\n\nFrom the definitions I would imagine that no, they are don't mean the exact\nsame thing on their own, but perhaps in context as Erakk said, they might be\nable to be used interchangeably.\n\nThat being said, in the context of the precept, I would say that the former\napplies more closely. At least from my understanding of doctrines in English,\nsomething like this would be similar to saying that one is always a student,\nso to say it is a lifelong pursuit of mastery (knowledge/understanding). The\nlatter seems to fit better for something that isn't necessarily lifelong.\n\nIn addition I would say that whichever you use would be understood, and\nperhaps the latter is a contemporary version.\n\nIf there's someone who disagrees with or has something to add to/revise my\ninterpretation _please_ make a comment, I'd like feedback.",
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T15:26:31.617",
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{
"body": "The word 修業 is used for something you can complete/graduate/master. This is\nwhy we use 卒業 to express a graduation from something. I think we never use 卒行\nin this situation. At least I have never seen 卒行 in my life.\n\nOn the other hand, the word 修行 is used for something you can not complete.\n\nThus, when you say\n\n> Karate is a lifelong pursuit.\n\n修行 does fit well because it's a lifelong one.\n\n* * *\n\nUnfortunately, the reason why Gichin Funakoshi used 修業 in his Nijū kun is not\nknown well. Might be he wanted to emphasize the technical aspect of Karate you\ncan master (instead of the mental aspect). [1]\n\n[1]\n<http://dspace.lib.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2297/11817/1/AA11546136-11-bittmann.pdf>\n(Japanese)",
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T16:18:26.707",
"id": "25975",
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{
"body": "修行 is primarily used for (endless/lifelong) **religious** discipline; it's\nsomething Buddhist monks or priests do every day. Note that this kanji 行 (\n_gyō_ ) on its own means 'religious training/discipline/practice', as in 行者 (\n_gyōja_ , person who does 修行, especially that of\n[修験道](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D)),\n[滝行](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%9D%E8%A1%8C) ( _takigyō_ , waterfall\nmeditation), 苦行 ( _kugyō_ , hard discipline), etc. You can also use 修行 with\nvarious kinds of Japanese traditional martial arts, such as _judo_ or _karate_\n, where similar mental discipline is important.\n\n修業 ( _shugyō_ ) is more secular and refers to '(professional) training' in\ngeneral. 訓練 ( _kunren_ ) is the formal and normal word for this, but 修業 is\nalso used in casual settings. 修業 is usually used for something one can\neventually master. 修業 is something you do when you want to become a chef,\nphysician, pilot, lawyer, and so on. One interesting phrase is 花嫁修業 (\n_hanayome shugyō_ , \"bridal training\"), which refers to learning\ncooking/housekeeping/etc before getting married.\n\nThat said, I think many people are not very strict on this difference, and use\nthese words interchangeably. In your example, 空手の修業 and 空手の修行 are both\nnatural, but 空手の修行 looks a bit nicer to me, especially when it refers to the\nlifelong discipline.\n\nBy the way 修業 has another reading, しゅうぎょう ( _sh **ū** gyō_). If 修業 is read\nthis way, it mainly means 'to finish [a course at school]'.\n\nReference (in Japanese):\n\n * [修行](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C) in Wikipedia\n * [意外と間違う、｢修行｣と｢修業｣の使い分け](http://ameblo.jp/kijisakusei/entry-11058644430.html)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T17:15:52.310",
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{
"body": "I don't know exactly _why_ 船越義珍 used 修業 since 修行 would also make sense. But\nsince he did, I think the quote should only be considered correct the way you\nstated it:\n\n> 空手の **修業** は一生である。\n\nFirstly, since you probably don't know, 修 is often pronounced しゅう ( _shū_ ,\nlong U), but in both 修業 and 修行, it may be pronounced しゅ ( _shu_ , short U), so\nthere are three words, しゅぎょう (修業 or 修行) and しゅうぎょう (修業), which all have their\nown entries. (So for the record, at the bottom are the entries in the J-J\ndictionary 大辞林 _Daijirin_.)\n\n修行 has a strong connotation with training/discipline in the \"spiritual\npractice\" ( _sādhāna_ ) sense (see sense ③ below). 修業 on the other hand has a\nmore \"down-to-earth\" connotation of studying/learning. But as its\nsupplementary explanation says,\n\n> Still, sometimes 修行 is used with almost the same meaning as 修業.\n\nAnyway, with the sentence at hand, it seems like\n\n> Karate is a lifelong pursuit.\n\nis a good translation. (Using 修行, it would sound more like \"Karate is a\nlifelong spiritual practice.\")\n\nI find it curious that in spite of Funakoshi's philosophical inclinations, he\nchose 修業. Maybe he indeed meant to focus on the down-to-earth day-to-day\npractical aspects of training. Or maybe he didn't and chose 修業 as an\nalternative spelling of 修行, to avoid the strong association with Buddhism. Or\nmaybe he just didn't have any particular reason for choosing one over the\nother.\n\n* * *\n\n> **しゅ ぎょう** —げふ [0] 【修業】 \n> (名) スル\n>\n>\n> 学問・技芸などをならい修めること。しゅうぎょう。「師について—する」〔同音語の「修行」は仏道に励むことを主にいうが、それに対して「修業」は学問・技芸などをならい身につけることをいう。なお「修行」は「修業」とほぼ同等の意で用いられる場合もある〕\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> **しゅう ぎょう** しうげふ [0] 【修業】 \n> (名) スル\n>\n> 学問や技芸などを習って身につけること。しゅぎょう。\n>\n> * * *\n>\n> **しゅ ぎょう** —ぎやう [0] 【修行】 \n> (名) スル\n>\n> ① 学問や技芸・武術などに励み、それをみがくこと。「—を積む」「武者—」\n>\n> ② 生理的欲求を禁じて精神および肉体を鍛錬することにより、精神の浄化や神的存在との合一を得ようとする宗教的行為。\n>\n> ③ 《仏》戒律を守ったり、悟りを開くために特定の宗教的行為を行なって、仏の教えを実践すること。仏道に励むこと。→修業(補説欄)",
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}
]
| 25972 | 25976 | 25976 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25980",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading a Japanese blog post and ひゃっほーい was the starter (sort of like\nthe intro). I researched a bit and my current understanding is that ひゃっほーい\nexpresses happiness, like saying \"yay\" or \"wow\" in English. I was hoping that\nsomeone could reaffirm my understanding or correct it. Also, I've never heard\nthis being used in any situation (verbally), so I'm also looking for an answer\nto when this could be used. Any help would be greatly appreciated! :D",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-27T18:53:01.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25979",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-07-28T00:41:23.040",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10748",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation",
"expressions",
"slang",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "Usage of ひゃっほーい?",
"view_count": 518
} | [
{
"body": "I think ひゃっほーい is to be understood as a variant of ヤッホー\n\n> **ヤッホー** [1] 【yo-ho】\n>\n> (感)\n>\n> 山で、仲間に合図をしたりする語。また、喜びを表す語。「—、いいぞいいぞ」\n\n(Unfortunately, I don't know how you call your friends in the mountains in\nEnglish. \"Heeey!\"?)\n\nヤッホー is commonly used to call out to your friends or to get their attention\n(not just in the mountains). (For example, you arrange to meet your friends at\na train station, you spot them first, you walk up to them and say ヤッホー as a\ngreeting.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-27T20:21:26.237",
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"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "25979",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 25979 | 25980 | 25980 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25985",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I'm reading Genki II where they introduce なら. There's a dialogue which has\nthe following context: a guy asks his female friend Kyouko to cover for him at\nwork (he's an English teacher). The friend is hesitant and says:\n\n * 私、英語を教えたことがないし、できない。 to which the guy answers:\n * 大丈夫だよ。ぼくより英語が上手だし、きょうこさん **なら出来るよ** 。\n\nWhat is the literal meaning of this? \"You're better at English than I am, so\nif it's you, you can\"? This makes literally zero sense. So I _suspect_ it\nactually has the meaning of \"If there's someone who can do it, it's you\" but\neven if my assumption is correct, I still can't see how なら logically fits into\nthis.\n\nThen there's also another dialogue example. Context: a guy and a girl are in a\nfitness store. They see a fitness machine and are discussing it:\n\nGuy: このフィットネスマシンはどうですか。\n\nGirl: 便利そうですね。\n\nGuy: ええ、このマシン **なら** 、家で運動できますよ。\n\nI've read all I could find on the Internet about なら and while some examples\nmake sense, I still don't understand it in actual, unadapted real-life\nsentences, even as simple as these ones. What does it mean in the above\ndialogue? \"If it's this machine, you can use it at home\"? Surely that's not\ncorrect.\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T02:41:46.447",
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"id": "25981",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-07-28T03:22:45.013",
"last_editor_user_id": "10753",
"owner_user_id": "10753",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Can't understand なら usage in this context",
"view_count": 251
} | [
{
"body": "They like to teach なら as \"if\", but just like all the other words corresponding\nto \"if\" in Japanese, in reality this actually has a \"when A then B\" kind of\nmeaning, which is broader than a simple \"if A then B\".\n\nIn your first example, what the second sentence really means is:\n\n * \"Don't worry! Your English is much better than mine, so **for you** it should be a piece of cake.\"\n\nHere なら is used to mark Kyoko as a possible candidate for the action of\nteaching English, and then say what would happen if she, of all people, did\nthat. The implied suggestion is that if it were the speaker, he would do a\npretty poor job.\n\nSimilarly, in the second example なら comments on this machine as opposed to\nother possible machines, with which it wouldn't be possible to work out at\nhome:\n\n * \"Yes, when you have this machine you can work out at home\".\n\nThe reason なら is used here is because there is an idea of choice: you're\nsaying what would happen if one choice were made, and implying that with other\nchoices some else would happen.\n\nAならB is best thought of not as \"if A, then B\", but as \"under the assumption\nthat A has become a reality, B\". It's commonly used for making some sort of\nassumption, in contrast to other alternatives.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T06:12:35.993",
"id": "25985",
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| 25981 | 25985 | 25985 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the Japanese term for putting an arm around another's shoulder? it is\nkind of hard, at first I am thinking of 抱きしめる but I think it is more about\nembracing someone (tightly).\n\nThank you for the responds",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T04:12:20.873",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25982",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-07-28T22:03:19.853",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10371",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"words",
"terminology"
],
"title": "What is the Japanese term for putting an arm around another's shoulder?",
"view_count": 567
} | [
{
"body": "Most commonly, we would say:\n\n> 「(Person)の肩{かた}に腕{うで}をかける」 or\n>\n> 「(Person)の肩に腕を回{まわ}す」\n\nI actually could not think of another phrase.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-28T04:37:27.963",
"id": "25983",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"parent_id": "25982",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "In addition to @l'électeur's answer, we also commonly say\n[肩【かた】を組【く】む](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E8%82%A9%E3%82%92%E7%B5%84%E3%82%80&tbm=isch)\nwhen two or more people put their arms on one another's shoulders.",
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T11:44:39.870",
"id": "25989",
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| 25982 | null | 25989 |
{
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"body": "What is the proper usage of 出かける because most of the time I am only using 行く\nor 出る\n\nfor example 川へせんたくしに行く and I don't get its difference from 川へせんたくに出かける\n\nthanks for the responds",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-28T09:42:03.760",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25988",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-28T15:11:08.757",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "proper usage of 出かける",
"view_count": 426
} | [
{
"body": "行く means \"go\", 出る means \"leave, depart\" and 出かける means \"leave this place for\nsome errand to do elsewhere\".\n\nSo 川へせんたくしに行く and 川へせんたくに出かける (as well as 川へせんたくしに出かける) make hardly any\ndifference, but you wouldn't be likely to say 地獄{じごく}へ出かける unless you're\nsomething like \"[underworld\ndetective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YuYu_Hakusho)\".",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-28T13:43:18.973",
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| 25988 | null | 25990 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25994",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The first 2 sentences are given as follows. I have no problem with these.\n\n * お客様にお願いいたします。Thank you to our customer.\n\n * 鈴木伸ちゃんという３歳の男のお子さんが迷子になりました。A 3 years old boy named Suzuki Shin is lost.\n\nBut the last one seems to be confusing. Which is the appositive clause, what\nis the purpose of を before お見かけのお客様, why do we use まで?\n\n * 赤いTシャツを着て (wearing T-shirt)、紺の半ズボンをはいて (wearing navy blue 1/2 pants)、黄色い帽子をかぶっている (wearing yellow cap)３歳ぐらいの男のお子さん (about 3 years old boy)をお見かけのお客様、恐れ入りますが、最寄りの売り場までご連絡ください。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-28T16:14:50.523",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to parse the following long announcement?",
"view_count": 144
} | [
{
"body": "「（3歳ぐらいの男のお子さん）をお見かけのお客様」 means like\n\n> \" **Some guest who saw** (an about 3 years old boy)\"\n\nSo 「３歳ぐらいの男のお子さんをお見かけのお客様、最寄りの売り場までご連絡ください。」 means like\n\n> \"Some guest who saw an about 3 years old boy, please contact your near\n> counter.\"\n\nThe sentence before お客様 expresses the target of the announcement, and later,\nthe announcement asks the guests to contact if they saw the boy by\n「最寄りの売り場までご連絡ください」\n\n「まで」 can be replaced with 「に」, but we Japanese prefer to use まで in reporting\nproblems to someone. I don't know why.\n\nBy the way, 「お見かけ」 （original form is お見かけする） is the humble word（謙譲語） of 「見かける」\n(see/find), and this is wrong usage for expressing お客様's action. Either\nfollowing sentence is correct.\n\n> ３歳ぐらいの男のお子さんを見かけたお客様\n>\n> ３歳ぐらいの男のお子さんを見かけましたお客様",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T17:13:28.510",
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| 25992 | 25994 | 25994 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25995",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm afraid this question might be basic knowledge, but for the life of me, I\ncannot figure it out: So most of us know the phrase **'nihongo ga\nwakarimasen'** (meaning: I don't understand japanese) but recently I came\nacross the phrase **'nihongo wo hanashimasen'** (meaning: I don't speak\njapanese)\n\nI am aware that these two phrases are usually said with the particles being\nomitted, but I'm curious about the usage of the particles (ga and wo).\n\n * why is it that one uses ga and the other wo when the object of the sentance(nihongo) is the same? As well as the fact that wakarimasen and hanashimasen are both verbs directed toward the object. \n\nI see no difference in the structure of the two phrases yet the particles are\ndifferent. If anyone can provide an answer, I would appreciate it.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T17:01:50.763",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"syntax",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "'nihongo ga wakarimasen' vs 'nihongo wo hanashimasen' ga and wo usage?",
"view_count": 31642
} | [
{
"body": "I think the accepted answer by **dainichi** to [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12795/whats-the-\ndifference-between-ga-and-o-when-they-are-used-to-designate-a-direc) answers\nit pretty well:\n\n> It depends not only on the verb, but on the form of the verb.\n>\n> The general rule is that static verbs and adjectives take \"ga\" and \"action\n> verbs\" take \"o\" on the direct object.\n>\n\n>> piano-o hiku \n> play the piano\n>>\n\n>> piano-ga hikeru \n> can play the piano\n>\n> Here, playing the piano is an action, thus \"o\" is used. Being able to play\n> the piano is a state, thus \"ga\" is used.\n>\n\n>> ringo-ga hoshii \n> want an apple\n>>\n\n>> ringo-o hoshigaru \n> act like you want an apple\n>\n> Again, to want an apple is a state, so use \"ga\", to act like you want it is\n> an action, so use \"o\".\n\nUnderstanding Japanese is a state -- it's not an action, whereas to speak it\n_is_ an action.\n\nFor example _being able to speak_ it rather than _speaking_ it, which is\n話せる{はなせる} [はなせる{ha na se ru}], would again be a state, and would use が{ga}\njust like 分かる{わかる} [わかる{wa ka ru}]:\n\n> にほんご{ni ho n go} が{ga} はなせません{ha na se ma se n}。 \n> I can't speak Japanese.\n\nAs dainichi said, the general rule is that state verbs/adjectives use が{ga}\nwhile actions take を{wo}.",
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T17:33:15.813",
"id": "25995",
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"body": "I know this is an old question but for the one interested this is a matter of\ntransitive vs intrasitive verbs. The [Youtube video of Japanese\nAmmo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhUCbXJTJOg&t) explained this very well.\n\nIf you want to see if a given verb is transitive or intrasitive you can look\nfor it at the [Jisho online dictionary](https://jisho.org).",
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"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2018-11-25T13:44:13.490",
"id": "63037",
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| 25993 | 25995 | 25995 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26001",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> あたしのお母さんはあなたはなぜあたしを好きか不思議らしい\n\nI know that 不思議 can mean either marvelous or strange so I'm a bit confused to\nreally understand the meaning of this sentence which came on its own without a\ncontext.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-28T19:13:02.463",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "25997",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-29T02:42:34.383",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-28T21:21:25.970",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10730",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Does this sentence have a good or bad meaning?",
"view_count": 159
} | [
{
"body": "不思議 in this context means 不思議に思う, 疑問に思う, 'wonder', etc.\n\n> あたしのお母さんは[あなたはなぜあたしを好きか]不思議らしい \n> It seems that my mom is wondering [why you like me]. \n> (brackets used to emphasize the grammatical structure)\n\nThis can be a good news if the mother is just thinking the male person is\ndisproportionately nice for her daughter. Depending on the context, this also\ncan be a bad news if the mother wants them to break up.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T02:42:34.383",
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| 25997 | 26001 | 26001 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "25999",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It seems to behave like a verb, and would be the negated form of a verb あく if\nit were.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-28T23:52:11.417",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"dialects",
"kansai-ben"
],
"title": "Is the Kansai あかん a negated verb?",
"view_count": 637
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, it must be, because it appears (or has appeared) in various inflected\nforms such as あかへん. There are multiple theories about where exactly it comes\nfrom, but according to 日本国語大辞典 it's derived from らち(埒)があかぬ:\n\n> 「らち(埒)があかぬ」の上を略した表現「あかぬ」の変化した語\n\nMartin's _Reference Grammar of Japanese_ (1975) is slightly dated but has some\ninteresting discussion on page 385, including a possible alternate etymology\nfrom いかん:\n\n> The Kansai variant akan apparently is the result of assimilation of the\n> first vowel of ikan to the second. Maeda 1965 accepts Ōtsuki's explanation\n> that akan is a truncation of rati [ga] akanu 'makes no headway', but\n> skeptical Yamanaka 1970 seems to have reached a conclusion similar to\n> mine.22 Maeda says that in Ōsaka akan dates from the 1850s and appears also\n> in the forms akahen, akehen, akimahen (an example appears in Tk 3.290a),\n> akasimahen, akesimahen; he mentions modern \"affirmative\" formations in\n> questions: aku ka akan ka, aku mon ka, aku ka i.\n\nAnd here's the footnote:\n\n> 22. We may be wrong. Miyara 1954.45 says the Nagoya equivalent of akan is\n> datikan or datyakan, coming from rati-akanu.\n\nThis footnote does appear to support the same etymology given by 日本国語大辞典, but\nI think the passage from Martin's grammar is still very interesting because of\nthe range of forms he reports.\n\nHere are the full names of the references in the quote above:\n\n * Maeda 1965 = 上方語源辞典 (前田勇 1965)\n * Miyara 1954 = 風土と言葉 (宮良当壯 1954)\n * Yamanaka 1970 = 方言俗語語源辞典 (山中襄太 1970)\n * Ōtsuki = 大槻文彦 (1847-1928), in reference to his work 大言海 (I think)\n * Tk = the writings of 徳川夢声 (1894-1971)\n\nAs you can see, Martin lists a number of interesting forms that it's appeared\nin, including unusual forms like あくかあかんか in which speakers are clearly\ntreating it as a verb form.\n\nHowever, despite these citations, あかん doesn't usually appear with a complete\nrange of verb forms, so it's fairly unusual as negated verb forms go. I don't\nthink the affirmative verb form あく would be understood in most contexts. By\nfar the most common form is simply あかん by itself.",
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| 25998 | 25999 | 25999 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26002",
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"body": "So a normal way to say \"Bob wants a burger\" might be:\n\n```\n\n bobu-wa hanbaaga-ga hoshii\n bob-TOPIC burger-NOMINATIVE is_wanted\n as for Bob, a burger is wanted\n \n```\n\n_[I'm only vaguely familiar with the standard conventions for grammatical\nglossing; feel free to edit that if you want.]_\n\nBut `wa` is really just the topic marker. \nTechnically, it doesn't actually explicitly establish the grammatical role of\n`bobu` within the... hm, \"predicate structure\" of `hoshii`.\n\nIs it _possible_ to actually explicitly connect `bobu` to `hoshii` like that? \n(Neverminding the question of a context where it would sound natural.)\n\nMaybe something like this?:\n\n```\n\n bobu-ni hanbaaga-ga hoshii\n bob-DATIVE burger-NOMINATIVE is_wanted\n a burger is wanted by Bob\n \n```\n\n(Or maybe with a different order like:\n\n```\n\n hanbaaga-ga bobu-ni hoshii\n burger-NOMINATIVE bob-DATIVE is_wanted\n \n```\n\nif that sounds better. Not the main point.)\n\n**Or maybe another way of asking this question:**\n\nIf someone told you:\n\n```\n\n hanbaaga-ga hoshii\n burger-NOMINATIVE is_wanted\n a burger is wanted (by him)\n \n```\n\nThey're assuming you understand from context who the implicit \"wanter\" is. \nBut if it's actually not clear, and you have to ask:\n\n```\n\n \"*Who* wants a burger?\"\n \n```\n\nthen how do you do that?\n\n(In a complete sentence! \nOf course pragmatically you would prolly just use a fragment like \"dare?\" or\nsomething, \nbut there must be an _implied_ complete sentence, \nright?)\n\nI assume this would be wrong:\n\n```\n\n dare-wa hanbaaga-ga hoshii ka?\n who-topic burger-NOMINATIVE is_wanted QUESTION\n as for who, a burger is wanted?\n \n```\n\nSo how about this?:\n\n```\n\n dare-ni hanbaaga-ga hoshii ka?\n dare-DATIVE burger-NOMINATIVE is_wanted QUESTION\n by who is a burger wanted?\n \n```\n\n(Or, again, flip the order:\n\n```\n\n hanbaaga-ga dare-ni hoshii ka?\n burger-NOMINATIVE dare-DATIVE is_wanted QUESTION\n a burger is wanted by who?\n \n```\n\nif that sounds better.)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T02:12:48.867",
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-は",
"particle-が"
],
"title": "Can you transform \"[wanter]-wa [wanted thing]-ga hoshii\" to \"[wanter]-ni [wanted thing]-ga hoshii\"? Or anything else?",
"view_count": 270
} | [
{
"body": "Maybe the particle you chose, に (ni), is not quite right.\n\nボブにハンバーガーが欲しい (bobu-ni hanbaaga-ga hoshii) and ハンバーガーがボブに欲しい (hanbaaga-ga\nbobu-ni hoshii) would mean something like \"( _I_ ) want a burger for Bob\".\nIt's _I_ or someone else, not _Bob_ , that is the implicit wanter, and the\nwanter likes to give the burger to Bob. Of course we usually don't say things\nlike this often.\n\nIf you really like to avoid this topic marker, you can just use the transitive\nverb 欲する (hossuru), which grammatically resembles the English word _want_.\nボブがハンバーガーを欲する (bobu-ga hanbaaga-wo hossuru) semantically means \"Bob wants a\nburger\", although this is uncommon and funny especially in conversations.\n(Perhaps this would _feel_ like \"Bob is in want of a burger\")\n\nAs for your second question:\n\n * 誰がハンバーガーが欲しいか？ (dare-ga hanbaaga-ga hosii ka?) \nWho wants a burger? (who is the wanter?)\n\n(dare- **wa** is virtually never used, so I changed that part)\n\n * 誰にハンバーガーが欲しいか？ (dare-ni hanbaaga-ga hosii ka?) \nハンバーガーが誰に欲しいか？ (hanbaaga-ga dare-ni hosii ka?) \nFor whom do (you) want a burger? (assuming _you_ want to give a burger to\nsomeone, to whom?)\n\nAgain it's _you_ , or anyone inferred from the context, who is the implicit\nwanter in the latter example.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T03:06:11.757",
"id": "26002",
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"body": "In the first place, \"hanbaaga-ga\" as in \"hanbaaga-ga hoshii\" is not the\nsubject. So it doesn't mean a burger is wanted.\n\nBoth the subject and the object of \"hoshii\" are indicated by ga, in other\nwords, when you express \"bobu-wa hanbaaga-ga hoshii\" without any topicalized\nelements, it becomes \"bobu- **ga** hanbaaga-ga hoshii\". So, \"who wants a\nburger\" can be expressed as \"dare-ga hanbaaga-ga hoshii?\" or \"hanbaaga-ga\nhoshii-no-wa dare desuka?\".",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T03:12:11.480",
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| 26000 | 26002 | 26002 |
{
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"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I just want to know what the difference is between the two and their proper\nusage because in dictionary they seem almost the same.",
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T04:22:58.953",
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"owner_user_id": "10371",
"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"usage"
],
"title": "Difference between 月曜 and 月曜日",
"view_count": 1230
} | [
{
"body": "Only 曜 itself stands for day of the week, wherein 曜日 stand for the day of the\nweek. So, there's not much of a big difference as such. Proper usage would be,\nin my opinion, 月曜日 because it completes the exact word.",
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T17:56:27.677",
"id": "26028",
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"body": "The difference is minimal. They can be used interchangeably most of the time.\n\nThe actual conceptual difference between 月曜 and 月曜日 is not so hard to\nunderstand, either. First you have to know that what 曜 exactly refers to is\n[\"planet\" in astrology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_planet). Thus,\n月曜 means \"planet of Moon\" and 月曜日 is \"day of planet of Moon\". So it's like\nwe're actually calling it \"Moon's day\" when we say 月曜日, and \"the Moon's\" for\n月曜.\n\nThis situation is somewhat similar to the word \"English\". When we say\n\"English\" alone it's usually understood as \"English language\" (or \"English\npeople\"). But it doesn't mean \"English\" automatically stands for the language,\nas you couldn't rephrase \"English muffin\" as \"English _language_ muffin\". The\nsame thing applies to 月曜, but the difference is that the 曜 feature is only\nconsidered attributable to days, so it's almost unable to show a clear\n\"English language muffin\" example for this.\n\nThat said, you can see a few noninterchangeable circumstances: **暗黒の月曜日**\n(\"[Black Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_%281987%29)\")\nwouldn't be *暗黒の月曜, because the exact _day_ is memorable, rather than the the\nfact the day is accidentally a Monday. On the other hand, I'd say **月曜研究会**\n(\"Monday study group\") but not *月曜日研究会, because it'll sound like we're\nstudying _about_ rather than _on_ Mondays. Generally, 月曜 is preferred to make\nof compound words, since what day it belongs matters more than the real date,\nunless the very day(s) of certain 曜日 is really in concern (where It's\ndifficult to explain it using English because it lacks a word means \"Monday-\nness\" without saying \"-day\", but I hope you get it).",
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| 26004 | null | 26081 |
{
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"body": "日本語文法の初心者です :D\n\nIn general, を is not used with 好き because 好き is a na-adjective:\n\n> * 彼は猫が好きです。 -- correct\n> * 彼は猫を好きです。 -- incorrect\n>\n\nIf this part is \"embedded\" as a clause, を is also acceptable, and this\nphenomenon is asked and answered in other questions in this site:\n\n * [Why is を used in this situation? 私は先生がネコを好きだと思います](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4210/5010)\n * [を vs が with use against 好き?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3473/5010)\n\n> * 私は彼が猫が好きだと思います。 -- correct\n> * 私は彼が猫 **を** 好きだと思います。 -- correct\n>\n\nOkay, this explains why 「彼が猫を好きな理由を教えて」「彼がどんな猫を好きか気になる」「彼が猫を好きって知ってた？」 and so\non are valid.\n\nBut my question is why the following sentences are also OK:\n\n> 1. 誰が猫が好き？ -- correct\n> 2. 誰が猫 **を** 好き？ -- correct (perhaps better than 1.), but why?\n> 3. 彼はなぜ猫が好きなのですか？ -- correct\n> 4. 彼はなぜ猫 **を** 好きなのですか？ -- correct, but why?\n>\n\nThe accepted answers in the linked questions say that the outer verb (i.e. 思う)\nplays the critical role as to why が is replaceable with を. But these sentences\nare not related with \"embedding\". And I believe none of the four sentences\nabove are particularly slangy (but tell me if someone feels any of the four\nsentences are slangy).\n\nAnd I've also come up with [the phrase\n「猫を好きになる」](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/25743/5010), which I know is\nperfectly fine on its own.\n\nSo I feel there must be another grammatical rule which I'm not aware of.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-を"
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"title": "Usage of ～を好き outside of embedded clauses",
"view_count": 6154
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{
"body": "I think exceptionally using 「を」 with normally 「が」-marked words is not\nsomething unique to 「好き」 and 「嫌い」.\n\nLet me start by expanding the scope of your question: the other questions you\nlinked to explain why 「が」 can turn into 「を」 under 「〜と[certain verbs]」; they\ndid not explain why things like 「私は太郎が猫 **を** 嫌いな理由は未だに分からない。」 are just fine.\n\nSo I think **why 「が」 can sometimes turn into 「を」 in relative clauses** is\nimportant to discuss as well.\n\n## Relative clause weirdness\n\nConsider the following examples:\n\n> ×太郎は英語をわかる。 ⇒ 太郎が英語をわかるはずがない。 \n> ×太郎は英語をよくできる。 ⇒ 太郎が英語をよくできるはずがない。 \n> ×太郎は猫を欲しい。 ⇒ 太郎が猫を欲しい理由は分からない。\n\nWhile を is not permissible in the first sentences, it is in the latter. The\ndifference in the latter of course being that the verb and its argument is in\na relative clause.\n\nIt turns out that, of all of the cases where I can think of that this happens,\nthe が that we would normally see (太郎は英語 **が** わかる) is the so called\n\"nominative object marker\".\n\n## Nominative objects\n\nA nominative object is to be distinguished from a usual subject-subject\nconstruction:\n\n> 太郎はシラミがいる。 (subject-subject)\n\nvs\n\n> 太郎は猫が好きだ。 (subject-object)\n\nWe can distinguish these cases by a few tricks.\n\n 1. Subject honorification:\n\n> ×山田先生はシラミがおいでになる。 (subject-subject)\n>\n> 山田先生は猫がお好きだ。 (subject-object)\n\nIn the first case, the subject honorification ends up connecting to シラミ, which\ndoesn't make sense (cf., 山田先生は美しい奥さんがおいでになる).\n\nIn the second case, 猫 is a (nominative) object, so subject honorification\ndoesn't connect to it.\n\n 2. 自分:\n\n> 太郎は恋人が自分の家で自殺した。 (subject-subject)\n>\n> 太郎は花子が自分の妹より好きだ。 (subject-object)\n\nIn the first case, 自分 binds to 恋人. Some native speakers find it ambiguous and\nthink it can also bind to 太郎.\n\nIn the latter case, 自分 must bind to 太郎, because 花子 is an object.\n\nTo learn more about nominative objects, read\n\n> Miyagawa, S., & Saito, M. (2008) [Nominative\n> Object](https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=4CS07LRO8O8C&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false).\n> In The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics.\n>\n> Kuno, S., & Johnson, Y. (2005) On the non-canonical double nominative\n> construction in Japanese.\n\n(The latter is an absolutely fantastic paper but I can't seem to find a un-\npaywalled copy of it online.)\n\n## Nominative objects in relative clauses\n\nMy claim is that when you have one of these verbs that mark their object with\nが in a relative clause, it sometimes becomes permissible to mark them with を.\nI can't seem to find any relevant papers.\n\nI think this is not _always_ the case -- for example...\n\n> 君が羨ましい \n> 君を羨ましい理由は分かる？\n\nI think the latter sentence may not work. There are other cases where I'm not\nentirely sure, but I am unfortunately not a native speaker.\n\nHere's a list from Kuno 1973 of predicates that accept nominative objects:\n\n * Competence: 上手、苦手、下手、得意、上手い、できる \n * Feeling: 好き、嫌い、欲しい、怖い \n * Nonintentional perception: 分かる、聞こえる、見える \n * Possession and need: ある (have)、要る\n\nIf any native speakers could try embedding these in relative clauses and\nseeing which ones do and don't allow for を, perhaps we could come up with an\neven more refined argument.\n\nBut at least, in all cases where を _does_ work in a relative clause yet\ndoesn't outside of a relative clause, as far as I can tell it's always a\nnominative object outside of the relative clause.\n\nIn other words, while this is not true:\n\n> is nominative object → can be marked by 「を」 when in relative clause\n\nI think this _is_ true:\n\n> can be marked by 「を」 when in relative clause → is nominative object\n\n## Question sentences\n\nWith question sentences, it seems that verbs that can use 「を」 are the same as\nthe ones that can in relative clauses.\n\nTaking できる, for example,\n\n> この部屋では誰が英語をよくできる？\n\nseems fine.",
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"body": "This is my own subjective sense and I have no source to refer to, but I feel\nthat oddness of structure like ◯◯を好き is stronger in this order.\n\n 1. present indicative (very unnatural)\n\n◯◯を好きだ！\n\n 2. past indicative\n\n◯◯を好きだった\n\n 3. sentences with some modality (question / command / conjecture / indirect quote etc.)\n\n(conjecture) ◯◯を好きなのだ\n\n(indirect quote) ◯◯を好きだ…と？\n\n 4. modifying clause (fine)\n\n◯◯を好きな理由",
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| 26005 | 27367 | 27367 |
{
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"body": "This is a fairly vague question and I will try and make it more specific, but,\nif possible, could you list the changes that have occured in japanese writing\nin particular? (e.g character change, sentence structure, way of writing,\netc.). I don't expect there to be a complete list, but if you have anything\nthat you know of please put it below. I ask this because people say that some\nof my grandma's japanese, -particularly in letters- is seldom used anymore,\nbut is still largely understandable; so, I am curious as to what made it seem\noutdated. If it helps at all, my grandmother was born in Shimane prefecture in\nthe mid 1930's\n\n```\n\n Thank you!\n Morella A.\n \n```",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T08:56:12.300",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"usage",
"kanji",
"syntax"
],
"title": "How has japanese writing changed in the last century?",
"view_count": 345
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{
"body": "A lot has changed, IMO one good way is to compare newspapers from the days.\nThis one is from the Meiji era:\n<http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/saninshimbun/02.gif>\n\nThis one from during WW2:\n<http://userdisk.webry.biglobe.ne.jp/005/523/32/N000/000/000/123528635262516412541.jpg>\n\nThis is from 1960:\n<http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PAoTj0oNAQ0/U3XNJ1s7WpI/AAAAAAAAAAA/o2JBaQG5iaM/s1600/19601215_KobNP_1.jpg>",
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"body": "While in Japan I came across the Kinokuniya mega bookshop, which I fell in\nlove with. I went to one of the top floors, started browsing the Japanese\nlearning books, and found a couple focused on listening and speaking, two of\nmy weakest points, and completely in Japanese, which is another plus. In\ngeneral they're not too difficult, as I got the ones most suited to my level,\nbut now and then I come across certain things I haven't seen before. One of\nthem is sentences ending in て\n\nAn example, from a listening exercise (dialogue between two international\nstudents and their host, before going back to their country.)\n\n * 山川：本当？うれしい、ありがとう。\n * リー：来るとき、 **連絡してね**\n\nAnother example:\n\n * リー：ねえ、覚えてる？去年の４月、私が初めて日本へ来た時、山川さんに空港までむかえにきてもらったね。\n * 山川：もちろん覚えてるよ。リーさん、こんなに大きなかばんを２つも **持って** 。 \n * リー：そうそう。一人で運べないから、山川さんに手伝って **もらって** 。本当に助かった。\n\nI have also found examples of it on a Shin Chan volume I'm reading, for\nexample:\n\n * おやつ食べたら体温計 **持ってきて**\n\nSo, what's the purpose of finishing verbs in て at the end of the sentence?\n\nEDIT: I understand the て (order) from the first conversation and the Shin Chan\nextract. Only the second one is left, which from context I understand is not\nan order.",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "Sentences ending in て",
"view_count": 2493
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{
"body": "It is one of the most used forms to give commands, but in a semi-polite\nmanner. Maybe you have seen it with ください appended, which is used to increase\npoliteness, as adding \"please\" to a command. I have been told by my teachers\nthat it still is a command and not a request.\n\nIn your first example リー is telling (commanding) 山川 to advice her when coming\nto her place. In the second example 山川 is telling (commanding) the other\nperson to bring 2 bags as big as the referenced. However, the て form that リー\nis using is to join actions, in other words, リー is thanking the action\nreceived.\n\nIn the Shin Chan example, the person is telling (commanding) other person to\nbring a thermometer.",
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"body": "In your examples, the 〜て form of the verb is to make it a command.\n\nI'm not sure if you've already come across this grammar point before, but to\nturn a verb into its command form, you convert the verb into the 〜て form and\nadd ください after it.\n\nFor example, 持つ (to hold) → 持って下さい (please hold ~)\n\nIn casual conversation, it's common to remove the ください, and simply leave the\nverb in the 〜て form.\n\nYour first example would translate to something like:\n\n山川: Really? I'm glad, thanks!\n\nりー: When you come, contact me!\n\nEDIT: I should probably note that while I call this the command form, this is\na polite way of making requests (Removing ください will make the request less\npolite). There is a verb form known as 命令形 which is a much more direct (more\nimpolite) way of commanding someone compared to the 〜て form.\n\nーーーーーーー\n\nEDIT 2: (EXPLAINING THE SECOND CONVERSATION)\n\nI'm not entirely sure if this is correct, but I would assume that the 〜て form\nfor 持って is a shortened version of 持ってる。\n\nSo the conversation goes something along the lines of...\n\nリー: Heey, do you remember? Last April when I first came to Japan, Yamakawa-san\ncame to pick me up from the airport, right?\n\n山川: Of course I remember! Rii-san, you're holding two bags THIS big!?\n\nリー: Yeah, yeah. I can't carry it all by myself, so could you help me? You've\nbeen very helpful!",
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"body": "As many said, 来るとき、連絡してね and 体温計持ってきて are the command usage. But 大きなかばんを２つも持って\nand 手伝ってもらって are just a conjunctive (or adverbial) usage.\n\n * リー：ねえ、覚えてる？去年の４月、私が初めて日本へ来た時、山川さんに空港までむかえにきてもらったね。 Hey, do you remember? Yamakawa-san, you came to the airport to pick me up when I first came to Japan last April.\n * 山川：もちろん覚えてるよ。リーさん、こんなに大きなかばんを２つも持って。 Of course I do, Lee-san. (You came) with as many as two this big bags.\n * リー：そうそう。一人で運べないから、山川さんに手伝ってもらって。本当に助かった。 Yeah, since I couldn't bring them all by myself, (I did them) with your help. I really appreciate it.",
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| 26010 | null | 26013 |
{
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"body": "I'd have liked to have asked this as a comment to the accepted answer in the\npost linked below but sadly, my reputation does not yet allow that.\n\n[in 買っては, I need some explanation for っては\npart](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/25928/in-%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF-\ni-need-some-explanation-for-%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF-part)\n\nIn the above post, the sentence\n\n> 靴買うならTシャツやいま使うもの買っては？！\n\nis translated as\n\n> \"If you're going to buy shoes, how about buying / why don't you buy a\n> t-shirt / t-shirts or an item / items that you'll use now **instead**\n> (rather than shoes)?\"\n\nI was wondering why the translator is so confident that \"instead\" is implied\nrather than \"as well\". When I hear \"How about...\" in English, I feel at best a\nslight implication of \"instead of the alternative\". Does \"どうですか\" carry a\nstrong implication of \"instead\" in Japanese?\n\nFurther, is there a way that the speaker could have emphasized her meaning\nwith a specific word or expression (something like \"rather than the\nalternatives\")?\n\nAnd lastly, how could the speaker have have said:\n\n> \"If you're going to buy shoes, how about buying / why don't you buy a\n> t-shirt / t-shirts or an item / items that you'll use now **as well**?\"\n\nThanks all for reading. Any help is appreciated.",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
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"title": "Expressing the concept of \"instead\"",
"view_count": 816
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{
"body": "This 'instead' was kindly inserted by the translator because the speaker did\n_not_ use も (=also, as well) in the original sentence. It's the absence of も\nthat implies the speaker is suggesting buying something else instead.\n\n> * 靴(を)買うならTシャツ **も** 買っては？ \n> If you're going to buy shoes, why don't you buy a T-shirt _as well_?\n> * 靴(を)買うならTシャツ( **を** )買っては？ \n> If you're going to buy shoes, why don't you buy a T-shirt (instead)?\n>\n\nAnd this answered your last question, too.",
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| 26014 | 26017 | 26017 |
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"body": "I'm just starting to learn Japanese. I do not quite understand one of the uses\nof the captioned particles. I've learned that に refers to the location of the\ndestination, and へ refers to the direction of the destination. But my friend\ntold me they are interchangeable and に is colloquial and へ is for writing. If\nyes, in below cases are they interchangeable?\n\n> 1. 川の向こう **へ** 渡る橋は一つしかありませんでした。\n> 2. 友達とレストラン **へ** 行きます。\n> 3. 来月国 **へ** 帰ります。\n>\n\nWill the meanings be different if へ is changed to に? If yes, what difference\nwill there be?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles",
"particle-に",
"particle-へ"
],
"title": "Are へ and に interchangeable in these cases?",
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{
"body": "「に」 being colloquial and 「へ」 being for writing, not really. You can have\ncolloquial writing, for example. I think your friend is mixing _spoken_\nlanguage with _colloquial_ language.\n\n**Spoken** would be the language that comes out in the form of sound. Being\n**sponken** doesn't automatically implies that it is **colloquial**. You can\nhave **formal** , **polite** spoken language, like people interacting in a\nbusiness meeting or in a corporate environment. Likewise, you can have\n**colloquial written** language, like a lot of dialogue in fiction or text\nmessages exchanged between friends.",
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"body": "I think you can use へ or に more or less interchangeably in your examples\nwithout any real change in meaning, but に is probably the more common choice.\n\n> 1a. 川の向こう **へ** 渡る橋は一つしかありませんでした。 \n> 1b. 川の向こう **に** 渡る橋は一つしかありませんでした。\n>\n> 2a. 友達とレストラン **へ** 行きます。 \n> 2b. 友達とレストラン **に** 行きます。\n>\n> 3a. 来月国 **へ** 帰ります。 \n> 3b. 来月国 **に** 帰ります。\n\nEven if you use へ instead of に, you wouldn't be returning _in the direction_\nof your home country next month, you'd be returning _to_ your home country.\nYou most likely wouldn't be going _in the direction of_ a restaurant with your\nfriend, you'd be going _to_ a restaurant with your friend.\n\nSometimes you find explanations online saying something like \"に indicates a\ndestination while へ indicates a direction of motion\". While it's true that へ\ncan indicate a direction rather than a destination, this isn't the whole\nstory. **The particle へ can also indicate the _endpoint_ of motion**, and it\noften does. When it does, へ and に have a lot of overlap.\n\nIn fact, when I check 明鏡国語辞典, I find:\n\n> ①《移動や伝達など方向性をもつ述語とともに使って》 \n> ㋐《方向を表す体言に付いて》移動の方向を表す。 \n> 「一路西へ向かう」「右へ右へと回る」「こっちへ来い」「海の方へ飛んでいく」 \n> ㋑《 **地点を表す** 体言に付いて》 **到達点を表す** 。 \n> 「頂上へたどり着く」「故郷へ帰る」「池へコイを放つ」「荷物をロッカーへ入れる」\n\nAs you can see, monolingual dictionaries also list the \"endpoint of motion\"\nmeaning for へ. Take a look at the examples under ①㋑:\n\n 1. Do you imagine finally reaching the summit of the mountain after a long journey, or do you imagine finally reaching _in the direction of_ the mountaintop? What would that even mean?\n\n 2. Do you imagine returning to your hometown, or do you imagine returning _in the direction_ of your hometown? The latter doesn't really make sense, does it?\n\n 3. Do you imagine putting your luggage in a locker, or do you imagine putting your luggage _in the direction_ of the locker? Again, the latter is probably not what it means.\n\nSometimes へ is very much like に.\n\n* * *\n\nIn general, when both へ and に can be used with the same meaning, に is more\ncommon. This is particularly true in speech, where に is significantly more\ncommon than へ.\n\nSo yes, it's true that へ is used more often in writing. Part of this is\nbecause of への and へと:\n\n 1. The sequence への is often used because ＊にの is ungrammatical:\n\n> 東京 **への** 道 the road to Tōkyō \n> ＊東京 **にの** 道 _(ungrammatical)_\n\nThis construction is more common in writing than in speech.\n\n 2. And へと is a literary compound particle indicating a spatial (or sometimes non-spatial) goal, so of course in this usage へ appears mainly in writing.\n\nBut people certainly say へ as well, just not quite as often. In speech, へ\nappears particularly often following certain nouns, for example in そこへ or どこへ.\nSo your friend's explanation that に is colloquial and へ is for writing isn't\nquite right.\n\n* * *\n\nIn this answer, the giant asterisk ＊ marks a sequence as ungrammatical.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-30T22:08:21.963",
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| 26015 | null | 26053 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26018",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I believe that the tittle already covers my question, but I will explain it\nbetter here.\n\nWhen I was reading the Heisig book (Remembering the Kanji, the sixth edition I\nbelieve) I came across the kanji 旦, which Heisig defines as **Nightbreak**. I\nlooked at <http://www.edrdg.org/cgi-bin/wwwjdic/wwwjdic?1MMJ%E6%97%A6> and\nfound the following definition:\n\n> daybreak; dawn; morning\n\nWhich lead me thing that 旦 means the _start of the day_ and NOT the _start of\nthe night_ , as the key-word and the story Heisig provides leads me to think.\n\nBut the story also talks about a more cultural aspect... I will quote the\nstory from the book here:\n\n> While we normally refer to the start of the day as \"daybreak,\" Japanese\n> commonly refers to it as the \"opening up of night\" into day. Hence the\n> choice of this rather odd key work, nightbreak. The single stroke at the\n> bottom represents the floor (have a peek again at frame 1) or the horizon\n> over which the sun is poking its head.\n\nI know that are two different languages, but I think it it worth mentioning: I\nalso have access to another book from Heisig, the Remembering the Simplified\nHanzi ( _Chinese_ ) and there the Hanzi has the meaning of **daybreak** ;\nmaking me think that he really wants to give the _kanji_ #30 the meaning of\n_nightbreak_.\n\nI am super confused about this Kanji now. **Can someone explain to me what is\nhappening here regarding the meaning of the kanji and possibly give me an\nexplanation about why Heisig chose this key word?**",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T13:27:19.823",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"culture"
],
"title": "Heisig story #30 (Nightbreak) 旦, shouldn't it mean \"daybreak\" instead?",
"view_count": 6515
} | [
{
"body": "I haven't read that book, but [旦 means\n_morning_](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/139534/m0u/), not _evening_.\n\nI think this \"opening up of night\" refers to the Japanese word 夜【よ】明【あ】け\n(\"morning, dawn\", where 夜=night, 明=open), but I don't know why _nightbreak_\nsuddenly came in.\n\nThis kanji is rarely used except in the compound 元旦【がんたん】 (\"the morning of New\nYear's Day\") or in several ateji compounds such as 旦那【だんな】. I think only a few\nnative speakers can explain the original meaning of 旦 with confidence.\n\n元旦 itself has been commonly misunderstood, and some recent dictionaries admit\nthat 元旦 can simply mean \"New Year's Day\" instead of \"New Year's morning\".\nStrictly speaking, \"元旦の夜\" is wrong (\"the night of the morning??\"), but many\npeople use it without caring the meaning of 旦. [NHK carefully avoids such an\nexpression.](http://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/kotoba/gimon/210.html)",
"comment_count": 2,
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{
"body": "It makes sense if you change the context a little ---> night break, i.e the\nnight takes a break, and it become day again.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-07-27T23:04:27.017",
"id": "51814",
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| 26016 | 26018 | 26018 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26021",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I originally learned that i-adjectives are joined with くて e.g.\n\n> 長くて、赤い魚が欲しい。\n\nI want a long, red fish.\n\nRecently I've come across a couple of examples where the two adjectives are\njoined together with the omission of the い from the first e.g.\n\n> 細長い四角\n>\n> Thin, long rectangle\n\nIs this something I can do with any pair of i-adjectives or just ones of the\nsame type (ones that describe size in this case), or are there only specific\npairings that are allowed?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T14:59:02.590",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26019",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"i-adjectives"
],
"title": "A different way to join i-adjectives",
"view_count": 600
} | [
{
"body": "As a general rule, you cannot freely join two arbitrary adjectives like this.\nYou can't say 長赤い nor 赤長い.\n\nWords like 細長い are sometimes called 複合形容詞 (compound adjective). Here are some\nexamples:\n\n * 青白【あおじろ】い (pale), 青【あお】い + 白【しろ】い\n * 赤黒【あかぐろ】い (dark red, bloody), 赤【あか】い + 黒【くろ】い\n * ずる賢【がしこ】い (sly), ずるい + 賢【かしこ】い\n * 暑苦【あつくる】しい (muggy), 暑【あつ】い + 苦【くる】しい\n * 面白【おもしろ】おかしい (funny), 面白【おもしろ】い + おかしい\n\nBasically these words have their own entries in dictionaries.\n\nBut once in a while Japanese people coin new words using this rule. For\nexample young people sometimes say\n[キモかわいい](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A2%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%84&source=lnms&tbm=isch)\n(gross but cute), which is a fairly new i-adjective made of キモい and かわいい.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T15:25:26.270",
"id": "26021",
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| 26019 | 26021 | 26021 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26023",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm confused by this sentence:\n\n> わたしが答える前に急いで川のふちへ **歩いていってしまった** 。\n>\n> Before I answered he had hurriedly walked to the river side???.\n\n歩いている means walking i.e. progressive form but しまう denotes completion of a\nverb. This seems like a contradiction. How do these two parts fit together and\nwhat nuance is carried by this construct? How would it differ from 歩いてしまった?\nThanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T15:16:51.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26020",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-29T15:39:58.710",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "Verb in ている form ends with しまう",
"view_count": 402
} | [
{
"body": "The しまう here means to \"completely\" do something, or to do it to the end as you\nnoted. However, the verb used here is 歩いて **いって** しまった, which is 歩いて＋ **いく**\nand しまう, not 歩いて＋いる. Also, unless you have more context to provide, I would\nnot translate this as \"he quickly walked\", but \"I\".\n\n> * わたしが答える前に急いで川のふちへ歩いていってしまった。 → Before I answered, I quickly walked all\n> the way to the river side.\n>\n\nAlso, it seems more natural to use まで than へ in this case, but I'm not sure\nwhere this sentence comes from.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T15:36:08.537",
"id": "26022",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-29T15:36:08.537",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "78",
"parent_id": "26020",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "There is no contradiction. You are just seeing a phrase that is **_not_**\nthere.\n\nThere is no 「歩{ある}いて **いる** 」 in 「歩いて **いって** しまった」.\n\nThere is, however, 「歩いて **いく** 」 in it.\n\n「歩いていく」= \"to go on foot\", \"to walk to\", etc. can naturally be combined with\n「しまう」. ⇒ \"(He) already walked to (the river bank).\"\n\nFinally, 「歩いてしまった」 could not be used as it makes no sense here. That means\n\"(Someone) walked (though he was not supposed to).\", \"(Someone) walked\n(unexpectedly).\", etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T15:39:58.710",
"id": "26023",
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| 26020 | 26023 | 26022 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know the dictionary definition of 交番{こうばん}, but I've absolutely no idea of\nwhat one actually looks like in real life. So, if someone were to tell me the\ngeneral location of one, what characteristics would I be looking for to\nidentify the exact location?",
"comment_count": 11,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T17:00:00.617",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26025",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What does a 交番 look like?",
"view_count": 143
} | [
{
"body": "Here you go.\n[https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E4%BA%A4%E7%95%AA&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAmoVChMI39ij_uSBxwIVwpuUCh2-kA2I&biw=1920&bih=955](https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=%E4%BA%A4%E7%95%AA&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAmoVChMI39ij_uSBxwIVwpuUCh2-kA2I&biw=1920&bih=955)\n\nLook for huts inside town and you will find them.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-30T02:18:32.370",
"id": "26032",
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| 26025 | null | 26032 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26027",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I do not like the word \"お巡りさん\" because it sounds おこちゃま. I doubt an adult would\nsay such a word.\n\n * What is an alternative word to say for \"お巡りさん\"?\n * In daily conversation, can I say 警察者{けいさつしゃ} instead of \"お巡りさん\"?\n * In daily conversation, can I say 警察官{けいさつかん} instead of \"お巡りさん\"?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T17:07:03.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26026",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-07-29T17:45:15.400",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Alternative word to \"お[巡]{まわ}りさん\"?",
"view_count": 105
} | [
{
"body": "You can just use 警官. I think this is very common to use. You could also use\n刑事（さん）, but this specifically means \"detective\", so it's not usable for every\ntype of patrolman that you see.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T17:15:03.247",
"id": "26027",
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| 26026 | 26027 | 26027 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26030",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It's considered proper (though often ignored) to write ください in 待ってください and 下さい\nin 赤いのを下さい, i.e. Kanji as a main verb and kana as an auxilliary. But a thought\ncame into my mind: in お待ちください, is it an auxilliary and thus ください, or is it\nrather a main verb wanting the Kanji?\n\n(Of course, using the kana would be correct in any context. I was just\nwondering if お待ち下さい was correct.)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-29T18:19:24.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26029",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-29T19:37:54.617",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"kanji",
"kana",
"spelling"
],
"title": "Kanji or kana in お待ちください",
"view_count": 467
} | [
{
"body": "I think ください in お待ちください is an auxiliary verb, and thus should be written in\nkana according to [the \"proper\nrule\"](http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/Jusl/Bunsyo/BunKanjiH22.html). Few people\nstrictly obey this, as you know.\n\n待っ and 待ち are both 連用形 (te-form) of 待つ, and 待っ is\n[促音便](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24033/5010) of 待ち. I've never seen\nsuch an argument that one should use kana in 待ってください but kanji in お待ち下さい, or\nkana in 来てください but kanji in お越し下さい.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-29T19:06:55.167",
"id": "26030",
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"score": 5
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| 26029 | 26030 | 26030 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I previously [asked how to count\nepisodes](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/25919/whats-the-\ncounter-for-episodes) but I forgot to ask how to say \"series\". How can I say\n\n> I watched 13 episodes of season 1.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T04:21:44.223",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26033",
"last_activity_date": "2016-12-24T01:58:15.313",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
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"owner_user_id": "10344",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"words",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "The word for \"season\" (US) or \"series\" (UK)?",
"view_count": 10646
} | [
{
"body": "You can use **期【き】, シリーズ, 部【ぶ】, or シーズン** , all of which are common. Here are\nthe examples taken from Wikipedia (I haven't confirmed, but presumably these\nreflect the official namings):\n\n> * [けいおん!\n> 第2期](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%91%E3%81%84%E3%81%8A%E3%82%93!)\n> * [3年B組金八先生 第7シリーズ（2004年 -\n> 2005年）](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E5%B9%B4B%E7%B5%84%E9%87%91%E5%85%AB%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F)\n> * [Xファイル 第5シーズン ( _or_\n> シーズン5)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB)\n> * [水戸黄門 第38部\n> (2008年)](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%88%B8%E9%BB%84%E9%96%80_\\(%E3%83%91%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF_%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC\\))\n>\n\nThese are basically interchangeable, but here's my impression:\n\n * 期: very common\n * シリーズ: next common\n * 部: orthodox, serious\n * シーズン: [technical/formal](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%B3_\\(%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93\\)), relatively a bit uncommon, fits well with foreign dramas\n\nYou can use these words to count the number of seasons, too, by just removing\n第:\n\n> * 「けいおん!」は **2期** に分けて製作された。\n> * 「3年B組金八先生」は32年間、 **8シリーズ** にわたって放映された。\n>\n\nAnd we have another unit to count TV series,\n[クール](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB_\\(%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81\\)),\nwhich roughly corresponds to 12-13 weeks (episodes), starting from April\n(春クール, and so forth), July, October and January. It's either from German _Kur_\nor French _cours_ , according to Wikipedia. Virtually all Japanese TV dramas\nand anime are produced under this クール system, and in many cases 1クール exactly\ncorresponds to 1期/シリーズ.\n\nIt's unlikely that broadcasting companies officially use クール (it used to be\njargon only used by professionals). But now it's widely used among anime/drama\nfans. For example, you can say:\n\n> * 「けいおん!」は2期に分けて、合計3クール製作された。(Indicates there are approx. 36-39 episodes.\n> cf. [List of K-On! episodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_K-\n> On!_episodes))\n> * 第2クール\n> *\n> [分割2クール](http://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E5%88%86%E5%89%B22%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB)\n> (24-26 episodes in total, but with a certain interval after broadcasting the\n> first 12-13 episodes)\n>",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T05:01:14.070",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 26033 | null | 26034 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26037",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It's a sentence from Tae Kim's grammar guide:\n\n> 崇君{たかしくん}は漫画{まんが}ばっかり読{よ}んで **て** さ。 かっこ悪{わる}い。\n\nThe 「て」 that appears after the te-form of 「読む」 and before 「さ」, what is it and\nwhat effect does it give? Possibly a colloquial-only thing?\n\nI appreciate the help.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T05:30:48.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26035",
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"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"particles",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "What does 「て」 mean in 「読んでて」 (te-form + て)?",
"view_count": 1242
} | [
{
"body": "「読んで **て** 」 is the very common colloquial contraction of 「読んで **いて** 」. This\nelision of 「い」 happens all the time when we are speaking.\n\nContrary to what seems to me a popular belief among J-learners, we use\n「～～て/でいる」 verb form to describe a habitual action. (I have seen/heard\n**_many_** J-learners use the dictionary form instead for this purpose.)\n\n「マンガばっかり読んで（い）る」← Natural\n\n「マンガばっかり読む」← Not natural",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T05:54:44.443",
"id": "26037",
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"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 26035 | 26037 | 26037 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26039",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm reading a children's book in Japanese.\n\nIn the story, Weasel runs a cake shop, and he's gotten a mysterious order for\na cake - he doesn't know who it's from.\n\nHere's the sentence:\n\n> いったい どんな おばけが ケーキを とりにくるのかしらと、どきどきして いたちさんが まっていると、「やあ、できてる？」\n\nI'm reading that as something like,\n\n> Weasel was waiting, his heart pounding, wondering just who the heck (what\n> shape-shifter) was coming to pick up the cake, asking \"Well, is it ready?\"\n\nAre the と at the end of とりにくるのかしらと and the と at the end of まっていると the quoting\nと or the if/when と?\n\nIs the 「やあ、できてる」 something a customer is saying to Weasel (asking if the cake\nis ready), or something Weasel is saying to a customer (\"are you ready to\norder?\")\n\nHow close is my understanding to the actual Japanese?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T05:43:55.677",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26036",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-30T06:52:17.430",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-30T05:47:46.477",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10771",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "How does this relative clause work?",
"view_count": 119
} | [
{
"body": "Your understanding of the sentence looks OK, but as I said this in a comment\nabove, I have no idea what part you are referring to as a \"relative clause\". I\nsee no relative clause used anywhere.\n\nMy \"answer\" below is based on the assumption that the sentence actually ends\nwhere you ended it. In children's stories, punctuations are often \"ignored\" so\nit is sometimes difficult to tell where the sentence ends if a \"sentence\" is\ntaken out of the context.\n\n> いったい どんな おばけが ケーキを とりにくるのかしらと、どきどきして いたちさんが まっていると、「やあ、できてる？」\n\n≒\n\n> 『いったい どんな おばけが ケーキを とりにくるのかしら？』 **と** (#1)、どきどきして いたちさんが まっている **と**\n> (#2)、「やあ、できてる？」\n\n「 **と** 」(#1) is **_quotative_**. Weasel was thinking (or saying) to himself\n『いったい どんな おばけが ケーキを とりにくるのかしら？』. \"What kinda monster would come pick up the\ncake?\"\n\n「 **と** 」(#2) is \" ** _when_** \" as in \"B happens when/while A is happening.\"\nWeasel heard someone say 「やあ、できてる？」 = \"Hi! Is it (the cake) ready?\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T06:52:17.430",
"id": "26039",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-30T06:52:17.430",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "26036",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 26036 | 26039 | 26039 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Until now, I though the only verb for \"to know\" was 分かる. I saw the verb 判る\nused for the same meaning today.\n\n> 判{わか}ってるから言{い}ったんだけどね。 \n> I knew that. That's why I said it. \n> (\n> _[source](http://en.touhouwiki.net/wiki/Imperishable_Night/Story/Scarlet_Team%27s_Scenario)_\n> )\n\nIt has the same reading and verb conjugation, but is written with a different\nKanji. What is the difference between these two?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T06:39:47.647",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26038",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-30T09:31:06.957",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-30T09:31:06.957",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "667",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"kanji",
"verbs"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 判{わか}る and 分{わ}かる?",
"view_count": 100
} | []
| 26038 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Im learning the use of 時 and it's a wee bit confusing.\n\nI get the difference between\n\n * 食べる時、お酒を飲む\n * 食べた時、お酒を飲む\n\nBut the difference between\n\n * 食べる時、お酒を飲む\n * 食べている時、お酒を飲む\n\neludes me. Are they the different ways of saying the same thing? I drink\nalcohol when eating/when I eat?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T12:03:35.337",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26040",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5423",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Use of 時 with different verb conjugations",
"view_count": 193
} | [
{
"body": "食べる時お酒を飲む can mean, as you say, you habitually drink alcohol in eating, and\nbesides that, you drink it just before eating. That part is the difference\nbetween 食べている時お酒を飲む, which means you drink it in the course of eating.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T12:43:53.360",
"id": "26042",
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},
{
"body": "> 食べる時、お酒を飲む。 _In the moment of \"eat\", (I) drink alcohol._\n\nThis first one indicates that when the _\"time to eat\"_ comes, you drink\nalcohol (maybe a dose of vodka before lunch, or maybe you just skip the meal\naltogether and drink instead).\n\n> 食べている時、お酒を飲む。 _In the moment of \"eating\", (I) drink alcohol._\n\nThis second one indicates that you drink alcohol during the span of time\nyou're eating, as a habit possibly.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T19:52:42.470",
"id": "26051",
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"parent_id": "26040",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 26040 | null | 26042 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26044",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there a Japanese word or phrase for the chemistry in a relationship?\n\nAnd by \"relationship\", I don't mean a strictly romantic one. It could be the\nchemistry between best friends, or even the lack of chemistry when meeting\nsomeone new and feeling like the two of you don't click.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T15:02:26.490",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26043",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-30T15:16:25.503",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10068",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"phrase-requests",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "Is there a Japanese word or phrase for the chemistry in a relationship?",
"view_count": 2432
} | [
{
"body": "I would say that the most versatile counterpart would be 「相性{あいしょう}」. It can\nbe used in any kind of interpersonal relationships including romantic ones.\n\nWe say:\n\n> 「(Person A) + **と** + (Peson B) + **は** + 相性がいい。」 or\n>\n> 「(Person A) + **と** + (Peson B) + **は** + 相性が悪{わる}い。」\n\nEvery once in a while, you will encounter the word 「ケミストリー」, but it is not\nvery common at all.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T15:16:25.503",
"id": "26044",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"parent_id": "26043",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 26043 | 26044 | 26044 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26046",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the first episode of WataMote at about 7:40, Kuroki says this sentence:\n\n> やはり、中学時代の私の会話 **かん** を取り戻さなくては。\n\nwhich is translated to\n\n> Jeez, I've got to get back the conversational nature I had in middle\n> school...\n\nShould かん be replaced with 間、感、勘 or something else entirely?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T15:53:52.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26045",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-27T11:37:05.313",
"last_edit_date": "2015-11-27T11:37:05.313",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10775",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"homophonic-kanji"
],
"title": "What kanji is used to write かん in 会話かん?",
"view_count": 180
} | [
{
"body": "かん should be 勘 meaning \"sense\" or \"intuition\", so 会話勘 meaning \"sense for\nconversation\". (Cf. 勘が戻る, a common expression meaning something like \"to get\nback into the swing of things\".)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T17:05:02.323",
"id": "26046",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "26045",
"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 26045 | 26046 | 26046 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26049",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In English, if we have multiple adjectives modifying a noun, there is a\npreferred order for those adjectives, for example:\n\n> nice long red car\n>\n> *nice red long car\n>\n> *long red nice car\n\nI was wondering if there are similar restrictions in Japanese. For example,\ntake the following three sentences.\n\n> おもしろくてハンサムで親切な人\n>\n> ハンサムで親切でおもしろい人\n>\n> 親切でおもしろくてハンサムな人\n\nDo any of these sound strange, or unnatural? Or are they incorrect? Or do no\nsuch restrictions exist in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T18:41:21.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26047",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-16T01:11:35.513",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4242",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 20,
"tags": [
"adjectives",
"i-adjectives",
"na-adjectives",
"word-order"
],
"title": "Is there an order of adjectives in Japanese?",
"view_count": 6068
} | [
{
"body": "According to [Tim\nSensei](http://ww8.tiki.ne.jp/~tmath/language/adjectives.htm#04):\n\n> In Japanese there is no \"proper order\" for adjectives. When the adjectives\n> come before the noun they describe, you start with the one you want to\n> emphasize most.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T19:08:35.160",
"id": "26049",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-16T01:11:35.513",
"last_edit_date": "2017-08-16T01:11:35.513",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "26047",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
},
{
"body": "> おもしろくてハンサムで親切な人\n>\n> ハンサムで親切でおもしろい人\n>\n> 親切でおもしろくてハンサムな人\n\nI think all the three are perfectly fine. You can say whichever you like.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2017-08-15T15:50:35.247",
"id": "52356",
"last_activity_date": "2017-08-15T15:50:35.247",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "26047",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 26047 | 26049 | 26049 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26050",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I came across this example:\n\n> おかあさん、ほとんど着ない振り袖作ったってしょうがないよ、どうせなら、バーバリーのスーツ買ってよ。 Mom, it's a waste of money\n> to buy me a furisode because I won't have many chances to wear it. If you\n> want to buy me something, please buy me a Burberry's suit.\n\nHowever, I couldn't find 作る to mean \"buy\" in the dictionaries I looked at. Is\nthis a slang meaning? Is the translation above correct?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T18:59:12.233",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26048",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-30T19:45:04.357",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10777",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Can 作る mean \"buy\"?",
"view_count": 246
} | [
{
"body": "No, 作る means 'to make'. (Although you will have to pay for this tailor-made\ngarment.)\n\nThe speaker is saying don't get a furisode _made for me_ , instead buy me a\nBurberry suit.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T19:45:04.357",
"id": "26050",
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| 26048 | 26050 | 26050 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26067",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Consider the main premise as follows,\n\n> A boy borrowed a pen from a girl. 男の子は女の子にペンを借りました。\n\nNow consider the following additional premises, each with a different\nconclusion:\n\n 1. The boy is Suzuki Shin. \n\n男の子は鈴木伸です。\n\nThe boy who borrowed a pen from a girl is Suzuki Shin.\n\n女の子にペンを借りた男の子は鈴木伸です。\n\n 2. The girl is Hayashi Aimi. \n\n女の子は林愛美です。\n\nThe girl from whom a boy borrowed a pen is Hayashi Aimi.\n\n男の子がペンを借りた女の子は林愛美です。\n\n 3. The pen is expensive.\n\nペンは高いです。\n\nThe pen that a boy borrowed from a girl is expensive.\n\n男の子が女の子に借りたペンは高いです。\n\n# Questions\n\n 1. I am not quite sure the second case above is correct, what do you think?\n\n 2. Can we use a passive form in relative clauses? For examples:\n\n * The pen that was borrowed by a boy from a girl is expensive.\n\n女の子が男の子に借りられたペンは高いです。\n\nWarning: I am not sure this passive form is correct.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-30T23:02:22.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26054",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-31T15:11:41.553",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-31T13:54:17.213",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"passive-voice",
"relative-clauses"
],
"title": "Relative clauses targeting different parts",
"view_count": 301
} | [
{
"body": "You might want to say \"The pen a girl lent a boy is expensive.\" \n女の子が男の子に貸したペンは高いです。 \n \n高いです sounds colloquial. \nI prefer 高価です in formal situations.\n\nI hope this helps you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T02:52:58.693",
"id": "26060",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-31T02:52:58.693",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10395",
"parent_id": "26054",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Before answering your question, I have to point out that the base sentence\ndoes not sound right. You would say:\n\n * 男の子は女の子 **から** ペンを借りました。 or\n * 女の子は男の子にペンを **貸し** ました。\n\nNote you borrow(借りる) from(から) someone. You loan(貸す) something to (に) someone.\n\n 1. sounds right except に needs to be replaced by から, i.e.:\n\n女の子からペンを借りた男の子は鈴木伸です。\n\n 2. is correct as it is, since no に is used at all. I can't find a better way to preserve the notion of \"from\" explicitly in this sentence construct.\n\n 3. 女の子が男の子に借りられたペンは高いです。\n\nThis is possible but very unnatural because of the use of \"借りられた\". To Japanese\near (I'm native Japanese speaker), it almost sounds as though ペン had its own\nsoul. It sounds like a translated sentence. A more natural way of saying this\nmight be:\n\n男の子が女の子から借りたペンは高いです。\n\nWith regard to 高い vs 高価, I agree \"高いです\" sounds a bit strange, but \"高価です\"\ndoesn't sound too natural either. To make it sounds more natural, I would put\nもの (thing) as:\n\n・・・・ペンは高いものです。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T05:47:56.370",
"id": "26063",
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{
"body": "Q1: Yes, I think those three sentences using active voice are correct,\nincluding the second one. And they seem natural, too.\n\nQ2: Yes, we can definitely use passive voice in relative clauses.\n\n> 男の子は女の子にペンを借りました。\n\nThis sentence can be (at least technically) rewritten using passive voice in\ntwo ways:\n\n> * A: ペンは女の子 **から** 男の子に借りられました。 (with ペン as the subject)\n> * B: 女の子は男の子にペンを借りられました。 (with 女の子 as the subject)\n>\n\nThe sentence A may seem tricky because I suddenly used から instead of に. \"By X\"\ncan be translated as \"Xに\", but 「ペンは女の子に男の子に借りられました」 is obviously strange, so I\nhad to rethink the particle choice. Do you know that, in the active version,\nwe can also say 「男の子は女の子 **から** ペンを借りました」? Knowing this, you can make the\nformer version straightforwardly.\n\nThe sentence B is often called\n[迷惑の受け身](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/1777/5010), and it implies the\ngirl is bothered by the situation (i.e., she didn't want the pen borrowed).\nActually this sentence is not very good because it happens to be ambiguous and\ncan also mean \"A girl could borrow a pen from a boy\". (借りられる also means \"can\nborrow\", as you know) If there's enough context, this won't be a large\nproblem, and we can quickly fix this by using the subsidiary verb\n[しまう](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21026/5010) to clarify the feeling\nof 迷惑.\n\n> * B2: 女の子は男の子にペンを借りられてしまいました。\n>\n\nI think most people would say this sentence is natural, although the 迷惑\nfeeling is added which was not in the original active version.\n\nNow we have the correct passive sentences, we can construct relative clauses\nfrom them. With the sentence A:\n\n> ペンは女の子から男の子に借りられました。 \n> → 女の子から男の子に借りられたペンは高いです。\n\nAlthough understandable, this sentence is unnecessarily complicated, and we\ndon't usually say this. Stick to the active version 「男の子が女の子[に/から]借りたペンは高いです」\nunless you have a good reason.\n\nAnd with the sentence B:\n\n> 女の子は男の子にペンを借りられました。 \n> → 女の子が男の子に借りられたペンは高いです。 \n> → 女の子が男の子に借りられてしまったペンは高いです。\n\nI think the last sentence is natural if 迷惑の受け身 is intended.",
"comment_count": 9,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T06:56:25.000",
"id": "26067",
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}
]
| 26054 | 26067 | 26063 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26058",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Say I'm writing a message (on twitter) to an author of a book you read, or a\nmessage to an artist about live you went to or album you listened to.\n\nI want to talk/ask about something else, but I want to start of with that I\nenjoyed the work.\n\nThe English equivalent would be \"I thought it was very interesting/I enjoyed\nit very much/It was a wonderful performance/etc\"\n\nI looked up \"to enjoy\" in an English-Japanese dic and all I got was 楽しむ and it\ndoesn't seem quite right in this situation. 楽しみにしています I know exists but is\n\"I'm looking forward to it\".\n\nHow can you say you enjoyed the book/performance/album? Any variants or\nexample more specific statements would be welcome!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T01:21:11.570",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26055",
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"owner_user_id": "3360",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How can you express to the creator that you enjoyed a book/performance/album?",
"view_count": 142
} | [
{
"body": "some examples\n\n素晴らしい◯◯でした。(** was wonderful.)\n\n感動しました。(moved me)\n\n最高でした。(was the best)\n\nif its an album,\n\nいつも聞いています。(I always listen to it)\n\nif its a book, depending on the content\n\n私のバイブルです(Its my bible) not literally, but you know.\n\nif using slang is ok, now a days people put(神)before book/performance/album\nbefore and call it divine. Its a internet thing so depending on who it is it\nmight kinda be inappropriate though.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T02:35:23.590",
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}
]
| 26055 | 26058 | 26058 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26059",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 「山口さんはアメリカに行くことにした。」\n\nWhy is this sentence translated as : Yamaguchi-san has decided to go to\nAmerica\n\nThe way I was looking at it was : About Yamaguchi-san, the thing of going to\nAmerica did.\n\nEnding with : Yamaguchi-san went to America...\n\nWhat am I missing here?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T02:23:00.397",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26057",
"last_activity_date": "2019-10-03T12:34:26.253",
"last_edit_date": "2019-10-03T11:36:39.410",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10006",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "山口さんはアメリカに行くことにした Question",
"view_count": 132
} | [
{
"body": "行くことにした\n\nits future tense, he has decided to go.\n\n行く to go\n\nことにした decided to",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T02:37:22.817",
"id": "26059",
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]
| 26057 | 26059 | 26059 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26078",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I need to know when 「女性観」 was coined and, more importantly, when it became\nwidely known/used. Was 「女性観」used in the early to mid-19th century? Did it\nreplace 「婦人観」later on?\n\nNitobe Inazo used 「婦人観」 in his early to mid-20th c. writing and I have not, so\nfar, seen him use 「女性観」.\n\nI searched for \"女性観\" 造語 in Google but I could not easily find an answer about\nthe origin of 「女性観」.\n\nAny help would be greatly appreciated!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T04:28:43.957",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-03T06:29:24.473",
"last_editor_user_id": "4547",
"owner_user_id": "4547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"history",
"nouns"
],
"title": "When did the word 「女性観」 come into standard usage? Is it a more politically-correct form of 「婦人観」?",
"view_count": 321
} | [
{
"body": "It's surprisingly easy to trace the origin of 女性観 since 日本国語大辞典 (日国) cites its\nfirst appearance.\n\n> ＊吾輩は猫である〔１９０５〜０６〕〈夏目漱石〉一一「古来の賢哲が女性観を紹介すべし」\n\nBut I don't much think it's appropriate to say it was \"coined\", because it's\nbut an ordinary idea to put them together if you know both the words 女性 and 観.\nBy the way, 女性 itself seems to have gained the meaning \"woman\" quite recently.\nAgain from 日国:\n\n> ＊英和双解字典〔１８８５〕〈棚橋一郎〉「Womankinds. female sex; race of women 女人（じょじん）。女性（ジョセイ）」\n\nThe dictionary also suggests that this usage of 女性 has spread from the\ntranslation of grammatical \"feminine\" gender. So it can be said that 女性 was a\nbrand new neologism at that time, while 婦人 for \"adult woman\" has more than\n1,000 years of history having this meaning.\n\n> (1)成人した女性。おんな。\n>\n> ＊律〔７１８〕名例・婦人有官位条「凡婦人有㆓官位㆒犯㆑罪者 各依㆓其位㆒従㆓議請減贖当免之律㆒」\n\nThen,\n\n> ~~_Nitobe Inazo used 「婦人観」 in his early to mid-19th c. writing and I have\n> not, so far, seen him use 「女性観」._~~\n\n~~this part of your post doesn't seem right to me, because I believe Nitobe\nInazo,[who was born in\n1862](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%A1%E6%88%B8%E7%A8%B2%E9%80%A0),\nwas not able to author a writing in \"early to mid-19th c.\" Anyway,~~ from the\nreasons above I can safely assume that 婦人 was a steady word to refer to\n\"women\" through the lifetime of Nitobe. Besides, I found [Japanese\nWP](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E4%BA%BA) states that 婦人 was once\nrevived during women's lib movement in interwar period, which can be taken\ninto account.\n\nQuite aside from question, but of course 婦人 is mostly outdated today except a\nhandful of surviving proper names or fixed terms like 婦人服, 婦人科 etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T18:41:32.657",
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{
"body": "I'm afraid I don't have any authoritative reference, but have you checked the\n[Wikipedia article 婦人](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E4%BA%BA)?\n\n>\n> 大正デモクラシーの時期、婦人という語は、普通選挙権要求運動とも連動し、斬新な響きを持った。「婦人公論」に代表されるように、「意識の高い成人女性」との響きさえあった。\n>\n> 婦人という語感が、「年輩女性」「既婚女性」との意味合いを持つようになり、次第に使われなくなった。\n>\n> 現代の日本語においてより一般化した呼称が「女性」である。「婦人」の語はやや古めかしいイメージを持つ古語になりつつある。\n\nSo 婦人 was a stylish word back in the early 20th century, but now it's a dated\nword. The article also says some feminists accused 婦人 of being \"politically\nincorrect\" in 1990's, saying the right part of 婦 is from 箒 (broom).\n\nMy personal impression of 婦人 is the same; today it's closer to _madam_ than\n_woman_ , and many compounds which use 婦人 smell like Taisho period to me.\nPerhaps 婦人服 is relatively still common now, but I feel even this word is\ndisappearing except in traditional department stores like 三越.\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:**\n\nI found this thorough article regarding the usage of 女性 and 婦人:\n\n「婦人」と「女性」－ことばの歴史社会学－ by Takako Hiroi\n<http://hiroitz.sakura.ne.jp/resources/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/woman.pdf>\n\nAccording to this, 婦人 was the accepted translation of English _woman_ which\nfirstly came into use at around 1870. Owing to its \"modern western\" feelings,\nit caught on from around 1885 until 1920's. Countless words using 婦人 appeared\nin those days. However:\n\n>\n> 婦人が言論や運動の用語であり、女性の社会的な地位や役割を表す言葉であったがために、それ以外の私的で日常的な意味合い、とりわけ女という語が持っているセクシュアリティを欠落させることになった。\n\nAs the status of women improved in Japan, 婦人 became gradually worn-out,\nbecause it too much gained the \"women-in-the-society\" connotation during the\n大正デモクラシー political movement. People needed more neutral word for 'women'.\n\nAs for the etymology of 女性, it first appeared in Meiji era, and at first it\nwas a rare word which was used to translate _feminine gender_ found in western\nlanguages. But as 婦人 became unpopular, 女性 replaced it because 女性 looked more\nneutral and objective. The first book with the title containing 女性 was\npublished in 1901, and after the 1930's it became dominant. Thereafter 婦人\nsurvived in limited situations, but it inevitably gained \"married\", \"elder\",\nor \"ma'am\" connotation as we know today.",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 26061 | 26078 | 26079 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26066",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "A person asked for car insurance recommendations, and here is the whole reply\nof another person:\n\n>\n> うちは以前ソニー損保つ使ってたね。何回か事故ったりしてたけど特に不満はなかったかな、値段も安かったし。車両保険はつけたことがないのでよくわからないんだけど。\n\nI am confused: Isn't ソニー損保 a kind of 車両保険?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T05:41:34.103",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26062",
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"owner_user_id": "107",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Difference between car 損保 and 車両保険",
"view_count": 71
} | [
{
"body": "ソニー損保 is a name of an insurance company. 車両保険 is one of car insurance options.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T05:52:48.483",
"id": "26065",
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{
"body": "Apparently the 損保 in the reply is only the most basic insurance option\n(covering damage caused to others).\n\n車両保険 on the other side covers self-accidents, accidents caused by oneself, and\nnatural damages.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/04XRl.gif)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T06:09:58.300",
"id": "26066",
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| 26062 | 26066 | 26066 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "On my last day my co-worker told me this. I'm not sure what バネに means. I tried\nlooking it up but didn't get anywhere.\n\n> ここでの悔しさをバネに、次のとこでもがんばってくださいね",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T09:23:07.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26068",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-04T23:22:58.627",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-31T19:18:36.563",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "1805",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "Farewell message - 悔しさをバネに",
"view_count": 909
} | [
{
"body": "It's an omission from バネにして, and the sentence means \"Make your regret you felt\nhere into a spring and do your best in the next place as well\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T16:30:15.250",
"id": "26072",
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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},
{
"body": "It means \"driven by regret\" or \"driven by frustration\". バネ is a kind of\nmetaphor.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T23:16:12.103",
"id": "26183",
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| 26068 | null | 26072 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> **デイブ：** カナダも暖冬です。海が全部凍りません。だから、アザラシが逃げます。\n>\n> **恵子：** まあ、かわいそうですね。シロクマは。でも、アザラシ **には** よかったかも！\n\nHere is like a conversation between two people about polar bears in Canada.\n\nWhat I am confused about is the use of には in the above sentence. How is the に\nparticle used in this case? In reference to the seals? I thought には was only\nused when describing the existence of something in a place.\n\nThank you!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T14:25:11.360",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26069",
"last_activity_date": "2023-05-19T13:05:15.793",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10787",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"definitions",
"particle-に"
],
"title": "には in this context",
"view_count": 218
} | [
{
"body": "「には」 kind of means \"for\" here. The [[三省堂]{さんせいどう} definition\nhere](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF-592565) says that it can\nmean にとっては, which is basically what's happening here.\n\n * 「でも、アザラシにはよかったかも！」 (\"But I suppose it's good for the seals [that they're going away from the polar bears]!\")\n * 「[君]{きみ}には[簡単]{かんたん}でも、ぼくには[難]{むずか}しい」 (\"It's simple for you, but difficult for me.\")",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T20:27:58.260",
"id": "26080",
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| 26069 | null | 26080 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26074",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to figure out the epithet here, the English version has \"Finance-\ncontrolled Golem\", which is a sensible epithet in context, but I'm quite sure\nthat it's not a proper translation... I know that \"古代兵器\" is Ancient Weapon...\nSo how would I translate \"暴走する\"?:\n\nWiktionary has [Drive\nRecklessly](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E8%B5%B0), but I don't\nthink \"Recklessly Operated Ancient Weapon\" is an correct epithet for Arma,\ngiven that she's actually being remotely controlled into being an _effective_\n, violent attacker...\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/m4jxl.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-07-31T16:27:48.247",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26071",
"last_activity_date": "2016-11-25T02:04:28.290",
"last_edit_date": "2016-11-25T02:04:28.290",
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"owner_user_id": "9717",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Is \"暴走する\" accurately translated as \"Out of control\" or a synonym of such, in this context?",
"view_count": 365
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, I think \"out of control\" is a valid translation. My dictionary also has\n\"runaway\", like \"runaway train\" (暴走電車), and \"running wild\". Since the object\nin question is an ancient weapon, I think you could safely infer \"rampage\" as\nwell.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T17:19:04.127",
"id": "26074",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 26071 | 26074 | 26074 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26076",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is this translation correct?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mihu7.jpg)\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rmCVH.jpg)\n\nOr is it supposed to be \"Even with genetic manipulation and posterior\neducation, creating a Level 5 is impossible?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T16:51:57.857",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26073",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9717",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Is this translation correct? Or is it saying \"Even with that, we can't do this\" instead of \"Without that, we can't do this\"?",
"view_count": 446
} | [
{
"body": "`\"Even with genetic manipulation and posterior education, creating a Level 5\nis impossible?\"` is correct. \n`問う` usually means `ask` but sometimes it also means `matter` (verb). So `問わず`\nmeans `it doesn't matter`.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T17:48:27.200",
"id": "26076",
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},
{
"body": "I think a better translation might be:\n\n> Even with genetic manipulation and education, forcing the generation of a\n> Level 5 from a cloned body is impossible.\n\nI eliminated posterior because the phrase \"posterior education\", though I\nunderstand it, is not typically said in English.\n\nRegarding the use of \"force\", 発生させる is a causative verb so this sentence is\ntalking about \"causing\" creation rather than creation in general. I suspect\nthis sentence comes after the speaker made a lot of attempts and finally\ndecided that he cannot \"make\" the act of creation happen. I don't think he's\nactually saying that it cannot happen as the translation suggests.\n\nHope this helps",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T18:11:08.953",
"id": "26077",
"last_activity_date": "2015-07-31T18:11:08.953",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3296",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 26073 | 26076 | 26076 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Currently learning Japanese from Rosetta stone, and so far, whenever a verb is\nacting on something, I've always seen the particle を used - eg:\n\n> 彼{かれ}は本{ほん} **を** 読{よ}んでいます。\n\nNow the program has thrown に into the mix - eg:\n\n> 彼{かれ}は奥{おく}さん **に** キスしています。\n\nSo my question: is the particle を only for inanimate objects? In the sentence\nabove, could I use を after 奥{おく}さん since she's the direct object of the\naction, or is に the only answer because the direct object is an animate being?\nWould I ever use に in the other sentence, like 彼{かれ}は本{ほん} **に** 読{よ}んでいます?\n\nOr is this just one of those \"That's just the way it is, just roll with it\"\nkind of quirks with the language?",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-07-31T23:22:50.717",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26082",
"last_activity_date": "2021-11-27T10:02:45.260",
"last_edit_date": "2015-07-31T23:58:53.150",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10789",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "Use of the particle を/に indicating target of an action - animate vs inanimate?",
"view_count": 292
} | []
| 26082 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26087",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have noticed that there is a definition for 「例によって例のごとし」 in a dictionary\nonline but there is slightly difference in the sentence ending, 「くや」 and 「し」.\nI am not sure if they have the same meaning.\n\nThis sentence is said by a manga character who I believe used Kansai dialect\nbecause he previously said the following sentence.\n\n> かわいい顔をしとるやないか。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T04:24:33.907",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26084",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-28T23:36:22.210",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-28T23:36:22.210",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"particles",
"expressions",
"dialects",
"sentence-final-particles",
"kansai-ben"
],
"title": "What does 「例によって例のごとくや」 mean?",
"view_count": 236
} | [
{
"body": "Yes this just means, in standard Japanese, 「例によって例のごとくだ」. And it means the\nsame as 「[例によって例のごとし](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/233988/m0u/)だ」. や\nis a sentence ending particle used in Kansai.\n\nごとく is the [連用形 of ごとし](http://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa009030.htm) in\nold Japanese, and thus (例によって)例のごとく is mainly used adverbially. In your\nexample, it's directly followed by だ/や because 例によって例のごとく is treated as a\nfixed expression.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T06:23:31.700",
"id": "26087",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "26084",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 26084 | 26087 | 26087 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26086",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is the sentence including the word.\n\n> たっぷりかわいがって **やりい** 。\n\nI guess it would mean 'to do' but I would like to know why it is written in\nthis form.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T05:09:57.870",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26085",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-01T08:48:55.293",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-01T08:48:55.293",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"spoken-language",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "What does 「やりい」 mean?",
"view_count": 699
} | [
{
"body": "「やりい」 is a **_light or friendly imperative_** form of the Standard\n「やれ（よ）/やりなさい（よ）/やりな（よ）」 used in parts of Western Japan.\n\n「早{はや}く言{い}いなさい」⇒「はよ言い」\n\n「食{た}べなさい」⇒「食べえ」\n\n「よく見{み}なさい」⇒「よう見い」",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T06:12:14.253",
"id": "26086",
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}
]
| 26085 | 26086 | 26086 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26089",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have read [this\nlink](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23616/x-times-bigger-than)\nwhich explains how to say that something is n-times as big as something else.\nMy sentence doesn't quite fit these patterns.\n\nA fish has just been caught (no mention of size). The next sentence is:\n\n> 岸辺を泳ぐ細長い魚の三倍はありそうなものだ。\n\nSo, I think it's supposed to be saying\n\n> (the fish just caught) seems three times as large as the long, thin fish\n> swimming along the river bank.\n\nBut there is no adjective in this sentence. So I don't really know if it's\nbigger, smaller, fatter, or whatever. Is there a clue in the grammar I'm\nmissing that makes _bigger_ the obvious choice? Or, must I just infer it from\ncontext (though, I don't think the context makes it particularly clear)?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T09:49:32.603",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26088",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-01T11:06:11.400",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "comparing quantities",
"view_count": 155
} | [
{
"body": "When we say 「N倍{ばい} + はある/である/だ/です, etc.」 without explicitly describing the\n**quality** that is being compared between the two objects (as to \"N times as\n**_what_** \"), it is always implied that the quality in topic is the **_size\nor amount in positive multiples_**.\n\nThus, 「3倍{ばい} + はある/である/だ/です, etc.」 means \"3 times as big/large/much (as the\nother one)\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T10:22:02.113",
"id": "26089",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-01T11:06:11.400",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-01T11:06:11.400",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "26088",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 26088 | 26089 | 26089 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26092",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Wading my way through [rūju](http://mojim.com/twy100852x45x8.htm), I found the\nfollowing phrase:\n\n> 心慣じめない人にでも\n\n[Google couldn't parse\nit](https://translate.google.com/#auto/en/%E5%BF%83%E6%85%A3%E3%81%98%E3%82%81%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A7%E3%82%82),\nso I tried doing so myself. `人にでも`, read `hito ni de mo`, is the antecedent of\nthe relative clause (`hito`) plus a few prepositions (particles in fact)\ninserting it into the song. The rest seems to be a noun and a verb. However, I\nwas unable to find out how to read that, because taking `心慣` as a single noun\nwould give me `shinken` or `shinkan`, but JEDict has no such noun, nor has\n[Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?search=%E5%BF%83%E6%85%A3&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go),\nneither in English nor [in\nJapanese](https://ja.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?search=%E5%BF%83%E6%85%A3&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go)\nnor in\n[Chinese](https://zh.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?search=%E5%BF%83%E6%85%A3&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go).\nI even tried guessing its meaning by finding a Chinese noun with identical\nspelling, but neither\n[MDBG](http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%BF%83%E6%85%A3)\nnor [Baidu\nBaike](http://baike.baidu.com/search/none?word=%E5%BF%83%E6%83%AF&pn=0&rn=10&enc=utf8)\nnor [the Chinese\nWikipedia](https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=%E5%BF%83%E6%83%AF&title=Special%3A%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2&go=%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%80)\nnor [the Japanese\none](https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=%E5%BF%83%E6%83%AF&title=Special%3A%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2&go=%E5%89%8D%E5%BE%80)\nknow about it. JEDict says nothing if I try a verb starting with `心慣じ`, but\nknows a verb `nareru` and `narasu` and `narawasu` and `narau` starting with\nthe second character which Google doesn't even transliterate. However, if the\nverb way is the right way to go, then I have another problem, since `心` will\nbe read `kokoro` and the line would seem one syllable too long for the tune.\n\nSo what does this phrase mean, how is it pronounced, how should I parse that\n`心慣じめない`?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T13:22:37.650",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26090",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-01T14:33:56.277",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5324",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words",
"readings"
],
"title": "\"Unfindable\" character in song",
"view_count": 265
} | [
{
"body": "Basically, you have been looking in all the wrong places. If it had anything\nto do with Chinese, how would you explain the 「じめない」?\n\n「心慣じめない」 should be the author's own way of writing 「心{こころ}馴染{なじ}めない」 for\nwhatever his/her aesthetic purpose might be. 「馴染む」 is more standard 「馴染まない」 is\nonly the negative form of it. Try looking up 「馴染む」, preferrably in a\nmonolingual dictionary. I will tell you what it means in a minute, but it is\nmore important that you look it up yourself as well.\n\n「馴染む」 means \"to get attached to\".\n\n「心馴染む」 means \"to emotionally get attached to\".\n\n「心慣じめない人にでも」, therefore, would mean \" ** _even to/for the people that I could\nnot emotionally become attached to_** \". You could shorten that as needed. I\nam not going to try as English is not even my language.\n\nIf you are using song lyrics to learn Japanese, you would need to expect these\nkinds of non-standard ways of writing words to pop up occasionally.\n\nIn this video around 02:17, they even write it as 「心馴染めない」:\n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSGuEp1uFC0>",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T14:04:51.777",
"id": "26092",
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}
]
| 26090 | 26092 | 26092 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Usually, we're told that おる is a humble verb, and that mostly holds true. But\nsometimes I see it conjugated to a light honorific form おられる, usually when\ntalking about someone to whom respect must be shown rather than to them. I'd\nlike to ask how this comes about.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T13:40:19.270",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26091",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-02T03:50:41.237",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"words",
"honorifics",
"keigo"
],
"title": "おる in honorific contexts",
"view_count": 873
} | [
{
"body": "Technically speaking, it's not a Standard Japanese. But おる is a normal verb in\nmany dialects in western Japan, and the speakers in those regions won't\nconsider おられる really unnatural. Recently, it has infiltrated into the east as\nwell.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T03:50:41.237",
"id": "26106",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-02T03:50:41.237",
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}
]
| 26091 | null | 26106 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I thought I've mastered this but I'm getting confused again.\n\nI thought the ~く form of i-adjectives was used when the adjective modifies the\nnoun, e.g.\n\n> 新しく家を買う\n>\n> 難しく試験した\n\nI think it's named \"continuative form\" but I'm not sure\n\nAm I correct?. If not, please explain me the correct use.\n\nPS. I think the examples are correct if not please correct me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T18:47:30.433",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26093",
"last_activity_date": "2018-09-26T03:47:52.733",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10792",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"i-adjectives"
],
"title": "～く form of i-adjectives",
"view_count": 10226
} | [
{
"body": "No, the i-adjectives modify the noun in the attributive form (連体形) (which\nlooks like the \"dictionary form\")\n\n> 新しい家を買う \n> to buy a new house\n\nWhen you know more Japanese, this becomes easy to remember, because both verbs\nand i-adjectives modify nouns this way\n\n> 家を買う人 \n> a person, who buys a house \n> \"a house-buying person\"\n\nThe ～く form of the i-adjective functions like an adverb, so\n\n> 新しく家を買う\n\nwould mean something more like\n\n> to buy a house again/anew\n\n* * *\n\nAccordingly, your second example should be\n\n> 難し **い** 試験を受けた。 \n> I took a difficult test.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T19:15:27.577",
"id": "26094",
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},
{
"body": "The く form is used to modify verbs not nouns.\n\nFor example take the adjective 速い{はやい｝ which means 'to be fast'. In this form\nit is used to modify nouns as in 速い犬{いぬ｝ (a fast dog). But, when in the く form\nit modifies verbs as in 速く走る{はしる} (to run quickly).\n\nWhen you come to study na-adjectives you'll find a similar change required.\nna-adjectives need な to modify a noun, but take に to modify a verb. For\nexample take the na-adjective きれい 'to be pretty' (not an i-adjective despite\nending in い). You would say きれいな犬 (a pretty dog), but きれいに書く{かく} (to write\nprettily).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T19:32:58.380",
"id": "26095",
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},
{
"body": "> 早｛はや｝く新｛あたら｝しい家｛いえ｝を買｛か｝ったほうがいいですよ。\n\nHayaku atarashii ie wo katta hou ga ii desu yo.\n\nIt is better to buy a new home soon.\n\n * 早｛はや｝く is an adverb to modify a verb 買｛か｝った, while\n * 新｛あたら｝しい is an adjective to modify a noun 家｛いえ｝.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T01:41:31.690",
"id": "26103",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-02T01:41:31.690",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9896",
"parent_id": "26093",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "In English, we could attach the suffix “ly” to the adjective to make it an\nadverb. For example, adding “ly” to the end of “beautiful”, we get\n“beautifully” which is an adverb. Why do we do this “trick, you may ask. The\nreason is that adjective can modify nouns, but it can not modify verbs. You\ncould say “She is a beautiful girl”, but you couldn’t say “She sings\nbeautiful”. You need to change “beautiful” to “beautifully” if you want to\nmodify the verb “sing”. In Japanese, the way to change a I-adjective to adverb\nis drop the “i” and add “ku”. To change a na-adjective, you drop the “na” and\nadd “ni”.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2018-09-26T03:47:52.733",
"id": "61765",
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}
]
| 26093 | null | 26094 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26102",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know `いくつ` means 'how old', but what does `いくつか` mean in the following\nsentence?\n\n> 緑茶、紅茶、ウーロン茶など **いくつかの種類** に分けられる。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-01T23:39:15.133",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26099",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-02T00:38:09.513",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-02T00:38:09.513",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6895",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does いくつか mean in the phrase いくつかの種類?",
"view_count": 968
} | [
{
"body": "> I know いくつ means how old\n\nWithout context, 「いくつ」 means \"how many\" far more often than it means \"how\nold\".\n\n「いくつか」 means \"some\", \"a few\", \"several\", etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T00:21:09.497",
"id": "26100",
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{
"body": "いくつ can also be used as an interrogative for indefinite number, that is, how\nmany. To use indefinite expressions in non-question, か is combined with it.\n\n * いくつか - some number \n * いくつかの種類 - some number of kinds\n * いつか - at some point (Of time) \n * いつか彼には知らせるつもりだった。- I was going to tell him at some point.\n * なぜか - for some reason \n * 彼女はなぜかこの頃私を避けてる。 - She is avoiding me for some reason.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T00:23:22.317",
"id": "26101",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-02T00:23:22.317",
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{
"body": "いくつ in general means \"how many\"; this can also be applied to years to ask \"how\nold\" (\"how many years\") as you've pointed out.\n\nか can be add to counter question words to mean \"several ～\".\n\n> * ラーメン屋に学生が何人かいます。 → There are several (people) students in the ramen\n> restaurant.\n> * 先週のお祭りに何個かのたこ焼きを食った。 → I ate several takoyaki (balls) at the festival\n> last week.\n> * 緑茶、紅茶、ウーロン茶などいくつかの種類に分けられる。 → Tea is divided into several kinds, such as\n> green tea, black tea, and oolong tea.\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T00:24:16.883",
"id": "26102",
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}
]
| 26099 | 26102 | 26102 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27396",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 西洋は **どうなってる** ？\n\nIs どうなってる itself a phrase meaning 'how is it?' or a combination of several\nmeanings? Such as どう, なる and ている.\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T02:09:05.937",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26104",
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"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "10787",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"definitions"
],
"title": "Breakdown of どうなってる",
"view_count": 1031
} | [
{
"body": "It is a single phrase, consisting of the three words you found. But it's still\na whole phrase with many different ways to make use of.\n\nHere are some examples. \nYou meet a friend and he acts totally weird. Then you would think:\n\n> いったいどうなって(る)んだ、こいつは？\n\nOr you think of your sister, who has moved to Canada and you didn't hear from\nher for quite some time. You start worrying.\n\n> XX(name)はどうなってるのかな〜",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-14T21:59:06.870",
"id": "27396",
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"score": 1
}
]
| 26104 | 27396 | 27396 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26114",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Both 上手 and 得意 seem to both mean something along the lines of \"good at\" or\n\"skilled\". However, I don't understand the difference (if there is one)\nbetween them. In fact, some of the sentences on jisho.org are constructed\npretty much the same but with these words (and sometimes a particle)\ninterchanged:\n\n> 料理が上手ですね。 \n> 料理は得意です。\n\nI can't find any differences through other sentences and contexts either. So,\nwhat is the difference between them? Do they imply slightly different things?\nIs there a time you can use one, but not the other?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T03:46:32.150",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26105",
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 13,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 得意 and 上手?",
"view_count": 9040
} | [
{
"body": "My understanding is that 上手 is used when describing other people, so you would\nnever compliment yourself with it. This would be why the first example\nsentence you have there has ね at the end of it because the speaker is saying\nthat the listener is a good cook.\n\n得意 would be the preferred word to use when describing your own abilities.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T09:48:48.640",
"id": "26110",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-02T09:48:48.640",
"last_edit_date": null,
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{
"body": "I think **[this site](http://www.alc.co.jp/jpn/article/faq/04/28.html)** will\nhelp you.\n\nアルクInc. is a very famous company and its main business domain is about the\nlanguage.\n\n> 上手です」と「得意です」の意味の違いは？\n> 他人のことを言うときには「得意」、「上手」ともに用いることが可能ですが、自分の技量について述べるときは「得意」は使えても「上手」は使いづらい印象があります。\n> この違いはやはり両者の意味的な違いに起因しているようです。どちらも技量を述べるのに用いられますが、「得意」は主体自身が己の技量に対して抱いている自信を表したり、また技量の度合いの高い様子をあらわしているのに対し、「上手」は主体の技量自体というよりは主体の行為から生じるありさま、たとえば何かを生み出す行為なら生み出された物の様、行為自体であればその行為の様子を評価していると思われます。つまり、「得意」は何かを生み出す能力（の自覚）を表し、「上手」はその能力によって生み出されたものへの評価を表しているということです。両者の違いでは特に「評価」を表し得るか否かという点が重要です。この違いは次のような例を見ると明らかになります。\n\n> ○この絵は上手に描けていますね。 ×この絵は得意に描けていますね。\n\n>\n> 絵は生産物であるため、生産物（あるいは生産行為）に対する評価として「上手」を用いることは可能ですが、主体の持つ技量を表す「得意」を「絵」に対して用いることは出来ません。また「上手」の対義語である「下手」も「この絵は下手だ」のように評価に用いることができますが、「得意」の対義語である「苦手」は「この絵は苦手だ」としても評価の意味にはなりません。また「苦手」は「納豆が苦手だ」のように技量の有無から転じて好き嫌いも述べられます。このように「得意」、「苦手」は評価というより主体の意識を表していると言えます。\n> ここから考えると、自己の技量を述べるとき「上手」を用いることがためらわれるのは、本来他者が行うべき評価という行為（特に高める評価）を自己に対して行うことへの不自然さ、傲慢さといった点に起因していると思われます。一方で「得意」は技量に対する意識を表すため、自己の技量を述べる際に問題なく使えるということになります。ただし自己を低める評価は謙遜につながるため「私は絵が下手です」ということができます。\n\nTranslation :\n\n> What is the difference between 『 **得意** です』 and 『 **上手** です』? **得意** and\n> **上手** both **can be used when we talk about someone else.** **However, it\n> would NOT be appropriate to use 上手 when we talk about ourselves.**\n\n> This difference of usage comes from the the meanings of the two words. Both\n> are used talking about skills, capabilities, etc. 得意 denotes the\n> \"confidence\" or the \"competence\" of the skills that the \"oneself\" has, while\n> 上手 denotes the \"characteristic\" of the result of the action made by the\n> oneself, or more saying about the \"evaluation\", \"assessment\" of the things,\n> the result of the \"action\" made by the oneself. Thus, we can conclude like\n> this. 得意 denotes the \"self awareness of his/her capability ( to do or make\n> something ), whereas 上手 denotes the \"evaluation\" or the \"assessment\" of the\n> things or result of the actions made by the aforementioned oneself's\n> capability. **The peculiarity of the difference is whether either word is\n> able to denote the \"evaluation\" or the \"assessment\".** Let us compare the\n> below 2 speeches so that we can comprehend the difference more clearly.\n\n> ○この絵は上手に描けていますね。 ( ○ This picture is drawn very nicely )\n\n> ×この絵は得意に描けていますね。 ( ✕ )\n\n> The above picture is a \"product\" by the oneself. Thus it is appropriate to\n> use the word 上手 in order to \"assess\" the properties of the product or the\n> \"skill\" to produce the picture. But we can not use the word 得意 here since\n> the word 得意 denotes the pure capability of the oneself. The antonym of the\n> word 上手, \"下手\" can be used to assess something such as a speech \"この絵は下手だ\" (\n> This picture is not good. ), but the antonym of the word 得意, \"苦手\" can not\n> used be here for the assessment of the picture. A speech like \"この絵は苦手だ\" ( I\n> am bad at drawing this picture ) will not make sense here. The antonym, \"苦手\"\n> can be used to express one's likes and dislikes of things from the meaning\n> of the word 苦手 ( one's non-capability ). Therefore the word 得意, and its\n> antonym 苦手 denote the \"consciousness of one's capability\" rather than the\n> \"evaluation\", \"assessment\".\n\n> Concluding from the above examples, we would like to say the reason why 上手\n> is not appropriate to be used when we talk about ourselves is basing on the\n> fact that the \"evaluation\", \"assessment\" should be done **by the others not\n> by ourselves.** **It is unnatural and could indicate one's \"arrogance\"**.\n> 得意, **denoting purely the \"capability of oneself\", thus it will cause no\n> problem to use it when we talk about ourselves. However, when we are so sure\n> and aware of the \"humbleness\" of ourselves, we can use 下手 even when we talk\n> ourselves.** The example is this.\n\n> 私は絵が下手です。 ( I am not good at drawing pictures. )\n\n* * *\n\nFrom the above source, I think your sayings,\n\n> 料理が上手ですね。\n\ncan be ( or be recommended to be ) used when talking about someone else.\n\nwhile\n\n> 料理は得意です。\n\nThis kind of speech can be used either when you talk about yourself or others.\n\nExamples\n\n> 私は料理が得意です。 ( I am good at cooking. )\n\n> 貴方は料理が得意です。 ( You are good at cooking. )",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T10:54:06.983",
"id": "26114",
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{
"body": "The difference of 上手 and 得意 are explained correctly in all those discussions\nabove. However, I would like to add a little more of 上手. We can use 上手 when we\nare talking about a willingness to improve your skills for something.\n\n> Eg. 私は日本語が上手になりたいです。- I want to become good at Japanese.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2019-01-26T21:21:09.193",
"id": "65096",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 26105 | 26114 | 26114 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26159",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I'm curious about how native speakers actually respond to the simple question\nof 「お元気ですか。」 I'm currently going into my third year of studying Japanese. My\nfirst-year Japanese professor impressed upon us that no matter what, always\nrespond with 「ええ、おかげさまで。」 That always seemed very formal to me. In fact, my\nsecond-year professor often responded with just 「はい、元気」 and a Japanese friend\nof mine seemed surprised when I used 「おかげさまで」 to answer him.\n\nI've done a fair bit of searching around on the internet, and I've seen mixed\nresponses, so I'm assuming it's a very situational type of thing. When would\nyou use 「元気です」 vs 「おかげさまで」 vs some other response?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T06:43:08.817",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26107",
"last_activity_date": "2018-07-12T16:09:06.803",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-02T19:24:54.553",
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"owner_user_id": "10795",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"greetings",
"formality"
],
"title": "How to situationally respond to 「お元気ですか」?",
"view_count": 19587
} | [
{
"body": "Replying with 元気です sounds lighthearted a little bit, because お元気ですか is so rare\nthat you won't hear it unless you meet again your acquaintance who you haven't\nseen for long. Well, it depends on you after all.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T11:35:47.127",
"id": "26149",
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"body": "As you said, it's all situational. You can use 「おかげさまで」 when you are asked how\nyou are by someone that is superior to you, like your boss, 「先輩」 or professor.\nIf replying to a friend in a conversation, you can just say 「うん、元気」. In short,\nit is all about social rank.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T12:12:53.683",
"id": "26152",
"last_activity_date": "2018-07-12T16:09:06.803",
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{
"body": "As a native Japanese speaker, I have never said お元気ですか to someone I meet\nalmost everyday. You can tell, at a glance, if they are 元気 or not today, if\nyou meet them everyday, right?\n\nお元気ですか seems to me a greeting in letter or in phone call, that is, when you\ncan't see them. You can say お元気ですか when you meet someone you haven't met for a\nwhile but still お元気でしたか or 元気だった? sound more natural to me.\n\nTypical responses are おかげさまで and うん、元気 but it is not uncommon to talk about\nhow actually you are/were.\n\n> 「お久しぶりです。お元気でしたか」 \n> 「これは、どうも。実は、この間、風邪をひいて、ひどい目に遭いました。」 \n> 「おや、実は私もです。」\n\nIn phone call between intimate friends\n\n> 「元気〜？」 \n> 「なんか、夏バテぎみ〜」 \n> 「えー、そっかー、そっちのほう、暑そうだもんね」",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T22:22:55.847",
"id": "26159",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 26107 | 26159 | 26159 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26109",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I would like to ask a general contractor to make me some [slatwall\nshelving](http://www.crowndisplay.co.uk/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1_33&products_id=210).\n\nI checked dictionaries and all the Google juice I could muster but couldn't\nfigure out what this type of shelving is called in Japanese.\n\nCan anyone enlighten me?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T06:53:40.583",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26108",
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"owner_user_id": "3300",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What is \"slatwall shelving\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 159
} | [
{
"body": "The most common term would be 「スラットウォール棚{だな}」.\n\n「スラットウォール什器{じゅうき}」 is also used, but it is not as common.\n\nThis is what you get if you image-search 「スラットウォール棚」.\n\n[http://image.search.yahoo.co.jp/search?ei=UTF-8&fr=&p=%E2%80%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%A3%9A%E2%80%9D](http://image.search.yahoo.co.jp/search?ei=UTF-8&fr=&p=%E2%80%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%A3%9A%E2%80%9D)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T07:32:24.003",
"id": "26109",
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}
]
| 26108 | 26109 | 26109 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26138",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a question about the meaning of それと in the following sentence. Does it\nhas the meaning \"and, also\" here, so both 「何かのタンクや配管といった」 and 「めぼしい」 modifies\n危険物?\n\nSome sort of translation: Driving through the narrow passage I was throwing\nthermite grenades, every time I seen some/with something(?) tanks or pipes and\nother dangerous looking objects.\n\n俺は狭い通路を次々と駆け抜けながら、何かのタンクや配管といった、 **それとめぼしい**\n危険物を見つけるたびに、携え持ったテルミット手榴弾【しゅりゅうだん】を投下した。",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T09:52:55.060",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26111",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-02T11:21:40.093",
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"owner_user_id": "3183",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of それと in this context",
"view_count": 1026
} | [
{
"body": "めぼしい is a additive form of [目星]{めぼし}. (Note that you usually write めぼしい in\nHiragana, where you usually write 目星 in Kanji.) 目星 means \"what you think\nsomething you are looking for\", or \"something it looks like what you are\nlooking for\". For example, [殺人犯]{さつじんはん}の目星 means \"a person that you think is\na killer\".\n\nSo, それとめぼしい menas \"something looks like it\".\n\n危険物 menas a dangerous thing. If you put \"それとめぼしい\" before it, it means only\ndangerous things that looks like what you are looking for.\n\n何かのタンクや配管 is just talking about the examples of \"それとめぼしい危険物\".",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T03:33:52.793",
"id": "26138",
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}
]
| 26111 | 26138 | 26138 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26113",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The Italians have the famous phrase \"Attenti ai gatti\". Is there something\nsimilar in Japan?\n\nWould be good to have both the kanji and kana versions, since I am still a\nbeginner. I can work out the romaji from there. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T10:28:01.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26112",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-02T10:47:55.863",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-02T10:47:55.863",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10796",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"phrase-requests"
],
"title": "How do you say \"beware the cats\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 1038
} | [
{
"body": "That would be 「猫{ねこ}に注意{ちゅうい}」-- 「ねこにちゅうい」 in all kana.\n\n",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T10:41:01.443",
"id": "26113",
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"last_edit_date": "2017-03-10T09:42:44.307",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
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"parent_id": "26112",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
}
]
| 26112 | 26113 | 26113 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've been told that 昼ご飯を食べた時、散歩する isn't right because you can't have lunch\nwhile going for a walk. But in my textbook, there's the following sentence:\n日本に行った時、写真をとります. The book explains that taking the photographs occurs after\ngoing to Japan (while in Japan) and that the overall tense is future, as the\nfirst clause's tense only indicates it's time relation with the second clause.\nSo, why is that sentence correct, and 昼ご飯を食べた時、散歩する incorrect?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"adverbial"
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"title": "昼ご飯を食べた時、散歩する and 日本に行った時、写真をとります",
"view_count": 192
} | [
{
"body": "「日本｛にほん｝に行った｛いった｝時｛とき｝、写真｛しゃしん｝を取ります｛とります｝」 from my interpretation reads as\n\"In the time after I have gone to Japan I will take pictures\".\n\n「昼｛ひる｝ご飯｛はん｝を食べた｛たべた｝時｛とき｝、散歩｛さんぽ｝する」 reads to me as \"In the time after I have\neaten lunch I will take a walk\".\n\nWhile that seems fine in English there's a quirk, where the first implies that\nwhen you are taking pictures you have gone to Japan, implying that you are\nstill there -- and you haven't yet to return prior to taking the pictures. In\nthis case it's being used for travelling, and the \"round trip\" so to speak has\nyet to complete when the pictures are being taken.\n\nIf you use that as the rule for the grammar point the latter now essentially\nmeans that you're in the middle of lunch when you take the walk, since the\n\"round trip\" lunch hasn't completed (if this isn't entirely correct please\ncorrect me).\n\n_That being said, I don't see why you can't take a walk while eating lunch. I\nmean, it is hard/ridiculous but it isn't impossible, so I'm guessing that it's\nnot **wrong** wrong, it's just **unnatural** wrong, which is the case of the\nequivalent sentence in English as well._",
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"body": "I think that ～た時 translates better as \"when\" or \"while\" than \"after.\"\n\n> 日本に行った時、写真をとります \n> When I go to Japan, I (will) take pictures.\n>\n> 昼ご飯を食べた時、散歩する \n> When I eat lunch, I (will) take a walk.\n\nA literal translation of 昼ご飯を食べた時 might be \"At the time of eating lunch.\"\n\nA quick sentence search on jisho looks like they usually use \"when\" as well:\n[jisho.org た時\nsentences](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9F%E6%99%82%20%23sentences)",
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| 26115 | null | 26122 |
{
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"body": "I would like to say\n\n\"It's hard to fight thinking in stereotypes.\"\n\nOr\n\n\"Thinking in stereotypes is bad but hard to fight.\"\n\nCan I use 戦う to say this or is there a more suitable word? I'm also unsure of\nhow to say \"thinking in stereotypes\". ステレオタイプで考えるのは戦いにくい？",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T11:30:08.773",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "\"to fight\" in this context?",
"view_count": 67
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{
"body": "Using 「戦{たたか}う」 is not totally impossible in that context, but you would need\nto know that it would sound like a pretty emphatic phrase that implies that\nyour desire/tendency to think in stereotypes is realy strong.\n\nYour sentence at the end, however, would still be incorrect and ungrammatical.\n「戦いにくい」 would not make much sense here. (You are trying to translate too\nliterally from the English.)\n\nIf you must use 「戦う」, you could say:\n\n> 「（つい）ステレオタイプで考{かんが}えてしまいそうな自分{じぶん}と戦うのは難{むずか}しい。」\n\nI myself would suggest that you consider using a milder-sounding 「抑{おさ}える」=\n\"to muffle\", \"to suppress\", etc. and say:\n\n> 「（つい）ステレオタイプで考えてしまいそうな自分を抑えるのは難しい。」",
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"body": "How can I say \"on a scale of 1 to 10\"?\n\nLike for example,\n\n\"On a scale of 1 to 10 where 1 is not annoying at all and 10 is too annoying,\nhow annoying do you find X\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"words"
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"title": "\"on a scale of 1 to 10\"?",
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"body": "You can say 「10点満点{てんまんてん}で」.\n\nMore \"formally\", you can say 「10段階評価{だんかいひょうか}で」.\n\nBoth are very common.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T11:46:30.023",
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"body": "In the JLPTN5, 5th question, \"弟は部屋◯掃除をしました\"\n\nI'm trying to understand why the の option is more appropriate than the に\noption. Both appear to be correct in English.\n\nWith に we are taking \"the room\" as indirect object (since に can be a\nsubstitution for the へ particle) and \"cleaning\" as a direct object; on the\nother hand, with the の option, we are taking \"room's cleaning\" as a direct\nobject only. Am I forgetting something important here? Thanks for help.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T13:22:41.523",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"jlpt"
],
"title": "Jlpt/n5q5: 弟は部屋◯掃除をしました。◯: の versus に option",
"view_count": 2132
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"body": "弟｛おとうと｝は部屋｛へや｝の掃除｛そうじ｝をしました。\n\nWith の it is saying the younger brother did the cleaning of the room. This\nclearly states with no uncertain terms that he cleaned _the room_.\n\n弟は部屋に掃除をしました。\n\nThe latter isn't as clear cut from what I can tell.\n\nI originally thought that it would end up meaning that he was cleaning\nsomething in the room, but as Earthliŋ said, since cleaning is an activity,\nthe correct particle for saying that he was cleaning _something_ in the room\nwould be で: 「弟は部屋で何かの掃除をしました。」.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T13:55:12.017",
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"body": "It is because there is a を after 掃除.\n\nIf the verb of a sentence is a \"suru verb\", you can split apart the verb (掃除\nin this case) and する. If you do, 掃除 will be interpreted as a noun and will be\nthe direct object of the sentence's main verb する.\n\n> 掃除する - To clean \n> 掃除をする - To do cleaning\n\nAre both valid phrases- but in the former, the entire thing is interpreted as\none long verb, and in the latter the verb is only する and 掃除 is the direct\nobject of suru. In other words, 掃除 is the thing you are doing.\n\nDoing this, though, introduces a problem. If there is already a direct object\nin the original sentence, there will now be two を in the sentence. To avoid\nconfusion, the original direct object (部屋 in your example) is marked with の\ninstead.\n\n> 部屋を掃除する - To clean the room \n> 部屋の掃除をする - To do the room's cleaning\n\nThey are both essentially the same, but if you are interested in differences\nyou can look at [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/4006/9749).",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T19:30:58.173",
"id": "26129",
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"body": "## 掃除する\n\nThe phrase 掃除する acts like a single verb. It's technically made of two words:\n\n 1. the verbal noun 掃除\n 2. the verb する \n\nBut together they act like a single verb. In this case, that verb is\ntransitive, which means it takes a direct object marked by を:\n\n> 部屋をobject 掃除するverb 'clean the room'\n\nThe verb is 掃除する, and its direct object is 部屋.\n\n* * *\n\n## 掃除をする\n\nWhen you put を between 掃除 and する, they no longer act together like a single\nverb:\n\n> 掃除をobject するverb 'do cleaning'\n\nNow the verb is する by itself, and its direct object is the regular noun 掃除.\n\nHow do we add 部屋 to this clause? Well, the verb する already has one direct\nobject, and we can't add another:\n\n> ＊部屋 **を** object 掃除 **を** object するverb ← ungrammatical\n\nBut we don't really want to relate 部屋 to する anyway. We want to relate it to\n掃除, and that's a noun. How do we show a relationship between two nouns in\nJapanese? With the particle の:\n\n> [ **部屋の** 掃除 ]-を する 'do [the cleaning **of the room** ]'\n\nNow the verb is する 'do' and the direct object is the entire phrase 部屋の掃除 'the\ncleaning of the room'.\n\n* * *\n\n## Notes\n\n 1. Sometimes people explain 掃除する as ellipsis of 掃除をする. But it's important to realize that this is not the case:\n\n> 部屋 **を** 掃除 **** する ← OK \n> ＊部屋 **を** 掃除 **を** する ← ungrammatical\n\nAdding を in like this makes it ungrammatical, so it can't be ellipsis.\n\n 2. In this answer, I used English translations like 'do the cleaning'. In fact, you'd usually translate both 掃除する and 掃除をする to 'clean'. That's because when you translate, you look for the most natural way to express something in the target language. But in this case, my goal was to try to show the grammar of the original Japanese, so I deliberately used less natural sounding translations.\n\n 3. In linguistics, phrases like 掃除する are called 'incorporated', while phrases like 掃除をする are called 'unincorporated'.\n\n 4. The giant asterisk ＊ is used in this answer to mark a sentence as ungrammatical.",
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{
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"body": "\"かすか\" means \"faint\". \n\"ごくかすか\" mens \"very faint\".\n\nWhat part of speech is \"ごく\"? An inflection of \"ごい\"? What might either mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T14:24:39.793",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"words"
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"title": "What is the grammar of \"ごく\" in \"ごくかすか\" mean?",
"view_count": 678
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{
"body": "「ごく」 in 「ごくかすか」 is an adverb meaning \"extremely\".\n\nIn kanji, it is written as 「極{ごく}」.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZDPJG.jpg)\n\nThis curry is named 「男{おとこ}の極旨黒{ごくうまくろ}カレー」, literally, \"Extremely Tasty Black\nCurry for Men\".",
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| 26123 | 26124 | 26124 |
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"body": "In Tohoku, だ can follow verbs and い-adjectives, as I've heard (I've never\nactually spoken to someone from Tohoku). What purpose does it serve? Is a\nsentence ending in just a verb ungrammatical in Tohoku? And is this form used\nby Tohoku women?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-02T15:24:45.300",
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"tags": [
"words",
"dialects"
],
"title": "The Tohoku use of だ",
"view_count": 199
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{
"body": "That's a misconception. In Tohoku dialect, the copula だ doesn't follow verbs\nand i-adjective.\n\nIt seems some dialect(s) in Kanto or around there has/have that form. But I'm\nnot sure.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-03T11:52:49.483",
"id": "26151",
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"body": "In really rural, \"pure\" Tohoku dialect this is true. However, with the spread\nof Standard Japanese this is disappearing in young and working-age people.\nEven amongst the elderly it doesn't occur after everything, but it is common\nand grammatically correct within the dialect. This can also apply to \"degasu\"\nor \"degozarusu\", the Tohoku equivalent to \"desu\" or \"degozaimasu\", instead of\ntaking the usual -ou ending to an -i adjective.\n\ne.g. hayai > ohayou gozaimasu = ohayou gozarusu (because this is a set\ngreeting) but [ii \"de\"gozaru(su)] instead of [you gozaru/gozaimasu]\n\nExamples of this can be found in some of the example sentences on this\nwebsite: <https://konnok3.sakura.ne.jp/sendai01.html#sendai01>",
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"body": "I'm confused about the difference between the passive form and the てある form.\n\n> 飲み物はもう **買ってあります** 。\n>\n> The drinks have already been bought.\n>\n> 飲み物はもう **買われました** 。\n>\n> The drinks were already bought.\n\nAre my translations correct? Is it that verb-てある means 'verb **has been**\ndone', whereas, verb-passive means 'verb **was** done'? Are there any other\nsubtleties? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T16:42:35.067",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "Difference between passive form and てある",
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{
"body": "> Are my translations correct?\n\nI could not say 'no', but as a Japanese-speaker, I do know that you basically\nwould never hear one of us say 「飲{の}み物{もの}はもう買{か}われました。」 to mean anything. It\ncertainly does not mean the same as 「飲み物はもう買って **あります** 」.\n\n「飲み物はもう買って **あります** 」 is a 100% natural-sounding sentence so I do not have to\n**_think_** about what it could mean. It could only mean one thing: \"I/We\nbought drinks some time ago for a specific purpose and they are still here\nwaiting to be consumed.\"\n\nWith 「飲み物はもう **買われました** 。」, however, one would have to think hard about what\nit could possibly mean as it is such a strange-sounding sentence to the native\near. It could mean something like \"The drinks that I wanted to buy had already\nbeen bought by another person.\", but to say that it would be more natural to\nuse 「買われていました」 than to use 「買われました」.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T22:39:30.520",
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"body": "To the questioner, with my today ( Aug 3 )'s comment, I made a **HUGE\nMISTAKE** which could not only perplex you but in resulting to tell you a\n**COMPLETE LIE.**.\n\n## Kindly endure to read the full sentence, **I am CERTAIN you can have at\nleast some clear image about the ( Japanese passive voice ).**\n\nNow, I am afraid I am not so sure how you made such a conclusion like this.\n\n> **From previous questions I've come to understand that Japanese favours a\n> first person subject.**\n\nBut I can not \"despise\" you. Granted, let us look at [**an example at another\nthread.**](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B)\n\nBut **thorough the discourse with you, I think I have figured it out**\n\nMr. l'électeur answers,\n\n> 「Aの質問は私に、そしてBの質問はマサコさんによって答えられました。」\n>\n> = \"Question A was answered **by me** and Question B, **by Masako.** \"\n\nWith the comment about 10 hours ago, I said in this **passive voice** ( I am\nsorry not **passive -- \"mode\"--** but the **passive -- \"voice\"--**), the\neventual, the actual, the de facto **subjects** are Aの質問は or either, Bの質問は.\n**But that was a HUGE MISTAKE TO LEAD YOU TO THE COMPLETE MISUNDERSTANDINGS**\nwith an apology.\n\nThey are, **instead** , the **direct -- \"object\"-- ( not the \"subject\" with\nsorry )**. The reason will be developed hereunder so kindly take a look with\nthank you in advance.\n\nAs I quoted as below, the Wiki's explanation,\n\n>\n> 日本語の受身は助動詞「れる」「られる」（文語では「る」「らる」）を用いて表現する。英語の受動文などに相当する直接受身と、英語などには見られない間接受身がある。\n\nTranslation\n\n> The Japanese passive voice uses the auxiliary 「れる」「られる」（ in literary style\n> 「る」,「らる」 ) to express the passive voice. Note there is a **direct passive\n> voice, which is equivalent to the English passive** and another, an\n> **indirect passive voice** which **does not exist in English.**.\n\nI think the above example falls into the **direct voice**. The reason is\nbelow.\n\nFrom the very same source\n\n> 間接受身は間接的に影響（ふつうは主語から見て悪影響）を被るものを主語に立てる表現であり、通常、主語は人間である。\n\nTranslation :\n\n> The **indirect voice** , which takes the form to express an **influence** (\n> **--- \"generally unfavorable influence\"---** ) onto the subject, and the\n> subject is generally human beings.\n\nIn the above example, **anything bad ( unfavorable ) is occurring??**.\n\nNo. So I took this sentence as the direct passive voice.\n\nGranted, **for the further development of the reason why I thought the bove\nexample as the direct passive voice,** let us take a look at the different (\nbut from the same source ) explanation.\n\n> 直接受身は、能動文における直接目的語または間接目的語を主語にするものである。\n\nTranslation\n\n> In the ( Japanese ) direct passive voice, it takes either the **direct\n> --object--** or the **indirect --object--** as **a --subject--** in the\n> **active voice**.\n\nAnd I think the above example is taking the -- **indirect object** --.\n\nNow **[let's take a look at the definition of the\"indirect\nobject\"](http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/046.html)**\n\nThe above link is describing the **object in general** in a speech.\n\nAnd it says,\n\n>\n> 行為の直接的な対象を表す直接目的語（主として対格、日本語では「を」等で示される）と、その行為によって間接的に影響を受ける対象を表す間接目的語（主として与格、日本語では「に」等で示される）に分類される。\n\nTranslation\n\n> The object can be categorized into 2 categories. The one is the **direct\n> object** , which denotes substances or phenomenons influenced directly by\n> the action of the subject ( mainly in linguistics the accusative case, **in\n> Japanese it follows frequently the postpositional particle 「を」** ) and the\n> other is the **indirect object** which denotes the indirect influence by the\n> action of the subject. ( in linguistics the dative case, **in Japanese\n> generally it follows the postpositional particle 「に」** )\n\nThus by the above reasons I concluded the above example is the **direct\npassive voice** because, **----the defacto, the actual \"subject\" is 「私に」,\n「マサコさんに」----** **I think here is very important and the reason why I thought\nthese 2 are the de facto subject is as the following** ( as I said below. )\n\nFrom the **[below source][3]**\n\n>\n> 元の動作の主語（動作主）を表示するには「に」を用いるのが一般的だが、事物の属性を説明する場合などは「によって」が用いられる。また元の主語からの物の移動（授受）を表す場合は「から」を用いることができる。\n\nTranslation\n\n> In the Japanese direct passive voice, **in order to express the de facto\n> subject which causes the action, the postpositional particle 「に」is generally\n> used. The one of the exception is, the phrase 「によって」is used particularly in\n> order to express the properties, characteristics of things**. And the other\n> exception, which follows the postposititional particle 「から」 which is used\n> when denoting the \"change\" or the \"movement\" by the subject to the others.\n\nFrom the above reason I concluded the actual subjects are 「私に」,「マサコさんに」.\n\n## WHY IS THE JAPANESE PASSIVE VOICE SO COMPLICATED??\n\nI think the reason is below ( mentioned in the below original. )\n\n> 受身の起源\n>\n>\n> 受身の助動詞「(ら)れる」の機能は、元来は人が意志的に行うのではないことを表現する自発であると考えられている。場合によっては受身か自発か明確でないこともある。上記の制限や間接受身も、この性格に由来すると思われる。\n\nTranslation\n\n> The origin of Japanese passive voice.\n>\n> The Japanese auxiliary 「（ら）れる」, in its origin functioned to have denoted the\n> **active** voice, _**which denotes the unintentional movement by the subject\n> to the event in the speech**_. It should be mentioned sometimes it is hard\n> to distinguish if the **passive mode** denotes either the **passive** or\n> **active**. The above limitation of the passive mode and the characteristic\n> of the **indirect passive mode** are thought to have come from this origin.\n\n**NOW LET'S TRY TO \"CONVERT\" THE ABOVE EXAMPLE TO THE ACTIVE VOICE.**\n\n> 「Aの質問は私に、そしてBの質問はマサコさんによって答えられました。」\n\n---> converted to the active voice\n\n> 「私が質問Aを答え,そしてマサコさんが質問Bを答えました。」\n\nTranslation\n\n> **I answered the question A, and Masako-san answered the question B.**\n\nIs the idea getting clearer now?? ( I hope -:) )\n\nIn the Japanese ( direct ) passive mode, taking the above example, the both\nactual, \"authentic\" subject 「私に」, 「マサコさんに」 can be **converted to the subjects\nin the active voice.**\n\nI think I myself got the idea. ( I don't know I could convey my intention to\nyou. ) The Japanese direct passive voice, **which does exist in English too**\nwill be applied to the above sample.\n\n## Now here is my assumption why the Japanese passive voice is so difficult.\n\nI think the reason is perhaps, this kind of passive voice is made **in order\nto evade denouncing the subject directly ( in my opinion ) or by the reason\nmentioned below**\n\nFrom the same below source says,\n\n> 被動作者の意志によらないことを強調すること。日本語ではこの意義が特に重要であると考えられる。\n\nTranslation\n\n> ( The objective or the purpose of the passive mode are these ( another\n> purposes are abbreviated on purpose by me due to the reason they are\n> explaining the purpose of the passive voice in another languages. ) --> 3.\n> **It is made in order to emphasize the \"uncontrollable\" event by the\n> subject. --- In Japanese this purpose is quite critical ---**\n\nI hope you can understand. Have a nice day.\n\n* * *\n\nI happened to have found **[an easy source. ( Wikipedia\n)](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B)**\n\n( **However the below explanation will be difficult to you with sorry.**\nHowever, if an answerer is asked **WHY?** I have to go into the grammar\nbecause otherwise I can not provide you with the logical explanation ( If you\nwould like to **run over** easily, then please express it in the question ))\n\n>\n> 日本語の受身は助動詞「れる」「られる」（文語では「る」「らる」）を用いて表現する。英語の受動文などに相当する直接受身と、英語などには見られない間接受身がある。\n\nTranslation\n\n> The Japanese passive mode uses the auxiliary 「れる」「られる」（ in literary style\n> 「る」,「らる」 ) to express the passive mode. Note there is a **direct passive\n> mode, which is equivalent to the English passive** and another, an\n> **indirect passive mode** which **does not exist in English.**.\n\nNow kindly be noted, from the very same source\n\n>\n> 日本語の直接受身の用法には、英語などの受動態に比較して制限がある。受動態の主語（被動作者）として使えるのは主に人（有情物）であり、事物を主語にする「この会社は1976年に設立された」などの言い方は、主として明治以降に翻訳用に用いられるようになったものである。\n\nTranslation\n\n> The Japanese **direct passive mode** has its own limitation for the usage\n> unlike that of English. The **actual** subject is **generally human beings (\n> ( or something that has an emotional heart )** , thus the above mentioned\n> example\n>\n> 「この会社は1976年に設立された」 ( This company was founded in 1976. )\n>\n> which takes **things** as the de facto subject, appeared **only after Meiji\n> era generally for the translation's technique sake.**\n\nNow here, I can not decide which one ( the direct passive or the indirect\npassive ) your speech will fall into.\n\n> 受身の起源\n>\n>\n> 受身の助動詞「(ら)れる」の機能は、元来は人が意志的に行うのではないことを表現する自発であると考えられている。場合によっては受身か自発か明確でないこともある。上記の制限や間接受身も、この性格に由来すると思われる。\n\nTranslation\n\n> The origin of Japanese passive mode.\n>\n> The Japanese auxiliary 「（ら）れる」, in its origin functioned to have denoted the\n> **active.** mode, _**which denotes the unintentional movement by the person\n> concerned with the event in the speech**_. It should be mentioned sometimes\n> it is hard to distinguish if the **passive mode** denotes either the\n> **passive** or **active**. The above limitation of the passive mode and the\n> characteristic of the **indirect passive mode** are thought to have come\n> from this origin.\n\nIf you do not care, it is O.K. But I am a type of a guy who can not provide an\nanswer with the **evidence**.\n\nGranted, I hypothetically take your speech as the **direct passive mode** ,\nper the comment line's adviser's recommendation, which **exists too in\nEnglish.**\n\n> 飲み物はもう買われました。\n\nThis speech, per the explanation above,\n\n> The **actual** subject is **generally --- >human beings<----**, thus the\n> above mentioned example\n\nSo let's try to swap the 飲み物 by 女 ( a woman ( Although this is not a good\nexample. ))\n\n> 女はもう買われました。\n\nwhich makes sense, meaning ( The woman was bought. ( **Please guess what it\nmeans, I can not articulate openly here** )). **And please note by swapping it\nby human beings, the woman becomes a -- subject--**\n\nThen granted, your last speech\n\n> 飲み物はもう買われました。\n\nshould have used the human beings instead, logically thinking, despite the\nexistence of exceptions.\n\n## Now, What is the difference from てある form from the passive mode??\n\nKindly take a look at **[this\nsite.](http://www.coelang.tufs.ac.jp/mt/ja/gmod/contents/explanation/046.html)**\n\n> これだけは覚えよう １ 「Vてあります」（普通形「Vてある」）は、意図的な働きかけの結果変化したNの状態を表わすときに使います。\n\nTranslation\n\n> Let's learn at least this. 1 「Vてあります」 ( generally 「Vてある」) denotes result of\n> the change of the N by the intentional action V ( by the subject.))\n\n## Conclusion\n\nYour first speech indicates **the condition as a result of your intentional\naction (V)** , while regarding the passive mode, I can not say so much due to\nthe above reason ( about the explanation of the passive mode. ( **as\nl'électeur says, it sounds unnatural to the native speakers.** ))\n\nHave a nice day.",
"comment_count": 7,
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| 26126 | 26132 | 26132 |
{
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"body": "I'm playing through the Toradora VN and I'm at a point where Ryuji comes home\nand spends a bit of time talking with his mom. However, his memory has not\nrecovered and he is unsure what kind of relationship he is with his mom (He\ndoesn't know yet that she is his mom.)\n\nSo after awhile in the conversation he says:\n\n> って、あのさ、 **今更聞くのもアレなんだけど** 。。。俺って泰子の、その。。。なんなの？\n\n(泰子 is his mother and アレ is not a typo)\n\nI understand the second half where he asks how they were related, but I don't\nunderstand the first part and the usage behind the katakana あれ。\n\nI know that 今更 is \"now ( after a long period of time)\" and 聞くis to ask, but I\ncan't figure out how they fit together with the rest of the sentence.\n\nMy guess is:\n\n> It's a little late asking this but...",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T17:47:33.090",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Need help with translating 今更聞くのもアレなんだけど",
"view_count": 729
} | [
{
"body": "> 今更聞くのもアレなんだけど\n>\n> To ask at this point would be 'that' (i.e. socially unacceptable)\n\nIt's a relatively common thing to do to use あれ or アレ to refer to something\nthat you don't really want to go into detail with (typically because it would\nbe unpleasant in some way to do so).",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T21:59:35.870",
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"body": "「あれ/アレ」 here is a replacement word for a more concrete word or phrase with a\nrather **_negative_** meaning so that it would not sound too direct or,\npossibly, offensive (by the Japanese standards). It is used quite often in\ninformal conversation in situations where the speaker is certain that the\nlistener would properly infer what was meant by the ambiguous word.\n\n「あれ/アレ」 most often replaces words/phrases such as\n「（あまり）よくない」,「イマイチ」,「ちょっと変{へん}」,「不適切{ふてきせつ}」,「失礼{しつれい}」, etc.\n\nIn your particular context, 「アレ」 would mean \"weird\" in the sense that it is\nkind of too late to ask the essential question: \"What relation am I to you?\".",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T22:06:41.697",
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| 26127 | 26131 | 26131 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27787",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> (1)「元気そうだと田中さんが **いったら** 、信用できる証拠と思う。」\n>\n> (2) 「元気そうだと田中さんが **いうなら** 、信用できる証拠と思う。」\n\nAre both grammatically correct?\n\nWere I to want to say:\n\n> If Tanaka-san were to say that **X** appears to be in good health, then I\n> think that that is evidence that you can trust to be true.\n\nAre both #1 and #2 correct with regard to meaning? \nWhich sounds natural?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-02T18:29:12.917",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "conditionals: \"...といったら、....\" vs. \"...というなら、...\"?",
"view_count": 1008
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{
"body": "This seems to be a difference in conditionals (had to look up what subjunctive\nmood meant).\n\nたら has the nuance of \"if he has said that\". Extrapolating from that, the tone\nhere is like: \n{if this has happened/X has done Y, then \"something\".}\n\nなら -> というなら here has the nuance of \"if **he** says that\". More generally, the\ntone is: \n{if this is the case/if things are like this/that}\n\nThey are both usuable...if I was pressed to say なら feels more subjective and\nappropriate if the speaker is highly evaluating the truth-worthiness of that\nperson, or was previously suspicious of that fact or other witnesses.\n\nたら feels more objective and a reflection of the current situation, and what\nthe speaker and who they are talking to should do next.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-03T01:12:16.000",
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"body": "For example...\n\n> 1) 田中さんがそう言っ **たら** 、信用するよ。 \n> 2) 田中さんがそう言う **なら** 、信用するよ。\n\n＃1 means \"If Tanaka-san says/said so, I will/would trust that.\" (Tanaka-san\nmay or may not say so). ＃2 can mean the same, but it sounds more like \"Since\nTanaka-san says so, I trust that.\" (Tanaka-san actually said that.)",
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| 26128 | 27787 | 27787 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26135",
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"body": "What English would translate to: \n「周囲の林が暗くなっている。」\n\n「暗くなっている」// speaker location unspecified \n「林が暗くなっている」 // speaker location implied as being in the forest? \n「周囲の林が暗くなっている」 // speaker location implied as being on the perimeter of the\nforest?\n\nSo, when speaking, it's somewhat unnatural for an English native speaker to\nsay: \n\"The perimeter of the forest is getting dark.\" \n\"The forest is getting dark.\" sounds much more natural.\n\nSo, why translate as \"周囲の林が暗くなっている。」？.\n\nWell it's to imply the speaker's location (and not a try at a direct\ntranslation), right?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-03T01:07:15.183",
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"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "why translate to「周囲の林が暗くなっている」?",
"view_count": 90
} | [
{
"body": "「A の B」 = \"B of A\" ≠ \"A of B\" ← A fairly common mistake among J-learners.\n\n「周囲{しゅうい}の林{はやし}」 = 「林 of 周囲」 ≠ 「周囲 of 林」\n\n「周囲の林」, therefore, means \"the surrounding woods\" and **_not_** \"the perimeter\nof the woods\".\n\nSo, a sentence like \"The surrounding woods are getting dark.\" or \"It is\ngetting dark in the surrounding woods.\" would best translate to\n「周囲の林が暗くなっている。」.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-03T01:34:03.053",
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"body": "You've confused 周囲の林.\n\n周囲の林 = The surrounding forest\n\nperimeter of the forest would be something like 林の周囲\n<http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/forest+edge>\n\nSo the english translation would be: \nThe surrounding forest is growing dark / has grown dark.",
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"creation_date": "2015-08-03T01:34:58.273",
"id": "26136",
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| 26133 | 26135 | 26135 |
{
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"body": "I've heard it a few times that some Japanese speakers seem to pronounce もちろん\nas \"mochirong\", i.e., with more nasal voice than \"mochiron\".\n\nIs this true, or just my aging ears are fooling me?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T05:04:06.187",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26140",
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"tags": [
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "mochiron or mochirong",
"view_count": 382
} | [
{
"body": "Your ears aren't fooling you, but it's not 'mochirong' (with a velar sound as\nin the English sing). When ん comes on the end of a phrase, it can either be\npronounced as nasalization and elongation of the previous vowel, or as a\nuvular nasal (pronounced in the back of the throat).\n\nYou use an alveolar nasal before た、な、ざ(but not さ) column kana. Take care that\nwhen it comes before a ざ column kana, the z is pronounced dz (which is also\nused when it comes at the beginning of a word).\n\nYou use a bilabial nasal before ぱ、ば、ま column kana (but not は).\n\nYou use a velar nasal before か column kana. Notably, が column kana are\nsometimes pronounced as a velar nasal, and in that case you get a geminated\nvelar nasal.\n\nYou nasalize the previous vowel before anything else, including another vowel.\n\nOn the end of a phrase, you can have the nasalization, or a uvular nasal.",
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| 26140 | null | 26158 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "27900",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there single word in Japanese used for '(fully) clothed' or 'decent'? As\nin, 'OK, you can come in, I'm decent now' or 'At least one of the kids is\n(fully) clothed (or dressed).' Of course one can express this meaning with\nsomething like 服を着ている, but I just wondered if there is an actual adjective or\nnoun which is an of opposite of 裸 or 裸体?\n\nI tried a brief search of a couple online EJ dictionaries and looking for 対義語\nof 裸・裸体 without a clear answer. The most relevant thing I found is [this EJ\nitem for decent](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/ej3/22192/m0u/decent/) which\nlists as entries 1 and 5:\n\n> **1** 〈服装などが〉まともな，適正な，ふさわしい（▼「非難される点がない」という意味が濃い）；身分相応の，妥当な\n>\n> **5** ((略式))人前に出られる［見苦しくない］服装をした.\n\nEntry 1 words seem rather general to me--they are not typically used in the\nsense I am looking for, correct? Entry 5 seems to be close in meaning for what\nI'm looking for, but is a long phrase.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T05:35:26.567",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26141",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-09T04:32:09.603",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9199",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words"
],
"title": "A word for 'clothed' or 'decent'?",
"view_count": 442
} | [
{
"body": "「[身なり](http://bit.ly/1JPkKyK)」 is a noun meaning \"clothed appearance.\" English\nphrases like \"dress neatly\" or \"tidy oneself up\" can be translated as\n\n> 「[身]{み}なりを[整]{ととの}える」\n\nin Japanese.\n\n\"OK, you can come in, I'm decent now.\" could be said\n\n> 「はい、[入]{はい}っていいですよ。[身]{み}なりが[整]{ととの}いましたから。」\n>\n> or\n>\n> 「オーケー、入っていいよ。身なり整ったから。」\n\nHowever, 「身なりを整える」 sounds somewhat formal. So, the example expressions which\nother users have suggested in the comments are more common in casual\nconversations.\n\nIn [浴衣]{ゆかた} and [着物]{きもの} dress worlds, 「[着姿]{きすがた}」 is a noun meaning\n\"dressed appearance.\" But this word seems not to fit your context.\n\nSometimes, [着衣]{ちゃくい} is used as an antonym of 裸 in some contexts, although\nthe official antonym of [着衣](http://bit.ly/1UAhTV1) is\n[脱衣](http://bit.ly/1NhenZI). In the porn world, 着衣 seems to be an antonym of\n[全裸](http://bit.ly/1UAicPn). However, 着衣 itself is a formal word. \"Fully-\nclothed swimming\" is called [着衣水泳](http://bit.ly/1g8AzIn) or 着衣泳 in Japanese.\nAnyway, 着衣 may be too formal to fit your context, but it's a possible word in\nsome situations.\n\nIn colloquial Japanese, many people use 「[見]{み}せられる[格好]{かっこう}」 to express a\nclothed appearance. For example,\n\n> (knock, knock)\n>\n> Clothed [涼太]{りょうた}「[美咲]{みさき}ちゃん、[迎]{むか}えに[来]{き}たよ。ドア[開]{あ}けて。」\n>\n> Half-naked [美咲]{みさき}「あ〜〜まだ、[見]{み}せられる[格好]{かっこう}してない。ちょっと[待]{ま}って。」\n>\n> Clothed 涼太「いいよ、[俺]{おれ}、そーゆーの[気]{き}にしないから。[開]{あ}けて。」\n>\n> Half-naked 美咲「わたし、[気]{き}にするから。もうちょっとだけ[待]{ま}って。」\n\n「[人様]{ひとさま}に[見]{み}せられる[格好]{かっこう}ではない」 is a common phrase of 見せられる格好. Tweets on\nTwitter may not be good examples of it, but, people use this phrase like\nthese: [tweets containing 見せられる格好](http://bit.ly/1g7f4aW).\n\n「見せられ **ない** 格好」 can mean not only [裸]{はだか}, but also various embarrassing\nappearances. So, 見せられ **る** 格好 is not a perfect opposite of 裸. But the\nexpression 見せられる格好 may be useful in some situations in real life.\n\n* * *\n\n### Clothed / Unclothed Group of People\n\nI think that there are many words which can be antonyms or quasi-antonyms of\n「裸の[人々]{ひとびと}」 in various contexts.\n\nWhen a noun is used to describe a group of clothed people, what kind of\nclothes the people wear is usually specified in Japanese. For example,\n\n> [普段着]{ふだんぎ}の人々／ [正装]{せいそう}の人々 ／ [制服]{せいふく}の人々 ／\n>\n> [和服]{わふく}の人々 ／ [洋服]{ようふく}の人々 ／\n>\n> [厚着]{あつぎ}の人々 ／ [薄着]{うすぎ}の人々 ／ [半袖]{はんそで}の人々 ／ [青]{あお}い[服]{ふく}の人々 etc.\n\n* * *\n\nHope that helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-08T15:37:22.473",
"id": "27900",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 26141 | 27900 | 27900 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26148",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Before the expression is said by a guy, he previously says the following\nsentence. I'm not sure if it is related to Kansai dialect.\n\nしっかりしてんかいな ほんまに 無｛む｝計｛けい｝画｛かく｝なことされるのいちばんきらいや。\n\nAnother question: Does the 「無計画なことされるの」 mean something not being planned?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T06:14:50.667",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26142",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-03T14:00:19.510",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-03T13:37:16.367",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"dialects"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 「こわあてかなわんで」?",
"view_count": 234
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, it is unmistakably Kansai.\n\n「こわあてかなわんで」, in Standard Japanese, would be:\n\n「怖{こわ}くて敵{かな}わないよ」. = **_\"I'm scared shitless!\"_**\n\n「敵わない」 = \"unbearable\", \"beyond one's power\", \"can't do\", etc. Remember this\nword because you will keep encountering it.\n\nMoving on..\n\n「無計画{むけいかく}なことされるの」\n\n「の」＝「こと」. It is a nominalizer, nominalizing the verb phrase 「無計画なこと（を）される」.\n\n「される」, of course, is the passive voice form of 「する」.\n\n**_\"getting haphazard stuff done to me\"_**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T10:26:02.763",
"id": "26148",
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"parent_id": "26142",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 26142 | 26148 | 26148 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26147",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Is my sentence below correct? What I want to say is\n\n> This textbook seems to be finished before Friday this week.\n\nMy attempt is as follows,\n\n> 今週{こんしゅう}の金曜日｛きんようび｝の前｛まえ｝にこの教｛きょう｝科｛か｝書｛しょ｝が終｛お｝わられてしまうようです。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T06:28:39.680",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26143",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-03T09:39:12.260",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-03T06:43:37.603",
"last_editor_user_id": "9896",
"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "A sentence that must consist of 終わられる, しまう, and よう",
"view_count": 190
} | [
{
"body": "I'm not sure with my answer but as far as I know, -てしまう is only been use for\nunintentional action. maybe you can drop that part nad make it like this\n今週の金曜日にはこの教科書を終わったようんだ but I am not sure with my answer",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T07:25:17.423",
"id": "26145",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-03T07:25:17.423",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10371",
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},
{
"body": "終わる is an intransitive verb. You can simply say\n\n> 今週の金曜日の前に、この教科書は終わるようです。\n\nIn this case, the passive form doesn't sound natural.\n\nThings without feelings couldn't be a subject in a passive sentence in old\nJapanese. After a lot of books in European languages were translated into\nJapanese, people started to use 'things without soul' as a subject in a\npassive sentence. The usage, however, is still fairly limited.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T07:50:30.237",
"id": "26146",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-03T09:19:05.873",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-03T09:19:05.873",
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"owner_user_id": "10770",
"parent_id": "26143",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "How about:\n\n> 今週の金曜(日)までに、この教科書は終わりそうです。or 終わってしまいそうです。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T09:39:12.260",
"id": "26147",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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}
]
| 26143 | 26147 | 26146 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26155",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "First Japanese Stack Exchange question :D\n\nI'm reading a Japanese book and one of the chapter got me thinking.\n\nThe book wrote it like this:\n\n```\n\n How many pencils are there ?\n えんぴつはなんぼんですか。\n \n```\n\nCan we not not replace は with を ?\n\nLike this:\n\n```\n\n えんぴつ を なんぼんですか\n \n```",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T11:39:43.387",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26150",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-03T13:36:39.147",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-03T13:36:39.147",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10803",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は",
"counters",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "Can を be used when asking for how many of an object?",
"view_count": 243
} | [
{
"body": "を denotes a direct object in a sentence. は denotes the subject. Here, えんぴつ is\nthe subject of the sentence, so it should have a は next to it.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T12:54:19.710",
"id": "26155",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-03T12:54:19.710",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10795",
"parent_id": "26150",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 26150 | 26155 | 26155 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26154",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Consider the following sentence.\n\n>\n> 漢｛かん｝字｛じ｝試｛し｝験{けん}は理｛り｝解｛かい｝力｛りょく｝より記｛き｝憶｛おく｝力｛りょく｝を試｛ため｝すものだと批｛ひ｝判｛はん｝されています。\n\nIf I split it into two sentences, they might be as follows (correct if it is\nwrong):\n\n> 漢｛かん｝字｛じ｝試｛し｝験{けん}は理｛り｝解｛かい｝力｛りょく｝より記｛き｝憶｛おく｝力｛りょく｝を試｛ため｝すものです。\n>\n> 漢｛かん｝字｛じ｝試｛し｝験{けん}は批｛ひ｝判｛はん｝されています。\n\nIn my understanding, と is used\n\n * quoting:「勉強なさい」と言っていました。\n * AND: コーヒーとミルクが好きです。\n * IF: 押すとお金が出ます。\n\nSo what is the purpose of と in the above sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T12:36:16.243",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26153",
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"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9896",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "Why does this sentence use と here?",
"view_count": 83
} | [
{
"body": "It is quotative.\n\n> 漢字試験は理解力より記憶力を試すものだ **と** 批判されています。\n\n≒\n\n> 漢字試験は、『理解力より記憶力を試すものだ。』 **と** 批判されています。\n\nThe 『～～～』 part is what some people have been saying about the test.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T12:41:25.997",
"id": "26154",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "26153",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 26153 | 26154 | 26154 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26157",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Saying that a character was brought to life is common in the english speaking\nworld of movies to describe characters being made more human and real through\nacting or scripting. In Japanese, how would this phrase be best translated, or\napproximated to Japanese?\n\nMy current attempt has been\n\n> 生命にもたらされた\n\nBut, I can't tell if it's right given that it seems _too_ literal and close to\nthe English for my comfort. Can anybody confirm if this is right, or if not,\nwhat the best equivalent in Japanese would be?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T17:18:30.563",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26156",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-04T19:53:25.250",
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"owner_user_id": "9185",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How to approximate the phrase \"bring to life\"",
"view_count": 499
} | [
{
"body": "命を吹き込む is what I have heard the most.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T17:20:22.547",
"id": "26157",
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},
{
"body": "生き生きと + 描く・描き出す would work. In place of 生き生きと you could use 鮮やかに, 人物像を見事に,\netc., as well.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T19:53:25.250",
"id": "26180",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-04T19:53:25.250",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10817",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 26156 | 26157 | 26157 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26161",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 迷宮都市{オラリオ}はこの魔石製品を他の地域、他の国に輸出することで莫大な利益を上げていると聞く。\n> **この場合、迷宮都市{オラリオ}っていうよりギルドなんだろうけど。**\n\nI don't understand the second sentence. Is it actually a complete sentence?\nAlso what does なんだろうけど express?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T22:24:46.390",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26160",
"last_activity_date": "2015-11-19T12:24:31.013",
"last_edit_date": "2015-11-19T12:24:31.013",
"last_editor_user_id": "888",
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Understanding この場合〜なんだろうけど",
"view_count": 296
} | [
{
"body": "> 「この場合{ばあい}、迷宮都市{オラリオ}っていうよりギルドなんだろうだけど。」\n\nYes, it is a complete sentence with an **_unmentioned_** grammatical subject\nlike 「それ」, which would refer to the \"agent\" who makes the profits discussed in\nthe preceding sentence.\n\nIn the preceding sentence, it states that it is オラリオ. In the next sentence,\nhowever, it states that it might be more appropriate to say that it is the\nGuild rather than オラリオ that actually makes the profits.\n\n「なん **だろう** けど」 expresses the inference that the speaker is making. It implies\nthat what he is saying might not prove 100% accurate.\n\n**_\"In this case, it would likely be the Guild rather than オラリオ itself (that\nactually makes those profits).\"_**",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-03T23:29:23.807",
"id": "26161",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-03T23:49:00.607",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-03T23:49:00.607",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"parent_id": "26160",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 26160 | 26161 | 26161 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26186",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "It is said by a guy who is bullying another one by twisting his hand. Is it\nrelated to Kansai dialect?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T05:49:55.967",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26163",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-05T02:08:54.270",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"manga"
],
"title": "What does the word 「よっとな！」 mean?",
"view_count": 1366
} | [
{
"body": "よっと is a grunt or shout of effort. The addition of な is a variant of the same\nline. I would translate it as \"Huh!\" \"Like this!\" depending on the situation.\nAs far as whether or not it's a Kansai dialect thing, I don't believe so, but\nI'm no expert in that area so don't quote me there.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T21:19:42.637",
"id": "26181",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-04T21:19:42.637",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "It has nothing to do with a dialect.\n\n「よっとな」 is just one of the many versions of the shouts (chants?) people use as\nthey make a **_physical movement_** of some sort such as lifting up an object,\npushing or pulling an object, handing or tossing an object to another person,\netc.\n\nSimilar versions include:\n\nあらよっと、そらよっと、こらよっと、はいよっと、よっこらせ, etc.\n\nAll of these mean \"Here we go!\", \"Like this!\", \"One, two, go!\", etc.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T01:48:54.663",
"id": "26186",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-08-05T02:08:54.270",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 26163 | 26186 | 26186 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26165",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Which of the above?\n\n * 鮭 手巻き\n * 手巻き 鮭\n * 鮭 手巻き寿司\n\nOr how could I say it?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T06:05:00.187",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26164",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-04T06:22:27.440",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10810",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"food"
],
"title": "How do I say \"salmon hand roll\"?",
"view_count": 198
} | [
{
"body": "I would recommend 「サーモン **の** 手巻{てま}き」 or 「鮭{さけ} **の** 手巻き」. The 「の」 can be\ndropped but it would sound a little nicer if you insert it.\n\nIf you want a phrase for ordering, 「サーモン **を** 手巻き **で** ！」 would also be\nnatural. Yes, you can end that with a 「で」.\n\n(「で」 is an **_extremely_** useful particle at eateries, but I will not get\ninto that here.)\n\nDepending on the sushi shop, the staff might use 「手巻きサーモン」 instead, but\neveryone will understand the first three I listed.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T06:22:27.440",
"id": "26165",
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]
| 26164 | 26165 | 26165 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26168",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "It is a situation that a guy on the ground asking another one who is climbing\non a bed staircase with this sentence.\n\nこのへんでいいかな？\n\nAnd he replied with this one.\n\nおお よかろうしっかり手｛て｝足｛あし｝をおさえて **おけっ。**",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-04T06:50:36.410",
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"id": "26167",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What does the word 「おけっ」 mean?",
"view_count": 366
} | [
{
"body": "おけ is the imperative form for おく. You can ignore the っ at the end as it\ncarries no meaning, only to show an abrupt end of the sentence.\n\nThe second sentence mean:\n\nOh, hold (his/her) arms and legs tightly !",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-04T07:02:59.063",
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| 26167 | 26168 | 26168 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26172",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Consider the following scenario.\n\n> I go to a shop and buy many electronic components using my own money. Later,\n> the company will give me money with the same amount as a replacement.\n\nWhat is the Japanese noun to describe this replacement money?\n\nI found a word 再調達原価{さいちょうたつげんか} but it means replacement cost rather than\nreplacement money.\n\nApplying it in a sentence:\n\n> 会社が再調達原価としてお金をくれます。\n>\n> The company will give me money as the replacement cost.\n\nBut I actually want to say\n\n> The company will give me money as the replacement money.\n\n# Edit\n\nProbably the following conversation might make it easier to understand.\n\n> ボス：どうぞ。(The boss gives me money)\n>\n> 私：このお金は何ですか。(I pretend I don't understand what that money is for)\n>\n> ボス：（Replacement money） です。(The boss explains that that money is given as a\n> replacement money)\n>\n> 私：ありがとうございます。(I thank the boss as a closing word)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-04T07:49:18.593",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the word to convey the same meaning as the replacement money?",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "精算{せいさん} is the word. It means to calculate how much you lend/borrow and to\nmake it even.\n\n> 店に行って、(会社用の) 電気部品をたくさん購入し、代金は私が立て替えておいた。後で、会社で立て替えた代金を精算した。\n\n立{た}て替{か}える means to pay for someone, expecting that person will repay.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T08:30:59.257",
"id": "26172",
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{
"body": "It seems to me like you are asking for the Japanese equivalent of\n\"reimbursement.\" \"返金\" is the word that I would use, but it may be closer to\n\"refund\" than \"reimbursement.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T07:06:31.760",
"id": "26189",
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| 26169 | 26172 | 26172 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm working on a paper about media science and in one of the Japanese papers\nthe author talks about \"新聞の民主性\". I do know the general meaning of the word,\nbut I struggle to put it into proper English or struggle to find the\ncorresponding English term.\n\nHere's is one of the sentences for context:\n\n井口の新聞学では、彼はマス・コミュニケーションの一つとして相対化され、同時に「新聞の民主性」というイデオロギーが成立した。",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-04T08:10:33.597",
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"owner_user_id": "10811",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "How would you translate \"新聞の民主性\"?",
"view_count": 207
} | [
{
"body": "........ 「新聞の民主性」というイデオロギーが成立した。\n\n........ and established the ideology of \"democratic nature of newspapers.\"\n\n........ and led to the ideology of \"newspapers as a democratizing force.\"\n\n```\n\n イデオロギー could be idealism, philosophy, notion, ... depending on context.\n \n```",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-08-02T19:35:35.830",
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| 26170 | null | 37150 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26173",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I was reading up some lesson on causative and passive form online. I am still\na little confused as to when and why use these form. For this example:\n\n> plain form: 答える \n> passive form: 答えられる\n>\n> 外国人に質問を聞かれたが、答え **られ** なかった。 \n> I was asked a question by a foreigner but I couldn't answer.\n\nWhy do we use passive here? What if I say:\n\n> 外国人に質問を聞かれたが、答えなかった。\n\nDoes this mean the same? Or is this sentence even correct in the first place?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T08:23:48.360",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26171",
"last_activity_date": "2019-11-04T01:45:36.890",
"last_edit_date": "2019-11-04T01:45:36.890",
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"owner_user_id": "10812",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjugations",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "Need help understanding causative and passive form: 外国人に質問を聞かれたが、答えられなかった。",
"view_count": 509
} | [
{
"body": "「答{こた}えられる」 has **_three_** different usages and meanings.\n\n> 1. **Honorific** : Used when describing someone higher up answering.\n>\n\n「その質問{しつもん}にはスミス様{さま}が答えられました。」\n\n= \"Mr. Smith (kindly) answered the question.\"\n\n> 2. **Potential** : Used to express \"can answer\" or \"to be able to answer\".\n>\n\n「その質問は難{むずか}しすぎて答えられません。」\n\n= \"That question is too difficult (for me) to answer.\"\n\n> 3. **Passive Voice** : Used to express \"is/are/get(s) answerd\" as opposed\n> to the active voice form \"to answer\"\n>\n\n「Aの質問は私 **に** 、そしてBの質問はマサコさん **によって** 答えられました。」\n\n= \"Question A was answered by me and Question B, by Masako.\"\n\n＊You mentioned \" ** _causative_** \", but the causative form is 「答え **させる**\n」and not 「答え **られる** 」.\n\nFinally, let us discuss the difference between 「答えられなかった」 and 「答えなかった」.\n\nThe former means that one was unable to answer a question (mostly or entirely\nbecause the question was too difficult).\n\nThe latter means that one chose not to (or declined to) answer a question even\nthough one knew the answer.",
"comment_count": 1,
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| 26171 | 26173 | 26173 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26175",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have a newborn son from my Japanese wife. I try to sing to him. I sing the\nalphabet song (English). Japanese kana and their order is the same value for\ndictionaries. My wife says there isn't one but she isn't traditionally\ntrained. Is there a kana syllabary song?\n\nI found this- I don't think its based on Hakushū Kitahara song. \n<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBfb4UK4-MM>",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-04T11:06:49.717",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kana",
"child-speech"
],
"title": "Is there a traditional Japanese kana song or otherwise how are babies familiarised with kana?",
"view_count": 275
} | [
{
"body": "Quite a bit more sophisticated than the \"alphabet song\", there is a wonderful\npoem by 北原白秋 ([Hakushū\nKitahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakush%C5%AB_Kitahara)) called 五十音. It\ngoes like this\n\n> ## 五十音\n>\n> [水馬]{あめんぼ}赤いな。ア、イ、ウ、エ、オ。 \n> [浮藻]{うきも}に[小蝦]{こえび}もおよいでる。\n>\n> 柿{かき}の木、栗{くり}の木。カ、キ、ク、ケ、コ。 \n> [啄木鳥]{きつつき}、こつこつ、枯{か}れけやき。\n>\n> [大角豆]{ささげ}に酢{す}をかけ、サ、シ、ス、セ、ソ。 \n> その魚{うお}[浅瀬]{あさせ}で刺{さ}しました。\n>\n> 立ちましょ[喇叭]{らっぱ}で、タ、チ、ツ、テ、ト。 \n> トテトテタッタと飛び立った。\n>\n> [蛞蝓]{なめくじ}のろのろ、ナ、ニ、ヌ、ネ、ノ。 \n> [納戸]{なんど}にぬめってなにねばる。\n>\n> [鳩]{はと}ぽっぽ、ほろほろハ、ヒ、フ、ヘ、ホ。 \n> [日向]{ひなた}のお部屋にゃ笛を吹く。\n>\n> [蝸牛]{まいまい}[螺旋巻]{ねじまき}、マ、ミ、ム、メ、モ。 \n> 梅の実落ちても見もしまい。\n>\n> [焼栗]{やきぐり}、ゆで[栗]{ぐり}ヤ、イ、ユ、エ、ヨ。 \n> 山田に灯{ひ}のつく宵{よい}の家{いえ}。\n>\n> [雷鳥]{らいちょう}は寒{さむ}かろ、ラ、リ、ル、レ、ロ。 \n> [蓮花]{れんげ}が咲いたら、[瑠璃]{るり}の鳥。\n>\n> わい、わい、わっしょい。ワヰウヱヲ。 \n> [植木屋]{うゑきや}、[井戸換へ]{ゐどがへ}、お祭{まつり}だ。\n\nAccording to\n[Wikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%9F%B3#.E5.8C.97.E5.8E.9F.E7.99.BD.E7.A7.8B.E3.81.AE.E4.BA.94.E5.8D.81.E9.9F.B3)\nit was first published in 1922 in a magazine called _Taikan_ (大観)\n\n> 1922年、雑誌『大観』1月号に上梓されたものを初出とし、…\n\nso I haven't been able to find a primary source, although it seems to be\nreproduced in several \"collected works\" (e.g. in these two books (Amazon\nlinks),\n[北原白秋100選](http://www.amazon.co.jp/%E5%90%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%AB%A5%E8%AC%A1-%E5%8C%97%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BD%E7%A7%8B100%E9%81%B8-%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%B0-%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%93/dp/4394902339/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1438722272&sr=8-1&keywords=4394902339)\nand [白秋全集〈25〉童謡集\n1](http://www.amazon.co.jp/%E7%99%BD%E7%A7%8B%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8825%E3%80%89%E7%AB%A5%E8%AC%A1%E9%9B%86-1-%E5%8C%97%E5%8E%9F-%E7%99%BD%E7%A7%8B/dp/4000909657/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1438722386&sr=8-1&keywords=4000909657)).",
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},
{
"body": "[Iroha uta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroha) is not exactly a baby song\nbut I think it deserves a mention as it contains all shapes of the syllabary.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-04T16:18:57.773",
"id": "26178",
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| 26174 | 26175 | 26175 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26177",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "After a guy having watched his friend poorly jump to the ground, he said the\nfollowing sentence.\n\n> けっ へたっくそめ パラシュートってのはだな ええい **どいとれっ。**\n\n**Other questions**\n\n 1. Is there any meaning for the word 「けっ」 at the beginning of the sentence?\n\n 2. Is the particle 「め」 just used for emphasizing the word 「くそ」?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-04T13:59:29.397",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26176",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "What does the word 「どいとれっ」 mean?",
"view_count": 269
} | [
{
"body": "To simplify a little,\n\n「どい **とれ** っ」 in Western Japan\n\n＝\n\n「どい **てろ** っ」 in Eastern Japan\n\n＝\n\n「どい **ていろ** 」 in the dictionary form\n\n「退{ど}く」 means \"to move out of the way\", \"to step aside\", \"to get out\", etc.\n\n**「どいとれっ」, therefore, means \"Step aside (and stay there)!\"** because it\ncontains 「いる/いろ」 in it.\n\n> 1) Is there any meaning for the word 「けっ」at the beginning of the sentence?\n\nA little bit, yes. It is an intejection of contempt.\n\n> 2) Is the particle 「め」 just used for emphasizing the word 「くそ」?\n\nYes, but the word here is 「へたっくそ」 and not 「くそ」.",
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| 26176 | 26177 | 26177 |
{
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"body": "One thing that I could never really understand about Japanese is the usage of\nという／ということ. But first let me clarify which という I'm talking about.\n\n> 「Small」と「little」の違い **ということ** はなんですか?\n\nvs\n\n> 「Small」と「little」の違い **は** なんですか？\n\nAnd from a similar question ([When choose の/こと or\nというの/ということ](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12590/when-\nchoose-%E3%81%AE-%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8-or-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%AE-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8))\n\n> こんなによく遅刻{ちこく}をする **というのは** 問題{もんだい}ですよ。\n\nvs\n\n> こんなによく遅刻{ちこく}をする **のは** 問題{もんだい}ですよ。\n\nThere was an answer\n[here](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/4581/what-does-\nusing-%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86-add-to-a-sentence/4585#4585) that suggested\nit was presupposition vs nonpresupposition, but that didn't really make much\nsense to me.\n\nI understand **how** to use it (at least some extent), I just don't get\n**when** or **why** the Japanese use it.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-04T17:53:15.123",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "When and why use という/ということ",
"view_count": 923
} | [
{
"body": "Well, I may be wrong but since noone answered (well, since I started writing\nthis) maybe someone can comment on my answer as to what they think too. :)\n\nSmall」と「little」の違いということはなんですか?\n\nWhat are the kinds of differences between small and little (usage etc)?\n\n-this is less direct (more soft) and allows open discussion. It is not expecting a very direct answer such as \"yes\", \"no\", \"good\" or \"bad\". \n\nSmall」と「little」の違いはなんですか？\n\nWhat is the difference between small and little?\n\n-this is more direct and blunt. The question is expecting a more direct answer such as \"small is a, and little is b\".\n\nA lot of words in Japanese are used not because they are necessary to\ncommunication, but instead because they convey the feelings and intentions of\nthe speaker when speaking. Actually that is quite similar to many of the words\nin other languages writing. It just sounds better, I am sure when you\ntranslate these sentences into English you can also feel the effect even\nthough they are no longer in Japanese. I think the reason this use of filler\nlanguage is more stressed in Japanese than in most languages is because of the\nculture, although I most certainly have gotten annoyed at people in the past\nwhom were clearly not native English speakers but did not make use of words\nsuch as \"please\" and \"thank you\"...but Japanese language takes it further than\nthis where simply adding \"please\" or \"thank you\" cannot make up for lack of\nfiller language (while in many cultures people will find it acceptable to be a\nlittle blunt if you add some polite words in as well).\n\n:)",
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| 26179 | null | 26235 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26184",
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"body": "When the meaning is 'to take' why would I choose to use 受け取る rather than just\n取る? Are they equivalent or do they carry different nuances? Here's an example:\n\n> 「もしよろしければ、オレンジの皮をいただけますか」と言い、 **受け取る** と、わたしに背を向けて、いそいで皮を食べた。\n>\n> \"If it's okay, can I have your orange peel please?\" he said, and when he had\n> taken it, he turned his back to me and hurriedly ate it.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "How to choose between 取る and 受け取る",
"view_count": 2088
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{
"body": "取る is simply to take, whether or not anyone else is involved.\n\n受け取る is to take something that has been offered, given or handed to you.\n\nIn the case of your example, it sounds as though someone else (I assume\nwhoever he asked the question to, the author I suppose) handed the orange peel\nto him, and he reached out and took it. If it had been simply 取る, he could\nhave instead just taken the orange peel off the table directly.\n\nThe key is in 受け-, from 受ける 'receive' - this is a compound verb of 'receive'\nand 'take', meaning that it has something to do with getting something from\nsomeone else as well as taking it.",
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| 26182 | 26184 | 26184 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26187",
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"body": "> (1) 準備{じゅんび}は **前々** から万端{ばんたん}だった。 \n> (2) 準備は **昔** から万端だった。\n\nWhat is the difference in meaning / usage between #1 and #2? \nWhy choose one instead of the other?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between \"前々から\" and \"昔から\"?",
"view_count": 368
} | [
{
"body": "> (1) 準備{じゅんび}は **前々** から万端{ばんたん}だった。 \n> (2) 準備は **昔** から万端だった。\n\n「前々{まえまえ}から」 would generally express a shorter time span than 「昔{むかし}から」\nwould.\n\nWe would tend to use 「前々から」 to mean \"since a few weeks ago\" or \"since a few\nmonths ago\" depending on the context.\n\n「昔から」, however, would often mean \"since several years ago\", \"since many years\nago\" or even \"since many decades ago\".\n\nThis is why your sentence #2 could sound exaggerated or even comical depending\non what one has been prepared for.",
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| 26185 | 26187 | 26187 |
{
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"body": "Is there any significant difference in meaning between 便利な安い物 and 便利で安い物?\n\n * 便利な安い物: handy cheap thing\n * 便利で安い物: handy, cheap thing",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-05T05:45:26.737",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Is there any significant difference in meaning between 便利な安い物 and 便利で安い物?",
"view_count": 154
} | [
{
"body": "There is certainly a difference between the two, but whether it could be\ncalled \"significant\" or not would be up to each individual.\n\n> 「便利{べんり} **な** 安{やす}い物{もの}」\n\n「便利 **な** 」 is in the 連体形{れんたいけい}(attributive form); therefore, the native\nears would instinctively expect a **_noun_** to follow.\n\n「安い物」, even though it is technically in the \"adjective + noun\" form, would\nfeel more like one word (noun) here. Since there happens to exist the word\n(noun) 「安物{やすもの} = \"cheap item\"」, that is what 「安い物」 almost sounds and feels\nlike in the phrase 「便利 **な** 安い物」.\n\n> 「便利 **で** 安い物」\n\n「便利 **で** 」 is in the 連用形｛れんようけい}(continuative form); therefore, the native\nears would naturally expect a **_verb_** or **_another adjective_** to follow.\n\nWhat follows? The adjective 「安い」 does, making the phrase flow stress-free. Two\nadjectives modifying a noun; No problem.\n\nSo, \"one adjective vs. two adjectives\" is the difference in the practical\nsense, if not in a technical sense.",
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| 26188 | 26193 | 26193 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26224",
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"body": "From reading a bunch, I've been under the vague impression that `[adverb]+なる`\ncan be interpreted both progressively and resultatively; according to [this\nchat log](http://chat.stackexchange.com/transcript/511/2014/6/26/1-24), since\nit _can_ take time, it is a durative verb, not punctual. But I'm not sure.\n\nSome examples that are confusing me:\n\n> ①（もう）暗くなっている。 \n> ② 医者になっている。 \n> ③ この部隊はXの指揮下になっている。\n\nPerhaps, the verb なる in ② and ③ is punctual, while it's durative in ①.\n\nCould someone answer if 暗くなっている can have a resultative interpretation?\n\n* * *\n\n**和訳**\n\n多くの文献を読んだ結果、「（連用修飾語）＋なる」は進行中と結果残存という２つの解釈があると漠然と思っています。[このスレ](http://chat.stackexchange.com/transcript/511/2014/6/26/1-24)によれば、時間がかかり得るため瞬間動詞ではなく継続動詞だということになりますが、これが合っているかどうかは分かりません。\n\n例として、以下の文はまだよく分かりません。\n\n> ①（もう）暗くなっている。 \n> ② 医者になっている。 \n> ③ この部隊はXの指揮下になっている。\n\n②及び③の「なる」は瞬間動詞、①は継続動詞、ということでしょうか。\n\n「暗くなっている」に結果残存の解釈も含まれているかどうかを教えてください。",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-05T08:08:00.940",
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"id": "26190",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"time",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Can なっている represent an ongoing change as well as a resultant (completed) change?",
"view_count": 243
} | [
{
"body": "Rarely, yes.\n\nなる in your examples are all punctual usage and these なっている represent a\nresutative aspect.\n\n①（もう）暗くなっている。 (The weather) has become already dark.\n\n② 医者になっている。 (He/She) has become a doctor.\n\n③ この部隊はXの指揮下になっている。This unit is in X's command.\n\nHowever, durative usage is possible when the subject is plural or collective,\nbecause collection of punctual actions that occur gradually can be regarded as\na durative action.\n\ne.g. そこかしこで、雰囲気が暗くなっている The atmosphere is getting / has become dark here and\nthere\n\nPerhaps なっていっている is better for \"is getting\".",
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| 26190 | 26224 | 26224 |
{
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"body": "Katakana have some combinations beyond low ャ, ュ and ョ that uses low ァ, ィ, ゥ,\nェ, and ォ. But I can't find complete list of such combinations. Where are lists\nlike <http://goo.gl/Lai88W> available, but some other sources like cram.com\nlists shows more combinations like `テュ` for `tyu`\n\nDoes such list exists or it's not standardised in any way and works on \"common\nsense\" basis?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-05T08:45:38.123",
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"katakana"
],
"title": "Where can I find full katakana combinations list?",
"view_count": 727
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{
"body": "I'll make a list myself. Probably won't take too long. Also, I take it that\nwe're talking about Japanese (国語), and standard forms rather than Ainu and\ncolloquialisms, where the combinations are different. You also left out ッ,\nwhich i'll list separately for kana it can appear before (not after, because\nit can occur after anything).\n\nThere are lots of combinations that are possible, but not used, and not even\nstandard all the time (particularly ones like クァ), but are technically\npossible, and thus i've listed them at the end.\n\nウィ ウェ ウォ ヴァ ヴィ ヴェ ヴォ キャ キュ キョ ギャ ギュ ギョ シャ シュ ショ ジャ ジュ ジョ チャ チュ チョ ティ テュ ディ デュ\nニャ ニュ ニョ ヒャ ヒュ ヒョ ビャ ビュ ビョ ピャ ピュ ピョ ファ フィ フェ フォ ミャ ミュ ミョ リャ リュ リョ\n\nクァ クィ クェ クォ グァ グィ グェ グォ スァ スィ スェ スォ ズァ ズィ ズェ ズォ ツァ ツィ ツェ ツォ トァ トィ トゥ トェ トォ ドァ\nドィ ドゥ ドェ ドォ\n\nッ can occur in front of: カ行、ガ行、サ行、ザ行、タ行、ダ行、バ行、パ行、sometimes ハ行（例えば：バッハ）. This\ngives us:\n\nッカ ッキ ック ッケ ッコ ッガ ッギ ッグ ッゲ ッゴ ッサ ッシ ッス ッセ ッソ ッタ ッチ ッツ ッテ ット ッダ ッデ ッド ッハ ッヒ ッフ\nッヘ ッホ ッバ ッビ ッブ ッベ ッボ ッパ ッピ ップ ッペ ッポ\n\nッキャ ッキュ ッキョ ッギャ ッギュ ッギョ ッシャ ッシュ ッショ ッジャ ッジュ ッジョ ッチャ ッチュ ッチョ ッティ ッテュ ッディ ッデュ\nッヒャ ッヒュ ッヒョ ッビャ ッビュ ッビョ ッピャ ッピュ ッピョ ッファ ッフィ ッフェ ッフォ\n\nックァ ックィ ックェ ックォ ッグァ ッグィ ッグェ ッグォ ッスァ ッスィ ッスェ ッスォ ッズァ ッズィ ッズェ ッズォ ッツァ ッツィ ッツェ\nッツォ ットァ ットィ ットゥ ットェ ットォ ッドァ ッドィ ッドゥ ッドェ ッドォ\n\nWorth noting that pre-WW2 there were some non-standard characters of the ラ行\nwith dakuten (゛) for transcribing the American r sound, but these aren't used\nanymore, barely were to begin with, and were pronounced the same way as ラ行\nwithout dakuten.",
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| 26191 | null | 26192 |
{
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"body": "On Lang-8, for 'early birthday present' I used\n\n> 早い誕生日プレゼント\n\nbut this was corrected to\n\n> 早めの誕生日プレゼント\n\nWhat's the difference between 早い and 早め?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-05T11:19:18.867",
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"score": 7,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 早い and 早め?",
"view_count": 1247
} | [
{
"body": "早い is \"early\" in a time sense, and as an adjective. That is to say:\n\n> 早く起きる Wake up early\n>\n> 早い時間 Early hours (there's probably a better translation than this somewhere)\n\n早め is \"earlier\" in the sense of an adverb to describe something else\n(technically 早く is an adverb, but it's not used the same way). Compare it to\nthe verb 早める, meaning \"to advance\" (in time), or make earlier.\n\n> 早めに支払いをする Pay off early\n>\n> 早めの昼ごはん Early lunch\n>\n> 早めにプレゼントをあげる Give a present early\n\nThis last one changed to 早めのプレゼント, which gives us the sentence you gave at the\nstart.",
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| 26194 | 26196 | 26196 |
{
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"body": "I am just doing some homework and I can't make the sentence I want.\n\nConcretely, I want to write\n\n> \"If you start smoking again, I'm going to give you a good spanking.\"\n\nIf I say this in England or other parts in Europe (in a different language)\nthe person I am telling this will laugh (or at least smile). Because of course\nI am not actually going to beat them up even if they start smoking again.\n\nHow can I say this in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-08-05T11:28:08.833",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "How to say \"I'm going to spank you if...\"?",
"view_count": 1598
} | [
{
"body": "There are so many ways to render it with a similar effect. Idiolect could play\na significant role, reflecting one's generation, gender, personality,\nproclivity to use humor, etc.\n\nThe addressee's reaction could depend on HOW you say it, too, e.g., with\naffected seriousness, with subtle cuteness, a deadpan tone/face, furrowed\nbrows with eyes smiling, etc.\n\nJust a few examples that come to mind: また吸い始めたら +お仕置きするからね +ただじゃおかないからね\n+さらし首かな +縛り首（しばりくび）だな +ギロチンだね +死刑だよ +おへそガリガリの刑だからね（dozens of variations are\npossible on this 〜の刑).\n\nFor added emphasis you could repeat the noun part immediately after these,\ne.g., ギロチンだね、ギロチン！(with or without the exclamation mark).",
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| 26195 | 26198 | 26198 |
{
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"body": "In class we've been learning about sickness, so we went\nover「どうしたんですか。」and「…がいたいんです。」. I asked the teacher and she said the use of 「ん」\nis to provide an explanation, but she didn't explain what rules govern it, nor\nhow to use it other than those two examples. Could someone explain how to use\nit, when to use it, what rules to follow, and what its technical name is,\nplease?",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "The use of 「ん」 in 「どうしたんですか」",
"view_count": 1811
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{
"body": "I study every day with a native speaker at work because I have to speak\nJapanese to customers, he's a language teacher and he explained it to me like\nthis. When we want to be more assertive, insistent and/or emphasise a question\nor statement, we use \"〜ん\". Note, it's unrelated to honorific language（敬語）It\ncan also be used to make rude/offensive sentences.\n\nI made some examples for you, you probably know most of the other sentences,\nbut it's nice to see them together to compare them. I made the ん bold so you\ncan find it easier. When used with a verb, you should use dictionary form or\npast tense, depending on what you want to say.\n\n* * *\n\nQuestion. **What are you doing?** :\n\n何をしていますか？ < Polite (not emphasized or insistent, just asking)\n\n何をしてる **ん** ですか? < emphasize and insist (kind of polite)\n\n何してるの？ < Casual and impolite\n\n**Rude and very informal:**\n\n何して **ん** の？ < more like \"whatcha doin'?\" and used when angry\n\n何して **ん** ね？ < used more by comedians and Kansai people, more like \"what the\nhell are you doin'?\" and used when angry\n\n* * *\n\nExplaining. **I have a plan** :\n\n予定があります < Polite (not emphasized or insistent at all)\n\n予定がある **ん** です < emphasized (can be polite)\n\n予定がある < Casual and impolite (only for friends)\n\n**Rude and very informal :**\n\n予定がある **ん** だよ！< angry and assertive (adds power)\n\nIt's also used to add power to commands (very rude and informal) For example:\n\n* * *\n\n**Command : Don't eat! :**\n\n食べないで < Polite form often used with ください\n\n食べるな < Rude\n\n食べる **ん** じゃねー \"Don't __eat! \" < Used when very angry, sometimes people add よ\nfor more emphasis.\n\n* * *\n\nNot sure how useful this is but I hope it helps. But please don't assume it\nadds a negative meaning in sentences, it just adds emphasis to the speakers\nspeech or desire. Really polite : お休みしたいんです < I'd like to take a rest/day off.\n\nIf you're still not sure how it adds emphasis, how about this:\n\n> Tom: I want to eat ice-cream.\n>\n> アイス食べたいです\n>\n> Jessica: What?\n>\n> Tom: I want to eat ice-cream.\n>\n> アイス食べたいです\n>\n> Jessica: ...What?\n>\n> Tom: I want to eat ice-cream!! (notice exclamation marks for emphasis)\n>\n> アイス食べたい **ん** です！\n>\n> (You could take it 1 step further... )\n>\n> Jessica: huh? I still can't hear you.\n>\n> Tom: I said I want to eat ice-cream, damn it! (super emphasis + angry time)\n>\n> アイス食べてーって言った **ん** だろうが！\n\nIf you watch the anime One Piece, a good example is in Episode 413 when he\nasks the snake princesses to put the statues down, they ignore him so he\nscreams 止めろって言ってんだろうがー! \"だろうが\" is really rude, it kind of means \"damn it\" but\nit's on the same level as a curse word.",
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| 26197 | 26222 | 26222 |
{
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"body": "**MORE INFO** \nIn an effort to make my question as short as possible, I abbreviated too much.\nThis is the complete sentence that originated my question:\n\n> 少年時代から２０年間もずっと過ごしてきて、他人 **から** 軽んじられるの **に** 慣れていなかった。\n\nNow you can see what I clipped. I removed important information. Sorry I\ncaused confusion. I've learned how to ask questions better.\n\n**ORIGINAL QUESTION**\n\n> (1) イギリス人 **に** 軽{かろ}んじられた。 \n> (2) イギリス人 **から** 軽んじられた。\n\nBoth appear to be grammatically correct 受{う}け身形{みけい} and also have the same\nmeaning: \n_\"I was looked-down upon by English people.\"_\n\n> (3) 虎 **に** 食べられた。\n\nAppears to be grammatically correct 受け身形 and mean: \n_\"I was eaten by a tiger.\"_\n\nSo, if I can swap \"から\" for \"に\" in #1 and #2, can I do the same with #3 and\nsay:\n\n> (4) 虎{とら} **から** 食{た}べられた。\n\n#4 does not sound possible to me _(but maybe it is?)_. \nSo, might it be that \"に\" is the standard/safe thing to use in 受け身形? \nSometimes, \"から\" can be swapped for \"に\", but you'd need a native ear to sense\nwhen that is appropriate?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"passive-voice",
"particle-から"
],
"title": "The grammar of \"虎から食べられた\" and \"虎に食べられた\"?",
"view_count": 379
} | [
{
"body": "In my response to your new query,\n\n> MORE INFO In an effort to make my question as short as possible, I\n> abbreviated too much. This is the complete sentence that originated my\n> question:\n>\n> 少年時代から２０年間もずっと過ごしてきて、他人から軽んじられるのに慣れていなかった。\n>\n> Now you can see what I clipped. I removed important information. Sorry I\n> caused confusion. I've learned how to ask questions better.\n\nI thought you would like the answerer to explain the difference between the\nabove から an に.\n\nIf it is wrong, the kindly tell me.\n\nAfter having researched on the net all through, the above postpositional\nparticle or the conjunctive particle **「から」** , which in **the Japanese active\nvoice** could have 11 meanings such as in English **from, by the way of, due\nto etc, etc,** , **WHEREAS IN THE JAPANESE PASSIVE VOICE** , which is the\nmatter of this question, 「から」 **can be used only in quite limited\nsituations.** , only 2 or 3 cases.\n\n**[Let's take a look at an\nexample](http://blog.livedoor.jp/veritedesu/archives/1925362.html)**\n\n> ◆原料・材料の「から」は from ( make と共に使われることが多い）Butter is made from\n> milk.「バターはミルクから作られる。」\n\nTranslated ( partly due to the existence of English translation )\n\n> Case 1 : **から＝from**\n>\n> Example to denote \"from some materials\", or the \"origin\". ( I skip to\n> translate some part intentionally due to the reason they have nothing to do\n> with the Japanese passive voice. ) \"Butter is made from milk.\"\n>\n> ◆相手方を示す「～から・・・される」 文が受身の意味になっている場合 by を用いる\n> 「新しいラケットをおじさんからもらった。」の「から」は文全体が受身の意味になっているので、受動態で、I was given a new racket\n> by my uncle.のようになる。\n\nTranslation\n\n> Case 2 から＝ **been XXXXX by** This case can be always seen in the passive\n> voice. The sentence 「I was given a new racket by my uncle.」 indicates the\n> whole sentence should be expressed by the passive voice.\n\n**Other researches indicated から, in the passive voice, denote \"a starting\npoint\".**\n\nConsidering the meaning of your question, から is used as **by**.\n\nLet's break down part of your sentence by the component by the component in\norder for (me) to explain clearly ( sorry ).\n\n> 他人から軽んじられるのに慣れていなかった。\n\n-->\n\n> 他人(noun)/から(particle)/軽んじ（verb, \"look down\", 上一段, here 連用形)/られる（auxiliary,\n> 連体形）/の（particle, 終助詞)/ **に** (later)/慣れていなかった(not be used to XXX )\n\nNow here, the postpostional particle,\n**[に](http://people.ucalgary.ca/~xyang/kobun/6-2-4.htm)** , denotes (四）in the\nlink, since the former postpositional particle の can be swapped by 事, thus\nconsidering **what the speaker of the sentence is not used to** , I concluded\nhere に denotes the case （四）.\n\n> （四）動作・作用の対象、結果を表わす。「車にする」「紙を半分に切る」\n\nTranslation\n\n> (四）To denote objects, recipients, results etc of the action. 「buy? a car?」\n> 「cut a sheet of paper into 2」\n\nSo the roles of the から and に in the sentence is different.\n\nWhile in the passive voice, に is in the above link same with （六) ( the\nreasons, methods, etc ),(八),( to denote someone or something that causes the\nevent ), に in the sentence of your question plays a role of （四） , meaning the\nobjects etc etc ( of the action ( in the above case **\"to be used to** )).\n\n**Please note**\n\nAs I said above,\n\n**Other researches indicated から, in the passive voice, denote \"a starting\npoint\".**\n\nSo this is my opinion, ( I was not able to find any source with an apology ),\nafter から in the passive voice, the **recipient** who receives the **movement**\n**must exist even after the \"movement\"**.\n\nIn English man/woman's case, the person ( unknown ) who **received** the\nunfavorable feeling that the English man/woman had **still exists** , while\nthe Tiger's case, the person eaten by the Tiger **can not exist anymore**.\nThus as Brocolli also says, the **movement** can not occur, therfore, here in\nthis passive voice, the word から can not be used, I thought.\n\nI hope I was able to help you with thank you. Have a nice day.\n\n**-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------**\nTo me it is a piece of a cake ( or it became a piece of a cake ( I learned\neven though I am a native speaker....)).\n\n> (2) イギリス人から軽んじられた。\n\n「から」,which is used when in the Japanese passive voice **something is moved**\n**_by the de facto subject._**\n\nSo here, (2), the actual ( de facto ) subject is イギリス人。\n\nWhat was moved by the イギリス人？ I think it is the **feeling of \"disregarding\",\n\"looking down\" etc ( which the English man/woman has inside his/her heart )**.\nThe feeling which the English man/woman has was **moved** to the person ( here\nunknown ) so that the person can feel he or she is looked down.\n\nWhereas, 虎から食べられた。'case,\n\n**Is there anything that the subject 虎 can move or shift to the person**?\n\nNo, the motion, **To eat** can not be **moved.** Upon being eaten, the person\n( the object ) dies. So nothing moves. So the latter can take only 「に」here,\nwhich denotes simply the actual subject, 虎．\n\nIf we talk by the active voice, that might be easier to understand.\n\n**The English man/woman looked down on him/her** --> The feeling ( which has\nthe English man/woman has ) was moved to the person so that the person can\nfeel he/she is looked down by the English man/woman.\n\n**The tiger ate the person** --> \"To eat\" can not be moved because instantly\nwhen the tiger eats the person dies......",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T22:17:28.490",
"id": "26204",
"last_activity_date": "2015-08-06T10:54:37.787",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-06T10:54:37.787",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "26199",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 26199 | 26204 | 26204 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "26208",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What dialects change ます into やす, as in these examples:\n\n> * 「何が **出やした** か…？見ておくんなせェ」\n> * 「そう **決めやした** ね…？」\n> * 「ならあちらさんの勝ちだ…今夜は逮捕 **しやせん** 」\n>\n\nIt appears to be Edo dialect. Is that correct?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T21:38:07.490",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "26201",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-03T17:04:47.203",
"last_edit_date": "2015-08-05T21:57:18.837",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3776",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"dialects"
],
"title": "What dialects change ます into やす?",
"view_count": 177
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, one can call it Edo dialect and all of your examples look Edo/Tokyo as\nwell. Today, 「やす」 is no longer used by many in real life around Tokyo. It is\nmore \"known\" as the honorific sentence-ender in the underworld in fiction.\n\nI would need to point out, though, that the auxiliary verb 「やす」 was originally\na Kansai phenomenon. It is still used in Kyoto in polite imperatives.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-08-05T22:59:14.913",
"id": "26208",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-03T17:04:47.203",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-03T17:04:47.203",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "26201",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 26201 | 26208 | 26208 |
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