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{
"accepted_answer_id": "28321",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a simple question to be asked in japanese: WHY ARE YOU HERE?\n\nI know the individual words for 'Why', 'here'. But I don't seem to know the\nsentence structure for these types of questions.\n\nAnyone has an insight (colloquial and formal version?)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T15:33:56.467",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28316",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-27T18:20:34.833",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11033",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"questions"
],
"title": "colloquial conversations",
"view_count": 1255
} | [
{
"body": "どうしてここにいる？ _Doushite koko ni iru?_ is the colloquial way. You use にいる _ni iru_\nto talk about the location of living being (for non-living things say にある _ni\naru_. To make it polite, say どうしてここにいますか？ _Doushite koko ni imasu ka?_ ,\n_imasu_ being the polite form of _iru_ , and _ka_ being a question marker\ngenerally used with polite forms (with plain forms it sounds either a little\nrough and aggressive, or like formal writing).\n\nTo go even further, you can express respect with the honorific constructions\nどうしてここにおられますか？ _Doushite koko ni oraremasu ka?_ , どうしてこちらにいらっしゃいますか？ _Doushite\nkochira ni irasshaimasu ka?_ , and どうしてこちらにいらっしゃいますでしょうか？ _Doushite kochira ni\nirasshaimasu deshou ka?_ _Orareru_ and _irassharu_ , here conjugated to polite\nforms, are honorific forms of _iru_ ( _irassharu_ is more honorific), and\n_kochira_ is a polite form of _koko_ (it can also be polite self-reference, or\na neutral word for 'this way'; in the last use, it has the colloquial form こっち\n_kocchi_ , which can be used a a self-reference, but is much less polite than\n_kochira_ ).\n\nOf course, if you required to express respect, どうしてこちらに？ _Doushite kochira\nni?_ may be your best option. Incomplete sentences often sound softer and less\ndemanding.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T18:20:34.833",
"id": "28321",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-27T18:20:34.833",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9971",
"parent_id": "28316",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28316 | 28321 | 28321 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> はじめ：まずは腹ごしらえしておこうよ。 \n> たもつ：じゃあ、僕はチーズバーガーで。\n\nHere is で in the second line part of a contraction Japanese use in their daily\nspeech? If so what is the textbook version of the sentence?\n\nContext: Hajime and Tamotsu are at a fast food restaurant, and the second line\nshould be Tamotsu giving his order to the shop assistant. Thus I think\nで腹はらごしらえする may not be the best fit for the context...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T15:42:55.863",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28317",
"last_activity_date": "2021-10-11T23:00:36.810",
"last_edit_date": "2021-10-11T23:00:36.810",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "10787",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-で"
],
"title": "Sentence ending で in じゃあ、僕はチーズバーガーで",
"view_count": 1590
} | [
{
"body": "As the dialog gives us no other clues what たもつ really had in his mind, I think\n「僕はチーズバーガーで[腹]{はら}ごしらえする／腹ごしらえしておく」 would be the most logical expansion.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T19:19:04.710",
"id": "28322",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T16:23:55.883",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-29T16:23:55.883",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"parent_id": "28317",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "> じゃあ、僕はチーズバーガーで。\n\nin textbook version would look like:\n\n> それでは、僕はチーズバーガーにします。\n\nIn this case 「で」 expresses his choice.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T07:53:10.853",
"id": "28343",
"last_activity_date": "2019-08-01T13:15:34.447",
"last_edit_date": "2019-08-01T13:15:34.447",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11277",
"parent_id": "28317",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 28317 | null | 28322 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28337",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The 国勢{こくせい}調査{ちょうさ} census asks every habitant of Japan to tell whether they\nlive in a `一戸建【いっこだて】` (stand-alone house) , a `長屋【ながや】建{だて}(テラスハウスを含む)`, a\n`共同{きょうどう}住宅{じゅうたく}`, or `その他{ほか}` (other).\n\n**QUESTION:** What is the difference between a 長屋建 and a 共同住宅?\n\nIf it is determined by the number of floors, please explain exactly where the\nthreshold is.\n\n* * *\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ri4Ka.png)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T15:59:46.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28318",
"last_activity_date": "2017-04-05T12:52:31.960",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-05T12:52:31.960",
"last_editor_user_id": "3295",
"owner_user_id": "107",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"definitions"
],
"title": "How to tell whether a building is 長屋【ながや】建{だて} or 共同{きょうどう}住宅{じゅうたく}",
"view_count": 173
} | [
{
"body": "It essentially seems to be based on whether the entrance is shared or not. If\nthere is one door per household it is 長屋建. If there is a hall entrance it is a\n共同住宅. \nThe number of floors has no relevance, even a one-floor building can be a\n共同住宅.\n\nFrom <http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2010/users-g/word3.htm>:\n\n> # 長屋建\n>\n\n>> 二つ以上の住宅を一棟に建て連ねたもので，各住宅が壁を共通にし，それぞれ別々に外部への出入口をもっているもの いわゆる「テラス・ハウス」も含みます。\n\n>\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1SDuO.gif)\n>\n> # 共同住宅\n>\n\n>> 棟の中に二つ以上の住宅があるもので，廊下・階段などを共用しているものや二つ以上の住宅を重ねて建てたもの \n> ※ 1階が店舗で，2階以上が住宅になっている建物も含みます。 \n> ※\n> 建物の階数により「1・2階建」，「3～5階建」，「6～10階建」，「11～14階建」，「15階建以上」に５区分しています。また，平成17年調査から世帯が住んでいる階についても，建物の階数と同様に五つに区分しています。\n>\n>\n> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/X9OyC.gif)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T03:47:03.010",
"id": "28337",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-11T06:55:40.920",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-11T06:55:40.920",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "107",
"parent_id": "28318",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 28318 | 28337 | 28337 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28325",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I have a question about what 再生の日 means in the context of the following\nsentence: \"全ては再生の日のために.\" I've gathered that 再生 means regenerate or recycle,\nbut I have a feeling this doesn't mean recycling day and I can't find any help\nfor this on Google thus far. Any assistance would be appreciated, thank you :)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T20:15:28.663",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28323",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-27T20:36:22.117",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Meaning of 再生の日",
"view_count": 123
} | [
{
"body": "It depends on the context but I guess \"全ては再生の日のために\" is a phrase in a game or\nan anime. If so, it should be `revival` or `reincarnation` because 再 is\n'again' or 're-' and 生 can be 'live' or 'born'.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T20:34:05.607",
"id": "28325",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-27T20:34:05.607",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10770",
"parent_id": "28323",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "It means all is for the sake of the day when the person will be\nreborn/resurrected. <http://jisho.org/search/%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F> for a\ndictionary source.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T20:36:22.117",
"id": "28326",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-27T20:36:22.117",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10045",
"parent_id": "28323",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 28323 | 28325 | 28325 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28327",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "The phrase is pretty simple:\n\n> デスノート \n> 落{お}としちまった\n\nWhich is obviously, \"I dropped my Death Note\".\n\nThe verb (and the kanji) is for おとす or おちる, which is \"to drop\" or \"to let\nfall\", yet this is a verbal form that I couldn't find anywhere. It looks like\na mix between the two verbs. I can't really tell what to make of it\ngrammatically.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T20:23:38.093",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28324",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T13:33:05.427",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-28T02:19:50.250",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11200",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"て-form",
"contractions",
"subsidiary-verbs"
],
"title": "落としちまった - what form is this?",
"view_count": 1562
} | [
{
"body": "It _is_ two verbs. You just had the two wrong verbs in mind.\n\n落｛お｝としちまった is the colloquial form of 落｛お｝としてしまった, which in turn is comprised\nof the following two verbs:\n\n落｛お｝として (て form): [落とす\n(jisho.org)](http://jisho.org/word/%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A8%E3%81%99)\n\nしまった (past form): [しまう\n(jisho.org)](http://jisho.org/word/%E4%BB%95%E8%88%9E%E3%81%86)\n\nBy slurring the pronunciation of てし, you end up with ち, hence 落｛お｝とし **てし**\nまった→ 落｛お｝とし **ち** まった\n\nちまう has its own dictionary entry here: [ちまう\n(jisho.org)](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%81%A1%E3%81%BE%E3%81%86)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T21:11:24.027",
"id": "28327",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T13:33:05.427",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-28T13:33:05.427",
"last_editor_user_id": "10068",
"owner_user_id": "10068",
"parent_id": "28324",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "「落としちまった」is a colloquial form of 「落としてしまいました」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T07:55:54.237",
"id": "28344",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T07:55:54.237",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11277",
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"post_type": "answer",
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}
]
| 28324 | 28327 | 28327 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28338",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I am writing a homework assignment and I am trying to write \"I had to start\nbringing my umbrella\".\n\nI know that to say \"I started eating\" it would be 食べはじめる，or to say \"I started\ndrinking\" it would be 飲み始める。\n\nI have no idea how to start writing \"I had to start bringing an umbrella\".\n\nThis is what I think it is: 傘を連れて行き初めていけない\n\nThis would be in the context of: It was raining so much, I had to start\nbringing an umbrella because I did not want to get wet.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T21:39:03.330",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28328",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-09T13:43:50.863",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-08T14:48:20.880",
"last_editor_user_id": "11849",
"owner_user_id": "11312",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"words",
"aspect"
],
"title": "How to say \"started to do something\"?",
"view_count": 22058
} | [
{
"body": "Firstly, note that 連{つ}れて行{い}く is used for living things not inanimate\nobjects. Inanimate objects would use 持{も}って行{い}く. Also note that ～ていけない in\nthis instance is missing either the initial いけない （持{も}っていかなければいけない), however\nthis implies that it is an absolute must that you bring the umbrella with you\n(not so much being required for rain as you will get in trouble for not having\nit).\n\nSomething simple like 雨が降っていたから、傘を持っていきました (I brought an umbrella because it\nwas raining) should work fine.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T01:46:56.030",
"id": "28335",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T02:23:51.847",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-28T02:23:51.847",
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"owner_user_id": "9241",
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{
"body": "If you had to construct the sentence using `〜はじめる`, that would be:\n\n> 傘を持っていきはじめなければいけなくなった。 \n> I had to start bringing an umbrella.\n\nSince that is quite a mouthful (and not very natural despite its grammatical\ncorrectness), some other options:\n\n * 毎日傘を持っていかなければいけなくなった。 \nI had to start bringing an umbrella every day.\n\n * 毎日傘を持っていくようになった。 \nI started to bring an umbrella every day.\n\n * 毎日傘を持っていく羽目{はめ}になった。 \nI ended up having to bring an umbrella every day. \n(This one has a complaining nuance, so is not suitable in some interactions.)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T06:04:25.693",
"id": "28338",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T06:04:25.693",
"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "In general, I agree with @mirka.\n\nI would also say:\n\n> 傘を持参するようになった",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T07:48:19.150",
"id": "28342",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T07:48:19.150",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11277",
"parent_id": "28328",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "For completeness, I'll mention one other way to say \"to start ~\".\n\nYou can use verb (pre-masu) + 出す.\n\nFor example:\n\n> 彼は走り出した\n>\n> He started to run.\n>\n> 雨が急に降り出した。\n>\n> It suddenly started raining.\n\nHowever, I think the usage of this is much more limited than 〜はじめる. See\n[this](https://hinative.com/ja/questions/207878) post where a Japanese person\ntalks about a special nuance of \"食べ出す\"\n\nAlso, since this usage focuses more on the act of starting something at that\nmoment, I don't think you could use it for your umbrella example. The \"start\"\nin \"start bringing my umbrella\" is more about a long term trend.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-02-09T13:43:50.863",
"id": "31039",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-09T13:43:50.863",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11825",
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}
]
| 28328 | 28338 | 28338 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28333",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What I'm trying to say: \"If I don't take a break from studying now, I'll\nprobably forget everything I've learned.\"\n\nWhat I'm saying: 「私は今勉強するのを休まなければ、私が学んだすべてのものを忘れるだろう。」",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T23:13:57.503",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28330",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-04T11:32:02.043",
"last_edit_date": "2015-12-04T11:32:02.043",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11314",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"expressions"
],
"title": "Is the way I'm writing this correct, and is there a better way of writing it?",
"view_count": 238
} | [
{
"body": "By break from study I assume you mean an arbitrary 15min/30min break, not to\nstop studying for a greater amount of time (like quitting university because\nof the stress of study). It is also assumed you are not wanting to say this in\nany type of Keigo nor any type of colloquial dialect.\n\nIn that case 休憩{きゅうけい} would be a better alternative that 休{やす}む which in this\ncase **may** imply the longer break.\n\n> 今｛いま｝すぐ勉強｛べんきょう｝から休憩｛きゅうけい｝をしなかったら、すべて学｛まな｝んだことを忘｛わす｝れてしまいます。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T01:31:08.767",
"id": "28333",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T01:31:08.767",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9241",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "今、勉強を休まないと、今まで勉強してきたことを全て忘れてしまいそう。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T07:58:13.777",
"id": "28345",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T07:58:13.777",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11277",
"parent_id": "28330",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28330 | 28333 | 28345 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Example: \"There's so much food, I can't eat it all...\"\n\nRight now, if forced to write that, I'd say something like\n「食べ物がたくさんから、すべてを食べられない・・・」but I'm not quite sure how I'd make sure the meaning\nis clear that I can't eat it because there's TOO much. Is there a way to\nexpress this, or is it just one of those concepts that's just not present in\nJapanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-27T23:49:20.270",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28331",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T00:20:38.497",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11168",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to express the concept of there being too much?",
"view_count": 1744
} | [
{
"body": "The concept of \"Too much\" does exist in Japanese, however, I can think of\ndifferent manners of expressing it. In your question you ask about \"Being too\nmuch\", but the most common pattern, in my opinion is \"To do something in\nexcess\" that is expressed as:\n\n> V-ますstem + 過｛す｝ぎる\n\nTo answer your question, I will first point to your example. What you say is\ncorrect, albeit verbose. I would go with the shorter:\n\n> もうたくさん、食べられない\n\n(see\n[weblio](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E3%82%82%E3%81%86%E6%B2%A2%E5%B1%B1),\nsecond sense)\n\nYou have another option which is to use `余｛あま｝る` or one of its compounds. By\nitself, 余る can [mean](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E4%BD%99%E3%82%8B)\n\"To be in excess\". However, I find a lot of examples using either:\n\n> 手に余る : この仕事{しごと}は私｛わたし｝の手｛て｝に余る。\n\nWhich means \"I can't handle it\", \"It's too much for me\". Useful compounds are\n`余裕｛よゆう｝`, `余剰{よじょう}` which both have a meaning of surplus, excess. However,\ntheir use varies, and I can only encourage you to look them up in a dictionary\nand check for usages on the web!",
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| 28331 | null | 28332 |
{
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"body": "I know the full conjugations of expressing things that must/must not be done\n(ex:行かなくてはだめ）and their slang forms (ex:行かなくちゃ) but I've heard the ちゃ sounds\nlike a little girl speaking? If that's true, how can I shorten the full\nconjugation without using ちゃ?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"gender"
],
"title": "How to shorten conjugations of \"must\" forms without sounding girly?",
"view_count": 708
} | [
{
"body": "There are a few ways of doing it. Looking at 行く as the verb.\n\n> 行かなくてはいけません \n> 行かなければなりません \n> 行かなくてはいけない \n> 行かなければならない \n> 行かなくちゃいけない (mostly feminine) \n> 行かなきゃいけない (mostly feminine) \n> 行かなくちゃ (mostly feminine) \n> 行かなきゃ (mostly feminine) \n> 行かないと \n> 行かんと (informal, colloquial)\n\nSimilarly with する as the verb\n\n> しなくてはいけません \n> しなければなりません \n> しなくてはいけない \n> しなければならない \n> しなくちゃいけない (mostly feminine) \n> しなきゃいけない (mostly feminine) \n> しなくちゃ (mostly feminine) \n> しなきゃ (mostly feminine) \n> しないと \n> せんと (informal, colloquial, dialect)",
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| 28334 | 28336 | 28336 |
{
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"body": "Prevalent price (朱印代) for a stamp in a shrine or a temple is 300 yen, although\nthere are exceptions. Wikipedia confirms this\n[Shuin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuin)\n[朱印](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%8D%B0_\\(%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BB%8F%E9%96%A3\\)).\n\nI wonder if the amount bears an association of 参百円{さんびゃくえん} with 参拝{さんぱい} /\nお参{まい}り or is it purely coincidental?\n\nIf there was a connection, are there any other examples of combining a number\nand a word based on their common character? Like 拾 for 10 with 拾う{ひろう}? In\nadvertising perhaps?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-28T06:08:41.730",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"kanji",
"culture"
],
"title": "Is the 300 yen price for a \"shuin\" stamp linguistically related to お参り?",
"view_count": 106
} | [
{
"body": "Interesting thought, but I doubt that 300円 has anything to do with 参拝, simply\nbecause of inflation. Maybe it used to be 30円 and 3円 in the past though?\n\nIt's true that numbers and their sounds or kanji have strong ties in Japanese:\n\n * The 五円 coin is considered lucky because it's homophonous with ご縁{ごえん}. \n * 四 and 九 are unlucky numbers because of their similarity to 死{し} and 苦{く}. In apartment buildings, rooms are often numbered to avoid 4 (#101, 102, 103, 105).\n * Monetary gifts for weddings (ご祝儀) are usually 3 or 5万円, because even numbers can be evenly divided (割り切れる) and are therefore unlucky for newlyweds.\n * 八 is a lucky number because the kanji strokes spread out at the ends ([末広がり]{すえひろがり}), and symbolizes prosperity.\n\nThen there is a huge culture of [語呂合わせ]{ごろあわせ}, where numbers are matched with\nsimilarly sounding words:\n\n * 3900円 (サンキュー) for some kind of special discount pricing\n * Lots of mnemonics for phone numbers and historical dates\n * Yakiniku joints claiming that every 29th day of the month is 肉{にく}の日, etc.\n\nSorry if this was a little off topic from your original question.",
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"creation_date": "2015-09-28T07:18:22.613",
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"body": "Some digits in kanji (漢数字) are simple and easy to alter. Especially, 一, 二, 三\nand 十 are really easy to alter. For example, you can easily make 十 (10) 千\n(1000) by just adding a stroke. You don't want to use 漢数字 in your bank checks!\nIn such cases, more complicated kanji are used for digits, called\n[大字{だいじ}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%97_%28%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%29).\nFor example,\n\n```\n\n 漢数字 大字 \n 1 一 壱\n 2 二 弐\n 3 三 参\n 10 十 拾\n \n```\n\nSo I don't think 参百円 has anything with 参拝. It gives a touch of formality,\nthough.",
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| 28339 | null | 28340 |
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"body": "Here is the sentence including the word.\n\n> 自分がチャンピオンに **なりそこなった** もんだから このおれにゆめをたくそうってわけだな。",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-28T08:37:57.813",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"compound-verbs"
],
"title": "What does the word 「なりそこなった」 mean?",
"view_count": 460
} | [
{
"body": "\"[連用形] + 損【そこ】なう\" is a common combination which means \"fail to [verb]\". See\ndefinition #4 of [this\nentry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/130437/m0u/).\n\nチャンピオンになりそこなう = to fail to become a champion",
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"body": "What does `変なテンション` describe?\n\nTo my limited understanding, the expression is used by a person who observes a\n`テンション高い` person but fails to understand why that person is `テンション高い`.\n\nAm I mistaken? Or is there more to it? \nAre there requirements that the observer or observed have to fit in for the\nexpression to be used? \nIn any case, 変なテンション has nuances that are not conveyed by just the sum of 変な\nand テンション (in its Japanese meaning of course).\n\nNo dictionary in sight in the first few Google pages.\n\nUsage examples:\n\n * `変なテンションになっちゃう` has [30.000 Google results](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%A4%89%E3%81%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%81%86%22)\n * 昨日の夜ゆきちゃんと変なテンションで 撮った動画です(￣▽￣) 笑\n * 石を落とさないようにしているのか、カワウソが変なテンションで遊びに夢中になっている姿がかわいらしいです。\n * 焼肉でありえない変なテンションになっちゃう\n * 守衛さんの「ふーん大丈夫かこいつらー」が他人事っぽくてよいです。でも確かに残業してるとこんな変なテンションになっちゃうことありますよね。\n * しかし、この日は何故か大野が変なテンション。“興奮してるでしょ？”“俺と付き合うか？”など、爆弾発言を連発させる!?\n * xxxくんは変なテンションで車を紹介しながらむき出しになった後輪のタイヤに乗って「タイヤに乗れるんだよ」と無邪気にはしゃいでいたのが可愛い(・∀・)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-28T08:57:22.083",
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"nuances",
"slang",
"loanwords"
],
"title": "Meaning of 変なテンション",
"view_count": 776
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{
"body": "First, a brief explanation of the word 「テンション」 for those who are not familiar\nwith it. It does **_not_** mean \"tension\" or \"tense\". Rather, it refers to\n**_\"(a level of) excitement or hyperness seen in a person\"_**.\n\n「テンション」 is such a frequently-used word that I had to define it first. I know\nfrom my personal experience that quite a few J-learners would think that it\nmeant what the word \"tension\" meant in English.\n\nThe phrase 「[変]{へん}なテンション」 can be used to refer to many different kinds of\nexcitement, hyperness, etc. because the word 「変な」 itself is a very broad word.\n\nIt would generally refer to a weird, unusual, unexplainable or unexpected kind\nof excitement observed in a person. The phrase is highly inclusive and it can\nbe used in many situations.\n\nFinally, I think your observation is valid in that the phrase 「変なテンション」 is\nused much more often when one's テンション is rather high than when it is low.",
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"body": "I would say that, while \"(a level of) excitement or hyperness seen in a\nperson\" is a good definition, it can also be used in such a way that pretty\nmuch simply means \"mood,\" as in this case here. I would translate 変なテンション as\n\"strange mood.\"",
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| 28352 | null | 28353 |
{
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"body": "> 明日都合が **よければ** きてください.\n>\n> 東京へ **きたら** 、ぜひ連絡してください.\n\nWhy in the second example we can't replace たら with ば but in the first one we\nuse ば.\n\nAren't きてください and 連絡してください both requests or is there a difference?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-28T11:23:27.200",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Difference between ば and たら in this example",
"view_count": 1646
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{
"body": "My impression is that ば presents a vague or hypothetical situation/state, and\nら applies to actions and is similar to \"when.\"\n\n> 明日都合がよければきてください. \n> If tomorrow happens to be convenient, please come.\n>\n> 東京へきたら、ぜひ連絡してください. \n> When you come to Tokyo, please contact me without fail.\n\nWith those implications, the opposite doesn't make much sense.\n\n\"When tomorrow is convenient, please call.\" The conditional is too strong and\nconfident for the unknown situation.\n\n\"If perhaps you come to Tokyo, please contact me without fail.\" The\nconditional is too weak, and it is modifying an action.",
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"creation_date": "2015-09-28T20:31:45.513",
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"body": "I agree with Darcinon in general, but I'd add that the difference between ～ば\nand ～たら is not _situation/state vs. actions_ , but rather _hypothetical vs.\nprobable_. I will try to describe it in short.\n\n> **X～たら、Y** construct always implies, that X has occurred before Y, and\n>\n> 1. either Y can/could occur only after X\n> 2. or Y is a result of x\n>\n\n>\n> It may help to know for better understanding, that **～たら** form is derived\n> form archaic form for complete action.\n\n**Examples of the case 1**\n\n先生に聞いたら、すぐ分かりました。 = If you listen to a teacher, you will understand this\nimmediately.\n\n花子さんは朝ご飯を終わったら、家を出てしまいました。 = When Hanako had finished her breakfast she left\nhome.\n\n**Examples of the case ２**\n\n大学を出たら、小学校の先生になります。 = When I graduate, I will become an elementary school\nteacher.\n\n危ないよ。 落ちたら、けがをするよ。 = Watch out! If you fall, you'll hurt yourself!\n\n> On the other hand, **～ば** form just expresses a condition, that can be in\n> this case hypotetical and even unreal\n\n**Examples**\n\n兄が行かなければ、私も行きませんよ。 = If my brother does not go, I will not go as well.\n\n私が男であれば、サッカー選手になりたい。 = (a woman speaking) If I were a man, I'd want to be a\nfootball player.\n\n> So you can note, that ～たら and ～ば are not always interchangeable\n\n金持ちになったら、親に家を買ってあげます。 = _When I become_ a rich man I will buy my parents a\nhouse. (sounds like a real plan)\n\n金持ちになれば、親に家を買ってあげます。 = _If I became_ a rich man I would buy my parents a\nhouse. (sounds like a nice dream)\n\n時間があれば、東京へ行きたい。 = If I have spare time I'd like to go to Tokyo. (OK)\n\n時間があったら、東京へ行きたい。= ??? This sounds weird, something like \"When I have spare\ntime I will want to go to Tokyo (but without spare time I don't have such\ndesire)\".",
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| 28354 | 28361 | 28361 |
{
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"body": "I need help to understand the following sentence:\n\n> 人は誰でも正気 **ならば** 自己の行為について良心に責任を負う義務がある。\n\nI understand that「自己の行為について良心に責任を負う義務がある」 means that in one's conscience, he\nhas a duty to take responsibility for his actions.\n\nHowever, I cannot figure out what the first part of the sentence means. In\nparticular, I am confused by the following:\n\n> 正気ならば\n\nMy dictionary tells me that ならば means \"if possible\" and 正気 means \"true\nspirit\". But \"true spirit, if possible\" doesn't make any sense to me.\n\nCan anybody help me to understand this?",
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"tags": [
"words",
"meaning"
],
"title": "Help me to understand this usage of 「ならば」",
"view_count": 254
} | [
{
"body": "正気【しょうき】 in this context [means\n\"sanity\"](http://jisho.org/word/%E6%AD%A3%E6%B0%97). And\n[ならば](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/conditionals) is a way of\nexpressing conditionals.\n\n正気ならば means \"if (or _as long as_ ) he is sane\".",
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| 28358 | 28359 | 28359 |
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"body": "> 【ノーシン】「いえ、別に教会運営によるものではないのです」 \n> 【アスタ】「ん？ じゃあ、どうして？」 \n> 【サイレント】「ぶっちゃけ、解読された内容を読んだ教皇はショックを受けて、びびっています。単にへたれているだけですね」 \n> 【ノーシン】「お恥ずかしながら、その通りです」 \n> 【アスタ】「相変わらずサイレントさん容赦ないな」 \n> 【ノーシン】「あまりに衝撃的なので、まだ各国の王にもお話ししておりません……」 \n> 【ラミアス】「では、なぜアスタにだけ話すのだ？」 \n> 【サイレント】「それは……アスタさんが蛇紋の総帥―― 前教皇のセーデスと戦う決意をなさっているからです」 \n> 【キャスリン】「 **そこまでのものなのか** ……」\n\nMy question is to what キャスリン is commenting on. To me, it looks like she could\nbe talking about the reason for telling アスタ the truth before the kings (i.e.\nis being prepared to fight 蛇紋の総帥 reason enough for him to be told before the\nkings of all the countries), or is it that what has been discovered is so\nshocking that at the moment they have decided that it is only necessary for\nアスタ to know (as what he will have to deal with is directly related to the\ncontent of what has been discovered).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does そこまでのもの mean here?",
"view_count": 663
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{
"body": "ノーシン's secret talk 「あまりに衝撃的なので、まだ各国の王にもお話ししておりません」 キャサリン 「What big secret it\nis」\n\nノーシン talks about \"something surprising\" from now.",
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"creation_date": "2016-02-22T09:30:23.687",
"id": "32367",
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{
"body": "I think そこまでのもの means that the decoded context is very shocking insomuch that\nノーシン goes as far as telling them to アスタ, who has decided to fight against the\nprevious pope セーデス.",
"comment_count": 11,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-04-05T05:25:39.727",
"id": "33368",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-05T05:01:08.303",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-05T05:01:08.303",
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"score": 2
},
{
"body": "When we say そこまでのものなのか（？）, it usually means either (1) Is it a so serious\n(grave) matter?, or (2) Is it just so much (as a light thing)?\n\nI cannot tell which the qouted comment fits because I don't know the story at\nall. But I think you who are familiar with the story can easily judge which\ncase of the above the phrase in question comes under from the context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-05T01:26:36.927",
"id": "34659",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 28360 | null | 33368 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28363",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm playing a Japanese video game and am having a small problem understanding\nthe configuration instructions for my controller. These two sentences in\nparticular:\n\n左スティック上方向で前に移動\n\n左スティック右方向で右に移動\n\nI understand those sentences when broken down, for example the first is \"left\nstick\", \"upward\" and \"move forward\" (I think), would that mean \"Move your left\nstick forward and up\"? I feel like the particles are tripping me up in both\nsentences so thought I'd ask what others thought.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T22:02:30.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28362",
"last_activity_date": "2019-09-02T08:53:34.657",
"last_edit_date": "2019-09-02T08:53:34.657",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"video-games"
],
"title": "Question about directions and particles",
"view_count": 141
} | [
{
"body": "It sounds like で is what's causing trouble for you. One of the functions of で\nis to mark how something happens, similar to \"by means of.\"\n\n> 左スティック上方向で by means of left stick up orientation \n> 前に移動 forward movement \n>\n>\n> 左スティック右方向で by means of left stick right orientation \n> 右に移動 movement to right\n\nThe equivalent boiled down English expressions might be: \n\"left stick up to move forward\" \n\"left stick right to move right\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T22:41:45.940",
"id": "28363",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-28T22:41:45.940",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9981",
"parent_id": "28362",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 28362 | 28363 | 28363 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28366",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This kanji compound is from a video game, and I'm having problems\nunderstanding it... the entire sentence for context is: \"―入植用合成戦術個体―\nの覚醒を確認。これより性能試験を開始する.\"\n\nI understand everything except for that monster compound! I've researched the\nkanji separately and can only come up with fragmented meanings which don't\nmake much sense together: \"Used by settlers\", \"synthetic\", \"tactics\",\n\"individual\". I feel like I may have mistaken some of the separate kanji\nmeanings because this isn't making sense to me, anyone have any ideas? Thanks\n:)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-28T22:56:17.677",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28364",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T03:07:35.170",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-28T23:39:34.430",
"last_editor_user_id": "11274",
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Meaning of this kanji compound: 入植用合成戦術個体",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "It's definitely a made-up phrase used only in this video game. And I think you\nare already parsing it right.\n\n個体 (\"individual\") is the main noun of the phrase. It's an individual as\nopposed to a group or species, and it refers to _one_ monster, robot or\nsomething like that, depending on the context.\n\nAnd the following three words each modify 個体.\n\n * 入植用: used for plantation, colonial\n * 合成: synthetic/synthesized, composite; as in [synthetic rubber](http://Synthetic_rubber)\n * 戦術: tactic/tactical; as in [tactical nuclear weapon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapon)\n\nI don't know how each of these modifiers is really important to the plot of\nthe game. If it still doesn't make sense, perhaps you don't have to worry\nmuch. Just take it as some random name of a weapon/robot/etc which just seems\ndifficult.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T02:42:57.863",
"id": "28366",
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"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 28364 | 28366 | 28366 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28367",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm just a beginner. I think all of them meaning the same, rock. Can anyone\nexplain it for me?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T02:13:08.990",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28365",
"last_activity_date": "2018-05-04T22:51:49.793",
"last_edit_date": "2018-05-04T22:51:49.793",
"last_editor_user_id": "5010",
"owner_user_id": "11132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 10,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"wago-and-kango"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 石{いし}、岩{いわ} and 岩石{がんせき}?",
"view_count": 1732
} | [
{
"body": "* 石【いし】: stone, typically of a few centimeters in size\n * 岩【いわ】: rock, typically of a few meters or more in size\n * 岩石【がんせき】: stones and rocks.\n\nAnother important difference is that, as a [Sino-Japanese\nword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary), 岩石 sounds\ntechnical, and used as an academic term for\n[rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_\\(geology\\)) in general. In everyday\nconversations, 石 and 岩 are commonly used.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T02:53:17.903",
"id": "28367",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 11
},
{
"body": "According to Japanese dictionary, although it is written about various things\nin detail, I have an image like an attached file. In short, \"石\" is small, 岩\nand 岩石 are big.\n\nHope it helps. [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/W9t8C.jpg)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T04:14:34.397",
"id": "28368",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
}
]
| 28365 | 28367 | 28368 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28376",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As the title says, 水 has 2 pronounce: `水{すい}` and `水{みず}`.\n\n**My question is:**\n\n * When to use which? e.g How to read it in: `水と米`.\n * What is the rule, if any.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T10:52:06.777",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28371",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T12:11:09.590",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-29T11:27:56.537",
"last_editor_user_id": "6895",
"owner_user_id": "6895",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"pronunciation"
],
"title": "水 - pronounce choice between 水{すい} and 水{みず}",
"view_count": 260
} | [
{
"body": "When 水 used alone, it's always みず (as mentioned above, it's \"kun\" reading)\n\nWhen it's used with combination of other kanji, for example, 水温（すいおん）\"on\"\nreading is used, which is 「すい」.\n\nIn your example,「水と米」, it's not combination of kanji, because there's 「と」used,\nwhich is hiranaga, hence, the reading is 「みず」.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T11:57:30.740",
"id": "28374",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T11:57:30.740",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11277",
"parent_id": "28371",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Kanji have two sorts of readings: ON readings (音読み) and kun readings (訓読み).\n\nMaterial that purports to teach you kanji usually indicates ON readings by\ntypesetting them in katakana or (if in romaji) with capital letters. Kun\nreadings are indicated by hiragana.\n\nThe thumb rules are:\n\n 1. If a kanji has okurigana (e.g. 食べる, read た + べる), it is read using its kun reading.\n\n 2. If a kanji is alone, with no matching okurigana, it is read using its kun reading.\n\n 3. If a kanji is in a compound with a second kanji (水泳、海水 etc), it is read using its ON reading.\n\n 4. Kun readings sometimes go through voicing (濁り) when used as the latter part in a compound word. Example: ゴミ箱{ばこ} from ゴミ + 箱{はこ}\n\n 5. There are loads of exceptions to these above rules and your best bet is consulting a dictionary and making educated guesses. Compounds formed from ON+ON, kun+kun, ON+kun, kun+ON are all possible.\n\nYour teaching material should have taught you these rules already. If it\nhasn't, it's not very good material.\n\n水 has the readings みず and スイ\n\n水 is read みず in your 水と米 example (rule 2)\n\n水 when alone is read スイ when it means 'Wednesday' or some other assorted\nrarely-encountered things. (Check your dictionary.)\n\n水 is read スイ when it is used in the compound 水泳{スイエイ} (rule 3)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T12:11:09.590",
"id": "28376",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 28371 | 28376 | 28376 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28401",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "One of the difficulties facing any learner of another language is to try to\nunderstand the nuance of words between languages. In English, 'to be sick' is\nused for both the state of being ill as well as a polite term for the act of\nvomiting. Does this nuance carry over to 病{や}む (even informally), or would\n吐{は}く or げろげろ吐{は}く be the better option?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T11:26:32.123",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28373",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-30T20:26:44.253",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-29T19:48:34.803",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10099",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"usage"
],
"title": "病む in actual usage",
"view_count": 244
} | [
{
"body": "I usually use \"病む” mainly for mental illness, like \"精神を病んでいる、or 心を病んでいる。” I've\nnever used this word myself, meaning being sick, but in writing, maybe both\nphysically and mentally we can use. Personally \"吐く”is OK, but \"げろげろ吐く” doesn't\nsound good. I'm not sure, but I can see this expression maybe in comic books,\nbut not often in the conversation. People often say, \"もどす”or \"吐く”. or\n\"たくさんもどした、or たくさん吐いた”。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T12:00:33.680",
"id": "28375",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T12:00:33.680",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "病む doesn't mean / imply vomiting. It is a little literary and usually takes an\nobject to show what is wrong.\n\n> 精神を病む \n> 結核{けっかく}を病んでいる\n\n吐く is fine. げろげろ吐く sounds vivid, so you might want to avoid. Some people\nprefer 戻{もど}す because it sounds indirect.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-30T20:26:44.253",
"id": "28401",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-30T20:26:44.253",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10770",
"parent_id": "28373",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28373 | 28401 | 28401 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28378",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "What is the Japanese for \"Hoyaku matsuri\", a festival in Kunisaki, Oita\nprefecture for Taishakuten? (According to the NHK documentary \"Seasoning the\nSeasons\", episode \"The Kunisaki Peninsula: Mystical Festivals in a Spiritual\nLand\", \"Hoyaku\" means \"lewd and vulgar\").\n\nGoogling in English for hoyaku matsuri only got [one\nhit](http://www.pref.oita.jp/uploaded/attachment/182140.pdf), and googling in\nJapanese using either \"ほやく 祭り\" or \"ほうやく 祭り\" (in case the long vowel got lost\nwhen translating into English) didn't seem to get any relevant results.\nSearching ほやく and ほうやく in jisho.org names dictionary didn't get anything\neither.\n\nIt's possible the festival isn't large-scale enough to have any hits on\ngoogle, or that maybe \"Hoyaku\" is a nickname, rather than the formal name of\nthe festival.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T12:29:51.257",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28377",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T13:04:30.143",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "91",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Japanese for \"Hoyaku matsuri\"",
"view_count": 639
} | [
{
"body": "Apparently, it is written as 「ホーヤク[祭]{まつり}」.\n\nAccording to the official sightseeing information website for Oita Prefecture,\n「ホーヤク」 is a dialectal word meaning \"impurity\", \"obscenity\", \"absurdity\", etc.\n\nAfter the festival, men are given rice cakes shaped like something feminine\nand women are given its \"male counterpart\". The website does not say exactly\nwhat those are (and I am too inexperienced to take a guess).\n\nBecause the word sounds, however, like the word 「[豊作]{ほうさく}」 (= \"good\nharvest\"), the festival is meant to pray for that.\n\nEverything I have said here is from the website, not my own knowledge.\n\n<http://www.visit-oita.jp/event/event0303.html>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T12:58:14.623",
"id": "28378",
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},
{
"body": "The name appears to be Hōyaku Festival, in Japanese ホーヤク祭, where as you say\nホーヤク means \"impurity, obscenity, foolishness\" in a local dialect, but also\nrelates to 豊作 \"abundant harvest\".\n\nMore info here: <http://www.visit-oita.jp/event/event0303.html>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T12:58:23.200",
"id": "28379",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T12:58:23.200",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "1628",
"parent_id": "28377",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28377 | 28378 | 28378 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28382",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "# 背景\n\n数ヶ月前、私は地方の学会で学術発表をしました。先日審査の結果を知らされました。結局、通常通りに掲載されることにはならず、要旨としての掲載となるとのことでした。私が掲載を希望するかどうかを尋ねられましたが、私自身は他の研究に集中したいため、要旨原稿の掲載を断るつもりです。\n\n# 質問\n\n以下の日本語はメールの要旨を書くチャンスを断る表現として、相応しいですか：\n\n> ○○先生\n>\n> 先日のメールを拝見させていただました。\n>\n> わたくしの都合により、要旨原稿を書かないことになります。\n>\n> わたくしの発表と原稿をご覧なさってくれて、誠にありがとうございます。\n\n特に、「わたくしの都合...」の文章が丁寧または失礼な印象を与えるかどうかを聞きたいです。\n\nもちろん、どんな表現がよいかは上下関係によるのですが、私は大学講師、相手は名誉教授でいらっしゃいます。\n\n* * *\n\n# Background\n\nA few months ago, I presented at a small academic conference in my area. The\nother day I heard the result of my presentation. Ultimately, they won't\npublish it as a normal article but they are willing to publish it as an\n\"abstract.\" They are asking me whether I want this or not. I would like to\nfocus on other research and refuse the opportunity to have it published as an\nabstract.\n\n# My Question\n\nIs the following text appropriate or rude given the circumstances?\n\n> ○○先生\n>\n> 先日のメールを拝見させていただました。\n>\n> わたくしの都合により、要旨原稿を書かないことになります。\n>\n> わたくしの発表と原稿をご覧なさってくれて、誠にありがとうございます。\n\nWhat I am trying to say is:\n\n> X-Sensei\n>\n> [Polite expression to indicate I received and read his e-mail ]\n>\n> Based on my own circumstances, I won't be able to write the abstract.\n>\n> Thank you for your time in listening to and reading my presentation.\n\nParticularly, what I would like to ask is whether the わたくしの都合 sentence is\npolite or rude as a way of refusing.\n\nOf course, what expression is appropriate depends on the [vertical] nature of\nthe relationship. I'm a university lecturer, and he's a professor emeritus.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T14:11:56.477",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28380",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T16:44:03.183",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4091",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"expressions",
"keigo"
],
"title": "Is this a good way to politely refuse to publish an \"abstract\" option via e-mail? / 丁寧にメールで要旨原稿を掲載することを断る",
"view_count": 122
} | [
{
"body": "How about...\n\n> ○○先生、 \n> 先日はメールをいただきまして、ありがとうございました。 \n> 誠に勝手とは存じますが、今回の論文要旨の掲載はご辞退させていただきたいと思います。 \n> 私の発表と原稿をご覧いただきまして、ありがとうございました。",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T16:02:13.897",
"id": "28382",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-29T16:44:03.183",
"last_edit_date": "2015-09-29T16:44:03.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "28380",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28380 | 28382 | 28382 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28384",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I want to say\n\n> One of ten people in the world suffers mental disorder.\n\nMy attempt but incomplete is as follows,\n\n> 世界のなかに「。。。。」が精神障害に苦しんでいます。\n\nHow to say \"One of ten people\" in Japanese?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T16:53:29.347",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28383",
"last_activity_date": "2015-09-30T07:33:46.120",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to say \"one of ten people ...\" in Japanese?",
"view_count": 3287
} | [
{
"body": "You can say\n\n> [１０人]{じゅうにん}に[１人]{ひとり}\n\n(「X人にY人」= \"Y out of X people\" / \"Y in every X people\")\n\nso\n\n> One of ten people in the world suffers mental disorder.\n\nwould be like\n\n> 世界では１０人に１人が精神障害に苦しんでいます。or \n> 世界の１０人に１人が精神障害に苦しんでいます。\n\n* * *\n\nYou could also use\n\n> １０人[中]{ちゅう}１人 \n> １０人のうち１人\n\n(「X人中Y人」/「X人のうちY人」 = \"Y of X people\")\n\nas in\n\n> 世界では１０人中１人が精神障害に苦しんでいます。or \n> 世界では１０人のうち１人が精神障害に苦しんでいます。",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-29T17:14:08.983",
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| 28383 | 28384 | 28384 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28416",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 社長に議長に田中氏が任命された。\n\ni think the possible meanings are:\n\n> 1. Mr. Tanaka was appointed by the chairman to be the president.\n> 2. Mr. Tanaka was appointed by the president to be the chairman.\n>\n\nIs that all correct?\n\nUsing the idea in this thread [The grammar of “虎から食べられた” and\n“虎に食べられた”?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/26199/the-grammar-\nof-%E8%99%8E%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F-and-%E8%99%8E%E3%81%AB%E9%A3%9F%E3%81%B9%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F)\nis maybe this a possible remedy:\n\n> 社長 **から** 議長に田中氏を任命された。\n\nmaking it unambiguous and meaning\n\n> Mr. Tanaka was appointed to be the chairman by the president.\n\nDoes changing \" **に** \" to \" **から** \" both sound natural and remove ambiguity?",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-29T22:50:14.590",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"passive-voice",
"ambiguity"
],
"title": "\"社長に議長に田中氏を任命された” is ambiguous?",
"view_count": 206
} | [
{
"body": "As you said, this sentence is ambiguous as Japanese grammar.\n\nAs my point of view, I modified it like below.\n\n社長 --> subject \n田中氏 --> a target person \n議長 --> An assigned post\n\nThe president appointed 田中氏 to the chairman.「社長は議長に田中氏を任命した」\n\nAt first, I think this is not the passive sentence. And usage of a preposition\nis importance. 「は」「に」「から」「を」... and so on. Because it is possible that the\nmeaning change dramatically.\n\nPlease refer a site below. <http://nihongoichiban.com/home/japanese-grammar-\nparticles/>\n\nHope it helps.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-30T02:37:27.333",
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{
"body": "Yes, you're right. 社長から議長に田中氏を任命された is a solution to get rid of ambiguity.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T13:40:03.937",
"id": "28416",
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| 28385 | 28416 | 28416 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28396",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "There's 歌, 曲, 歌曲, 唄, etc. I was about to give a few example contexts, but in\nEnglish there really doesn't seem to be more than one way in which we refer to\na 'song'. I do see different words being used in different places but I can't\nplace exactly why they're used there.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-29T23:20:28.667",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"synonyms"
],
"title": "When do I use all the words meaning \"song\"?",
"view_count": 12578
} | [
{
"body": "歌{うた} - This word means \"song\", but it includes vocals. You wouldn't use it\nfor musical instruments. 歌う{うたう} means \"sing\", after all.\n\n曲{きょく} - Melody, tune, etc. This one _is_ for instruments, like a song on the\npiano.\n\n歌曲{かきょく} - I imagine this is a general word for \"song\", but I don't have much\nexperience with it. I think it's relatively rare.\n\n唄{うた} - I'm not very familiar with this either, but my dictionary lists it as\nan alternate form of 歌.",
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"creation_date": "2015-09-30T00:34:14.103",
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"body": "Regarding the difference between 歌 and 曲:\n\n * **An (entire) work of vocal music, A track (with vocal)** : Both 曲 or 歌 are used interchangeably, but the former is more common. \n\n> ビートルズの[曲/歌]が2つ入ったCD\n\n * **A work of music without vocal** (e.g. a piece of classical music): 曲 \n\n> シューベルトの曲を演奏する\n\n * **Music (as opposed to lyrics/vocal), Melody** : 曲\n * **Song (as opposed to melody/lyrics), Vocal** : 歌 \n\n> Xが歌詞を作り、Yが曲を作り、Zが歌を入れた。 \n> (≒the lyrics written by X, the music made by Y, and sung by Z)\n\nAnd there are other words:\n\n * 楽曲: A work of music with or without vocal. Sounds a bit technical.\n * 歌曲: Technically it refers to Western classical songs including [Lied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied). Besides this, I think it's a _very rare_ synonym for \"楽曲 with vocal\".\n * 唄: Basically just an alternative kanji for 歌 as vocal music, which may look poetic, literary, or traditional.\n\nAnd 歌 may also refer to\n[_waka_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_\\(poetry\\)) and\n[_haiku_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku).",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-30T09:54:15.523",
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| 28386 | 28396 | 28396 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28395",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "After I agreed to proofread a professor's 論文, he instructed me to print out a\nhard copy and write edits on it in red, _as well as_ send him the Word\ndocument back with my edits done on the original file. Rather than write edits\nby hand on a hard copy _plus_ edit the document file, I'd rather turn on Track\nChanges in Word and send him back 1) the edited document file with Track\nChanges on so he can cleanly see where I changed anything, and 2) a duplicate\n\"clean\" copy of the edited file (Track Changes off).\n\nHe wrote by email:\n\n> 作業の段取りですが、 （１）お送りした原稿を「プリントアウト」して、赤字で修正する。 （修正を書き込みにくければ、文章の設定を変えてもかまいません。\n> 例えば、1頁20行にする、など） （２）修正した文章をデジタルデータにする。 （デジタルデータには、どこを修正したか、書き込む必要はありません）\n>\n> つまり、赤い字でチェックをした紙の原稿と、 修正を終えたデジタルデータの両方をいただきたいのです。\n\nIs the following a polite response requesting to use Track Changes in Word\ninstead of write by hand, or how can I make it more polite? Is there any part\nof this that sounds rude and needs to be removed or replaced? Is there any set\nphrase often used in the situation of asking permission to deviate from\nreceived instructions that should be included?\n\n> ◯◯先生\n>\n> ご連絡ありがとうございます。\n>\n> 失礼ですが、一つ提案がございます。原稿をプリントアウトして、ペンで紙に赤字で修正することの代わりに、ワード（Microsoft\n> Word）の「変更履歴」（Track Changes,\n> トラックチェンジ）機能を使うことを許可されることのご配慮をよろしくお願いいたします。文字の挿入や削除、書式の変更、コメントが、色つきの文字や右余白の吹き出しできれいに表わされています。お世話になっております。\n>\n> ◯◯先生が知っているとは思うんですが、念のために「変更履歴」の仕方：\n>\n> <http://allabout.co.jp/gm/gc/297925/>\n>\n> <http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/204/204722/>\n>\n> ◯◯先生にご迷惑をかけない場合、本件について格別のご配慮をよろしくお願いいたします。この特異な状況をご理解いただくよう、よろしくお願いいたします。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-30T02:37:09.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28390",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-30T02:44:09.340",
"last_editor_user_id": "4547",
"owner_user_id": "4547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"politeness",
"keigo",
"business-japanese",
"email"
],
"title": "How do you politely ask permission to deviate from received instructions?",
"view_count": 359
} | [
{
"body": "There were a few weird bits, here's how I would write:\n\n>\n> チェックした原稿の件ですが、原稿をプリントアウトして、ペンで紙に赤字で修正する代わりに、ワードの「変更履歴」機能を使うというのはいかがでしょうか。文字の挿入や削除、書式の変更、コメントなどが、色つきの文字や吹き出しできれいにでます。\n>\n> 念のため、「変更履歴」の使い方は次の通りです：\n>\n> <http://allabout.co.jp/gm/gc/297925/>\n>\n> <http://ascii.jp/elem/000/000/204/204722/>\n>\n> こちらの方法でしたら、チェック原稿と修正文書の間に齟齬がない形で仕上げられると思います。何卒ご検討のほどよろしくお願いいたします。\n\nThat said, 変更履歴 is pretty hard to use, if he wants an old school print out,\nI'd be very weary to ask him to use it. If I were you I'd offer to print out\nthe changes out (you can do that). That way it's pretty close to what he\nwanted!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-30T07:44:50.750",
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| 28390 | 28395 | 28395 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28397",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Skipping the how/why/etc, I have a daikyu that has earned the name\n'Windcaller'. I'm familiar with kaze(風) for wind, but I'm a bit perplexed\nabout which verb invokes the best match for the intent of caller in this\ncontext.\n\n * yobiyoseru(呼び寄せる) - to call; to summon; to send for; to call together\n * maneku(招く) - (1) to invite; to ask; (2) to beckon; to wave someone in; to gesture to; (3) to call in; to send for; to summon; (4) to bring on oneself; to cause; to incur; to lead to; to result in\n * manekiyoseru(招き寄せる) - to gesture to come closer; to beckon; to call; to summon\n * izanau (誘う) - (いざなう is arch) to invite; to ask; to call (for); (2) to tempt; to lure; to induce; \n\nOr is there something better nuanced? Also not familiar with Japanese\ngrammatical structure on how one would turn whichever verb into a noun. Would\nthe construction be Kaze no [Caller], Kaze(caller) as one word, or some other\nconstruction?\n\nDoumo Arigatou gozaimasu for any help!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-30T05:19:24.277",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28392",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"nuances",
"verbs"
],
"title": "Appropriate word and kanji for 'caller'",
"view_count": 258
} | [
{
"body": "First of all, one reasonable choice is just transliterate it and call it\n**ウィンドコーラー**. After all, you want to call your bow \"daikyu\", not \"big bow\",\nbecause it sounds better to your ears. Pretty much in the same way, if you\nwant a name that sounds cool to the ears of Japanese people, sometimes it's\nbest to leave it untranslated.\n\nBut if you do want to give a Japanese name to your bow, read on. The natural\nand straightforward verb choice would be 呼ぶ ( _yobu_ , \"to call\").\n\n * 風を呼ぶ does sound like someone is calling wind, maybe using some magical power.\n * 風を呼び寄せる is fine, but unnecessarily lengthy for your purpose.\n * 風を招く／風を誘う would make sense as a literary expression, but they're not very common, and they may sound gentle/cute rather than powerful.\n * 風を[起こす](http://jisho.org/search/%E8%B5%B7%E3%81%93%E3%81%99) is a plain and common expression which means \"cause wind\". But it's easily done with a fan. Probably you need a more appealing word for your Windcaller :-)\n\nOne way to make a verb into a noun and simulate the English suffix `-er` is to\nuse the i-form (or _ren'yō-kei_ ) of the verb. (e.g. ピアノを弾く = to play the\npiano; ピアノ弾き = piano player, pianist) This method does not work with all\nverbs, but it works with 呼ぶ. Using this method, you'll get one possible\ntranslation of Windcaller: **風呼び** ( _kaze yobi_ ). This seems to be actually\nused in some games and manga (like\n[this](https://gamy.jp/crystalia/dictionary/cards/3896) and\n[this](http://games.gaym.jp/iPhone/towerrising/wiki/?%E9%A2%A8%E5%91%BC%E3%81%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%AC%9B)).\nYou can also say **風呼びの弓** ( _kaze yobi no yumi_ , windcalling bow).\n\nAlternatively, you can use [relative\nclause](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/clause) and say **風を呼ぶ者**\n( _kaze wo yobu mono_ , if the caller is a person/humanoid), **風を呼ぶ弓** ( _kaze\nwo yobu yumi_ , if the caller is a bow), etc.",
"comment_count": 4,
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{
"body": "+1 to @naruto for a great answer, but I'll also offer up [召喚]{しょう・かん} in place\nof 呼び. 召喚 means \"summon\", and I've seen it in video games when referring to\nsummoners/summonees(?).\n\nSo you might name it something like `風召喚弓` (though not sure if the 風 would be\nbetter as かぜ or ふう).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-30T18:30:47.347",
"id": "28398",
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{
"body": "I'd use something with 者{もの}, like 風{かぜ}を呼{よ}び寄{よ}せる者｛もの｝(He who calls forth\nwind) or 風{かぜ}を操{あやつ}る者{もの} (He who controls wind).\n\nJudging by the original English name, it looks very 中二病 to me, so I assume\nthese terms would fit well.\n\nOr you can just call yourself 風{かぜ}の妖精{ようせい} (wind fairy)!",
"comment_count": 0,
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| 28392 | 28397 | 28397 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28394",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Both words mean \"circle\", although 丸 has also other meanings. But what's the\nnuance between them?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-30T05:39:53.550",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "Difference between 丸 and 輪 for \"circle\"",
"view_count": 2911
} | [
{
"body": "**輪【わ】** is closer to _ring_ or _loop_ rather than _circle_. A 輪 doesn't\nnecessarily be precisely circular, as long as it forms a loop. For example,\nthe Japanese word for rubber band is 輪ゴム; it can deform and have a triangular\nshape.\n\n**丸【まる】** is a circle typically drawn on a paper, or displayed on a screen\n(The circle symbol (`○`) is called 丸). The important nuance of 丸 is that it\nmust not have a sharp corner/edge. There's an i-adjective 丸い which refers to\nany round, cornerless objects. We can even say 丸い三角 (rounded triangle). And [丸\nalso means 'correct'](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/19016/5010).\n\nAnd one more:\n\n**円【えん】** : circle [as defined in\ngeometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle), which is perfectly-round and\nshould be drawn by a compass.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-30T07:27:14.080",
"id": "28394",
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| 28393 | 28394 | 28394 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28420",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "姪 \"niece\" is often pronounced [[me.i]] rather than [[meː]] (see e.g. [this\ncomment in\nchat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/transcript/message/24426515#24426515)). I\nthink the reason for this is that there is a morpheme boundary in 姪,\npresumably\n\n> 姪 = 女【め】 + イ = female イ\n\nUnfortunately, 姪 is not listed in any of the answers in the question \"[Kanji\nfor native Japanese concepts: Kun'yomi spanning multiple\nmorphemes](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6581/1628)\" (or it might be\nhidden in another word and I haven't noticed).\n\nWhat is the meaning of イ and what is the etymology of 姪 and 甥?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-09-30T19:01:07.353",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28399",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"nouns",
"kinship-terms"
],
"title": "Etymology of 姪 and 甥",
"view_count": 438
} | [
{
"body": "Shogakukan's 大国語辞典 shows that 姪【めい】 has a historical hiragana spelling of めひ,\nnot めい, showing that the modern _mei_ reading is not _on'yomi_ but rather\n_kun'yomi_. This different derivation is probably also why the pronunciation\nis different: `[mei]` with a more distinct `[i]`, and not `[meː]`. The term\nfor \"nephew\", 甥【おい】, has a historical hiragana spelling of をひ. As you note, め\nis an old morpheme indicating \"female\", and を is an old morpheme indicating\n\"male\". We now have a clear follow-on morpheme ひ.\n\nThis ひ is of uncertain derivation. The closest vaguely relevant match that I\ncan currently find is prefix 曾【ひ】, often glossed as \"great\" in terms like\n曾【ひ】お祖母【ばあ】さん \"great-grandmother\", 曾【ひ】孫【まご】 \"great-grandchild\", etc.\nShogakukan's given definition for 曾【ひ】 is:\n\n> 血縁関係を表す語について、それよりさらに一代離れた関係にあることを示す。 \n> For terms expressing a blood relation, this indicates a relation separated\n> by one more generation.\n\nI wonder if there might have been an older meaning, still referring to\nrelative distance from oneself, but not necessarily of a different generation;\nand an older usage, not as a prefix but as a noun. I'll keep looking.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-01T17:26:38.787",
"id": "28420",
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"parent_id": "28399",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 28399 | 28420 | 28420 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28417",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In my textbook it states there are three groups of verbs used with て form when\nfollowed by the helping verb いる\n\n> (1) verbs that describe continuous states \n> (2) verbs that describe activities that last for some time \n> (3) verbs that descirbe changes that are more or less instantaneous\n\nbased on the \"semantics\"(I take that to mean characteristics) of a verb it can\nfall into any of these three groups.\n\nFor the first group I all know is ある and いる and they are never used with いる.\nAs for the second and third group this is where the confusion starts. Some\nverbs fall into group 2\n\n> verb group 2 ex: たべる、よむ、まつ\n\nand some, fall into group 3\n\n> verb group 3 ex: いく、 くる、 わかる、 のる\n\nI can't tell which category each verb goes into and depending on the category\ndepends on the meaning of the verb. Although the chapter gives a lot of\nexamples and shows me which category they go in I can't seem to figure them\nall out. I know in the following chapters it will give more verbs too so I'd\nlike to be able to figure out where they go. The chapter also gave a good\nexample on how determine whether a verb belongs to group 2 or 3 by checking if\nthe verb allows for a phrase describing duration if it doesn't its in group 3.\nI've been trying to use this to sort the two but I keep running into examples\nthat I think make sense but are in group three.\n\n> ex. コンピューターは いちじかんけしました \n> the computer turned off for 1 hour\n\nThis makes sense to me but is also a verb in 3. So I'm just wondering if\nanyone could teach me a trick or give me advice as to how to tell what\ncategory a verb is in. (sorry for the longer question)",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-09-30T23:17:32.370",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28402",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-09-30T23:45:24.687",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"て-form",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Japanese て form with いる verb groups",
"view_count": 340
} | [
{
"body": "> Zeno Vendler (1957) classified verbs into four categories: those that\n> express \"activity\", \"accomplishment\", \"achievement\" and \"state\".\n> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_aspect>\n\nIn your text, I think accomplishment and achievement are in one category, but\nthey are basically the same, and this is the original form. In Japanese,\nKindaichi found a similar phenomenon in 1950.\n\nFirstly, the first important point is that which category a verb with a\ncertain meaning falls into is different from language to language. For\nexample, ‘have’ and ‘know’ are stative in English, but 持つ and 知る are\nactivities. That means it is not a perfect idea to translate a verb to know\nits category. Still, they are close.\n\nSo,\n\n> わたしは うちに いちじかん はいる\n\ndoes not make sense to me.\n\nSecondly, here are some examples of stative verbs in Japanese. There are less\nstative verbs comparing to English, so I think it is not hard to remember.\n\n> 日本語の「足りる」、「違う」、「似る」、「痛む」、「ヒリヒリする」、「見える」、「思う」、可能動詞、補助動詞としての「過ぎる」\n> <https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%85%8B%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E>\n\nLastly, the difference between “action” and “achievement or accomplishment”\nare not that difficult. Check what happens if someone interrupts you while\ndoing it. For example, if you are running and someone interrupts you, you can\nstill say \"I ran.\" (2nd category.) But, if you are arriving or building it and\nsomeone interrupts you, you cannot say \"I arrived\" nor \"I built it.\" (3rd\ncategory)\n\nThere are several other tests here by Vendler.\n\n>\n> <https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E7%9A%84%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88#cite_ref-.E5.B2.A9.E6.9C.AC2008_2-8>",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-01T13:40:21.950",
"id": "28417",
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}
]
| 28402 | 28417 | 28417 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28405",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I saw this word in a song. The lyrics read:\n\n> 大きな花を **咲かそう** としてる\n\nWhat word is it an inflection of? I can't figure it out.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T01:32:35.843",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28403",
"last_activity_date": "2016-02-07T16:24:54.357",
"last_edit_date": "2016-02-07T16:24:54.357",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "What word is 咲かそう an inflection of?",
"view_count": 532
} | [
{
"body": "It's an inflection of\n\n> 咲く\n\nBesides, its causative verb form is,\n\n> 咲かす\n\nIf you transform the word ending with おう to make it volitional verb,\n\n> 咲かそう\n\nYour lyric can read as :\n\n> We are giving a try to bloom big flowers.\n\nTo add a knowledge, It has its sibling which works almost the same\n\n> 咲かせる\n\nBoth of them works as a causative verb.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T01:57:29.693",
"id": "28404",
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},
{
"body": "「[咲]{さ}く」 ← Base verb. \"to bloom\"\n\n↓\n\n「咲かす」 ← Causative form of 「咲く」. \"to let/make bloom\"\n\n↓\n\n「咲かそう」 ← Volitional form of 「咲かす」. \"willing/about to let/make bloom\"\n\nThus, 「大きな花を咲かそうとしてる」 would mean:\n\n\"trying to make big flowers bloom\" or\n\n\"~~ is about to make big flowers bloom\"\n\nAt least one of these would fit the context. If neither one does, you will\nneed to show more context.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T01:58:52.547",
"id": "28405",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 28403 | 28405 | 28405 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28421",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I know/think that ~ばいい can be used, ex.\n\n> How am I supposed to deal with this?\n>\n> どう扱えばいい？\n\nBut is there another way to say it? Maybe something involving はず?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T02:47:59.060",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28406",
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"owner_user_id": "9132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"syntax"
],
"title": "How do you say \"How am I supposed to X\"?",
"view_count": 1117
} | [
{
"body": "The closest phrase to \"be supposed to do\" is …することになっている, and you can say\nどう扱うことになっている(のだろうか)？. However, if the matter doesn't have enough\nreproducibility, it's not necessarily a useful expression. In that sense,\nどう扱えばいい or どう扱うべき are reasonable after all.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T13:07:56.027",
"id": "28413",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Well, I still don't really understand the exact situation you're imagining,\nbut maybe something like\n\n> いったいどうしたらいいの？！もうわけわっかんないよ…\n\nis desperate enough for you? (At least, I can imagine someone crying and\nsaying it...)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T19:02:52.257",
"id": "28421",
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"score": 1
},
{
"body": "Your example (どう扱えばいい？) is about as close to \"How am I supposed to deal with\nthis?\" as you can get.\n\nHere are some related phrases:\n\n> What should I do? \n> どうすればいい？\n>\n> What is the best way to (do something)? \n> （何かする）のに一番いい方法は何でしょうか。\n>\n> There's no way I could do that. \n> できるはずはない。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T20:22:01.830",
"id": "28422",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 28406 | 28421 | 28413 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28423",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "In my textbook is the following.\n\n> あの店のパンはとてもおいしいとか。今日、帰りに買って帰ります。\n\nFrom what I understand, 「帰りに買う」 means \"to buy on the way back (home)\".\n\nHowever, this seems to already imply that you are heading back afterwards. The\nsentence appears perhaps a bit awkward to me.\n\nIs there anything lost if one removes the last portion and says the following\ninstead?\n\n> あの店のパンはとてもおいしいとか。今日、帰りに買います。\n\nAdditionally, would a native speaker generally include the ending 「帰ります」, and\nif so, in what situations?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T05:35:54.940",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28408",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-01T13:41:10.300",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "9838",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"usage",
"nuances"
],
"title": "Seemingly redundant 帰る in 「今日、帰りに買って帰ります」",
"view_count": 472
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, as you say, it's redundant. However, if you focus on how you return home,\nyou will say it.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T13:23:05.840",
"id": "28415",
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{
"body": "From my experience, at work you often hear 「もう帰った」 for a situation when\nsomeone left work, but that does not mean someone has already reached his\nhome. So the sentence could mean something like「仕事から帰る途中でパンを買って、家に帰ります」, but\nfirst 帰る and second 帰る would relate to different action.\n\nIf you left out the second 「帰ります」in your sentence it could simply state \"I\nwill buy (the bread) when coming back from work\"\n\nBut with both 帰◯ in place I read it more like: \"Today, after leaving work I\nwill go to buy the bread and only then return home\" (indicating the way back\nhome will take more time than usual).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T13:47:32.170",
"id": "28418",
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},
{
"body": "Yes, it's redundant. I wouldn't like to say it with the intention, but\nsometimes it could be inevitable.\n\n`Vして帰る` is a common phrase to tell \"do _V_ and/then go back (home)\", but it\ndoesn't imply the _V_ is conducted during the way back. `帰り` for \"way back\nhome\" or \"going home\" is also a commonly used word, but 帰りに買う doesn't\nnecessarily mean it'll be brought home (or anything comes after; i.e. handed\nover at the station, perhaps?).\n\nSo, maybe the speaker uttered it visualizing the whole sequence they would\ndrop into the store on the way back home, buy that thing, and bring it back\nhome to eat.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T20:23:11.600",
"id": "28423",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28408 | 28423 | 28423 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In [Yosh's answer](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/24186/4547) to the\nquestion [What are the ways to express someone's\ncondolences?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24185/4547), this\n[link](https://www.ntt-east.co.jp/dmail/okuyami/) states that Buddhist terms\nshould not be used in expressing condolences to a Christian in Japanese:\n\n> 故人がキリスト教徒の場合\n>\n> 仏教用語を使わないように注意しましょう。\n>\n> ※主な仏教用語 **「お悔やみ」** 「冥福」 「成仏」 「供養」 「弔う」 「仏」 「僧」\n\nIf this is accurate, I've been looking at [this list of\ncondolences](https://www.verycard.net/example/bunrei.php?b_keicho=2&b_cd=30)\nand [this one](http://www.jp-guide.net/super/okuyami_denpo/chouden.html), and\nI see very little that could be used. Almost all of the samples include 「お悔やみ」\nand a phrase such as 「安らかにご永眠されますようお祈りいたします」 or 「故人のご冥福をお祈りいたします」, which could\npotentially be appropriate for a Christian recipient who is Roman Catholic but\ndo not sound appropriate for a Protestant (Protestants differ theologically on\nwhat happens to a soul/body after death, but generally do not believe the\ndeparted souls need to be prayed for. In English-language Protestant\ncondolences, it is common to express that you will pray for the family of the\ndeceased in this difficult time).\n\nI have been informed by a Japanese Congregationalist (a type of Protestant)\nthat his father (who was a Congregational church pastor, 会衆派教会のキリスト教徒) just\npassed away.\n\nHow can I alter\n\n> ご尊父様のご逝去を悼み、謹んで **お悔み** を申し上げます。\n>\n> ご遺族皆様のお気持ちを思いますと心が痛みます。皆様のために祈っています。\n\nto make it appropriate for a Protestant recipient?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T06:08:17.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28409",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "4547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"words",
"nuances",
"formality",
"religion"
],
"title": "How do you replace 「お悔やみ」 in condolences to a Japanese Christian?",
"view_count": 805
} | [
{
"body": "How about this [Christian\nversion](https://www.verycard.net/example/bunrei_2.php?b_cd=54)?\n\nThese phrases don't include 「お悔やみ」 「冥福」 「成仏」 「供養」 「弔う」 「仏」 「僧」.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-02T15:53:42.347",
"id": "28450",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 28409 | null | 28450 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28414",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When I first received an invitation to a meeting containing words similar to\n「スケジュール感をすり合わせましょう」 I thought we are going to discuss the schedule so that\n\"everyone is on the same page\". The schedule would be presented so that\neveryone gets an understanding of it. Hence 感 \"the feeling\", like in 義務感 or\n切迫感.\n\nHowever after reading [スケジュール感って何？](http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/1653692.html)\nI am less convinced it was the case.\n\nI understand スケジュール感 is a made-up word, but what exactly does 感 convey here?\nWould it be a discussion about an objective schedule (with possibilities to\nalter it according to the opinions) or everyone's subjective understanding of\nthe given schedule?\n\nIf the latter - why 感? Are there other similar usages of 感?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T11:15:52.470",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28411",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-02T00:22:30.960",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-02T00:22:30.960",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"slang",
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "「スケジュール感をすり合わせましょう」 - what exactly are we going to discuss?",
"view_count": 379
} | [
{
"body": "In my own words, the relatively new word 「スケジュール[感]{かん}」 is most often used to\nrefer to:\n\n> \"one's rough **_image_** of when and how things should be conducted on a\n> timeline (towards a goal)\"\n\nIn other words, the \"final\" schedule does not exist on paper yet.\n\n「スケジュール感をすり[合]{あ}わせましょう。」, therefore, would mean:\n\n> \"Let's compare and adjust our スケジュール感!\"\n\nAgain, it is not saying \"Let's make the final schedule!\" even though that\n**_might_** happen if things went unexpectedly well at the meeting.\n\nThe 「感」 here would mean 「～～に[関]{かん}する[感覚]{かんかく}」 or 「～～の感じ」.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T13:18:19.583",
"id": "28414",
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"score": 4
}
]
| 28411 | 28414 | 28414 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28430",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm not sure how to use ってば and もう in a sentence.\n\n> やだってばもう！\n\n^from 明日、ママがいない first episode at the beginning (if you watched it)\n\nHow can I use ってば and もう in a sentence?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-01T22:18:20.483",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28424",
"last_activity_date": "2020-06-25T15:30:34.517",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-25T15:30:34.517",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "11344",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"interjections"
],
"title": "ってば and もう: not sure how to use these in a sentence",
"view_count": 4148
} | [
{
"body": "> やだってばもう！ ≒\n>\n> 「やだ!」ってば、もう！\n\nIn this context, 「ってば」 is a sentence-ending particle that expresses one's\nfrustration over the listener's inability to understand one's feelings.\n\n「～～ **と** [言]{い}えば」 ⇒ 「～～ **って** 言えば」 ⇒ 「～～ってば」\n\nThus, one could see that 「って」 functions quotatively. \"I'm saying ~~~~~. Can't\nyou understand?\"\n\nMoving on to 「もう」...\n\n「もう」 has several meanings. The most well-known among J-learners would be\n\"already\". (Just my observation. I am not a J-learner.)\n\nIn this context, however, while officially an adverb, 「もう」 functions just like\nan interjection that helps express your feelings emphatically. Basically, it\nis saying _**\" I've had enough (of this)!\"**_\n\nSo, 「やだってばもう！」 means something along the lines of:\n\n> \"I'm saying I don't want to (or 'I can't'), can't you hear?\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T00:25:37.980",
"id": "28429",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "「やだ」( _yada_ ) is a casual way of saying \"I don't like it\" or \"I don't want\nto\" or even \"Gross\" or something along those lines -- mainly, \"dislike.\" You\noften hear little kids use this word as a stand-alone sentence.\n\n「◯◯ってば」( _-tte ba_ ) connects to what came directly before it and means \"I\nalready said ___!\" or \"I already told you ____!\" or \"I'm telling you, ____!\"\n\n「もう」( _mou_ ) can mean \"already\" as in 「もう帰った」( _Mou kaetta_ = \"_____ already\nwent home.\"), however 「もう！」 is a stand-alone word that means something more\nalong the lines of \"Sheesh!\" or \"Jeez!\" or \"Man!\" (It is not a swear word or\neuphemism for one, but depending on the user's style of English, some English\nspeakers might more likely say a stronger word like \"God!\" or \"Shit!\" in this\nkind of situation, such as \"You're being such a brat. _God._ \"). If the tone\nof the sentence is not agitated, it could be a softer「もう」like in the title of\nthe manga\n[『まったく君ってばもう』](http://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8F%E5%90%9B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%B0%E3%82%82%E3%81%86-%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9-%E9%9B%B2%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%A9/dp/4199606254)\n( _Mattaku Kimi-tte ba, Mou_ = _[You're Always] Totally You, Sheesh..._ )\nwhere the 「もう」is slightly miffed but affectionate like the English phrase,\n\"You crazy kid, you.\"\n\nSo the sentence could be written as 「『やだ』ってば！もう！」or「『やだ』ってば、もう！」.\n\n**To answer your question, \"How can I use ってば and もう in a sentence?\"** , 「もう！」\nis usually uttered as its own sentence, but when said quickly right on the\nheels of the previous sentence, it could be combined with a 「、」 to make it\ninto one sentence. However, realize that 「ってば」 is associated with the\npreceding words, not with the 「もう！」. You could make a sentence such as\n「『行かない』ってば、もう！」( _Ikanai-tte ba, mou!_ = \"I said I'm not going, dang it!\") or\n「『邪魔なんだ』ってば、もう！」( _Jama nan da-tte ba, mou!_ = \"'You're bothering me,' I said!\nJeez!\" or \"I said, 'You're in the way!' Jeez!\")",
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| 28424 | 28430 | 28430 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28431",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm especially not sure about 気にかかる. for 気にする and 気になる, I think the difference\nis that 気にする is ''negative'' only while 気になる can also have a positive meaning?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-01T22:18:56.463",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "what is the difference between 気にする, 気になる and 気にかかる?",
"view_count": 4090
} | [
{
"body": "* ～が気になる: Intransitive. One passively gets worried or interested due to some external cause. It can be positive (\"be interested in\", \"be curious about\"), or negative (\"be disturbed by\", \"be worried about\").\n * ～を気にする: Transitive. One voluntarily/actively cares for, or worry about something.\n * ～が気にかかる: Like ～が気になる, but has a negative tendency.\n\n> * 新型のiPhoneが気になる: OK. You're interested.\n> * 新型のiPhoneが気にかかる: May have a negative nuance. (You're worrying if the new\n> iPhone has some problem? Or thinking about the new iPhone is not good for\n> you now?)\n>\n> * 病気の友人のことが気になる: OK.\n>\n> * 病気の友人のことが気にかかる: OK.\n>",
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| 28425 | 28431 | 28431 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28432",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Are there any negative connotations associated with having いず as a contraction\nof the name 泉(いずみ)?\n\nI know in English you could have 'Randy' as a contraction of Randall, which\nwould generate quite a few snickers.\n\nAre there any such issues with いず? E.g. Homophones, slang etc\n\nThere are also alternative spellings (和泉, 泉水, いずみ and いづみ; from\n[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumi \"Wikipedia\")) which may impact\nthis.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 0,
"tags": [
"names",
"contractions",
"connotation"
],
"title": "Personal name contractions and bad connotations - いず as a contraction of 泉 (いずみ)",
"view_count": 124
} | [
{
"body": "I find nothing wrong if someone gave a nickname いず to someone. いず happens to\nhave the same sound as 出ず (\"to exit\"), 居ず (\"absent\"), and\n[伊豆](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Province) (province), but that won't be\na problem.\n\nI don't think いず is very common as a nickname for いずみ, but there's [at least\none real\nperson](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1445737819)\nwhose nickname is いず. I personally hear いずみん a lot (though it's not a\ncontraction).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T01:50:59.087",
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| 28426 | 28432 | 28432 |
{
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"body": "When you ask 'what is this?' in formal Japanese, one would say: これは何ですか.\nColloquially, as I hear it from Japanese friends: 何をこれ. (Am I missing a\nparticle here?)\n\nSo if you are comparing two things, for example: A is cheaper than B. We can\nsay: A のほうが B より 安い.\n\nIs it ok to say: A のほうが安い. Is it also ok to say: 安いA のほう? (Or does it make no\nsense?)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T02:28:01.293",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"adjectives"
],
"title": "sentence patterns in colloquial vs formal",
"view_count": 138
} | [
{
"body": "「A のほうが安い」 is ok. It is a comparative statement: _\"A is cheaper\"_. Alone it\nlacks an element you are comparing it to, but you can use it in some context,\njust like in English.\n\n「安いA のほう」 makes no sense in the context you asked. The phrase does not have a\nverb nor a subject. It is: _pointing to the object A described by an adjective\n\"cheap\"_. It could be a grammatically valid answer to a question \"which one\nwill you take?\" (どっちにされますか) \"the cheap A\" (安いAのほう).",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T02:53:30.760",
"id": "28435",
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{
"body": "Colloquial japanese tend to skip particles.\n\nこれは何ですか。ーー＞これは何？ーーー＞これ、何？ーーー＞何？\n\nBut when you speak \"spontaneously\", the 何 comes first, then you precise what\nyou are talking about.\n\n何、これ？\n\n* * *\n\nAs said in a earlier response, giving context, Aのほうが安い is correct. You have\ntwo (or more) things in front of you, you say A is cheaper.\n\n安いAのほう sound really weird to me but, again as said earlier, giving context it\ncould mean \" let go with the cheaper something\"",
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| 28433 | null | 28435 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28436",
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"body": "Is there a japanese equivalent to the english expression 'ENJOY'?\n\nAs in:\n\nFriends invite you to go out to eat in a restaurant, but you can't come. So\nyou say 'enjoy!'",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T02:44:37.740",
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"colloquial-language",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "a japanese equivalent to the english expression: 'enjoy'",
"view_count": 4230
} | [
{
"body": "There is the verb **楽【たの】しむ** , which could be translated as \"to enjoy\".\n\nI often hear something similar to 「楽しんでください！」 in similar situations, which is\nsimply an imperative form of the aforementioned verb. Among friends, you might\nsay 「楽しんでね！」.\n\nHowever, as macraf added, if you were invited to something and could not make\nit, by friends or not, a more polite expression would perhaps be more\nappropriate. For example, you could say something like\n「ディナー／お時間を楽しんでお過ごしください。」.",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-02T03:06:15.033",
"id": "28436",
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{
"body": "Friends invite you to go out to eat in a restaurant, but you can't come, then\nyou'd say 楽しんで **きて** ね！ (Lit. Enjoy and come back.)\n\nI think I would probably just say 行ってらっしゃい though...",
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"id": "29708",
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| 28434 | 28436 | 28436 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28439",
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"body": "I don't think this is a duplicate . . . So can someone tell me if there is a\ndifference between the two? I know they both mean end, but are they\ninterchangeable? I came across this sentence\n\n> お遊びタイム終了。\n\nWhich I would interpret as \"game time is over\", but could 終わり have been used\ninstead? Thanks everyone :)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T03:14:09.823",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"wago-and-kango"
],
"title": "終了 and 終わり, is there a difference?",
"view_count": 2364
} | [
{
"body": "There is a clear difference -- the word \"class\".\n\n「おわり」, as I hope you could tell from the distinct \"kun\" sound, is an\noriginally Japanese word. We had this word when Japanese was still merely a\nspoken language (and we never knew there existed another country).\n\n「[終了]{しゅうりょう}」, as the \"on\" pronunciation would suggest, is a Sino-loanword.\nIt came from China later on together with tens of thousands of other words.\n\nThe two words have the same meaning but 「終了」 is **_more formal, technical and\nofficial_** than 「終わり」」. This is the Golden Rule when you have an originally\nJapanese word and a Sino-loanword with the same meaning.\n\nOne might find this odd, but this is the same in English. Latin-origin words\nshould sound more formal, technical and official than their English-origin\ncounterparts. 'finish/terminate' vs. 'end', 'converse' vs. 'chat', etc. The\nlist is simply endless for both Japanese and English.\n\nIn your example, the two words are interchangeable. In longer sentences, one\nwould have to change other words as well if you switched between 「終わり」 and\n「終了」 to maintain the same level of formality throughout the sentence.",
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"body": "The two are interchangeable in your situation, so you can say お遊びタイム終わり, as\nwell. But there are several minor gaps you should mind.\n\nTo start with, as everybody says, 終了 sounds more formal than 終わり.\n\nAnother (fairly subtle) difference is that 終了 can be used in place of the\nverb's ending forms for the sake of brevity, but 終わり is only allowed to be a\nnoun, that is:\n\n> ○ 試合を終了 (to end/ending/ended a game) \n> × 試合を終わり \n> ○ 試合の終わり (end of game) \n> ○ 試合を終わる (end a game)\n\nBut the actual difference in meaning is, 終了 can only translate \"up\" \"over\"\n_end_ and not for \"the last part\" _end_. The Sino-Japanese words for \"the last\npart\" is 末尾 or 最後.",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 28437 | 28439 | 28439 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28440",
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"body": "Are there any differences between the following?\n\n * 画{か}く\n * 画{えが}く \n * 描{か}く \n * 描{えが}く",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T05:47:06.283",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances",
"homophonic-kanji",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "Differences between the various readings of 描く and 画く",
"view_count": 2142
} | [
{
"body": "I think this is actually a place where the Chinese-imported kanji obscure the\nusage of native Japanese words.\n\n# Etymology\n\n[The etymology](http://gogen-allguide.com/ka/kaku.html) of all these words\n(and 書く) is the same 和語 of かく, which has the original meaning of \"scratch in\"\nand eventually \"write\". Then, えをかく meant \"to scratch/write a picture\", which\neventually became えがく.\n\nFrom the historical perspective, I think it is not too hard to see why かく\nbasically means putting something to paper, while えがく means expressing,\nvisualizing, picturing something (onto paper, but metaphorically, other non-\nphysical places too).\n\n# Modern Usage\n\n[えがく](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/22909/m0u/) has the following\nmeanings listed in 大辞泉:\n\n> １ 物の形を絵や図にかき表す。「田園の風景を―・く」 \n> ２ 物事のありさまを文章や音楽などで写し出す。描写する。表現する。「下町の生活を―・いた小説」 \n> ３ 物事のありさまを心に思い浮かべる。「夢に―・く」 \n> ４ 物の動いた跡が、ある形をとる。「波紋を―・く」\n\n[かく](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/38481/m0u/) only has the following\nmeaning (ignoring 書く of course):\n\n> 絵・模様や図をえがく。「眉を―・く」「グラフを―・く」\n\nIn other words, かく can't have meanings ２〜４ of えがく (i.e., the ones that involve\n\"picturing\" something.) And even with meaning １, えがく makes the \"expressing as\npicture\" aspect of it clear.\n\nSo, borrowing [this illustrative\ntable](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/thsrs/10461/m0u/) from 類語例解辞典:\n\n> 花をかく 三角形をかく **ｘ** バラ色の人生をかく **ｘ** 心にかく \n> 花をえがく **ｘ** 三角形をえがく バラ色の人生をえがく 心にえがく\n\nFor 花, you can draw a flower with or without being explicit about the\n\"expression\". For 三角形, it does not make sense to \"express\" it, so えがく doesn't\nwork. For バラ色の人生, you're not actually drawing it, you're only expressing it.\nSimilarly, 心に is not a physical place, hence you're expressing/picturing it\n(in your mind, in this case), not actually drawing it.\n\n# Rule of Thumb\n\nYou can basically always use えがく, unless it's something you can't \"express\",\nlike 三角形、グラフ、図、横線, 絵, etc. Though, since the \"expressing\" is explicit, it has\na different feeling to it than かく.\n\n# Kanji\n\nAs far as I can tell, there is no difference between using 描く or 画く. However,\nえが and か are not listed as 訓読み of 画 in the 常用漢字, and checking in BCCWJ, 描く\n(2772 hits) is a magnitude more common than 画く (17 hits). So 描く seems like the\nsafe choice.",
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| 28438 | 28440 | 28440 |
{
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"body": "I'm a bit confused about the bolded part in the following passage(partly\nmonologue). Is のように shows that 「傍にいてほしい｛スタンド・バイ・ミー｝」 is the part from the\nsong?\n\n> Like in the old, nostalgic song, 'Stand by me'.\n\nOr the speaker says that he want Ayane to be with him like the old, nostalgic\nsong?\n\n> 嫌だ。それは絶対に嫌だ。野犬に遭遇した時のことを思い出せ。目の前であやなが食い殺されるという恐怖、絶望ーーあれを思い出せ。\n>\n> ただ、傍にいたかった。 **古く懐かしい歌のように、傍にいてほしい｛スタンド・バイ・ミー｝** 。\n>\n> そんな些細な願いを、眼前の獣が踏みにじろうとしている。",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Meaning of phrase 「古く懐かしい歌のように、傍にいてほしい」",
"view_count": 220
} | [
{
"body": "It's a word play. The person wants the other person to be close (stand by me),\nin the similar way the old nostalgic song (Stand By Me) is close to that\nperson's heart (Stand by me, like the song \"Stand by me\" stands by me).",
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| 28441 | null | 28445 |
{
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"body": "They are \"to sell\" in meaning and I think we use them in different cases but I\ndon't know. Can anybody help me???",
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T07:53:39.187",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 売る and 販売する?",
"view_count": 650
} | [
{
"body": "売る is more colloquial and a bit more general. For example it can be used\nmetaphorically e.g. こいつ魂を売ったな. 販売 is more formal and specific and refers to\nselling, normally goods. You can't say こいつ魂を販売したな!",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T08:14:23.407",
"id": "28444",
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{
"body": "売る is more general form for selling. 販売する is used referring to sale of goods,\nand specifically to customers who are already are seeking to buy the goods. As\nanother example of something that falls under 売る, there's 営業する which is trying\nto sell goods or services, to customers who could potentially buy the goods or\nservices. So as an example car salesmen working in a car dealership would be\n販売員, whereas car salesmen visiting potential customers directly would be 営業員.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T15:12:35.577",
"id": "28449",
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{
"body": "My answer is really just adding onto the others. What they both said is good\ninformation. Think of it kind of like this...you know how both 'to buy' and\n'to purchase' mean the same thing in English, but have a different feeling\nbecause of how and when they're most often used? It's very similar to that.\nCasually, we say buy, but it's also not rude to say buy in a formal situation,\nhowever businesses almost always use 'purchase' because it has a more formal\nsound to it? And we don't often say 'purchase' amongst friends? It's\nremarkably similar to that. 売る is just straight up 'sell' and 販売する sounds more\nlike 'the commercial-level sale of goods or services from a business'.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T05:00:49.560",
"id": "28465",
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"score": 3
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]
| 28443 | 28444 | 28444 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "When a friend asks if you want to go to dinner, but have already eaten, then\nyou say \"もう食べた\".\n\nIs there a way of saying \"just ate\" (a few minutes ago). Maybe it is another\nway of saying もう食べた",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-02T12:36:20.997",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28447",
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"owner_user_id": "11033",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-requests"
],
"title": "\"I just ate a few minutes ago\"",
"view_count": 3167
} | [
{
"body": "「食べたばかりです」\n\nMore information [here](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/timeaction2.html#part2)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-02T12:40:05.167",
"id": "28448",
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{
"body": "済ませました、済ませてしまいました: This phrase is a little polite.\n\nもう食べちゃった ： This phrase is very frank,usually used it to friends or family.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-02T15:58:44.570",
"id": "28451",
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{
"body": "I would say\n\n> 今食べたところ（だ・です）\n\nThis literally means \"I just ate\".\n\nI think it's a little more neutral than 食べたばかり（だ・です）.\n\nばかり feels more like \"I can't/won't eat any more\" where ところ feels more like \"I\njust had dinner\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-02T18:16:38.943",
"id": "28452",
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"score": 2
}
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| 28447 | null | 28448 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28485",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So I've been reading Tsukihime the past few weeks and I found this sentence.\n\n> 君の理論はわからんな。それでは命題たる永遠には程遠いぞ、蛇よ。\n\nThe fan translations says:\n\n> I do not understand your reasoning. That is far from the thesis of eternity,\n> serpent.\n\nThere are this 2 guys, one of them is serpent, who are discussing about\neternal life.\n\nI do not understand how come they translated this way.\n\nCan someone help?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-02T18:59:19.117",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28453",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"auxiliaries"
],
"title": "たる? What form is this?",
"view_count": 551
} | [
{
"body": "君の理論：your reasoning\n\n・・・はわからんな：do not understand ...\n\n命題たる：\"命題たる\" can be paraphrased by \"命題である\". \"たる\" is a 「助動詞」. Its infinitive is\n\"たり\".\n\nAnother translation of \"命題たる永遠\" is \"eternity which we discuss [debate]\" or\n\"eternity of our debate\".",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-03T02:48:31.977",
"id": "28455",
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"score": -1
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{
"body": "I think the original Japanese is not correct. It tried to use a difficult\nword, and the meaning was not precise.\n\n命題 means propositions in philosophy or in mathematics. In mathematics, a\nproposition is a statement which is less important than a theorem. And, you\nwrite \"命題 2.5 (Prop. 2.5)\" just before proving it. So, some people use this\nword as \"What you are just going to prove (seek) with all your effort.\"\n\nたる is basically old である.\n\nOver all, the direct translation is \"Eternity, the thing to be sought.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-05T07:07:50.203",
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| 28453 | 28485 | 28485 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28502",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "An example of a regular announcement on a train:\n\n> 次は本町 本町 中央線 御堂筋線 **は** お乗り換えです\n\nMy main concern here is the second は (in bold). It does not seem to be a topic\nmarker, it does not seem to be a binding particle (係助詞) as described in the\nanswer to [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28303/grammatical-\nconstruction-place%E3%81%AFsubplace-story-as-an-introduction), so what is the\nfunction of は here?\n\nWhy isn't the announcement using a destination particle に which is the usual\nparticle used with the verb 乗り換える? Let's say something like this:\n\n> 次は本町。本町は、中央線、御堂筋線 **に** お乗り換えです。\n\nAlso: where do the sentences in the original announcement start and end? Would\n「中央線、御堂筋線はお乗り換えです」 be valid without a station name before? Or is it in fact\n「次は本町。本町、中央線、御堂筋線はお乗り換えです」\n\nOr ( _added later_ ) if 中央線、御堂筋線 were a subject why isn't it:\n\n> 次は本町、本町。中央線、御堂筋線はお乗り換え先です。\n\n* * *\n\nAlso I found that other train companies use the phrase:\n\n> 次は大手町 大手町 丸の内線 半蔵門線 **は** お乗り換えください\n\nI assumed these two patterns ◯◯はお乗り換えです and ◯◯はお乗り換えください follow the same rule?\nIs there really a rule which would allow to freely replace ◯◯は(gerund)です with\n◯◯は(imperative verb) and vice versa?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-03T11:12:17.843",
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"id": "28456",
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"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Grammar behind a train transfer announcement",
"view_count": 510
} | [
{
"body": "It's a topic marker and the case of 中央線 and 御堂筋線 in the sentence is the\nsubject. It says those who use 中央線 or 御堂筋線 are to change the train.\n\nThe terminology in the link is not really correctly used. 係助詞 is a term to\ncategorize は も こそ as a group opposed to another group such as case particles:\nが を に へ で から より（よ）. It's a different perspective from functions like topic\nmarker or such.\n\n本町 called twice is just repetition.\n\nEdit: I'm going to explain what \"you can compose a sentence whose subject\ndoesn't have logical coherence with the predicate\" means.\n\n 1. The subject of the sentence doesn't have to be the agent of active voice or the recipient of passive voice. (Therefore, so called indirect passive is possible)\n 2. The predicate itself can be a whole clause. (You may be able to regard this phenomenon as double subjects)\n\nAs a result, you can write a sentence or a clause like 中央線が 乗客が 乗り換えだったら, if\nyou need to specify the agent.",
"comment_count": 13,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-03T19:12:12.273",
"id": "28461",
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{
"body": "I'm not sure if this is what's throwing you off, but お乗り換え here is used more\nlike an adjective (“a transfer line”), not a verb (“you transfer here”). It's\nlike saying “中央線 and 御堂筋線 are transfers” instead of saying “Please transfer\nfor 中央線 and 御堂筋線”. The implications are the same, but the sentence is shorter.\nIt's also a little less direct, because you can tie an action to the subject\nwithout explicitly asking the listener to act.\n\nPhrases that feel similar to me:\n\n * ゴミはお持ち帰りです (instead of ゴミはお持ち帰りください) \nTrash is take-home vs. Take home your trash\n\n * 代金はレジでお支払いです (instead of 代金はレジでお支払いください) \nThe charge is pay-at-the-register vs. Pay the charge at the register\n\n * チケットはお引き換えです (instead of チケットはお引き換えください) \nTickets are exchange vs. Exchange your tickets\n\n* * *\n\nAbove answer only covers the \"A線はお乗り換えです\" construct. But isn't\n\"丸ノ内線はお乗り換えください\" a much more common way of using は? 詳細はお問い合わせください,\nお食事はテーブルをご利用ください, 個室はご予約ください… (For the Marunouchi Line, transfer. For details,\nask. For dining, use the tables. For private rooms, make a reservation.)",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-06T09:18:31.033",
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}
]
| 28456 | 28502 | 28502 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "I read the manga \"食戟のソーマ\" and have a question concerning the meaning of the\n[食戟]{しょくげき}. I understand the 食{しょく} part, standing for Food, but 戟{げき} is\nwhat I don't understand. \nI would have understood it, if they used the Kun reading (ほこ) standing for\nweapon, but as for 戟{げき} I have no idea. My question is: What is the meaning\nof 戟{げき} in the contexts of 食戟 and therefore what does 食戟 mean?\n\nAdditional information: The official English title of this manga is \"Food\nWars!\". In the manga a 食戟 is a food competition, where cooks face each other\nmostly in a one vs one fashion similar to Iron Chef but in a more over the top\nstyle.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-03T12:54:57.410",
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"owner_user_id": "11117",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"meaning",
"kanji",
"manga"
],
"title": "The meaning of the 戟 kanji in the context of 食戟",
"view_count": 1711
} | [
{
"body": "According to <http://jisho.org>, 戟 {じ} means a type of halberd. Now, if you\ntake 剣戟 {けんげき}, it means a sword fight. From that example, I believe 戟 means\n\"a battle using ---\". Then, in the case of the manga, the title could be\ntranslated to \"a battle using food\"",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-03T22:14:18.923",
"id": "28462",
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"body": "I asked two Japanese PhD students who knew the anime version. From the way it\nis pronounced, they understood it as \"Food Fight/Battle\" and both would have\nwritten it as 食撃 (like Ringil suggested in his comment). As for why the it is\nwritten as 食戟 they had two similar opinions:\n\nFirst, 戟 is outside of [Jōyō\nKanji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji) used in daily life\nand therefore is special/unique/rare. This uniqueness would fit the topic\nsince all the dishes made during a 食戟 are special, one of a kind dishes.\n\nThe other argument was that in modern times with a huge competition in manga\nbooks the work of the author needs to catch the attention of the reader at\nfirst glance. And the first thing a reader sees is the cover with a title.\nUsing a rare character makes the reader curious about the word and its\nmeaning.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T15:52:07.650",
"id": "28523",
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}
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| 28457 | null | 28523 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28459",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I understand that けれども/けれど/けど means \"although, however, but\", but I'm looking\nfor the daily usage of it.\n\nIt looks like that native Japanese use this particle not only when they are\ntrying to contradict two things. Would any native level Japanese speaker show\nsome example of けれども/けれど/けど that will make me sound more Japanese please?\n\nAn example would be (I heard this when I was buying a train ticket, someone\nsaid to the train station staff):\n\n> ◯◯に行きたいんですけど…\n\nDoesn't make sense to me. I suspect this is due to Japanese culture.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-03T16:21:30.837",
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"owner_user_id": "7079",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Native usage of けど",
"view_count": 791
} | [
{
"body": "Quite simply, けど is also often used as a softener. That way, they don't sound\nas abrupt or rude.\n\n> ◯◯に行きたいんですけど…\n\nThe speaker added けど to make sure (s)he didn't sound like, \"I want to go to\n◯◯!\" when trying to get a ticket.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-03T16:29:17.607",
"id": "28459",
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{
"body": "> I understand that けれども/けれど/けど means \"although, however, but\", but I'm\n> looking for the daily usage of it.\n\nI mostly hear けど in daily life conversations. The two other sound more\n\"formal/feminine\" to me.\n\n> > ◯◯に行きたいんですけど…\n\nThis is one the multuous unsaid things in japanese.\n\n◯◯に行きたいんですが、どうしたらいいですか。\n\n◯◯に行きたいんですが、地図を書いていただけませんか。\n\nwhich you shouldn't be translate word by word but instead should be understood\nas:\n\n”I'd like to go to oo, could you do that or this to hep me?”\n\nIf you don't say the second part, it becomes softer, as if you were reluctant\nof asking something (but by doing so you let your interlocutor guessing what\nyou want)\n\n◯◯に行きたいんですが...\n\nin a less polite way of speaking, が becomes けど",
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"creation_date": "2015-10-03T16:50:56.167",
"id": "28460",
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},
{
"body": "I happened to see your question. Let me add my thought to two answers.\n\nWhen someone stopped own claim at\n\n...けど,\n\nsometimes this means question or emphasis or omission, or some combination of\nthem.\n\nIn the situation of the train station, I guess the usage is question. When\nJapanese expect/think that a person understand one's opinion, then omit one's\nclaim. In that station, I guess \"the someone\" \"omit a question\".\n\nIn the situation of you read a diary, I can't guess \"precise\" meaning of ...けど\nbecause I don't see the context. But I expect that meaning is one of three or\ncombination of them.\n\nIn conversation someone stopped ...けど and I don't understand their claim, I\noften throw a question back at them.\n\nけど/ですけど/ですが\n\nhave many means, I think the context is important.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-04T01:12:37.783",
"id": "28463",
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},
{
"body": "東京に行きたいんですけど (行き方がわかりません)\n\nThe words \"I don't know how to get there.\" are hidden, I think.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-09-15T15:35:35.750",
"id": "39206",
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| 28458 | 28459 | 28459 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Today listening a song I've heard something I can't understood\n\n```\n\n だけどなれるはずもなくて\n \n```\n\nSo i started to gather information about this, but it gets me more confused\nand furthermore found out two more\n\n> はずはない\n\nand\n\n> はずがない\n\nSo, i want to know what is the meaning of this and how should i choose one\nwhen speak. Thank you so much in advance for any help you can bring me. I\nreally appreciate it",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T02:00:42.810",
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"id": "28464",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice",
"translation",
"meaning",
"focus-particles"
],
"title": "はずもない、はずはない、はずがない. Difference and meaning",
"view_count": 1686
} | [
{
"body": "Hmm im a beginers japanese student. Im just going on a whim here. From what i\ncan see the first one has in the syllables 'ha' 'sa' and then ' ha' while the\nsecond has in 'ha' 'su' and then 'ka' i hope this helps",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-04T13:38:16.040",
"id": "28469",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-04T13:38:16.040",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11363",
"parent_id": "28464",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -4
},
{
"body": "This is another really tough question. They are almost the same, but if I dare\nto say something, も's version has a nuance of concession, that is, there are\nmany other impossible things and the case mentioned is one of them, so it's\nnot unnatural for it to be impossible. が's nuance is something like it's the\nlast thing that's supposed to be so, if it's different at all.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-05T21:02:53.200",
"id": "28490",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-05T21:02:53.200",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28464 | null | 28490 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28472",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 「私は確かに相当な寒がりだけど、でもあの里が寒すぎてヤバい」\n>\n> 「だから超厚着するのがデフォで雪女は基本みんな体温が低い」\n>\n> 「でも寒いと体って発熱するんじゃなかったっけ？」\n>\n> 「さぁ。そんなこと言われても」\n>\n> 「……まぁそうだよな、ごめん」\n>\n> **事実としてそう** 、と言われたら納得せざるを得ない。\n>\n> まぁ経緯はどうあれ優が寒がりなのは事実なわけだし。\n\nMy question is more about the **事実としてそう** at the start of the sentence and to\nwhat it is referring to. Based on the above conversation it seems that it's\npointing to how he thinks that if your body is cold it generates heat, but she\nresponds with そんなこと言われても which is sometimes said when むちゃくちゃなこと言われた. So, in\nthis case is it like \"Well, she's the one who is a 雪女 and if she's telling me\nthat's not the case, then who am I to argue?\".\n\nedit: The thing is, if this was what it was referring to I would expect it to\nbe そうではない etc. So anyone care to clarify what is being spoken about?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T09:35:26.043",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28466",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-04T15:05:02.877",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-04T10:50:01.677",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9219",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Meaning of 事実としてそう、と言われたら納得せざるを得ない",
"view_count": 209
} | [
{
"body": "It's equivalent to 「事実としてそうだ」と言われれば、納得せざるをえない. It means \"If I'm told 'that is\nempirically the case', I have to accept that\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T14:36:38.857",
"id": "28471",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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},
{
"body": "In this case, 事実としてそう、と言われたら納得せざるを得ない 'there is no way to argue the case when\nthe fact has been told' is like a prelude to refer the following sentence. So,\nまぁ経緯はどうあれ優が寒がりなのは事実なわけだし 'it is true that 優 easily feels/gets cold no matter\nthe background is', is indicating the answer to your question.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T15:05:02.877",
"id": "28472",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-04T15:05:02.877",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5090",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28466 | 28472 | 28472 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28481",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "No one likes to wait, so I thought \"待{ま}つ\" would be a great verb to use to\npractice the indirect passive ( _suffering_ passive) of an **intransitive**\nverb. However, I'm having trouble probably because \"待つ\" can also be\n**transitive**.\n\nI used this sentence as a model:\n\n> 夫に死なれた女性は未亡人と呼ばれる。 \n> \" _A woman with a deceased husband is called a widow._ \"\n\nI tried to use \"待つ\" as I would use \"死ぬ\", but it doesn't seem to work because\nthe person who is waiting is also doing the suffering. The model has the \"夫\"\ndying and then another person, \"女性\", suffering.\n\nI talked with a native speaker. She said the problem is that \"待つ\" can both be\ntransitive and intransitive, and that fact is critical for suffering passive.\nI'm not convinced. I think the problem is that the person who waits also\nsuffers. But, I'm not sure how to untie that and create suffering passive with\n待つ used as intransitive.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T12:56:37.333",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28467",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-04T22:39:46.973",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10547",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"passive-voice"
],
"title": "How to use \"待つ\" in the indirect passive?",
"view_count": 376
} | [
{
"body": "How about this sentence?\n\n> 魚を焼いたら猫がやったきた。油断するのを猫に待たれている私は気が気でない。\n\n私の油断を私は猫に待たれている。 In this sentence, the cat is waiting for my carelessness, and\nI am suffering from it. This is transitive, but the object is not a person.\n\nPeople usually suffers from waiting, not making others wait. And, that is why\nit is hard to use 待つ as the indirect passive verb.\n\nI googled and found a few other examples.\n\n> 何者かに待たれているゴドーは今日も自問自答を繰り返す・・・ <http://www.moon-\n> light.ne.jp/scenario/playbook/godot.htm>\n\nSomeone is waiting. I think this one is intransitive.\n\n> 知識や学問から待たれているもの <http://www.isuramu.com/lifestyle/livingislam1.htm>\n\nKnowledge and scholarship waits for something.\n\nThe last one is a little bit different.\n\n> 退職して年金の請求を待たれている方\n\nThis one is not suffering passive but respecting.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T22:39:46.973",
"id": "28481",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "8010",
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}
]
| 28467 | 28481 | 28481 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28470",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The marker is on the top of a hill on the way to Yawata Hachimangu in Kyoto\nPref. The site seems rather not significant historically, there were no other\nrelated signs around.\n\nThe top character is Sanskrit (probably), four kanji look like 國分寺跡 (although\nI am not sure of 分 as the strokes do not follow the regular order).\n\nThe real question is: what kind of script is the second character from the top\nwritten in? Is it somehow compressed 山号?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/srqWW.jpg)",
"comment_count": 8,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T13:32:02.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28468",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-12T15:28:54.593",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-12T15:28:54.593",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"history",
"calligraphy"
],
"title": "What kind of script is it? (photo attached)",
"view_count": 342
} | [
{
"body": "It's kanji written in a different style. I don't know enough to identify\nexactly which style, but it looks like a type of 草書体 (you can compare\ndifferent styles\n[here](http://lightbox.on.coocan.jp/html/fontImage.php?session=&s=38&x=8&w=530&y=55&height=570&font=kouzansousho&backColor=402720&textColor=D6D9D0&u8=1&TitleText=%E9%B3%A9%E5%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%86%E5%AF%BA%E8%B7%A1&a=0&bd=0&backColorImage=FFFFFF&url1x=0&url1y=0&url1t=100&url1=&check=1))\n\nThe characters are: 鳩ヶ峰國分寺跡",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T14:31:51.203",
"id": "28470",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-05T01:42:26.773",
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"owner_user_id": "499",
"parent_id": "28468",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 28468 | 28470 | 28470 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28474",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm attempting to make a sentence saying\n\n> ぼくは ともだち で はなしています\n>\n> I am speaking with a friend\n\nWhile making it I was just wondering if using で would be correct since I kind\nof felt like ともだち would be the means for which I do the verb はなしています. Maybe I\nwould just use を here? Not sure, any help/ explanation here is appreciated",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T15:23:20.083",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28473",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-04T16:24:43.120",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particles"
],
"title": "Can particle で be used for means be used with people?",
"view_count": 203
} | [
{
"body": "Using で in this case would be unnatural because it sounds like you're using\nyour friend to talk. To indicate who you are talking to, use the particle と\ninstead, meaning \"with\":\n\n> ぼくはともだち **と** はなしています \n> I am talking with my friend.\n\nIt is possible to use the particle で with the verb 話す, but it will indicate\nwhat means of communication you used, never who you were talking with. Some\nexamples of when you do use で:\n\n> 日本語{にほんご}で話す{はなす} - Speak in Japanese \n> 電話{でんわ}で話す{はなす} - Talk over the phone \n> 小声{こごえ}で話す{はなす} - Speak in a low voice",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T16:21:34.267",
"id": "28474",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-04T16:21:34.267",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "28473",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28473 | 28474 | 28474 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28476",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I try to figure out the structure of this sentence. but I'm somehow confuse\nwith it\n\nwhat I got is this\n\n忘れちゃうと いけないから、 in order to not forget\n\nメモしといたのに although noted it already\n\nそのメモをなくしちゃった that note is gone (lost it)\n\n(If I got it right) it seem make sense to me but in grammar first two sentence\nis strange.\n\nis it like this? ... although I noted it already (in order not to forget) but\nI lost it.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T16:50:35.120",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28475",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T22:46:47.397",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-06T22:46:47.397",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "6844",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"syntax",
"parsing"
],
"title": "structure of 忘れちゃうといけないからメモしといたのにそのメモをなくしちゃった。",
"view_count": 596
} | [
{
"body": "> I try to figure out the structure of this sentence. but I'm somehow confuse\n> with it\n```\n\n 〔〈（忘れちゃう）と、いけない〉から、メモしといた〕のに、そのメモをなくしちゃった\n \n```\n\n> is it like this? ...although I noted it already (in order not to forget) but\n> I lost it.\n\nCorrect.\n\n> this type of encapsulation is quite new to me. (at least when it's in\n> Japanese context, everything become new to me.\n\nHere is the trick: when you interpret a Japanese sentence, just need to read\nit in inverse order.\n\n```\n\n I lost the note, although 〔I took it because〈 it was not good if（I forgot it）〉〕\n \n```\n\nI believe @snailboat can explain more about the grammatical phenomenon.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T17:26:29.913",
"id": "28476",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T14:02:14.623",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-06T14:02:14.623",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "4833",
"parent_id": "28475",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28475 | 28476 | 28476 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28479",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> お前の右に出るものは一人としておらん。\n\nWhat does おらん mean?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T18:14:25.163",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28477",
"last_activity_date": "2022-04-13T00:07:13.307",
"last_edit_date": "2022-04-13T00:07:13.307",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "11364",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"dialects"
],
"title": "What does おらん mean?",
"view_count": 1435
} | [
{
"body": "it means いない （as おる means いる） in the nagoya dialect.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T19:03:42.213",
"id": "28479",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-04T19:03:42.213",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11349",
"parent_id": "28477",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 28477 | 28479 | 28479 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28480",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is my interpretation of this sentence from the Tobira textbook accurate?\n\n先生がおっしゃるように、言葉は毎日勉強しなければ上手にならないと思います。\n\nI'm guessing that it means that _I think_ that I won't improve unless I study\nevery day like sensei says? Or could it mean that _sensei thinks_ that I won't\nimprove unless I study every day like he says? Or is it something totally\ndifferent?\n\nI'm not really sure.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T18:18:11.033",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28478",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-07T00:17:47.947",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "先生がおっしゃるように、言葉は毎日勉強しなければ上手にならないと思います。",
"view_count": 359
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, I believe the author / speaker is the subject of 「思います」.\n\n「先生」 is the subject of 「おっしゃる」, and as such, 「先生がおっしゃるように」 can be thought of\nindependently as functioning like an adverb, without \"setting the subject\" of\nthe sentence.\n\n> 先生がおっしゃるように、\n>\n> As [ my / our ] teacher says,\n>\n> 言葉は毎日勉強しなければ上手にならないと思います。\n>\n> [ I ] think that, with languages, one will not get better if one does not\n> study every day.\n\nThus, the complete sentence could be translated to something like your first\nguess:\n\n> As my teacher says, I think that, with languages, one will not get better if\n> one does not study every day.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T19:08:15.287",
"id": "28480",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-07T00:17:47.947",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "9838",
"parent_id": "28478",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28478 | 28480 | 28480 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28484",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I know they both mean \"at least\", unless I'm wrong.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-04T23:42:11.947",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28482",
"last_activity_date": "2019-10-18T01:10:43.383",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-06T00:40:17.400",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "9530",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "is there any difference between せめて and 少なくとも?",
"view_count": 4403
} | [
{
"body": "\"At least\" is merely the English translation of the phrases found in\n**_bilingual_** dictionaries. It tells us nothing about how 「せめて」 and 「少なくとも」\nare (and are not) used in the actual Japanese-speaking world.\n\nIn my Japanese ear, to tell the truth, 「せめて」 and 「少なくとも」 sound like two fairly\ndifferent types of phrases even though I must admit that they are sometimes\nactually interchangeable.\n\n「せめて」 often sounds **emotion-packed**. One uses it to appeal or complain for\nthe minimum number/amount/frequency, etc. of something that one desires to\nhave.\n\n「少なくとも」 is more about **cold numbers** and such describing the minimum\nrequirements unless other words expressing emotions are attached to it.\n\nIf a mother said 「せめて[年]{ねん}に[一度]{いちど}でもスミ[子]{こ}から[便]{たよ}りがあればねぇ。」, she would\nsound like she was in grief for her goofy daughter Sumiko who does not even\nwrite/call her mother once a year.\n\nIf the mother used 「少なくとも」 instead of 「せめて」, it would not sound nearly as\nsorrowful. She would sound as if it were okay with her if she did not hear\nfrom Sumiko very often.\n\nFinally, an example where the two phrases can **_never_** be interchangeable:\n\n「[東京]{とうきょう}からニューヨークまでは行くには **少なくとも** １２[時間]{じかん}はかかる。」\n\nThe context here is all about math and science; there are no emotions involved\nanywhere. You could never use 「せめて」 in that sentence even if you wanted to. If\nyou used it, the sentence would not make any sense at all to us Japanese-\nspeakers.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-05T01:40:19.187",
"id": "28484",
"last_activity_date": "2019-10-18T01:10:43.383",
"last_edit_date": "2019-10-18T01:10:43.383",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "28482",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 17
}
]
| 28482 | 28484 | 28484 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28494",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is it just the て-form of ます? So, could I just use 食べまして instead of 食べて?\nLeading to my next question (everything from here on is assumed):\n\nSince 食べまして is the polite form of 食べて, why wouldn't you use 食べましてください instead\nof 食べてください, isn't that even more polite? But then again, I _never_ heard of\n食べましてください, so what is it about the ～まして part?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-05T16:56:30.290",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28486",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T01:01:26.303",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-05T22:59:14.283",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11253",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 11,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"politeness",
"て-form",
"auxiliaries"
],
"title": "What is it about ～まして?",
"view_count": 4134
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, it is the -て form of ます. But it's a little more restricted, so you need\nto be a bit careful.\n\nTo be polite, you normally only need to use the です/ます form for the final verb.\nAny other verbs can be in their normal -て form. But if you _really_ want to be\npolite, then you can put the other verbs in their polite -ます form, obviously\nresulting in -まして. It is often found in keigo sentences.\n\n> ご迷惑をおかけしまして申し訳ありません。\n\nHowever, you cannot combine it with ください. The phrase 「食べましてください」 is highly\nunnatural, if not ungrammatical. To give a request, stick with the regular -て\n+ ください (or use a keigo expression if you still want to be very polite).\n\nThat said, sentences can _end_ with -まして, but it is never a request (as said\nbefore, this isn't typically used for requests); it is a cut-off mid-sentence,\nwith the second part unsaid.\n\n> 田中さんからお電話がありまして - Tanaka-san called...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T01:01:26.303",
"id": "28494",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T01:01:26.303",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "28486",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 17
}
]
| 28486 | 28494 | 28494 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28507",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "For example, it's very difficult for my ears, which have been accustomed to\nMandarin that does not differentiate voiced sounds and unaspirated voiceless\nsounds, to tell the difference between 「た」 and 「だ」 in those 「頂きます」 in [a new\nCM released by Suntory](https://youtu.be/EMXu_T3PD58?t=13s).\n\nJust feel curious about how different they, as in the CM above (not standing-\nalone), sound to native speakers of languages (Japanese, English, etc.) that\ndo differentiate the two in principle.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"owner_user_id": "5346",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"pronunciation",
"phonetics"
],
"title": "When spoken casually, how different do 「た」 and 「だ」 in 「頂きます」 sound to native speakers?",
"view_count": 431
} | [
{
"body": "The people in the video are clearly saying いただきます, not いだだきます or いたたきます.\nVoiced and unvoiced consonants sound totally differently at least to the ears\nof native Japanese speakers, and I have never seen a native speaker who has\ndifficulty distinguishing them.\n\nYou may find this answer interesting: \n<https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/9333/5010>",
"comment_count": 0,
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{
"body": "As a native speaker of English, I'd like to chime in and state that I too hear\na clear distinction between the voiced and unvoiced consonants in the\nadvertisement (and in spoken Japanese in general).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-08T05:58:05.163",
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| 28487 | 28507 | 28507 |
{
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"body": "I'm taking a beginners Japanese course, and I heard that Japanese Kanji\noriginated from the Chinese writing system, which is the reason for so many\nsimilarities. However, the Japanese Kanji for \"I\" (私) is very different from\nthe Chinese character for \"I\" (我). In fact, in Chinese 私 seems to mean\n\"private\". I would have expected a word so fundamental as 我 to be adopted\nalong with all the other Chinese words, but it seems like that was not so.\n\nSo where did 私 come from? And why was 我 not used instead?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-05T19:27:07.217",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "私 Origin / Etymology?",
"view_count": 4021
} | [
{
"body": "(Only answering your second half)\n\n[我]{われ} **_is_** used in Japanese, but is seen as more archaic and/or somewhat\nboastful.\n\n> * [我々]{われ・われ} → We/us\n> * 「我は[拳]{こぶし}を[極]{きわ}めし者」 → I am the supreme master of the fist\n> (Gouki/Akuma from the Street Fighter series says this).\n> * 我思うゆえに我あり → I think, therefore I am.\n>\n\nWhen read as `が`, 我 is used to mean the ego, or the abstract self.\n\n> * 我の強い人 → A stubborn/self-assertive person\n> * 我を通す → Have your own way; refuse to change your opinion(s)\n>\n\n* * *\n\nSee also [What exactly is 我, and how is it\nused?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5762/78).",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-05T20:32:59.210",
"id": "28489",
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{
"body": "It looks like itrasci has already addressed the question about 我. Here's some\nmore information about 私.\n\n### Where the reading came from -- Derivation\n\nAlthough we have the history of how _watakushi_ has been used over the years,\nI cannot find anything definitive on where this term came from. The [entry at\nGogen Allguide](http://gogen-allguide.com/wa/watakushi.html) suggests that\nthere may be some connection between the initial _wa-_ in _watakushi_ and the\n_wa_ reading for 我.\n\n(Note that this _wa_ appears to be a native Japanese term -- although modern\nMandarin uses a reading of _wǒ_ , which is pretty close to the Japanese, the\nolder Chinese reading was something closer to _nga_ , matching the Japanese\n_on'yomi_ of _ga_ but not the _kun'yomi_ of _wa_.)\n\nThat said, there are no clear etyma (roots) that would fit. Assuming this\ninitial _wa_ as the first portion, there aren't any likely roots for _takushi_\n, or even _taku_ + _shi_ , or _ta_ + _kushi_ , etc. Neither _wata_ nor _kushi_\nhave anything likely. (\"straw\" + \"comb\"? Nope.) Ultimately, the origins for\nthis term remain a mystery.\n\n**Update**\n\nThe reading _watakushi_ seems to predate Genji by at least two and a half\ncenturies. I was poking around in the\n_[Man'yōshū](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB)_ and found\n_watakushi_ used as a reading apparently meaning \"private, privately owned\" in\n[poem 1275](http://jti.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/Man7Yos.html#1275).\nA modern-Japanese rendering is available [on this\npage](http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/kairouwait08/33027689.html).\n\n### How the meaning shifted -- Usage\n\n私 with an _on'yomi_ of _shi_ still appears with a meaning of \"private\" in\nmodern Japanese.\n\nThe _kun'yomi_ of _watakushi_ used to have this meaning too as the primary\nsense. In [The Tale of Genji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji)\ndating to the early 1000s, _watakushi_ was used as an antonym of _ohoyake_ --\nmodern 公【おおやけ】 \"public\". Some compounds using _watakushi_ still have a meaning\nof \"private\" or \"limited\", such as 私雨【わたくしあめ】 \"a rainfall in a very limited\narea\", or 私金【わたくしがね】 \"personal money\", or even 私【わたくし】する \"to make something\nprivate that was formerly public, to take something public for personal or\nprivate use\".\n\nThis sense of \"private, not public\" developed over time to mean one's own\npersonal, private affairs or thoughts, and from there, to oneself.\nShogakukan's 国語大辞典 gives a citation for this use from 1632.\n\nThe various alternative readings -- _watashi_ , _atashi_ , _atai_ , _wasshi_ ,\netc. -- are all just phonetic variations of the older form _watakushi_ (now\nregarded as the hyperpolite version of everyday _watashi_ ).\n\n### How pronouns move around in Japanese\n\nPersonal pronouns in Japanese work differently than pronouns in many other\nlanguages. \"I\" in English can be traced back to an ancient Proto-Indo-European\nroot with cognates in umpteen other languages, and pretty much all of them\nshare a similar meaning of \"I\" (first-person pronoun). Even Chinese's _wǒ_ has\nbeen incredibly stable through the millenia, tracing back at least 2,500 years\nand possibly further back.\n\nIn Japanese, however, pronouns move and change in a much more fluid fashion.\nHistorically, a term that may have started out as a humble indirect reference,\nsuch as 僕【ぼく】 (apparently originally meaning \"servant\", much like the super-\npolite English expression \"[I am] your servant, madam\"), degrades in meaning\nto become a very everyday, informal, and even rude term when used in the wrong\ncontexts. 俺【おれ】 is now a term for \"I\" that is almost exclusively male, and is\nconsidered very informal and rude, but before the Edo period, it was broadly\nused by both genders regardless of social class or context.\n\nThere has been a lot of research into politeness in Japanese, and how\nindirection results in changes in pronoun usage over time. It's a very deep\nsubject, and there's tons to read if you're interested. [Here are some\nrelevant\nlinks](https://www.google.com/search?q=japanese+pronouns+indirection+diachronic)\nfor starters.",
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| 28488 | 28508 | 28508 |
{
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"body": "I recently wanted to compliment someone for having done something \"very cute,\"\nand wound up using まさにかわいい. They understood me, but now I suspect that is a\nweird way to say it. More common variations would be ほんとうにかわいい and とてもかわいい. I\nhave seen people use what I wrote; for example, まさにかわいい男の子, but they're not\nnecessarily doing it right either. Does まさにかわいい even convey the correct\nmeaning, and if so, is it common enough to not seem bizarre?\n\nEdit: Based on some comments, I should clarify that I used the phrase as an\nexclamation. I said「まさにかわいい」only, in response to watching a performance. The\nEnglish equivalent would be to exclaim \"very cute!\" after watching someone\nperform. The example I included of「まさにかわいい男の子」is one where I've seen the\nphrase used; but I don't know I've seen it used stand-alone as I did.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-05T22:15:08.867",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28491",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-08T14:16:05.720",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11367",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"usage",
"adverbs"
],
"title": "Can まさにかわいい be used to say \"very cute\"?",
"view_count": 3426
} | [
{
"body": "まさにかわいいね does sound wrong. まさにかわいい男の子だね sounds grammatical but the meaning\nwould be a bit weird. It's hard to explain but it would imply the boy is\n_representative_ of かわいい男の子, but it's not rare to be a かわいい男の子, so it feels\nodd to say that (though I can imagine a situation where it could be said).\n\nE.g. まさに日本一の美男子だね or まさに百獣の王ですね sounds natural, and it would mean \"X truly\npossess the characteristics of Y\" or \"X truly represents Y\".\n\n**EDIT** : Had a bit of thought after @suish's comment. I think the rule has\nto do with identity. If somebody had \"defined\" the かわいいness as\n\"ほんとにすごいかわいい男の子なんだよ\" as a thing, then later, you can say \"まさにかわいい男の子だね\" to\nagree that that definition is indeed met. I think that's why it works with\n日本一の美男子 or 百獣の王 because there is an implied identity of that thing.\n\nAs a further example, consider まさに赤いね. This doesn't quite work, but まさにどす黒いね\nwould work because どす黒い is much more specific.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-05T23:07:59.217",
"id": "28492",
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| 28491 | null | 28492 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28501",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I want to say, \"the third season is fall\".",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-05T23:40:17.687",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28493",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T07:29:15.750",
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"owner_user_id": "9587",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"counters"
],
"title": "What's the counter for seasons?",
"view_count": 1247
} | [
{
"body": "Seasons can be a little tricky because they mean different things.\n\nWhen talking about the four astronomical/meteorological seasons as in your\nexample, it is probably most natural to use a generic counter: 3つ目の季節は秋です.\n\nWays of counting other seasons:\n\n * 第3シーズン、3シーズン目 (For sports, orchestras, theatre, TV shows, business seasons)\n * 第3季、3季目 (For sports, business seasons)\n * 第3期、3期目 (Generic counter for periods of time, except not used to count the four astronomical/meteorological seasons.)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-06T07:29:15.750",
"id": "28501",
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| 28493 | 28501 | 28501 |
{
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"body": "I was replying a message with question with an example about what I think she\nwas wrong and she replied this:\n\n間違い探しでもしてらっしゃるのでしょうか？少々疲れます。\n\nDoes it sound like I asked to much in the reply, or offended her, or annoyed\nher? Does she mean she was tired of answering me?\n\nOr she means she had written the previous message wrong since she was tired?\n(But she didn't use past tense with 疲れます)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-06T01:40:02.720",
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"owner_user_id": "11368",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does 少々疲れます mean in this case?",
"view_count": 662
} | [
{
"body": "I would say she's pretty irked. The super polite language like 〜らっしゃる in\nparticular makes it sound pointed to me (though if she happens to always speak\nlike that I guess it might be okay, but I'd doubt that).\n\n少々疲れます means \"I'm starting to get a little tired/exhausted.\", with the\nconversation (which she called \"間違い探し\") being the implied cause/reason.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T02:09:18.600",
"id": "28496",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T02:27:57.100",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-06T02:27:57.100",
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{
"body": "[間違]{ま・ちが}い[探]{さが}し is a name of game, which is called \"[Spot the\ndifference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_the_difference)\" or something\nlike that in English. [This pdf](http://happylilac.net/machi-\nkodomonohiparty-02.pdf) is an example of 間違い探し for young children.\n\nUsing the game name 間違い探し, she mildly told that her topic and your topic were\ndifferent. She didn't really wonder whether you were playing 間違い探し game.\n「間違い探しでもしてらっしゃるのでしょうか？」 implies that \"What you're doing, like finding\ndifferences or mistakes, is off-topic. Why don't you talk about something on-\ntopic?\" I don't know if what you talked about was really off-topic, but, she\nseemed to think it was off-topic.\n\nThis 「少々疲れます」 implies \"No more, please.\"\n\nThe whole line seems to imply \"we've been talking to each other, but actually\nnot communicating with each other. It seems meaningless. I talked to you, but\nyou've been just caring about something else. That makes me tired.\"",
"comment_count": 4,
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| 28495 | null | 28496 |
{
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"body": "from what i can tell, it shares the same meaning in chinese. shouldnt a phone\nbe written in katakana?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T05:26:50.380",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28498",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T06:08:54.147",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11143",
"post_type": "question",
"score": -2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"kanji",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Why is 電話（でんわ）in hiragana?",
"view_count": 403
} | [
{
"body": "電話 is a Japanese word, and really, it's not でんわ - it's 電話. I'm assuming that\nyou are referring to how the word would be written when not using kanji. Yes,\nit uses the same characters as modern Chinese and the pronunciation is\nsimilar, but it's not considered 外来語, a foreign loan word. By your logic any\nword that has the same kanji as Chinese should be written in katakana. I\nsuppose a case _could_ be made for this, and it is true that 音読み in reference\nmaterials are written with katakana, but this distinction in normal use is\nmore reserved for words that would traditionally be considered foreign in\norigin. For example, you can write 拉麺 but usually it will be ラーメン.\n\nThere are also words that use the 音読み of kanji that are of Japanese origin.\nWould you say they should be written in katakana as well?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T06:08:54.147",
"id": "28499",
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| 28498 | 28499 | 28499 |
{
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"body": "In English written speech, we often refer to what we have said, using the\nphrase \"as mentioned above\"; or to something that is coming later on with \"see\nbelow for further explanation\", for example.\n\nIs this used in written Japanese and what are the phrases that are used. Do\nthese phrases change, if the writing is vertical and going from right to left?\n\nThe obvious way to avoid confusion would be to use something like \"as\nmentioned before\" instead, but it is interesting to find out",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T09:43:16.380",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28503",
"last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T00:19:16.407",
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"score": 3,
"tags": [
"written-language"
],
"title": "as mentioned .... to the right?",
"view_count": 646
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, there are \"directional references\":\n\n * 右記{うき} \"written to the right (before)\"\n * 左記{さき} \"written to the left (later)\", \"following\"\n\nThey originate from vertical writing, but can be used figuratively in a text\nwritten horizontally. Normally they cannot be used in speech.\n\n* * *\n\n * 上記{じょうき} \"written above\" 上述{じょうじゅつ} \"stated/mentioned above\" or 以上{いじょう} for \"above\"\n * 下記{かき} \"written below\" or 以下{いか} for \"below\"\n\nThey are intuitive regardless of the text orientation (either in vertical or\nhorizontal writing you fill the page from the top to the bottom). With the\nexception of 上記, 下記 they might be used also in speech.\n\n* * *\n\nThere are of course universal references based on time or order like:\n\n * 前記{ぜんき} \"written before\" or 前述{ぜんじゅつ} and 先述{せんじゅつ} \"mentioned before\"\n * 後記{こうき} \"written later\" or 後述{こうじゅつ} \"mentioned later\"\n\nAgain, with 先述, 前述 and 後述 applicable to speech.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-06T10:04:35.500",
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| 28503 | 28504 | 28504 |
{
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"body": "Why is the こ prefix for pronouns used in derogatory speech in the presence of\nthe other person, like:\n\n> この野郎! \n>\n\nor\n\n> こいつ。何言いやがる？\n\nOr maybe the question should not be why it's not こ〜, but rather \"why not そ〜\",\nas in referred speech I hear あの野郎, or あいつ, but never そいつ.\n\nIn comparison what would その or そいつ sound in these examples? Would そ〜 give more\nnobility? Recognition of the other person, while こ〜 makes them more\nsubordinate?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T11:09:16.933",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28505",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-06T22:12:36.240",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kosoado"
],
"title": "Why is こ〜 used towards 2nd person in derogatory speech?",
"view_count": 144
} | [
{
"body": "In a conversation, こ〜 (これ、この人、こいつ and so on) points to something / someone\nnear the speaker. そ〜 points to something / someone near the listeners, and あ〜\npoints far from both. But **こ〜 and そ〜 don't point to the speaker / listeners\nthemselves.**\n\nNow, what if you think / murmur to yourself about the listeners in the middle\nof the conversation? You are now both the speaker and listener. People who\nonce were the listeners are now just a topic of your thought, so you point to\nthem by using こ〜。 For example,\n\n> (...こいつら、ちゃんと俺{おれ}の話を聞いているのか?)\n\nWhen you use こ〜 to point to the listeners, you are pretending to be speaking\nto yourself which conveys nuances such as anger against the listeners.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T12:18:34.673",
"id": "28506",
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| 28505 | null | 28506 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28518",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "「そこで、まずは世界を望み通りにしたいと言えばよいのじゃ。実際にどうしたいかは後で考える」\n\n「そういうのもありなのか……」\n\n「試練を乗り越えたその時に、エストが望む世界に変えられよう……王も、国も、アルマとやらもしたいようにするがよい」\n\n「望み通り……か」\n\n「うむ、望みは具体的でない方が得策じゃ」\n\n「家族に結婚を認めさせようと挑んだカップルが、冒険している内に冷めきって、 **願い事の段階** で揉めるという事案もあるしのう」\n\nContext:\n\n 1. Before one begins their trial they must state their wish\n 2. One must find a 霊王類 who can allow them to begin their trial(if they are suitable)\n\nMy question relates to the meaning of the last part of this excerpt as I don't\nquite understand. The stages are that firstly one must find a 霊王類, the 霊王類\nthen calls a God who asks them their wish, and finally they are given a trial\nby the God to complete and if they do this successfully their wish comes true.\nFrom how I understand 願い事の段階, it would suggest that this is the \"stage\" at\nwhich the couple come to a disagreement(i.e Having lost their \"passion\" for\none another over the course of their Journey, they no longer want to wish for\nthe same thing and naturally trouble occurs when they have to decide on\nsomething to wish for.). I don't really see the big deal here as it would\n(hopefully) be easy to come to some agreement about something else to wish for\nthat would satisfy them. In this case, it would just be making the point that\nthings are much easier if you are less specific in what you wish for as you\nwill not necessarily want the same thing now as you do in the future.\n\nBut the above doesn't quite sit right with me. If I was to understand this as\nsaying that after they had made their wish and were in the process of\ncompleting their trials they had lost their \"passion\" for one another then it\nwould make a much better argument as it would make clear the importance of not\nbeing overly specific with what one wishes for, since if you no longer want\nit, you are not going to be very motivated in completing your trial. Only\nproblem is that this doesn't seem to be at the 願い事の段階 and rather at a\ndifferent stage.\n\nCan anyone clarify as to what Xの段階で揉める means (e.g. does it mean that at stage\nX of some process, arguments,disputes etc occur, or does it refer to the topic\nthat causes these problems etc), and secondly , how do you understand the last\npart of the excerpt\n「家族に結婚を認めさせようと挑んだカップルが、冒険している内に冷めきって、願い事の段階で揉めるという事案もあるしのう」.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "The meaning of 段階で揉める",
"view_count": 162
} | [
{
"body": "This 願い事の段階で means 願い事を述べる段階で, or \"at the stage where they (=couple) state a\nwish (i.e, after finding 霊王類, before the trial given by the God)\". 願い事\nliterally means \"wish\", so there is no ambiguity in this phrase.\n\nDoes a challenger really has to state his/her wish _before_ the trial of the\nGod? Then this 挑む in the sentence in question refers to starting the journey\nto meet 霊王類. And 冒険している内に refers to that journey (again, _before_ they could\nmeet 霊王類). Maybe this couple even did not start the trial of the God.\n\nThis couple had lost their \"passion\" during their long 冒険, but somehow managed\nto find 霊王類. Maybe they had been pretending to be getting along, and secretly\nthinking of betraying each other and wishing something else.\n\n * 家族に結婚を認めさせようと挑んだカップルが \nThe couple which started their challenge (ie, to meet 霊王類 and pass the trial),\n\n * 冒険している内に冷めきって \n... lost their passion during their journey to meet 霊王類,\n\n * 願い事の段階で揉める \n... and argued at the stage of wishmaking ( _before_ the trial given by the\nGod)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T07:38:30.830",
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| 28509 | 28518 | 28518 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28526",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "While looking at the examples of ている form and usage in my textbook I came\nacross this sentence\n\n> かぞくは とうきょうに すんでいます \n> My family lives in Tokyo.\n\nI know from what I've been reading on the internet that that the verb here is\na state and that the に here marks the location that the state is taking place\nin. Basically I'm wondering when a verb can or can't be a state. All the\nexamples I've seen have used ている form with に to make sentences like this which\nmakes sense but it makes me question my placement of the the particle で in\nsome of the ている practice sentences I made like this one.\n\n> みちこさんは バスていで バスを まっています \n> Michiko is waiting for the bus at the bus stop\n\nAny help/explanation with this is appreciated and If Its unclear what I'm\nasking say in the comments and I'll try to add to the question.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-06T21:31:17.340",
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"id": "28510",
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"owner_user_id": "10247",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"particle-に",
"particle-で",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Particle に when related to state and how to recognize a verb as a state",
"view_count": 383
} | [
{
"body": "It's very difficult to explain because how で and に are used in your examples\nis a very basic usage.\n\nIn the first place, I suspect the theory that says verbs that stand for state\nof something take に for the locative marker, because you can easily indicate\ncounterexamples. (In this point, I have written an article in Lang-8.\n<http://lang-8.com/1258954/journals/147490799689691682343232488847258190894>)\n\nOn the other hand, your examples with で and に switched would still not be\nentirely wrong, if awkward. で could be used along with 住む as in the example of\n東京で家に住む.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T09:53:17.617",
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{
"body": "The problem is that 住{す}む does not translate well to English. In Japanese,\n住{す}む behaves like a motion verb taking a destination, like 行{い}く and 入{はい}る.\nUnfortunately \"I live to Tokyo\" doesn't make sense in English.\n\nMaybe 住{す}む will make more sense if we compare it to a motion verb:\n\n> 室内{しつない}に入{はい}る。 \n> I go inside. \n> \n> 室内{しつない}に入{はい}っている。 \n> I am inside.\n\n入{はい}る is the changing state of going into (に) something. When you conjugate\nit to 入{はい}っている, it shows that you are in the state resulting from that\naction.\n\n(You might have learned that verb+ている means \"to be (verb)ing,\" which it can\nalso mean. It depends on the verb, and to a lesser extent the context.)\n\nHere is another example to emphasize how ~ている can be equivalent to English\npresent tense, although in this case it is usually abbreviated to just ~てる.\n\n> 君{きみ}を愛{あい}する \n> I love you. \n> \n> 君{きみ}を愛{あい}してる。 \n> I am (in the state of) loving you. (I am in love with you.)\n\nFrom a Japanese perspective, \"I love you\" doesn't sound very immediate or\npermanent, so they use \"I am in love with you\" when in English we use \"I love\nyou.\"\n\nSo a more accurate translation of 「東京{とうきょう}に住{す}んでいる」 is \"I am living in\nTokyo,\" even though in English that means the same thing as \"I live in Tokyo.\"\nJust keep in mind that 住{す}む uses に like a motion verb and conjugates to\n住{す}んでいる to show the persistent state.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T17:56:48.007",
"id": "28526",
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},
{
"body": "The fundamental difference between 〜で and 〜に is that the former is an adjunct\n(can be removed from the clause) while the latter is an argument (cannot be\nremoved from the clause). Unfortunately, this is made hard to understand by\nthe fact that arguments can be omitted in Japanese (even though they are still\nin the clause, inferred).\n\nHowever, this explanation does not explain how to pick whether to use 〜で or 〜に\nfor a given verb. That's because there exists no such explanation. You just\nneed to memorize it. In other words, it's part of the verb's meaning.\n\nSome examples will help:\n\n * > ○彼は生{い}きています。 \n> ×彼は住{す}んでいます。\n\n生きる means \"to live\" while 住む means \"to live in\"/\"to live at\"/\"to reside in\".\nSimilarly, you can't say \"He is residing\" in English -- it needs the argument.\nHence, you use 〜で生きる and 〜に住む: 「残酷な世界で生きていく。」「東京に住んでいる。」\n\n * > ○彼は働｛はたら}いている。 \n> ×彼は勤{つと}めている。\n\nAgain, this is because 働く means \"to work\" while 勤める means \"to work for\"/\"to\nserve for\". Hence, you use 〜で働く and 〜に勤める: 「農場で働いている。」「コンピュータ会社に勤めている。」\n\n(Of course, as mentioned, with sufficient context you can omit arguments from\nthe sentence.)\n\nThankfully you pick this sort of thing up with enough immersion -- it's sort\nof just like learning vocabulary (or in fact, part of learning vocabulary).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T20:56:12.707",
"id": "28555",
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}
]
| 28510 | 28526 | 28526 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28516",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm confused, because all of them seem to have the same meaning (*in my\nopinion). Can anyone help me?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T02:11:02.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28511",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What is the difference between あと、うしろ and のちほど?",
"view_count": 1453
} | [
{
"body": "後{あと}, 後{あと}で, and 後{のち} mean after a time. のち is more formal. 後程{のちほど} is\nliterally \"after an extent (of time).\"\n\n> 晩{ばん}ご飯{はん}を食{た}べた後{あと}で行{い}く。 \n> I'll go after I eat dinner.\n\n後{うし}ろ is physically behind.\n\n> ゴミ箱{ばこ}は椅子{いす}の後{うし}ろにある。 \n> The trash can is behind the chair.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T06:02:59.707",
"id": "28516",
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| 28511 | 28516 | 28516 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28514",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Dictionary definitions from my EDICT based dictionary.\n\n> 想い人【おもいびと】(n) loved one; lover; sweetheart\n>\n> 恋人【こいびと】(n) lover; sweetheart\n\nI was wondering, since these definitions are nearly the same, are there any\ndifferences in nuance and etc between these (other than how the latter is more\ncommon as far as I'm aware)?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T02:22:55.800",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28512",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "11273",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "「想い人」 and 「恋人」?",
"view_count": 321
} | [
{
"body": "想い人 is the one you're in love with. The one might not be in love with you. \n恋人 is the one you're dating.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T03:13:36.437",
"id": "28514",
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| 28512 | 28514 | 28514 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I saw this line in a song:\n\n> 時計塔の頂上椅子に座り微笑んでるあなたは\n\nI'm curious why it uses 座 **り** rather than 座 **って**?\n\nSince it's a sequence of actions I would've thought that 座って would be more\napplicable, but since 座り actually happens to have an entry in the dictionary,\nmaybe this is just an exception? This is also from a song set in a medieval-\nesque era, so maybe it was used to sound more literary? Curious to see if\nthere's a definitive answer.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T02:45:27.317",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28513",
"last_activity_date": "2021-12-08T06:32:10.027",
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"owner_user_id": "11168",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"verbs",
"conjugations",
"renyōkei"
],
"title": "Use of verb ます-stem when て-form seems possible",
"view_count": 2435
} | [
{
"body": "Though I'm not entirely certain, this may actually be combining verbs.\n\nBecause I'm not very good at explanations, here's an excerpt from Tae Kim's\nGuide to Japanese:\n\n> Other verbs are also sometimes attached to the stem to create new verbs. For\n> example, when 「出す」 is attached to the stem of 「走る」, which is 「走り」, you get\n> 「走り出す」 meaning \"to break out into a run\".\n\nIn this case, since the verbs are 微笑む (to smile) and 座る (probably to hold\nsteady/hold still based on what I think) the combined verb by itself would\ncome out to be something along the lines of \"to hold a smile\".",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T03:31:52.093",
"id": "28515",
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},
{
"body": "Like the ~て form, the ~ます stem can be used to express \"verb, and...\" \nThe ~ます stem can have the nuance of being more formal and/or factual, but for\nthe most part they are interchangeable. Most likely the nuance arises from the\n~ます stem being more popular in writing for being more compact.\n\nI've read before that ~て form requires its phrases to be in sequence through\ntime and ~ます stem doesn't, but the following links reject that. Instead they\nsay that ~てから can be used to emphasise the order.\n\n[Here's a similar question and\nanswer.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/23789/%E3%81%A6-versus-\ncombining-form-for-joining-clauses) \n[Here's the scholarly article that is in the answer from the first\nlink.](http://hasegawa.berkeley.edu/Papers/TE.pdf)",
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T06:30:08.037",
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| 28513 | null | 28517 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28614",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "How common is the shortened causative form, eg. 食べさす instead of 食べさせる.\n\nTae Kim says in his grammar guide\n(<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/causepass>) that the shorter\ncausative-passive form (行かされる instead of 行かせられる) is not used as often as the\nlonger version. However, I've read in genki and elsewhere that the shorter\nform is actually used more often in conversation.\n\nThat makes me wonder how frequently the shorter causative form is used. Is\nthat also popular in conversational Japanese? In what contexts would you\nexpect to hear it?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T15:15:55.003",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28522",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-07T23:54:14.097",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conjugations",
"passive-voice",
"causation"
],
"title": "Shorter Causative Form Popularity",
"view_count": 1275
} | [
{
"body": "The shorter forms are also common, if less than the longer versions and you\nwill hear them more frequently in conversation rather than articles or so.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T02:23:18.703",
"id": "28533",
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{
"body": "Sometimes, one needs to take a statement by Tae Kim with a grain of salt. Kim\nprobably knows better than 99.9 % of all Japanese-learners, but still he is\nnot a native speaker.\n\n**The short form is indeed used quite heavily in informal, daily conversations\namong us native speakers. The more informal the speech, the more often you\nwill hear the short form.**\n\nIf, however, you used the shorter form in non-informal situations such as\nbusiness, school, etc., it would sound fairly inappropriate (or actually, even\nmore than inappropriate).\n\nIf you are at a level where you can **_freely and properly_** switch back and\nforth between formal and informal, go ahead and use both like we do.\n\nIf you are not, one way to deal with it might be to use the longer form all\nthe time first and gradually start using both as you gain more confidence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-11T12:29:18.147",
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| 28522 | 28614 | 28614 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28528",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I'm trying to learn Japanese. I'm reading (trying to anyway) a Japanese kid\nbook and found this line:\n\n> あさ \n> いもほり \n> うでまくり \n> **えんやら** やっと \n> おおきな おいも\n\nI found by Googling that やっと means 'finally'. But what does えんやら mean?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T16:47:47.440",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28524",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-07T23:02:15.920",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11378",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"meaning"
],
"title": "What does えんやらやっと mean?",
"view_count": 206
} | [
{
"body": "It's probably えんやらやっと (spelled using a small っ in modern Japanese), and to me\nit sounds like one of the various words people say when physically exerting\nthemselves, e.g. lifting something heavy. Like a big potato.\n\nThink よいしょっと.\n\nEdit: According to [this Google\nresult](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%88%E3%82%93%E3%82%84%E3%82%89-448268)\nthat is exactly what it is.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T20:09:53.427",
"id": "28528",
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| 28524 | 28528 | 28528 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "This is from [Yuki-onna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki-onna):\n\n> Mosaku no kao ni iki wo fu-tsu to fukikaketa.\n\nThe \"fuutsu/fu-tsu\" is written in katakana and is most likely an onomatopoeic\nword, related to breathing. It's not essential to the translation, but it's\nreally bugging me.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T17:23:16.807",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28525",
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"last_edit_date": "2019-09-20T16:04:35.493",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"katakana",
"adverbs",
"onomatopoeia",
"gemination"
],
"title": "What does \"fūtsu\" mean?",
"view_count": 1551
} | [
{
"body": "This is either a typo or a \"reado\".\n\nTrying to reconstruct the original sentence from your _rōmaji_ version, I'm\nguessing it is\n\n> 茂作の顔に息をフーッと吹きかけた\n\nフーッと is listed in some dictionaries (e.g. WWWJDIC)\n\n> **ふーっと** \n> **フーッと** \n> (adv,on-mim)\n>\n> _with a whiff; with a puff_\n\nThe ッ is small (compare ッ with ツ) and is geminating the following \"t\" sound.\nThe romanization of the small _tsu_ is done by doubling the following\nconsonant, so _fūtto_ (and not ~~_fūtsu to_~~ ).\n\nYou're correct in assuming it's an onomatopoeia and it's usually used for the\nsound produced when breathing out (either forcefully, or with a sound).\n\nBy the way, there are other onomatopoeic words that follow this pattern.\nEither they are written in all hiragana, or in katakana with only the と in\nhiragana:\n\n * じーっと or ジーッと\n * ぼーっと or ボーッと\n\nor more generally also\n\n * ささっと or ササッと\n * ぎゅっと or ギュッと\n * etc.\n\n(Here と is written in hiragana for its grammatical function — it is turning an\nonomatopoeic expression into a \" _to_ -adverb\", see for example [What is the\npurpose of adding と?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24943/1628) and the\nlinked questions listed over on that question under \"Related\".)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-07T18:29:44.787",
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}
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| 28525 | null | 28527 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Is there a Japanese equivalent to the phrase, \"when in Rome\"?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T01:51:10.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28530",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"idioms"
],
"title": "Is there a Japanese equivalent to the phrase, \"when in Rome\"?",
"view_count": 3801
} | [
{
"body": "Yes.\n\n> [郷【ごう】に入【い】っては郷【ごう】に従【したが】え](http://kotowaza-\n> allguide.com/ko/gouniittewagou.html)\n\nwhich literally means \"When you enter a village, obey (the custom of) the\nvillage\".",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-08T02:13:20.117",
"id": "28531",
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| 28530 | null | 28531 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28539",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "A long time ago, I came across this example sentence in Jisho:\n\n> 彼{かれ}の仕事{しごと}は井戸掘{いどほ}りからゴミの処理{しょり}に **まで** 及ぶ{およぶ}。 \n> His tasks range from digging wells to getting rid of garbage.\n\nWhy does this sentence use _both_ に and まで after 処理? Would it be sufficient to\nhave just one or the other, or are both required?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T02:23:27.220",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28534",
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"usage",
"particle-に",
"particle-まで"
],
"title": "Meaning of にまで?",
"view_count": 1030
} | [
{
"body": "井戸掘りからゴミの処理に及ぶ would sound natural, and already emphasizes how broad his\nresponsibilities are.\n\nSlightly literal translation:\n\n> 井戸掘りからゴミの処理に及ぶ \n> his responsibilities reaches from digging wells to getting rid of garbage\n\nAdding まで strengthens this emphasis\n\n> 井戸掘りからゴミの処理にまで及ぶ \n> his responsibilities reaches from digging wells, to **even** getting rid of\n> garbage\n\nThe same まで can be used like this: カリカリに揚げれば、骨まで食べられますよ\n\n`彼の仕事は、井戸掘りからゴミの処理まで及ぶ` sounds a bit odd to me but I'm not sure if it's only\nme.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T11:38:21.637",
"id": "28539",
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| 28534 | 28539 | 28539 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28768",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the manga and light novel series, _A Certain Scientific Railgun_ and _A\nCertain Magical Index_ there are some in-series technical terms that have\nEnglish epithet attached to them, such as [Level\nUpper](http://toarumajutsunoindex.wikia.com/wiki/Level_Upper) (幻想御手{レベルアッパー})\nand [Bust\nUpper](http://toarumajutsunoindex.wikia.com/wiki/Bust_Upper#List_of_known_Urban_Legends_and_Rumors)\n(巨乳御手{バストアッパー}).\n\nAlthough they say アッパー, they're both written with the kanji 御手, which\nliterally means \"hand.\" Why is 御手 used in this context? Does it have any\nmeaning beyond just \"hand\"?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-07T01:38:00.740",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28535",
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"owner_user_id": "9717",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"manga"
],
"title": "What is the literal context of 御手 in this instance?",
"view_count": 379
} | [
{
"body": "It is not uncommon for Japanese popular media to use double meanings, by\nwriting the word in Japanese with one meaning and then giving it an English\npronunciation with a different meaning.\n\nSimply put, in the light novel series you are talking about, there is a\ncharacter called \"Accelerator\" which is written as 「一方通行」 which is an\nexpression used on traffic signs to refer to a one way street.\n\nThe name Accelerator alludes to the character's ability to be able to move the\nvectors in order to accelerate himself, while 一方通行 expresses that his power is\nlike a one way street, because he can always change the direction.\n\nSpecifically regarding, 御手, it is used because most of the powers' names in\nthe series are 4 characters long. In this context, 御手 has little to do with an\nactual hand, and more to do with an \"ability\", since a person's ability can\nalso be said as their \"hand\" in Japanese.\n\nAlso, 巨乳 is not just a bust, but specifically a BIG bust.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-19T04:25:50.750",
"id": "28768",
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}
]
| 28535 | 28768 | 28768 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "When you ask \"Where is the book?\"\n\n> 本はどこにありますか。or \n> 本はどこですか。\n\nAre both answers (\"It is nowhere.\") in Japanese correct?\n\n> どこにもありません。or \n> どこもではありません。\n\nIs 「どこにもありません。」the same as 「どこもではありません。」, are both correct?",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T07:19:13.473",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28537",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-04-13T02:53:29.470",
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"owner_user_id": "11384",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"negation"
],
"title": "Is 「どこにもありません。」the same as 「どこもではありません。」?",
"view_count": 1730
} | [
{
"body": "No, one of them is not correct (the first one). Other ways to say this are:\n「本はどこですか？」or「本は？」(Where is) book? This works due to the particle 「は」(the\nsubject-introducing particle) is introducing a new topic, saying \"book is?\". I\nhope this has helped you!",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T19:08:43.697",
"id": "28548",
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{
"body": "The simple answer to the question, 「本はどこですか？」is this;「本がない。」(There is no book,\nThe book isn't there). But however, you are asking about\nif「どこにもありません」and「どこもではありません」. As someone above has said, 「どこもではありません」is\ncompletely wrong. However, the first one can be retrofitted to make more\nsense. Though it does make some sense, it is not very good and sounds queer\nand unnatural. I think to correct the sentence to make it sound more natural,\nit should be like this:「何処にもない」(doko ni mo nai) to say \"it is not anywhere\",\nor, \"is not to be found anywhere\", or is, \"nowhere to be found\". I hope I was\nhelpful. Have fun learning Japanese! (⌒▽⌒)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T01:41:05.867",
"id": "28561",
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{
"body": "どこにもありません is correct, but どこもではありません is quite strange, I have never heard it. \n\nThe verb ''ある'' which means ''exist'' is usually used with a particle ''に''\n\nE.g. In response to '本はどこ **に** ありますか。':\n\n * あそこ **に** あります。\n * あそこ **に** はありません。\n\n* * *\n\nOn the other hand, ''ある'' with ''で'', which means that someone or something is\nthe same as the subject of the sentence, is quite similar to ''です''. This\nmeaning of ''ある'' is rather used with ''は'' in negative sentences.\n\nE.g. In response to '本はどこですか。':\n\n * あそこです。\n\n * あそこ **で** はありません。\n\n※ 'あそこであります' isn't wrong, but is quite an old-fashioned expression in positive\nsentences.\n\n* * *\n\nBy the way, these are three hints that might help you:\n\n * `は` doesn't come with interrogatives like どこ, なに, いつ, だれ and so on.\n * `も` and `は` don't come together.\n * `も` or `は` never comes before `で`, `に`, `から`, `まで`, etc. That is a reason why どこもではありません is very strange.\n\nYou can say the following:\n\n * あそこ **に** ありません。\n * あそこ **に** _は_ ありません。\n * あそこ **に** _も_ ありません。\n\nReading my explanation above, you may wonder if どこでもありません is correct. \nAlthough people DO say どこでもありません in some cases, it is NOT appropriate for the\nreply to 本はどこですか／どこにありますか。\n\nI am very sorry but I can't explain the reason well...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-11-08T19:57:07.527",
"id": "29100",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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}
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| 28537 | null | 29100 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28542",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "While discussing [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/28456/grammar-behind-a-\ntrain-transfer-announcement) I found a new problem: is there a way to say\n\"destination line\" in Japanese using a noun or a compound noun?\n\nI am thinking of the ◯◯ in the following construction:\n\n> 「乗換駅{のりかええき}は何ですか」 \n> 「梅田です」 \n> 「◯◯は何ですか」 (何線に乗り換えなければなりませんか) \n> 「御堂筋線です」\n\nI already learnt 乗り換え先{さき} is not what I wanted (supposedly it means\n\"destination station of a destination line\"). 乗り換え電車{でんしゃ}、乗り換え線｛せん｝ do not\nseem to work. 目的線{もくてきせん} neither.\n\nI thought of 次の電車, but that is ambiguous and 次の線 is wrong.\n\nIs it possible to say without using a verb?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T10:33:39.660",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28538",
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"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Is there a noun for a \"destination line\" when changing trains?",
"view_count": 149
} | [
{
"body": "乗り換え先 is pretty ambiguous, in that it's just 乗り換え with a `〜先` suffix, and not\nsome kind of established train lingo. It literally signifies the “destination\nof transfer”, which could refer to either the station of transfer, the\ntransfer line, or the final destination station after the transfer.\n\nUsing that ambiguity to your advantage, you could qualify it by saying\n乗り換え先の○○○, or any other way that clarifies what you mean:\n\n * 乗り換え先の電車は何ですか？\n * 乗り換え先の路線は何ですか？\n * 乗り換え先は何線ですか？\n\nOr, now that I think about it, you don't even need the `〜先`. A simple\n乗り換えは何線{なにせん}ですか will work.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T15:26:13.140",
"id": "28542",
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},
{
"body": "how about:\n\n> 行先降車線\n\nIn writing, I bet that is easily understood. In conversation, \"ゆきさきこうしゃせん\"\nmight be difficult to understand. But, with context, it might work.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T01:16:49.810",
"id": "28560",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-09T01:16:49.810",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "10547",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": -2
}
]
| 28538 | 28542 | 28542 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28541",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "As the title states, what is the meaning of 私{わたし｝は ひらがなが 書｛か｝けるように なりました？\n\nI thought it meant \"I felt like writing hiragana\", but I am not sure.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T12:01:10.297",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28540",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-08T17:45:27.087",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-08T17:45:27.087",
"last_editor_user_id": "5229",
"owner_user_id": "7252",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"parsing"
],
"title": "Meaning of 私は ひらがなが 書けるように なりました",
"view_count": 150
} | [
{
"body": "A verb in potential form + ようになる means \"To become able to do verb\".\n\n書く (to write) -> 書ける (to be able to write) -> 書けるようになる (to come to be able to\nwrite).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T12:37:23.307",
"id": "28541",
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}
]
| 28540 | 28541 | 28541 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28559",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "For example in the sentence below:\n\n> と言うより、うんと若い **頃** は公共の場において、注意される側だったはずです。\n>\n> Rather, when I was younger I'd expect to be the one getting cautioned in\n> public.\n\nHow does using 頃 change the meaning from using とき in this sentence and more\ngenerally? Thanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T18:10:30.640",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28545",
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"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 頃 and とき?",
"view_count": 6118
} | [
{
"body": "時{とき} refers to specific times, such as the moment you open a door. \n頃{ころ} refers to approximate times, such as around the time the door is opened.\n\nFor talking about events that happened during a long period of time, such as\none's childhood, there isn't much of a difference.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T19:38:55.993",
"id": "28551",
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},
{
"body": "時{とき} is a general word meaning \"time\". It can refer to time ranging from a\nshort instant to an entire era.\n\n頃{ころ} is restricted to relatively long and approximate times. Using it for\nsomething that happens in an instant, like turning on the TV, is incorrect.\n\nUsing 若い時 is not wrong, but it would be less common than 若い頃.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T22:04:26.733",
"id": "28557",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-08T22:04:26.733",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "28545",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "By using either 時{とき} or 頃{ころ} you are describing a time relation between (at\nleast) two events, states, or actions (let's say A and B).\n\nWith 時 the relation between A and B is closer like English \"when\", \"while\",\n\"at the time\". With 頃 the relation is more vague like English \"around the\ntime\", \"around\".\n\nJust like in English you can also use 頃 to express not only the sheer\nrelation, but also your attitude (you don't remember exact order of actions or\ntheir relation, our you don't want to provide such information, so you say\n\"around the time\").\n\nWith naturally vague expressions (\"in youth\") 若い頃 or 若い時 it's just a\ndifference in style.\n\nIt does not matter if either A or B is a point in time or a period of time.\nHowever 頃's vagueness creates a span of time in which the relation between A\nand B occurs.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-08T22:42:13.370",
"id": "28559",
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"score": 12
}
]
| 28545 | 28559 | 28559 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28563",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 人や荷物の移送を **商売とする** 馬車輸送がそこかしこで見受けられるようになっている。\n\nI don't understand what とする does in this sentence. Can someone explain it to\nme?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T18:21:08.607",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28546",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-09T10:48:00.910",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-09T04:33:08.893",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "10316",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "What does とする do in this sentence?",
"view_count": 213
} | [
{
"body": "とする in this case means \"to treat as; to use for.\" \nIt can be broken down into と \"as/with\" and する \"to do.\"\n\n> 人や荷物の移送を商売とする馬車輸送 \n> Horse-drawn transport carriages that use the transportation of (stuff like)\n> people and luggage for business.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T19:25:04.223",
"id": "28549",
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{
"body": "とする here makes an attribute out of a noun 商売 \"trade, business\".\n\nLiterally meaning \"making (transport of people and goods) a business\", it\ncorresponds in this context to English \" **commercial** horse-drawn transport\nof goods and people\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T03:30:09.317",
"id": "28563",
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]
| 28546 | 28563 | 28563 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28554",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> 貴方は生物だから、鉱物の死を理解できないのよ。だから鉱物の死を『視る』ためには、まず彼らと同じ指向性を持つ **ための** 回線に繋がらないといけない。\n\nI really can't understand this\n\nI know that\n\n> AのためのB → B for the sake/benfit of A\n\nBut it does not make sense here, at least to me.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T19:31:02.023",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28550",
"last_activity_date": "2020-12-27T03:01:42.563",
"last_edit_date": "2020-12-27T03:01:42.563",
"last_editor_user_id": "37097",
"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "ための usage in this sentence",
"view_count": 377
} | [
{
"body": "ため also has the definition of \"purpose, objective, aim.\" \n\n> まず彼らと同じ指向性を持つための回線に繋がらないといけない。 \n> First you must be connected with the circuit that has the purpose of taking\n> the same alignment as them.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T20:44:39.800",
"id": "28554",
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}
]
| 28550 | 28554 | 28554 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28553",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've seen many verbs that end with ちゃった and would like to know what that\nmeans.\n\nFor example: リボンも切れ **ちゃった** 。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-08T20:04:52.533",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28552",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-09T00:44:32.640",
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"owner_user_id": "11234",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "meaning of ちゃった verb ending",
"view_count": 5056
} | [
{
"body": "〜ちゃった is an informal contraction of 〜てしまった, usually expressing regret or\ndisappointment. So your example is the same as\n\n> * リボンも切れてしまいました\n>\n\n* * *\n\nSee also\n\n * [Verb in ている form ends with しまう](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/26020/78)\n * [「しまう」 as an auxiliary verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21026/78)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-08T20:17:24.157",
"id": "28553",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 28552 | 28553 | 28553 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm currently reading a Japanese book on clouds, and am hoping someone can\nshed some light on the exact meaning of a cloud type called 「入道雲」. The English\ntranslation would be \"cumulonimbus\", but I'm hoping to get a breakdown on if\nthere is particular meaning in the word 入道雲.\n\n積乱雲 is listed as an alternate word for \"cumulonimbus\" in this book, and I'd\nalso love to know what the meaning of that word is if possible. I believe 入道\nmeans priest or monk (and I have no idea how that would relate to this cloud),\nbut I can't find a meaning for 積乱 anywhere.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T03:31:06.193",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28564",
"last_activity_date": "2021-09-01T00:17:28.750",
"last_edit_date": "2021-09-01T00:17:28.750",
"last_editor_user_id": "30454",
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"etymology"
],
"title": "Looking for meaning of 「入道雲」",
"view_count": 1118
} | [
{
"body": "入道雲{にゅうどうぐも} is named after\n[大入道{おおにゅうどう}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cny%C5%ABd%C5%8D), a giant\n[妖怪{ようかい}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai) in Japanese folklore. A\nhuge 積乱雲 is likened to a standing giant.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T04:09:10.737",
"id": "28565",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-09T07:45:35.780",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-09T07:45:35.780",
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"owner_user_id": "10770",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 12
},
{
"body": "The meteorological term 積乱雲, like its Latin counterpart _cumulonimbus_ , is a\ncombination of 積雲 ( _cumulus_ ) and 乱雲 ( _nimbus_\n).[[1]](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E4%B9%B1%E9%9B%B2) The kanji 積\nmeans stacked or accumulated, and 乱 means disordered or in chaos.\n\n入道雲 is a common, non-technical word that refers to cumulonimbus or large\ncumulus clouds. 入道 was a term for big muscular monks, which the large clouds\nresembled.[[2]](http://kids.gakken.co.jp/kagaku/110ban/text/1437.html)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T04:22:03.470",
"id": "28566",
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}
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| 28564 | null | 28565 |
{
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"body": "At the end of sentences in casual form I know you can use ～じゃない or ～じゃん to say\n\"~isn't it?\" similar to ～ね. And I know ～よ at the end of a sentence can be used\nlike \"I tell you\" or for emphasis, but what happens when you use ～じゃんよ at the\nend of a sentence, like in the titles of Space Dandy episodes (the examples\nbelow)? The official English episode titles all end with \", baby\" so I feel\nlike it's a speech pattern of someone who considers themself kinda cool. E.g.\n\n> 流れ流されて生きるじゃんよ \n> Live with the Flow, Baby\n>\n> 幻の宇宙ラーメンを探すじゃんよ \n> The Search for the Phantom Space Ramen, Baby\n>\n> 騙し騙される事もあるじゃんよ \n> Occasionally Even the Deceiver Is Deceived, Baby",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-09T07:18:03.047",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28567",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"owner_user_id": "11395",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage",
"nuances",
"anime",
"role-language"
],
"title": "How do you use ”～じゃんよ。” and what exactly does it mean?",
"view_count": 1345
} | [
{
"body": "The titles are non-standard Japanese (they are creative sentences). I for one\nthink the translations are as good as it gets.\n\nIn normal contexts they are used like this:\n\n> 受験失敗したのは自分のせいじゃんよ \n> (Lecturing) The reason you failed was your own fault, isn't it hey?\n>\n> 安っぽい店で飲みたいこともあるじゃんよ \n> (Defending) Sometimes you wanna drink in a cheap place, don't we hey?\n\nIt generally sounds confident because you are asserting the fact, which is has\na patronizing effect. I think that's why the translation adds \"baby\", and I\nthink it does reflect the tone pretty well.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T10:52:07.720",
"id": "28568",
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{
"body": "じゃん/じゃんよ is a kind of dialect around Tokyo, Kanagawa and Yamanashi Prefecture.\nMany young people (including me) commonly use じゃん in casual conversation. I\nfeel じゃんよ is less popular than じゃん.\n\n(1) talking common topic\n\n> 「明日パーティーあるじゃん？何時に集合にする？」 \n> (\"You know, we're gonna party tommorow? What time can we meet together?\")\n\n(2) expressing feeling\n\n> 「これおいしいじゃん！」 \n> (\"Yummy!\")\n\n(3) (casually) blaming\n\n> 「そんなことしたらだめじゃん」 \n> (\"You shouldn't do such thing.\")\n\n(4) asking someone's approval\n\n> 「やっぱりそう思うじゃん？」 \n> (\"You think so too?\")",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T13:52:31.253",
"id": "28590",
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| 28567 | null | 28568 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "So I wanted to create a Japanese motto for our Esports team, seeing that our\nentire team are all anime fans.\n\nSo what is\n\n> Find. Attack. Exterminate.\n\nin Japanese?\n\nNone of my friends can agree on which, 根絶します or 駆除 is the correct one, so I\nwould like to see if someone can come up with another word for exterminate, or\ntell us which one is the correct one to use.\n\nWe want to make our motto sound ruthless, unforgiving, and utterly decisive\n(which is how we play our games).",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T12:40:32.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28571",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-09T20:49:52.480",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "11397",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"english-to-japanese"
],
"title": "What should \"Find. Attack. Exterminate\" be in Japanese?",
"view_count": 335
} | [
{
"body": "(I don't know what an Esports team is—e-sports or just sports...?) Anyway,\n\nI'd go with\n\n> 捜索、攻撃、根絶。 \n> Find. Attack. Exterminate.\n\nSince all are suru-verbs, I don't think you need any conjugations of する.\n\nAlternatively, 捜索、攻撃、駆除 also works, but 駆除 is used for (usually animal) pests\nand implies that you think of your opponents as \"vermin\". I think it would\nportray an attitude that is even more alien to normal Japanese thinking than\n捜索、攻撃、根絶 already is.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T15:27:51.640",
"id": "28572",
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},
{
"body": "A phrase that might read better in Japanese as more idiomatically natural is\n索敵【さくてき】・殲滅【せんめつ】 \"search and destroy\". 索敵【さくてき】 is literally \"finding the\nenemy\", and 殲滅【せんめつ】 is literally \"killing everyone, destroying everything so\nnothing/no one is left\". This combines your \"attack\" and \"exterminate\" into\none word, which might not quite fit what you were looking for, but\n索敵【さくてき】・殲滅【せんめつ】 appears to be the military terminology in Japanese and would\nthus be more immediately understood.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T17:44:00.957",
"id": "28573",
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{
"body": "my 2 cents.\n\nThere is a famous phrase 見敵必殺.\n\nMy choice is 探知・襲撃・殲滅。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-13T18:58:06.700",
"id": "28650",
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}
]
| 28571 | null | 28572 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28575",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I've been taught that 〜てある is used to express that something has been done\nalready in preparation for something, similar to 〜ておく (with a lot of nuance\nthat I'm going to ignore here). However, just from my own observations (mainly\nfrom anime, manga, etc.) it seems to me that at least colloquially, 〜てある is\nused more as a future tense.\n\nForgive this crude example, but the first thing that pops into my head when I\nthink of this is when an angry anime character may want to kill an opponent,\nhe may say 「殺してある！」. In this context, he means \"I will kill you\", but that\ngoes against that traditional definition that I have been taught. Is this a\ncolloquial sort of thing, or am I just greatly misunderstanding what 〜てある\nmeans?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T17:58:42.557",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28574",
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"owner_user_id": "10795",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"て-form",
"subsidiary-verbs",
"future"
],
"title": "Using 〜てある as a future tense?",
"view_count": 137
} | [
{
"body": "You are most likely mishearing 〜てやる, as in 殺して **や** る.\n\nRelated: [What does てやる mean when it is not used for\ngiving?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/14413/what-\ndoes-%E3%81%A6%E3%82%84%E3%82%8B-mean-when-it-is-not-used-for-giving)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-09T19:48:45.777",
"id": "28575",
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]
| 28574 | 28575 | 28575 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28597",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "_I assume ご連絡申しあげます and ご連絡を申しあげます have the same meaning, but differ in style.\nI use them interchangeably below. This question is not about existence of を\nunless it was relevant to understanding the phrase._\n\nHaving received an email ending with announcement of future contact in the\nform of 「ご連絡を申し上げます」 I am wondering how this phrase is built up, so that it is\naccepted.\n\nMy main point of confusion is using the verb 申し上げる a humble form of \"to talk\",\n\"to say\", \"to express\" with a noun 連絡 meaning \"connection\", \"contact\",\n\"communication\". Using both words as predicate and subject makes no sense in\nEnglish and probably most Indo-European languages (while the same words have\nequivalent usage patterns in many other combinations).\n\nTo help understand readers, what is my concern, I have following hypotheses:\n\n1) Is 連絡 a _thing_ that you can _say_ or _express_ like お礼を申し上げます／お礼を言います? Can\nI simplify (keigo aside) it to 連絡を言います? (I can't find any proof in\ndictionaries it works this way)\n\n2) Maybe as suggested\n[here](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1110154086) or\n[here](http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/1256006.html) 申し上げます preceded by お〜/ご〜\nworks like 致します, but how universal would it be? Can I say お待たせを申し上げます?\n\n3) If お待たせ example does not sound strange, maybe the construction is some kind\nof a contraction of (お待たせいたしました)を申し上げます being \"I would like to express - sorry\nto keep you waiting\".\n\n4) Or maybe it is just a set phrase\n[ご連絡申しあげます](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%94%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%E7%94%B3%E3%81%97%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99)\ncoming from custom or tradition?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T23:14:35.913",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28576",
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"last_edit_date": "2015-10-11T08:38:51.400",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"etymology",
"politeness",
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "Why is the phrase ご連絡申しあげます linguistially correct?",
"view_count": 518
} | [
{
"body": "ご連絡申し上げる is a humble form of 連絡する while ご連絡を申し上げる (a little awkward phrase) is\ntwo words of ご連絡 and 申し上げる.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T12:58:05.303",
"id": "28588",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-10T13:03:32.263",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-10T13:03:32.263",
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{
"body": "申し上げる has two different meanings. The first one is \"to say\" in a humble form,\nthe second is \"to do\" also in a humble form. Here is an excerpt from a\ndictionary regarding the latter one:\n\n>\n> [もうし‐あ・げる〔まうし‐〕【申（し）上げる】](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/218494/m0u/%E7%94%B3%E3%81%97%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B/) \n> 「お」や「御 (ご)\n> 」の付いた自分の行為を表す体言に付けて、その行為の対象を敬う。…してさしあげる。「お答え―・げます」「御相談―・げたく参上致しました」\n\nAlthough the compound verb 申し上げる contains a 申す part related to \"speaking\" it\nis not treated literally in contemporary Japanese. 申し上げる in the 2nd meaning is\nused as a [light verb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb)\n([補助動詞](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E))\nexpressing the utmost level of politeness.\n\nSo from your hypotheses 1-4, the second one is correct.\n\nYou can use お〜／ご〜申し上げます in different phrases, although I think it sounds too\npolite to be used often. Maybe its similar to the language used in some\ndiplomatic documents in English - if used in a daily life, they might sound\nstrange.\n\nIt doesn't mean this pattern is limited to official documents, but I feel it\nwould be too polite for example to use towards a customer in a restaurant or a\nshop. In [this article](http://www.web-nihongo.com/wn/j_manner/06.html/) you\ncan find a comparison of the levels of politeness with the 申し上げる being the\nmost respectful.\n\nYou can say お待たせ申し上げました. It is more polite than お待たせいたしました. Here you can find\n[minutes from a\nmeeting](http://www.mof.go.jp/about_mof/councils/fiscal_system_council/sub-\nof_fiscal_system/local_hearing/proceedings/kou210407.htm) of a certain council\nin the Ministry of Finance opening with the sentence\n「どうも大変お待たせ申し上げまして、申しわけございません。」\n\nHere you can find a [transcript of\nproceedings](http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/SENTAKU/sangiin/155/0020/15511130020002.pdf)\n(PDF) from the Diet containing several examples of this pattern:\n「お待たせを申し上げまして、大変に失礼をいたしました」「お願い申し上げます」「お願いを申し上げ、ごあいさつといたします」「ごあいさつを申し上げます」",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T21:38:24.913",
"id": "28597",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 28576 | 28597 | 28597 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28584",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a question pertaining to the following line in a manga.\n\n> いや実【じつ】は最近【さいきん】下【した】の名前【なまえ】で呼【よ】び合【あ】う事【こと】に **なって** よ\n\nThe speaker just called his girlfriend by her first name, and this surprises\nsomeone. That person then asks about it, and the speaker is explaining it to\nthat person.\n\nWhat confuses me is the て form ending the sentence. What would be the\ndifference between 「なって」 and 「なった」 here?\n\nI am fairly confident that this is not a request or command. If something is\nbeing omitted, I am not sure what it could be.\n\nThere have been other circumstances, though never in formal written material.\nIn conversation, are sentences perhaps occasionally ended in the て form out of\ncarelessness?\n\nI would appreciate any help understanding this.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-09T23:20:40.957",
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"owner_user_id": "9838",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"meaning",
"て-form"
],
"title": "Ending sentences with the て form",
"view_count": 1057
} | [
{
"body": "It's not so much by carelessness as constructive intention or sense. It keeps\nthe sentence unfinished and can attract the listener's attention by making\nhim/her wonder what happens then.\n\nHowever, in this case, I guess what's omitted here is what the speaker said\nbefore the example sentence, in short, the te form stands for causal\nrelationship between the omitted part, which should be the preceding remark.",
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T12:18:50.787",
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]
| 28577 | 28584 | 28584 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I think the difference is mainly just a nuance:\n\n * 毎{ごと}・・・each ・・・それぞれの\n * 各・・・every・・・すべての \n\nI think 毎 is used mainly with 名詞や動詞\n\n * 「年毎に」\n * 「会う人毎に」\n\nOr there is any other difference?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T00:41:49.607",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28579",
"last_activity_date": "2019-08-14T18:31:02.347",
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"last_editor_user_id": "19278",
"owner_user_id": "3796",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 9,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"prefixes"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 各 and 毎{ごと}?",
"view_count": 1944
} | [
{
"body": "This question is interesting for me. We say `毎年`(every year), `毎日`(everyday),\n`毎回`/`毎度`(each time), `各人`/`各自`/`各位`(each person), `各国`/`国ごと`(each country),\n`各地`(each place), `各所`/`各部`(each parts), etc... Also say `各年`, `各回`, `人ごと`,\n`年毎`, rarely say `各日`, however DON'T say `毎人`, `毎国`, `毎地`, `各度`.\n\nI think those are decided by common practice and no rigorous rules. You had\nbetter look up those words in a dictionary before use. It's irregular.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-12-12T02:33:45.740",
"id": "29818",
"last_activity_date": "2015-12-12T02:33:45.740",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"score": 8
},
{
"body": "## 毎~\n\n日本語基本文法事典 (A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar) defines 毎 as:\n\n> a prefix which means 'every (unity of time)'\n\nIt is used as a prefix for nouns which express a unit of time (毎日、毎朝、毎回、毎時,\netc...). It is mostly used with words of Japanese origin of one or two\nsyllables or shorter words of Chinese origin.\n\nIn Hibiya Ryuto's examples that are considered unacceptable (毎人, 毎国, 毎地), the\nnouns that follow 毎 do not indicate a time or period of time.\n\n * 毎々{まいまい} means 'each time; frequently; always'.\n\n[Examples](https://jisho.org/search/%E6%AF%8E*)\n\n* * *\n\n## 各~\n\n各 is a prefix added to nouns to express 'each element of a group'. It is\nmostly added to words of Chinese origin.\n\n * 各々{おのおの} means 'each'.\n\n[Examples](https://jisho.org/search/%E5%90%84*)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2019-08-14T17:08:19.387",
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]
| 28579 | null | 29818 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28589",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "Dictionaries list \"completion\" as a definition for both of these words. I'm\ntrying to figure out the difference between them.\n\nSome online sources say 完成 is used when you finish making something and 完了 is\nused when you are finished doing something, but I'm kind of skeptical about\nthis because I've seen sentences with 完成 used with 仕事, such as this one:\n\n> その仕事{しごと}は大部分{だいぶぶん}完成{かんせい}した。 \n> The work has been almost completed.\n\nWhat's the difference between them?",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T03:25:39.747",
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 13,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"nuances"
],
"title": "What's the difference between 完成 and 完了?",
"view_count": 4551
} | [
{
"body": "仕事 that corresponds with 完了 means human activity while one that corresponds\nwith 完成 means products. In other words, when the work is constructive\nactivity, what 完了 and 完成 stand for is a similar thing. But when the work is\ndestructive one, using 完成 is not natural though you may be able to use it\nsarcastically.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T12:28:33.857",
"id": "28585",
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{
"body": "完成 & 完了 have almost the same meaning, but there is a slight difference.\nAccording to my Chinese character dictionary the character \"完\" means\n\"completeness\", \"成\" means \"forming and making something\", and \"了\" means\n\"arranging and finishing something\".\n\nFor example, I would say \"車のタイヤの取り付けが完了した\" (=\"I finished attaching tires to a\ncar\") even though I have not produced a complete car. But it's a little weird\nto say \"タイヤの取り付けが完成した\". If I finished all the processes of producing a car, I\ncould say \"車が完成した\" but not \"車が完了した\". So, I think 完了 is used for finishing\ntasks, and 完成 is for finishing making something.\n\nThe sentences, \"仕事が完成した\" and \"仕事が完了した\" are both correct because 仕事 is\nsomething to make and achieve, and also a task.\n\n(My mother tongue is not English so please feel free to ask if you are not\nsure about my answer.)",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T13:08:26.890",
"id": "28589",
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"score": 18
},
{
"body": "完成 means something has been physically assembled.\n\n完了 is a completion of a process.\n\nThey are interchangeable when you are talking about a long process that puts\nsomething together, like construction of a building. Otherwise, only one or\nthe other will do.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2021-05-11T11:06:14.060",
"id": "86586",
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| 28580 | 28589 | 28589 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28587",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Consider the situation in which you are speaking _closely_ around the same\ntable with two other people or more. Someone talking to another person there\nand referring to you in the conversation with the pronoun あの人 rather than your\nname plus さん (or other titles) or 彼 or 彼女.\n\nWhat is the nuance of using the pronoun あの人 here?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T06:36:12.050",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28581",
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"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"pronouns"
],
"title": "What is the nuance of someone pointing at you with the pronoun あの人?",
"view_count": 174
} | [
{
"body": "It almost doesn't make sense. He/she may want to keep me isolated, but it's\nstill nonsensical.\n\nOtherwise, in everyday conversation, we'd use この人 when he's an adult, この子 when\nhe's young, この方 when he should be respected and こいつ when he's a close friend.\n\n彼・彼女 are bookish words and we'd use them in public or in formal situations.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T12:55:09.580",
"id": "28586",
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{
"body": "In most situations I feel that あの人 is very neutral, with no hidden nuances.\n\nConsider the other options:\n\n * Name/Title: This is most versatile, in that it is most polite and most neutral at the same time. Can't go wrong with this. But then again, it isn't a pronoun, and at some point in the conversation you're going to use a pronoun.\n * 彼/彼女: A lot of people straight up do not use this as a pronoun. Some people pull it off naturally, but not everybody feels that way. (And even for people who do use it, it is at best neutral, and at worst patronizing.) So this is not really an option for many people.\n * あの方{かた}: This is polite. I would use this to refer to a customer/client, a highly respected teacher, or when I'm being very polite when talking about a stranger. But if I use it to point to an acquaintance, colleague, or boss, it can sometimes feel _too_ polite, as if slightly mocking them. \n * あいつ: Either friendly or hostile.\n * あの男/女: Either praising or hostile.\n\nSo this makes あの人 the default third-person pronoun for many people.\n\nOf course, あの人 can be used praisingly, contemptuously, or wearily, just like\nthe English pronoun _that_ (“That guy is incredible!”, “That guy?!”, “Oh, that\nguy again…”). But this can only be read from the context and tone. On its own,\nit's just a neutral pronoun.",
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T12:56:57.767",
"id": "28587",
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| 28581 | 28587 | 28586 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28593",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I want to equate the quality of something to an apple. (Bare with me, just\nusing a random noun to make the desired construct clearer.) But instead of\ngoing around it and saying something like \"it looks like an apple\" or \"has\napple-like qualities\", I want to just go ahead and say \"appleness\", like \"Your\nappleness is amazing\". Evidently this can't be done in valid English, but is\nthere a way to do this in valid Japanese?\n\nSlightly better example: \"Your childishness is annoying.\" If don't want to say\n'childishness' and instead want to specify the exact level of referenced age,\nsay grade-schooler: \"Your grade-schooler-ness is annoying.\" Is this doable?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T09:12:45.837",
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"id": "28582",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Can さ be added to nouns?",
"view_count": 226
} | [
{
"body": "Not directly as 〜さ makes a noun out of an adjective.\n\nYou can first make an adjective out of a noun by adding 〜らしい and then make it\na noun again by changing to 〜らしさ.\n\nIn fact you can even find the word \"appleness\" アップルらしさ used/defined in 日経新聞\n[article](http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZZO76838990Z00C14A9000000/), so not\na bad example at all.",
"comment_count": 4,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T09:22:02.897",
"id": "28583",
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{
"body": "To add to macraf's answer, らしさ and っぽさ are slightly different, and not always\ninterchangeable.\n\n**らしさ** suggests an integral set of qualities or appearance, and is generally\napproving of those qualities.\n\n**っぽさ** is much more vague, and can be used in a dismissive way.\n\nAlthough you can say either りんごらしさのある味 or りんごっぽさのある味 to praise a flavor, only\n〜っぽさ can be used to criticize a flavor. So if you're calling out someone's\nannoying grade-schooler-like behavior, that would be 小学生っぽさ and not 小学生らしさ.\n\nThe two need to be distinguished carefully with some nouns like 子供, because\n子供らしさ is a good thing and 子供っぽさ is a usually a bad thing.",
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T19:01:02.767",
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| 28582 | 28593 | 28583 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28601",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I think \"と\" is being used differently in both of these sentences. However, I'm\nnot entirely sure if it is being used as a particle in either one. Can you\nplease explain to me the purpose of \"と\" in these sentences and how it changes\nthe meaning of the sentences?\n\n> 1. ふりむく **と** 、こどもたちが おおきな やまを つくっています。\n>\n> 2. ぼく、トンネルを つくろうっ **と** 。\n>\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-10T18:41:26.513",
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"id": "28592",
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"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9866",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"particle-と"
],
"title": "How is \"と\" being used in these two sentences: 「ふりむくと、こどもたちが...」「トンネルをつくろうっと。」",
"view_count": 226
} | [
{
"body": "「と」 is used as a particle in both cases.\n\n> 1.「ふりむく **と** 、こどもたちが おおきな やまを つくっています。」\n\nHere, the 「と」 is a **_conjunctive particle_** meaning \"when\" as in \"When I did\nA, I saw B happening.\"\n\nThe sentence means \" ** _When I turned around, the kids were making a huge\nmountain_**.\"\n\nThe tense used in the original is the present, but it is the historical\npresent, which is why I used the past tense in my translation.\n\n> 2.「ぼく、トンネルを つくろう **っと** 。」\n\nThe 「っと」 here is the **_quotative particle_** , believe it or not. The speaker\nis quoting himself, so to speak.\n\n「Verb in volitional form + っと」 is a **_very_** common structure used in\ncolloquial conversations. It is a way of making a **_light and casual\ndeclaration_** (more to oneself than to others). With this 「っと」, the speaker\nis often just thinking out loud.\n\n**_\"Alright, let's dig a tunnel here!\"_** (Said more to oneself than to\nanother.)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2015-10-11T01:17:32.367",
"id": "28601",
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}
]
| 28592 | 28601 | 28601 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28599",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What does 皆まで mean? As in 皆まで言うな\n\nDon't say all of it? \nDon't say it to everyone?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T20:44:57.260",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28595",
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"owner_user_id": "11404",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"phrases"
],
"title": "What does 皆まで mean?",
"view_count": 275
} | [
{
"body": "「[皆]{みな} **まで** 言うな」 is a set phrase meaning \"Don't finish what you're saying\n(because I already know)!\"\n\n「[皆]{みんな} **に** 言うな。」 is a sentence, not a set phrase, that means \"Don't tell\neveryone!\"\n\n「皆」 is pronounced differently in these two phrases.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T23:45:40.983",
"id": "28599",
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| 28595 | 28599 | 28599 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28630",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've seen the tag floating around several times but looking 絡み up in the\ndictionary hasn't really helped.\n\nFrom what I understand, 女絡み would literally mean 'a matter relating\nto/intertwined with women/a woman', but contextually it feels like it's used\nto say 'women troubles/problems'.\n\nCould someone kindly step in and give an explanation about the context and\nusage of this?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T21:34:23.070",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28596",
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"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"slang"
],
"title": "Meaning of 女絡み?",
"view_count": 843
} | [
{
"body": "Informal suffix [絡]{がら}み means “related to,” and therefore 女絡み indeed means\n“related to women.” But the word 女絡み is mostly used to talk about problems\nrelated to women as in 女絡みの事件. I am not sure why, but it is maybe because\nsuffix 絡み itself is often used to describe something undesirable.\n\nAlthough [絡]{から}む sometimes refers to physical relationship (as in\n男女の絡みを描いた小説), the usage in question is different from this. For example, in\n女絡みの事件, the two related things are the incident and a woman.",
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"creation_date": "2015-10-11T03:29:13.707",
"id": "28606",
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},
{
"body": "絡む's original usage is like below.\n\n> 「つたが木に絡む。」: A vine wraps around a tree, and it is hard to take it away.\n>\n> 「ひもが絡む」: A thread tangles.\n\nSo, the original verb itself means slightly different. Something long and slim\nis going around and it is hard to remove or resolve.\n\nThere are some derived usages, 金が絡む事件 or 酔っぱらいが絡む.\n\n> 金が絡む事件: An incident related to money.\n>\n> 酔っぱらいが他人に絡む: A drunken guy is hassling others.\n\nIn the former one, money is related to the incident, but in a way like a vine\nwrapping up a tree and is hard to remove. In the latter, a drunken guy is\nsaying reasons and developing a connection with others like a vine.\n\nLet's get back to the original phrase. 女絡みの is often translated as \"something\nrelated to a woman/women\" but these \"a woman\" and \"related\" have a little\ndifferent nuance.\n\nFirst of all, 女 means \"a woman\", but in this case it has sexual overtones.\nThis is difficult to explain, but 女 is a word without politeness. For example,\n\n> 20代の女性が殺された事件で、警察は逃げた60代の女の行方を追っています。: Relating to an incident that a woman\n> in her 20's was killed, the police is looking for a woman in 60's who\n> escaped. (A common phrase in news programs. They change 女性 and 女 to indicate\n> that the woman is suspected.)\n\n女 is an expression without politeness, and an abstract idea of an attribute.\nThe reason to refer to something that way sometimes indicates sexual\novertones. (You may also say 男絡み.) So, there is an expression like,\n\n> 彼には女がいる: He has an intimate woman (which suggests it is extramarital). (The\n> direct translation is \"There is a woman for him.\", but this phrase suggests\n> dirtier relationship. You may also say 男がいる.)\n\nNext is 絡む. It is basically like a vine. So, 女 is deeply related to every\npart, and it is hard to understand its structure. It is not possible to get\nrid of it even though 女 makes the situation worse, confusing and complex.\n\nExample:\n\n> 女絡みで会社を辞めた。\n\nThis is basically means \"He quitted related to a woman.\" But, this translation\nis not precise because of what I've explained above. It is not a certain woman\nbut more abstract woman-related-thing which deeply entangled to the situation\nand was not easy to fix. So, I expect a complex trouble occurred.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-12T10:47:12.270",
"id": "28630",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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}
]
| 28596 | 28630 | 28630 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28609",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I am attempting to translate a D&D character sheet into Japanese, and I am\nrunning into difficulty with a line saying that 'the target (of a particular\nblessing) may not be attacked.' Though I am reasonably confident in my guess\nof 目標 for 'target', I have been at a loss for the correct verb. It seems like\nI need the negative potential form of an intransitive verb here, but the only\nintransitive 'to attack' verbs I can find are 撃つ, which seems to most commonly\nmean 'to be shot (at)' and 攻め込む, which appears to be have the connotation of\nlarge scale attacks, such as by a military. Is there a better word here?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-10T22:53:53.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28598",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-12T22:58:58.740",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-10T23:55:15.470",
"last_editor_user_id": "10099",
"owner_user_id": "10099",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What is the best word for 'may not be attacked'?",
"view_count": 219
} | [
{
"body": "**TLDR;** try: `(blessing)されてる対象への攻撃は禁止。`\n\n**Edit:** According to native speaker @TsuyoshiIto, `されてる` can be dropped\nleaving: `(blessing)の対象への攻撃は禁止。` which would read as \"Attacks on blessed\ntargets is prohibited\".\n\n**Original post:** I'm not a native speaker but something like\n`(blessing)されてる対象を攻撃することはできません。` \"Targets affected by (blessing) cannot be\nattacked.\" should be understood.\n\nInstead of `攻撃することはできません。` (cannot be attacked) you could also say:\n\n * `は攻撃されません。` Will not be attacked.\n * `を攻撃することは禁止です。` Attacking is prohibited.\n * `への攻撃は禁止です。` Attacks are prohibited. (Attack is a noun in this sentence; makes sense in Japanese but doesn't quite fit the English grammar)\n\nThere are a number of ways to convey this and I'm not sure what the best or\nmost native would be.\n\nIf this is on a character sheet, something compressed like\n`(blessing)されてる対象への攻撃は禁止。` should be understood. This is what I would\npersonally write if I was translating it, meaning \"Attacks on targets affected\nby (blessing) are prohibited.\"\n\nLiterally:\n\n * `(blessing)されてる` Affected by (blessing)\n * `対象` target\n * `への` (on)\n * `攻撃は` attack (as a noun)\n * `禁止` prohibited\n\n`禁止` could also be replaced by `不可能` (impossible) but I would go with `禁止` as\nthis is a rule.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-11T06:40:44.150",
"id": "28609",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-12T22:58:58.740",
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"parent_id": "28598",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 28598 | 28609 | 28609 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "28603",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I'm having some difficulty with this sentence from the Tobira textbook:\n\n> 「電気の町」秋葉原は、最近「オタクの町」だとも言われている。\n\nFirst, I'm not sure what the first set of parentheses do to the sentence. Is\nthat part supposed to modify 秋葉原 and mean something like \"As for Akihabara,\nthe town of electricity/lights\"? That sounds a bit off to me, but I have no\nidea. I've never seen parentheses used in that way before.\n\nSecond, I'm uncertain about とも. Should these be treated as two separate\nparticles, と and も. How about translating the second part as, recently, (it)\nhas also been called \"town of otakus.\"",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-11T01:08:30.403",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "28600",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-12T11:00:08.740",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-12T11:00:08.740",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "「電気の町」秋葉原は、最近「オタクの町」だとも言われている。",
"view_count": 200
} | [
{
"body": "I think you were on the right path when pondering your questions. The words in\nthe parentheses do modify Akihabara. I'd probably translate it as \"'The\nElectric Town' Akihabara...\" And as for the second sentence you're spot on.\n\n\"'The Electric Town' Akihabara has also recently been known as 'Otaku Town'.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-11T01:25:50.797",
"id": "28602",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-11T01:25:50.797",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11274",
"parent_id": "28600",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "The usage of quotes in「電気の町」秋葉原 is the same as in English, giving a notion of\n\"being known as\", \"being called as\".\n\n> Akihabara \"the Electric Town\"...\n\nとも in this case are two separate particles. With と being a particle for direct\nquotation 〜と言われている and も for \"also\", \"in addition to\".\n\nYour translation is fine, but I think more appropriate would be:\n\n> Akihabara \"the Electric Town\" recently is being said to be \"a Town of/for\n> otaku\" too.\n\nJust to mean \"...is also called...\" there is a seemingly redundant だ in\nJapanese phrase.\n\nIts interpretation might vary depending on reader, but for me it indicates the\nauthor writes about two different qualities of the district: one appealing to\nelectronic geeks, one to \"otaku\" and describes them using the nicknames 電気の町\nand オタクの町. As opposed to focusing on how the district is commonly called.\n\nIn this respect 電気の町 and オタクの町 stand here for a class of a place (districts\nsuch called could and in fact exist in other cities).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2015-10-11T01:31:43.080",
"id": "28603",
"last_activity_date": "2015-10-11T03:05:41.190",
"last_edit_date": "2015-10-11T03:05:41.190",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "11104",
"parent_id": "28600",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 28600 | 28603 | 28603 |
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