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list | id
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{
"accepted_answer_id": "35734",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In the question and similar ones:\n\n```\n\n Nihon e itta koto ga aru?\n \n```\n\nHow can one know whether `itta` is the past tense of `iku` or `iru`?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T04:33:20.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35730",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T05:09:43.320",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11051",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"past"
],
"title": "The past tense casual form of iru and iku",
"view_count": 650
} | [
{
"body": "The past tense of 居る{いる} (iru) is not いった (itta), but いた (ita); thus, the past\ntense of these words are not pronounced exactly the same. 「いった」has a slight\nstop before the t sound (making the t sound a little lengthened),\nwhereas「いた」does not.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T05:09:43.320",
"id": "35734",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T05:09:43.320",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "35730",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 35730 | 35734 | 35734 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35733",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I cannot parse the following sentence.\n\n> 自分の知る子供たちは、「無理だと知っていて」夢を語るが、日本の小学生は、「実現できると思って」夢を追う。だから「夢が違う」と言う。\n\nAs far as I know,\n\n * 「」is used for direct quote. For example, 彼が「走ってください」と言いました。He said, \"please run\".\n\n * relative clause cannot be ended with て form. It means that「無理だと知っていて」夢 is ungrammatical. To fix it, I think I need to insert という so it becomes 「無理だと知っていて」という夢. However, this makes the whole sentence difficult to understand.\n\n * If 「無理だと知っていて」can be freely moved, the sentence becomes\n\n> 自分の知る子供たちは、夢を語る「無理だと知っていて」が、日本の小学生は、夢を追う「実現できると思って」。だから「夢が違う」と言う。\n\nWhy did the author need to use 「」?\n\nGenerally, how to parse the above sentence?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T04:36:34.160",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35731",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T05:05:11.027",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to parse the following sentence containing phrases that look like direct quoted relative clauses?",
"view_count": 159
} | [
{
"body": "The first two pairs of brackets (`「」`) are not used to quote something, but to\nemphasize the contents. Read as if the contents were in italics in English\nsentences. Japanese people like to use brackets a lot for this purpose.\n\nRelated questions:\n\n * [Do Japanese people use quotation marks for emphasis?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21274/5010)\n * [「」 don't seem to be 'quotation marks' in news article titles, what do they mean?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/29341/5010)\n\nOnly the brackets in the last sentence (「夢が違う」) is quotative.\n\n無理だと知っていて means \"knowing it's impossible\", modifying 語る kind of like an\nadverb. You must know how this works (te-form working as the modifier of the\nfollowing verb), [because you asked it\nrecently](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/34647/5010).\n\n> 自分の知る子供たちは、「無理だと知っていて」夢を語るが、日本の小学生は、「実現できると思って」夢を追う。 \n> Kids I know talk about their dreams _knowing they're impossible_ , but\n> Japanese elementary school kids pursue their dreams _thinking they can be\n> achieved_.",
"comment_count": 7,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T04:58:09.100",
"id": "35733",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T05:05:11.027",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "35731",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 35731 | 35733 | 35733 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35740",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "The までついて in the following paragraph is presenting some difficulties to me,\nespecially the ついて, which I'm not sure is the て-form of つく or is conjunction\nついて(就いて).\n\nだけど、この１月号のすばる脳のすばるはいつも以上に可愛くて可愛くて仕方なく、しかも付録までついてこれは買うしかない！！\n([source](http://ameblo.jp/kumarock-aki/entry-11437714570.html))",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T09:13:07.667",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35739",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-14T15:52:38.603",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14487",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "What's the meaning of までついて?",
"view_count": 431
} | [
{
"body": "First of all, this question is highly related to the recent question:\n\n[Adding つき to the end of\nnouns](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/35667/adding-%e3%81%a4%e3%81%8d-to-\nthe-end-of-nouns)\n\n「つく」＝「付く」 (「就く」 has nothing to do with it.)\n\n「つく」, in this context, means \" ** _to come with_** \"\n\n「まで」, of course, means \" ** _even_** \".\n\n「[付録]{ふろく}」 means a \" ** _freebie/present_** that automatically comes with the\npurchase of a book/magazine\" in this context. (The kanji 「付」 is in it; It's\nall in the name.)\n\nThus, the sentence is saying that the January issue of this magazine \" **\n_even comes with a present_** , so you have no choice but to buy a copy!\".\n\n(In case you did not know, some Japanese magazines come with pretty good free\npresents and quite a few people buy those magazines for the presents rather\nthan for the magazines themselves.)\n\n[Below] If you could get that cool-looking tote free for buying a copy of the\nmagazine, would you be able to resist it? I would not be!\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/u4l5M.jpg) \n(source:\n[seesaa.net](http://tubenojyouhou.up.n.seesaa.net/tubenojyouhou/image/P1000075.JPG?d=a81))",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T09:25:17.023",
"id": "35740",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-14T15:52:38.603",
"last_edit_date": "2019-07-14T15:52:38.603",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "35739",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 35739 | 35740 | 35740 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35749",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Consider the following sentence.\n\n> この地域 **には** 夜に星が見える。\n\nHere, には emphasizes the この地域.\n\nIf I translate it to English as follows,\n\n> The stars are visible at night in this area.\n\nthe nuance of emphasizing \"this area\" is not preserved, is it?\n\nSo, how to preserve such an emphasized part?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T12:09:54.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35741",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T17:53:33.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "When translating to English, how to preserve the emphasized part?",
"view_count": 309
} | [
{
"body": "First, に is not the right particle here. This sentence should be:\n\n> この地域 **で** は夜に星が見える。\n\nSecond, this は is a plain old topic marker. この地域 is topicalized, but not\nemphasized (at least strongly) by は, unless it's pronounced in an unusual way.\nYou may have seen an answer ([like\nthis](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/8270/5010)) which states this kind\nof は is \"emphasis\", but that may be a bit misleading.\n\nYour translation seems already perfect to me.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T12:30:55.297",
"id": "35742",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T12:49:51.193",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.157",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "35741",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "It's a subtle difference, but I feel that the below is arguably a more\nsuitable translation given the \"では\" particle used, which can indicate that in\nother areas the stars are not visible.\n\n> In this area, the stars are visible at night.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T17:53:33.317",
"id": "35749",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T17:53:33.317",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11825",
"parent_id": "35741",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 35741 | 35749 | 35749 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35745",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have not found any sentence using ～さえ～ば with more than one requirement.\nLet's consider the following sentence with 3 requirements\n\n * I am healthy\n * I have enough money\n * I can speak English\n\nto be confident. The sentence I want to say is as follows.\n\n> _If only I am healthy, have enough money and can speak English, I am\n> confident to go everywhere I want._\n\nMy attempt is as follows.\n\n> 元気で、お金が足りて、英語で話せさえすれば、どこでも行きたいのは自信がある。\n\nIs my sentence correct grammatically?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T13:40:26.803",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35743",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T14:21:20.897",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"conditionals"
],
"title": "Is it possible to use ～さえ～ば with more than one requirement?",
"view_count": 370
} | [
{
"body": "Let me correct some minor problems first.\n\n 1. 英語 **が** 話せる (can speak English) is better than 英語 **で** 話せる (can speak _in_ English) here. See: [Difference between を話す and で話す](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/24866/5010) and [The difference between が and を with the potential form of a verb.](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/609/5010)\n 2. \"to be confident + `that ～`\" is \"`<relative clause>` + 自信がある\". And 行く should be turned into the potential form (行ける).\n\nAfter fixing these, we get:\n\n> 元気で、お金が足りて、英語が話せさえすれば、どこでも行ける自信がある。\n\nNow, this sentence makes sense, and does not have obvious grammatical errors.\nThat said, this sentence would sound like you are greedy and selfish :-)\nBasically, you can only hope for one thing when you use ～さえ～ば, because さえ\nmeans \"only\". Well, I have thought the same is true for the English \"if\n**only** ～\" pattern. Is it not?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T14:21:20.897",
"id": "35745",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T14:21:20.897",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "5010",
"parent_id": "35743",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 35743 | 35745 | 35745 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I've heard in video games and TV shows some male speakers using す or っす in\nplace of です. For example, instead of \"本はどこですか\" they say \"本はどこすか\". Does\ndropping the で make the sentence any less polite? Are there situations where\nit would be appropriate to use です but not (っ)す?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T13:50:51.720",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35744",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T13:50:51.720",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11296",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"politeness",
"formality"
],
"title": "Is there a politeness change when replacing です with (っ)す?",
"view_count": 126
} | []
| 35744 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "I read this sentence:\n\n\"私はなぜ彼がこれをしているのか、分からない\"\n\nThe sentence is supposed to mean \"I don't understand why he is doing this,\"\nand I think it is grammatically correct since I found it in a japanese site (\nbut if it is not, please help with correcting it ? ). My question is, why is\nのか used in this sentence? When is のか used? I know how to use のが and のは、but のか\nlooks new to me. Can it be replaced by のが？ ( 私は彼がこれをしているのが、分からない ).",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T15:23:38.377",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35746",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T15:23:38.377",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15676",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Help with understanding why \"のか\" is used in this sentence",
"view_count": 76
} | []
| 35746 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35748",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "From a [news\narticle](http://www.sankei.com/affairs/news/160607/afr1606070040-n1.html):\n\n> 福島県いわき市の建設会社「武蔵建設」の敷地に男性の遺体を埋めた **として**\n> 、死体遺棄容疑で同社の元社長ら男６人が逮捕された事件で、県警は７日、強盗殺人容疑で６人を再逮捕した。\n\nWhat role is として fulfilling?\n\nIt seems like it may be functioning as a sort of _and_? My best attempt at\ntranslation is that we are just talking about:\n\n> An incident in which a body was burried and abandoned.\n\nBut I'm sure I'm at least missing some nuance, if not getting it totally\nwrong. So what is として doing here?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T16:48:01.533",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35747",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T17:20:00.040",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10407",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"reading-comprehension"
],
"title": "What is the function of として in this sentence? (Vたとして)",
"view_count": 2374
} | [
{
"body": "Here として is \"as\", or \"in the role of\". It sets a (potentially hypothetical)\nrole and then describes conclusions/results based on that role. In the quoted\nstory, it sets up the \"role/action\" for which the six men were initially\narrested.\n\nRough translation (abbreviating the company name and location):\n\n> (For their possible) role in burying a man's corpse on \"A Company\" grounds,\n> on suspicion of dumping dead bodies, six former presidents from the same\n> company were arrested. On the 7th, on suspicion of murder connected to armed\n> robbery, the six men were re-arrested by prefecture police.\n\nFor more information on this usage please see the section on とする of Tae Kim's\nGuide (<http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/reasoning>)",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T17:20:00.040",
"id": "35748",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-07T17:20:00.040",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14598",
"parent_id": "35747",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 35747 | 35748 | 35748 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35751",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Manga context: characters are on a beach, there are shallow waters near the\nshore, but further away there are some poles sticking out and from there start\ndeep waters. The character says:\n\n> あの棒のとこから、あっちは底なしになってるからー\n\n(this line is clear) and then\n\n> あの[洲]{す}よか、こっちっ側中心に攻めるってことでねー\n\n(the only furigana is from the manga itself) and I don't get this line.\n\nMy questions are: \n1. How the second line translates? Literal translation is preferred as I'd like to understand every bit of this line. \n2. What's the reading of 側 here? \n3. What second っ in こっちっ does here? Is it an accent/colloquialism, or does it stand for something?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T21:04:28.180",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35750",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-08T00:55:21.500",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14494",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Help with translation, 「こっちっ側中心に攻める」",
"view_count": 352
} | [
{
"body": "Without the knowledge of the context of Manga, I interpret the second line of\nyour quote as; We (or They) will focus the attack on this side rather than\nthat sandbank.\n\n“こっち側(がわ)” is a colloquial form of “こちら側,” meaning this side.“But I’ve never\nheard of “こっちっ側.” Actually a red warning line of the automatic spell checker\npops up below “こっちっ” when I’m typing the word. It must be a typo, or very\nspecial parlance used in the Manga world.\n\nThe original meaning of the word '攻める' is \"to attack / assault\"\nlike「敵（城）を攻める」- attack the enemy (castle) -, but it is used in the meaning of\n\"to deal (play) with sth.\" like 「こちらの問題から攻めて見るか - Shall we try to play (start)\nwith this question first? - as well today.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T22:20:28.593",
"id": "35751",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-08T00:55:21.500",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-08T00:55:21.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "12056",
"owner_user_id": "12056",
"parent_id": "35750",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
},
{
"body": "> 「あの[洲]{す}よか、こっちっ[側]{かわ}[中心]{ちゅうしん}に[攻]{せ}めるってことでねー」\n>\n> 1. How the second line translates? Literal translation is preferred as I'd\n> like to understand every bit of this line.\n>\n\n\"So, we/I should concentrate our/my attacks on **_this_** side of that\nsandbank, eh?\"\n\n「よか」 is a more informal form of 「よりか」, which is already informal. The more\nformal forms are 「より」 and 「よりも」.\n\n「あの洲よかこっちっ側」 means \"this side, rather than the other side, of the bank\". In\nother words, \"the speaker's side\", \"the side that is closer to the speaker\",\netc.\n\n> 2. What's the reading of 側 here?\n>\n\nIt is 「 **か** わ」 unlike what was said and even upvoted in the comment above.\n\nIf it were 「こっち側」, then the 「側」 would be read 「 **が** わ」.\n\n> 3. What second っ in こっちっ does here? Is it an accent/colloquialism, or does\n> it stand for something?\n>\n\nThe small っ makes it even more colloquial/informal. This can be said about so\nmany other words as well.\n\nIn the order of formality: こちら側 ⇒ こっち側 ⇒ こっちっ側\n\nOther examples:\n\n「[人懐]{ひとなつ}こい」(amiable, sociable, etc.) ⇒ 「人懐 **っ** こい」\n\n「めちゃ」(very) ⇒ 「め **っ** ちゃ」",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T23:51:01.327",
"id": "35753",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-08T00:22:47.590",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-08T00:22:47.590",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "35750",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 35750 | 35751 | 35753 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35755",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I want to know what is the form for \"when\" in a phrase like \"I was reading a\nbook, when someone knocked on my door.\" I'm aware of the usage of \"toki\" in\nphrases like \"When I was a teacher...\" and \"When I talk to someone, they run\naway...,\" but I'm not sure if I can use \"toki\" for \"when\" in the phrase I want\nto write ( I was reading a book, when someone knocked on my door and I had to\nstop reading the book ) . For example, I'm not sure if this phrase with \"toki\"\ndoes that.\n\n\"私は本を読んでいたとき、彼が何か話した\"\n\nBecause it looks like it means \"When I was reading a book, he said something\"\nwhich isn't quite what I want to reach.\n\n\"I was reading a book, when he said something\" < - Is what I want to know how\nto write\n\n\"When I was reading a book, he said something\" ! < - There is a difference",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-07T23:33:39.247",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35752",
"last_activity_date": "2023-01-29T07:04:56.327",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15676",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Saying something was happening when something happened",
"view_count": 2424
} | [
{
"body": "I am not 100% sure to understand the difference you are trying to express in\nyour question. In case I did not catch it, consider this answer just an\nextension about possible structures to express \"while\".\n\nAnyway, I think that one thing you could use is 〜ている間{あいだ}に, which is another\nexpression to indicate \"while (doing something)\" and does not suppose that the\nactions are performed by the same person such as in the case (if I remember\ncorrectly) of ながら that someone suggested.\n\nSo in your case I think that something that expresses what you want to say\ncould be:\n\n> （私が）本{ほん}を読{よ}んでいる間に、彼{かれ}は何{なに}か言{い}った。\n\nYou can have a look at this structure\n[here](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-\njlpt-n3-grammar-%E3%81%AE%E3%81%82%E3%81%84%E3%81%A0%E3%81%AB-no-aida-ni/).\n\nMaybe another way would be just switch the order of the sentence when\ntranslating in Japanese?\n\n> 彼が何か言った時、（私は）本を読んでいた。\n\nThis would be literally \"When he said something, I was reading a book\".",
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"body": "This type of \"when\" in English is called [non-restrictive relative\nclauses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-restrictive_clause) (非制限用法). The\nbasic idea is that the _when_ -clause gives an additional piece of information\nlike an independent sentence, rather than adverbially modifying and\n\"narrowing\" the preceding noun.\n\nNon-restrictive clauses appear tricky at first to the eyes of Japanese\nspeakers who learn English. To translate English non-restrictive clauses\nwithout ambiguity, you often have to rephrase the sentence in various ways.\nSometimes it may be even better to split the sentence into two or more\nsentences if the original sentence is long.\n\nSee examples here:\n\n * [関係副詞「非制限用法の when」](https://reibunpo.com/kankei-fukushi/kankeifuku-when-hi.shtml)\n * [関係副詞「非制限用法の where」](https://reibunpo.com/kankei-fukushi/kankeifuku-where-hi.shtml)\n * [関係代名詞「主格・非制限用法の which」](https://reibunpo.com/kankei-daimeishi/kankeidai-which-hi-shu.shtml)\n\nAs you can see, you can often translate it as if it were two separate\nsentences, and connect them with appropriate conjunctions like と/たら/が/ので.\n\nIn your case,\n\n> I was reading a book, **when** someone knocked on my door. \n> 私が本を読んでいた **ら** 、誰かがドアをノックした。 \n> 私が本を読んでいる **と** 、誰かがドアをノックした。 \n> 私は本を読んでいた。そのとき、誰かがドアをノックした。\n\nSimilar examples (although these are not relative clauses):\n\n> * He ran and ran, **until** he was completely tired out. \n> 彼は走り続け、( **そして/ついに/とうとう** )疲れ果ててしまった。\n> * I knocked at the old door, **before**... _(To be continued)_ \n> 私はその古いドアをノックした。 **すると** …… （次回に続く）\n>\n\n(I definitely remember the last example using _before_ because it was so\nimpressive, but I don't know if it's actually common in English novels.)",
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| 35752 | 35755 | 35755 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35761",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I haven't been able to find the definition of ずっきり in any dictionary.\n\nA few examples:\n\n * 今のほうがずっきりしてて好きです。([source](https://twitter.com/petersaka/status/6736529296728064))\n * しかしどうもずっきりしない。 ([source](https://www.ujc.ritsumei.ac.jp/ujc/student_act/club/baseball/baseball.newtopics.10.4.html))\n * ずっきり雨の日は腰が痛い、リュウマチか ([source](http://ameblo.jp/tsujido55/entry-12136561077.html))\n * 「何も御会計と御相談さ。」と、ずっきり言う。 ([source](https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=qflJEjBJ-MQC&pg=PT14&lpg=PT14&dq=%22%E3%81%9A%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A%22&source=bl&ots=bhj2splWPJ&sig=IDDrlMQaghmRedJtl0-YQbc5vP0&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjqqqHN8pfNAhVKFpQKHcvODKoQ6AEIYjAN#v=onepage&q=%22%E3%81%9A%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A%22&f=false))\n\nIt can seem to be a verb because it is sometimes attached with する, した, して,\netc.\n\nBy the way, is ずつきり the typographical error of ずっきり?",
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"tags": [
"meaning"
],
"title": "Can't find the definition of ずっきり",
"view_count": 187
} | [
{
"body": "Judging also from the sentences you report, it seems to me probably just\neither a typo or a colloquial/dialectal way to say すっきり.\n\nEDIT： I actually read only the first two examples in your question and replied\nright away. I am not sure about the third and forth cases, could be something\ndifferent.",
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"body": "* The first two ずっきり must be simple typo for [すっきり](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%99%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A) (refreshing, clear, organized, etc). I haven't heard anyone say ずっきり for this purpose.\n * The third ずっきり is a variant of [ズキズキ](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%82%BA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BA%E3%82%AD) or ズキリズキリ (mimetics for throbbing pain). See [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/28926/5010).\n * I'm not sure about the last ずっきり. Maybe it's a variant of [ずけずけ](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%9A%E3%81%91%E3%81%9A%E3%81%91) (bluntly)? It must be very rare anyway... I think you can safely forget this example.",
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| 35759 | 35761 | 35761 |
{
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"body": "**Background:** The **expression 竜頭蛇尾, which is literally \"dragon's head,\nsnake's tail\"** , seems to imply that the **front is more impressive than the\nback**. [EDIT] It seems usage is typically time-like, eg an **effort began\nwell but fizzled out towards the end**. (Dictionary links:\n[goo](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/all/%E7%AB%9C%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87%E5%B0%BE/m0u/),\n[jisho](http://jisho.org/search/%E7%AB%9C%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87%E5%B0%BE)) It\ncarries a bit of a sense of anti-climax.\n\nI recently saw the phrase in an English article about a computer game\n(Overwatch) developed by a non-Japanese company (Blizzard), describing how\nBlizzard appropriated and misused the Japanese expression (in a non-malicious\nand silly way). Apparently some Japanese players noticed and have been posting\nabout it. [Link to article.](http://kotaku.com/overwatch-isnt-very-good-at-\npicking-kanji-characters-1780728171) But when I mentioned the phrase to one of\nmy friends (a native speaker), they seemed rather confused. Apparently **they\nhad never heard the expression before**.\n\n**Question:** What kinds of contexts (written vs spoken, academic-field-\nspecific, geographic location and age of speaker, etc) would this expression\ncome up in?\n\n**Secondary/related questions:** Roughly, which native speakers would be\nfamiliar with this term, and to what degree is it esoteric?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "Which native speakers would be familiar with the expression [竜頭]{りゅうとう}[蛇尾]{だび}?",
"view_count": 350
} | [
{
"body": "Context-wise, 竜頭蛇尾 is definitely a written word. We don't use this word very\noften when speaking (I'd instead use 尻すぼみ, 出オチ, 三日坊主 etc). But it's not a\ntechnical jargon or especially learned word, as it's commonly seen in\njournalistic context.\n\n> [竜頭蛇尾のサッカー日本\n> 終盤もペースアップ必要](http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO88002370S5A610C1000000/) \n> [国機関の地方移転 「竜頭蛇尾」にならぬよう](http://editorial.x-winz.net/ed-7344)\n\nEveryone is supposed to learn this word in the middle school, or perhaps\nduring elementary school if they go to cram school. It could be compared to a\nword that is contained in vocabulary list to pass SAT in American education.\nOf course, those who are not particularly interested in Japanese class may\nforget it after mid-term exam. Or it's possible that some people just can't\nrecall the word from the sound りゅうとうだび.\n\nAs an aside, 竜 in 竜頭蛇尾 isn't a symbol of scariness but greatness. It means\nsomething looks so great as a dragon in the beginning, but so bumming out as a\nsnake in the end. A standard Eastern dragon is more like snake than lizard, so\nthat the metaphor works. This word is undoubtedly derogatory, especially for\nartistic works, so used in a video game makes me even feel some sort of satire\nbeyond silliness.",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-08T11:26:53.530",
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"body": "“竜頭蛇尾” is a borrowing from Chinese idiom, ”竜頭蛇尾” and “虎頭蛇尾 - A tiger’s head\nends up with a snake’s tail,” meaning \"begin grandiosely, finish pettily.\"\n\n「例解日漢成語辞典」edited by 李宗恵 published by 科学技術出版社 (China) gives an example of its\nusage\n\n> 做事要善始善終、不可虎頭蛇尾\n>\n> Whatever you do, you must persevere right to the end. - sic.\n\nIt’s exactly same as the way we use the phrase.\n\nBased on 「現代中国語辞典」edited by 香坂順一, published by 光生館, its provenance is found in\n“元曲選、李達負荊二,” which was compiled in or after the 14 century.\n\nThe phrase, “竜頭蛇尾” sounds a bit outdated today, particularly among the youth,\nbut is never uncommon.\n\nAs the examples of usage of “竜頭蛇尾,” 「例解日漢成語辞典」 gives the following lines:\n\n> 始めは天下国家を論じていたが、あとは彼の自慢話で、「竜頭蛇尾」の講演会だった\n>\n> He was talking about the issues and future of our country and the world in\n> the beginning, but soon started to blow his own trumpet, and ended up with a\n> “Dragon’s head, snail’s tail” lecture\n\nIt also gives the example\n\n> 何事を成すにも終始一貫しておらねばならず、「竜頭蛇尾」はいけない\n\nwhich has the same meaning as the Chinese quote above.",
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| 35763 | 35766 | 35766 |
{
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"body": "I was reading [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/35739/whats-\nthe-meaning-of-%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6), and maybe I'm\njust missing some common knowledge, but the following part of the sentence in\nquestion surprised me:\n\n> しかも付録までついてこれは買うしかない！！\n\nSpecifically, 「付録までついて」. I wonder why it's not 「付録ついてまで」? It seems to me that\nまで (\"even\") refers to 「付録ついて」 (\"present included\"). So why is it in the middle\nof what it is referring to? Or am I parsing it incorrectly perhaps?\n\nIf 「付録までついて」 and 「付録ついてまで」 are both correct, what is the difference between\nthe two?",
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"tags": [
"particle-まで"
],
"title": "Placement of まで",
"view_count": 634
} | [
{
"body": "まで in 付録までついて modifies 付録.\n\nまで in 付録ついてまで modifies 付録ついて but I feel it is unnatural. 付録つけてまで is natural.\nFor example, この出版社は、付録付けてまでその本を売りたいようだ(This publishing company seems to want\nto sell the book even with present.)\n\n付録までついて is only natural in this sentence and I don't come up the example used\n付録ついてまで.",
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"body": "I think I perfectly understand your puzzlement. Let's see if I can relieve\nsome of it.\n\nFirst we have two specimens to examine:\n\n① 付録までついて \n② 付録がついてまで\n\n(I think in ②, after the \"付録\", a \"が\" is required, formally speaking, because\n\"まで\" that 'absorbs' it in ① is dissociated from the subject in ②.)\n\nIn ①, the implication is that something other than the \"付録\" is already\nincluded, since the \"まで\" attaches only to the \"付録\".\n\nWhereas in ②, the implication is that some event other than \"付録 is included\"\nis present, since the \"まで\" modifies the entire \"付録がついて\".\n\nThis is all well and logical, but being logical isn't exactly what we are when\nuse our language. Despite the difference described above, I'm inclined to say\nfew people would have second thoughts about speaking like ① when what they\nreally mean is ②. In fact I believe to talk like ② would be something of a\nhypercorrection. (As far as this case is concerned, that is. There are many\noccasions where using \"まで\" after the verb is fine, preferred, or is _the_\nright choice.)\n\n(Had I written \"the 'まで' **only attaches to** the '付録'\", instead of \"the 'まで'\n**attaches only to** the '付録'\" three paragraphs back, would you have\nunderstood any differently?)\n\nSo, the bottom line is, \"しかも付録までついてこれは買うしかない！！\" is just exactly how we usually\ntalk. (And there's something about this sentence that makes using ②付録がついてまで\nexceedingly inapt here. Can't say what, though.)",
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"body": "付録ついてまで買うしかない is wrong because `te-form of a verb + てまで` only works as an\nadverbial **sub-clause** which modifies the following verb. It means \"～ even\nby V-ing\", \"～ even when V-ing\", \"～ even if V-ing\", etc. 付録ついてまで買うしかない hardly\nmakes sense, but it would feel more like \"I have no choice but to buy it even\nwhen it comes with a gift\". (1万円払ってまで買うしかない makes sense: \"I have to buy it\neven if I have to pay 10,000 yen.\")\n\nThe original sentence in question:\n\n> 付録までついてこれは買うしかない\n\nis essentially two independent sentences, simply connected using the te-form.\nThis sentence can be split into two sentences without changing the meaning\n(i.e., 「付録がついている。買うしかない。」). Here, this te-form simply functions like English\n[coordinating conjunctions](https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-\ncoordinating.htm) such as \"and\". In this case, `verb + てまで` doesn't work well.\n\nExamples:\n\n> 1. 映画館に **行ってまで** 見たくはない。\n> 2. 映画館に **まで行って** 見たくはない。\n> 3. こんな **苦労までして** 勉強しないといけないの？\n> 4. こんな **苦労をしてまで** 勉強しないといけないの？\n>\n\nIn the above examples, `te-form + まで` and `まで + te-form` are interchangeable\nbecause the first clause is a sub-clause which describes the\nsituation/condition of the main clause (ie, \"even when\", etc). If we split\nthese sentences into two (eg, 「こんな苦労をした。勉強しないといけないの？」), the meaning of the\nsentence would change greatly.\n\n> 5. 仕事まで失って、家族はなんと言うだろう。\n> 6. [*]仕事を **失ってまで** 、家族はなんと言うだろう。\n> 7. ミッキーだけでなくミニーにまで会えて、とても楽しかった。\n> 8. [*]ミッキーだけでなくミニーに **会えてまで** 、とても楽しかった。\n>\n\nHere, 6 and 8 are wrong because the first clause is not a sub-clause but a\n[coordinate clause](http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/Coordinate-Clause.htm).\n\nYou can find more examples of てまで here.\n\n * [Learn JLPT N1 Grammar: てまで (te made)](http://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-jlpt-n1-grammar-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7-te-made/)\n\nAlternatively, you can insert an extra te-form after まで to turn it into a\ncoordinate clause.\n\n> * 付録が付くまでしていて、買うしかない。\n> * 付録が付いてまでいて、買うしかない。\n>\n\nBut these sound redundant and a bit awkward.\n\n* * *\n\n_Note: This answer has been heavily revised after reviewing the comments from\nothers._",
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"body": "It's true that they aren't grammatically parallel, but let's look at it this\nway:\n\n> **_even_ bundled with a present** : 付録がつきまで{LL}する\n>\n> bundled _even_ with a present : **付録まで{LL}つく**\n>\n> bundled with _even_ a present : 付録まで{LL}がつく\n\nThe three English phrases technically have different meanings, but we tend to\nchoose the first one at all times, since it's far more natural than others,\nwhich I believe is because English _even_ is an adverb. Likewise, we\ndisproportionately prefer the second one in Japanese, because it sounds\nneatest as Japanese まで is a 取り立て助詞 (\"focusing particle\") that can modify nouns\nand other particles.\n\nMeanwhile, 付録ついてまで doesn't even belong to the same structure with the three\nabove, though itself is grammatical. For example, 付録までついて is 付録までつく + て, so て\nis in the most outer layer. Since て makes adverbial clause (or you can say\nit's a conjunction), the whole part becomes an independent chunk in sentence.\n\n> 付録までついてこれは買うしかない \n> _It is even bundled with an extra present, thus, you definitely have no\n> choice but to buy it_ \n> or \n> _As it is even bundled with an extra present, you definitely have no choice\n> but to buy it_\n\nBut 付録ついてまで is 付録（が）つく + て + まで, so まで is wrapping up everything. Since まで is\na particle a.k.a. postposition (=preposition in English), it becomes like a\nprepositional phrase as a whole.\n\n> 付録ついてまでこれは買うしかない \n> _Until how it is bundled with an extra present, you definitely have no\n> choice but to buy it_\n\nAs you can see it's a senseless sentence.",
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| 35767 | 35780 | 35780 |
{
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"body": "Recently I've been reading the Spice and Wolf manga and came across two words\nfor \"idiot\" I've never seen before: たわけ and 間{ま}抜{ぬ}け\n\nPreviously I've only encountered 馬鹿{バカ} and 阿呆{あほう}, with the understanding 阿呆\nis the Kansai \"version\" of 馬鹿.\n\nThis piqued my interest so I searched a thesaurus, and I found all these\nwords: \n愚{おろ}か者{もの} ／ 抜{ぬ}け作{さく} ／ 与太郎{よたろう} ／ おたんこなす ／ おたんちん ／ べらぼうめ ／ とんま \nand many many more, though they appear to be a lot less common (tell me if I\nmissed something common).\n\nAre the usages of these words simply down to personal preference? Or is there\nsomething that would cause one to choose one word over another? \nDo the different words give off a different kind of \"feeling\", both of the\nperson using it and of the person receiving it? \nAre there any regional (or temporal) \"biases\" of the words being used (like\nhow 阿呆 is used mainly in Kansai)?\n\nI'm primarily interested in the first two words I mentioned, and how they\ncompare to 馬鹿, but a more comprehensive answer would be much appreciated.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-08T16:40:23.040",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage"
],
"title": "Differences between words for \"idiot\"",
"view_count": 1609
} | [
{
"body": "馬鹿 vs 阿呆 is an interesting theme on linguistic geography. In fact it's once\nbeen thoroughly investigated by a TV program, followed by academia. Here is\nthe full map of local vocabulary for \"fool/idiot\".\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jEwoN.gif)\n\n(from [this page](http://www.seikei2.juntak.net/2007/1128/1128.html))\n\nIn a very simplified way you can say あほ is prevalent in Kansai, たわけ in Greater\nNagoya or Chubu, だら in some Japan Sea coastal areas, ばか widespread in other\nthan Kansai, and so on. They also show a loose concentric distribution from\nthe traditional linguistic center, that is, old capital Kyoto.\n\n> 間抜け\n\nThis word mainly means \"goofer\", so slightly different from \"idiot\". We also\nsay （間が）抜けている.\n\n> 愚か者 ／ 抜け作 ／ 与太郎 ／ おたんこなす ／ おたんちん ／ べらぼうめ ／ とんま\n\nMost of these words are outdated and you can't serious swear at people with\nthem today. べらぼう is a typical Edo-ite speech. 与太郎 or 与太 is now likely to mean\n\"tall tale\" rather than \"fool\". 愚か者 may be the most literal word for \"idiot\",\nbut not for real swearing, unless you're a stereotypical haughty person in\nmanga.\n\nThere is [a categorized thesaurus entry for\n馬鹿](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B9%BF), but I don't think\nmany of them are actively used. In my personal experience, basic words\ncompatible with \"idiot\" (within Standard Japanese) are only ばか, あほ, and ぼけ,\nand as a Kanto resident, I feel it becomes stronger in this order; but Kansai\npeople might not agree with me.",
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| 35769 | 35774 | 35774 |
{
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"body": "I have a sentence example, the translation being \"I want to be able to play\nthe piano\"\n\nピアノが 弾けるように なりたい\n\nCan somebody please tell me how this differs to\n\n```\n\n ピアノを 弾きたいんです\n \n```\n\nI am not understanding why ように is here. The only example that springs to mind\nis one I saw on a TV segment\n\nモップのような猫\n\nYes, a cat like a mop. The lady was pushing a lazy fat cat along the floor to\nclean. Japanese TV eh?\n\nThanks in advance.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-08T17:11:21.160",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35771",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-08T17:25:48.787",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Difference between 弾けるように and 弾きたい",
"view_count": 169
} | [
{
"body": "弾きたい is simply \"want to play\" \n弾けるようになりたい is \"be able to play\" + \"state\" + \"want to become\" → want to become\nable to play\n\nYou should look into how 様【よう】 can be used.",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-08T17:23:56.213",
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"body": "Verb in potential form+ようになる means \"come to be able to do verb\". It indicates\na gradual accomplishment. Your other sentence means that you want to play\npiano now.\n\nA cat mop is a brilliant idea. :)",
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| 35771 | null | 35773 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35786",
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"body": "Are 戦う{たたかう} and 叩く{たたく} related?\n\nThey have a similar pronunciation, and their meanings are close enough (fight\nvs. hit) that I think they could stem from the same origin.\n\nMy theory is that 戦う started off as たたき合う but then the sound blended into\nたたかう, becoming its own word and branching off into its current meanings. But I\nhave basically no knowledge of etymology at all so I am probably way off the\nmark.\n\nAre they related? And if so, how?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-09T03:12:07.157",
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"score": 10,
"tags": [
"etymology"
],
"title": "Is 戦う related to 叩く?",
"view_count": 441
} | [
{
"body": "I was in the middle of replying that I don't think so, because I was looking\nat the Kanji etymology for 戦{いくさ}, for example [here](http://gogen-\nallguide.com/i/ikusa.html) and of 戦う on\n[weblio](http://ejje.weblio.jp/english-thesaurus/content/%E6%88%A6%E3%81%86).\n\nI was also starting to discuss that there is another Kanji that can be used\nfor たたく, that is 敲{たた}く.. when I decided to dig more and I found something\ninteresting at this [link](http://www.waraerujd.com/#!blank/bmlf8).\n\nAccording to this source:\n\n>\n> 「たたかう」の語源は、「叩く」に反復・継続を意味する接尾語「ふ」がついた「たたかふ」つまり「何度も叩く、叩き続ける」という意味の言葉か、「たたきあふ」つまり「互いに叩く」という意味の言葉ではないかといわれている。いずれにせよ、大阪のおばはんの会話みたいな言葉が元になっていると考えられ、どうりで好戦的な意味あいが強いはずである。\n\nSo it really seems that your intuition is good. However, rather than being\nたたき合う it seems that \"ふ\" was attached as a suffix at first, and in this small\nexplanation they say that the etymology could come from 「たたかふ」(\"beating\nseveral times\"), or「たたきあふ」(\"beat each other\"), with the second being very\nclose to what you were thinking.\n\nAnyway, as explained above it seems that this source does not provide a\ndefinite answer but clearly adds credit to your guess.",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T05:07:26.663",
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"body": "Yes they are related.\n\n* * *\n\nAccording to\n[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/136712/meaning/m1u/%E6%88%A6%E3%81%86/):\n\n> 辞書を引くと、「［動ワ五（ハ四）］《動詞「たた（叩）く」の未然形に反復継続の助動詞「ふ」の付いたものからとも、『叩き合ふ』の音変化とも》」\n\nBasically there are two theories. The one you suggested: a sound change from\n叩き合う. (The dictionary entry mentions 『叩き合ふ』 but now all ふ-ending are う-ending\nverbs)\n\nThe second theory is that it come from the verb 叩く to which is appended the\n反復継続 (repetition-continuation) auxiliary ふ. This auxiliary clips to the 未然形 so\nthat means 叩か＋ふ. And ふ would become う in modern Japanese, which leads again to\nたたかう.\n\nYou can find this definition for ふ:\n\n> ［助動］［は｜ひ｜ふ｜ふ｜へ｜（へ）］動詞の未然形に付く。動作・作用の反復・継続を表す。ずっと…しつづける。よく…している。しきりに…している。",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T05:08:12.460",
"id": "35784",
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{
"body": "### 叩く and 戦う\n\nEtymologically, Shogakukan's 国語【こくご】大辞典【だいじてん】 and\n[大辞林【だいじりん】](http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E6%88%A6%E3%81%86) list just the ふ\nauxiliary derivation. Meanwhile,\n[大辞泉【だいじせん】](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%88%A6%E3%81%86-560684) lists both\nthe ふ auxiliary and the 合う possibility as derivations.\n\nGiven the not-uncommon pattern of deriving iterative / repetitive /\ncontinuative verbs by appending ふ to the 未然形【みぜんけい】, and given the appropriate\nsemantics here (叩く \"to hit something\" ⇒ 戦う \"to be hitting something\n(repeatedly)\" → i.e., \"to fight\"), the ふ auxiliary derivation seems more\nlikely.\n\n### Broader patterns\n\nOther verb pairs with similar derivations include:\n\n * 病む【やむ】 \"to get sick\" ⇒ 病まう【やまう】 \"to be sick\" (obsolete)\n * 語る【かたる】 \"to talk, to tell\" ⇒ 語らう【かたらう】 \"to be talking, to be telling\"\n * 住む【すむ】 \"to settle (in a place)\" ⇒ 住まう【すまう】 \"to be settled\", i.e. \"to be living in a place\"\n\nThe original ふ often just became う, but in many other cases, this underwent a\nfurther shift into the 已然形【いぜんけい】, changing from ふ to へる to える. This expands\nthe list of pairs to include examples such as:\n\n * 押す【おす】 \"to push, to press\" ⇒ 押える【おさえる】 \"to be pushing, to be pressing\" → also \"to repress, to hold down\"\n * 取る【とる】 \"to take\" ⇒ 捕らえる【とらえる】 \"to be taking, to take and hold\", i.e. \"to capture\"\n * 踏む【ふむ】 \"to step, to tread\" ⇒ 踏まえる【ふまえる】 \"to be stepping\", i.e. \"to be of a position, to have taken a stance\"\n\nThe key semantic shift is that the bare verb expresses a momentary action or\nchange of state, while the verb + ふ expresses an ongoing or repeated action or\nstate.",
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"body": "To make the lengthy and too academic story short, 「戦う」and「叩く」are related in\nits origin and meaning long, long, and long time ago, but are different words,\nas we use different characters today.\n\n「新明解国語辞典」edited by Kindaichi kyosuke and published by Sanseido defines 戦う as:\n\n[Root] Originally meant 叩き合う. ① to try to conquer the opponent by resorting to\n(physical or military) forces in order for resolving the dispute. ② to fight\nfor dominance over the rivals in sports and games,\n\nand 「叩く」as:\n\n① beat sth repeatedly. ②beat / tap, clap (hands). ③ attack to beat the enemy\ncompretely. ④ beat (the price) down.",
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| 35779 | 35786 | 35786 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35782",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is the sentence including the word.\n\nいまにおめをぶちのめして みみずみたいに地を **はわして** やるぜっ。\n\nI found that 「這う」 would be closest meaning of it but when conjugate to て-form\nit is 這って which is different.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-09T03:44:30.463",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35781",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"words",
"manga"
],
"title": "What does the word 「はわして」mean?",
"view_count": 246
} | [
{
"body": "I think your guess about 這う is correct, except it causative form which means\n\"to make crawl\". Normally that is 這わせて, however it seems that in some dialects\nせ can change to し, so you end up with はわして.\n\n[Here](https://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/4489754.html) is one thread which discuses\nsaying 見して instead of 見せて.\n\nThe overall tone of this line is pretty harsh, and sounds like it was said by\na pretty scary guy. Here is my rough translation:\n\n> I'm going to beat you to a pulp and then make you crawl on the ground like\n> an earthworm!",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T04:09:25.803",
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| 35781 | 35782 | 35782 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35801",
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"body": "When I visited Nara, I noticed that on the bus stop lists, the Nara Craft\nMuseum's name did not use Kanji for \"Nara\" but spelled out with hiragana, as\n\"なら工藝館\". As it turns out, in almost all other references to this place (Google\nMaps, museum website, etc) it's written the same way. However, this doesn't\nhappen to the other places with \"Nara\" in the name, such as Nara National\nMuseum (\"奈良国立博物館\") or Nara City Museum of Art (\"奈良市美術館\"). Any reason for this?\n\nFrom Nara city's\n[website](http://www.city.nara.lg.jp/www/contents/1147827806609/):\n\n> 奈良市はシルクロード東の終着駅と言われ、古来より日本の文化と伝統工芸の発祥の地として栄えてきました。\n>\n> **なら工藝館**\n> は、ならまちの古い町並み保存と町の活性化を図るために平成4年に策定された「ならまち賑わい構想」を実現するため、平成12年に開館しました。長い歴史の中で研ぎ澄まされてきた奈良工芸の一層の振興発展を図るために、「（１）受け継ぐ（２）創作する（３）開放する」の三つを基本理念として建てられた施設です。\n\nMy suspicion is that it has something to do with \"奈良町【ならまち】\", versus \"奈良市\" or\n\"奈良県\", as the former isn't a name of an official administrative region. See\nhow the title is written in this [Wikipedia\narticle](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A1):\n\n>\n> ならまち（奈良町）は、奈良県奈良市の中心市街地東南部に位置する、歴史的町並みが残る地域の通称。「奈良町」という行政地名はない。狭い街路に、江戸時代以降の町屋が数多く建ち並ぶ。ほぼ全域が元興寺の旧境内にあたる。周辺を含む49.3ヘクタールが奈良市により奈良町都市景観形成地区に指定されている。",
"comment_count": 5,
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"kanji"
],
"title": "Why is the place's official name written as \"なら工藝館\" (rather than \"奈良工藝館\")?",
"view_count": 423
} | [
{
"body": "In general, we feel more affinity and softness for hiragana than kanji. So the\nname of expected candidates for politics is often written in hiragana as the\nlink in above comment.\n\nI think なら in なら工藝館 is written in hiragana for the same reason.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T17:37:09.397",
"id": "35792",
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"body": "First of all, なら工藝館 is a proper noun. Because it's a proper noun, the founder\nis at liberty to use either hiragana or kanji (or even katakana, English\nalphabet, etc) as the name of their institution. It could have been even\n**NARA工藝館** had they wanted such an official name.\n\nThe next (and probably more interesting) question is this: Why did they think\nなら is the better name than 奈良?\n\nUnfortunately, this is the matter of stylistic choice. It's impossible to give\na definitive answer unless a staff of なら工藝館 explains this. But these questions\non this site may help:\n\n * [What does it mean for the 'feel' of a sentence / text when it's written in all hiragana?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/15108/5010)\n * [Why is Toyota typically written in Katakana? (トヨタ)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/31078/5010)\n\nWhen we native speakers see なら used in a proper noun, we vaguely feel it looks\nmore friendly, informal, casual, modern, etc. I think the impression is not\ntoo far from that of [all-lowercase\nbranding](http://www.duetsblog.com/2011/04/articles/branding/lower-case-\nbranding-visual-identity/) in English.\n\nSome local governments even officially adopted hiragana names as the name of\ntheir city/town (eg. つくば市, 東かがわ市), although there are many people who hate\nthis trend.",
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| 35785 | 35801 | 35801 |
{
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"body": "Here is the context including the word which a boy spoke to himself.\n\n> おとなしく規則を守っておねんねしなさい...か\n>\n> じょうだん **いうない** っ いまのおれはめしを食うひまさえおしいくらいに思ってるんだ\n\nI think it should be 言わない, so 「じょうだんいわない」 would be translated as 'this is not\na funny story'.\n\nIs it like that because of a dialectal, colloquial or some other reason?\n\nFor the word 「おねんねしなさい」, why does he use the honorific prefix 「お」 even though\nhe's speaking to himself?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T10:54:50.007",
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"id": "35788",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"words",
"dialects",
"manga"
],
"title": "What do the words 「いうない」 and 「おねんねしなさい」mean?",
"view_count": 308
} | [
{
"body": "「いうないっ」 is a form of **_negative imperative_** , the dictionary form of which\nwould be 「いうな」. It sounds masculine and very informal.\n\nYou could call 「いうないっ」 dialectal because it is **_not_** used all over Japan.\nYou will hear it around Tokyo for sure, but not really in Western Japan to my\nknowledge. We certainly do not say it around Nagoya, which is only about 300\nkilometers west of Tokyo.\n\n**_「じょうだんいうないっ」 = \"Don't kid me!\"_**\n\n> \"For the word 「おねんねしなさい」, why he is use the honorific prefix 「お」when he\n> spoke to himself?\"\n\nHe is **not** saying it to himself. Someone said it to him and he is just\nquoting it. That other person said to him 「おとなしく[規則]{きそく}を[守]{まも}っておねんねしなさい。」.\n\n「（お）ねんね」 is baby talk for \"sleeping\" or \"going to bed\". I am sure that you can\nalmost see the word 「[寝]{ね}る」 in it. Many words in baby talk just naturally\ncome with the polite 「お/ご」 in front.\n\n**_「おねんねしなさい」 = \"Please go to bed.\" or \"Please get some sleep.\"_**\n\n**_EDIT:_** Just found an entry for the sentence-ending particle 「い」 in\n[大辞林](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%84-429839#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88)\n\n> （ 終助 ）\n>\n> 〔終助詞「や」の転。近世以降の語。主として男性に用いられる〕 文の末尾に接続する。\n>\n> ①念を押したり，語気を強めたりする気持ちを添える。多く「だい」「わい」「ない」の形をとる。 「これ，ぼくのだ－」 「いっぱい食わされたわ－」\n> 「むちゃをするな－」 「早くしろ－」\n\nSummarized TL:\n\nMainly used by males. Used in reminders and emphatic speech. Often takes the\nforms 「だい」「わい」「 **ない** 」.\n\n(I am surer than ever that this is definitely a Kanto, if not just a Tokyo,\nphenomenon.)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T11:16:23.287",
"id": "35789",
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}
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| 35788 | 35789 | 35789 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35794",
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"body": "> あんた学校中から非難されてるわよ。\n\nTaken from a manga. I mean, I sort of understand, but it's hard to fit it in\nthe sentence.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T19:48:27.840",
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"id": "35793",
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"owner_user_id": "10548",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"suffixes"
],
"title": "How does 非難される translate to English?",
"view_count": 77
} | [
{
"body": "From [this link](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E9%9D%9E%E9%9B%A3), looks like\n\"accused\".\n\nV + される ([passive\nform](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/causepass), V is done to\nthe subject)\n\nCan translate it to something like \"you're being accused throughout the\nschool\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T20:33:14.423",
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| 35793 | 35794 | 35794 |
{
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"body": "I'm confused in this page from a manga the character says odoshi ja nee zo\nwhile hes having someone at gunpoint did he mean ''not a threat''?\n\n",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T20:38:38.450",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
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"tags": [
"translation",
"definitions"
],
"title": "Does ''脅しじゃねえぞ'' mean ''not a threat''?",
"view_count": 252
} | [
{
"body": "I think it means, \"I'm not joking you\".\n\nThis\n[link](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1293318752)\nmentions that 脅｛おど｝しじゃない means that it is not **_just_** a threat and that\nthey really mean it.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T21:13:00.023",
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| 35795 | null | 35796 |
{
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"body": "In English it's possible to say last last year to informally say \"the year\nbefore the last\". Is it similar in Japanese that I can say きょうきょう年 to mean the\nsame?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-09T23:02:50.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is Japanese similar to English in that saying 享 twice in 享年 means last last year?",
"view_count": 232
} | [
{
"body": "Last year (きょねん) is typically written as 去年.\n\nWhile the word 去去年 (きょきょねん) seems to exist in the\n[dictionary](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/57333/meaning/m0u/), I've never\nheard this usage before.\n\nThe phrase 一昨年 (おととし) is used more commonly for \"the year before last\".\n\nEDIT: A few searches come up mostly with Chinese results, confirming 去去年 isn't\ncommon in Japanese.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-09T23:09:01.263",
"id": "35799",
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},
{
"body": "Be aware! If you ask somebody \"What did you do KYO-O-NEN - 享年? , he'll be\nstartled out. Bcause you are asking him \"What did you do in the year you were\ndead?\n\n去年 (きょねん）means \"last year,\" but 享年（きょうねん）means \"the year somebody died,\" which\nis inscribed on the back of a tomb stone under the name of the dead.\n\nThere is no such a word as 去去年 in Japanese language. Perhaps you are refering\nto \"一昨年\" - the year before the last year -, or two years ago, which is\npronounced as \"Issakunen\" or \"Ototosi.\"",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-10T06:43:12.103",
"id": "35805",
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| 35798 | 35799 | 35799 |
{
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"body": "Here is the context said by a boy who was training in boxing.\n\n> 左ジャブで敵の体勢をくずし 突破口を見いだしたらば すかさず右ストレートを打つべし これ拳闘の攻撃における基本なり... **とくら**\n\nI have found some sites explaining that it is changed from と来る but I still\ndon't get it.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T01:44:59.303",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35800",
"last_activity_date": "2020-02-09T09:35:32.540",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-04T06:23:26.443",
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"verbs",
"colloquial-language",
"manga",
"contractions"
],
"title": "What does the word 「とくら」 mean?",
"view_count": 408
} | [
{
"body": "It's slurred …と来るわ (or possibly …と来れば but in this case it's the former, if I\nremember correctly).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T03:36:54.100",
"id": "35802",
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"body": "「～～とくら」 is a colloquial and masculine Tokyo way of pronouncing 「～～と + くる + わ」.\nThis contraction just so quintessentially sounds Tokyo, working-class and\n\"tough-guy-like\".\n\n(Unlike what many J-learners seem to firmly believe, this 「わ」 is **_not_** a\nfeminine sentence-ender.)\n\nI am going to call this 「と」 quotative just because there is no other\nexplanation that seems feasible in my brain.\n\n「～～とくら」, in OP's context, is indeed difficult to explain as it is far more\nnuanced than the words used in the phrase would suggest. If I had to attempt a\nfree translation, I would probably go with expressions such as:\n\n**_\"~~ is the attitude I am going to take\"_**\n\n**_\"~~ is what I want to declare\"_**\n\n**_\"~~ is what I believe\"_**\n\nI said the 「と」 was quotative because the speaker is quoting his own opinion,\nbelief, etc. here.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-10T05:47:20.867",
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{
"body": "「とくら」is a colloquial deformation of 「… とくるは」meaning ① “speaking of,” ② “It\ncomes out as …, It's outcome is …” and ③ “in addition.”\n\nIn 江戸っ子弁 – Edo (Tokyo)-ite parlance, it used to be pronounced […とくらア].\n\nIt was used in the following ways:\n\n①あいつ **とくら** 、いつも嘘（うそ）ばかり言ってやがる – (Speaking of him) he’s always telling lies.\n\n②あいつは性根（しょうね）が悪い上に、骨（ほね）の髄（ずい）までド吝（けち） **とくらあ** 、仕様（しよう）のねえ野郎（やろう）だ - He is\nnot only ill-natured, but stingy to his bones. He’s hopeless.\n\n③上の娘（むすめ）の結婚式（けっこんしき）の上に、息子（むすこ）の大学進学（だいがくしんがく） **とくら** 、今年（ことし）は物入（ものい）りだ –\nMy elder daughter is getting married. (In addition) my son is going to\nuniversity. I’m really in trouble with a lot of expenditures this year.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-12T03:54:46.520",
"id": "35858",
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| 35800 | 35803 | 35803 |
{
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"body": "Japanese has a great number of onomatopoeic words, which are essentially\nsound-like expressions for describing different things for weather conditions\n( **べたべた** , hot very humid sweat weather), over animals sounds ( **わんわん** ,\nDog sound, actually a valid word for \"dog\" for children), to some word which\ndescribe more abstract things, such as **うろうろ** (wandering aimlessly)\n\nThere is a great list of examples\n[here](https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/japanese-onomatopoeia/) on Japanese\nonomatopoeia.\n\nI find this part of the language specifically hard to get since there seems to\nbe no pattern to how the words are formed? Also, always when i ask native\nspeakers of Japanese seem to quite agree on these word and i was wondering\nwhere people actually learn them? I was theorizing about Manga being the prime\nsource of distribution, but would appreciate any insights on this.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T06:49:46.223",
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"id": "35806",
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"score": 4,
"tags": [
"words",
"expressions",
"colloquial-language"
],
"title": "How do people Japan learn about onomatopoeic words and why does everyone agree on most of them?",
"view_count": 799
} | [
{
"body": "This is a partial answer only, but **children's books**. Books targeting\n**kinder and first-grade kids** tend to have a very specific style ~ they are\ngenerally hiragana only, use a lot of \"kid speak\" and informal Japanese, and\nthey are very heavy on mimetic/onomatopoeic words.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-10T07:00:34.417",
"id": "35807",
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"body": "I think わんわん・ヒヒーン・にゃー and so on are just animal sounds like you would have in\nany language and like WeirdlyCheezy says probably come from children's books.\n\nBut...\n\n> * **うろうろ** could be a doubling of the two syllable noun うろ meaning \"\n> **empty** \" with a dash of the word 迂路 meaning \" **detour** \"\n> * **ねばねば** is a doubling of the root of the verb ねばる meaning \" **to stick\n> to** \"\n> * **ぱさぱさ** could be a doubling of the noun はさ which is **a rack for drying\n> rice**\n> * **ぺらぺら** could be a doubling of へら meaning \"flat\" or \" **smooth** \"\n> * **ごろごろ** is a doubling of the root of the verb ころぶ meaning \" **to roll**\n> \"\n> * **うきうき** is probably a doubling of 浮き meaning \" **to float** \"\n>\n\nSo then these kinds of words would be produced from vocabulary that the native\nspeaker may already know and have kind of a sound-feeling for. But they sound\ndifferent and are used differently enough that to a native speaker it might be\nhard to quickly connect one word to another sometimes.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T08:25:01.730",
"id": "35909",
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"body": "## Exactly the same as other words.\n\nThe thing about 擬音語{ぎおんご｝ and 擬態語{ぎたいご} (strictly speaking \"onomatopoeia\" only\ndescribes 擬音語, though it's commonly used for both) is that to Japanese\nspeakers, they're just words like any other. How did you learn _helter-\nskelter_ , _mishmash_ , or _bang_?\n\nIn other words, how people learn language, and why they agree on the more or\nless arbitrary relationship between sound and meaning, are fascinating\nquestions that are far too big for this post, so for our purposes I'll just\nsay \"the usual methods\". That includes manga (and manga use a lot of them, for\nroughly the same reasons American comics use a lot of \"Bam!\" and other words\nto convey sound and motion), but also children's books, deliberate education\nin school, and especially hearing the everyday conversations of adults.\n\nBonus fun fact: it's not quite true that there's no pattern to how they're\nformed. Tolkien was a big proponent of the idea, now mostly out of fashion,\nthat there is a strong relationship between the sound of a word and its\nmeaning, and there is [modern\nevidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouba/kiki_effect) of this as well, at\nleast in some contexts. Specifically in Japanese, one volume of ダーリンは外国人 (a\nslice-of-life comic with some interesting linguistic moments) explored the\nidea that words like ゆれる (to sway or wobble) may actually come from ゆるゆる\n(\"wobble-wobble\"), not the other way around, and that may provide insight into\nthe formation of language; ゆるゆる \"sounds right\" for that activity in a way that\nピカピカ wouldn't, so maybe language is mostly made of progressively more\ncomplex/obscure onomatopoeia. Not very scientific, perhaps, but intuitively\ncompelling and fun to think about. If true, these words may be easier to learn\nbecause the relationship between sound and meaning is clearer, and therefore\nmore common in children's books and conversation, and less so with adults.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T21:59:15.167",
"id": "35926",
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| 35806 | 35807 | 35926 |
{
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"body": "> 寒くて、窓を閉めてください\n\nI thought it can mean:\n\n> Since it's cold, please close the window.\n\nThe book said we cannot use words that express speakers intent in the form of\nrequests, order, permissions, or invitations such as てください、しろ、ませんか. So the\nabove text is a wrong sample.\n\nI have a hard time understanding what is wrong with it.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-10T07:21:40.740",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35808",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T12:30:16.627",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-10T08:09:30.140",
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"owner_user_id": "13611",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why is it incorrect to say 「寒くて、窓を閉めてください」?",
"view_count": 1065
} | [
{
"body": "I am not sure if in this case this is related to politeness as suggested in\nsome comments (my feeling is that this sentence would be weird in general,\nregardless of the speakers social statuses/connections but maybe I'm wrong). I\nguess politeness could come in in a sentence like:\n\n寒いので、窓を閉めて下さい。\n\nThe above is perfectly correct but it's usage might require some care\ndepending who you are talking to.\n\nAnyway, I believe that the expression discussed in your question is not\ncorrect under a purely grammatical point of view as a ～て for example, is\nfollowed only by sentences expressing an objective description or\ndevelopment/course of events. So, it would be incorrect if what follows is\nsomething that might depend on the action of someone else, such as a request\nor an order.\n\nThere is an explanation in Japanese\n[here](http://www.alc.co.jp/jpn/article/faq/03/234.html), that seems to be\nrelated to what you are asking. Read this part for example:\n\n>\n> 実は、文には「客観的な叙述文・成り行きを示す文」とか、「話し手の意志や判断を表す文」とか、「相手への働きかけのある文」といった違いがあるのです。「～と、～」や、\n> **理由を表す「～て、～」の文の文末には、「客観的な叙述文・成り行きを示す文」しか来ないのです**\n> 。だから、「寒くて窓を閉めました」はいいのですが、「寒くて窓を閉めます」と言うと、話し手の意志が出るから、変な感じがするのです。\n\nNow I wonder if the sentence you are discussing should be considered totally\nwrong or just \"imprecise\", since in the above it just defines it as \"変な感じ\"\nrather than saying that it is wrong.",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-10T09:02:20.510",
"id": "35810",
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{
"body": "I'm Japanese and I answer from my point of view.\n\n```\n\n 寒くて、窓を閉めてください\n \n```\n\nThis above sounds just weird\n\nBut if I add some words and make a sentence like below, it could be said\n\n```\n\n ごめんなさい、ちょっと寒くて、窓を閉めてください\n \n```\n\nThe point is that Japanese as a language does not have strict grammar rules\nlike they do in English\n\nWhether a sentence sound natural or not sometimes depend on culture or just if\npeople are used to hear the sentence, especially for speaking Japanese.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-10T12:30:16.627",
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| 35808 | 35810 | 35810 |
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"accepted_answer_id": "35811",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So I'm reading a novel about the Sengoku period, and I've come across a\nsentence that just can't figure out. The context is that this guy (whose\nancestor is a famous admiral) built a castle with a harbour, but then boat-\nbuilding got banned by the shogun so he had to make it look like the harbour\nhad been filled in. The sentence before this says the castle looked just like\nany other castle.\n\nだが城の東側は海への眺望が開けており、重臣が塩見櫓の門を通るのは、一日の始まりにまず海上に異変がないかを見るという水軍の将を祖とする藩の心得と言われていた。\n\nMy translation so far (rough): However, on the east side of the castle, the\nview to the sea being open, the lord goes through the watchtower gate, at the\nbeginning of the day checking that there have been no big changes at sea...\n\nand here's where I get stuck. I don't understand how the という links this bit to\nthe next bit.\n\nIs it 'the act of checking whether there had been any changes at sea was said\nto be the knowledge of the clan whose ancestor was a naval commander'? If so,\nI think it's trying to say that they still watched the sea and therefore were\nstill a naval clan even if it looked like they had no harbour, but I can't\nfigure out the grammar. And it doesn't really seem right to be honest. Am I\nparsing the sentence wrong?\n\nOn a separate note, is the まず linked to the 始まりに meaning something like first\nthing in the morning, or is it linked to the がないか meaning 'hardly any\nchanges'? It doesn't really affect the overall meaning, but it would be\ninteresting to know what people think.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T08:37:40.630",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35809",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-11T09:24:50.113",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15714",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "Help understanding odd usage of という",
"view_count": 268
} | [
{
"body": "I read that という as **linking to 藩の心得, not 水軍** , that is 水軍の将を祖とする藩の is a\n\"parallel\" clause that also modifies 藩の心得.\n\nOr in other words 水軍の将を祖とする藩の心得 is **one big noun phrase** , roughly \"the\nknowledge and procedures of a clan descended from the general of the Japanese\nnavy\". Then 一日の始まりにまず海上に異変がないかを見る is roughly \"at the start of every day,\nchecking if anything unusual is visible on the surface of the ocean\". という\nbasically says this habit is \"such a procedure\".\n\nSo overall: \"Checking if anything unusual is visible on the surface of the\nocean at the start of every day is a procedure of a clan that is descended\nfrom a general of the Japanese navy.\"\n\n* * *\n\nIn an earlier version of this answer, I said \"The above is what the official\nwas told, as he was passing through the gate\", but I was writing this under\nthe assumption that the official was a visitor from the outside (eg a\nShogunate official) who was learning of the clan's habits. However, an\nalternate parsing where 重臣 is actually a member of the clan and the person\ndoing these regular checks, seems to fit better grammatically (many thanks to\nnaruto for pointing this out! I hope I'm interpreting his explanation\ncorrectly.)\n\n**Thus a full translation might be:**\n\n> But concerning the (matter of the) east side of the castle having an open\n> view of the ocean, and the (chief vassal? of the clan) passing through the\n> gate of the watch tower, it was said that checking the ocean for unusual\n> signs first thing every morning was the habitual action of (the member of) a\n> clan descended from a general of Japan's navy.\n\nGiven my original assumption, my original (mistaken) reading was along the\nlines of:\n\n> But, the east side of the castle had an open view of the ocean. As the\n> visiting official passed through the gate of the watch tower, (he was made\n> aware that) it was often said that checking the ocean for unusual signs\n> first thing every morning was a habitual action for (members of) a clan\n> descended from a general of Japan's navy.\n\nAs naruto points out, the second reading can likely be eliminated on the basis\nthat if it was the intended reading, the author would probably explicitly mark\njust 重臣 with は (and replace 通るのは with a conjunctive form or something along\nthose lines).\n\n* * *\n\nPS: to me まず is indeed \"first action of the day\".",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T09:02:24.777",
"id": "35811",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-11T07:12:53.003",
"last_editor_user_id": "14598",
"owner_user_id": "14598",
"parent_id": "35809",
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"score": 3
}
]
| 35809 | 35811 | 35811 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35814",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I found this one from a title of a manga\n[チャンピオン太](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%AA)\n\nAs my understanding, it should be read just as「ふと」.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T09:08:21.510",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35812",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T11:46:31.793",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"manga"
],
"title": "Why is the Kanji 「太」read 「ふとし]?",
"view_count": 133
} | [
{
"body": "I believe it might just be a person name. One of the readings of 太 is indeed\nふとし when used as a proper name.\n\nLook [here](http://name.m3q.jp/list?g=&s=%E3%81%B5%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97) for\nexample.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T09:17:48.917",
"id": "35813",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T09:17:48.917",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14205",
"parent_id": "35812",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
},
{
"body": "So-called i-adjectives in Modern Japanese used to end with _-shi_ in Classical\nperiod. Some boy's names still retain those old forms, such as たかし, さとし, つよし,\nやすし, ひろし or ふとし (conversely, they wouldn't name their boys in Modern adjective\nforms like たかい, さとい, つよい etc).\n\nThere's one more thing that Japanese names often contain some \"unordinary\"\nkun'yomi of kanji that might beyond your imagination. They also derives from\nobsolete readings in olden times now mostly confined within personal or proper\nnames (名乗【なの】り). For example:\n\n> たかし: 高, 喬, 崇, 貴, 隆, 尭, 敬, ...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T11:46:31.793",
"id": "35814",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "35812",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 35812 | 35814 | 35814 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "I want to know how to form the sentence \"I looked at the water for so long\nthat people thought I was crazy\" but I'm not sure of how I can express \"for so\nlong\" in Japanese I thought of 私はおかしかったと思われたほど水を見た, and it looks like it means\n\"I looked at the water to the extent that people thought I was crazy\" but I\nwant the time part to appear in the sentence. How to say \"...for so much\ntime/for so long that...\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T12:14:06.817",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35815",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T23:52:49.293",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15676",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "Saying for so much time / for so long",
"view_count": 824
} | [
{
"body": "The phrase \"for so long\" is translated as 長い間. And if you want to add the\nsentence, you can use ほど, which means an extent. so I translated your sentence\nas '人がおかしいと思うほど長い間.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T13:11:51.583",
"id": "35817",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T13:25:10.150",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-10T13:25:10.150",
"last_editor_user_id": "7320",
"owner_user_id": "7320",
"parent_id": "35815",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "Generally speaking, English \"as much _A_ as _B_ \" and \"so _A_ that _B_ \" can\nbe translated as _B_ ほど _A_.\n\nThus,\n\n> I looked at the water **for so long that people thought I was crazy**. \n> 私は **人からおかしいと思われるほど長く** 水面を見つめていた。 (Note: Japanese has relative tense)\n\nSimilar expressions:\n\n * ～ほどの時間\n * ～ほどの間\n * ～ほど長い時間 (means really \"long\")\n * ～ほど長い間\n * and all ほど above can be replaced by くらい（ぐらい）\n\nHowever when English writers write such a sentence, they often want to tell\n\"people thought I was crazy\" part. So practically this kind of sentence is\nlikely to be given with a translation like:\n\n> 私は長く水面を見つめすぎて、人からおかしいと思われた。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T14:58:07.883",
"id": "35823",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T14:58:07.883",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "35815",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "My shot at a translation:\n\n> 頭がおかしいんじゃないかなと周りの人から疑われたくらいずっと水面を見つめていた。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T23:52:49.293",
"id": "35834",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T23:52:49.293",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11825",
"parent_id": "35815",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 35815 | null | 35823 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35819",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have often seen ”とても” translated as \"very\" in English. However, I also have\nseen direct translations (automatic translations, so I don't know if this\nstill applies) where what is being translated, makes ”とても” seem more like an\nadverbial _or_ adjectival modifier which could be directly translated as \"very\nanxiety\" (from とても不安) or other such like phrases. Was the previous example\njust a mess-up from the translating software, or is ”とても” more just a modifier\nfor either adjectives or adverbs that denotes a more extreme version of the\nword it is modifying?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T13:55:33.303",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35818",
"last_activity_date": "2016-09-08T16:14:37.550",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-10T13:59:31.410",
"last_editor_user_id": "1628",
"owner_user_id": "10377",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to use とても in Japanese",
"view_count": 897
} | [
{
"body": "You are correct, in fact it can be used to signify \"very\" as well as\ndescribing something extreme, such as your example of とても不安. I tend to see とても\nused a lot in writing, whereas in speaking Japanese people will use すごくmore\nthan とても. Using とても is correct, but I think it depends on the region of Japan\nas well because not all dialects will use it. I rarely heard とても while I was\nliving in Osaka.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T14:21:15.453",
"id": "35819",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T14:21:15.453",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "15694",
"parent_id": "35818",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 35818 | 35819 | 35819 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35826",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Consider the following sentence.\n\n> 私のアパートは狭い上に家具がたくさんあるので、お客さんが来た時、寝てもらう場所がない。\n\nWhat is the nuance of using 寝てもらう rather than just 寝る? The guest is sleeping\nfor my purpose?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T14:36:52.283",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35820",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T15:26:54.790",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What is the nuance of 寝てもらう in this context?",
"view_count": 115
} | [
{
"body": "The subject of the phrase 寝てもらう is implicitly お客さん, the guest. In too many\nwords, there is no place for the guest to receive for sleeping from the\nsubject of the overall sentence, 私.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T15:14:12.210",
"id": "35825",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T15:14:12.210",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "3800",
"parent_id": "35820",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": -1
},
{
"body": "In a way you can say that, but the dictionary explicitly gives a definition.\n\n> ㋐他人の好意などにより自分が利益を受ける。また、 **依頼してある行為をさせる** 。 \n> _(oneself is benefited by kindness of somebody etc.; or **request somebody\n> to do something** )_ \n> （[デジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/220352/meaning/m0u/)）\n\nSo you can translate the 寝てもらう \"ask them to sleep\" or just \"let them sleep\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T15:26:54.790",
"id": "35826",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T15:26:54.790",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "35820",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 35820 | 35826 | 35826 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I have a question about this sentence.\n\nQ: 会社 ___ ____ ______ ______ 行っていますか.\n\nA: 私は歩いて行っています.\n\nI can use the particles で は へ and 何.\n\nAccording to the answer key, the correct order is: 会社何はでへで 行っていますか.\n\nBut I am stumped as to why they would go in this order? \nI think my instinct is: 会社へ何では 行っていますか?\n\nAny help would be greatly appreciated!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T14:44:39.887",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35821",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T14:56:04.873",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15722",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "Order of particles in a sentence",
"view_count": 160
} | [
{
"body": "The correct order according to your key is definitely strange Japanese (what\nis はでへで？？). Also your suggestion is a bit weird because ”何では\" is not correct.\n\nI would say:\n\n> 会社へは何で行っていますか？\n\nPersonally I think saying ”どうやって\" may be more natural instead of ”何で\", though.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T14:56:04.873",
"id": "35822",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T14:56:04.873",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11825",
"parent_id": "35821",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 35821 | null | 35822 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35827",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Could someone please check my understanding of how から is used with nouns etc?\n\nToday I read what I think were some rules. から needs だ/です depending on what\nprecedes it.\n\n> しずか ですから 散歩しましょう\n\n-na adj, needs です.\n\n> 天気がいいから 散歩しましょう\n\n-i adj, doesn't need です\n\n> コーヒーを飲むことですから、しずかにしてくれ\n\nnoun, needs です.\n\n> 猫がいますから、しずかに してくれ\n\nverb, doesn't need です",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T15:04:30.703",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35824",
"last_activity_date": "2017-12-30T18:30:48.513",
"last_edit_date": "2017-12-30T18:30:48.513",
"last_editor_user_id": "19278",
"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Using から (because) with nouns, adjectives and verbs",
"view_count": 4098
} | [
{
"body": "I think you have the right idea- nouns and na-adjectives require a copula\n(だ・です) before it. That way, it doesn't get mixed up between the \"from\" meaning\nof から.\n\n> しずか ですから 散歩しましょう\n\nCorrect; a copula is required if a na-adjective comes before から.\n\nBut I do want to point out that you _can_ still use だから (as opposed to ですから)\neven if the sentence is polite. The most important thing is that the main\n(i.e. final) verb is in the polite form.\n\n> 天気がいいから 散歩しましょう\n\nCorrect; with い adjectives using だから is ungrammatical. (You actually _can_ use\nですから with an い adjective, but it isn't necessary.)\n\n> コーヒーを飲むことですから、しずかにしてくれ\n\nYou are correct that you'll need だから or ですから after the noun こと. But I don't\nsee any reason to have こと there at all. It should just be 飲むから (or, in this\ncase, 飲んでいるから).\n\nAlso, the inconsistency in politeness here is a little strange. You used\nimpolite -てくれ at the end, but polite ですから in the middle. It is weird to have\nan impolite independent clause with a polite dependent clause. But that's not\nwhat this question is about.\n\n> 猫がいますから、しずかに してくれ\n\nCorrect; だ or です do not (and cannot) immediately precede から if there is a verb\nand not a noun or na-adjective there. (However, this sentence also has the\nsame problem as last time with the inconsistent politeness)",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T16:24:52.727",
"id": "35827",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-10T16:24:52.727",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "35824",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 35824 | 35827 | 35827 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35854",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the origin and exact meaning of 馳せ参じる (はせさんじる)? From what I've heard,\nit's an old samurai saying, and it means something along the lines of \"To go\nforward in haste\". Anyone know?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T18:59:24.120",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35828",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-11T17:01:57.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15694",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"academic-japanese"
],
"title": "What is the origin and meaning of 馳せ参じる",
"view_count": 182
} | [
{
"body": "馳せ参じる is a compound verb made of 馳【は】せる and 参【さん】じる, and means \"to flock in\nhaste\", \"to come at once (to someone higher than the speaker)\".\n\n馳せる means \"to make (something) run/spread\", but this verb has almost fallen\nout of use except in a few fixed expressions such as\n[名を馳せる](http://jisho.org/search/%E5%90%8D%E3%82%92%E9%A6%B3%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B),\n[思いを馳せる](http://jisho.org/search/%E6%80%9D%E3%81%84%E3%82%92%E9%A6%B3%E3%81%9B%E3%82%8B).\n\n参じる is a variant of 参ずる, which is a humble version of 行く/来る. But this word\nalso sounds archaic, and people usually use 参【まい】る instead today.\n\n馳せ参じる sounds indeed somewhat samurai-sh and/or militaristic, because this word\nis typically used like \"将軍のもとに馳せ参じる\", \"戦場に馳せ参じる\". This verb is too grandiose\nfor everyday conversations, but it's possible to use it in front of your boss\nor client without sounding funny (as long as you speak very good Japanese).\n\n> (to your client) お電話を頂ければ、1時間以内に馳せ参じます。",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-11T17:01:57.963",
"id": "35854",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-11T17:01:57.963",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 35828 | 35854 | 35854 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Do Japanese people call their money \"yen\" even though there is no YE sound in\ntheir language?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T20:27:38.297",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35829",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-11T04:37:56.760",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "14095",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"words"
],
"title": "Is yen a Japanese word?",
"view_count": 2795
} | [
{
"body": "Yes, it is a Japanese word.\n\nWe call it Yen. Only you see is Y and it is pronounced as En.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T20:52:54.167",
"id": "35830",
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{
"body": "Japanese don't pronounce 円 as \"Yen\" like \"i-en.\" We pronounce it clearly \"えん,\"\nthough I don't know how to describe Japanese \"え\" sound by using alphabet and\nphonetic sybols.\n\nAs a side story, I have a memory of having read an episode in some book that\n伊藤博文 - Ito Hirobumi, the Japan's first Prime Minister proposed to use the\ndenomination of 円 for Japan's currencies, when the cabinet members of the new\ngovernment were discussing how to call the unit of new currency that replace\nold currencies (両, 文, 朱) issued under the Tokugawa regime at the cabinet\nmeeting soon after the launch of the Meiji government. He showed the round\nshape of a ring with his thumb and index finger, and said \"円 is a familiar\nshape of coins and it signifies PEACE and perfection, which is a suitable name\nfor the new currency.\"\n\nProvided this is the provenance of 円, it's no wonder to pronounce it as えん -\nen, not yen.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-11T00:01:24.067",
"id": "35835",
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]
| 35829 | null | 35830 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35832",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "This is from 楽しいムーミン一家. You can watch the full dialogue\n[here](http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x11votv_%E6%A5%BD%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%B6-34-%E3%81%9F%E3%81%93%E3%81%AB%E4%B9%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A4_shortfilms)\nstarting from 2:35 if you need more context. The part I'm asking about begins\naround 3:25.\n\nBasically, winter is coming so Snufkin is planning to go on a journey as\nusual. Moomin doesn't want to part with his friend so he asks Moomin Papa if\nhe can go together with Snufkin. Papa says:\n\n> スナフキンは孤独を愛している。だから、彼には一人旅がどうしても必要なんだ。\n>\n> Snufkin loves to be alone. For him it needs to be a solitary journey no\n> matter what.\n\nTo which Moomin replies:\n\n> それは僕 **だって** 知ってる…\n\nThe overall message is undoubtedly \"I know that\" but what does だって add here?\nMy guess is that it means \"I know that better than anyone else\" but I'm not\nsure... It doesn't seem to match the dictionary definitions.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-10T22:24:20.343",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"particles"
],
"title": "What does だって do in 「それは僕だって知ってる…」?",
"view_count": 431
} | [
{
"body": "This [link](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6)\ndefinition #1, and this\n[link](http://ejje.weblio.jp/sentence/content/%22%E7%A7%81%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%22).\n\nTranslation: \" ** _Even_** I know that.\" or \"I **_too_** know that\".",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T22:47:39.003",
"id": "35832",
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{
"body": "\"だって\" has two different meanings, ①\"even\" as ishikun answered, and ② \"as I\nheard (someone says). You can use it in such a way;\n\nIn case ①:\n\n地球が丸いことなんて、3歳の子供 **だって** 知っている - The earth is round in shape, even 3-year old\nboy knows that.\n\n僕 **だって** \"How do you do?\"くらいは言える - Even I can speak (a basic thing like) How\ndo you do?.\n\nパパ **だって** 僕に嘘ついたじゃん - Even dad told me a lie!\n\nIn case ②:\n\n彼、会社を辞めるん **だって** ？ I heard he is leaving the company. (Is it true?)\n\n彼女留学するん **だって** They say she is going to study abroad.\n\n明日は晴 **だって** (The weather forecast says) it's fine tomorrow.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-10T23:32:11.307",
"id": "35833",
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]
| 35831 | 35832 | 35832 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "When do I use これ, それ, and あれ vs この, その, and あの to say \"this\" or \"that\".\n\nexample: why is it\n\n> **それ** はペンです\n\nvs\n\n> **その** はペンです\n\n?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-11T07:22:37.383",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35836",
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"owner_user_id": "15726",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"usage",
"demonstratives",
"kosoado"
],
"title": "Why/when should I use the different forms of this and that?",
"view_count": 433
} | [
{
"body": "The choice depends on whether a noun is attached.\n\nSo このペン (this pen) is okay but これペン is not grammatical. \nConversely これ (this) is okay but この is not grammatical.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T07:31:04.157",
"id": "35837",
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{
"body": "これ・それ・あれ act as pronouns, while この・その・あの act as adjectives.\n\nThere is also the matter of spatial reference. これ・この refer to things close to\nthe speaker, それ・その refer to things close to the listener, and あれ・あの refer to\nthings away from the speaker and the listener.\n\nSince この・その・あの act as adjectives, you must attach a noun to them. Since は is\nnot a noun, そのはペンです doesn't make sense. An example in which その makes sense\nwould be\n\n> そのペンは新｛あたら｝しいです。\n\nそれはペンです makes sense, especially if it is a pen near the listener.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T07:34:33.227",
"id": "35838",
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}
]
| 35836 | null | 35838 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35841",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "The author is complaining that she hates men's cooking but acknowledges that\nsomewhere in the world there may be some that she likes. She then says:\n\n> だからただしくは、今まで喰らってきた男の料理を私は好きに **は** なれなかった、と言うべきなんだろう。 \n> However, more accurately, I should probably say that I haven't come to like\n> any of the men's cooking that I've eaten up until now.\n\nI don't understand the function of the は in bold. I assume it's contrastive\nbut I don't see what is being contrasted. I must admit that I'm not 100% happy\nwith the は in ただしくは either. Perhaps it's related but I don't see how.\n\nIn fact the part I would expect to be contrasted, given the context, is 今まで.\nThat's where I (no doubt wrongly) would have put the は. Confused.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-11T08:48:35.623",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Function of は in にはなる",
"view_count": 541
} | [
{
"body": "It modifies 好きになれなかった and adds an emphasis that the statement relates only to\n好きに.\n\nTo explain by example,\n\n```\n\n 気持ち悪くはなかったけど、ちょっとしんどかった\n 美味しくはなかったけど、まずくもなかった\n \n```\n\nIn both cases は is used to signify that you didn't feel something, but did\nfeel something else. The effect persists if you just say: `気持ち悪くはなかった` the\nimplication is that while you didn't feel nauseous, you did feel something\nelse (probably a bit weak etc. which is inferred from the context).\n\nThis effect was then adapted as a softner. For example, to limit the rudeness\nof the statement `あの子は賢くない`, you can say `あの子は賢くはない`. Both state the same\nthing but the latter is less harsh because it implies there may be some other\nredeeming virtues (or to interpret differently, the speaker is implicitly\nadding `(I don't know about other aspects so this statement only relates to\nthe aspect I know which is the kids' intelligence)`.\n\nBack to your example, it acts as a softner. The author might have just added\nit solely to soften the sentence, or implies there is some positive feeling\nhe/she had regarding the cooking (maybe he/she at least felt grateful or\nwhatever).",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T09:28:03.337",
"id": "35841",
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{
"body": "I would say that は after 好きに is not thematic nor contrastive. Calling it\n\"emphatic\" could be misleading. That は is purely optional, and the nuance of\nthe sentence will not change a bit without it.\n\nPlease read this question and the accepted answer, especially the last\nparagraph.\n\n[Why is the topic marker often used in negative statements (ではない,\n～とは思わない)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/1077/5010)\n\n> It seems to me that originally, the pattern ～ではない was used to only mark a\n> strong contrast of the entire predication to something else (e.g. something\n> that was said or implied before by someone else), but later became more and\n> more popularized until what originally was a contrast marker became an\n> almost necessary feature of the negative form.\n\nThis kind of は can be almost necessary in main clauses which is negative, as\ndiscussed in the linked question. But I feel it tends to be often purely\noptional in sub-clauses.\n\n> 1. [?] これは彼の本でない。 (a bit unnatural)\n> 2. これは彼の本ではない。 (good)\n> 3. これは彼の本でない可能性がある。 (good)\n> 4. これは彼の本ではない可能性がある。 (good)\n>\n\nI can see almost no difference between 3 and 4. To me, neither is more\npoliter, softer, more formal, etc. than the other.",
"comment_count": 11,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-11T10:52:07.323",
"id": "35842",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-11T10:59:23.000",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.207",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "When a verb, adjective or adverb receives は and there doesn't seem to be\nanything contrasted with, it's likely that \"yes\" and \"no\", \"is\" and \"isn't\",\nor \"do\" and \"don't\" are contrasted. So these expressions often tell reluctant\nand/or comparative judgment \"yes rather than no\" or \"no rather than yes\".\n\n> 泳げ **は** するが、ちょっと遅い _I **AM** able to swim, just a bit slow_\n>\n> 少し不自然で **は** あるが、気に **は** ならない _It **does** have some weirdness, but isn't\n> **really** distractive_\n\nUsage in ただしくは is more like thematic は; this ただしく won't fit in the sentence\nafter, but is the overall theme that takes the rest as the rheme. It's\ncompared to English parenthetic expression such as \"to be accurate\". cf. 本当は\n\"to tell the truth\", 厳密には \"strictly speaking\", 基本的には \"basically\", 私/僕/俺的には\n\"IMHO; if you ask me\" etc.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T12:38:02.497",
"id": "35847",
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},
{
"body": "は has mainly three usages as topic maker, emphasis, and contrast.\n\nI think は in 私は好きにはなれなかった is used as emphasis because this sentence don't have\nthe comparable target as you said.\n\nIf your sentence is 今までは, this は is used as contrast because 今まで can compare\nこれから.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-11T17:38:34.650",
"id": "35855",
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]
| 35839 | 35841 | 35841 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35853",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "A palindrome is a word or phrase that is the same backwards and forwards, such\nas \"Bob\", \"aibohphobia\" or \"A man, a plan, a canal: Panama.\"\n\nIn English, as well as many other languages, this is a coherent, named concept\nand literary technique.\n\nDoes a meaningfully similar concept exist in Japanese, and is it used?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-11T11:46:58.057",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35844",
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"owner_user_id": "519",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is a palindrome a thing?",
"view_count": 1692
} | [
{
"body": "We have a word, 回文{かいぶん}, for instance:\n\n * 竹藪焼{たけやぶや}けた - \"The bamboo bush was burnt\" \n * 英語{えいご}言{い}え - \"Speak (in) English\" \n * イタリアで暮{く}らし楽{らく}でありたい - \"I want to live comfortably in Italy\"\n\nas a counterpart to the English \"palindrome\".\n\nThere are hundreds and hundreds of 回文, but I cannot recall them off the top of\nmy head. I think you can collect them by googling 回文.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T12:33:48.823",
"id": "35846",
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},
{
"body": "「ないな」わいは[い]{言}わないな。 \n[よる]{夜}は[しんさく]{新作}たくさんしはるよ。 \n[わたし]{私}[かいぶん]{回文}[ぜんぶ]{全部}[い]{活}かしたわ。\n\n(Ah don' say \"there ain't\". \nThey create many new works at night. \nI made good use of all (my) palindromes!\")\n\n* * *\n\nおそまつさまでした。\n\n* * *\n\n_UPDATE:_\n\n> 回文であるはいくはどうですか？\n\n[ひと]{人}は[と]{問}ひ 「[とくい]{得意}？[はいく]{俳句}」と [ひと]{人}は[と]{問}ひ\n\n(They ask me / \"Good at haiku?\"--so / they ask me)",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T16:50:44.920",
"id": "35853",
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},
{
"body": "There was a great little song on ピタゴラスイッチ about these!\n\n> こたつたこ ⇒ Kotatsu Octopus\n>\n> ミセスセミ ⇒ Mrs. Cicada\n>\n> くりりりく ⇒ Chestnut Take-off\n>\n> えびねびえ ⇒ Shrimp's stomach gets cold and he gets diarrhea in the middle of the\n> night...\n\nHere's a link to the video like I saw it on TV...\n<http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm13345793>",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-13T02:43:07.583",
"id": "35882",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "> Is a palindrome a thing ?\n\nIt's a bigger thing in Japan, in the sense that more people are making them,\nand great ones are being produced / invented every day. (like broccoli forest\n's above)\n\nOlder \"kaibun\" had no Dakuten :\n\n> 昔のひらがなの文には濁点がほとんど（全部？）ついてません... detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp ›\n>\n> 下のような回文が濁点なしで成り立ちます。 「なかきよの とおのねふりの みなめさめ なみのりふねの おとのよきかな」 漢字を入れて書くと、\n> 「長き夜のとおの眠りのみな目覚め波乗り舟の音の良きかな」 濁点付ければ、 「ながきよのとのねぶり（ ...\n\n* * *\n\nヽ(ｏﾟ∀ﾟｏ)ﾉ 「いざ！ 濁点し、日本語 Ｓ Ｅ 投稿 ... と」 \n→ 「いいス」 （エゴ、ン？） 「ボツ に しンて下さい」 (´；Д；｀)\n\nいさ、 だくてんし にっぽんご えすいい とうこう ... と \n→ いいす （えご、 ん） ぼつ に しんて ください\n\n* * *\n\nHere's a sampling from 2014.\n\n> <http://woman.mynavi.jp/article/140209-96/>\n>\n> 「タイム！ リスが擦りむいた！」\n>\n> 「弱虫のタモリが信濃での梨狩りも楽しむわよ」\n>\n> 「イタリアでもホモでありたい」\n>\n> 「うそ、死の谷意外に楽しそう」\n>\n> 「あああああ竹やぶ焼けたあああああ」 <--- w w w\n\nSong [ 世迷い言 ―よまいごと― ] by 歌：中島みゆき 作詞：阿久悠\n\n> ♪ 真夜中 世の中 世迷い言 \n> ♪ 上から読んでも下から読んでも\n>\n> ♪ 「世の中バカなのよ」\n\n「世の中ね顔かお金かなのよ」\n\n* * *\n\nRelated item ----- ( Has this been mentioned here already? )\n\n>\n> [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/たいこめ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%84%E3%81%93%E3%82%81)\n>\n> たいこめとは言葉遊びの一つ。ある文を後ろから逆に読み返ると、全く違う意味の通る文のこと。\n> 「たいつりぶねにこめおしだるま（鯛釣り船に米押しダルマ）」の略で「たいこめ」。同文をひっくり返すと別の文章（下ネタ）が現れることから、略して「たいこめ」と\n> ...\n>\n> . . . . . . . . . 同様の言葉遊びに「雲雲崖に こんち旅無し（くもくもがけにこんちたびなし）」\n> 「飛べ飛べツチノコ（とべとべつちのこ）」といったものがあり、地方、時代によって様々なものが存在したことが窺える。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-09-14T01:13:06.397",
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]
| 35844 | 35853 | 35846 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35852",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I found a difficulty to determine the scope of modifiers in long sentences. To\nmake it clearer, see the following sentences. My translation may be wrong.\n\n# Sentence 1\n\n> 新しい工場を建てるに当たって（は）、環境への影響などを調べ、地域の人々と話し合う機会を持つ必要がある。\n>\n> Prior to building a new factory, it is necessary to have an opportunity to\n>\n> * investigate things like its effect on environment, and\n>\n> * speak with the people in that region.\n>\n>\n\nHere I assume that 環境への影響などを調べ、地域の人々と話し合う is the modifier of 機会.\n\n# Sentence 2\n\n> 進学に当たって（は）、学校を見学したり、先輩に話を聞いたり、先生に相談したりして、できるだけ選択肢を広げて考えることが重要だ。\n>\n> Prior to entering a higher school, the necessary things are\n>\n> * to do things like observing the school, listening to stories from\n> seniors, discussing with teachers,\n>\n> * to widen the alternatives as much as possible, and\n>\n> * to think.\n>\n>\n\nHere I assume that 学校を見学したり、先輩に話を聞いたり、先生に相談したりして、できるだけ選択肢を広げて考える is the\nmodifier of こと.\n\n# Questions\n\nHow to determine the scope of modifiers in long sentences?",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T12:04:23.627",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "How to determine the scope of modifiers in long sentences?",
"view_count": 192
} | [
{
"body": "As for Sentence 1, there are two possible ways to parse this sentence.\n\n * 「環境への影響などを調べ、地域の人々と話し合う」 as a whole modifies 機会, as you guessed.\n * First 「環境への影響などを調べ」, and then, 「地域の人々と話し合う機会を持つ」. That is, 機会 is modified only by 「地域の人々と話し合う」.\n\nBut whichever way you read it, it doesn't considerably change the meaning.\n\nSentence 2 is more complicated, because there is one more nesting. Read this\nsentence like this:\n\n```\n\n Prior to entering a higher school,\n {\n thinking while/after widening your choices as much as possible, ← BY {\n - observing the school\n - listening to stories from seniors\n - discussing with teachers\n }\n } is important.\n \n```\n\nDo you remember the \"歩いて学校に行く\" pattern I mentioned before? (歩いて describes how\nyou 学校に行く.) Here, the 「～たり～たり～たりして」 part describes how you 「できるだけ選択肢を広げて考える」.\nAnd the 「できるだけ選択肢を広げて」 part describes how you 「考える」. And as you said,\n「～たり～たり～たりしてできるだけ選択肢を広げて考える」 modifies こと.\n\nUnfortunately, there is no easy way to parse long sentences. It's often\nimpossible to parse them without your common sense and background knowledge,\nand more importantly, practice.",
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| 35845 | 35852 | 35852 |
{
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"body": "For example, \"my friend Tomoko\" Is it correct to say \"友達の朋子?\" As in:\n昨日、友達の朋子ちゃんと２人で買物に行きました。\n\nAlso, how would you say \"my friend is called Tomoko\"?",
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"tags": [
"names"
],
"title": "How to say my friend with a name",
"view_count": 3004
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{
"body": "Yes, \"友達の朋子\" is perfectly fine and means \"my friend Tomoko\" like you thought.\n\nIf you want to say \"my friend is called Tomoko\"; I think that the simplest is\n\"友達の名前は朋子です\".",
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"body": "When people introduce their family they often say something like this...\n\n> 息子のタケシです\n>\n> 妻のアイコです\n\nSo, I would probably say something like...\n\n> 友達の朋子です",
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| 35848 | 35850 | 35850 |
{
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"body": ">\n> 早い話が堀川のお邸の御規模を拝見致しましても、壮大と申しませうか、豪放と申しませうか、到底私どもの凡慮には及ばない、思ひ切つた所があるやうでございます。中にはまた、そこを色々とあげつらつて大殿様の御性行を始皇帝や煬帝に比べるものもございますが、それは諺に云ふ群盲の象を撫でるやうなものでもございませうか。あの方の御思召は、決してそのやうに御自分ばかり、栄耀栄華をなさらうと申すのではございません。それよりはもつと下々の事まで御考へになる、云はば天下と共に楽しむとでも申しさうな、大腹中の御器量がございました。\n> それでございますから、 **二条大宮の百鬼夜行** に御遇ひになつても、格別御障りがなかつたのでございませう。\n\n<http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000879/files/60_15129.html>\n\nI could find was entries on 二条大宮 or 百鬼夜行 but no hint as to how these two may\nbe related. What was the author's intention in mentioning how a meeting of his\n(fictional?) お殿様 and 二条大宮の百鬼夜行 might resolve?\n\nお殿様 vs. 融 is rather clear, by contrast:\n\n>\n> 又陸奥の塩竈の景色を写したので名高いあの東三条の河原院に、夜な／＼現はれると云ふ噂のあつた融の左大臣の霊でさへ、大殿様のお叱りを受けては、姿を消したのに相違ございますまい。",
"comment_count": 0,
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "The meaning of 二条大宮の百鬼夜行",
"view_count": 380
} | [
{
"body": "From what I could google, this may be a reference to a episode called あははの辻,\nincluded in [大鏡【おおかがみ】](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckagami) written in\nthe 11th century (full text\n[here](http://www.j-texts.com/chusei/rek/fokgmall.html)).\n\n<http://blog.goo.ne.jp/kyoto-ee/e/8f78ef49a315a26872575bb651f66113>\n\n> ### あははの辻で百鬼夜行に\n>\n> その師輔が、 **百鬼夜行** に遭遇した話は、「栄花物語」より少し後にできた歴史物語「大鏡」に記述があります。 \n> それは、師輔が二条大路の **あははの辻** （ **今の二条大宮・神泉苑のあたり**\n> ）で突如牛車を止めさせて丁重に平伏して、尊勝阿羅尼を唱えるという奇妙な行動をする。 \n> 周りの者は何のことか解からず不思議がる。 \n> 後に、師輔があの時は「百鬼夜行にあった」と告白する。\n\n~~But this can be a coincidence, since 百鬼夜行 seems to have been a relatively\ncommon subject of Japanese folktales then. 二条大宮の百鬼夜行 may be a fake historical\ntale made up by Akutagawa.~~\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** 二条大宮 seems to be famous as the place where 百鬼夜行 happens often.\n\n * In 大鏡, 藤原師輔 encountered 百鬼夜行 on the street of 二条大宮 (see above).\n * In 今昔物語集, 安倍晴明, a famous Onmyōji, also saw 鬼 at night （『安部晴明随忠行習道語』）. This happened also at 二条大宮 according to [this source](http://souda-kyoto.jp/knowledge/culture/apparition_spot.html).\n * In 今昔物語集, 藤原常行 saw a group of 鬼 at 美福門, which seems to be only a few hundred meters from 二条大宮 （『尊勝陀羅尼の験力に依りて鬼の難を遁るる語』）. A similar episode is also found in 古本説話集 （『西三条殿若君遇百鬼夜行事』）.\n\nSo the author, Akutagawa, says 堀川の大殿様 also encountered 百鬼夜行 at 二条大宮 (which is\ntold as if it were a famous episode everyone knows in this novel). But 大殿様 had\nno trouble thanks to his wild and broad-minded character.",
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"body": "Let's forget about academic discourses and come to the point, as we are not\nstudying in the classic course of Japanese Language School of Tokyo\nUniversity.\n\n\"百鬼夜行\" literally means hundres of ogres stroll on the ground in the mid night,\nimplying evil things hount in the place and the world.\n\nSo \"(大殿様が）二条大宮の百鬼夜行に御遇ひになつても、格別御障りがなかつたのでございませう\" means \"Even our master\nencountered hundreds of demons on the avenue of the Nijo Shrine in the night,\nthey (demons) couldn't give any harm to our master.\"\n\nWe use the word, \"百鬼夜行\" quite casually. For an example,\n\n\"わが社は百鬼夜行の状態だ - Our company is in the status of \"Hyakki-Yako,\" meaning, bad\nguys, evil management and crook employees prevail in our company.\n\nＩＳＩＳ支配下の地域の治安状況はまるで百鬼夜行だ - The security conditions of the areas under the\ncontrol of ISIS is very bad, as if being ravaged by hundreds (and hundreds) of\ndemons.",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-12T11:36:10.047",
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| 35849 | 35851 | 35851 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35860",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "To my understanding, there are standardised kanji that have either:\n\n * No reliable information on how they are to be pronounced OR\n * No reliable information on what they mean OR\n * All of the above.\n\nDo these kanji exist, and if so: What are the current hypotheses on what they\nmean/how they are pronounced?",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-11T22:16:52.130",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"orthography"
],
"title": "What are the most obscure kanji?",
"view_count": 2712
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{
"body": "Yes.\n\n幽霊文字 \n<https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%9C%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97>\n\n> 幽霊文字（ゆうれいもじ）とは、JIS基本漢字に含まれる、典拠不明の文字の総称。\n\nJIS基本漢字 (aka JIS第1・第2水準漢字) is a set of Japanese characters (including approx.\n6350 kanji) established in 1978. It has been widely supported by personal\ncomputers since then, but this standard contains several kanji which have no\nreliable origin.\n\nFor example, [彁](http://www.wdic.org/w/CUL/%E5%BD%81) is a kanji which\nprobably did not exist before the JIS基本漢字 set was established. No one knows\nits meaning. It has the reading (カ/セイ), but it's a fabricated one for\nconvenience sake.\n\n[戸籍統一文字](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B8%E7%B1%8D%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)\ncontains over 50,000 \"kanji\", many of which are not listed in any dictionary.\nThey have character codes and actually in use in government offices, but I\ndon't know whether you can call them \"standardized\".\n\nAnd you can find tons of insane kanji which are _not_ standardized here:\n[漢字部屋](http://www.geocities.jp/f9305710/henkanji.html)",
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"body": "We call them:\n\n * No reliable information on how they are to be pronounced → 音【おん】（未詳【みしょう】／不明【ふめい】）字【じ】\n * No reliable information on what they mean → 義【ぎ】（未詳／不明）字\n * All of the above → 音義（未詳／不明）字\n\n幽霊文字 in @naruto's answer is usually considered as a subset of them\n(technically, meaning/pronunciation of some 幽霊文字 are easily inferrable so\nthey're not true subset).\n\nSome Chinese Characters have unknown meaning/pronunciation even they have\nreliable source, because it's clearly written in dictionaries that\n\"音未詳\"/\"義未詳\"/\"音義未詳\". When those massive dictionaries were compiled, they tried\nto collect characters from all available documents. Some characters only have\ntoo sporadic (or single) specimens to reasonably guess what they are. Some\nothers are from previous dictionary with whose description about\nmeaning/pronunciation are lost or unrecorded. The Unicode standard contains a\nnumerous number of those characters because it has unconditionally\nincorporated all entries in the authoritative dictionaries.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ieqgs.jpg)\n\nWhile they have possibility to be identified through investigation, there was\nno research encompassing the entire encoded characters as far as I know, thus\nmany of them are just left to be determined.\n\n * [「JIS X 0208」における音義未詳字に対する原典による同定](http://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/29406/1/KokugogakuKenkyuToSiryo_20_Sasahara.pdf)\n * [JIS音義未詳字の辞典](http://plaza.rakuten.co.jp/jitenfeti/7000/)\n * [諸橋轍次編『大漢和辞典』の＜音義未詳字＞](http://rose.hucc.hokudai.ac.jp/~o16404/shikeda/moro.html)\n * [《大漢和辞典》第一巻中の難字1](http://nkay1005.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-65.html) to [大漢和辞典の未詳字23](http://nkay1005.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-106.html)",
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| 35856 | 35860 | 35860 |
{
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"body": "Most of the time when I read Japanese sentences, I have no confidence whether\nthe speaker or another person is the subject. Let's see one example as\nfollows.\n\n> 主人は、料理にかけては、誰にも引けを取らないと信じている。\n\nI think the speaker is a woman (housewife). But what I don't understand is who\nthe believer is? Here I have two interpretations as follows:\n\n * A: The speaker is the believer \n\n> When it comes to cooking, I believe that my husband is better than anyone\n> else.\n\n * B: The speaker's husband is the believer\n\n> When it comes to cooking, my husband believes that he is better than anyone\n> else.\n\nIs there a method to determine the correct subject in this kind of sentence?\n\n# Edit\n\nRather than posting a new question that seems to be related to this question,\nlet me ask an additional question here. If you think it should be separated, I\nwill do it.\n\nConsidering [broccoli forest's\ncomment](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/35859/who-is-the-\nsubject-of-this-sentence#comment70574_35861) as follows,\n\n> It's perfectly natural if you parse it 「主人は誰にも引けを取らない」と信じている。 where\n> 「主人は誰にも引けを取らない」 is what the writer thinks.\n\nit leads me to the additional question \"Does each of the following make the\nwriter the subject?\"\n\n * Adding 「・・・」as @broccoli forest did.\n\n> **「** 主人は、料理にかけては、誰にも引けを取らない **」** と信じている。\n\n * Adding こと.\n\n> 主人は、料理にかけては、誰にも引けを取らない **こと** と信じている。\n\n * Adding ということ.\n\n> 主人は、料理にかけては、誰にも引けを取らない **ということ** と信じている。",
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"tags": [
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"title": "Who is the subject of this sentence?",
"view_count": 610
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{
"body": "The general answer is to use a mixture of **grammatical, contextual, and\ncultural cues**.\n\nIn this case, it seems like the subject should be the husband.\n\n**Grammatically:** If you remove 「、料理にかけては、」which just refines the context to\njust cooking, you get 「主人は誰にも引けを取らないと信じている。」which maybe makes it a little\neasier to see that 主人 is the only potential explicit subject. The speaker\ncould be an implicit subject, but then the author has the option to use が\ninstead, e.g., 「料理にかけては、主人が誰にも引けを取らないと信じている」, in which case it becomes quite\nlikely the wife is the subject. The original version could still have the wife\nas the subject, but the fact that the author chose not to go with this kind of\noption instead might give us a minor nudge in the direction of thinking the\nhusband is the subject.\n\n**Cultural Cues:** 誰にも引けを取らない is quite the confident statement. Assuming the\nwife was directly saying she believes this, either she is bragging in an\nunusually direct way, in which case she might as well drop と信じている entirely, or\nshe is likely to hedge heavily. So I interpret the presence of と信じている as being\na further hint that it is the husband's belief, not the wife's.\n\n**Contextual:** The thread of thought of the speaker would likely allow us\ndecide which way makes more sense, but unfortunately no context is presented\nin the original question.\n\n* * *\n\nRegarding the post-edit additional question: \nThe first of the three is more clearly the wife, since the husband gets\n\"erased\" from the \"highlighted context\" by the closing quote to some degree.\n\nFor the other two, I don't think the additions change which subject is implied\nfrom a strict grammatical point of view, as the subject of 信じている is still left\nimplicit, and we are still forced to decide if the initial 主人は provides that\nsubject, or if it is omitted entirely (implying the wife).\n\nI can't comment on whether the additions shift things in a\nusage/cultural/nuance way, as both sentences look a little odd to me.\n\n* * *\n\n[Disclaimer: I'm not a 100% confident about all aspects of my interpretation,\nso if an advanced Japanese speaker presents a contradicting answer, I would go\nwith theirs instead of mine.]",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-12T08:36:20.507",
"id": "35861",
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"body": "The given quote, \"主人は、料理にかけては、誰にも引けを取らないと信じている\" is incomplete and confusing\neven to native Japanese speakers.\n\nIt can be taken either way as you say;\n\n * My husband believes he is a better cook than anyone else, or\n\n * I believe my husband is a better cook than anyone else.\n\nBut I guess the quoted sentense suggests that the speaker's husband believes\nhimself being an excelent cook,\" unless the speaker says\n\"主人は、料理にかけては誰にも引けを取らないと、 **私は** 信じている.\"\n\nAs Japanese language omits the subject very often unlike English language, you\nneed to be trained to speculate and judge what the subject is from the\ncontext. I don't think there is an established rule or playbook to identify\nit.",
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"owner_user_id": "12056",
"parent_id": "35859",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 35859 | 35862 | 35862 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35865",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "As far as I know, the verb 勝つ takes a direct object with に as\n\n * 彼はチェス試合に勝った。He won the chess match.\n\nand takes an indirect object with に対して as\n\n * 彼は私に対してチェス試合に勝った。He won the chess match against me.\n\nNow I found a sentence that seems to be inconsistent as follows.\n\n> X: チェスにかけては、私に勝てる人がいないと自信を持っている。\n>\n> X': When it comes to chess, I have confidence that none can { (win against)\n> | (beat) } me.\n\n# Question\n\nFor the sake of consistency, why don't we use 私に対して勝てる instead of 私に勝てる in X?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T11:39:41.573",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35864",
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"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Inconsistency in applying direct object to 勝つ",
"view_count": 227
} | [
{
"body": "対して is extra and 私に勝てる is more common than 私に対して勝てる.\n\nAnd 彼は、私にチェスの試合で勝った and 彼は、私とのチェスの試合に(で)勝った are natural.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T12:03:53.050",
"id": "35865",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "7320",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
}
]
| 35864 | 35865 | 35865 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35880",
"answer_count": 4,
"body": "I was discussing with my Japanese friend about the meaning of 「しわ寄せ」, and none\nof us could come up with a way to say it in English. As far as I know, it\ncould have several meanings. The first few of which can be easily translated\nas \"to foist upon\" or \"to shift\", with the meaning of forcing something onto\nsomebody else. There is another meaning, however. Take these lyrics for\nexample:\n\n> 人前ではやさしく生きていた\n>\n> しわよせで こんなふうに雑に・・・抱きしめてた\n\nThe general intention is that the action 「抱きしめる」 happened as a result(sort of\nbacklash, or recoil) of 「人前で優しく生きる」. What's a good way to say translate this\nnuance to English?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T14:17:10.227",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35867",
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"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "11176",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning",
"nuances"
],
"title": "About the meaning of 「しわよせ」",
"view_count": 636
} | [
{
"body": "As I'm not a lyricist, nor know the full context of the song, I don’t know the\nmeaning of “こんなふうに雑に.” Did the singer live a rough life? Was he or she treated\nroughly? Or has he/ she grown into a rough character? And I don’t know what\nthe singer hugged.\n\nBut I surmise the line in question is singing something like this:\n\nI’ve tried to be amiable to others and to live mildly in the world. And as a\nrepercussion, I feel roughness like this … I hugged it tightly.\n\nWith that said, \"しわよせ/皺寄せ,\" of which literal translation is \"gathering\nwrinkles,\" means “under the pressure,” “as a repercussion,” “(negatively) as\nits consequences,” for examples;\n\nアベノミクス **のしわ寄せで** 、収入格差が大きくなった - As a result of Abenomix, the jaw of the\nrevenue gaps among classes is opening wider.\n\n不景気の上に長年の放漫経営の **しわ寄せで** 会社がついに破産した – The lax management for years coupled\nwith depression, the company went bankrupt eventually.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T22:12:37.387",
"id": "35875",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-12T22:34:57.123",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-12T22:34:57.123",
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"parent_id": "35867",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
},
{
"body": "I think personally the original Japanese sentence itself sounds a bit\nstrange...\n**[しわ寄せ](http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%97%E3%82%8F%E5%AF%84%E3%81%9B%E3%81%A7)**\n, as the linked Weblio says,\n\n> 他からの悪影響で被害を被るさま\n>\n> feeling or receiving the unwelcome or bad impact **due to the action or the\n> result of others' or other's conduct or behaviors** etc etc.\n\nwhereas, the Japanese in your quote\n\n> 人前ではやさしく生きていた\n>\n> しわよせで こんなふうに雑に・・・抱きしめてた\n\nsounds he or she is or was always trying to show his/her face nicely to\neverybody so that...しわよせで\n\nand he or she him/herself caused the \"cause\" that the using the word しわよせ\nsounds strange to me.......\n\nThanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T22:44:00.450",
"id": "35876",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-12T22:44:00.450",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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},
{
"body": "The very literal meaning of しわ寄せ is \"gathered wrinkles\", although only a few\npeople use this term in this literal sense\n([Shirring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirring) is sometimes called\nしわ寄せ(加工)).\n\nTo understand しわ寄せ, suppose you are ironing a dress. It's difficult to iron\nout the wrinkles perfectly; you iron somewhere, and a new wrinkle appears\nsomewhere else. That's the idea of しわ寄せ; you strain yourself and do good\nthings somewhere, but as a result, something bad happens somewhere else.\n\nNow let's take a look at the lyrics ([whole lyrics\nhere](http://www.kget.jp/lyric/59814/Rain_%E5%A4%A7%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C)).\nI would say the lyrics of this song are vague and abstract overall, but the\nfirst part is relatively easy to understand:\n\n> 言葉にできず凍えたままで \n> 人前ではやさしく生きていた \n> しわよせで こんなふうに雑に \n> 雨の夜にきみを抱きしめてた \n>\n\nThe person (\"ぼく\") has behaved like a gentle person everywhere else, but that\nmust have been stressful to him. In front of \"きみ\", he couldn't behave kindly\nany more (雑に here means \"not courteously\", \"crudely\"). So this しわよせ is used in\nthe most basic and common sense of the word. Can you see, throughout the\nlyrics, that ぼく has been taking a bit harsh attitude toward きみ?\n\n**EDIT:** That said, しわよせ is not commonly used for something happening only in\nthe internals of one person. This しわよせで may be replaced with 反動で (as a\ncounter-reaction/rebound), although I'm not sure if these are suitable for\nlyrics.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T02:10:47.463",
"id": "35878",
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},
{
"body": "> [人前]{ひとまえ}ではやさしく[生]{い}きていた\n>\n> しわよせで こんなふうに[雑]{ざつ}に・・・[抱]{だ}きしめてた\n\nFirst of all, one needs to understand (and appreciate) that this usage of\n「しわよせ」 would only colloquially be \"correct\". For that reason, a dictionary\ndefinition of the word would probably fail in this particular context.\n\nNext, one needs to notice the _**antonymy**_ between the words\n「やさしく」(\"gently\") and 「雑に」(\"in a rough manner\") because that serves as a big\nhint as to what 「しわよせ」 could mean here.\n\nTo get right to the point, 「しわよせ」 is used to mean _**\" side effect\",\n\"counteraction\", \"adverse reaction\"**_, etc. here.\n\nIn public, the speaker is known to \"live gently\", but when he is alone with\nhis girl, he holds her in a rather rough manner.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T02:25:24.150",
"id": "35880",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 35867 | 35880 | 35878 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35884",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know that またしても means \"again, moreover, in addition\" and it often comes with\nrelative nuance. However, given the below sentences, I don't know why it's\nonly proper in a sentence but not both.\n\n> 1/ **またしても** 、政治家の金に関する問題が明らかになった。\n>\n> 2/ 強すぎる冷暖房は体に良くないし、 **またしても** 、環境にも悪い。\n\nThe correct answer is 1.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T14:28:37.293",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35868",
"last_activity_date": "2020-03-22T21:50:45.307",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "1053",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"usage",
"jlpt",
"word-usage"
],
"title": "How to use またしても?",
"view_count": 459
} | [
{
"body": "[またしても](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/thsrs/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9F%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%82%82/m0u/)\nand the related\n[またまた](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9F%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9F) can\nbe translated as \"once again\" which makes these two examples clear on the\nusage.\n\n> 1/ またしても、政治家の金に関する問題が明らかになった。\n\nOnce again, problems involving politician's money has come to light. <--\ncorrect\n\n> 2/ 強すぎる冷暖房は体に良くないし、またしても、環境にも悪い。\n\nNot only is over-powered air conditioning not good for your body, once again\n(??), it is also bad for the environment. <-- not correct\n\nI think the question is trying to get at the nuance difference between\nまたしても/またまた(once again) and just\n[また](http://eow.alc.co.jp/search?q=%E3%81%BE%E3%81%9F) ('moreover' or 'also').",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T20:01:05.773",
"id": "35872",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-12T20:01:05.773",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "3916",
"parent_id": "35868",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 4
},
{
"body": "> 1) 「 **またしても** 、[政治家]{せいじか}の[金]{かね}に[関]{かん}する[問題]{もんだい}が[明]{あき}らかになった。」\n>\n> 2) 「[強]{つよ}すぎる[冷暖房]{れいだんぼう}は[体]{からだ}に[良]{よ}くないし、 **またしても**\n> 、[環境]{かんきょう}にも[悪]{わる}い。」\n\n「またしても」 is an emphatic way of saying 「また」(\"again\"). To use it correctly, you\nmust have a situation where the same or a similar event has occured **_once\nagain_**. In addition, 「またしても」 is usually, if not always, used when something\nundesirable has happened again.\n\nSentence #1 is perfect as it is about the reccurance of a money scandal by a\npolitician - an undesirable event happening once again. It is just 100%\ncorrect and natural.\n\nSentence #2 makes little sense. Why? Because first of all, nothing is\nhappening once again in the sentence, is it? It is \"trying\" to say that\nexcessive use of air-conditioning is bad for your body as well as for the\nenvironment. It is using 「またしても」 to mean something like \"in addition to that\"\nor \"moreover\" when it just does not have those meanings.\n\nIn Sentence #2, 「またしても」 should be replaced by a simple 「また」 to make sense. In\nthat case, 「また」 means \"moreover\" and **_not_** \"again\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T02:52:25.213",
"id": "35884",
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"parent_id": "35868",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 35868 | 35884 | 35884 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35874",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Consider the following sentences.\n\n * > A: 女性に限らず、男性も化粧品を使うようになった。\n>\n> My translations:\n>\n> A'1: Using cosmetics is not limited to women but also has been started by\n> men.\n>\n> A'2: Not only women but also men have started using cosmetics.\n\nWho started first is ambiguous.\n\n * > B: コンビニは、若者に限らず、お年寄りにも利用者が多い。\n>\n> My translations:\n>\n> B'1: The end users of convenient stores are not only from young people but\n> also **many** from old people.\n>\n> B'2: The end users of convenient stores are **many** not only from young\n> people but also from old people.\n\nWhich group has more users is also ambiguous.\n\n# Question\n\nDo X and Y have the same state when using ~X にかぎらず Y?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T17:02:06.810",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35869",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-12T18:13:03.730",
"last_editor_user_id": "11192",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Do X and Y have the same state when using ~X にかぎらず Y?",
"view_count": 294
} | [
{
"body": "According to this\n[link](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/thsrs/17194/meaning/m0u/), it mentions that\nthis grammar point expresses that \"Y is not limited by/to X\" and that the\nexpression widens the viewpoint of Y. Therefore, in the first example,\n\"女性に限らず、男性も化粧品を使うようになった。\", the use of cosmetics is not limited to women and\nthat the concept of using cosmetics is not limited to just women, but also men\n--meaning that women used cosmetics first (and this is the common viewpoint\nthat the expression is trying to widen).\n\nIn the second case, I don't think that this particular expression encompasses\nthe meaning of \"which has more\" but just that there are **_also_** a lot of\nolder people that use convenience stores. Maybe if you want to express \"there\nare more X than Y\" then refer to an expression like\n[this](http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/more+than).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T19:49:28.077",
"id": "35871",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-12T19:49:28.077",
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"score": 4
},
{
"body": "> 「Aに[限]{かぎ}らずB」\n\nWhen this expression is used, it is generally implied that A is more\nsignificant than B. It uses \"common sense\" as the premise of the statement,\nwhich is something humans always do in speaking to others.\n\nTo prove this, simply try swapping A for B in each of your sentences and see\nhow the new sentences \"feel\" to you.\n\n> 「[男性]{だんせい}に[限]{かぎ}らず、[女性]{じょせい}も[化粧品]{けしょうひん}を[使]{つか}うようになった。」\n>\n> 「コンビニは、お[年寄]{としよ}りに[限]{かぎ}らず、[若者]{わかもの}にも[利用者]{りようしゃ}が[多]{おお}い。」\n\nTo me, a citizen of Japan, both sentences look to be talking about a\nplace/country so far away that I would not even know its name.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-12T20:28:48.560",
"id": "35874",
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"score": 7
}
]
| 35869 | 35874 | 35874 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35887",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In English, when dealing with Software Development we sometimes refer to the\nword \"fix\" in order to describe some code change which makes an attempt to fix\na bug, or problem in the code. For example:\n\n> I'll try to send you a bug fix which addresses this issue by the end of the\n> day.\n\nI'm a little unsure about what the best way to express this concept of \"fix\"\nin Japanese. My guess is 修正, but I haven't seen this used in this fashion\noften, if ever. My guess at a translation would be:\n\n> 今日中にこのバグに対応する修正を送ります。\n\nWould this be the most natural way to describe this? If there is any other\nterms please let me know.\n\nEDIT: It's very interesting to note that this post received over 1000 views in\nless than a day. This gives further proof to my theory that there is a strong\ncorrelation with English-speaking Software Developers and interest in learning\nJapanese (:",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T04:16:41.437",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35886",
"last_activity_date": "2018-07-26T11:02:19.790",
"last_edit_date": "2017-01-11T19:01:09.427",
"last_editor_user_id": "542",
"owner_user_id": "11825",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 17,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "What is the proper term for a bug fix with respect to Software Development",
"view_count": 3452
} | [
{
"body": "You can use バグ修正{しゅうせい} to refer to a bug fix, and a release which\nspecifically fixes bugs is a バグ修正{しゅうせい}リリース. There's also 脆弱性{ぜいじゃくせい} which\nrefers to a vulnerability, which would also be addressed with a 修正{しゅうせい}.\nUser naruto points out in the comments that バグフィックス is also common and\nacceptable.\n\nedit: I've been working as a developer in Japan for a while now, and looking\nback on this I think that 不具合{ふぐあい} is likely the most appropriate, as pointed\nout in the comments by user Tommy. バグ is perfectly fine, and indeed in my\nworkplace both are used, but 不具合 is the more 'correct' term. Your mileage may\nvary.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T04:26:29.047",
"id": "35887",
"last_activity_date": "2018-07-26T11:02:19.790",
"last_edit_date": "2018-07-26T11:02:19.790",
"last_editor_user_id": "1797",
"owner_user_id": "1797",
"parent_id": "35886",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 19
}
]
| 35886 | 35887 | 35887 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35892",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "It is a very basic question that I need to be confirmed. Consider the\nfollowing sentence (taken from a book titled _Essential Japanese Grammar_ by\n**Masahiro Tanimori** and **Eriko Sato** ).\n\n> スミスさんが昨日見た学生は背が高かった。\n\nThe relative clause スミスさんが昨日見た modifies 学生 with past tense. The main clause\nalso uses past tense 高かった.\n\nIf I translate it to English, it becomes\n\n> The student whom Smith saw yesterday was tall.\n\nFor me it sounds a bit awkward because the student may no longer be tall now.\n\n# Question\n\n * Should the tense in relative clauses agree with the tense in main clause?\n\n * Compare to the previous one, what is the difference in meaning and nuance for スミスさんが昨日見た学生は背が高い。?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T11:25:31.943",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35888",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-13T15:19:48.263",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-13T11:37:32.683",
"last_editor_user_id": "11192",
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"relative-clauses",
"subordinate-clauses"
],
"title": "Should the tense of predicate in main clause be the same as the tense of predicate in the relative clause?",
"view_count": 351
} | [
{
"body": "No, tense doesn't need to agree beyond clauses.\n\nThe original sentence refers to smith's memory, rather than a permanent fact.\nThat's why it adopts past tense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T14:19:37.610",
"id": "35891",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-13T14:19:37.610",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "4092",
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"score": 3
},
{
"body": "In Japanese, the tenses don't need to agree, and in fact, **tense mismatches\ncan serve an important purpose**.\n\nIn English, we have a wide variety of verb tenses, i.e., 3 (past present\nfuture) x 4 (simple progressive perfect perfect-progressive) = 12 basic time\ntenses. Japanese learners of English sometimes wonder why we have so many.\n\nHowever, consider the following: \n\"I have not heard that before\" \n聞いた事がありません\n\nThe English version uses perfect present. The Japanese version uses mixed\ntenses (聞いた is past, ありません is present). **So sometimes mixed tenses in\nJapanese give us additional time-tense flexibility** , the same way that the\nnon-simple tenses give us in English!\n\nOn a side note, the English non-simple tenses actually have \"mixed tenses\"\nhidden in them. E.g., in \"have not heard\", the \"heard\" is actually a past-like\nform called the \"past participle\", but \"have\" is present tense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T15:19:48.263",
"id": "35892",
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}
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| 35888 | 35892 | 35891 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Is \"da\" used often in the casual speech? Or is it often omitted whenever it's\npossible? For example:\n\n1) Genki (da)? \n2) Suki (da)? \n3) Ke wa atsui (da) ne?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T16:24:20.280",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"spoken-language"
],
"title": "Is \"da\" used often in the casual speech?",
"view_count": 3683
} | [
{
"body": "It is **difficult to give a precise answer** to this question. In cases where\nthe speaker has a choice between \"da\" and just ending the sentence, both have\ntheir own nuances. Omission may be more \"feminine\" and addition of da might be\nmore \"masculine\". In some cases, da can be used for emphasis. **Usage patterns\nvary by gender, age, social situation, and possibly by region/dialect** as\nwell.\n\nThere are **many other casual sentence enders** besides just \"da\"/\"\"\n(nothing). You'll also hear stuff like \"genki na no?\" -> \"genki da yo\".\nThere's also \"kai\" and \"dai\" for questions, \"wa\", \"jya\" and many others. In\nfact, **sometimes personal choice of sentence enders is used to \"project\" a\ncertain \"personality type\"**. It is something you **develop an \"ear for\"** the\nmore you speak to a variety of people.\n\nNote that there are grammatical limitations, however. For example, as per\nYuuichi Tam's comment, you wouldn't use \"da\" as a question end. For a\nquestion, you can replace \"da\" with \"ka\" (but this can sound sharp or rude in\nsome cases, so be careful) eg \"genki ka?\", or just end the sentence with\nrising intonation \"genki?\". There's also other question forms like \"___ (na)\nno (ka)?\" eg \"genki na no?\" but that's a more advanced topic.\n\nAbout the example sentences: \nAs statements, all three would be okay with da or without. As questions, the\nfirst two are wrong if you use \"da\". The third one sounds weird to me but is\nclose.. if you said something like \"atsui da yo ne?\" that would probably be\nokay, but that's because it is more like a statement followed by a request for\nconfirmation: \"atsui da yo\" (statement) + \"ne?\" (question)",
"comment_count": 10,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-13T17:10:08.460",
"id": "35895",
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{
"body": "“だ-da” is a colloquial form of a predicate, \"です\" - used in both written and\nspoken form and \"である\" - used mostly in written form.\n\n“だ” also can be replaced with “だよ,” which sounds softer than “だ.” The feminine\nversion of “だよ” is \"だわ\" and “だわよ” that you often hear from woman speakers.\n\nYou say 今日は暑い（ね）, but should never say \"今日は暑いだ\" and \"暑いだね.\" It’s odd and\nungrammatical.",
"comment_count": 9,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T21:25:33.370",
"id": "35898",
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}
]
| 35893 | null | 35895 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35897",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What is the correct reading of word 舞桜? I found some pages, where they state,\nthat it's one of variants of female name read as 「まお」, in this form meaning\n\"dancing cherry blossom\", but I checked in some dictionaries (e. g.\n[jisho.org](http://jisho.org)) and I couldn't find anything about this. So how\nis it?\n\nP. S. I'm relatively new to the japanese language, so if you can refer me to\nother sources, I will be glad. Thank you.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-13T20:21:44.423",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"owner_user_id": "15746",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"kanji",
"readings",
"names"
],
"title": "What is correct reading for 舞桜",
"view_count": 299
} | [
{
"body": "舞桜 could indeed be a given name for girls. It's listed as such in jisho.org:\nyou should search for `舞桜 #names`. jisho.org gives lots of readings; I would\nhave guessed まお, but the other readings are probably someone's name, too.\n\n> まう 【舞桜】 \n> Female given name \n> 1. Mau\n>\n> まよ 【舞桜】 \n> Female given name \n> 1. Mayo\n>\n> まおう 【舞桜】 \n> Female given name \n> 1. Maou\n>\n> まお 【舞桜】 \n> Female given name \n> 1. Mao\n>\n> まいさくら 【舞桜】 \n> Female given name \n> 1. Maisakura\n>\n> まいざくら 【舞桜】 \n> Female given name \n> 1. Maizakura\n>\n> まあさ 【舞桜】 \n> Female given name \n> 1. Maasa",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-13T21:03:03.157",
"id": "35897",
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| 35896 | 35897 | 35897 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35901",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "According to Wikipedia:\n\n> 中つ国（なかつくに）とは中間の国、中央の国を意味し、「つ」は現代語の「の」に相当する。中津国、中国とも書く。\n\nI looked for 津 in a dictionary but it seems to be an 当て字 so I did not get new\ninformation. But I can't get why の was not used in place of つ (since つ and の\nseems to be equivalent here). Indeed, の is a very old word, why つ has been\npreferred? What are the nuances that つ conveys and の does not?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T03:01:59.343",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35900",
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"owner_user_id": "4216",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"archaic-language",
"old-japanese"
],
"title": "What is つ in 中つ国 and why is it equivalent to の?",
"view_count": 170
} | [
{
"body": "つ is just an [older version of the particle\nの](http://kobun.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%A4). Its use here, assuming that you\nare referring to Tolkien's Middle-earth, is literary and adds an older and\nmore mystical flavor in the same way that using a lot of older words of\nEnglish origin might.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T03:35:42.483",
"id": "35901",
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| 35900 | 35901 | 35901 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35903",
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"body": "Here is the context including the word. I put the blank spaces according to\nthe column line breaks.\n\n> なんでえ 大の男が まっぴるまから 酒くらって **のたのたして** よう\n\nFor this word, I have no clue to guess at all what it should really mean.",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T04:08:45.693",
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"id": "35902",
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 8,
"tags": [
"words",
"manga",
"onomatopoeia"
],
"title": "What does the word 「のたのたして」mean?",
"view_count": 2961
} | [
{
"body": "> 「なんでえ 大{だい}の男{おとこ}が まっぴるまから 酒{さけ}くらって **のたのたして** よう」\n\n「のたのたする」 is a colloquial expression meaning \" ** _to wander around idly_** \",\n\" ** _to act in a highly unproductive manner_** \", etc.\n\nIt is in the \"famous\" verb pattern 「 **onomatopoeia + する** 」.\n\n> **_\"What the heck! A big man (= grown man) drinking like a fish and\n> wandering around idly under the broad daylight!\"_**\n\nThe entire line is in the quintessential Kanto masculine colloquial speech.\n\n「まっぴるま」＝「真っ昼間」 Note it is 「ぴ」(pi), not 「ひ」.\n\n「なんでえ」＝「なんだよ」",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T04:25:15.510",
"id": "35903",
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},
{
"body": "\"のたのたする\" is a colloquial expression of \"[無為]{むい}に過ごす / [怠惰]{たいだ}に過ごす\" meaning\n\"to idle one's time away\" as well as \"のらくらする.\"\n\nのたのた、のらくら、のろのろ, all are a sort of onomatopoeic expression depicting laziness,\ninactiveness and slowness.\n\nWe use ”のたのた” and \"のたのたする\" in such a way as:\n\n> この忙しい時に **のたのたして** るんじゃねえよ - Don't be idle in such a busy time.\n>\n> 今頃になって彼が **のたのた** やってきた - He came nonchalantly so late at this time.\n>\n> [何時]{いつ}までも **のたのた** 喋くってんじゃねえ - Stop talking. I'm sick of hearing your\n> lengthy and meaningless story.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T12:40:11.620",
"id": "35917",
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"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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},
{
"body": "Here is what the Dictionary of Iconic Expressions says, on pages 833-834:\n\n**nota-nota**\n\nM: The manner of moving slowly and heavily.\n\n**nota-nota (to)**\n\n(1) お腹がふくれてくると、普通だったらマタニティドレスにペタ靴で、お腹をつき出してノタノタ歩きますけれど […]。\n\n_Onaka ga fukurete-kuru to, futsuu da'tara mataniti:-doresu ni peta-gutsu de,\nonaka o tsuki-dashite_ nota-nota aruki-masu _keredo [...]._\n\nWhen one's belly starts getting big, one normally wears maternity dresses and\nflat shoes, and _walks along ponderously_ with one's stomach sticking out, but\n[...].\n\n[Yoko Kirishima, \"Habataku On-na e!\" in _On-na ga Habataku Toki: Ai, Jiyuu,\nTabi no No:to_ , p.116, Kd. 1982]\n\n(2) あっちからのたのた走って来るのは西武線。あ、あれ冷房車だ。\n\n_A'chi kara_ nota-nota hashi'te-kuru _no wa Seibu-sen. A, are reiboo-sha da._\n\nThe train _pulling slowly in_ from over there belongs to the Seibu line. Look!\nThat's the air-conditioned car.\n\n[Mokoto Arai, \"Uchuu-gyo Ten-matsu-ki in _Guri:n Rekuiemu_ , p.143, Ko. 1983]\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/m0VUo.png)",
"comment_count": 2,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T14:07:29.350",
"id": "35923",
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}
]
| 35902 | 35903 | 35903 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35905",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "When I search meaning, both 原因 and 要因 mean **cause**.\n\n解析 and 分析 mean **analysis**.\n\nBut I think there will be little different meaning.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T05:01:50.073",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35904",
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"owner_user_id": "15747",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"word-usage"
],
"title": "What is the difference between 原因 and 要因, 解析 and 分析?",
"view_count": 645
} | [
{
"body": "From my personal experience,\n\n**「原因」** is like a general cause, perhaps one of many.\n\n```\n\n 「原因は結果の反対語である」 - \"The cause is the opposite of the result\"\n \n```\n\n**「要因」** is the primary cause.\n\n```\n\n 「他の原因はたくさんあったのですが、飲酒運転が要因だったようです。」 \n - \"Though there were many other factors, drunk driving seems to have been the primary cause\"\n \n```\n\n**「解析」** is a word for the process of developing a logical theory about how\nsomething works or how or why something happened by analyzing the information\nalready available, like when you analyze statistics.\n\n```\n\n 「経済を解析するプロジェクト」 - \"a project to analyze the economy\"\n \n```\n\n**「分析」** is a general word for breaking something up and analyzing its parts\nto get more information about it, like you might analyze a meteorite.\n\n```\n\n 「事故の原因はまだ分析しなければなりません」 \n - \"(We) still need to analyze the causes of the accident\"\n \n```",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T05:45:57.110",
"id": "35905",
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| 35904 | 35905 | 35905 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35911",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Recall that はず can follow\n\n * a noun followed by の\n * a verb in plain form\n * i adjective\n * na adjective followed by な for the present tense\n\nand considering the following sentence,\n\n> 十年前は小学生だったが、友達の子供はもう大学 **ぐらいのはず** だ。\n\nぐらい seems to be a noun.\n\nWhy do we need の between ぐらい and はず ?",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T08:51:56.827",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35910",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-14T10:11:30.707",
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"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Is the word ぐらい a noun? Why do we need の between ぐらい and はず?",
"view_count": 398
} | [
{
"body": "According to [this dictionary\nentry](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/63287/meaning/m0u/%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%81%84/),\n**くらい as used in your example sentence is a 副助詞 (adverbial particle)**. It can\n\"attach\" to a 名詞 (noun) to form an adverb 副詞. Adverbs tend to have \"case by\ncase\" grammar. It can sometimes be spelled/pronounced ぐらい.\n\n* * *\n\n**For your example** , we probably need to look at 大学 as well:\n\n> 大学ぐらいのはずだ\n\nOne way to parse this is that ぐらい is a \"branch\", that is, \"parallel\" (not\nsequential) to の. In other words, の doesn't attach to ぐらい, rather **both ぐらい\nand の attach to 大学**. This is not so strange if you think of ぐらい as a\nparticle, since **stacked/parallel particles occur frequently in Japanese**.\nThus, in this case, ぐらい is largely \"outside\" the main \"parse sequence\", once\nit attaches to 大学 it is done. Note that if you remove ぐらい, you get 大学のはずだ\nwhich is grammatical.\n\n* * *\n\n**Aside:** くらい vs ぐらい: According to [this\npost](http://oshiete.goo.ne.jp/qa/2203450.html), usually: \n1) Uninflected words (eg most nouns) use ぐらい. (eg １０分ぐらい, １０歳ぐらい) \n2) あそこど use くらい (eg このくらい, どのくらい) \n3) With inflected words and adverbs ぐらい is common but くらい is also okay.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T09:06:20.183",
"id": "35911",
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| 35910 | 35911 | 35911 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35913",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "例えば： \n１．子供のとき、コーヒーをはじめて飲みました。 \n２．子供のとき、コーヒーを飲んではじめました。 \n\nI think both mean \"When I was a child, I started/tried to drink coffee.\"\n\nAnd how do I say \"I drink coffee for the first time\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T10:05:22.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35912",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-15T04:59:28.350",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-15T04:59:28.350",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11132",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"aspect"
],
"title": "What is the difference between Vてはじめる and はじめてV meaning?",
"view_count": 1023
} | [
{
"body": "[初]{はじ}めてする means _I do for the first time_. しはじめる means _I start to do_.\n\nしはじめる implies that you are doing that now.\n\nSo, sentence 1 is \"I drank coffee for the first time\" and 2 is \"I started to\ndrink coffee.\"\n\nIn addition, 飲んではじめました is unnatural. 飲みはじめました is natural.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T10:39:11.080",
"id": "35913",
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"score": 6
}
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| 35912 | 35913 | 35913 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35915",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> サッカー と やきゅう と どちらが おもしろいですか。\n>\n> ....サッカーの ほうが おもしろいです。\n\nWhat is the meaning of the answer here?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T10:49:35.723",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35914",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-14T11:05:39.347",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-14T10:57:10.063",
"last_editor_user_id": "11104",
"owner_user_id": "12049",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 7,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"particles"
],
"title": "What does 「～の ほうが」 mean in this sentence?",
"view_count": 5871
} | [
{
"body": "It means that \"soccer is (the) more interesting (of the two)\".\n\nYou can use AよりBのほうがおもしろい to say that \"B is more interesting than A\". In other\nwords, より marks the thing that is \"less interesting\" and ほうが marks the thing\nthat is \"more interesting\". Note that either the より phrase or the ほうが phrase\ncan be omitted and left implicit. In this case, that is what happened to より,\nlike this:\n\n> （やきゅう より） サッカー の ほうが おもしろいです\n\nYou can substitute other things for おもしろい.\n\nわたし より たなか さん の ほうが せがたかい です \nTanaka-san is taller than me.\n\nPlease see [this page of Tae Kim's\nGuide](http://www.guidetojapanese.org/learn/grammar/comparison) for more\ninformation.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T10:59:35.050",
"id": "35915",
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"owner_user_id": "14598",
"parent_id": "35914",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 9
}
]
| 35914 | 35915 | 35915 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35930",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> わたしは くにで ５しゅうかん 日本語 を べんきょうしました。\n>\n> わたしは くにで 日本語 を ５しゅうかん べんきょうしました。\n\nI have seen sentence in this two orders. Which is more appropriate?",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T12:17:48.810",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35916",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-15T04:18:02.797",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-14T15:36:11.820",
"last_editor_user_id": "78",
"owner_user_id": "12049",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"word-order"
],
"title": "「５しゅうかん 日本語 を べんきょうしました」or 「日本語 を ５しゅうかん べんきょうしました」",
"view_count": 735
} | [
{
"body": "Both are same, you can choose as you like.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T13:50:18.507",
"id": "35922",
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"body": "From my personal experience,\n\nI would say that it depends on the circumstance... \nIt's probably pretty rare in daily life that that much specific information\nwould ever occur in one sentence.\n\nUsually there would be more than enough context to be able to avoid saying\n\n 1. **what you did** （study Japanese）, \n 2. **where you did it** (in your home country) and\n 3. **for how long** (5 weeks) and then \n 4. **emphasizing that it was you** （わたしは）\n\nall in one utterance.\n\nHere's an example of where it might happen though...\n\nThe teacher says:\n\n```\n\n [皆]{みな}さんバケーションをどのように[過]{す}ごしましたか？ボブは？\n - How did you all spend your vacations? How about you Bob?\n \n```\n\nBob says:\n\n```\n\n あっ、えぇと．．．[九州]{きゅうしゅう}へ[行]{い}ってボランティアしました。\n - Ummm, I went to Kyushu and did some volunteer work. \n \n```\n\nThen Sue says:\n\n```\n\n あたしは[香港]{ほんこん}で[買]{か}い[物]{もの}してた！[広東語]{かんとんご}もちょっと[勉強]{べんきょう}しました。\n - I went shopping in Hong Kong! And I studied a little bit of Cantonese.\n \n```\n\nYou might say:\n\n> [僕]{ぼく}は[故郷]{ふるさと}に[帰]{かえ}って日本語を **３[週間]{しゅうかん}** [勉強]{べんきょう}していました。\n>\n> * I went back home and studied Japanese **for 3 weeks**.\n>\n\nOR\n\n> 僕は[故郷]{ふるさと}に帰って **３週間** 日本語を勉強していました。\n>\n> * I went back home and **for 3 weeks** I studied Japanese .\n>\n\nThis one sounds a little repetitive in English, just because we have to repeat\n\"I\"... Doesn't sound that way in Japanese.\n\nOR\n\n> 僕は **３週間** [故郷]{ふるさと}に帰って日本語を勉強していました。\n>\n> * I went back home **for 3 weeks** and studied Japanese.\n>\n\nOR\n\n> **３週間** 僕は[故郷]{ふるさと}に帰って日本語を勉強していました。\n>\n> * **For 3 weeks** I went back home and studied Japanese.\n>\n\nThis last one sounds like your over-emphasizing the fact that you were there\nfor 3 whole weeks, so it would be a little out of place in this context.\n\nLong story short, 3週間 **日本語** を勉強しました and 日本語を **3週間** 勉強しました, are\ngrammatically equivalent.",
"comment_count": 2,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T02:47:20.403",
"id": "35930",
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{
"body": "They're pretty similar; no one would bat an eye if you swapped them most of\nthe time. However there is a slight difference in that there's an implied\nemphasis or contrast on the beginning of a sentence. So you'd be more likely\nto use the first in talking about what you did at different times: For five\nweeks, I studied Japanese [and then...] vs. maybe using the second to contrast\nwith a different language: I studied Japanese for five weeks [but my Spanish\nis better.]\n\nAlso, yeah, the sentences as you abbreviated then for your question title are\nmuch more conversational than the full text, but that's also not something you\nreally need to worry about as a beginner.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T04:06:23.640",
"id": "35933",
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| 35916 | 35930 | 35922 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35920",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "Why is this を and not に to indicate moving in a direction?\n\n```\n\n 今日は天気がいいから家を出ます\n \n```\n\nUnless this example is wrong? But it is from JapanesePod101",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T12:49:45.693",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35919",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-15T11:03:10.157",
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"owner_user_id": "4071",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-に",
"particle-を"
],
"title": "家を出ます ? Why not に?",
"view_count": 2805
} | [
{
"body": "出る is not a normal motion verb.\n\n> Xに出る\n\nmeans to participate in X.\n\nFor example, カタン大会に出る would mean to participate in a Settlers of Catan\ntournament.\n\n> を出る\n\nmeans to leave a place. see [Differences between 出るand 去る when expressing\nsomeone\nleaving](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/5645/differences-\nbetween-%E5%87%BA%E3%82%8Band-%E5%8E%BB%E3%82%8B-when-expressing-someone-\nleaving)\n\n[Why does 出る accepts を although it is an intransitive\nverb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/21313/why-\ndoes-%E5%87%BA%E3%82%8B-accepts-%E3%82%92-although-it-is-an-intransitive-\nverb/21321#21321)",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T13:03:49.187",
"id": "35920",
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"score": 7
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{
"body": "Because it is not moving \"in\" a direction. It is moving \"from\" somewhere,\nsince I suppose someone is going out \"from\" the house.\n\nIn general 出る follows either を or から. There are cases in which you are\nactually referring to \"going out towards some place/situation\" in a more\nfigurative way or with the meaning of \"to participate\" in which you can\nactually use \"に\". For example:旅に出る, or 社会へ出る, and others.\n\nBy the way, your example feels a bit weird to me, as I would rather say:\n今日は天気が良いから、家を出る。I feel there is a missing connection between 良い and the next\nsentence 家を出る. Maybe even just changing to 良くて would be enough.\n\nAnyway, you can find a detailed explanation on 出る\n[here](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/152769/meaning/m0u/) and some\nexplanations and example on when to use を or から\n[here](http://www.alc.co.jp/jpn/article/faq/03/221.html) (for example there is\na difference whether you are talking of a concrete movement or not and so on).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-14T13:18:25.560",
"id": "35921",
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| 35919 | 35920 | 35920 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
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"body": "Yes, I do mean Madori and not Midori. I was told by my mother that it means\n'angel of the sky.' I haven't found anything on this, however. In my research,\nI only found that it could be a variation of Midori and would therefore have\nthe same meaning, but even that was only a guess.\n\nDoes anyone have any idea what my name could mean or was it just made up? I\nhave come across many people with Madori as a last name, but never a first.\nAny help would be appreciated,thank you!",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T17:34:36.747",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35924",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-14T17:41:43.977",
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"owner_user_id": "15758",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"meaning",
"names"
],
"title": "Is the name Madori Japanese?",
"view_count": 1566
} | [
{
"body": "I've never heard of the name _Madori_ , but according to some Japanese baby\nnames websites (e.g.\n[1](https://namejiten.com/%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%90/%E3%81%BE/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8A),\n[2](http://www.baby-name.jp/name134/134456.php)) it can be a Japanese female\ngiven name. A(n incomplete) list of various _kanji_ representations is given\nin the [ENAMDICT\ndatabase](http://jisho.org/search/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8A%20%23names) (via\njisho.org).\n\nIn any case, given the rōmaji transcription of a Japanese name (e.g. \"Madori\")\nit's usually impossible to say whether a \"meaning\" is correct. This is because\nnames can be written with many different _kanji_ (Chinese characters) and\nthese determine the \"meaning\".\n\n(Sometimes parts of the name are standard, which makes it possible to [make a\nreasonable guess](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/44536/1628) on its\nmeaning. For example, _-ko_ in _Akiko_ , _Mariko_ , _Yōko_ , etc. should be 子\n\"child\".)\n\nSome names also use _kanji_ , which are likely used for sound rather than\nmeaning:\n\n> 麻都梨\n\nThis is likely a phonetic _kanji_ representation of _Madori_ , the individual\ncharacters meaning \"hemp\", \"metropolis\" and \"Japanese pear\".\n\nOthers, like 万鳥 \"a thousand birds\" (actually 10,000), are probably intended to\ncarry more meaning.\n\nI don't know which characters were used to derive the meaning \"angel of the\nsky\"; I can't even make a far-fetched guess. In any case, without the _kanji_\nrepresentation, it's not possible to say anything definitive about the\n\"meaning\" of a name.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-14T18:11:57.070",
"id": "35925",
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| 35924 | null | 35925 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "What's the difference between\n\n> きのう、いちじかんほんをよみました。\n\nand\n\n> きのう、いちじかんほんをよんでいました。\n\n?\n\nWhat would be the equivalent English translations for the two sentences?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T02:00:35.773",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35927",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-15T04:02:21.063",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "13645",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"て-form",
"tense",
"aspect"
],
"title": "Using -ている form in the past tense",
"view_count": 428
} | [
{
"body": "With action verbs like 読む{よむ} the -ている form becomes -ing in English.\n\n> 昨日{きのう}、一{いち}時間{じかん}本{ほん}を読み{よみ}ました。 \n> I read a book for one hour yesterday. \n> 昨日{きのう}、一{いち}時間{じかん}本{ほん}を読{よ}んでいました。 \n> I was reading a book for one hour yesterday.",
"comment_count": 6,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-15T07:16:30.997",
"id": "35937",
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| 35927 | null | 35937 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35935",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "In my textbook, it says the translation of \"Roberto said it was interesting\"\nto be\n\n> Robert-さんはおもしろかったといっていました.\n\nSince we quote the person in the same tense they used, does this imply that\nRobert thought it was interesting, and that it is no longer interesting?\n\nIf Robert still thinks it's interesting, would this make more sense?\n\n> Robert-さんはおもしろいといっていました.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T02:39:49.837",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35929",
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"owner_user_id": "13645",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"tense",
"quotes"
],
"title": "Use of past tense in quoting others",
"view_count": 213
} | [
{
"body": "I think this is a bit tricky. In short: you are getting it right, but in this\nparticular example he doesn't necessarily think it is no longer interesting:\nhis comment was probably made on something that had finished earlier.\n\nThere's no tense agreement in Japanese, so we can think of these two pairs\n\n> Robert さんはおもしろいといっています。 -> Robert さんはおもしろいといっていました。\n>\n> Robert さんはおもしろかったといっています。 -> Robert さんはおもしろかったといっていました。\n\nand your observations are justified. (\"Robertさんはケーキを[食]{た}べたかったといっていました\" means\nhe said he had wanted to eat cake [before the time of his remark], and\n\"ケーキを食べたいといっていました\" means he said he wanted.)\n\nHowever, the expression \"おもしろかった\" rarely means that _'[sb] thought it was\ninteresting but no longer'_. Rather, the phrase is more like _[sb] enjoyed it\nbeing interesting/funny/entertaining_. Like, after finishing a book, we'll\nexclaim \"ああ、おもしろかった！\". So if what _\" it\"_ in the example refers to took place\nearlier, we can safely interpret おもしろかった as \"he enjoyed it\".\n\nLet's add some context. Let's pretend our Robert is a student, and he\ncommented about some lectures.\n\n> Robert さんはその[授業]{じゅぎょう}がおもしろかったといっていました\n\nHe enjoyed the class, and said it had been interesting after it's finished.\n\n> Robert さんはその授業がおもしろいといっていました\n\nHis comment was most likely made during the class or mid-term.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-15T06:50:34.103",
"id": "35935",
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| 35929 | 35935 | 35935 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 0,
"body": "Here is the context including the word.\n\n> なにが なんでも たたきのめさにゃ **気のすまぬ** 男が俺の眼のまえに立ちはだかったんだ。\n\nI found a word 「気がすまない」 in an online dictionary which gives the meaning of it\nas 'not to be able to settle down (if something is not done)'. I'm not sure\nthat particle 「の」 in the word would make its meaning differs from the one\nusing particle 「が」 instead.\n\nIf their meanings are similar, could I translate the whole context like the\nfollowing sentence?\n\n> There was a guy who blocked my way that I must desperately to beat him down,\n> whatever it takes.",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T03:01:51.360",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35932",
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"owner_user_id": "9559",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"translation",
"words",
"particle-の",
"particle-が",
"manga"
],
"title": "What is the meaning of 「気のすまぬ」?",
"view_count": 138
} | []
| 35932 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35936",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "I want to exaggerate [my previous\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/31024/11192) by nesting one\nmore causative action. Assume that there are a policeman, a girl with her dog,\nand a snatcher on the street. The dog belongs to the girl.\n\n# Question\n\nHow do I express the following sentence in Japanese? Is my sentence below\ncorrect?\n\n> I want the policeman to make the girl make her dog bite the snatcher.\n>\n> ひったくりを犬に噛みつかせる\n>\n> ------- ことを女の子にさせて\n>\n> ------------ ほしい警察官に私は。",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T05:44:55.053",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35934",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-15T06:57:20.627",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.740",
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"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"causation"
],
"title": "How to use nested causative?",
"view_count": 294
} | [
{
"body": "Nesting ～させる is not really common:\n\n> * (1) 少女は犬をひったくりに噛みつかせる。 (OK, simple)\n> * (2) (?) 警察官は少女に犬をひったくりに噛みつかせさせる。 (may not be wrong, but very hard to\n> understand)\n> * (3) (*) 私は警察官に少女に犬をひったくりに噛みつかせさせさせたい。 (almost gibberish)\n>\n\nAn easy and natural way is to use **～するよう(に)** (≒\"so that ～\") and say like\nthis:\n\n> * (4) 少女が犬をひったくりに噛みつかせるよう、警察官に言わせたい。\n> * (5) 私は警察官に、少女に犬をひったくりに噛みつかせるよう言ってほしい。\n> * (6) 少女の犬がひったくりに噛みつくよう、警察官に言って欲しい。 \n> (using no causative せる/させる at all. It's obvious that 警察官 is saying\n> something not the 犬 but to the 少女, so this should be enough)\n>\n\nIt's much harder for me to translate this without using よう.\n\n> * (7) (?) 私は警察官に、少女に犬にひったくりを噛みつかせさせて欲しい。 \n> (using (2) above, but even harder to understand)\n> * (8) (?) 私は警察官に、少女に犬にひったくりを噛みつかせることをさせて欲しい。\n>\n\nThe last one is the closest to your translation attempt, but ～ことをさせる isn't not\ncommon in the first place.\n\nNote that [～て欲しい can be used only for the speaker's own\ndesire](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/2524/5010).",
"comment_count": 2,
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| 35934 | 35936 | 35936 |
{
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"body": "I just had my first karate lesson and was puzzled. When the instructor wanted\nus to start or stop he would say はじめ and やめ. I would have expected to hear\nはじめろ or はじめて for example.\n\nIs it proper grammar to make an imperative from the masu stem or is this just\na quirk of karate teachers?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T07:30:19.150",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35938",
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"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "7944",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"imperatives"
],
"title": "Imperative with masu stem",
"view_count": 125
} | []
| 35938 | null | null |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35940",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> **遠坂にそんな高価な品を貢がせる悪しき男** はあたしが天に代わって誅罰を下してくれるわー！キエー！」\n\n【貢がせる女、貢ぐ男】 \n1. 思わせぶりな態度で男に貢がせようとする女のこと。 \n2. セックスのために売春婦に金を払う男、または付き合うために女に貢ぐ男。 \n\nThe evil man who is tricking Tohsaka with precious goods. \nIs this correct?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-15T08:35:38.587",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35939",
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"owner_user_id": "11352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation"
],
"title": "貢がせる verb and its usage",
"view_count": 175
} | [
{
"body": "No, it's the other way around. The sentence says \"the evil man who makes\nTohsaka present expensive things to him.\" It's Tohsaka who is buying goods.\n\n貢ぐ is a transitive verb which means _to present/offer_ (to a king/emperor/etc,\nas a tribute). As a slang term, it's commonly used in the form of `person +\nに貢ぐ`, and means to keep supplying gifts/money/etc (to attract attention of\nsomeone whom they like).",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-15T09:00:09.137",
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| 35939 | 35940 | 35940 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35944",
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"body": "If I wanted to say \"The teacher who made the kids write a letter to their\nfriend in the hospital\", how should I write it?\n\nAre 2 にs ok in the same sentence? \nWould 病院にいる友達に子供に手紙を書かせた先生。be acceptable?\n\nIf there are no particles, how should I interpret a causative like 書かせた人\n\nWould it be\n\n 1. The person who made someone else write\n 2. The person who was made to write by someone",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"causation"
],
"title": "Questions about causative constructions",
"view_count": 150
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{
"body": "This sentence would be at least understandable if you change the word order\nand write like this:\n\n> 子供に病院にいる友達に手紙を書かせた先生\n\nIt's because this sentence will be parsed like this (with \"nesting\"):\n\n> [子供に[病院にいる友達に手紙を書か]せた]先生\n\nThe \"病院にいる友達に手紙を書く\" part should be written as one verbal phrase because that's\nthe action the child has to take.\n\nThis question is more or less similar: [Multiple \"wo\"s in a\nsentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23261/5010)\n\n* * *\n\nThat said, it would be much better if you can avoid multiple に's like this.\nMultiple に both marking a person is hard for even native speakers to\nunderstand. The simplest way to fix this is using へ instead.\n\n> * 子供に病院にいる友達 **へ** 手紙を書かせた先生\n> * 子供に病院にいる友達 **への** 手紙を書かせた先生\n> * 病院にいる友達 **への** 手紙を子供に書かせた先生 \n> (This is okay, as @優しいエイリアン suggested, because への modifies 手紙, and\n> 病院にいる友達への手紙 is one noun phrase)\n> * [*] 病院にいる友達へ手紙を子供に書かせた先生 ( **wrong** ) \n> (Can you see why this is wrong? へ modifies the verb 書く. The \"nest\"\n> structure will be broken if you write like this)\n>\n\n* * *\n\nAnd I see nothing wrong with sentences like this:\n\n> * 子供に夜にお菓子を食べさせるのは良くない。\n> * 夜に子供にお菓子を食べさせるのは良くない。\n> * 夜にお菓子を子供に食べさせるのは良くない。 \n> (uncommon word order, but perfectly makes sense)\n>",
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| 35941 | 35944 | 35944 |
{
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"body": "On the road outside my daughter's nursery is painted 保育園アリ. I guess this is a\nform of ある, but what's it called, and why is あり used not ある？",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs",
"classical-japanese"
],
"title": "What form is あり?",
"view_count": 8228
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{
"body": "The old 終止形 of ある was あり. That means that you could end sentences with あり.\n\nNowadays, あり is to be considered as the antonym of なし.\n\n> 保育園あり -- There is a nursery \n> 保育園なし -- There is no nursery",
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"body": "Just want to add to @永劫回帰's answer, which is a good one explaining the origin\nof the verb form 「あり」.\n\n_**Prose/Composition Grammar vs. Other Sets of Grammar:**_\n\nWhile a sentence like 「[保育園]{ほいくえん} **が** ある。」 or 「保育園 **が** あります。」 is just\nperfect if used in prose or compositions. Those contain not a single sign of\nwordiness or unnaturalness in them. After all, each sentence consists only of\na couple of words.\n\nIf a Japanese-speaker (such as myself) saw a _**road sign**_ that reads\n「保育園がある (or あります)」, it would sound far more weird than Japanese-learners might\nimagine. It is wordy and very unnatural.\n\nIn English-speaking countries, one will see a street sign like this, right?\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/vdRbo.gif)\n\nBut I will probably not see a sign that reads \" _ **There will be bumps ahead\nof you**_.\", will I?\n\nThe same thing happens in Japanese. You will see a simple, two-word sign like\nthis one below.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/P81bq.png)\n\nSaying 「段差があります。」 is just too unnecessarily long. The particle 「が」, too, only\nhelps the sign sound prose-like.\n\nSo, the sign 「保育園アリ」, in just two words, gives the drivers enough information\nabout how carefully they must drive in that neighborhood. If you have to read\nsomething while driving, the shorter the better as long as the meaning is\nclear.\n\n(Another excellent example is newspaper headline grammar. Headlines will look\nweird or even incorrect if one applied the prose/composition grammar.)",
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{
"body": "“あり” is a 終止形 of “ある,” the same as “なし” and “ない” as mentioned by 永劫回帰. It can\nbe compared with the English pair of words “Yes (we have)” and “No (we don’t\nhave)”.\n\nThe 漢語 version of “あり・なし” is “有・無”, both of which are commonly used.\n\nHere are some examples:\n\n * 雀斑【そばかす】あり – having freckles\n\n * 欠点【けってん】あり（の商品） – (a product) with a flaw\n\n * 曰【いわく】あり – have something with a secret behind\n\n * 異議【いぎ】あり! – I have an objection. / Objection! Opposite: 異議なし!\n\n * 勝負【しょうぶ】あり – The game is set. / Opposite: 勝負なし\n\n * 後車{こうしゃ}あり - There's a car following us. / Opposite: 後車なし.\n\n * 注意【ちゅうい】！道路【どうろ】に陥没【かんぼつ】あり – Attention! There is a hole in the pavement.\n\n * 理由【りゆう】の有無【うむ】を問わず – regardless (presence or non-presence) of reasons.\n\n * 存在【そんざい】の有無【うむ】 – presence or non-presence\n\n * 出欠【しゅっけつ】の有無【うむ】（可否【かひ】）をお知らせください – Please let us know if you can attend or not.",
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| 35942 | 35943 | 35945 |
{
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"body": "What are the differences between A and B? I think both mean almost the same\nthing.\n\n> I often went to various places once I had bought a new car.\n>\n> A: 新しい車を買ったばかりのころは、よくいろいろな所へ **行った** 。\n>\n> B: 新しい車を買ったばかりのころは、よくいろいろな所へ **出かけた** 。",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"word-choice"
],
"title": "What are the differences between 出かける and 行く?",
"view_count": 537
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{
"body": "Similar questions have been asked before, although they may not answer your\nquestion completely. Anyway, please read them first:\n\n * [proper usage of 出かける](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25988/)\n * [Using 出る as opposed to 出かける](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/33225/)\n\nNow you understand the cases where 出かける is absolutely wrong. If you won't go\nback, or if you go to somewhere against your will, 出かける cannot be used.\n\nBut in your example, the speaker went out somewhere on his own will, and he\nwas going to return home eventually. So are Sentence A and B completely\ninterchangeable? Well, I feel there is a small difference, but it's very\nsmall.\n\n出かける is basically for relatively short and casual outings. If I hear\nよくいろいろな所へ出かけた, I would imagine the speaker used his car a lot, but mostly for\ngoing to places within a few hours distance from his home. (Actually, some\npeople may use 出かける when they go to places hundreds of miles away from their\nhome. It probably depends on how casual the speaker thinks the outing is.)\n\nOn the other hand, 行く has broader sense. If I hear よくいろいろな所へ行った, I would\nimagine the speaker traveled to various places, including those which are far\naway from his home.",
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| 35946 | 35947 | 35947 |
{
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"body": "にしても and としても...Don't they both have a meaning of \"even if\"? Is there any\nsubtle difference between these two forms?",
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"grammar",
"nuances"
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"title": "にしても and としても, is there a difference?",
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{
"body": "This is a good question, I personally think. If you google it in Japanese,\neven Japanese are confused too and I also haven't paid any particular\nattention to when to use them.\n\nGranted, **[this site](http://www.ravco.jp/cat/view.php?cat_id=4784)**\nexplains as follows.\n\nAbout にしても\n\n> ＊ A, if not B「たとえBではないにしてもA」：AとBの位置に同じ種類の語句を置き、A, if not B の形で使われる if は even\n> if の意味を持ち、「たとえBではないにしてもA」（もしかしたらBかもしれない）という状況を表します。\n>\n> _A if not B_ type 「たとえBではないにしてもA」：Placing same quality ( quantity? kind? )\n> of things at the positions of A and B respectively. The \"if\" used in \" A if\n> not B type \" means \"even if\" and in Japanese it is 「たとえBではないにしてもA」,\n> **expressing the situation \"it is A but maybe it could be B\".**\n\nとしても\n\nFrom the link\n\n> 「それで命を落としたとしても私はそれをやります」\n>\n> I will do it even if I may die to do it.\n\nExpressing in English \"even if\".\n\nFor example,\n\nMy examples are...\n\n> AにしてもBにしても同類｛どうるい｝だよ。\n>\n> The person A and B are same kind after all, I think.\n>\n> 私はクビになったとしてもこれを言わねばなりません。\n>\n> I must say this even if I might be laid of by saying this.\n\nSo in short, にしても does not have strong nuance of \"even if\".",
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"body": "## There is some overlapping meaning. There are also some differences.\n\nI think you may be touching on the deeper subject of the differences between に\nand と.\n\nComparing the definitions of に and と shows that they can both be used to refer\nto the **result（結果）** of something. に shows the result of _becoming_ (dynamic)\nand と shows the result of _being_ (stative).\n\nAccording to the 大辞林, the **に** in にしても is a form of the word なり which is a\ncontraction of にあり and **is related to なる**.\n\nThe **と** in としても is a form of the word たり which is a contraction of てあり,\nshowing completed action and **is related to である**.\n\n```\n\n にしても ⇒ になるとしても ⇒ になっても\n としても ⇒ であるとしても ⇒ であっても\n \n```\n\n> **にしても** implies **\"even when\"** something _becomes_ the case\n>\n> **としても** implies **\"even if\"** something _is_ the case or **\"even as\"** ,\n> **\"even for\"**.\n\nObviously there is some overlap in English as well between \"even when\" and\n\"even if\" and I think that this generally agrees with the overlap in Japanese\nbetween にしても and としても.\n\nSo let's compare two sentences:\n\n> **赤としても黒としても** ．．．事実は変わらない\n```\n\n （赤であっても黒であっても）\n \n```\n\nYou could think of this as \"even if it's red, even if it's black\", which in\ncontext might give you something like this:\n\n * \"Whether it's red or black won't change the facts\" \n\nOr you could think of it as \"even as red, even as black\"...\n\n * \"Even as red or black, it wouldn't change the facts\"\n\nOr you could think of it as \"even for red, even for black\"...\n\n * \"The facts aren't going to change for red or black\"\n\n> **赤にしても黒にしても** ．．．事実は変わらない\n```\n\n （赤になっても黒になっても）\n \n```\n\nThis could be thought of as \"even when it's red, even when it's black\".\n\nIn context, maybe something like this:\n\n * \"The facts won't change whether we make it red or black\"\n\nOr you could think of it as \"even for red, even for black\"...\n\n * \"The facts won't change for red or black\"\n\nHowever, using にしても I think it's difficult to get the meaning \"even as\"\nbecause while として implies taking on a role _as_ something （医者として - \" _as a\ndoctor_ \"）, にして can't really fully express the idea of taking on a role.\n\nJust as a final note, I think using the volitional ～しましょう makes the difference\nbetween に and と a little clearer.\n\n> 赤 **に** しましょう - Let's **make it** red\n>\n> 赤 **と** しましょう - Let's **say that it's** red",
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| 35948 | 35959 | 35959 |
{
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"body": "> 食事に求められるものは多々ある **が**\n> ー栄養バランスだの、しあわせ感だの、心の交流だのーしかしそのなかでもっとも求められているものは、空腹を満たす、一刻もはやく満たす、\n> **ということのはずだ** が、...rant continues \n> There are many things that are desired in a meal **but** , nutritional\n> balance, a happy feeling, a sharing of minds, however among these things the\n> most desired thing is satisfying hunger; satisfying it quickly **ということのはずだ**\n> が...\n\nI'm having trouble understanding the large-scale structure of this sentence.\nWhat exactly is ということのはずだ doing? \nWhat is it that is expected (はず)? How does the が in bold fit into it all? \nAnd why is it not two sentences? There seems to be a natural break at しかし.",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-15T17:59:57.083",
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"tags": [
"grammar"
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"title": "Understanding ということのはずだ in this sentence",
"view_count": 196
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{
"body": "> 「[食事]{しょくじ}に[求]{もと}められるものは[多々]{たた}あるが ー\n> [栄養]{えいよう}バランスだの、しあわせ[感]{かん}だの、[心]{こころ}の[交流]{こうりゅう}だの ー **しかし**\n> 、そのなかでもっとも求められているものは、[空腹]{くうふく}を[満]{み}たす、[一刻]{いっこく}もはやく満たす、 **ということのはずだ**\n> が、...rant continues」\n\nThe structure of this sentence (or rather this part of the sentence as the\nsentence still continues) is:\n\n> General Preface + 3 Examples to Preface + \" ** _but_** \" + Author's Own\n> Opinion\n\nThe 「ことのはずだが」 part, together with 「しかし」, would strongly suggest that the\nauthor's opinion regarding what one should desire in a meal is different from\nwhat the \"general public\" seem to desire in a meal (these days).\n\nThe general public (seem to) want things such as nutritional balance, happy\nfeeling, sharing of minds. etc.\n\nThe auhor/speaker thinks that 'filling one's stomach' as quickly as possible\nis more important than the three examples s/he gives.\n\n> What exactly is ということのはずだ doing? What is it that is expected (はず)?\n\nGrammatically, 「ということのはずだ」 **_nominalizes_** and **_emphasizes_** the verb\nphrase 「空腹を満たす、一刻もはやく満たす」(\"to fill one's stomach and do so as quickly as\npossible\") and **_concludes_** that that needs to be what people should desire\nin a meal.\n\n> How does the が in bold fit into it all?\n\n「が」, in this sentence, just means something like \"and\", and not \"but\". This\nusage is far more common than the beginning learners might think. It is often\na source of misunderstanding for J-learners indeed.\n\n> And why is it not two sentences? There seems to be a natural break at しかし.\n\nIt could easily have been split into two sentences, but some people just\nhabitually write long sentences.\n\nStrictly speaking, however, this is at least **_not_** super-formal writing\n(it is only mildly formal); therefore, one might expect unnecessarily long\nsentences. The use of the rather informal 「だの」 three times, to me, already\nmakes this writing non-super-formal.",
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| 35949 | 35957 | 35957 |
{
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"body": "I've learned that です means something like the state of being, or close to the\n\"be\" verb.\n\nRecently I found the following phrase: 犬がほしいです。 Why does it end with です if I\nam saying that \"I want a dog\"? (the verb is \"want\").",
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"tags": [
"grammar",
"copula"
],
"title": "です after some verbs (ほしいです)",
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{
"body": "## Short answer:\n\nIt's a politeness marker.\n\n* * *\n\n## Long answer:\n\nYou can't think of Japanese in terms of English.\n\nIn the English sentence _I want a dog_ , it's true that _want_ is a verb. But\nin the Japanese sentence 犬{いぬ}がほしいです, the word ほしい is an adjective, not a\nverb. Even though you can express the same basic idea in both languages, the\ngrammar to do so is quite different.\n\n* * *\n\n### Why do we use _be_ with adjectives in English?\n\nIn Standard English, we need a verb like _be_ with nouns and adjectives,\nbecause nouns and adjectives can't form predicates on their own:\n\n> 1a. *She silly. ← ungrammatical \n> 1b. She **is** silly. ← OK\n>\n> 2a. *She a programmer. ← ungrammatical \n> 2b. She **is** a programmer. ← OK\n\nWe need a verb like _be_. Why? It shows tense and subject–verb agreement,\nsomething nouns and adjectives can't do. The basic meaning comes from the noun\nor adjective, but we need _be_ there for grammatical reasons.\n\n* * *\n\n### Adjectives can form predicates in Japanese\n\nIn Japanese, there's no need for a verb like _be_ to show tense on adjectives.\nAdjectives can indicate tense all on their own, using the endings -い and -かった:\n\n> 3a. 美{うつく}し **い** 'is beautiful' \n> 3b. 美{うつく}し **かった** 'was beautiful'\n\nEach of these is a complete predicate on its own without です. However, as\nyou've noticed, people sometimes do add です:\n\n> 4a. 美{うつく}しい **です** 'is beautiful (polite)' \n> 4b. 美{うつく}しかった **です** 'was beautiful (polite)'\n\nIn this case, です doesn't have its usual grammatical function. Instead, it's\nfunctioning as a politeness marker. Note that tense is marked on the adjective\nwith -い or -かった, so です doesn't change form to でした in 4b.\n\nIn other words, the _is_ or _was_ meaning is carried by the -い or -かった ending\non the adjective. The です part serves only to make the predicate polite.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-15T18:58:52.417",
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{
"body": "ほしい isn't a verb, it's an adjective. You can think of it like the English word\n\"wanted\"or \"desired\". So, a ほしいもの is a wanted or desired thing.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-15T21:52:20.720",
"id": "35952",
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| 35950 | 35952 | 35951 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35956",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "This question comes from 新完全マスター文法N2:\n\n```\n\n ( )うちに欲しい物を買っておこう。\n \n 1. お金がある\n 2. 給料をもらう\n 3. お金が残る\n \n```\n\nThe second answer seems pretty obviously incorrect to me, but I'm not sure why\n#1 is correct yet #3 is not. They both seem to have the same meaning. Is there\nsome subtle distinction that allows only #1 to fit here? Does 残る perhaps only\nimply that there is money left short-term? (for example, the difference\nbetween \"there is no money left in my pocket right now\" and \"I'm penniless and\ngoing to lose my home\").",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T00:42:30.313",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35955",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-16T00:51:59.570",
"last_editor_user_id": "10407",
"owner_user_id": "10407",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "Why is あるうちに correct but 残るうちに is not?",
"view_count": 472
} | [
{
"body": "## ある is a verb describing a state. もらう and 残る aren't stative verbs.\n\nThe phrase ～うちに needs to be connected to a stative verb, like いる and then it\nwould make sense.\n\n> 給料{きゅうりょう}をもらって **いる** うちに\n>\n> お金{かね}が残{のこ}って **いる** うちに\n\nFor a comparison in English I think about the difference between hire, fire\nand employ.\n\n```\n\n Hired ⇒ Employed ⇒ Fired\n \n```\n\n 1. When you get hired by a company, that's something that happens once and then its over. _Your hired!_\n 2. Then _you're employed_ by the company, which is a state that you're in for a period of time.\n 3. Then BAM! _You're fired!_ (*cobra hand gesture) This also happens once and your state of employment is over.",
"comment_count": 16,
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"score": 3
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| 35955 | 35956 | 35956 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35965",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "3rd person pronouns (both English and Japanese) and the particle \"は\" have a\ncommonality. For pronouns (jp & eng) antecedent must exist in the\nconversation. An \"antecedent\" is what the pronoun stands in the place of. This\nhas no antecedent:\n\n> **He** went to Japan.\n\nStructurally, the grammar is ok. But, who is **he**? No one knows. There is no\nantecedent. This doesn't really mean anything.\n\n> **Jim** is my co-worker. \n> **He** went to Japan.\n\nSo, \"Jim\" is the antecedent of \"he\". We put \"Jim\" in the universe of\ndiscussion, then we can use \"he\" as his proxy. In Japanese:\n\n> **田中** は私の同僚です。 \n> **彼** は日本へ行った。\n\nThe antecedent of \"彼\" is \"田中\".\n\nSo, 3rd person pronouns can only be used if there is antecedent.\n\nSimilarly, in the \"は\" vs. \"が\" decision, \"が\" is used to mark new information\ninto the universe of the discussion. See, but 3rd person pronouns must already\nbe in the universe of discussion.\n\n**In a sentence that ends in a verb** , could \"が\" ever modify \"彼\" / \"彼女\" and\nhave a sentence that is a _complete thought_?\n\n`虎に彼が食べられた` is not a complete thought. Who is 彼？\n\n田中は私の仲間でした。昨日、虎に彼 **が** 食べられた。<--- this ok? \n田中は私の仲間でした。昨日、虎に彼 **は** 食べられた。<--- or, this ok?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T03:10:28.913",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35958",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"particle-は",
"particle-が",
"pronouns",
"は-and-が"
],
"title": "In a sentence that ends with a verb, when could \"が\" modify a 3rd person pronoun?",
"view_count": 152
} | [
{
"body": "## I THINK SO! Maybe depends on what you mean by complete thought.\n\nProbably sounds better without the pronoun though...\n\n> 田中は私の仲間だった。昨日、虎に食べられた。\n\nBut to answer your question **\"In a sentence that ends in a verb, could \"が\"\never modify \"彼\" / \"彼女\" and have a sentence that is a complete thought?\"...**\n\nI suppose you might hear something like this:\n\n> **田中は** 仲間だった。立派な男だった。今日、我々は友人を失ってしまったのです。 **彼が**\n> トラに喰われてしまったのを初めて聞いたとき、正直、泣きました。彼の為ではなく、トラの為でした。あいつはがりがりで、きっとまずかっただろう。\n\n * **Tanaka** was a colleague. He was a good man. Today, we have lost a friend. When I first heard that **he** had been eaten by a tiger, honestly, I wept. But not for Tanaka, for the tiger. That guy was really skinny. He must have tasted awful.",
"comment_count": 1,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-16T08:30:47.337",
"id": "35964",
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"body": "If you haven't read this question, please check it first: [What's the\ndifference between wa (は) and ga\n(が)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22/5010)\n\nWhether a noun is already in _the universe of discourse_ is very important,\nbut that's not the only thing that determines when to use が or は. There are at\nleast three types of situation where が _must_ be used with 彼 (or more\ngenerally, nouns which are already in the universe of discourse).\n\n 1. When 彼 is in a sub-clause, が must be used instead of は, because は usually marks the topic of the main clause.\n\n> * 田中さんは私の仲間でした。彼 **が** 虎に食べられたのは昨日のことです。\n> * 田中さんは私の仲間でした。彼 **が** 虎に食べられる瞬間、彼 **は** 何かを叫んでいました。\n\n 2. が is used if it is used as exhaustive-listing が.\n\n> * その3人の中で、最初に彼 **が** 虎に食べられました。\n\n 3. が can be used with certain types of verbs as neutral-description が. \"Sentences of neutral description present an objectively observable action, existence, or temporary state as a new event.\" (quote from [the question above](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/22/5010))\n\n> * 先生 **は** まだかな… (knock) あ、先生 **が** 来た！\n> * どうしよう、お父さん **が** 怒っている。\n> * 大変です、彼 **が** 虎に襲われています！",
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| 35958 | 35965 | 35965 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35963",
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"body": "Consider the following situations:\n\n * Your mother has just one cake. You and your younger brother really like that cake. If you eat the cake, your younger brother will cry. As you are older so you must be wise, you let him eat the cake as if you let him win.\n\n * You meet a crazy guy on the train. He rudely asked you to leave your seat. As you are wise enough, you let him take your seat as if you let him win.\n\n# Question\n\nIs there a single verb or phrasal verb to convey the meaning of \"I have no\nchoice but I think it is better to let him win\"?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T04:19:10.180",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35960",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-requests"
],
"title": "A single verb or phrasal verb that means \"I have no choice but it is better if I let you win\"?",
"view_count": 118
} | [
{
"body": "The first verb that comes to mind is 「[譲]{ゆず}る」(\" _ **to hand over**_ \"). It\nis a very useful verb that unfortunately, not too many Japanese-learners\naround me use actively.\n\nIn your first situation, you could say to your little brother:\n\n> 「しょうがない。このケーキ（は）お[前]{まえ}に譲るよ/譲ってあげるよ。」\n>\n> 「[仕方]{しかた}（が）ないから、このケーキ（は）お前に譲ろう/譲ってあげよう。」\n\n「お前」 can, of course, be replaced by your brother's actual name or nickname\nthat you usually address him with.\n\nIn your second situation, you probably would not want to say too many words,\nwould you? You could just say:\n\n> 「どうぞ。」 pointing to the now empty seat.\n\nBut if you have to use a verb for practice, you could say:\n\n> 「わかりました。お譲りします/お譲りしましょう。」",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-16T07:44:04.163",
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| 35960 | 35963 | 35963 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35977",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "**Hirigana:** もう一{ひと}つ\n\n**Translation:** [Another; One\nMore](http://jisho.org/word/%E3%82%82%E3%81%86%E4%B8%80%E3%81%A4)\n\n**Scenario:** I'm drinking with a close friend and we've both finished our\nbeers. I get up to go to the fridge, point to his empty bottle and say\n\"もう一{ひと}つ\" with a rising inflection to denote a question (Do you want another\nbeer?).\n\n**Question:** Would this be grammatically correct (even in a colloquial\nsense)?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T04:29:28.597",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35961",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-16T04:34:28.670",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"pronunciation",
"colloquial-language",
"questions",
"intonation"
],
"title": "Can もう一つ Be Used As a Question?",
"view_count": 403
} | [
{
"body": "In that situation, we would use, \" **もう[一本]{いっぽん｝** \".\n\n[助数詞]｛じょすうし} can be quite confusing even to native Japanese speakers\nsometimes. Once the beer is poured into a glass, it becomes 「[一杯]{いっぱい}」. I\nwould say 「[一つ]{ひとつ}」 is usually used for solid objects, but it's not\napplicable to all solid objects, though.\n\nHere are links which might be helpful for you to get an idea of which\n[助数詞]｛じょすうし｝ should be used in a certain situation:\n<http://kyoan.u-biq.org/ho34-2.html> and <http://nihonshock.com/2012/04/how-\nto-use-japanese-counters/>\n\nHope this helps :)\n\n**EDIT:** The use of 「もう[一つ]{ひとつ}」 in your example situation is not\ngrammatically wrong if the [一つ]{ひとつ} is replaced by [一本]{いっぽん}. Saying\n「もう[一本]{いっぽん}いる？」 in the same situation sounds just as natural to Japanese\nnative speakers. But these are very casual/informal, which are completely fine\nto use to ask your close friend. One way to ask the same question formally\n(one among many other possible options) would be: 「もう一本いりますか？」",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T05:49:16.003",
"id": "35962",
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{
"body": "You can definitely make yourself understood by saying 「もう1つ？」 with rising\nintonation, but it's better to use the appropriate counter for bottles (\"本\").\nAnd we usually add some verb even in the most casual settings.\n\nTo your friend, colloquially:\n\n * もう[1本]{いっぽん}[行]{い}く? (行く ≒ \"go on\" here)\n * もう1本いる?\n * もう1本[飲]{の}む?\n\nIf you have to say this politely:\n\n * もう1本お[飲]{の}みになりますか?\n * もう1本いかがですか?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T02:57:44.437",
"id": "35977",
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| 35961 | 35977 | 35977 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "> 卵は私が食べた。Speaking of the egg, I ate.\n\nIs what I ate the egg? Is it possible that I ate something other than the egg?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T13:22:15.540",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35966",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"particle-は"
],
"title": "Is the object uniquely determined when using は in the following sentences?",
"view_count": 176
} | [
{
"body": "> 「[玉子]{たまご} **は** [私]{わたし}が[食]{た}べた。」\n\nIf this were the only sentence given, all we know **for sure** would be that\n**_the speaker ate the egg_**.\n\nThe sentence says nothing about whether or not the speaker ate something else\nbesides the egg. Maybe he did and maybe he did not. The speaker just did not\nmention it.\n\nOne could add another sentence using 「も」 as in:\n\n> 「ハム **も** 私が食べた。」\n\nto say one ate the ham as well.\n\nFinally, if a John ate the bread, one could add the sentence:\n\n> 「でも、パン **は** ジョンが食べた。」\n\nor\n\n> 「でも、パン **を** 食べたの **は** ジョンだ（or だった）。」",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-16T14:20:06.673",
"id": "35967",
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"body": "Everything l'électeur said was correct. Given this, it's certain that the\nspeaker ate the (or \"an\") egg.\n\nThere's a little more to this, though. Real statements don't usually exist in\na vacuum; they exist in some context. In this case, some of the context is\nactually built into the sentence.\n\n> 卵は私 **が** 食べた As for the eggs, I **am the one who** ate them.\n\n(I translated 卵 as plural to tie in with the following interpretation...)\n\nThis sentence structure strongly implies that it's answering a question like\n\"who ate the bacon and eggs?\"\n\n> Aさん： 誰がベーコンと卵食べた？ Who ate the bacon and eggs? \n> Bさん： 卵は私が食べた。でも、ベーコンはジョンがたべた。 I ate the eggs. But, John ate the bacon.\n\n卵は and 私が really give off the feeling that you're contrasting with another\nsentence. If you don't want to give this feeling, then you might use this:\n\n> 私は卵をたべた。As for me, I ate the egg.\n\nHowever, as you can see in the English \"As for me\", this really stresses the\nfact that the speaker did it. This again implies contrast; the speaker wasn't\ntalking about his or her self before this, or else is being emphatic.\n\nYou can avoid this by going to the simplest, least emphatic form:\n\n> 卵をたべた。 I ate the egg.\n\nIn the context of a real conversation, where both parties know who they are\ntalking about, this is unmistakably \"I ate the egg\". Someone who just walks in\nwhen the speaker is saying this would have no idea who ate the egg in\nquestion, but that person isn't the intended audience anyway! It's certainly\nno less vague than \"he ate the egg\", which can refer to one of the roughly 3.5\nbillion males on the planet.",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-16T16:03:55.013",
"id": "35968",
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| 35966 | null | 35967 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35970",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Much has been written about the distinction between ある and いる, such as which\nis appropriate for robots or corpses.I know water is usually referred to with\nある, but in a sentence such as 'この川にはいっぱい水が「ある/いる」', where the speaker is\ntalking about moving water and not a source of water, which verb is correct?\nIf a person wanted to indicate that the water was stagnant, would the use of\nある get the message across, or would 溜まり水 or 止水 be necessary to communicate the\nmeaning?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T18:05:03.457",
"favorite_count": 0,
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-16T19:18:20.927",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "10099",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"word-usage",
"animacy"
],
"title": "Is ある or いる used for moving water?",
"view_count": 193
} | [
{
"body": "The question is not one of 'movement', but rather 'animacy' - i.e. how close\nto having human consciousness the entity in question is thought to be. Humans\nare of course close to human consciousness, as are things like gods or\nfictional sentient species, so you use いる. Pets and other animals can go\neither way, depending on how much humanity the speaker wants to grant them.\nInanimate objects are always ある, since they are far from having human\nconsciousness.\n\nSo water will never be いる unless you want to ascribe some kind of spiritual\npersonal sentience to it. Normal water will always be ある.",
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| 35969 | 35970 | 35970 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35976",
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"body": "From the definitions and examples I've seen, it seems that 喜悦 focuses more on\nthe _emotion_ of joy/happiness, and 歓喜 focuses more on the _experience_ of the\njoy.\n\nOr am I looking too far into it?",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-16T20:47:27.263",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35971",
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"owner_user_id": "78",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"words",
"nuances",
"synonyms"
],
"title": "What's the difference between [歓喜]{かん・き} and [喜悦]{き・えつ}?",
"view_count": 224
} | [
{
"body": "This is a good question, since I have never paid due attention to before, and\nwhen I googled it **[some Japanese too have same question with\nyou.](http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1478526049)**\n\nThe questioner went to ( probably a shrine ) on New Years Day and there he or\nshe bought written oracles ( probably 2 ) and one of the oracles says\n\n> 歓喜あり\n\nThe other says\n\n> 喜悦あるべし\n\nThe answerer is responding as follows.\n\n> 「歓喜」「喜悦」は、ともに心からの喜びという意味なので、ほぼ同じです。\n>\n> Both 歓喜 and 喜悦 denotes the happines arising from deep inside one's heart, so\n> that they do not have particular differences.\n\nHope mine helps even a bit.\n\nThank you.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T21:16:13.630",
"id": "35973",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-16T21:16:13.630",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
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},
{
"body": "When I see 歓喜の声を上げる, I have something \"explosive\" in mind, like this:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/oEPss.png)\n\nOn the other hand, when I see 喜悦の声を上げる **in non-religious contexts** , what I\nwould have in mind is the voice of sensual pleasure, induced by things like\ndrugs or orgasm.\n\nAccording to BCCWJ, 喜悦 is rarer and much more literary than 歓喜. 歓喜 frequently\nappears in light novels and casual blog articles, whereas roughly half of the\nexamples of 喜悦 are from erotic scenes in novels, and the rest are mainly from\nolder novels and serious articles about art/religion/mythology/etc.\n\nIn religious contexts, unfortunately I'm not sure how 喜悦 is used. Hymns and\nBibles are full of counterintuitive expressions, and 喜悦 may be interchangeable\nwith 歓喜 and may refer to strong happiness in general.",
"comment_count": 5,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T01:29:32.850",
"id": "35976",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T01:29:32.850",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 35971 | 35976 | 35976 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "On the application that I am filling out, they have split up the name section\ninto three parts much like any English application, but instead of 'Last name'\nit says 'Family name'. I usually put my last name and add a 'jr.' at the end,\nbut my last name is my family name, not 'jr.' So is it ok for me to put my\nlast name and add a 'jr.' for the family name field, or would I put the 'jr.'\nelsewhere.",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T21:05:26.297",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35972",
"last_activity_date": "2016-11-18T06:20:17.497",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-17T02:00:03.183",
"last_editor_user_id": "1797",
"owner_user_id": "7872",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"business-japanese"
],
"title": "Would \"Jr.\" be included with the family name or given name?",
"view_count": 349
} | [
{
"body": "Your mother (and a possible sibling) is a Watson, and your last name is the\nsame as hers. I doubt she is a \"junior\" so I would not put it as last name.\n\nYou and your father are both Richard, but you are \"Richard Jr.\" so I would add\nit to your first name.\n\nMost people in the USA know a lot of \"Richard Jr\"s or some people who just use\n\"Junior\" as their first name by default.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-08-08T10:50:44.753",
"id": "38309",
"last_activity_date": "2016-08-20T05:20:26.910",
"last_edit_date": "2016-08-20T05:20:26.910",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "11261",
"parent_id": "35972",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 1
}
]
| 35972 | null | 38309 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35975",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "So far, I have learned about three different ways to say \"should\" in Japanese.\nI'm interested in knowing the differences among ほうがいい、べき and ことだ. What are\nsome situations that each form would be better suited in? Isn't べき more formal\nand stronger?\n\n> お菓子を食べすぎないほうがいい。(I've noticed that ほうがいい is sometimes translated to \"it's\n> better to do\")\n>\n> お菓子を食べすぎないことです。\n>\n> お菓子を食べすぎるべきではない。\n\nAll translate to \"You shouldn't eat candy too much\" but what is the nuance in\neach?",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-16T22:42:05.143",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35974",
"last_activity_date": "2021-01-08T02:21:52.160",
"last_edit_date": "2021-01-08T02:21:52.160",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "14352",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 12,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"nuances",
"modality"
],
"title": "Should: ほうがいい、べき、ことだ",
"view_count": 14037
} | [
{
"body": "> ほうがいい\n\nIs used to say that out of a number of possibilities the stated one is\npreferable.\n\n> お菓子を食べすぎないほうがいい \n> It would be best if you didn't eat too many sweets.\n\n* * *\n\n> ことだ（です）\n\nIs used to say that something is important.\n\n> （虫歯が嫌だったら）お菓子を食べすぎないことです。 \n> (If you don't like getting cavities then) not overdoing the sweets is a key.\n\n* * *\n\n> しないこと。\n\nIs used to state rules in a stiff, harsh fashion: \"One is not to...\"\n\n> （ダイエットの理念として）お菓子を食べすぎないこと。 \n> (As related to a diet book or something) You are not to eat too many sweets.\n\n* * *\n\n> べき\n\nFundamentally states what the natural state of something is expected to be;\nother derivative meanings come from that general idea. In this case it's\nalmost like stating a duty / obligation / rule.\n\n> お菓子を食べすぎるべきではない。 \n> A person shall not eat too many sweets / people are not supposed to / not\n> meant to eat too many sweets.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T00:13:19.573",
"id": "35975",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T00:13:19.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "6841",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 21
},
{
"body": "In order from soft to strong \n**～ほうがいい** - should (nuance: soft suggestion, \"this way is better/best) \n**～はず** - should (nuance: supposed to, ought to, with no expectation from the\nlistener) \n**～べき** - should (nuance: supposed to, with expectation that the listener\nwould follow) \n**～こと** - should (nuance: almost like a command. can be softened with ね, can\nbe stronger with だ / よ)",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2018-06-15T17:07:33.737",
"id": "59477",
"last_activity_date": "2018-06-15T17:07:33.737",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "26917",
"parent_id": "35974",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 35974 | 35975 | 35975 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Has anyone ever come across the form -まする where -ます would be expected? I have\njust come across a sentence ending ...と存じまする.\n\nMy first thought was that る must be a particle, but I can't find any mention\nof it anywhere. Then I thought it could be a suru verb with the noun 存じま, but\nI can't find that as a noun in any dictionaries, and anyway in the context a\nplain する is very unlikely as it's someone addressing their social superior in\na historical novel. Based on that, another possibility could be that it's a\ntraditional polite suffix, but I can't find anything that would support that\nidea, and googling other verbs with the same ending does produce some results\nwith e.g. ありまする, 食べまする, so I don't think it's an old-fashioned thing.\n\nSo basically, I'm stuck. It seems most likely that る is a particle, but if so\nwhat does it mean and why is it not in any dictionaries? Any ideas?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T07:59:40.393",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35978",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T13:56:43.827",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-17T11:59:07.487",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15714",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"words",
"particles",
"verbs",
"conjugations"
],
"title": "-まする verb ending. Is る a particle?",
"view_count": 1612
} | [
{
"body": "I apologize for the errors. **[The ending is actually part of an old auxiliary\nます, which is, I may say, its\nremnant.](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B-634367)**\n\nAs the linked Kotobank page says, まする is an old ending / attributive form of\n丁寧語｛ていねいご｝-ます-. Kotobank also says as follows:\n\n> [補説]現代語では、仮定形「ますれ」とともにその使用は限られ、形式ばった堅苦しい表現に用いられるだけである。\n\nTranslation:\n\n> ［Additional Information］Today, together with its hypothetical form 「ますれ」,\n> 「まする」's use cases are limited. It is only used in formal expressions.",
"comment_count": 10,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T09:11:12.017",
"id": "35979",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T13:56:43.827",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-17T13:56:43.827",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "35978",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 35978 | null | 35979 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35981",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "For example, if I say マイクロソフト内のパートナーシップは強いです, is the 内 here read as うち or ない?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T15:50:10.087",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35980",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T16:20:23.653",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "5060",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"readings"
],
"title": "Appending 内 to a company name is read ない or うち?",
"view_count": 121
} | [
{
"body": "「内」 in the form:\n\n> 「Proper Noun + 内」\n\nis always read 「ない」. I just could not think of an exception to this \"rule\".",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T16:20:23.653",
"id": "35981",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T16:20:23.653",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"parent_id": "35980",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 35980 | 35981 | 35981 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35990",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "In Japanese version of Magic: the Gathering cards, there is a common idiom\n\n\"[target description] を対象とする。[subject] それに [action].\"\n\nFor example, in this card:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/TvRpB.jpg)\n\nthe Japanese text says \"クリーチャー１体かプレイヤー１人を対象とする。稲妻はそれに３点のダメージを与える。\"\n\nThe english text says \"Lightning Bolt deals 3 damage to target creature or\nplayer.\"\n\n 1. What does the と in the sentence mean? Wouldn't 対象する work alone?\n 2. Is there a simpler, less wordy, way to say the same thing, similar to the way that in English, we can use \"target\" as an adjective?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T17:24:03.690",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35982",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-29T08:44:20.843",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "12243",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"translation",
"particle-と"
],
"title": "What does と in \"対象とする\" mean?",
"view_count": 1071
} | [
{
"body": "As the answer was almost developed in the comment line, this is just for the\nfurther information sake.\n\nAs 永劫回帰 san is already telling at the comment line, and as it is explained\n**[here,](http://www2.dokkyo.ac.jp/%7Eesemi008/kenkyu/kumagai.html)** , that と\nis either \"to\" or \"as\" in English.\n\nExample of \"to\" ( from the link )\n\n> 総計は50㌦となった。\n>\n> ・The total came to $50.\n\nExample of \"as\"\n\n> 私はジムを、友人と考えている。\n>\n> ・I regard Jim as my friend.\n\nLet's take \"as\",\n\n> As a target, either one creature or one player will be it. Lightning Bolt\n> will inflict upon it 3 point damages.\n\nHave a nice day.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-18T05:02:10.757",
"id": "35989",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-18T05:02:10.757",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
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"parent_id": "35982",
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},
{
"body": "> 1. What does the と in the sentence mean? Wouldn't 対象する work alone?\n>\n\nNo, 対象する doesn't work alone (since 対象 is not a suru-verb).\n\nＡをＢとする (or ＡをＢにする) means \"make A B\", so クリーチャーを対象とする (or クリーチャーを対象にする)\nliterally means \"make a creature the target\", \"set/have a creature as the\ntarget,\" i.e., \"Your target will be a creature.\"\n\n> 2. Is there a simpler, less wordy, way to say the same thing, similar to\n> the way that in English, we can use \"target\" as an adjective?\n>\n\n\"Target\" as an adjective would be 「対象となる」 or 「対象の」 in Japanese.\n\nTo _literally_ translate \"Lightning Bolt deals 3 damage to target creature or\nplayer\" it'd be like:\n\n> 稲妻は、 **対象となる / 対象の** クリーチャーかプレイヤーに３ダメージを与える。\n\n... although this does not exactly mean the same thing as the original text;\nsaying 対象となる/対象のクリーチャーかプレイヤー (a creature or player that is your target)\nimplies that you may also encounter 対象となら **ない** クリーチャーかプレイヤー (a creature or\nplayer that is _not_ your target).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-18T06:07:54.260",
"id": "35990",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-29T08:44:20.843",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-29T08:44:20.843",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9831",
"parent_id": "35982",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
}
]
| 35982 | 35990 | 35990 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35984",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Here is part of a document that I am reading:\n\n> 本日は、世界最高の大学のひとつで卒業式を **迎えられる** 皆さんとご一緒できて、とても光栄です。\n\n\"everyone who is able to be attending\" or \n\"everyone who is attending\" as an honorific ?",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T19:36:51.010",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35983",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T23:54:06.607",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-17T22:37:43.523",
"last_editor_user_id": "15778",
"owner_user_id": "15778",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"honorifics",
"potential-form"
],
"title": "In this sentence, is changing \"迎える\" to \"迎えられる\" for a potential or honorific reason?",
"view_count": 163
} | [
{
"body": "That would undoubtedly be an honorific form, and not potential.\n\nThe sentence looks to be part of a speech by a guest at the commencement. If\nthe 「[迎]{むか}えられる」 part were meant to be a potential form, it simply would not\nbe polite enough for the occasion and therefore, highly unnatural for the\ncontext.\n\nNotice the 「ご」 in 「ご一緒」, for instance. These public speeches are generally\nformed in a very polite and formal style even when the speaker is a few times\nolder than the graduating students.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-17T23:52:21.207",
"id": "35984",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-17T23:54:06.607",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-17T23:54:06.607",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "35983",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 35983 | 35984 | 35984 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35986",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "These are two lines of the song [\"believe\"](http://www.kasi-\ntime.com/item-73852.html) of Kalafina...\n\n1-what means 巡{めぐ}り来る時の中{なか}で?\n\n> 巡{めぐ}り来る時の中{なか}で出{で}会{あ}った君といた僕を信{しん}じている\n\n2-it is normal to change the order in songs (蒼{あお}い日々を切{き}り開{ひら}け)?\n\n> 切{き}り開{ひら}け蒼{あお}い日々を",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-18T00:20:24.497",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35985",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-18T01:45:27.087",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "13859",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 2,
"tags": [
"translation",
"meaning"
],
"title": "help with two lines of this song",
"view_count": 130
} | [
{
"body": "I found this definition for 巡り来る:\n\n> チャンスや運などが自分の元に来ること\n\nSo, it's the coming of a good thing. So 巡り来る時の中で would be something like \"in\nthe time to come\", with an overtone of hope and optimism. Hopefully more\nsenior members can verify or deny this.\n\nAs to the second question, I'd go so far as to say that changing the order is\ncommon not only in songs, but also casual speech. Off the top of my head, I\nimmediately think of this verse from ZARD's 「負けないで」：\n\n> 「追いかけて遥かな夢を」\"Chase after distant dreams\"\n\nIt's not usually so dramatic in casual speech, though. It's almost like people\nsay a complete sentence, then realize that one important, clarifying piece of\ninformation was left out.\n\n> 暑いね、大阪は。 \"It's hot isn't it? In Osaka.\"\n\nThe thing I usually hear moved to the end is the topic marked by は, I think.\nBut, I think any kind of clarifying information can be added as long as you\ndon't go crazy and talk like a Japanese Yoda all the time.",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-18T01:33:02.177",
"id": "35986",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-18T01:45:27.087",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-18T01:45:27.087",
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"owner_user_id": "15798",
"parent_id": "35985",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
}
]
| 35985 | 35986 | 35986 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "36277",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I've noticed that a couple of my Japanese friends, when talking about their\nplans, might say something like 「友達に会う」, \"I'm meeting a friend\", even though\nthe unnamed \"friend\" is someone we both know. It's a little jarring when I\nknow from another conversation exactly who they're meeting, or if I find out\nlater who they were meeting, and it's a mutual friend.\n\nWhat I expect from my own experience as an American is, for example, for them\nto say something like 「ゆかちゃんに会う」, \"I'm meeting Yuka\", because to me \"friend\"\nor 「友達」 sounds like someone I'm not expected to know.\n\nThe effect is that it ends up feeling like the people they're meeting is being\ndeliberately kept secret for some reason I can't fathom. But, is it simply\nnormal to leave out the names even of mutual friends as unnecessary\ninformation?",
"comment_count": 4,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-18T09:00:39.817",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "35991",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-29T09:07:13.427",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15798",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 5,
"tags": [
"nuances",
"idioms"
],
"title": "Do Japanese people tend to be vague even when talking about people their listeners know?",
"view_count": 746
} | [
{
"body": "It's not uncommon for the Japanese to use the following in the regular\nconversation. Mostly they habituated not discussing about their personal\nthings in more detail with others \n用事があるから早く帰ります。 I will leave early because I have things to do. \n予定/約束があります。 I have appointment/meeting (It can be any type of meeting) \n体調が悪い。Ill/Sick (Does not talk about what kind of ill)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-29T02:31:38.573",
"id": "36277",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-29T02:31:38.573",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 2
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{
"body": "It depends on who your friends are. I don't think avoiding mention of the name\nof person whom we are meeting is not a general trait nor habbit of Japanese.\n\nAs Chocolate said, I don't have any problem in mentioning the name of the\nperson I have an appointment with to you, if both of I and you know him or her\nwell, unless it should involve any speciffic demerit by revealing the name,\nand we usually tell his or her name to you.\n\nIf I'm going to meet a person you don't know, I say \"ちょっと、人と約束があって - I've an\nappointment with somebody.\"\n\nHowever, in case of telling the purpose of your meeting or appointment, you\nusually say \"ちょっと用事があって - I have something to do,\" because it's bothersome to\nexplain what you're going to do to others, or sometimes is a \"none-of-your-\nbusiness matter.\"",
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| 35991 | 36277 | 36277 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "35994",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "As in instructions for making something. Like \"leave a gap on the left side\"\nor \"leave gaps on both sides\" 「左側に間をする」 「両側に間をする」 I'm guessing this is like\n\"do a space\" which makes no sense",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-18T11:31:13.087",
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"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"word-choice",
"translation"
],
"title": "How to say \"leave a gap\"?",
"view_count": 496
} | [
{
"body": "The verb you need is\n[空【あ】ける](http://jisho.org/search/%E9%96%93%E3%82%92%E7%A9%BA%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B).\n\n> * 左側に間を空ける\n> * 両側に間を空ける\n>\n\n間をする makes no sense.",
"comment_count": 5,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-18T11:41:48.363",
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"body": "Also see the terms 余白 and しろ (ex. 縫いしろ). I'm not sure what your exact use case\nis, but 間 seems more commonly used to describe spatial or temporal gaps\nbetween things or events.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-19T17:31:33.913",
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| 35992 | 35994 | 35994 |
{
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"body": "We know that in japanese people usually say '愛している', TO LOVER. CAN i say 愛する?\nor あなたがすきです?. Besides, is '愛している' is a single verb?",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-18T11:41:10.143",
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"score": 2,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"verbs"
],
"title": "How to express love in japanese?",
"view_count": 1297
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{
"body": "愛する sounds like \"I will love you\", but not \"I love you now\". So, 愛している is\ncorrect.\n\nIf you're close enough to say such a thing, you can change している→してる. It sounds\nmore relaxed!\n\nYou can say 「[other person's name]のことがすきだ」 if you're a guy, or 「[other\nperson's name]のことがすき」 if you're a girl. You can replace the name with a word\nfor \"you\" like きみ or あなた if you want, but my old girlfriend didn't like to be\ncalled by a pronoun, even by me or her own family.\n\n愛している is a noun meaning \"love\" plus a form of する. There are a lot of nouns\nthat can be used directly with する.",
"comment_count": 7,
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"body": "愛する is a verb and 愛している is a progressive form of it.\n\nWe say commonly を愛している than を愛する。\n\nI think we say 好き with a light heart than を愛している.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-18T14:00:21.590",
"id": "35996",
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"body": "Since the question regards \"expressing love\" I feel compelled to add\nsomething.\n\nIt is very important to underline that \"expressing love\" in Japan is a concept\nthat can be **very very** different from the way we are used to see it \"in the\nwest\" (to make a rough generalisation, say mostly Europe and North America).\n\nBased on both personal and friends experiences in regard to \"love\" in Japan\n(and I'm talking of several cases, both \"foreigner-Japanese\" and \"Japanese-\nJapanese\") saying \"I love you\", or 愛している, is not so common after all. Of\ncourse, this is something that _might greatly depend on the people_ , but I\nhave to say that in general is as I said. Also, my impression is that if it is\nbeing used, is mostly because Japanese people now know well that foreigner\nlike to say \"I love you\" and that is translated as \"愛している!\"... I hope what I\nmean here is clear, it's a bit hard to explain (and besides, as I said is just\nmy personal feeling).\n\nAnyway, you will hear much more often Japanese people saying (あなたが)好きです or\n大好きです rather than 愛している, even when the relationship has been going on for a\nwhile. This also is quite interesting as it gives a different perspective to\nthe word \"好き\", that is often simply translated as \"to like\", while sometimes\nmight bear a much deeper meaning, depending on the situation.\n\nBut I have to say that most of the times... you probably will not hear\nanything at all! My feeling is that in \"the west\" we say \"I love you\" or in\ngeneral we express our love through (spoken or written) words much more often\nthan Japanese people (in general) do. And probably when and if they do they do\nit in a much different way anyway.\n\nI guess that this (feelings) is one of those topics where if you start digging\nyou realise that sometimes even the word \"translation\" becomes almost\nmeaningless. You can find the right words, you can find the most suitable\nwords ever actually to express what you have in mind, or in you heart for that\nmatters. However, no matter how perfect your translation is, _you cannot\nchange the way people feel_. That's where sometimes communication with words\nfails, big time. Fortunately, that is not the only form of communication there\nis. :)\n\nThis could probably start an interesting discussion about the different way in\nwhich people in Japan (and I believe in good part of Asia in general) live and\nexpress their feelings, especially about love. However, I believe that this\nwould go too much off topic.\n\nI hope what I tried to express is clear, is a very subtle topic and I hope I\ndid not create misunderstandings. If unclear, please leave a comment.",
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| 35993 | null | 35997 |
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"body": "For the birth of our son, we received a very nice card saying:\n\n> うまれてきてくれて \n> ありがとう\n\nWhile I entirely understand what it says, it seems impossible to express that\nexact meaning with the same nuance in another language like English. \"To be\nborn\" is a passive thing, but 生まれてきて sounds like an active thing the baby did.\nHow to reconcile that?",
"comment_count": 3,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-18T14:38:30.657",
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"tags": [
"word-choice",
"translation"
],
"title": "Is 生まれてくる an active thing, and how to translate it?",
"view_count": 331
} | [
{
"body": "If you wanted a translation that used a verb phrase in the active voice form,\nthe easiest one that actually nicely captures the nuance of the original would\nbe:\n\n> \"Thank you for coming into the/this world.\"\n\nI personally would not bother with any forms of the verb \"to bear\" in this\ncase.",
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| 35998 | null | 35999 |
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"body": "I found the word 性故か while reading. I tried to look at the dictionary but\nfound nothing.\n\nHere is the entire sentence:\n\n> それとも逆らえぬ性故か\n\nI don't really understand, please help!",
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"tags": [
"definitions"
],
"title": "What does the word 性故か mean?",
"view_count": 190
} | [
{
"body": "性{さが} means attribute, character. 故{ゆえ} means cause, reason.\n\nI think か in this phrase is used as telling oneself like 寝るとするか.\n\nSo 逆らえぬ性故{さがゆえ}か means the cause seems to be my attitude which I can't rebel.",
"comment_count": 0,
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"creation_date": "2016-06-18T18:25:45.310",
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"body": "> I found the word 性故か while reading.\n\nThat is not a word; It is three words 「[性]{さが} + [故]{ゆえ} + か」\n\n「性」 means \" ** _one's nature_** \", \" ** _one's disposition_** \", etc.\n「[逆]{さか}らえぬ性」 thus means \" ** _one's nature of not being able to defy\nothers_** \", \" ** _one's nature of not being able to swim against the\ncurrent_** \", etc. Without more context provided, it is impossible to know\nwhat is being talked about here.\n\n「故」 means \" ** _reason_** \".\n\n「か」, of course, is a question marker.\n\nAgain, without further context, we could only say that 「それとも逆らえぬ性故か」 would\nmean along the lines of:\n\n> \"Or would it be because of (one's) nature of not being able to defy others?\"",
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| 36000 | null | 36004 |
{
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"body": "These are the specifications, that I **do** already **know** :\n\n * [学校]{がっこう} = school, including [小学校]{しょうがっこう}, [中学校]{ちゅうがっこう}, etc.\n * [大学]{だいがく} = university (used frequently)\n * [大学校]{だいがっこう} = university (not a very common word)\n\nBut what I don't know is:\n\n * Is a 大学 _technically_ a 学校, just like 小学校 etc., or do I have to say 学校と大学 every time when I talk about the whole [学校制度]{がっこうせいど} (education system)?\n * Though I know that 大学校 is not used very frequently, I know that the word technically exists. So is it any different from 大学 ? And will a Japanese understand if I use it or will I be corrected?",
"comment_count": 8,
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"tags": [
"meaning",
"words",
"nuances",
"definitions",
"synonyms"
],
"title": "Relation between 大学, 学校 and 大学校",
"view_count": 2090
} | [
{
"body": "Let me challenge myself, so that your understanding will be clearer.\n\nYou are telling us that\n\n> These are the specifications, that I **do** already **know:**\n\n> 学校{がっこう} = school, including 小学校{しょうがっこう}, 中学校{ちゅうがっこう} , etc.\n\nPersonally saying, most of Japanese 大学 is **technically or not** , considered\nby many to **belong** to the category of 「school」. Thus by being asked,\n\n> •Is a 大学 _technically_ a 学校, just like 小学校 etc.,\n\nI thought at this time, I must here repeat again, **technically or not** , you\nwere not sure 大学 belongs to 「schools」, am I wrong here?\n\nIf I must say technically,\n\nFrom **[the list of Japanese Educational\nLaw](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1)** ,\n\n>\n> なお、日本の学校教育法は「この法律で、学校とは、幼稚園、小学校、中学校、高等学校、中等教育学校、特別支援学校、大学及び高等専門学校とする」としている（学校教育法1条\n\n> Now, Japanese School Education Law dictates \"This law decrees\n> 学校｛がっこう｝includes, 幼稚園｛ようちえん｝，kindergartens, 小学校｛しょうがっこう}, elementary\n> schools, 中学校｛ちゅうがっこう｝, junior high schools, 高等学校｛こうとうがっこう｝，high schools,\n> 中等教育学校{ちゅうとうきょういくがっこう}( which is generally known as 中高一貫校｛ちゅうこういっかんこう｝,\n> combined junior high and high schools ), 特別支援学校｛とくべつしえんがっこう｝special support\n> education schools, ( schools for variety of people with many types of\n> disadvantages ), 大学｛だいがく｝, universities, 高等専門学校｛こうとうせんもんがっこう｝ ( technical\n> colleges )\"\n\n**But** , before knowing these details further, I think you should be aware 大学\nis even **technically or colloquially** considered, and sometimes called 学校.\n\nI must confess, I was either not sure about 大学校.\n\nHowever, for your further info, only for the further info, kindly refer to\n**[here](http://chigai-\nallguide.com/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1/)**\n\nFrom the link,\n\n>\n> 大学校は大学ではないため、基本的に学位の授与はないが、防衛省の防衛大学校、防衛医科大学校、海上保安庁の海上保安大学校、気象庁の気象大学校など、その課程が大学の学士課程や大学院の修士課程・博士課程などと同水準であることが、文部科学省管轄の独立行政法人大学評価・学位授与機構に認定された大学校であれば、学位の取得も可能である。\n\n> 大学校 is basically not 大学 so that they do not give you generally academy\n> degrees, but 大学校s such as 防衛大学校 and 防衛医科大学校 of the Ministry Of Defense or\n> 海上保安大学校 and 気象大学校 of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism\n> will give you degrees such as those of Bachelors, or Masters, Doctoral,\n> should the so-called 独立行政法人, an independent agency evaluate and admit the\n> course of schools is equivalent with that of 大学.\n\nHas your understanding become clear enough to be the level of your\nrequirement??\n\nP.S I will be out almost all day on 6/20, Japanese time. Thank you.",
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"body": "学校 means a building or place in which people are educated. There are many\nkinds of 学校.\n\n学校 which is set by Basic Act on Education are\n幼稚園、小学校、中学校、義務教育学校、高等学校、中等教育学校、特別支援学校、大学（短期大学および大学院を含む）,高等専門学校. Their name is\nset by its purpose and the studying number of years. It is said that they have\nformal kind.\n\n大学 and 大学校 are different. 大学 means university and academic degree is given to\nthe graduates.\n\nThe name 大学校 is unbounded by law, so there are many kinds of 大学校. For example,\n防衛大学校 is close to 大学, 農業大学校 which was established by prefectures are close to\nspecial technical school.\n\nThe difference of them are written in this link. <http://chigai-\nallguide.com/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1/>",
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"body": "\"What is 学校\" is not an easy question; there are many definitions of it. but\nhere's the summary:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HGQV0.png)\n\n * Legally speaking, \"the narrow definition\" of 学校 (aka [一条校](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E6%A0%A1)), as defined in the first clause of the law called **学校教育法** , includes public and private 小学校, 中学校, 高校, 大学, and so on. And it also does include kindergartens (!) but does not include so-called 大学校.\n * Broader definitions of 学校 include so-called 大学校, [予備校](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobik%C5%8D) (prep schools) and even schools like driving schools, cooking schools and [代々木アニメーション学院](https://www.yoani.co.jp/). Many are categorized in Japanese laws either as 各種学校 or 専修学校, but there are unauthorized schools, too.\n * In everyday conversations, people don't consider kindergartens as 学校, of course.\n\nIn any case, you don't have to say 「学校 and 大学」 because, whatever definition\nyou adopt, 学校 always includes 大学.\n\n大学 and 大学校 are, at least legally speaking, **very different**. 大学校 is even not\ndefined by 学校教育法, and any organizations can call themselves 大学校. But roughly\nspeaking, 大学校 refers to various kinds of \"university-level\" academies/schools\nwhich are not 大学 as defined in 学校教育法. That means, when you have to say\nsomething strictly, you have to treat 大学 and 大学校 separately. For example, here\nis the Microsoft's explanation about who can receive their academic discount:\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GxH0C.png)\n\nIt is true that, practically, 大学 and some 大学校 look very similar. This is\nmainly because people typically enter 大学/大学校 right after graduating from 高校,\nafter passing the entrance exams, at the age of 18-19. Native Japanese\nspeakers who are not particularly good at the Japanese education system cannot\nexplain the difference well.\n\n大学校 are not similar to 大学 in that:\n\n * As already stated, the term 大学校 itself is not defined in the Japanese laws. Many famous ○○大学校 are not regulated by 学校教育法 at all (thanks to @broccoliforest for pointing this out), but are managed by various government bodies, and are individually defined in various laws (cf. [省庁大学校](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E5%BA%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1)). Some of them are actually very famous and popular. On the other hand, there are many minor organizations which call themselves 大学校. So 大学校 is rather a \"conventional naming method\" used by those who want to consider their institutions as \"university-level\".\n * Most students of 大学校 cannot gain academic degrees. A few government-run 大学校 do provide academic degrees, but this is done via a [special government organization](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%94%AF%E6%8F%B4%E3%83%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E6%8E%88%E4%B8%8E%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B#.E7.9C.81.E5.BA.81.E5.A4.A7.E5.AD.A6.E6.A0.A1.E5.8D.92.E6.A5.AD.E8.80.85.E3.80.81.E4.BF.AE.E4.BA.86.E8.80.85.E3.82.92.E5.AF.BE.E8.B1.A1.E3.81.A8.E3.81.99.E3.82.8B.E5.AD.A6.E4.BD.8D.E6.8E.88.E4.B8.8E.EF.BC.88.E5.AD.A6.E5.A3.AB.E3.80.81.E4.BF.AE.E5.A3.AB.E3.80.81.E5.8D.9A.E5.A3.AB.EF.BC.89), because 大学校 cannot provide academic degrees alone.\n * Students of some 大学校 are actually employees, and even paid salary from their schools.",
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"creation_date": "2016-06-19T08:57:58.270",
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"parent_id": "36002",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 10
}
]
| 36002 | 36010 | 36010 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "How should I translate these sentences? It seems that their English\ntranslations are almost the same:\n\n> 窓があきます \n> 窓があいています\n\nAnd, in a similar instance:\n\n> 電灯がつきます \n> 電灯がついています",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T02:56:10.707",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36005",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T03:13:34.657",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-19T03:01:37.700",
"last_editor_user_id": "9749",
"owner_user_id": "15811",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 0,
"tags": [
"translation"
],
"title": "What is the tiny difference between the two sentences?",
"view_count": 148
} | [
{
"body": "The difference is not tiny.\n\n「窓があきます。」 means \"The window opens.\" The window is closed now, but it's going\nto open, for example, from now.\n\n「窓があいています。」 means \"The window is open.\" It describes the current state of the\nwindow, not the action of opening.\n\nThe difference between 電灯がつきます and 電灯がついています is the same. The former means\n\"The light will be lit\", the latter means \"The light is on/lit (now).\"\n\nPlease check this question for the details of ている: [When is Vている the\ncontinuation of action and when is it the continuation of\nstate?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3122/5010) 開【あ】く and 点【つ】く are\nusually \"change-in-state\" verbs.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T03:04:35.373",
"id": "36006",
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}
]
| 36005 | null | 36006 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "1. 忘れ物をしました\n 2. 忘れ物をしまったんです\n 3. 忘れ物をしてしました\n 4. 忘れ物をしてしまったんです\n\nAre all these four expressions acceptable, what is the difference among them?",
"comment_count": 6,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T03:09:58.260",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36007",
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"last_edit_date": "2016-06-20T14:02:53.237",
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"owner_user_id": "15811",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"usage"
],
"title": "Use of する and しまう",
"view_count": 747
} | [
{
"body": "Among these, Sentences 1 and 4 are OK, but 2 and 3 are not.\n\n * 忘れ物 is a **noun** meaning \"something someone forgot to bring\", \"something left behind (e.g. in a train)\".\n * 忘れ物をする means \"to forget to bring something\", \"to leave something behind (e.g., in a train)\". Of course, it's a verb phrase.\n * The te-form of する is して.\n * しまう is a **subsidiary verb** which adds the nuance of \"end up\", \"regrettably\", \"unfortunately\" to the sentence. As a subsidiary verb, it must follow the te-form of another verb. \n * [What is a subsidiary verb?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/18952/5010)\n * [「しまう」 as an auxiliary verb](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/21026/5010)\n * んです and のです have various meanings, but in a sentence like this, it explains something referring to the previous sentences, putting some emphasis on the statement (\"It is that ...\", \"I'm saying this because ...\"). んです is a colloquial variation of のです. \n * [How is the \"のです\" working here?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3349/5010)\n\n* * *\n\nSentence 1 is a plain, matter-of-fact description (\"I forgot something (e.g.,\nin the room).\"). Sentence 4 is correctly using both しまう and のです structures,\nand sounds as if you were explaining your previous statement, with the\n\"regrettable\" feeling.\n\n> A: Oh, no! \n> B: Hey, what's happened? \n> A: 忘れ物をしてしまったんです。\n\nSentence 2 is incorrect because the subsidiary verb しまう is following a noun\nrather than another verb. (Well, しまう can also be used [as a normal\nverb](http://jisho.org/word/%E4%BB%95%E8%88%9E%E3%81%86), so actually this\nsentence could mean something like \"It's because I stored the lost items (eg,\nin the shelf)!\" But that's not what you want to say, is it?)\n\nSentence 3 is incorrect because する is followed by another する. Perhaps you\nwanted to write 忘れ物をしてしまいました, which is probably the most common and natural\nway of reporting things like this to your teacher/boss?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T06:53:48.043",
"id": "36008",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T06:53:48.043",
"last_edit_date": "2017-04-13T12:43:44.863",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 36007 | null | 36008 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "36013",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "Sometimes I find\n\n> 一人の彼女\n\nbut sometimes I also find\n\n> 彼女の一人\n\nIs there any difference?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T09:49:33.930",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36012",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T10:14:07.277",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "11192",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "一人の彼女 versus 彼女の一人",
"view_count": 179
} | [
{
"body": "I strongly recommend you reconsider before saying 彼女の一人 to your girlfriend,\nbecause `[noun] の (word means one)` means _one of [noun]_ , so you're saying\n\"one of girlfriends\".\n\n> cf. 自転車の一台、手紙の一枚、動物の一種、空き缶の一個、部屋の一つ\n\nConversely, 一人の彼女 is only a counter counting the noun, that means \"one\ngirlfriend\". Your girlfriend might well be pleased with this one.",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T10:07:02.400",
"id": "36013",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T10:14:07.277",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-19T10:14:07.277",
"last_editor_user_id": "7810",
"owner_user_id": "7810",
"parent_id": "36012",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
}
]
| 36012 | 36013 | 36013 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "36016",
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "> この前、大嫌いと言ってしまったのに*。\n\nTranslated as:\n\n> Even though I told him that I hate him so much.\n\nI understand most of it except for しまった。Looks like a verb in past form, しまる?\n閉まる? That doesn't seem to make sense.\n\n*from [nihongonomori](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8papSTl6Ag&list=PLINFE8v4DOhsq0scG83kB5CRnowYWGSH7&index=12).",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T16:04:29.677",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36015",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T16:44:23.217",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "13634",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 1,
"tags": [
"grammar"
],
"title": "What does と言ってしまった mean?",
"view_count": 261
} | [
{
"body": "I believe it's a past form of しまう. In this case it adds a sense of regret to\nthe phrase. (\"He sent me a present... And I told him that I hate him before...\nThat was so wrong of me!\") Here is the first article on the topic that popped\nup in Google: [Using ~てしまう to express regret or completion of\nsomething](http://languagesareweird.blogspot.ru/2011/10/using-to-express-\nregret-or-completion.html).",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T16:44:23.217",
"id": "36016",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T16:44:23.217",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "12271",
"parent_id": "36015",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 5
}
]
| 36015 | 36016 | 36016 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "36022",
"answer_count": 3,
"body": "> 私の生みの母は、若い未婚の日本人だったため、私を養子に出そうと決心したのです。彼女 **が** こだわったの **は**\n> 、私の養子先は日本に住んでいる家族でなければ、ということでした。\n\nThe highlighted \"は\" looks to be there for _thematic reasons_?\n\nThe highlighted \"ga\" looks to be there for _neutral description_?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T16:52:33.100",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36017",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-21T01:27:41.953",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-19T20:17:56.120",
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15778",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 4,
"tags": [
"subordinate-clauses",
"は-and-が",
"cleft-sentences"
],
"title": "Can someone verify the reasons I give for using a \"wa\" and \"ga\" in this sentence?",
"view_count": 310
} | [
{
"body": "The GA you have highlighted makes the second sentence begin as: The THING that\nshe was fixating on // obsessing about was...\n\nActually the key to unlocking this is the NOHA (NO WA) because こだわったの is a\nnoun-ification of こだわった.\n\nこだわったの refers to a noun now. It is ...whatever she was obsessing over.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T20:36:44.137",
"id": "36019",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T23:21:57.620",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-19T23:21:57.620",
"last_editor_user_id": "9542",
"owner_user_id": "9542",
"parent_id": "36017",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
},
{
"body": "The only reason が is used here is because 彼女 is the subject of a **relative\nclause**. Relative clauses don't have topics, so が is used instead of は.\n\nIn a main clause, the が in 彼女が would likely be exhaustive rather than neutral\n(because it would be weird to have a neutral が attached to something already\nin the \"universe of discourse\"), but here in a relative clause that's not\nnecessarily true.\n\nThe は, on the other hand, is a plain thematic は. It's a very common\nconstruction to have the topic は follow a nominalization:\n\n> 禁煙したのはいいことだ。 \n> It is good that you have quit smoking.\n\nIn other words, は is used here simply because there's no reason to use が.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T21:23:33.620",
"id": "36022",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T21:23:33.620",
"last_edit_date": null,
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"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "36017",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 6
},
{
"body": "## I Think You're Right\n\n> 彼女 **が** こだわったの **は** 、私の養子先は日本に住んでいる家族でなければ、ということでした。\n\n * **は** is marking the new topic that is developed in the following clause, so \"thematic reasons\" sounds good to me.\n * **が** is used because the fact that it was **彼女** is secondary and supportive to the new topic, so \"neutral description\" or \"theme-subordinate description\" makes sense.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-20T02:15:38.390",
"id": "36027",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-21T01:27:41.953",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-21T01:27:41.953",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "7055",
"parent_id": "36017",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 0
}
]
| 36017 | 36022 | 36022 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "36023",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "My textbook is prompting me to ask questions:\n\n> \"Don't you want to see a movie?\" \n> eiga o mimasen ka?\n>\n> \"Don't you want to eat dinner?\" \n> bangohan o tabemasen ka?\n\nI'm wondering if I should be asking these types of negative questions instead\nsomething like this:\n\n> \"Do you want to see a movie?\" \n> eiga o mimas ka?\n\netc...",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T20:58:01.067",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36020",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T22:48:22.693",
"last_edit_date": "2020-06-17T08:18:27.500",
"last_editor_user_id": "-1",
"owner_user_id": "15821",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 3,
"tags": [
"negation",
"questions"
],
"title": "When I ask a simple question should I ask it in negative form?",
"view_count": 389
} | [
{
"body": "These \"negative questions\" as you refer to them are an appropriate way to\ninvite someone to do something with you.\n\nSo\n\n> 映画｛えいが｝を見｛み｝ませんか。\n\ncan read as\n\n> 1. Won't you see a movie (with me)?\n> 2. Would you like to see a movie (with me)?\n>\n\nYour example\n\n> 映画を見ますか。\n\ncan read as\n\n> 1. Are you going to see a/the movie?\n> 2. Will you watch the movie?\n>\n\nFor illustrative purposes, \"negative questions\" can also be interpreted as a\ngenuine question.\n\n> 山田｛やまだ｝さんは英語｛えいご｝を話｛はな｝しませんか。\n\nThis can read as\n\n> Doesn't Yamada-san speak English?",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T21:08:35.380",
"id": "36021",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T21:21:32.770",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-19T21:21:32.770",
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},
{
"body": "Questions can be asked in either positive or negative. They only vary by\npoliteness (with the latter being more so).\n\n> 映画{えいが}を見{み}ませんか。 \n> 映画を見ますか。\n\nThese are two nearly identical ways of asking the same thing (Do you want to\nsee a movie?). The only difference is that the former is slightly more polite.\n\nAlso, unlike English, responses are reversed when the question is in the\nnegative. What I mean by that is:\n\n> 映画{えいが}を見{み}ますか。 (Do you want to see a movie?) \n> はい (=Yes, I **do** want to see a movie) \n> いいえ (=No, I **don't** want to see a movie)\n\nHowever:\n\n> 映画{えいが}を見{み}ませんか。(Don't you want to see a movie?) \n> はい (=No, I **don't** want to see a movie) \n> いいえ (=Yes, I **do** want to see a movie)",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-19T21:35:14.473",
"id": "36023",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-19T22:48:22.693",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-19T22:48:22.693",
"last_editor_user_id": "9831",
"owner_user_id": "9749",
"parent_id": "36020",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 36020 | 36023 | 36021 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": "36025",
"answer_count": 2,
"body": "I know it means roughly \"for your reference\", but I can't really grasp why it\nmeans that based on my understanding of までに (which I consider roughly as\n'before' or 'by'). I can't really come to any kind of reasonable literal\ntranslation, could someone elaborate what exactly it's doing in this phrase?\n\nMy only guess is something like \"before [you] consult [other materials] (look\nat this)\".\n\nThanks.",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-20T01:31:03.887",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36024",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-20T01:59:48.030",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": null,
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"grammar",
"set-phrases"
],
"title": "How does the までに work in ご参考までに",
"view_count": 462
} | [
{
"body": "This まで corresponds to the following definition of [まで of\nデジタル大辞泉](http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/208999/meaning/m0u/):\n\n> ３ 動作・事柄がもうそれ以上には及ばず、それに限られる意を表す。…だけ。「気に入らなければ断る―さ」「念のために聞いてみた―だ」\n\nSo まで can mean _only_ or _just_. ご参考までに is \" ** _just_** for your reference\",\nimplying that information is not critically important.\n\nOther examples:\n\n> * まずはご挨拶まで。 \n> (Used at the end of a formal business letter, and means something like \"For\n> now I can only greet, but please allow me to contact you again later\")\n> * 取り急ぎ、ご報告まで(申し上げます)。 \n> \"This is (only) a quick report. (details will follow)\"\n>",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-20T01:49:53.217",
"id": "36025",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-20T01:59:48.030",
"last_edit_date": "2016-06-20T01:59:48.030",
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"owner_user_id": "5010",
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"post_type": "answer",
"score": 7
},
{
"body": "まで actually has quite a number of different (but fundamentally related)\nmeanings. Here, IMO, it's related to the \"no more than\" meaning (a bit like\nにすぎない) and serves to make this expression more humble: \"May this at most serve\nas a reference for you\" aka I feel (or at least make it seem as such to be\npolite) that it may not be worthy of being used as anything more than a mere\nreference.\n\nAs a related bit, it's actually an abbreviated version of one of a number of\npossible longer phrases: ご参考までに（お目【め】通【とお】し・ご拝【はい】読【どく】ください）",
"comment_count": 0,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-20T01:53:04.423",
"id": "36026",
"last_activity_date": "2016-06-20T01:53:04.423",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "6841",
"parent_id": "36024",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 3
}
]
| 36024 | 36025 | 36025 |
{
"accepted_answer_id": null,
"answer_count": 1,
"body": "So in English, we might talk about a family by saying (for example) \"the\nJohnson family\" or \"the Johnsons.\" Is there an equivalent you use in Japanese?\nAnd would you use the same language when talking to a member of the family\nyou're referring to and when talking about that family to a third party?\n\nThanks!",
"comment_count": 3,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-20T07:55:27.467",
"favorite_count": 0,
"id": "36029",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-17T20:43:55.723",
"last_edit_date": null,
"last_editor_user_id": null,
"owner_user_id": "15823",
"post_type": "question",
"score": 6,
"tags": [
"expressions"
],
"title": "How would you say \"the ___ family\"?",
"view_count": 1399
} | [
{
"body": "Let us suppose the family name is [山田]{やまだ}.\n\nMost commonly, we would say:\n\n> 「山田[家]{け}」 ← 「家」 is read 「 **け** 」 for this usage.\n>\n> 「山田[一家]{いっか}」\n\n**_Formally_** , we could say:\n\n> 「山田[一族]{いちぞく}」\n\n「一族」is not an everyday word. It could sound too dramatic or theatrical if used\nin a casual convo.\n\n> \"And would you use the same language when talking to a member of the family\n> you're referring to and when talking about that family to a third party?\"\n\nThe same phrase can be used on both occasions.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9PqCX.jpg) \n(source:\n[k-img.com](http://image.eiga.k-img.com/images/movie/83447/poster2/200.jpg?1457577317)) \n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zgfaO.png) \n(source: [so-net.ne.jp](http://silvercopen2.c.blog.so-\nnet.ne.jp/_images/blog/_e73/silvercopen2/E382B9E382AFE383AAE383BCE383B3E382B7E383A7E38383E38388EFBC882011-07-142019.01.47EFBC89.png?c=a0))",
"comment_count": 1,
"content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
"creation_date": "2016-06-20T08:07:25.690",
"id": "36030",
"last_activity_date": "2019-07-17T20:43:55.723",
"last_edit_date": "2019-07-17T20:43:55.723",
"last_editor_user_id": "18772",
"owner_user_id": null,
"parent_id": "36029",
"post_type": "answer",
"score": 8
}
]
| 36029 | null | 36030 |
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