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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: We utilized whole-genome mapping of promoters that are activated by DNA hypomethylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical samples to shortlist novel targets for anticancer therapeutics. We provide a proof of principle of this approach by testing six genes short-listed in our screen for their essential role in cancer growth and invasiveness.', 'We used siRNA- or shRNA-mediated depletion to determine whether inhibition of these genes would reduce human tumor xenograft growth in mice as well as cell viability, anchorage-independent growth, invasive capacities, and state of activity of nodal signaling pathways in liver, breast, and bladder cancer cell lines.', 'Depletion of EXOSC4, RNMT, SENP6, WBSCR22, RASAL2, and NENF effectively and specifically inhibits cancer cell growth and cell invasive capacities in different types of cancer, but, remarkably, there is no effect on normal cell growth, suggesting a ubiquitous causal role for these genes in driving cancer growth and metastasis. Depletion of RASAL2 and NENF in vitro reduces their growth as explants in vivo in mice. RASAL2 and NENF depletion interferes with AKT, WNT, and MAPK signaling pathways as well as regulation of epigenetic proteins that were previously demonstrated to drive cancer growth and metastasis.
Answer: Our results prove that genes that are hypomethylated and induced in tumors are candidate targets for anticancer therapeutics in multiple cancer cell types. Because these genes are particularly activated in cancer, they constitute a group of targets for specific pharmacologic inhibitors of cancer and cancer metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3118-32. ©2014 AACR.
Example Output: Does genome-wide study of hypomethylated and induced genes in patients with liver cancer unravel novel anticancer targets?
Example Input: Context: PTH stimulates bone formation in Fgfr3 knockout mice through promotion of proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts.', 'Previous studies showed that endogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is required for parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated bone anabolic effects, however, the exact mechanisms by which PTH stimulate bone formation and the function of FGF receptors in mediating these actions are not fully defined. FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) has been characterized as an important regulator of bone metabolism and is confirmed to cross-talk with PTH/PTHrP signal in cartilage and bone development.', 'Fgfr3 knockout and wild-type mice at 2-month-old and 4-month-old were intraperitoneally injected with PTH intermittently for 4 weeks and then the skeletal responses to PTH were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), micro-computed tomography (μCT) and bone histomorphometry.', 'Intermittent PTH treatment improved bone mineral density (BMD) and femoral mechanical properties in both Fgfr3 (-/-) and wild-type mice. Histomorphometric analysis showed that bone formation and bone resorption were increased in both genotypes following PTH treatment. PTH treatment increased trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in WT and Fgfr3-deficient mice. The anabolic response in Fgfr3-deficient and wild-type bone is characterized by an increase of both bone formation and resorption-related genes following PTH treatment. In addition, we found that Fgfr3 null osteoblasts (compared to wild-type controls) maintained normal abilities to response to PTH-stimulated increase of proliferation, differentiation, expression of osteoblastic marker genes (Cbfa1, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin), and phosphorylation of Erk1/2.
Answer: Bone anabolic effects of PTH were not impaired by the absence of FGFR3, suggesting that the FGFR3 signaling may not be required for osteoanabolic effects of PTH activities.
Example Output: Does fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Deficiency Impair the Osteoanabolic Action of Parathyroid Hormone on Mice?
Example Input: Context: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation, is a major cause of acute renal failure (ARF). The ischemic ARF in diabetic rats is much more severe than that in the normal rats exposed to as same ischemic time. Ischemic post-conditioning (IPO) is a phenomenon by which intermittent interruptions of blood flow in the early phase of reperfusion can protect organs from I/R injury. To determine whether the renal protection effect of IPO mediates by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in diabetic rats.', 'Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham operation group, I/R group, and IPO group. Except sham operation group, rats were subjected to 30\u2009min of renal ischemia, both with and without treatment with IPO, then reperfusion 24\u2009h. Light microscope and transmission electronic microscope were used to observe structural changes of renal tubule. RT-PCR was used to measure TLR4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression level, renal TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) protein expression was detected by Western blot.', 'The results demonstrated that IPO markedly decreased renal ischemic injury caused by I/R and inhibited the proinflammatory expression levels of TLR4, TNF-α, and NF-κB, all of which up-regulated by I/R in diabetic rats.
Answer: Taken together, our results suggest that proper IPO may have protective effect on the ischemic injury mediated by renal I/R, which might be associated with inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathway in diabetic rats.
Example Output: | Does ischemic post-conditioning attenuate renal ischemic reperfusion injury via down-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 in diabetic rats?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Example solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Example explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Problem: Context: Reduced levels of free and total insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) have been observed in type-1 diabetes (T1D) patients. The bioavailability of IGF-I from the circulation to the target cells is controlled by multifunctional IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). The aim of this study was to profile serum IGFBPs in T1D and its complications.', 'We measured the IGFBP levels in 3662 patient serum samples from our ongoing Phenome and Genome of Diabetes Autoimmunity (PAGODA) study. IGFBP levels of four different groups of T1D patients (with 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 complications) were compared with healthy controls.', 'Three serum IGFBPs (IGFBP-1, -2, and -6) are significantly higher in T1D patients, and these alterations are greater in the presence of diabetic complications. IGFBP-3 is lower in patients with diabetic complications. Analyses using quintiles revealed that risk of T1D complications increases with increasing concentrations of IGFBP-2 (fifth quintile ORs: 18-60, p\u2009<\u200910(-26)), IGFBP-1 (fifth quintile ORs: 8-20, p\u2009<\u200910(-15)), and IGFBP-6 (fifth quintile ORs: 3-148, p\u2009<\u200910(-3)). IGFBP-3 has a negative association with T1D complications (fifth quintile ORs: 0.12-0.25, p\u2009<\u200910(-5)).
Answer: We found that elevated serum levels of IGFBP-1, -2, and -6 were associated with T1D, and its complications and IGFBP-3 level was found to be decreased in T1D with complications. Given the known role of these IGFBPs, the overall impact of these alterations suggests a negative effect on IGF signaling.
| Solution: Do iGF-Binding Proteins in Type-1 Diabetes Are More Severely Altered in the Presence of Complications? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Problem:Context: Immune dysregulation can affect insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell function and hence contribute to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The complement system, as a regulator of immune and inflammatory homeostasis, may be a relevant contributor therein. However, longitudinal studies focusing on complement as a determinant of T2DM and IR are scarce. Therefore, we prospectively investigated the association of plasma complement factor 3 (C3) with (estimates of) IR in muscle, liver, and adipocytes, as well as with glucose tolerance, including incident T2DM.', 'Fasting C3, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin (the latter two during oral glucose tolerance tests) were measured at baseline (n = 545) and after 7 years of follow-up (n = 394) in a prospective cohort study.', 'Over the 7-year period, C3 levels (per 0.1 g/L) were longitudinally associated with higher homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA2-IR; β = 15.2% [95% CI 12.9-17.6]), hepatic IR (β = 6.1% [95% CI 4.7-7.4]), adipocyte IR (β = 16.0% [95% CI 13.0-19.1]), fasting glucose (β = 1.8% [95% CI 1.2-2.4]), 2-h glucose (β = 5.2% [95% CI 3.7-6.7]), and area under the curve for glucose (β = 3.6% [95% CI 2.7-4.6]). In addition, greater changes in C3 (per 0.1 g/L) were associated with greater changes in HOMA2-IR (β = 0.08 [95% CI 0.02-0.15]) and greater changes in hepatic IR (β = 0.87 [95% CI 0.12-1.61]) over 7 years, but not glucose tolerance. Moreover, baseline C3 was associated with the 7-year incidence of T2DM (odds ratio 1.5 [95% CI 1.1-2.0]).
Answer: Changes in C3 were associated with changes in several measures of IR and may reflect progression of metabolic dysregulation, which eventually leads to abnormalities in glucose tolerance and T2DM.
Solution: | Is complement factor 3 associated with insulin resistance and with incident type 2 diabetes over a 7-year follow-up period : the CODAM Study? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Teacher: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? If you are still confused, see the following example:
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Reason: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Now, solve this instance: Context: The commonest cause of mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes is atherothrombosis, which can be related to abnormalities in the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways, as well as in platelet function. Platelet microparticles (PMPs) may contribute to the prothrombotic state and may promote the progression of atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that PMPs are elevated in Type 2 diabetes and that patients with Type 2 diabetes and clinically apparent atherosclerosis would have the highest levels. Similarly, we hypothesized that soluble plasma P-selectin (sPsel) and CD40L (both molecules which are released by activated platelets), as well as %CD62P (P-selectin) and %CD63 positivity on platelets quantified by flow cytometry, would be highest in patients with Type 2 diabetes and clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease, and might be correlated to PMP levels.', 'Venous blood was obtained from 21 Type 2 diabetic patients without atherosclerotic complications, 18 diabetic patients with clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease and 21 non-diabetic control subjects. PMPs, as well as %CD62P and %CD63 positivity on platelets, were quantified by flow cytometry. sPsel and CD40L were measured using ELISA.', 'Patients with Type 2 diabetes and clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease had the highest PMP (P=0.045) and sPsel (P=0.046) levels, compared with patients without complications (who had intermediate PMP levels) and control subjects. Control subjects had the lowest CD40L levels (P<0.001) when compared with patients with Type 2 diabetes, with no difference in sCD40L levels between the two diabetic subgroups. %CD62P and %CD63 positivity did not differ between the groups. PMP levels correlated with %CD62P positivity (P=0.026) but not to %CD63 positivity (P=0.089), sCD40L (P=0.407) or sP-sel (P=0.163); sCD40L levels did not correlate with any other marker of platelet activation.
Answer: PMPs are elevated in Type 2 diabetes. In addition, patients with clinically apparent atherosclerosis had the highest levels of PMPs and sPsel. Thus, PMPs may be a marker of symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease in Type 2 diabetes, and may both represent a useful risk stratification tool as well as a novel therapeutic target for anti-thrombotic drugs.
Student: | Is clinically apparent atherosclerotic disease in diabetes associated with an increase in platelet microparticle levels? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: The ability of CD8(+) T-cells to induce prostate inflammation was examined using a prostate ovalbumin expressing transgenic mouse (POET) and/or adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T-cells (OT-I) that specifically recognize ovalbumin. Localization of inflammatory cells to prostate tissue was examined following T-cell activation via endogenous prostatic antigen, recombinant type 5 adenovirus carrying the gene coding ovalbumin (Ad5-mOVA), or adoptive transfer of in vitro antigen stimulated OT-I cells.', 'Ovalbumin specific OT-I cells were activated by autologous prostate antigen and trafficked to the prostate, but did not induce inflammation unless present in overwhelming numbers ( approximately 65% of CD8(+) T-cells). Activation of antigen specific CD8(+) T-cells in vitro (peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells) or in vivo (Ad5-mOVA) induced transitory prostate inflammation, without induction of prostate pathology, regardless of CD4(+) T-cell availability. Inflammation also was observed in OT-I x POET mice but again, pathological effects were not observed.
Answer: T lymphocytes specific for a prostate antigen are capable of inducing inflammatory infiltration of prostatic tissue rapidly following activation, but do not produce pathological prostate injury.
Answer: Is t-cell recognition of a prostate specific antigen sufficient to induce prostate tissue destruction?
Question: Context: Accumulating evidences indicated that lncRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in oncogenesis and progression of cancers. BRAF activated non-coding RNA (BANCR) has been identified to contribute to the progression of some human cancers. However, the relationship between BANCR and bladder cancer (BC) is largely unclear.', 'BANCR expression levels in BC, paired non-cancer tissues and BC cell lines were detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationships between BANCR expression levels and the clinical characteristics were evaluated. BANCR expression was enhanced by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. We used both CCK-8 assay and Edu assay to detect cell proliferation. We also detect cell apoptosis and migration by using ELISA assay, Flow cytometry and transwell assay, respectively. All statistical analyses were executed by using the SPSS 20.0 software.', 'BANCR expression levels were remarkably decreased in BC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. BANCR expression levels in two BC cell lines were also significantly down-regulated. Clinicopathologic analysis revealed that low BANCR expression was positively correlated with TNM stage, but not associated with other clinicopathological characteristics. BANCR has been successfully overexpressed in BC cell lines (T24 and SW780) by transfecting a pcDNA-BANCR vector. Cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction and migration suppression were also observed in pCDNA-BANCR-transfected T24 and SW780 cells.
Answer: These data suggested that BANCR represents a tumor suppressor player in bladder cancer, contributes to tumor proliferation, apoptosis and migration, and may serve as a new candidate biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for patients with BC.
Answer: Does over-expression of long noncoding RNA BANCR inhibit malignant phenotypes of human bladder cancer?
Question: Context: Corticosteroids remain the mainstay for control of ocular inflammation after vitreous surgery. A controlled, randomized, prospective study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a single intravitreal injection of dexamethasone phosphate on postoperative inflammation after simple vitreous surgery in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular pucker.', 'Aqueous cell flare intensity was measured preoperatively and on days 1, 10, and 90 in 56 consecutive patients who underwent vitreous surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular pucker. Subjects were consecutively randomized to two groups: 400 microg of intravitreal dexamethasone (treatment group) or no dexamethasone (control group)', 'Before surgery, cell and flare intensity was similar in both groups. Flare intensity was significandy lower at 10, 30, and 90 days in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy treatment group (P < .05).
Answer: Intravitreal dexamethasone significantly alleviates postoperative inflammation after vitreous surgery and is a useful adjunct.
Answer: | Does intravitreal dexamethasone effectively reduce postoperative inflammation after vitreoretinal surgery?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: Recently, the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the pathogenesis of heart failure through different mechanisms has received much attention. Subclinical changes in left ventricular (LV) function can be identified using quantification of myocardial strain, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a superior predictor of outcomes than ejection fraction. We hypothesized that increased OPG levels could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in treated diabetic hypertensive patients with preserved LV ejection fraction.', 'The study was composed of 86 diabetic hypertensive and 30 nondiabetic hypertensive patients. All patients underwent echocardiography and venous blood samples were taken for determination of OPG. The relation between OPG levels and LV GLS was investigated using 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.', 'Diabetic hypertensive patients had higher diastolic peak early/early diastolic tissue velocity and lower systolic tissue velocity, GLS, GLS rate systolic, and GLS rate early diastolic than nondiabetic hypertensive patients (P = 0.009, P = 0.049, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P < 0.001, respectively). Diabetic hypertensive patients were divided into 2 groups according to median GLS value (> 18.5 and ≤ 18.5). The patients with GLS ≤ 18.5 had higher diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg; P = 0.048), OPG (pmol/L; P < 0.001), and hemoglobin A1c (%; P = 0.042) values than those with GLS > 18.5. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, OPG was found to be an independent predictor of impaired GLS (P = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that OPG values of > 6.45 (pmol/L) identified the patients with GLS ≤ 18.5.
Answer: Plasma OPG values could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients.
A: | Is osteoprotegerin associated with subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients : a speckle tracking study? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is more sensitive than standard C-reactive protein (CRP) assay in evaluating the risk of coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic events. By this time, there are several reports that type 2 diabetic subjects have higher serum levels of hsCRP than those of non-diabetic subjects. However, there are few reports about factors which have influence upon the level of serum hsCRP in type 2 diabetic subjects. We had evaluated the association of serum hsCRP level with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in type 2 diabetic subjects.', 'One hundred and five patients (59 men and 46 women) with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Subjects with severe cardiovascular diseases were excluded. All subjects were undergone carotid ultrasonography for evaluation of carotid IMT. Serum hsCRP concentrations were measured.', 'Serum hsCRP level was correlated with mean left IMT (r = 0.366, P = 0.003), maximal left IMT (r = 0.370, P = 0.002), mean right IMT (r = 0.281, P = 0.023) and maximal right IMT (r = 0.370, P = 0.002), body mass index (r = 0.377, P < 0.001), waist circumference (r = 0.342, P < 0.001), waist-hip ratio (r = 0.229, P = 0.020), serum total cholesterol (r = 0.202, P = 0.024), serum triglyceride (r = 0.292, P = 0.022) and serum low-density lipoprotein (r = 0.133, P = 0.044).
Answer: Our result shows that serum hsCRP level is correlated with carotid IMT and the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and may be useful to predict accelerated atherosclerotic process in type 2 diabetic subjects.
answer:
Is serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein associated with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes?
question:
Context: Some living kidney donors report lost income during recovery from surgery. Little is known about whether concern for living donor's lost income affects the decision to undergo donation evaluation and the willingness of transplant candidates to discuss living kidney donation (LKD) with others.", 'To examine whether transplant patients were told by potential donors about lost income concerns and whether patients chose not to discuss LKD with others due to lost income concerns.', "Kidney transplant patients (185 wait-listed candidates, 171 deceased donor recipients, and 100 live donor recipients) at 2 centers completed a questionnaire to assess whether concern about donor's lost income was a consideration in discussion about LKD with others.", 'One-third (32%) were told by a family member/friend that they were willing to donate but were concerned about potential lost income. The majority of those who expressed financial concern (64%) did not initiate donation evaluation. Many patients (42%) chose not to discuss living donation with a family member/friend due to concern about the impact of lost income on the donor. In the multivariable model, lower annual household income was the only statistically significant predictor of both having a potential donor expressing lost income concern and choosing not to talk to someone because of lost income concern.
Answer: Findings from the current study underscore how concern about income loss for living donors may affect decision-making by both transplant candidates and potential donors.
answer:
Does concern for Lost Income Following Donation deter Some Patients From Talking to Potential Living Donors?
question:
Context: We aimed to investigate whether and how the total flavonoid extracts (TFE) from Inula britannica L. block neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury in rats.', 'Rats were administered orally TFE doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/d by gastric gavage from 3 days before balloon injury to 14 days after the injury. The ratio of intima (I) to media (M) thickness (I/M) in carotid arteries was examined by morphological analyses. The MDA content and SOD activity in plasma were measured. The O(2)(-) production in vascular tissues was detected in situ. The expression of p47(phox) in carotid arteries was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry.', 'The rats treated with TFE 50 mg/kg/d showed a reduction in neointimal hyperplasia, and the ratio of I/M of balloon injured-carotid arteries was significantly reduced by over 70% after TFE treatment, compared with the injured group. The inhibitory effect of TFE on neointimal hyperplasia was almost consistent with that of atorvastatin, a positive control. The plasma SOD activity was obviously increased by TFE treatment (P<0.01), while plasma MDA production was markedly decreased by TFE treatment (P<0.05). On day 14 after balloon injury, the carotid arteries showed an increase in O(2)(-) production that was most evident in the neointimal and medial layer of the vessel. Thus, TFE significantly inhibited injury-induced O(2)(-) production and p47(phox) expression in carotid arteries.
Answer: Our results suggest that TFE inhibit the neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury, at least partly, by suppressing oxidative-stress generation.
answer:
| Do flavonoids from Inula britannica L. inhibit injury-induced neointimal formation by suppressing oxidative-stress generation?
| task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Teacher:Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: Context: We treated patients experiencing drug-eluting stent (DES) restenosis with plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA), implantation of the same type of DES [homogeneous drug-eluting stent (HOMO-DES)], or implantation of a different type of DES [heterogeneous drug-eluting stent (HETERO-DES)], and compared the efficacy and safety of these procedures for the prevention of repeated in-stent restenosis (ISR).', 'In patients with de-novo coronary lesions, DES implantation is associated with a markedly reduced restenosis rate as compared with that associated with a bare metal stent and POBA. However, the optimal management strategy for patients with DES ISR remains unknown.', 'We identified 191 consecutive DES ISR lesions from 183 patients who required clinically driven revascularization and divided them into three groups according to the treatment: 38 lesions were treated with POBA, 38 with HOMO-DES, and 115 with HETERO-DES.', 'The incidence of target lesion revascularization (TLR) was 42.1% (16/38), 15.8% (6/38), and 16.5% (19/115) in the POBA, HOMO-DES, and HETERO-DES groups (POBA vs. HOMO, HETERO-DES; P=0.002, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that diabetes [odds ratio (OR), 3.4], hemodialysis (OR, 7.74), nonfocal ISR patterns (OR, 3.35), previous myocardial infarction (OR, 3.26), and POBA (OR, 8.84) were independent predictors of TLR.
Answer: A strategy involving repeated DES implantation was superior to POBA for preventing recurrent restenosis. Treatment with a different type or generation of DES does not appear to reduce the incidence of TLR. Moreover, we identified certain useful factors for facilitating appropriate and early triage in the patients with repeated DES ISR.
Student: | Does switching types of drug-eluting stents prevent repeated in-stent restenosis in patients with coronary drug-eluting stent restenosis? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then an example. Follow the example to solve a new instance of the task.
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Why? The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
New input: Context: Maternal diabetes is a risk factor for pregnancy complications, including stillbirth and macrosomia. Evolving data suggest that diabetes during pregnancy also has long-term consequences for offspring, putting them at risk for obesity and the metabolic syndrome in childhood. Because nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is known to occur in adults and children with insulin resistance, we hypothesized that altered lipid metabolism in fetuses of diabetic mothers may manifest with hepatic steatosis.', 'We undertook a retrospective autopsy study to compare the presence and degree of hepatic steatosis between stillborns delivered to women with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus (gestational age 20-40 weeks; n\u200a=\u200a33) and age-matched nondiabetic control stillbirth cases (n\u200a=\u200a48), the latter enriched for maternal obesity, macrosomia, and similar cause of demise.', 'Histopathologic hepatic steatosis was significantly more prevalent and severe in the diabetic subjects (26/33, 78.8%) than in the controls (8/48, 16.6%) (P\u200a<\u200a0.001). Within the diabetic cohort, the severity of steatosis was related directly to gestational age, birth weight, and liver weight, with no correlation of presence or severity of steatosis in the control group to maternal or fetal factors, including maternal body mass index or fetal macrosomia. Although macrosomic stillborns were more common in diabetic women with %hemoglobin A1c >6 and body mass index >30 kg/m, fetal steatosis was independent of glycemic control, maternal obesity, type of diabetes, ethnicity, or fetal sex in our cohort.
Answer: This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate a specific association between fetal hepatic steatosis and maternal diabetes.
Solution: | Is hepatic steatosis prevalent in stillborns delivered to women with diabetes mellitus? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: The independent prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has been questioned, and consequently we decided to investigate whether hsCRP was associated with subclinical cardiovascular (CV) damage independently of traditional CV risk factors.', 'In a population-based sample of 2028 apparently healthy individuals without prior stroke or myocardial infarction not receiving any CV, anti-diabetic or lipid-lowering treatment, aged 41, 51, 61 or 71 years, we measured in 1993 serum hsCRP, traditional CV risk factors (lifestyle, metabolic and hemodynamic) and assessed subclinical CV damage [atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries, pulse wave velocity (PWV), urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), left ventricular (LV) mass and ejection fraction].', 'Adjusting for age and gender in multiple regression analyses, higher log(hsCRP) was associated with higher logPWV (beta = 0.15) and log(left ventricular mass index) (LVMI) (beta = 0.09, both P < 0.001), LV relative wall thickness (beta = 0.07, P < 0.01), logUACR (beta = 0.04, P = 0.06) and more atherosclerotic plaques (beta = 0.06, P < 0.05). However, higher log(hsCRP) was only weakly associated with higher logPWV(beta = 0.06, P < 0.05) and more atherosclerotic plaques (beta = 0.04, P = 0.06) when adjusting for other significant CV risk factors, such as daily smoking (beta = 0.18), female gender (beta = -0.17), older age (beta = 0.11), lower log(high density lipoprotein cholesterol) (beta = -0.11, all P < 0.001); wider waist (beta = 0.17), higher body mass index (beta = 0.14), higher heart rate (beta = 0.06, all P < 0.01); and higher log(plasma glucose) (beta = 0.05, P < 0.05) (adj. R2 = 0.19, P < 0.001).
Answer: After adjustment for traditional CV risk factors hsCRP was only associated with PWV and atherosclerotic plaques, indicating a possible effect of low-grade inflammation on macrovascular damage. The close relationship between traditional CV risk factors and hsCRP suggested that hsCRP was an integrated CV risk marker early in the development of atherosclerosis.
Ex Output:
Is high-sensitivity C-reactive protein only weakly related to cardiovascular damage after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors?
Ex Input:
Context: Biological evidence reported in the literature supports the role of CELSR1 as being essential for valvular function in murine lymphatics. Yet thus far, there have been no variants in CELSR1 associated with lymphatic dysfunction in humans.', 'In this report, a rare early inactivating mutation in CELSR1 is found to be causal for non-syndromic, lower extremity lymphedema in a family across three generations. Near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging shows that instead of being propelled within the lumen of well-defined lymphatic vessels, lymph moved in regions of both legs in an unusual fashion and within sheet-like structures.
Answer: CELSRI may be responsible for primary, non-syndromic lymphedema in humans.
Ex Output:
Is a novel mutation in CELSR1 associated with hereditary lymphedema?
Ex Input:
Context: Evidence of hyperplasia with atypia found both on random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) and in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) fluid are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer.', 'In this study, we report the correlation of NAF production with cytological assessment of ductal cells obtained by RPFNA.', '113 women at high risk for development of breast cancer attending the Breast Cancer Prevention Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center underwent a single NAF collection attempt and RPFNA.', 'NAF was successfully collected in 51% of women. There was no significant difference in age, 5-year Gail risk assessment, menopausal status, hormone use, family history of breast cancer, history of prior atypical hyperplasia/LCIS or history of contralateral DCIS/invasive breast cancer between women who produced NAF and those that did not. The only significant difference between the two groups was in history of prior lactation (p = 0.018). Twenty-seven of the 113 subjects were found to have hyperplasia with atypia by RPFNA was 31% in women who produced NAF versus 16% in those who did not (p = 0.07).
Answer: Although prevalence of RPFNA atypia was numerically higher in NAF producers than non-producers the difference did not reach statistical significance. Failure to produce NAF does not exclude the presence of hyperplasia with atypia by random periareolar fine needle aspiration.
Ex Output:
| Does failure of high risk women to produce nipple aspirate fluid exclude detection of cytologic atypia in random periareolar fine needle aspiration specimens?
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instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Sit-to-stand tasks are commonly facilitated by modifying the initial position of the center of mass relative to the feet. It was hypothesized that modifications in the center of mass trajectory during sit-to-stand tasks altered the total body momentum at seat departure and redistributed the lower extremity net joint moments.', 'Between-task within-subject comparison was employed using a robust statistical method to accommodate for small sample size.', 'Six individuals performed four sit-to-stand tasks with systematic modifications in the initial center of mass position by varying the orientation of the lower extremity segments. The momentum of the center of mass and lower extremity net joint moments were quantified and compared.', 'Reducing the horizontal center of mass displacement significantly reduced horizontal total body momentum required at seat departure. Sit-to-stand tasks initiated with more horizontal shank and thigh positions required significantly greater knee and hip extensor net joint moments than those with more vertical shank and thigh positions. Sit-to-stand tasks initiated with vertical shank positions also required significantly greater hip extensor net joint moments as compared to those with more horizontal shank orientations.
Answer: When changes in initial center of mass position are made, alteration in center of mass horizontal momentum and the orientation of the lower extremity segments relative to the reaction force are observed. Consequently, mechanical demand imposed on the ankle, knee, and hip joint is redistributed. The magnitude of the net joint moments is dependent on the segment orientation, the reaction force, and the adjacent net joint moment.
answer:
Does modifying center of mass trajectory during sit-to-stand tasks redistribute the mechanical demand across the lower extremity joints?
question:
Context: Oxidative stress has been considered to play a primary role in the pathogenesis of stress-induced gastric damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin, ascorbic acid and β-carotene on stress-induced gastric mucosal damage.', 'Fifty-six male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, stress, stress + standard diet, stress + saline, stress + melatonin, stress + ascorbic acid and stress + β-carotene groups. The rats from stress groups were exposed to starvation, immobilization and cold by immobilizing for 8 h at +4°C following 72-hour food restriction. Following stress application, melatonin, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were administered for 7 days. Specimens of gastric tissue were prepared for microscopic and biochemical examinations.', 'Mean histopathological damage scores and mean tissue malondialdehyde levels were significantly decreased but mean tissue glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were increased in treatment groups vs. stress groups in general. Mean histopathological damage scores of the stress + Mel group was lower than those of stress + D, stress + S, stress + β-car (p < 0.05) and stress + Asc groups (p < 0.005). Additionally, mean tissue catalase activity of the stress + Mel group was higher than that of stress + S (p < 0.005), stress + D (p < 0.05) and stress + β-car groups (p < 0.05).
Answer: Melatonin is more effective than ascorbic acid and β-carotene in improvement of gastric damage induced by intensive stress. We suggest that as well as the direct antioxidant and free radical scavenging potency of melatonin, its indirect effect via the brain-gut axis might account for its greater beneficial action against stress-induced gastric damage.
answer:
Is melatonin more effective than ascorbic acid and β-carotene in improvement of gastric mucosal damage induced by intensive stress?
question:
Context: The human microbiota is a modulator of the immune system. Variations in the placental microbiota could be related with pregnancy disorders. We profiled the placental microbiota and microbiome in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) and studied its relation to maternal metabolism and placental expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines.', "Placental microbiota and microbiome and expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10, TIMP3, ITGAX, and MRC1MR) were analyzed in placentas from women with GDM and from control women. Fasting insulin, glucose, O'Sullivan glucose, lipids, and blood cell counts were assessed at second and third trimester of pregnancy.", "Bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonadales order and Acinetobacter genus showed lower relative abundance in women with GDM compared to control (P < 0.05). In GDM, lower abundance of placental Acinetobacter associated with a more adverse metabolic (higher O'Sullivan glucose) and inflammatory phenotype (lower blood eosinophil count and lower placental expression of IL10 and TIMP3) (P < 0.05 to P = 0.001). Calcium signaling pathway was increased in GDM placental microbiome.
Answer: A distinct microbiota profile and microbiome is present in GDM. Acinetobacter has been recently shown to induce IL-10 in mice. GDM could constitute a state of placental microbiota-driven altered immunologic tolerance, making placental microbiota a new target for therapy in GDM.
answer:
| Is gestational diabetes associated with changes in placental microbiota and microbiome?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: It is well established that African Americans (AA) experience greater pain associated with a variety of clinical conditions, and greater pain sensitivity to experimental pain tasks relative to non-Hispanic Whites (W). Notably, African Americans do not show the same relationships involving endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms and pain sensitivity documented in Caucasians, including positive associations between blood pressure, norepinephrine, cortisol and greater pain tolerance.', 'The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between plasma oxytocin (OT) and pain sensitivity and to explore the relation of OT to other factors known to influence pain perception.', 'OT concentration and sensitivity to ischemic, cold pressor, and thermal pain tasks were assessed in African American (n=25) and non-Hispanic White (n=23) pre-menopausal women.', 'African American women demonstrated significantly lower pain tolerance across tasks compared with Whites (F(1,46)=6.31, p=0.0156) and also exhibited lower plasma OT levels (AA: 3.90, W: 7.05 pg/mL; p=0.0014). Greater OT levels were correlated with greater tolerance to ischemic pain (r=0.36, p=0.013) and accounted for a marginally significant portion of the ethnic difference in ischemic pain tolerance (B=+0.29, p=0.06). Greater OT was also correlated with greater tolerance of cold pressor pain (r=0.31, p=0.03); however, this association was no longer seen after the variance due to ethnicity was accounted for.
Answer: These data suggest that reduced oxytocinergic function may be one of multiple biological factors contributing to the greater sensitivity to experimental ischemic pain, and to the greater burden of some types of clinical pain experienced by African Americans compared with Whites.
A: Is ethnicity associated with alterations in oxytocin relationships to pain sensitivity in women?
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Q: Context: Chronic HIV/HCV co-infection carries increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. Due to anti-inflammatory properties, HMG co-A inhibitors (statins) may be useful adjunctive therapy to reduce liver disease progression.', 'Clinical information was extracted from the Veterans Affairs HIV and HCV Clinical Case Registries (1999 - 2010). HIV-related variables included combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) era of diagnosis, CD4 cell count, and percent time with undetectable HIV viral load. Metabolic variables included diabetes, low-HDL, and hypertension. Statin use was measured as percent time with active prescription (time-updated throughout the follow-up period). Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to determine risk factors for cirrhosis (ICD-9 or APRI>2) overall and in groups stratified by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level above and below 40\u200aIU/L.', 'The cohort included 5985\u200aHIV/HCV co-infected veterans. The majority was black race, and the mean age at index date was 45 years. Statin use was significantly protective of cirrhosis for patients with ALT ≤40\u200aIU/L; for every 30% increase in time on statin, there was a 32% decreased risk of developing cirrhosis (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.47 -0.98). Diabetes and low-HDL were significantly associated with cirrhosis in patients with ALT > 40\u200aIU/L (HR 1.15, p\u200a<\u200a0.04 and HR 1.3, p\u200a<\u200a0.0001).
Answer: Statin drug use is beneficial in mitigating the risk of liver disease progression for HIV/HCV co-infected patients without advanced liver disease. Low-HDL and diabetes in co-infected patients with abnormal ALT have greater risk of cirrhosis development.
A: Do statin drugs decrease progression to cirrhosis in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals?
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Q: Context: To systematically review methodological articles which focus on nonpublication of studies and to describe methods of detecting and/or quantifying and/or adjusting for dissemination in meta-analyses. To evaluate whether the methods have been applied to an empirical data set for which one can be reasonably confident that all studies conducted have been included.', 'We systematically searched Medline, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, for methodological articles that describe at least one method of detecting and/or quantifying and/or adjusting for dissemination bias in meta-analyses.', 'The literature search retrieved 2,224 records, of which we finally included 150 full-text articles. A great variety of methods to detect, quantify, or adjust for dissemination bias were described. Methods included graphical methods mainly based on funnel plot approaches, statistical methods, such as regression tests, selection models, sensitivity analyses, and a great number of more recent statistical approaches. Only few methods have been validated in empirical evaluations using unpublished studies obtained from regulators (Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency).
Answer: We present an overview of existing methods to detect, quantify, or adjust for dissemination bias. It remains difficult to advise which method should be used as they are all limited and their validity has rarely been assessed. Therefore, a thorough literature search remains crucial in systematic reviews, and further steps to increase the availability of all research results need to be taken.
A: | Are methods for detecting , quantifying , and adjusting for dissemination bias in meta-analysis described?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) regulates thymidine phosphorylase (TP) mRNA stability. The aim of the present study was to analyze hnRNP K and TP expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to evaluate the prognostic and therapeutic potential of these two markers.', "We analyzed hnRNP K and TP expression immunohistochemically in 121 clinically proven NPC cases. Statistical analyses were applied to correlate cytoplasmic hnRNP K with elevated TP expression and determine the prognostic significance of these parameters. The therapeutic implication of elevated TP expression was determined by measuring sensitivity of NPC cells to the TP-targeting drug, 5-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine (5'-DFUR).", "There was a high correlation between cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP (P < 0.001). Both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP were associated with poor overall survival (OS; P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively) and distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively) of NPC patients. A multivariate analysis confirmed that both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are independent prognostic predictors for OS (P = 0.020 and 0.010, respectively). NPC cells expressing high TP were more sensitive to treatment with the TP-targeting drug, 5'-DFUR.
Answer: Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are associated with shorter OS and distant metastasis-free survival in NPC patients. In vitro experiments suggest that NPC tumors with high TP expression may be sensitive to 5'-DFUR treatment. Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP may be potential prognostic and therapeutic markers for NPC, but additional validation studies are warranted.
[A]: Are heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein k and thymidine phosphorylase independent prognostic and therapeutic markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
[Q]: Context: The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10494366 in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene is associated with QTc prolongation, through an effect on the intracellular Ca levels. As sulfonylurea stimulate insulin secretion by an increased influx of Ca, we hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with the glucose-lowering effect and mortality risk in sulfonylurea users.', 'Associations between the NOS1AP polymorphism, prescribed doses, and mortality rates in sulfonylurea, metformin, and insulin users were assessed in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study of 7983 elderly people.', 'We identified 619 participants who were prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs during follow-up. In glibenclamide users carrying the TG genotype, the prescribed doses were higher compared with the glibenclamide users carrying the TT genotype [0.38 defined daily dose units, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.63]. Glibenclamide users with the TG or GG genotype had an increased mortality risk compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype [hazard ratio (HR) 2.80, 95% CI: 1.09-7.22]. Tolbutamide users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63) and glimepiride users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.74) had a decreased mortality risk compared with tolbutamide and glimepiride users with the TT genotype.
Answer: In participants with the TG or GG genotype at rs10494366 in the NOS1AP gene, glibenclamide is less effective in reducing glucose levels and mortality rates were higher compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype. In tolbutamide and glimepiride users, the TG and GG genotype were associated with a reduced mortality rate.
[A]: Is common variation in the NOS1AP gene associated with reduced glucose-lowering effect and with increased mortality in users of sulfonylurea?
[Q]: Context: Troponin I (TnI) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) are important myofibrillar proteins involved in the regulation of myofilament calcium (Ca2+) sensitivity and cardiac inotropy. The objectives of this study were to determine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating propofol-induced changes in actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in cardiac myofibrils and to examine the extent to which propofol alters the phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2 in cardiomyocytes.', 'Freshly isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were used for the study. Cardiac myofibrils were extracted for assessment of actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity and phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. Western blot analysis for PKC-alpha was performed on cardiomyocyte subcellular fractions. Simultaneous measurement of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) and myocyte shortening was assessed using fura-2 and video edge detection, respectively.', 'Propofol (30 microM) reduced the Ca2+ concentration required for activation of actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity, and this effect was abolished by bisindolylmaleimide I. In addition, propofol stimulated dose-dependent phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. PKC activation with phorbol myristic acetate also stimulated an increase in phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. The actions of propofol and phorbol myristic acetate together on phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2 were not additive. PKC inhibition with bisindolylmaleimide I attenuated phorbol myristic acetate- and propofol-induced phosphorylation of TnI and MLC2. Propofol stimulated translocation of PKC-alpha from cytosolic to membrane fraction. Propofol caused a shift in the extracellular Ca2+-shortening relationship, and this effect was abolished by bisindolylmaleimide I.
Answer: These results suggest that propofol increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity via a PKC-dependent pathway involving the phosphorylation of MLC2.
[A]: | Does propofol increase phosphorylation of troponin I and myosin light chain 2 via protein kinase C activation in cardiomyocytes?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[EX Q]: Context: We tested the hypothesis that harm avoidance, a trait associated with behavioral inhibition, is associated with the rate of change in parkinsonism in older adults.', "At baseline harm avoidance was assessed with a standard self-report instrument in 969 older people without dementia participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal community-based cohort study. Parkinsonism was assessed annually with a modified version of the motor section of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (mUPDRS).", 'Average follow-up was 5 years. A linear mixed-effects model controlling for age, sex and education showed that for an average participant (female, 80 years old at baseline, with 14 years of education and a harm avoidance score of 10), the overall severity of parkinsonism increased by about 0.05 unit/ year (Estimate, 0.054, S.E., 0.007, p <0.001) and that the level of harm avoidance was associated with the progression of parkinsonism (Estimate, 0.004, S.E., 0.001, p <0.001). Thus, for an average participant, every 6 point (~1 SD) increase in harm avoidance score at baseline, the rate of progression of parkinsonism increased about 50% compared to an individual with an average harm avoidance score. This amount of change in parkinsonism over the course of the study was associated with about a 5% increased risk of death. The association between harm avoidance and progression of parkinsonism persisted when controlling for cognitive function, depressive symptoms, loneliness, neuroticism, late-life cognitive, social and physical activities and chronic health conditions.
Answer: A higher level of the harm avoidance trait is associated with a more rapid progression of parkinsonism in older adults.
[EX A]: Is harm avoidance associated with progression of parkinsonism in community-dwelling older adults : a prospective cohort study?
[EX Q]: Context: Barrett esophagus (BE) is considered precursor condition of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Its incidence and prevalence are increasing in general population. Studies reported that metabolic syndrome (MS) or diabetes mellitus (DM) is related to increased risk of BE. Current study was to assess and better understand the relationship between MS /DM and BE.', "Electronic search was conducted in the database Pubmed/Medline (-December, 2015), Embase (-December, 2015), Cochrane Library (-December, 2015), and Web of Knowledge (-December, 2015). Studies included were assessed with summary odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and compared exposure group with control group. The heterogeneity was examined by the funnel plot and the Egger's test. Subgroup analyses and sensitive analyses were performed for the detection of possible heterogeneity and impact on stability of analysis results.", "Twelve publications met the criteria and included 355,311 subjects were analyzed. The pooled results showed MS was closely associated with increased risk of BE (OR\u200a=\u200a1.23; 95%CI 1.03-1.47; P\u200a=\u200a0.024), and yet DM did not significantly increase the risk of BE (OR\u200a=\u200a1.07; 95%CI 0.82-1.38; P\u200a=\u200a0.627). Substantial heterogeneities were detected. No significant publication bias was detected by Egger's test (P\u200a=\u200a0.23).
Answer: Based on the results of current meta-analysis, MS is associated with increased risk of BE. Further long-term follow-up prospective study needs to verify the current results, and definite pathophysiological mechanism needs to be further investigated and clearly elucidated.
[EX A]: Is metabolic syndrome associated with increased risk of Barrett esophagus : A meta-analysis?
[EX Q]: Context: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced in many forms of chronic liver disease and may promote the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The activator protein 1 (AP-1) complex is a transcription factor that promotes hepatic carcinogenesis in response to cellular stress. The aim of this study was to determine the role of ER stress in the regulation of the hepatic AP-1 complex.', 'Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and C57BL/6J mice were subjected to pharmacologic ER stress and the expression of AP-1-associated genes and proteins was assessed. To determine the role of MAPK signaling in ER stress-induced AP-1 activation, ER stress was induced in JNK- and ERK-inhibited HepG2 cells.', 'Induction of ER stress promoted the activation of both Jun- and Fos-related genes and proteins of the AP-1 complex in HepG2 cells and murine liver. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in HepG2 cells completely prevented ER stress-induced activation of the fos-related components of AP-1 whereas activation of Jun-related components was only partially attenuated. Conversely, inhibition of JNK phosphorylation in HepG2 cells reduced ER stress-induced activation of Jun-related components but did not prevent activation of fos-related components.
Answer: ER stress activates the hepatic AP-1 complex via MAPK-dependent signaling pathways. ER stress-induced activation of Fos-related components is dependent primarily on ERK activation whereas ER stress-induced activation of Jun-related components is dependent primarily on JNK activation, although there is interplay between these regulatory pathways. These data implicate a novel signaling pathway by which sustained ER stress, as observed in many chronic liver diseases, may promote hepatic carcinogenesis.
[EX A]: | Does endoplasmic reticulum stress activate the hepatic activator protein 1 complex via mitogen activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Consider Input: Context: To develop a method for quick identification of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).', 'The alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma were analyzed and compared by FTIR combined with second derivative infrared spectroscopy.', 'FTIR spectra showed that there were some differences in the positions of infrared absorption peaks and the relative intensities in the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and the second derivative IR spectra clearly enhanced the spectral resolution of their differences. FTIR spectra showed that the new absorption peaks of Cimicifugae Rhizoma appeared and a part of original absorption peaks disappeared after sulfur-fumigation in aqueous extracts, while a lot of new absorption peaks appeared and the intensities of almost all absorption peaks significantly decreased after sulfur-fumigation in alcoholic extracts. Second derivative IR spectra showed that both sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by water differed significantly from each other ranging from about 3 950 to 3 940 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), 1 800 to 1 750 cm(-1), as well as from 1 400 to 1 350 cm(-1); Differences also existed between sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma extracted by ethanol ranging from about 3 980 to 3 960 cm(-1), 3 850 to 3 800 cm(-1), and 1 500 to 1 460 cm(-1).
Answer: The FTIR method combined with the second derivative IR spectrum can be used to analyze and distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Cimicifugae Rhizoma quickly and accurately. The developed method provides an efficient approach for the quality control of Chinese herbal medicines with its simplicity and strong specificity.
Output: Do [ Quick identification and discrimination of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated cimicifugae rhizoma by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ]?
Input: Consider Input: Context: Immunologic abnormalities have been found in bipolar disorder but pentraxin 3, a marker of innate immunity, has not been studied in this population.', 'Levels of pentraxin 3 were measured in individuals with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and non-psychiatric controls. Linear regression models were used to compare the pentraxin 3 levels in each of the psychiatric groups to that in the control group, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios associated with levels of pentraxin 3 which differed from specified levels of the control group.', 'The sample consisted of 831 individuals: 256 with bipolar disorder, 309 with schizophrenia, and 266 without a psychiatric disorder. The levels of pentraxin 3 in the bipolar disorder, but not in the schizophrenia, group were significantly lower than those of controls, adjusting for age, gender, race, maternal education, smoking status, and body mass index (t = -3.78, p < 0.001). The individuals with bipolar disorder also had significantly increased odds of having low levels of pentraxin 3 relative to both the 10th and 25th percentile level of the controls and significantly decreased odds of having a level greater than the 75th and the 90th percentile level of the controls, adjusting for the same covariates.
Answer: Individuals with bipolar disorder have low levels of pentraxin 3 which may reflect impaired innate immunity. An increased understanding of the role of innate immunity in the etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder might lead to new modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.
Output: Is pentraxin 3 reduced in bipolar disorder?
Input: Consider Input: Context: Visit-to-visit variability in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was found to be a novel predictor of adverse cardiac events. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, is characterized by sympathetic activation and increased oxidative stress which are regulators of LDL-C metabolism. We hypothesized that OSA was associated with LDL-C variability.', 'We prospectively recruited 190 patients with coronary artery disease for an overnight sleep study. Statin was prescribed upon discharge for 186 patients. Serum LDL-C levels were measured at clinic every 3 to 6\xa0months. Severity of OSA (on the basis of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)) was correlated with visit-to-visit LDL-C variability (on the basis of variation independent of mean (VIM)) in outpatient clinic.', "The mean AHI was 21.9\u2009±\u200918.9. Using an AHI cut-off of 5-14.9, 15-29.9, and ≥30, the prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe OSA was 26.3, 18.9, and 27.4\xa0%, respectively. After 53.2\u2009±\u200925.3\xa0months, LDL-C was recorded over 8.1\u2009±\u20094.2 measurements. VIM positively correlated with AHI (Pearson's r\u2009=\u20090.183, p\u2009=\u20090.016), but not body mass index, baseline and mean follow-up LDL-C levels, and number of LDL-C measurements. In multiple linear regression analysis, AHI remained an independent predictor of VIM after adjusting for diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. A 10-unit rise in AHI led to a 3.8\xa0% increase in VIM (95\xa0% CI 0.1 to 7.4\xa0%; p\u2009=\u20090.044).
Answer: This is the first study to show the independent correlation between OSA severity and visit-to-visit LDL-C variability. Our finding contributes to the understanding of the vasculopathic effects of OSA.
| Output: Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with visit-to-visit variability in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in patients with coronary artery disease?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Endometrial cancers (ECs) are the most common form of gynecologic malignancy. Recent studies have reported that ECs reveal distinct markers for molecular pathogenesis, which in turn is linked to the various histological types of ECs. To understand further the molecular events contributing to ECs and endometrial tumorigenesis in general, a more precise identification of cancer-associated molecules and signaling networks would be useful for the detection and monitoring of malignancy, improving clinical cancer therapy, and personalization of treatments.', 'ECs-specific gene co-expression networks were constructed by differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Important pathways and putative cancer hub genes contribution to tumorigenesis of ECs were identified. An elastic-net regularized classification model was built using the cancer hub gene signatures to predict the phenotypic characteristics of ECs. The 19 cancer hub gene signatures had high predictive power to distinguish among three key principal features of ECs: grade, type, and stage. Intriguingly, these hub gene networks seem to contribute to ECs progression and malignancy via cell-cycle regulation, antigen processing and the citric acid (TCA) cycle.
Answer: The results of this study provide a powerful biomarker discovery platform to better understand the progression of ECs and to uncover potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of ECs. This information might lead to improved monitoring of ECs and resulting improvement of treatment of ECs, the 4th most common of cancer in women.
Answer: Does visual gene-network analysis reveal the cancer gene co-expression in human endometrial cancer?
Question: Context: We previously demonstrated in rats that intravenous infusion of a lipid emulsion increases survival in resuscitation from severe bupivacaine cardiac toxicity. The present studies were undertaken to determine if this method is similarly effective in a non-rodent model using a larger animal.', 'Bupivacaine, 10 mg/kg, was administered intravenously over 10 seconds to fasted dogs under isoflurane general anesthesia. Resuscitation included 10 minutes of internal cardiac massage followed with either saline or 20% lipid infusion, administered as a 4-mL/kg bolus followed by continuous infusion at 0.5 mL/kg/min for 10 minutes. Electrocardiogram (EKG), arterial blood pressure (BP), and myocardial pH (pHm) and pO2 (pmO2) were continuously measured.', 'Survival after 10 minutes of unsuccessful cardiac massage was successful for all lipid-treated dogs (n = 6), but with no survivors in the saline controls (n = 6) (P <.01). Hemodynamics, PmO2, and pHm were improved during resuscitation with lipid compared with saline treatment in which dogs did not recover.
Answer: We found that infusing a lipid emulsion during resuscitation from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity substantially improved hemodynamics, pmO2, and pHm and increased survival in dogs.
Answer: Does lipid emulsion infusion rescue dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity?
Question: Context: It has been shown that the circulating Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is activated during normal pregnancy, but little is known about RAS in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM). GDM is considered not merely a temporary condition, but a harbinger of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating RAS profile in normotensive women with GDM at the third trimester of pregnancy and to compare the results with healthy pregnant and non-pregnant age-matched women.', 'The diagnostic criteria for GDM followed the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association. Angiotensin I (Ang I), Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] were determined in 24 pregnant patients with GDM; 12 healthy pregnant women and 12 non-pregnant women by radioimmunoassay.', 'Levels of Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) were higher in pregnant women (p<0.05), but showed a different pattern in the GDM group, in which reduced Ang-(1-7) circulating levels were found (p<0.05). This observation was confirmed by the significantly lower Ang-(1-7)/Ang I ratio (p<0.05).
Answer: Our data suggest that reduced levels of the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) could be implicated in the endothelial dysfunction seen in gestational diabetic women during and after pregnancy.
Answer: | Does the pregnancy-induced increase of plasma angiotensin- ( 1-7 ) is blunt in gestational diabetes?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is emerging as an independent prognostic biomarker in patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease. Little is known about the pathophysiological basis for the close association of GDF-15 to future CV events. We hypothesized that GDF-15 is related to underlying CV pathologies.', 'To relate the levels of GDF-15 to indices of CV dysfunction and disease in elderly individuals, serum levels of GDF-15 were measured in 1004 subjects aged 70 years from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque burden, and left ventricular (LV) geometry and function were assessed by ultrasound. Endothelial function was evaluated in forearm resistance vessels and in the brachial artery by venous occlusion plethysmography and ultrasound imaging, respectively. Elevated levels of GDF-15 were related to several CV risk factors (male gender, current smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, diabetes, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol). After adjustment for CV risk factors, increased levels of GDF-15 were associated with reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in resistance vessels, plaque burden, LV mass and concentric LV hypertrophy, reduced LV ejection fraction, and clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease and heart failure.
Answer: GDF-15 carries information on CV dysfunction and disease that is not captured by traditional CV risk factors in elderly individuals. | Is growth-differentiation factor-15 an independent marker of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease in the elderly : results from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors ( PIVUS ) Study? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Biological evidence reported in the literature supports the role of CELSR1 as being essential for valvular function in murine lymphatics. Yet thus far, there have been no variants in CELSR1 associated with lymphatic dysfunction in humans.', 'In this report, a rare early inactivating mutation in CELSR1 is found to be causal for non-syndromic, lower extremity lymphedema in a family across three generations. Near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging shows that instead of being propelled within the lumen of well-defined lymphatic vessels, lymph moved in regions of both legs in an unusual fashion and within sheet-like structures.
Answer: CELSRI may be responsible for primary, non-syndromic lymphedema in humans.
Answer: Is a novel mutation in CELSR1 associated with hereditary lymphedema?
Question: Context: Efficient enzymatic saccharification of plant cell wall material is key to industrial processing of agricultural and forestry waste such as straw and wood chips into fuels and chemicals.', "Saccharification assays were performed on steam-pretreated wheat straw under ambient and O2-deprived environments and in the absence and presence of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) and catalase. A kinetic model was used to calculate catalytic rate and first-order inactivation rate constants of the cellulases from reaction progress curves. The addition of a LPMO significantly (P\xa0<\xa00.01, Student's T test) enhanced the rate of glucose release from 2.8 to 6.9\xa0h(-1) under ambient O2 conditions. However, this also significantly (P\xa0<\xa00.01, Student's T test) increased the rate of inactivation of the enzyme mixture, thereby reducing the performance half-life from 65 to 35\xa0h. Decreasing O2 levels or, strikingly, the addition of catalase significantly reduced (P\xa0<\xa00.01, Student's T test) enzyme inactivation and, as a consequence, higher efficiency of the cellulolytic enzyme cocktail was achieved.
Answer: Oxidative inactivation of commercial cellulase mixtures is a significant factor influencing the overall saccharification efficiency and the addition of catalase can be used to protect these mixtures from inactivation.
Answer: Does catalase improve saccharification of lignocellulose by reducing lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-associated enzyme inactivation?
Question: Context: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), body weight (BMI percentage [BMI%]), and monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) in children.', 'A case-control study design was used. All children were 5 to 15 years of age; case patients were recruited from a comprehensive sleep disorders center (n = 149), and control subjects were recruited from a general pediatric practice in the same catchment area (n = 139). Case patients were subject to overnight polysomnograms and grouped into apnea severity categories (minimal, mild, moderate, or severe) on the basis of respiratory disturbance index and minimum arterial oxygen saturation levels. Data for all children included age; gender; height; weight; and history of MNE, snoring, diabetes, nasal allergies, and/or enlarged tonsils. BMI% was used to group children into weight categories as suggested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (underweight, normal weight, at risk for overweight, and overweight). Two age groupings were created (5-10 years and 11-15 years). Descriptive statistics provided the prevalence of OSA, weight category, and MNE among case patients and control subjects. Cross-tabulations examined the relationship of severity of OSA with weight categories and MNE, stratified by age and gender. A series of logistic regression models explored the interrelationship of the grouping variables.', 'A large majority (79.9%) of control subjects were at risk for overweight, and a large majority (80.0%) of children with MNE also had some degree of OSA. Logistic regression demonstrated that both MNE (odds ratio: 5.29) and overweight (odds ratio 4.16) were significantly associated with OSA but not with each other.
Answer: Overweight and MNE are associated with OSA but not with each other. OSA should be considered in overweight children with MNE, especially when they display other symptoms of OSA or fail to respond to standard MNE treatment programs.
Answer: | Are nocturnal enuresis and overweight associated with obstructive sleep apnea?
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Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Chronic oxidative stress is one of the key mechanisms responsible for disease progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, so far, few studies reported increased circulating levels of oxidative stress markers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and no study has been performed with newer markers of systemic oxidative stress. The aim was to assess the relationship between urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α and serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide and the severity of liver steatosis in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver.', 'The study was performed in 264 consecutive patients referred for suspected metabolic disease. Steatosis was defined according to Hamaguchi ultrasonographic criteria. Oxidative stress was assessed by urinary 8-iso- prostaglandin F2α and serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide levels.', 'Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver had higher (p\u2009<\u20090.001) mean values of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and of serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide, alanine aminotransferase, Cytokeratin-18 and homeostasis model of insulin resistance and lower values of serum adiponectin as compared to those without. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and of its clinical features was significantly higher in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Same findings were also observed after the exclusion of obese subjects, or subjects with diabetes or with metabolic syndrome and in those not taking statin medication. In addition, the levels of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α were independent predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver and a strong association of urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and of serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide with the severity of steatosis at ultrasound was also observed.
Answer: We demonstrated increased markers of oxidative stress in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Urinary 8-iso-PGF2α and serum soluble NOX2-derived peptide levels were independent from obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome and increased with the severity of liver steatosis at ultrasound.
A: | Is nOX2-generated oxidative stress associated with severity of ultrasound liver steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Consider Input: Context: Elevated levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but several questions remain outstanding. Firstly, it has not yet been determined whether an additional BNP sample at 7 weeks post ACS would enhance risk prediction. Secondly, we assessed whether the prognostic potential of BNP in ACS could be explained by echocardiographic abnormalities such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).', 'We measured bedside BNP levels in 443 consecutive patients presenting with ACS and at 7 weeks outpatient follow-up. Main outcome measure was either all-cause mortality, readmission with ACS, or congestive heart failure) at 10 months from presentation.', 'Of the 443 patients, 120 patients presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (27%). There were 90 cardiovascular (CV) events at 10 months. Adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, renal dysfunction, left ventricular ejection fraction, and echocardiographic LVH elevated near patient BNP levels (>80 pg/mL) were still associated with subsequent CV events when measured on admission (adjusted relative risk [RR] 2.63 [95% CI 1.34-5.19)] and also at 7 weeks post ACS (adjusted RR 4.12 [95% CI 1.58-10.72]). Patients with persistent BNP elevation at 7 weeks were also at an increased risk of CV events compared to those with an initial high BNP which then fell (unadjusted RR 4.04 [95% CI 1.24-13.15]).
Answer: In ACS, bedside BNP levels predict CV events at 10 months, independent of many echocardiographic abnormalities including LVH. Furthermore, our study suggests that an additional 7 weeks post ACS BNP enhances risk stratification over and above a one-off high BNP at baseline.
Output: Does serial bedside B-type natriuretic peptide strongly predict prognosis in acute coronary syndrome independent of echocardiographic abnormalities?
Input: Consider Input: Context: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that maternal asthma symptoms and pulmonary function are related to adverse perinatal outcomes.', 'Asthmatic patients were recruited from the 16 centers of the Maternal Fetal Medicine Units. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second was obtained at enrollment and at monthly study visits, and the frequency of asthma symptoms was assessed from enrollment to delivery. Perinatal data were obtained at postpartum chart reviews.', 'The final cohort included 2123 participants with asthma. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, smoking, acute asthmatic episodes, and oral corticosteroid use, significant relationships were demonstrated between gestational hypertension and preterm birth and lower maternal gestational forced expiratory volume in 1 second. The data did not show any significant independent relationship between asthma symptom frequency and perinatal outcomes.
Answer: Lower pulmonary function during pregnancy is associated with increased gestational hypertension and prematurity in the pregnancies of women with asthma, which may be due to inadequate asthma control or factors that are associated with increased asthma severity.
Output: Is spirometry related to perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with asthma?
Input: Consider Input: Context: Hypercholesterolemia is associated with abnormal endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation due to decreased nitric oxide bioavailability. Our aim was to examine the effect of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to the hypercholesterolemic rabbit carotid artery in vivo. In addition, we examined whether adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was associated with vascular dysfunction.', 'Rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks followed by a 0.5% cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. Vascular reactivity was assessed in nontransduced carotid arteries from chow- and cholesterol-fed animals. In addition, carotid arteries were surgically isolated, and 2 separate doses of adenoviral vectors encoding eNOS or beta-galactosidase (AdbetaGal) on the contralateral side were delivered to the lumen (1x10(10) and 5x10(10) pfu/mL).', 'Abnormal acetylcholine-mediated endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was detected in the carotid artery from cholesterol-fed animals, whereas responses to calcium ionophore A23187 and diethylamine NONOate were normal. Vascular reactivity was similar in nontransduced and AdbetaGal-transduced hypercholesterolemic vessels. In vessels transduced with eNOS, transgene expression was demonstrated by immunostaining in both the endothelium and the adventitia and by Western blot analysis. High-dose but not low-dose eNOS gene transfer enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation in vessels from cholesterol-fed rabbits.
Answer: Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of eNOS to carotid arteries of cholesterol-fed animals improves endothelium-dependent relaxation when an optimal viral titer is administered.
| Output: Does in vivo gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to carotid arteries from hypercholesterolemic rabbits enhance endothelium-dependent relaxations?
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Detailed Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: To examine the direct effect of high glucose levels on primary cultured human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCEC).', 'HRCECs were isolated from donated eyes and cultured for 6 days in the media containing 5 or 25 mmol/L glucose. The cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay and cell cycle analyzed by flow cytometry, with the cell apoptosis assayed by TUNEL method.', 'The cell viability was significantly decreased after exposure to 25 mmol/L glucose, and the number of apoptotic cells determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL was significantly increased in response to high-dose glucose treatment.
Answer: High-dose glucose induces apoptosis in HRCEC, which may contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy.
A: | Does [ High-dose glucose induce human retinal endothelial cell apoptosis ]? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: To investigate serum beta2-glycoprotein I-low-density lipoprotein (β2-GPI-LDL) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and to further evaluate the associations of β2-GPI-LDL with ox-LDL in vivo and with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications.', 'We determined β2-GPI-LDL, ox-LDL and small dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) levels in 236 T2DM patients with or without microvascular complications and 75 controls. The correlation analyses, multiple linear regression analyses and logistic regression analyses were performed, respectively.', 'Compared with controls, β2-GPI-LDL and ox-LDL levels were significantly elevated in both groups of T2DM patients and those with microvascular complications exhibited the more significant increase than those without complications. Serum β2-GPI-LDL levels were positively correlated with ox-LDL as well as sdLDL-C levels in T2DM patients. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that ox-LDL was one of the independent determinants of β2-GPI-LDL levels. Logistic regression analyses indicated that elevated β2-GPI-LDL and ox-LDL levels had significant predictive values for diabetic microvascular complications.
Answer: Elevated serum β2-GPI-LDL levels may be a serological hallmark of enhanced LDL oxidation in vivo and closely associated with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications.
Example Output: Are elevated beta2-glycoprotein I-low-density lipoprotein levels associated with the presence of diabetic microvascular complications?
Example Input: Context: The aim of this study was to evaluate how closely analysis of bone quality performed using the bone mineral density (BMD) values obtained by quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) reflected the histologic bone density.', "Eighteen patients requiring implant therapy underwent CT scanning. Their data were processed using Image Master software, and the BMD was calculated by measuring the Hounsfield units and relating those values to a phantom (Calibration Phantom, Quantitative Technologies). Each patient wore a radiographic-surgical template in which titanium cylinders were placed as a drilling guide for preparation of the implant site. The mouth regions where the titanium guides were placed (on the CT images and in the patient's mouth) corresponded to the implant sites where the BMD was measured and where tissue specimens for histomorphometric analysis retrieved. Forty specimens measuring 6 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter were obtained. Histomorphometric analysis was performed by digitizing the images, which were subsequently analyzed using the image analysis software IAS 2000. The bone volume (BV) was calculated as a percentage by dividing the area occupied by the mineralized bone over the entire microscopic field.", 'The results of the statistical analysis showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.691 between the BV and BMD values, with a P value < 0.01, which was considered significant.
Answer: The results of this study support the use of QCT to assess the bone quality before implant placement to improve the planning of implant treatment.
Example Output: Are bone mineral density and bone histomorphometry statistically related?
Example Input: Context: To investigate the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the usual intake of fatty acids and indices of dietary fat quality [the atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity indices (TI), and the ratios of hypo-and hypercholesterolemic (hH), ∑n-3/∑n-6, and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P:S)], during mid-pregnancy.', "799 adult pregnant women living in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil were screened and accepted for this cross-sectional GDM study. The Multiple Source Method was used to estimate participants' usual diet, using two 24-hour dietary recalls during mid-pregnancy. Diagnosis of GDM was defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria of 2015. Logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association between GDM and dietary fat, adjusted for age, education, parity, gestational age at the time of the interview, pre-pregnancy and current BMI, prior GDM, family history of diabetes, smoking, physical activity, energy, fiber, and fatty acids.", 'The mean (standard deviation) age of the women was 28 (5) years, and 19% had GDM. After multiple adjustments, inverse associations between the highest tertile of ∑n-3 fatty acids intake [0.21 (0.08-0.56)], α-linolenic intake [0.15 (0.05-0.42)], and GDM were found. A positive association between GDM and the highest tertile of TI [2.66 (1.34-5.29)], and a negative association with the highest tertile of hH ratio [0.41 (0.22-0.77)], were observed. No association between GDM and other indices of dietary fat quality were found.
Answer: The quality of dietary fat during pregnancy is strongly associated with GDM. Randomized clinical trial are needed to confirm these findings.
Example Output: | Is indices of dietary fat quality during midpregnancy associated with gestational diabetes?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Let me give you an example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
The answer to this example can be: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Here is why: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
OK. solve this:
Context: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been suggested to enhance glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier, thereby increasing brain glucose supply. Increased brain glucose concentration is known to suppress food intake and to decrease body mass via action on hypothalamic regulation centers. Based on the crucial role of VEGF on brain glucose supply, we hypothesized that higher VEGF concentrations are associated with lower food intake and body mass in humans.', 'Intending to investigate subjects with high variance of blood glucose, we examined patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our hypothesis was tested in a population-based cohort of 190 subjects with type 2 diabetes. Plasma VEGF levels in conjunction with other parameters known to modulate food intake were measured and subsequently correlated with food intake patterns at a breakfast buffet as well as with body mass.', 'We found that subjects with higher concentrations of plasma VEGF had 17% less carbohydrate intake (P=0.003) and 4.8% lower body mass (P=0.017) than those with lower VEGF concentrations. Intake of protein and fat did not correlate with VEGF concentrations. These associations of plasma VEGF were confirmed in multiple linear regression analyses controlling for several parameters interacting with food intake.
Answer: We conclude that high plasma VEGF concentrations are associated with less carbohydrate intake and lower body mass in type 2 diabetes. The role VEGF plays in facilitating glucose access to the brain represents a new aspect of food intake regulation and energy homeostasis, with relevance for diseases with body mass disturbances.
Answer: | Does high plasma VEGF relate to low carbohydrate intake in patients with type 2 diabetes? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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instruction:
Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
question:
Context: Interferon (IFN)-γ is a major cytokine produced by immune cells that plays diverse roles in modulating both the immune system and bone metabolism, but its role in autogenous bone grafting remains unknown. Here, we present that local IFN-γ administration improved the efficacy of autogenous bone graft treatment in an experimental rat model.', 'An autogenous bone graft model was prepared with critically sized rat calvariae defects. Four weeks (w) after bone graft implantation, rats were treated locally with IFN-γ or were not treated. The effect of IFN-γ on bone formation was evaluated for up to 8w with micro-computed tomography, quantitative histomorphometry, and Von Kossa staining. Osteoclastogenesis was assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Immunohistochemistry staining or quantitative polymerase chain reactions were used to estimate the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a well-known stimulant of osteoclastogenesis and an inhibitor of osteoblast activity, in defects.', 'Newly formed bone gradually replaced the autogenous bone grafts within 4w, although severe bone resorption with osteoclastogenesis and TNF-α expression occurred after 6w in the absence of IFN-γ administration. IFN-γ administration markedly attenuated bone loss, osteoclastogenesis, and TNF-α expression, while it enhanced bone formation at 8w.
Answer: Local IFN-γ administration promoted bone formation in autogenous bone grafts possibly via regulating osteoclastogenesis and TNF-α expression. The data provide insights into the potential roles of IFN-γ in autogenous bone grafting.
answer:
Does interferon-γ enhance the efficacy of autogenous bone grafts by inhibiting postoperative bone resorption in rat calvarial defects?
question:
Context: Breast reconstruction (BR) following mastectomy for breast cancer has been shown to improve quality of life and body image; however, there is significant geographic variation in BR rates. We explored factors associated with BR following mastectomy.', 'This is a population-based data linkage study consisting of cancer registry records linked to hospital inpatient episodes for 4104 women aged 20\u2009years and over-diagnosed with a first primary invasive localized stage breast cancer between 1997 and 2012 in Queensland, Australia, who underwent a mastectomy. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model predictors of BR.', 'Overall, 481 women (11.7%) underwent reconstruction. Proportions increased over time and were higher for younger women. Younger age, more recent diagnosis, living in high or very high accessibility areas or less disadvantaged areas, smaller tumours and attending a private or high-volume hospital independently increased the odds of reconstruction. The geographical disparity reduced significantly over time.
Answer: Geographical barriers to accessing BR have reduced; however, continued monitoring and further research to inform strategies to further reduce subgroup disparities remain a priority.
answer:
Does geographical disparity in breast reconstruction following mastectomy have reduced over time?
question:
Context: To quantify the prevalence and effect on visual acuity of macular cysts in a large cohort of patients with retinitis pigmentosa.', 'In 316 patients with typical forms of retinitis pigmentosa, visual acuity was measured with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts, macular cysts were detected with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and retinal thicknesses was quantified by OCT. The FREQ, LOGISTIC, and GENMOD procedures of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) were used to evaluate possible risk factors for cyst prevalence, and the MIXED procedure was used to quantify the relationships of visual acuity to retinal thickness measured at different locations within the macula.', 'Macular cysts were found in 28% of the patients, 40% of whom had cysts in only one eye. Macular cysts were seen most often in patients with dominant disease and not at all in patients with X-linked disease (P = 0.006). In eyes with macular cysts, multiple regression analysis revealed that visual acuity was inversely and independently related to retinal thickness at the foveal center (P = 0.038) and within a parafoveal ring spanning an eccentricity of 5 degrees to 10 degrees from the foveal center (P = 0.004).
Answer: Macular cysts are a common occurrence in retinitis pigmentosa, especially among patients with dominantly inherited disease. Visual acuity is influenced by edema in the parafovea, as well as in the fovea.
answer:
| Is visual acuity related to parafoveal retinal thickness in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and macular cysts?
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Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since insulin resistance can promote endothelial dysfunction and anti-TNF-alpha blockade yield a rapid improvement of endothelial function, we have sought to assess whether TNF-alpha blockade may also result in a reduction of insulin serum levels and improvement of insulin resistance in RA patients who require this therapy because of severe and refractory disease.', 'We recruited patients with RA seen over a period of 1 month at Hospital Xeral-Calde, Lugo, Spain, that were on treatment with anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody-infliximab. Patients with diabetes mellitus or plasma glucose > 110 mg/dl were excluded. Fasting blood samples were taken for determination of plasma glucose and serum insulin levels immediately prior to and after infliximab infusion.', 'Twenty-seven RA patients (21 women; mean age: 57.1 years; mean DAS28: 4.43) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Dramatic reduction in the serum insulin levels and insulin/glucose index was observed following infliximab infusion. Also, a significant improvement of insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity was found.
Answer: Our study confirms a rapid beneficial effect of infliximab on insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in RA patients treated periodically with this drug. It may support the long-term use of drugs that act blocking TNF-alpha function to reduce the mechanisms implicated in the development of atherosclerosis in patients with RA.
A: | Does anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockade improve insulin resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
One example is below.
Q: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
A: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Rationale: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Q: Context: The value of performing transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as part of the clinical assessment of patients awaiting endovascular repair of the abdominal aorta is little evaluated. We aimed to estimate the prognostic importance of information derived from TTE on long-term all-cause mortality in a selected group of patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair.', 'This was a retrospective cohort study of 273 consecutive patients selected for endovascular aneurysm repair. All patients included in the analysis underwent TTE before their procedure. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of TTE measures on all-cause mortality. Over a mean follow-up of 3.2±1.5 years, there were 78 deaths with a mean time to death of 1.28±1.16 years. A greater tubular ascending aorta (hazard ratio [HR] 5.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.77-11.33), presence of mitral regurgitation (HR 8.13, 95% CI 4.09-12.16), lower left ventricular ejection fraction (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.98), younger age (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99), and presence of diabetes mellitus (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.24-1.89) were predictors of all-cause mortality.
Answer: Echocardiography provides important long-term prognostic information in patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair. These TTE indices were more important at predicting outcome than standard conventional risk factors in this patient group. A greater tubular ascending aorta, presence of mitral regurgitation, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, younger age, and diabetes mellitus were independently associated with long-term mortality.
A: | Does transthoracic Echocardiography provide Important Long-Term Prognostic Information in Selected Patients Undergoing Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Repair? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a restrictive lung disease characterized by surfactant deficiency. Decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which demonstrates important roles in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of restrictive lung diseases. Current animal models investigating VEGF in the etiology and outcomes of RDS require premature delivery, hypoxia, anatomically or temporally limited inhibition, or other supplemental interventions. Consequently, little is known about the isolated effects of chronic VEGF inhibition, started at birth, on subsequent developing lung structure and function.', 'To determine whether inducible, mesenchyme-specific VEGF inhibition in the neonatal mouse lung results in long-term modulation of AECII and whole lung function.', 'Triple transgenic mice expressing the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt-1 specifically in the mesenchyme (Dermo-1/rtTA/sFlt-1) were generated and compared to littermate controls at 3 months to determine the impact of neonatal downregulation of mesenchymal VEGF expression on lung structure, cell composition and function. Reduced tissue VEGF bioavailability has previously been demonstrated with this model.', 'Triple transgenic mice demonstrated restrictive lung pathology. No differences in gross vascular development or protein levels of vascular endothelial markers was noted, but there was a significant decrease in perivascular smooth muscle and type I collagen. Mutants had decreased expression levels of surfactant protein C and hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha without a difference in number of type II pneumocytes.
Answer: These data show that mesenchyme-specific inhibition of VEGF in neonatal mice results in late restrictive disease, making this transgenic mouse a novel model for future investigations on the consequences of neonatal RDS and potential interventions.
Ex Output:
Does sequestration of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ( VEGF ) induce Late Restrictive Lung Disease?
Ex Input:
Context: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a retinopathy resulting from diabetes mellitus (DM) which was classified into non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR). Without an early screening and effective diagnosis, patients with PDR will develop serious complications. Therefore, we sought to identify special serum microRNAs (miRNAs) that can serve as a novel non-invasive screening signature of PDR and test its specificity and sensitivity in the early diagnosis of PDR.', 'In total, we obtained serum samples from 90 PDR cases, 90 matched NPDR patients and 20 controls. An initial screening of miRNA expression was performed through TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA). The candidate miRNAs were validated by individual reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) arranged in an initial and a two-stage validation sets. Moreover, additional double-blind testing was performed in 20 patients clinically suspected of having DR to evaluate the diagnostic value and accuracy of the serum miRNA profiling system in predicting PDR.', 'Three miRNAs were significantly increased in patients with PDR compared with NPDR after the multiple stages. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the validated three-serum miRNAs signature were 0.830, 0.803 and 0.873 in the initial and two validation sets, respectively. Combination of miR-21, miR-181c, and miR-1179 possessed a moderate ability to discrimination between PDR and NPDR with an area under ROC value of 0.89. The accuracy rate of the three-miRNA profile as PDR signature was 82.6%.
Answer: These data provide evidence that serum miRNAs have the potential to be sensitive, cost-effective biomarkers for the early detection of PDR. These biomarkers could serve as a dynamic monitoring factor for detecting the progression of PDR from NPDR.
Ex Output:
Do serum miRNA biomarkers serve as a fingerprint for proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Ex Input:
Context: To correlate the initial and maximal lactate levels with the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and survival in patients treated with extracorporeal life support (ECLS).', 'Retrospective chart review.', 'Pediatric intensive care unit.', 'Eighty-two neonatal patients placed on ECLS for respiratory failure due to sepsis, meconium aspiration, or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.', 'The initial lactate level measured within 6 hours of initiating ECLS and the maximal lactate level measured throughout the ECLS course were collected. Lactate levels were described as mean lactate +/- SE (mM). Head ultrasound reports and survival were reviewed. Platelet counts and activated clotting times (ACTs) were examined.', 'The mean initial and maximal lactate levels were higher in ECLS patients who developed ICH (initial: 10 +/- 1.7 mM vs 6.4 +/- 0.8 mM, p = .05 and maximal: 12.4 +/- 2.5 mM vs 7.9 +/- 0.8 mM, p = .04). Initial and maximal lactate levels were also elevated in nonsurvivors (initial: 11.7 +/- 3 mM vs 6.4 +/- 0.7 mM, p = .01 and maximal: 14.8 +/- 3.3 mM vs 7.8 +/- 0.8 mM, P < .01). Platelet counts and ACT did not differ in patients with and without ICH.
Answer: Lactate is a useful marker for the development of ICH in ECLS patients. In addition, elevated lactates during ECLS identify a subgroup of patients with poor outcome. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether the incorporation of this information into pre-ECLS and ECLS management will decrease the occurrence of ICH and improve survival.
Ex Output:
| Does elevated serum lactate correlate with intracranial hemorrhage in neonates treated with extracorporeal life support?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: The goals of this study were to evaluate the complication rate for intraoperative placement of a long-term central venous catheter (CVC) using intraoperative ultrasound (US) and fluoroscopy and to examine the feasibility for eliminating routine postprocedure chest X-ray.', 'Retrospective data pertaining to operative insertion of long-term CVC were collected and the rate of procedural complications was determined.', 'From January 2008 to August 2013, 351 CVCs were placed via the internal jugular vein using US. Of these, 93% had a single, successful internal jugular vein insertion. The complications included 4 arterial sticks (1.14%). Starting in October 2012, postprocedure chest radiography (CXR) was eliminated in 170 cases, with no complications. A total of $29,750 in charges were deferred by CXR elimination.
Answer: This review supports the use of US for CVC placement with fluoroscopy in reducing the rate of procedural complications. Additionally, with fluoroscopic imaging, postprocedural CXR can be eliminated with associated healthcare savings.
[A]: Does image-guided placement of long-term central venous catheters reduce complications and cost?
[Q]: Context: To describe the prevalence and correlates of hazardous drinking among female sex workers (FSWs) at 13 sites throughout Mexico.', 'FSWs (N = 1089) who were enrolled in a brief sexual risk reduction intervention (Mujer Segura) were queried about their sexual risk and substance use practices and their work contexts. Participants were classified as hazardous or non-hazardous drinkers based on the Alcohol Use Disorders test (AUDIT-C). Logistic regression models were used to examine individual, contextual, and community-level factors as correlates of hazardous drinking.', 'Ninety-two percent of participants reported alcohol consumption in the past month. Among drinkers (N = 1001), 83% met AUDIT-C criteria for hazardous drinking. Factors that were independently associated with hazardous drinking included: drug use in the past month (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.31; 95% CI 1.29-8.45), being a cigarette smoker (AOR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.13-2.58), being a barmaid or dance hostess (AOR = 3.40; 95% CI 1.95-5.91), alcohol use before or during sex with clients (AOR = 7.78; 95% CI 4.84-12.52), and working in a city with a higher marginalization index (AOR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.04-1.11).
Answer: Findings support the high prioritization by public health authorities of alcohol prevention and treatment programs for FSWs.
[A]: Does prevalence and correlate of Hazardous Drinking among Female Sex Workers in 13 Mexican Cities?
[Q]: Context: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the most common cause of end-stage renal disease and is a major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes. Insulin sensitivity is an important determinant of renal health in adults with type 2 diabetes, but limited data exist in adolescents. We hypothesized that measured insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate [GIR]) would be associated with early markers of DN reflected by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in adolescents with type 2 diabetes.', 'Type 2 diabetic (n = 46), obese (n = 29), and lean (n = 19) adolescents (15.1 ± 2.2 years) had GIR measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. ACR was measured and GFR was estimated by the Bouvet equation (combined creatinine and cystatin C).', 'Adolescents with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower GIR, and higher eGFR and ACR than obese or lean adolescents. Moreover, 34% of type 2 diabetic adolescents had albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g), and 24% had hyperfiltration (≥135 mL/min/1.73 m2). Stratifying ACR and eGFR into tertiles, adolescents with type 2 diabetes in the highest tertiles of ACR and eGFR had respectively lower GIR than those in the mid and low tertiles, after adjusting for age, sex, Tanner stage, BMI, and HbA1c (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). GIR, but not HbA1c, LDL, or systolic blood pressure, was also associated with eGFR after adjusting for sex and Tanner stage (β ± SE: -2.23 ± 0.87; P = 0.02).
Answer: A significant proportion of adolescents with type 2 diabetes showed evidence of early DN, and insulin sensitivity, rather than HbA1c, blood pressure, or lipid control, was the strongest determinant of renal health.
[A]: | Is insulin sensitivity an important determinant of renal health in adolescents with type 2 diabetes?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: Recently, casein glycomacropeptide (GMP)-derived peptide was found to possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, the improvement effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of GMP-derived peptide on hepatic insulin resistance were investigated.', 'The peptide IPPKKNQDKTE was identified from GMP papain hydrolysates by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Effects of IPPKKNQDKTE on glucose metabolism and expression levels of the hepatic insulin signaling proteins in high glucose-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells were evaluated. Results showed that IPPKKNQDKTE dose-dependently increased glucose uptake and intracellular glycogen in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells without affecting cell viability. IPPKKNQDKTE increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β and decreased the expression levels of p-GS, G6Pase and PEPCK. These IPPKKNQDKTE-mediated protection effects were reversed by PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, showing the mediatory role of PI3K/Akt. Moreover, treatment with IPPKKNQDKTE reduced IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation and increased phosphorylation of AMPK. Knockdown AMPK using siRNA in HepG2 cells increased Ser307 phosphorylation of IRS-1 and reduced Akt phosphorylation in IPPKKNQDKTE-treated insulin-resistant cells.
Answer: IPPKKNQDKTE prevents high glucose-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by modulating the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through AMPK activation, indicating that IPPKKNQDKTE plays a potential role in the prevention and treatment of hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
A: Does casein glycomacropeptide-derived peptide IPPKKNQDKTE ameliorate high glucose-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells via activation of AMPK signaling?
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Q: Context: We aimed to investigate whether and how the total flavonoid extracts (TFE) from Inula britannica L. block neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury in rats.', 'Rats were administered orally TFE doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/d by gastric gavage from 3 days before balloon injury to 14 days after the injury. The ratio of intima (I) to media (M) thickness (I/M) in carotid arteries was examined by morphological analyses. The MDA content and SOD activity in plasma were measured. The O(2)(-) production in vascular tissues was detected in situ. The expression of p47(phox) in carotid arteries was analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry.', 'The rats treated with TFE 50 mg/kg/d showed a reduction in neointimal hyperplasia, and the ratio of I/M of balloon injured-carotid arteries was significantly reduced by over 70% after TFE treatment, compared with the injured group. The inhibitory effect of TFE on neointimal hyperplasia was almost consistent with that of atorvastatin, a positive control. The plasma SOD activity was obviously increased by TFE treatment (P<0.01), while plasma MDA production was markedly decreased by TFE treatment (P<0.05). On day 14 after balloon injury, the carotid arteries showed an increase in O(2)(-) production that was most evident in the neointimal and medial layer of the vessel. Thus, TFE significantly inhibited injury-induced O(2)(-) production and p47(phox) expression in carotid arteries.
Answer: Our results suggest that TFE inhibit the neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury, at least partly, by suppressing oxidative-stress generation.
A: Do flavonoids from Inula britannica L. inhibit injury-induced neointimal formation by suppressing oxidative-stress generation?
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Q: Context: New generation synthetic surfactants represent a promising alternative in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. CHF5633, a new generation reconstituted agent, has demonstrated biophysical effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. In accordance to several well-known surfactant preparations, we recently demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced cytokine responses in human adult monocytes. The present study addressed pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of CHF5633 in human cord blood monocytes.', 'Purified neonatal CD14(+) cells, either native or simultaneously stimulated with E. coli LPS, were exposed to CHF5633. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 as well as TLR2 and TLR4 expression were analyzed by means of real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry.', 'CHF5633 did not induce pro-inflammation in native human neonatal monocytes and did not aggravate LPS-induced cytokine responses. Exposure to CHF5633 led to a significant decrease in LPS-induced intracellular TNF-α protein expression, and significantly suppressed LPS-induced mRNA and intracellular protein expression of IL-1β. CHF5633 incubation did not affect cell viability, indicating that the suppressive activity was not due to toxic effects on neonatal monocytes. LPS-induced IL-8, IL-10, TLR2 and TLR4 expression were unaffected.
Answer: Our data confirm that CHF5633 does not exert unintended pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory effects in human neonatal monocytes. CHF5633 rather suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β cytokine responses. Our data add to previous work and may indicate anti-inflammatory features of CHF5633 on LPS-induced monocyte cytokine responses.
A: | Does the new generation synthetic reconstituted surfactant CHF5633 suppress LPS-induced cytokine responses in human neonatal monocytes?
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Instructions: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: With rising obesity rates in children, it is increasingly difficult to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM) on clinical grounds alone. Using C-peptide as a method of classifying diabetes mellitus (DM) has been suggested. This study aimed to find a correlation between fasting C-peptide level and DM types in children and adolescents.', 'A total of 223 diabetic children, newly diagnosed at 5 hospitals between January 2001 and December 2012, were enrolled in this study. Initial DM classification was based on clinical and laboratory data including fasting C-peptide at diagnosis; final classification was based on additional data (pancreatic autoantibodies, human leukocyte antigen type, and clinical course).', 'Of 223 diabetic children, 140 were diagnosed with T1DM (62.8%) and the remaining 83 with T2DM (37.2%). The mean serum C-peptide level was significantly lower in children with T1DM (0.80 ng/mL) than in children with T2DM (3.91 ng/mL). Among 223 children, 54 had a serum C-peptide level <0.6 ng/mL; they were all diagnosed with T1DM. The proportion of children with T2DM increased in accordance with C-peptide level. Forty-nine of 223 children had a C-peptide level >3.0 ng/mL; 48 of them (97.9%) were diagnosed with T2DM.
Answer: In this study, we found that if the C-peptide level was <0.6 ng/mL at diagnosis, T2DM could be excluded; if C-peptide level was >3.0 ng/mL, a T1DM diagnosis is unlikely. This finding suggests that serum fasting C-peptide level is useful for classifying DM type at the time of diagnosis in youth.
Output: | Is fasting serum C-peptide useful for initial classification of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Ex Input:
Context: Cigarette smoke disrupts the protective barrier established by the airway epithelium through direct damage to the epithelial cells, leading to cell death. Since the morphology of the airway epithelium of smokers does not typically demonstrate necrosis, the most likely mechanism for epithelial cell death in response to cigarette smoke is apoptosis. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke directly up-regulates expression of apoptotic genes, which could play a role in airway epithelial apoptosis.', 'Microarray analysis of airway epithelium obtained by bronchoscopy on matched cohorts of 13 phenotypically normal smokers and 9 non-smokers was used to identify specific genes modulated by smoking that were associated with apoptosis. Among the up-regulated apoptotic genes was pirin (3.1-fold, p < 0.002), an iron-binding nuclear protein and transcription cofactor. In vitro studies using human bronchial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and an adenovirus vector encoding the pirin cDNA (AdPirin) were performed to test the direct effect of cigarette smoke on pirin expression and the effect of pirin expression on apoptosis.', 'Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed a 2-fold increase in pirin expression in the airway epithelium of smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.02). CSE applied to primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures demonstrated that pirin mRNA levels increase in a time-and concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.03, all conditions compared to controls). Overexpression of pirin, using the vector AdPirin, in human bronchial epithelial cells was associated with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells assessed by both TUNEL assay (5-fold, p < 0.01) and ELISA for cytoplasmic nucleosomes (19.3-fold, p < 0.01) compared to control adenovirus vector.
Answer: These observations suggest that up-regulation of pirin may represent one mechanism by which cigarette smoke induces apoptosis in the airway epithelium, an observation that has implications for the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced diseases.
Ex Output:
Is upregulation of pirin expression by chronic cigarette smoking associated with bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis?
Ex Input:
Context: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was shown to improve the immune function and survival in experimental sepsis. This study examined the effect of DHEA on intestinal leukocyte recruitment during experimental sepsis, considering factors of gender (male, female and ovariectomized female animals) and combined treatment using orthovanadate (OV) in two models of sepsis.', 'Male rats underwent colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) or endotoxemia. DHEA was administered after induction of experimental sepsis. Changes in leukocyte adherence and capillary perfusion (measured as intestinal functional capillary density - FCD) were assessed using intravital microscopy. While DHEA increased baseline leukocyte adherence in control animals, DHEA reduced leukocyte adherence and increased FCD in male animals with CASP. These effects were also observed in DHEA-treated ovariectomized female rats with CASP. Similarly, the administration of DHEA reduced the number of adherent leukocytes to intestinal venules by 30% in the endotoxemia model. The combined treatment of DHEA and OV significantly reduced adherence of leukocytes to intestinal venules and improved FCD.
Answer: Our results indicate that DHEA is able to reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment induced by experimental sepsis. Combination of DHEA with OV inhibits leukocyte adherence to intestinal endothelium, similar to what is achieved by the single administration of DHEA but with significantly improved FCD. These findings suggest a potential role for DHEA and OV in clinical sepsis.
Ex Output:
Does combination of dehydroepiandrosterone and orthovanadate administration reduce intestinal leukocyte recruitment in models of experimental sepsis?
Ex Input:
Context: Diabetes, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and aging are associated with endothelial dysfunction in various vasculatures. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the renal vasculature cannot be easily assessed, but infusion of L-arginine, the substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, leads to an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) in humans. We have examined the effect of L-arginine infusion on renal hemodynamics in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.', 'Twenty-three elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (age, 65 +/- 6 years; HbA(1c), 7.8 +/- 1.6%) with coexisting arterial hypertension (158 +/- 19/83 +/- 11 mmHg) and elevated cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, 215 +/- 33 mg/dl) were examined. These patients were compared with a young and healthy reference group (n = 20; age, 26 +/- 2 years). The effect of L-arginine infusion (100 mg/kg over 30 min) on RPF and glomerular filtration rate were measured using the constant input clearance technique with p-aminohippurate and inulin, respectively.', 'L-arginine infusion similarly influenced renal hemodynamics in patients and reference subjects: RPF increased by 7 +/- 11 and 7 +/- 11% in diabetic and reference subjects, respectively (P = NS). Other parameters of renal hemodynamics such as glomerular filtration rate (5 +/- 5 vs. 4 +/- 4%) and filtration fraction (-1 +/- 8 vs. -1 +/- 9%) were not significantly different between diabetic and reference subjects, too.
Answer: L-arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature is not different between a group of hypertensive diabetic patients and a young, healthy reference group. These data were obtained using low-dose L-arginine infusion.
Ex Output:
| Is l-arginine-induced vasodilation of the renal vasculature altered in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example: Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Example solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Example explanation: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Problem: Context: To determine whether insulin resistance (IR calculated using the HOMA model) has a dominant role in the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the Asian Indian population.', 'A total of 654 non-diabetic subjects aged > or =40 years (male 396: female 258) were selected from a population survey. They had estimates of fasting and 2 h plasma glucose, insulin levels, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and blood pressure. Factor analysis was carried out using the principle components analysis (PCA) with varimax orthogonal rotation of continuously distributed variables, considered to represent the components of insulin resistance syndrome including the calculated IR.', 'There were three major clusters of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk variables in men and four clusters in women. Insulin resistance, 2 h plasma glucose, insulin and obesity aggregated as the major domain. Insulin resistance was not linked with hypertension. BMI was a common link for all the three factors in men, and for three of the four in women.
Answer: Insulin resistance is not the only underlying factor for the clustering of CVD risk factors in south Indians. These findings are consistent with the presence of several distinct physiological domains, as shown in other ethnic groups.
| Solution: Does insulin resistance alone explain the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in southern India? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: To conduct clinical and genetic studies in a European family with autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (adSTGD-like MD) and to investigate the functional consequences of a novel ELOVL4 mutation.', 'Ophthalmic examination and mutation screening by direct sequencing of the ELOVL4 gene was performed in two affected individuals. Wild-type and mutant ELOVL4 genes were expressed as enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion proteins in transient transfection in NIH-3T3 and HEK293 cells. To determine the subcellular localization of ELOVL4, an endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-specific marker for pDsRed2-ER was cotransfected with ELOVL4 constructs. Transfected cells were viewed by confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis was performed to assess protein expression using an anti-GFP antibody.', 'Affected patients exhibited macular atrophy with surrounding flecks characteristic of adSTGD-like MD. A novel ELOVL4 p.Tyr270X mutation was detected in affected individuals. In cell-transfection studies, wild-type ELOVL4 localized preferentially to the ER. In contrast, the mutant protein appeared to be mislocalized within transfected cells.
Answer: In a European family with adSTGD-like MD, a novel ELOVL4 mutation was found to underlie the disorder. Transfection studies indicated that, unlike wild-type ELOVL4, the mutant protein does not localize to the ER but rather appears to be sequestered elsewhere in an aggregated pattern in the cytoplasm. Further analysis of the function of normal and mutant ELOVL4 will provide insight into the mechanism of macular degeneration.
Example Output: Does a novel mutation in the ELOVL4 gene cause autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy?
Example Input: Context: Cirrhosis, or liver fibrosis, which is mainly triggered by cirrhosis fat-storing cells (CFSCs) activation, has traditionally been considered an irreversible disease. However, recent observations indicate that even advanced fibrosis is still reversible by removing the causative agents. Anti-fibrotic effects of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) have been demonstrated by inhibiting CFSCs via cytokines secretion; however, the mechanisms are still unclear.', 'The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying mechanisms by which BMSCs modulate the function of activated CFSCs.', 'After the co-culture of CFSCs with BMSCs supernatants with or without the addition of recombinant rat adrenomedullin (AM)/AM-specific siRNA, western blot analysis was mainly used to detect the differences of relative protein expression on CFSCs.', 'BMSC-secreted adrenomedullin (AM) effectively inhibited the proliferation and activation of CFSCs by suppressing the expression of Ang II and its binding receptor, AT1, which resulted in a reduction of p47-phox formation.
Answer: Our data suggested that BMSCs inhibited CFSC activation in vitro via the AM-Ang II-p47-phox signaling pathway, and since CFSC activation is an essential part of hepatic fibrosis process, this inhibition by BMSCs implies us new insights into the potential treatment of hepatic fibrosis via BMSCs.
Example Output: Do bone Marrow Stromal Cells Inhibit the Activation of Liver Cirrhotic Fat-Storing Cells via Adrenomedullin Secretion?
Example Input: Context: Metformin treatment may induce a decrease/suppression in serum TSH levels, mimicking sub-clinical hyperthyroidism (SHT). The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate changes in several electrocardiographic indices in euthyroid subjects with diabetes who, after starting metformin treatment, developed a low serum TSH as compared to patients with SHT resulting from an underlying thyroid disease or TSH suppressive treatment with L-thyroxine.', 'Heart rate, P wave duration, P wave dispersion, QTmax, QTmin and QT-dispersion were assessed in 23 patients with diabetes treated with metformin before and after 6 months of TSH-suppression and in 31 control patients with SHT.', 'No significant changes in electrocardiographic parameters were observed from baseline to the TSH-suppression measurement. A significant difference in P wave duration (102.9 ± 7.4 vs. 92.1 ± 5.8 ms, p<0.001), P wave dispersion (13.1 ± 3.4 vs. 7.1 ± 3.5 ms, p<0.001), QTmax (399 ± 18 vs. 388 ± 16 ms, p=0.024), QTmin (341 ± 14 vs. 350 ± 17 ms, p=0.038) and QT dispersion (49.9 ± 9.6 vs. 30.9 ± 9.2 ms, p<0.001) were observed between the control group with SHT and the group of diabetic patients with low serum levels of TSH.
Answer: Our results show that the TSH-suppressive effect observed in patients taking metformin is not associated with peripheral markers of thyroid hormone excess, at least at the cardiac level.
Example Output: | Is metformin-induced thyrotropin suppression associated with cardiac effects?
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Teacher: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? If you are still confused, see the following example:
Context: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease. A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score. 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).
Answer: As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.
Solution: Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?
Reason: The question is based on the following sentences from the two passages (i) Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) {ii) In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (iii) As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. and (iv) ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia.
Now, solve this instance: Context: To investigate the clinical significance of falling insulin requirements in women with preexisting or overt diabetes in pregnancy.', 'A retrospective review of 139 pregnancies was conducted in women, with preexisting diabetes, delivering between January 2010 and January 2013. Women with falling insulin requirements of 15% or more from the peak total daily dose in late pregnancy were considered case subjects (n = 35). The primary outcome consisted of a composite of clinical markers of placental dysfunction, including preeclampsia, small for gestational age (SGA, ≤5th percentile for gestational age), stillbirth (>20 weeks), and premature delivery (≤30 weeks).', 'A total of 25.2% of women had >15% fall in insulin requirements with nulliparity as the only predictor at baseline (odds ratio [OR] 2.5 [95% CI 1.1-5.7], P = 0.03). Falling insulin requirements were associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia (OR 3.5 [1.1-10.7], P < 0.05) and the composite of clinical markers of placental dysfunction (4.4 [1.73-11.26], P = 0.002). Although falling insulin requirements were associated with higher rates of SGA (3.4 [1.0-11.3], P = 0.048), they were not associated with other adverse neonatal outcomes. However, there was a higher incidence of neonatal intensive care unit admission (15.5 [3.1-77.6], P = 0.001) and earlier delivery in this group (median 37.7 weeks [IQR 34.3-38.4] vs. 38.3 weeks [37.4-38.9], P = 0.014).
Answer: Falling insulin requirements, in women with preexisting diabetes, are associated with an increased risk of complications related to placental dysfunction. Further prospective studies are needed to guide clinical management.
Student: | Are falling insulin requirements associated with adverse obstetric outcomes in women with preexisting diabetes? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: This study assessed the association between first-trimester abdominal adiposity and dysglycemia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in midpregnancy.', "In a prospective cohort of 485 women, we measured subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT), and total (TAT) adipose tissue depth, using ultrasound at 11-14 weeks' gestation. Logistic regression analysis assessed the relation between quartiles of SAT, VAT, or TAT depth and the composite outcome of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or GDM, based on a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks.", 'Adjusting for maternal age, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, and BMI, quartile 4 versus quartile 1 VAT (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.1, 95% CI 1.1-9.5) and TAT (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-7.8) were significantly associated with the composite outcome, but SAT was not (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 0.70-4.8). The same was seen for GDM alone.
Answer: Elevated first-trimester VAT and TAT depth independently predicted the risk of dysglycemia later in pregnancy.
A: | Does first-Trimester Maternal Abdominal Adiposity predict Dysglycemia and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Midpregnancy? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: Hyperoxia increases oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species and may therefore enhance inflammation in the lungs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether short term supplementary oxygen (28%) increases oxidative stress and inflammation in the airways by measuring 8-isoprostane and interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations in exhaled breath condensate.', 'Twenty three healthy subjects (12 men, mean (SD) age 48 (7) years) and 23 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 15 men, mean (SD) age 56 (5) years) were studied. 8-isoprostane and IL-6 concentrations were measured by immunoassay.', 'Increased concentrations of 8-isoprostane and IL-6 were found in all subjects after breathing 28% oxygen for 1 hour. In healthy subjects the concentrations of 8-isoprostane and IL-6 were 10.9 (2.9) pg/ml and 4.9 (0.8) pg/ml, respectively, compared with baseline concentrations of 6.1 (1.3) pg/ml and 2.9 (0.6) pg/ml, and in patients with COPD the concentrations were 27.9 (3.1) pg/ml and 8.3 (1.2) pg/ml), respectively, compared with baseline concentrations of 18.9 (3.6) pg/ml and 6.3 (0.6) pg/ml. By contrast, breathing air through the same face mask for 1 hour had no significant effects on 8-isoprostane or IL-6 concentrations in normal subjects or those with COPD.
Answer: These findings suggest that short term supplementary oxygen may enhance oxidative stress and inflammation in the airways. Whether this happens with long term oxygen therapy needs to be determined.
Answer: Does supplementary oxygen in healthy subjects and those with COPD increase oxidative stress and airway inflammation?
Question: Context: The biological function of resistin (RST) is unknown, although it may have roles in obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human RST gene on muscle, bone, and adipose tissue phenotypes and in response to resistance training (RT).', 'Subjects were white and consisted of strength (n = 482) and size (n = 409) cohorts who had not performed RT in the previous year. Subjects completed 12 weeks of structured, unilateral upper arm RT aimed at increasing the size and strength of the non-dominant arm, using their dominant arm as an untrained control. Strength measurements were taken pre- and post-12-week RT and consisted of elbow flexor isometric strength and one-repetition maximum during a biceps curl using free weights. Whole muscle, subcutaneous fat, and cortical bone volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Six RST SNPs were identified. Analysis of covariance was used to test for effects of the SNPs on pre- and post-muscle strength and whole muscle, fat, and bone volumes independent of gender, age, and body weight.', 'Five RST SNPs (-537 A>C, -420 C>G, 398 C>T, 540 G>A, 980 C>G) were associated with measured phenotypes among subjects when stratified by BMI (<25, >/ or = 25 kg/m(2)). Several gender-specific associations were observed between RST SNPs and phenotypes among individuals with a BMI > or = 25. Conversely, only two associations were observed among individuals with a BMI < 25.
Answer: These data support previous identified associations of RST with adipose tissue and demonstrate additional associations with bone and skeletal muscle that warrant further investigation.
Answer: Are resistin polymorphisms associated with muscle , bone , and fat phenotypes in white men and women?
Question: Context: Oncogenic conversion of BRAF occurs in approximately 44% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and 24% of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. In papillary thyroid carcinomas, this mutation is associated with an unfavorable clinicopathologic outcome. Our aim was to exploit BRAF as a potential therapeutic target for thyroid carcinoma.', "We used RNA interference to evaluate the effect of BRAF knockdown in the human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines FRO and ARO carrying the BRAF V600E (V600EBRAF) mutation. We also exploited the effect of BAY 43-9006 [N-(3-trifluoromethyl-4-chlorophenyl)-N'-(4-(2-methylcarbamoyl pyridin-4-yl)oxyphenyl)urea], a multikinase inhibitor able to inhibit RAF family kinases in a panel of six (V600E)BRAF-positive thyroid carcinoma cell lines and in nude mice bearing ARO cell xenografts. Statistical tests were two sided.", 'Knockdown of BRAF by small inhibitory duplex RNA, but not control small inhibitory duplex RNA, inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade and the growth of ARO and FRO cells (P < 0.0001). These effects were mimicked by thyroid carcinoma cell treatment with BAY 43-9006 (IC50 = 0.5-1 micromol/L; P < 0.0001), whereas the compound had negligible effects in normal thyrocytes. ARO cell tumor xenografts were significantly (P < 0.0001) smaller in nude mice treated with BAY 43-9006 than in control mice. This inhibition was associated with suppression of phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase levels.
Answer: BRAF provides signals crucial for proliferation of thyroid carcinoma cells spontaneously harboring the (V600E)BRAF mutation and, therefore, BRAF suppression might have therapeutic potential in (V600E)BRAF-positive thyroid cancer.
Answer: | Is bRAF a therapeutic target in aggressive thyroid carcinoma?
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Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Adipose tissue (AT) content of the thigh is generally not considered to be associated with insulin resistance (IR), but it is unclear whether the distribution of AT in the thigh is a determinant of IR.', 'We investigated whether subcompartments of AT within the thigh are determinants of IR.', 'Midthigh AT, muscle composition, and insulin sensitivity were compared in 11 obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM); 40 obese, glucose-tolerant (GT) and 15 lean, GT volunteers; and 38 obese subjects who completed a weight-loss program. Midthigh AT area measured with computed tomography was partitioned into 3 components: subcutaneous AT (SCAT), AT beneath the fascia (SFAT), and AT infiltrating muscle groups (IMAT). Muscle attenuation characteristics were determined.', 'Obese DM and obese GT subjects had lower insulin sensitivity than lean GT subjects. SCAT was greater in obesity, yet did not correlate with insulin sensitivity. SFAT was approximately 8% of total thigh AT and correlated with insulin sensitivity. IMAT was highest in obese DM, and although it accounted for only approximately 3% of thigh AT, it was a strong correlate of insulin sensitivity. Mean attenuation was highest in lean subjects and was associated with higher insulin sensitivity. Weight loss reduced the amount of thigh AT, the proportion of thigh IMAT, and the amount of low-density thigh muscle.
Answer: SFAT and IMAT are markers of IR in obesity and DM although they are much smaller than SCAT, which does not predict IR. Muscle composition reflecting increased fat content is also associated with IR.
A: | Is thigh adipose tissue distribution associated with insulin resistance in obesity and in type 2 diabetes mellitus? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given the task definition and input, reply with output. Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: In several reports, C3 and C4 have been linked to diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we investigate this link and the degree of C3 activation in elderly individuals.', 'In this study, C3 and C4 and the activation fragment C3a-desArg were analysed in 1016 subjects aged 70, in which blood pressure, lipid variables and fasting blood glucose were assessed.', 'C3 levels were related to all the investigated classical cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (BMI, waist circumference, fat distribution, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, TG) except total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in a highly significant fashion (Spearman up to 0,5; P\xa0<\xa00·0001). C4 and C3a-desArg were associated in the same fashion but less significantly, while the ratios C4/C3 or C3a-desArg/C3 were not, indicating that the association was not directly related to complement activation. The levels C3 and to a lesser degree C4 and C3a-desArg were associated particularly with CRP, but also with E-selectin and ICAM-1. In addition, C3 and C4 levels were shown to decline significantly in 15 female subjects enrolled in a weight-reduction programme over 4\xa0months.
Answer: A strong relation between C3, C4 and C3a-desArg levels, adipose tissue and risk factors of CVD was established. The data support that the adipose tissue produces complement components and generates initiators of inflammation, such as C3a and C5a, able to trigger a cyto/chemokine response, in proportion to the amount of adipose tissue. This corroborates the concept that complement contributes to the low-grade inflammation associated with obesity.
| Are c3 and C4 strongly related to adipose tissue variables and cardiovascular risk factors? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Q: Context: This study was designed to investigate the effects of simvastatin in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction.', 'Male Wistar rats were anesthetized (thiopentone sodium 120 mg/kg). After a thoracotomy, the left-anterior-descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded (for 25 min) and reperfused (for 120 min). Area at risk (AR) was determined with Evans Blue dye and infarct size after staining of the area at risk with nitroblue tetrazolium.', 'In rats, which received the vehicle for simvastatin (10% DMSO, 1 ml/kg i.v. at 1 h prior to the occlusion of the LAD), occlusion of the LAD for 25 min followed by reperfusion for 2 hours resulted in an infarct size of 54 +/- 4% (n=7) of the AR. When compared with vehicle, administration of simvastatin (1 mg/kg i.v. bolus administration at 1 h prior to the onset of myocardial ischemia) caused a significant reduction in myocardial infarct size of 39%. LAD-occlusion and reperfusion caused a progressive fall in mean arterial blood pressure (when compared with sham-operated animals). Simvastatin had no significant effect on blood pressure.
Answer: The result indicates that simvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase and a ligand of PPAR-a and PPAR-g, reduces the tissue necrosis associated with acute myocardial infarction. We propose that statins may be useful in conditions associated with ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and other organs.
A: Does simvastatin reduce infarct size in a model of acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the rat?
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Q: Context: Aneurysm shrinkage has been proposed as a marker of successful endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Patients with early postoperative shrinkage may experience fewer subsequent complications, and consequently require less intensive surveillance.', 'Patients undergoing EVAR from 2000 to 2011 at three vascular centres (in 2 countries), who had two imaging examinations (postoperative and after 6-18 months), were included. Maximum diameter, complications and secondary interventions during follow-up were registered. Patients were categorized according to early sac dynamics. The primary endpoint was freedom from late complications. Secondary endpoints were freedom from secondary intervention, postimplant rupture and direct (type I/III) endoleaks.', 'Some 597 EVARs (71.1 per cent of all EVARs) were included. No shrinkage was observed in 284 patients (47.6 per cent), moderate shrinkage (5-9 mm) in 142 (23.8 per cent) and major shrinkage (at least 10 mm) in 171 patients (28.6 per cent). Four years after the index imaging, the rate of freedom from complications was 84.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 78.7 to 89.8), 88.1 (80.6 to 95.5) and 94.4 (90.1 to 98.7) per cent respectively. No shrinkage was an independent risk factor for late complications compared with major shrinkage (hazard ratio (HR) 3.11; P < 0.001). Moderate compared with major shrinkage (HR 2.10; P = 0.022), early postoperative complications (HR 3.34; P < 0.001) and increasing abdominal aortic aneurysm baseline diameter (HR 1.02; P = 0.001) were also risk factors for late complications. Freedom from secondary interventions and direct endoleaks was greater for patients with major sac shrinkage.
Answer: Early change in aneurysm sac diameter is a strong predictor of late complications after EVAR. Patients with major sac shrinkage have a very low risk of complications for up to 5 years. This parameter may be used to tailor postoperative surveillance.
A: Does early sac shrinkage predict a low risk of late complications after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair?
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Q: Context: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] with the severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Han Chinese people.', 'Six hundred and seventy-nine patients with angiographically defined CHD were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Fasting lipids were measured, and the severity of CHD was quantitatively assessed for each patient according to the number of stenotic coronary branches and the Gensini scoring system.', 'The levels of Lp(a), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and apolipoprotein (apo) B100 increased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apoAI decreased significantly with the number of stenotic vessels. The levels of Lp(a) increased and HDL-C and apoAI decreased significantly with the Gensini scores. The logistic regression analyses showed that Lp(a) and HDL-C were independently associated with the number of stenotic coronary vessels after adjusting for age, weight, body mass index, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, triglycerides, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, apoAI, and apoB100. However, only Lp(a) was independently associated with the Gensini scores after adjustment.
Answer: Our data indicate that Lp(a) might be a useful marker in predicting the severity of coronary heart disease.
A: | Are plasma lipoprotein ( a ) levels associated with the severity of coronaryheart disease in Han Chinese people?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Example Input: Context: The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10494366 in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene is associated with QTc prolongation, through an effect on the intracellular Ca levels. As sulfonylurea stimulate insulin secretion by an increased influx of Ca, we hypothesized that this polymorphism is associated with the glucose-lowering effect and mortality risk in sulfonylurea users.', 'Associations between the NOS1AP polymorphism, prescribed doses, and mortality rates in sulfonylurea, metformin, and insulin users were assessed in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study of 7983 elderly people.', 'We identified 619 participants who were prescribed oral antidiabetic drugs during follow-up. In glibenclamide users carrying the TG genotype, the prescribed doses were higher compared with the glibenclamide users carrying the TT genotype [0.38 defined daily dose units, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.63]. Glibenclamide users with the TG or GG genotype had an increased mortality risk compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype [hazard ratio (HR) 2.80, 95% CI: 1.09-7.22]. Tolbutamide users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63) and glimepiride users with the TG or GG genotype (HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.74) had a decreased mortality risk compared with tolbutamide and glimepiride users with the TT genotype.
Answer: In participants with the TG or GG genotype at rs10494366 in the NOS1AP gene, glibenclamide is less effective in reducing glucose levels and mortality rates were higher compared with glibenclamide users with the TT genotype. In tolbutamide and glimepiride users, the TG and GG genotype were associated with a reduced mortality rate.
Example Output: Is common variation in the NOS1AP gene associated with reduced glucose-lowering effect and with increased mortality in users of sulfonylurea?
Example Input: Context: Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is one of the surgical options for treating alignment disorders of the fused spine (due to post-surgical fusion or related to arthritis). It enables satisfactory sagittal realignment and improved function due to economic sagittal balance. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and radiological results of PSO after a minimum follow-up of 2\xa0years and demonstrate the benefit of sub-group analysis as a function of pelvic incidence (PI).', 'A descriptive prospective single center study of 63 patients presenting with spinal global malalignment who underwent correction by PSO. Function was assessed by the Oswestry disability index (ODI), a visual analog scale of lumbar pain (VAS) and a SF-36 questionnaire. Radiographic analyses of pre- and post-operative pelvic-spinal parameters were performed on X-rays obtained by EOS(®) imaging after 3D modeling. Global analysis and analysis of sub-groups as a function of pelvic incidence were performed and the full balance integrated index (FBI) was calculated.', 'this series showed a marked clinical improvement and significant progress of functional scores. Global post-operative radiological analysis showed a significant improvement in all pelvic and spinal parameters. The mean correction obtained after PSO was 31.7°\xa0±\xa08.4°, hence global improvement of lumbar lordosis of 22°. The sagittal vertical angle (SVA) decreased from +9\xa0cm before surgery to +4.3\xa0cm after surgery. Sub-group analysis demonstrated greater improvement in pelvic tilt, sacral slope and spinal parameters of patients with a small or moderate pelvic incidence; all had an FBI index\xa0<10°. Most of the pelvic and spinal parameters of patients with a large pelvic incidence were insufficiently corrected and they had an FBI index\xa0>10°
Answer: PSO is a surgical procedure enabling correction of multiplane rigid spinal deformities that require major sagittal correction. It was seen to be highly effective in patients with a small or moderate pelvic incidence (PI <60°) but was sometimes less effective in patients with large pelvic incidence due to insufficient lordosis correction. Clinical results were highly correlated with the value of the FBI index.
Example Output: Are clinical and radiological outcomes of lumbar posterior subtraction osteotomies correlated to pelvic incidence and FBI index : Prospective series of 63 cases?
Example Input: Context: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is recommended after coronary artery bypass graft surgery; however, the consequences of longer wait times to start CR have not been elucidated.', "Cardiopulmonary, demographic, and anthropometric assessments were conducted before and after 6 months of CR in consecutively enrolled patients from January 1995 to October 2012. Wait times were ascertained from referral forms and charts. Neighborhood characteristics were ascertained using census data and cross-referencing with patients' home geographic location. Among 6497 post- coronary artery bypass graft participants, mean and median total wait time (time from surgery to first exercise session) was 101.1±47.9 and 80 days, respectively. In multiple linear regression, correlates of longer total wait time and the 2 wait-time phases, time from surgery to CR referral and time from CR referral to first exercise session, were determined. Factors influencing longer wait times included female sex, greater age, being employed, less social support, longer drive time to CR, lower neighborhood socioeconomic status, higher systolic blood pressure, abdominal obesity, and a complex medical history. After adjusting for correlates of delayed entry, longer wait time for each of the total and 2 wait-time phases was significantly associated with less improvement in cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2peak; β=-0.165, P<0.001), body fat percentage (β=0.032, P<0.02), resting heart rate (β=0.066, P<0.001), and poorer attendance to CR classes (β=-0.081, P<0.001) and completion rate (β=2.741, P<0.001).
Answer: Strategies for timely access to CR at each phase of the process are important given the negative impact that wait time has on key clinical outcomes. This is relevant because optimizing VO2peak and attendance to CR has been shown to confer a mortality advantage.
Example Output: | Do delays in Referral and Enrolment Are Associated With Mitigated Benefits of Cardiac Rehabilitation After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery?
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Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Microalbuminuria is associated with cardiovascular mortality, particularly among individuals with type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Microalbuminuria is known to be associated with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (C-AD), and C-AD in turn is associated with cardiovascular mortality. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate whether C-AD can explain the relationship between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular mortality.', 'We studied 490 individuals from a population-based cohort of individuals aged 50-75 years who were followed for a median period of 13.6 years. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio > or =2.0 mg/mmol in an early-morning spot-urine sample. Ten parameters reflecting different aspects of cardiovascular autonomic function were measured and compiled into a total score of C-AD (mean of separate z scores). The association between C-AD and microalbuminuria was estimated by multiple linear regression, and relative risks (RRs) for cardiovascular mortality were estimated by Cox proportional hazards analyses.', 'After adjustments for age, sex, glucose tolerance status, and other risk factors, C-AD was associated with microalbuminuria (beta = 0.16 [95% CI 0.01-0.33]), and both microalbuminuria (RR 2.09 [1.07-4.08]) and C-AD (1.74 [1.04-2.89]) were associated with cardiovascular mortality. These associations did not change after further mutual adjustment for C-AD (2.13 [1.09-4.17]) or microalbuminuria (1.76 [1.05-2.94]), respectively.
Answer: Both microalbuminuria and C-AD are independently associated with cardiovascular mortality, and the excess mortality attributable to microalbuminuria cannot be explained by C-AD.
A: | Are microalbuminuria and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction independently associated with cardiovascular mortality : evidence for distinct pathways : the Hoorn Study? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
[Q]: Context: Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) regulates thymidine phosphorylase (TP) mRNA stability. The aim of the present study was to analyze hnRNP K and TP expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to evaluate the prognostic and therapeutic potential of these two markers.', "We analyzed hnRNP K and TP expression immunohistochemically in 121 clinically proven NPC cases. Statistical analyses were applied to correlate cytoplasmic hnRNP K with elevated TP expression and determine the prognostic significance of these parameters. The therapeutic implication of elevated TP expression was determined by measuring sensitivity of NPC cells to the TP-targeting drug, 5-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine (5'-DFUR).", "There was a high correlation between cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP (P < 0.001). Both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP were associated with poor overall survival (OS; P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively) and distant metastasis-free survival (P = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively) of NPC patients. A multivariate analysis confirmed that both cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are independent prognostic predictors for OS (P = 0.020 and 0.010, respectively). NPC cells expressing high TP were more sensitive to treatment with the TP-targeting drug, 5'-DFUR.
Answer: Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP are associated with shorter OS and distant metastasis-free survival in NPC patients. In vitro experiments suggest that NPC tumors with high TP expression may be sensitive to 5'-DFUR treatment. Cytoplasmic hnRNP K and high TP may be potential prognostic and therapeutic markers for NPC, but additional validation studies are warranted.
[A]: Are heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein k and thymidine phosphorylase independent prognostic and therapeutic markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
[Q]: Context: The goals of the current study were to examine the incidence and severity of toxicity resulting from dexamethasone and prednisone during induction therapy for children with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and to determine whether the addition of daunomycin affected toxicity.', 'Medical records of patients with precursor B-cell ALL from January 1996 through June 2000 were reviewed retrospectively for toxicity during the 4-week induction phase and the 2 weeks after the induction phase.', 'One hundred seventy-six patients age < 14 years were diagnosed with precursor B-cell ALL from January 1996 through June 2000. Of the 156 evaluable patients, 106 were treated with prednisone and 50 with dexamethasone. Fifty-two patients received steroids, L-asparaginase, and vincristine, whereas 104 high-risk patients received daunomycin in addition to these 3 agents. The incidence of gastritis was significantly higher among patients receiving dexamethasone (P = 0.01); incidence rates of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and myopathy were similar for all treatment groups. Dexamethasone led to more weight gain than did prednisone (+11.9% vs. +5.4%; P = 0.002). Serious infections were observed in 27 (25.5%) and 18 (36%) patients receiving prednisone and dexamethasone, respectively (P < or = 0.2). Five patients, four of whom received prednisone and one of whom received dexamethasone, died of infection. The addition of daunomycin to treatment regimens increased overall toxicity (P < 0.01). When daunomycin was included in treatment regimens, toxicity was greater among patients receiving dexamethasone; in contrast, when daunomycin was not included, toxicity was equal for both treatment groups. Regardless of daunomycin use, there was no difference in the incidence of serious infection between the two groups. ALL treatment was not compromised by steroid-related toxicity in either group.
Answer: The addition of daunomycin led to a much larger increase in dexamethasone-related toxicity compared with the increase in prednisone-related toxicity. Although the use of daunomycin enhanced dexamethasone-related toxicity, this enhancement did not result in a higher mortality rate or the alteration of planned ALL therapy.
[A]: Is dexamethasone-associated toxicity during induction chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia augmented by concurrent use of daunomycin?
[Q]: Context: In several reports, C3 and C4 have been linked to diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we investigate this link and the degree of C3 activation in elderly individuals.', 'In this study, C3 and C4 and the activation fragment C3a-desArg were analysed in 1016 subjects aged 70, in which blood pressure, lipid variables and fasting blood glucose were assessed.', 'C3 levels were related to all the investigated classical cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome (BMI, waist circumference, fat distribution, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, TG) except total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in a highly significant fashion (Spearman up to 0,5; P\xa0<\xa00·0001). C4 and C3a-desArg were associated in the same fashion but less significantly, while the ratios C4/C3 or C3a-desArg/C3 were not, indicating that the association was not directly related to complement activation. The levels C3 and to a lesser degree C4 and C3a-desArg were associated particularly with CRP, but also with E-selectin and ICAM-1. In addition, C3 and C4 levels were shown to decline significantly in 15 female subjects enrolled in a weight-reduction programme over 4\xa0months.
Answer: A strong relation between C3, C4 and C3a-desArg levels, adipose tissue and risk factors of CVD was established. The data support that the adipose tissue produces complement components and generates initiators of inflammation, such as C3a and C5a, able to trigger a cyto/chemokine response, in proportion to the amount of adipose tissue. This corroborates the concept that complement contributes to the low-grade inflammation associated with obesity.
[A]: | Are c3 and C4 strongly related to adipose tissue variables and cardiovascular risk factors?
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Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
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Question: Context: In streptozotocin-injected rats (STZ-rats), we previously demonstrated a role for angiotensin II (AT-II) in cardiac remodelling and insulin resistance partially counteracted by in vivo treatment with losartan, an AT-II receptor antagonist.We now aimed to investigate the effect of treating diabetic STZ-rats with losartan on diabetes vascular response to vasoconstrictors.', 'Male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups, two of them were assigned to receive losartan in the drinking water (20 mg/kg/day) until the experiment ending (3 weeks afterward). After 1 week, two groups, one of which receiving losartan, were injected in the tail vein with citrate buffer (normoglycemic, N and normoglycemic, losartan-treated, NL). The remaining received a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg in citrate i.v.) thus becoming diabetic (D) and diabetic losartan-treated (DL). Plasma glycaemia and blood pressure were measured in all animals before the sacrifice (15 days after diabetes induction).In aortic strips isolated from N, NL, D and DL rats we evaluated i) the isometric concentration-dependent contractile response to phenylephrine (Phe) and to AT-II; ii) the RhoA-kinase (ROCK1) activity and expression by enzyme-immunoassay and Western blot respectively.', 'The concentration-dependent contractile effect of Phe was similar in aortas from all groups, whereas at all concentrations tested, AT-II contraction efficacy was 2 and half and 1 and half times higher in D and DL respectively in comparison with N and NL. AT-II contracture was similarly reduced in all groups by AT-II receptor antagonists, irbesartan or irbesartan plus PD123319. HA-1077 (10 microM), an inhibitor of ROCK1 activity, reduced AT-II efficacy (Deltamg/mg tissue w.w.) by -3.5 +/- 1.0, -4.6 +/- 1.9, -22.1 +/- 2.2 and -11.4 +/- 1.3 in N, NL, D and DL respectively). ROCK1 activity and expression were higher in D than in N/NL and DL aortas.
Answer: Aortas isolated from STZ-rats present hyper-contracture to AT-II mainly dependent on the up-regulation of ROCK1 expression/activity. In vivo losartan treatment partially corrects AT-II hyper-contracture, limiting the increase in ROCK1 expression/activity. These data offer a new molecular mechanism supporting the rationale for using losartan in the prevention of diabetic vascular complications.
Answer: Does losartan counteract the hyper-reactivity to angiotensin II and ROCK1 over-activation in aortas isolated from streptozotocin-injected diabetic rats?
Question: Context: A scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) was developed for evaluation of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) and was also recommended for clinical trials of Friedreich's ataxia patients (FRDA). FRDA, unlike ADCA, is characterized as being a sensory type of ataxia for which the disease-specific Friedreich ataxia rating scale (FARS) was developed. The objective of this study was to determine whether SARA and FARS scores are associated with posturographic parameters in FRDA patients.", 'Adult patients with genetically confirmed FRDA (n=11) and ADCA (n=13) were evaluated by SARA, FARS and posturography.', "FRDA patients' postural stability parameters, in stance with visual control, correlated with balance impairment in FARS (r=0.622; p<0.05) and SARA (r=0.735; p<0.05). Without visual control, only FARS correlated with balance impairment (r=0.732; p<0.05).
Answer: The SARA, in FRDA patients, correlates with stance with visual control but not without visual control which emphasizes sensory ataxia. This suggests that application of the SARA in Friedreich's ataxia patients according to posturography is possible but presumably limited and FARS, although being a more time consuming scale, may have advantages over SARA in FRDA patients.
Answer: Is application of a Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia ( SARA ) in Friedreich 's ataxia patients according to posturography limited?
Question: Context: Hypoxic preconditioning (PC) confers robust neuroprotection against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (H-I), yet the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In the adult brain, neuronal survival after ischemia is associated with the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signaling pathway. Suppression of inflammation is a newly identified direct consequence of PI3-K/Akt signaling. We therefore investigated whether PI3-K/Akt suppresses inflammation and contributes to PC-induced neuroprotection.', 'Postnatal day 7 rats were exposed for 3 hours to either ambient air or 8% oxygen, which induces hypoxic PC. H-I was produced 24 hours later by unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 hours of hypoxia. Animals were euthanized 0 to 24 hours later for detecting Akt and glycogen synthetase kinase-3beta phosphorylation (p-Akt, p-GSK-3beta), 24 hours later for assessing cytokine expression and inflammatory markers, and 7 days later for measuring brain tissue loss. In addition, LY294002 was injected intracerebroventricularly to inhibit PI3-K/Akt.', 'Brains with H-I without PC showed delayed but sustained reduction in p-Akt. PC restored the levels of p-Akt and the Akt substrate GSK-3beta, reduced proinflammatory markers (NF-kappaB, COX-2, CD68, myeloperoxidase, and microglial activation), and markedly ameliorated H-I-induced brain tissue loss. Inhibition of PI3-K/Akt using LY294002 attenuated PC neuroprotection and promoted the expression of NF-kappaB, COX-2, and CD68. Proteomic microarray analysis revealed that PC inhibited expression of proinflammatory cytokines induced by H-I or a dose of lipopolysaccharide that resulted in minimal tissue damage.
Answer: Suppression of inflammatory responses may contribute to PC neuroprotection against neonatal H-I brain injury. This effect is mediated in part via upregulating PI3-K/Akt activity.
Answer: | Does preconditioning suppress inflammation in neonatal hypoxic ischemia via Akt activation?
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Definition: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Input: Context: It is still debatable whether anemia predicts stroke outcome.', 'To describe the characteristics of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and anemia and identify whether hemoglobin status on admission is a prognostic factor of AIS outcome.', 'All 2439 patients of the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL) between January 2003 and June 2011 were selected. Demographics, risk factors, prestroke treatment, clinical, radiological and metabolic variables in patients with and without anemia according to the definition of the World Health Organization were compared. Functional disability and mortality were recorded up to 12 months from admission.', 'Anemic patients (17.5%) were older, had lower body mass index, higher rates of coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease. Anemia was associated with more severe stroke manifestations, lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, worse estimated glomerular filtration rate and elevated C-reactive protein concentrations upon admission and with increased modified Rankin scores during the follow-up. Anemic patients had higher 7-day, 3-month and 12-month mortality, which was associated with hemoglobin status and other factors, including age, CAD, stroke severity, and baseline C-reactive levels. Hemoglobin levels were inversely associated with recurrent stroke and mortality throughout the 12-month follow-up.
Answer: Anemia is common among AIS patients and is associated with cardiovascular comorbidities. Low hemoglobin status independently predicts short and long-term mortality.
Output: | Does anemia on admission predict short- and long-term outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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Q: Given a passage with a context and an answer, construct a question on the basis of the information present in the passage. Construct the question in such a way that (i) it is unambiguous, (ii) it is answerable from the passage, (iii) its answer is unique (iv) it answer uses text phrases from the passage. Avoid creating questions that (i) can't be answered correctly without actually understanding the passage and (ii) uses the same words or phrases given in the passage.
Context: Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the active ingredients isolated from Panax ginseng\u2005C.A. Meyer. Previous studies demonstrated that Rg3 has antioxidant and neuroprotective abilities.', 'The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Rg3 on erectile function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.', 'Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley male rats received a one-time intraperitoneal (IP) STZ (60\u2009mg/kg) or vehicle injection after a 16-hour fast. Three days later, rats were randomly divided into four groups and were treated with daily gavage feedings of a mix of distilled saline water and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose or Rg3 dissolved in the mix at doses of 10\u2009mg/kg and 100\u2009mg/kg for 3 months. A sham group underwent IP injection of saline followed by daily gavage of the above mix for 3 months.', 'Erectile function was assessed by cavernosal nerve electrostimulation at 3 months. The penis was then harvested and deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was performed. Western blot was performed to examine cleaved caspase-3, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1, and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Neural regeneration was measured by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were detected by colorimetry.', 'In the negative control group, the functional evaluation showed a lower mean intracavernosal pressure (ICP) with cavernosal nerve stimulation than in the sham group; there was a significant change in the expression of cleaved caspase-3, bcl-2, bcl-xl, PECAM-1, and SMA, as well as in the SOD and MDA production in the corpus cavernosum. Histological analysis of specimens stained for NADPH showed a significant change in the staining quality of the neurons in the dorsal nerves; TUNEL showed a greater apoptotic index in corpus cavernosum cells. With daily oral gavage with 100\u2009mg/kg Rg3, the ICP/mean arterial pressure value was significantly higher than in the controls. The level of cleaved caspase-3, bcl-2, bcl-xl, PECAM-1, and SMA and the number of positively stained nerve fibers tended to revert to normal after Rg3 treatment. The apoptotic index in corpus cavernosum cells was lowered.
Answer: Oral gavage with Rg3 appears to both prevent degeneration of neurons in the dorsal nerves and exert an antioxidant effect in the corpus cavernosum of rats.
A: | Does ginsenoside Rg3 improve erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats? | task845_pubmedqa_question_generation |
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In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
Let me give you an example: Sentence 1: Marcus needed clothing for a business casual event. Sentence 2: All of his clothes were either too formal or too casual. Sentence 3: He decided to buy a pair of khakis. Sentence 4: The pair he bought fit him perfectly. Sentence 5: Marcus was happy to have the right clothes for the event. Choices: a. Marcus Buys Khakis. b. Marcus Works.
The answer to this example can be: a
Here is why: Marcus's reasons for buying khakis is established, followed by his purchase of them and reaction.
OK. solve this:
Sentence 1: Donna's boyfriend was a type one diabetic. Sentence 2: This meant he couldn't have sugary desserts. Sentence 3: Once in a great while Donna would let him have cake. Sentence 4: He loved the special tiny slices of cake she made. Sentence 5: The cat also loved them and ate them every time. Choices: a. Naughty Cat. b. Dodged a Bullet.
Answer: | a | task220_rocstories_title_classification |
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Detailed Instructions: In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
Problem:Sentence 1: Donna's boyfriend was a type one diabetic. Sentence 2: This meant he couldn't have sugary desserts. Sentence 3: Once in a great while Donna would let him have cake. Sentence 4: He loved the special tiny slices of cake she made. Sentence 5: The cat also loved them and ate them every time. Choices: a. Naughty Cat. b. Dodged a Bullet.
Solution: | a | task220_rocstories_title_classification |
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TASK DEFINITION: In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
PROBLEM: Sentence 1: Nolan had always wanted to try rock climbing. Sentence 2: He had hired an instructor to teach him the correct way. Sentence 3: Soon Nolan felt comfortable to head to the mountains. Sentence 4: He checked all of his gear and started the climb. Sentence 5: Nolan reached the peak and felt very accomplished. Choices: a. Bad Haircut. b. Mountain climbing..
SOLUTION: b
PROBLEM: Sentence 1: Sarah didn't have a lot of friends growing up. Sentence 2: When she got old, she was suddenly very pretty. Sentence 3: She married a famous actress. Sentence 4: Suddenly, everyone wanted to be her friend. Sentence 5: But Sarah knew who her true friends were. Choices: a. Real Friends. b. Dirty Diaper.
SOLUTION: a
PROBLEM: Sentence 1: Donna's boyfriend was a type one diabetic. Sentence 2: This meant he couldn't have sugary desserts. Sentence 3: Once in a great while Donna would let him have cake. Sentence 4: He loved the special tiny slices of cake she made. Sentence 5: The cat also loved them and ate them every time. Choices: a. Naughty Cat. b. Dodged a Bullet.
SOLUTION: | a
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Given the task definition and input, reply with output. In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5, and two options a and b for possible titles for the story. Your job is to choose the title that better fits the story. Indicate your choice by 'a' or 'b'.
Sentence 1: My doctor told me that I had diabetes. Sentence 2: Wanting to live longer, I decided to get my diabetes under control. Sentence 3: I followed an exercise and nutrition program for that purpose. Sentence 4: By adhering to my weight loss program, I was able to lose weight. Sentence 5: Due to my hard work, I am no longer diabetic. Choices: a. Weight loss. b. New Store.
| a | task220_rocstories_title_classification |
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Definition: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: By James GallagherHealth editor, BBC News website Starting early or late could alter the risk of nearly 48 separate conditions, including the age of menopause. The analysis of half a million people, published in Scientific Reports, showed early puberty increased the odds of type 2 diabetes by 50%. The researchers said it was "astonishing" that puberty was having an impact on health in mid-life. The team at the MRC Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge used data from a huge study of the health of British people - the UK Biobank. The project recorded the age of girls' first period, but a measure of the start of puberty is harder to define in men, so they were asked if they were earlier or later compared to the rest of their peer group. In girls an early puberty was defined as starting between eight and 11, while a late puberty started between 15 and 19. A normal puberty was between nine and 14 in boys. The study showed that early and late puberty was linked to a wide range of health conditions, such as: Hormones have been implicated in some of the conditions, such as cancer, although the researchers admit that they have "very little idea" what might contribute to diseases such as asthma. Dr Felix Day told the BBC News website: "From a biological point of view, it's actually quite fascinating that something that happens when you're a teenager can have an effect on diseases that you wouldn't encounter until middle age. I find that quite astonishing." The age of puberty is changing around the world. In the UK it is currently starting about one month earlier every decade. In China it is more than four months earlier every decade. Dr Day said this was "something people involved in public health should be aware of". "The move towards earlier puberty is an added risk factor in terms of development of particularly metabolic diseases." However, as the study showed an increased risk for both early and late puberty, there could be a decrease in the incidence of some conditions. He added that because someone had an early or late puberty did not mean they would develop these conditions - it just altered the odds. Dr John Perry, from the MRC Epidemiology Unit, added: "We are continuing to work to understand how puberty timing impacts later health and how this information may be used alongside efforts to support healthy lifestyle changes and prevent disease. "It is important to note that the increase in disease risk attributable to puberty timing is still relatively modest and represents one of many factors that contribute to the overall risk of developing disease."
Output: | Puberty age affects many diseases, says study | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example input: But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Example output: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
Example explanation: The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
Q: Diabetes UK Cymru's Dai Williams said cash from the tax should help address ill-health linked to sugar. The Welsh Government is due to get £47m in extra funding over two years because of spending in England linked to the levy. A spokeswoman for Welsh ministers said they had received "modest" funding that had already been allocated. But First Minister Carwyn Jones suggested in March that some of the cash could be directed towards tackling childhood obesity. Welsh ministers have welcomed the UK-wide levy - launched on 6 April - which will require soft drinks firms to pay 18p a litre on drinks with more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, or 24p if the drink has more than 8g of sugar per 100ml. Many drinks firms have reformulated their products in response to the tax, and forecasts for how much the levy would raise have fallen from £520m to £240m. Health bodies have called for a tax on sugary drinks as a measure to tackle obesity. The National Survey for Wales 2016-17 found obesity in Wales was worse than in any other UK nation - with 59% of adults overweight and 23% classed as obese. Mr Williams praised the tax and, calling for any extra money for Wales to be ring-fenced, said: "What we should be doing is putting that money into the NHS and supporting diabetes care for example, or using it to prevent obesity. "We are currently spending £1bn in the NHS in Wales on diabetes in Wales - largely type two. I think any money raised should go someway to supporting that." "It is causing ill-health, therefore the money raised from the tax on sugar should be used on making right what the industry has created," he added. Dr David Bailey, chairman of the British Medical Association's Welsh Council, said: "We welcome the introduction of the tax but a sugar tax alone is not enough. "The money raised from the tax must be reinvested into the NHS to help improve the nations health." Original plans earmarked cash from the levy to help fund initiatives in English schools, worth around £400m a year, including PE lesson improvements, breakfast clubs and more sports activities. However, the sums of cash originally forecasted were larger than how much will now be raised, and the schemes began before the levy was in place, suggesting not all the funding has come from the tax. According to the Welsh Government, the schemes were worth £9.5m in 2017-18, £21m in 2018-19; and £26m in 2019-20 in extra funding. As with all consequential extra funding, the sum is added to the overall Welsh budget and ministers in Cardiff decide how it is spent. Plaid Cymru's health spokesman Rhun ap Iorwerth, whose party has supported the tax for some time, said the money should go towards tackling obesity among young people as part of a "preventative health agenda". "Improving the wellbeing of future generations starts with taking steps today to encourage more active and healthy lifestyles," he added. But a UKIP Wales spokesman said: "UKIP has always stood on the side of informed consumer choice and personal responsibility. The proposals for a sugar tax are sour, not sweet." First Minister Carwyn Jones told the Senedd in March he was considering directing some of the cash towards tackling obesity. But he called the amount of funding "modest" and said it had been allocated "for maintaining free school breakfasts, new funding for summer holiday clubs, investing more in childhood immunisation and, of course, looking at taking forward a transformation fund in health". A Welsh Government spokesman welcomed the levy and said it was pleased many drinks manufacturers had cut the sugar from their products before it came into force. He added the Welsh Government would continue to allocate consequential funding in line with its priorities, including how additional funding could help to support child health.
A: | Call for sugar tax cash to go to the Welsh NHS | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: The "near miss" happened after a contractor at Atomic Weapons Establishment's Aldermaston site used a chisel on a live fuse box in an act posing "a significant risk of death". High Wycombe Magistrates' Court heard "mixed messages" from AWE led to the incident in which no-one was hurt. AWE plc admitted guilt over the breach. Craig Morris, prosecuting, told the court the incident happened on 20 June 2019 when an asbestos removal contractor carried out work in a non-nuclear building believing it was entirely disconnected from electricity. Describing the events in the switch room he said: "[His] chisel came into contact with a live conductor and he heard a loud bang. "Fortunately he immediately dropped the chisel and jumped back so he had no injury at all and he didn't in fact sustain an electric shock." 'Deeply regrets' The court heard the worker from firm Gully Howard had been given a form by AWE stating electricity had been disconnected in the building, despite there still being a live connection into the switch room. James Maxwell-Scott, for the defence, told the court AWE "deeply regrets" the incident. At no point was there a radiological risk to the workers or the public, the court heard. AWE plc pleaded guilty to an offence under the Health and Safety at Work Act. In a statement the Office for Nuclear Regulation - the UK's independent nuclear safety regulator who led the investigation - said the outcome "recognised that AWE plc fell short of it duty to protect the safety of a contractor working on site". AWE plc was previously fined £1m after an employee suffered a minor burn due to an electric shock.
Example Output: AWE fined over contract worker's 415-volt 'near miss'
Example Input: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Example Output: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
Example Input: Driving a 32-year-old Land Rover through several feet of flood water, Steve McCarthy helped ferry people and vital supplies around Fishlake. He and his teenage sons rescued an 85-year-old woman from her home, taking her to the Hare and Hounds pub which has opened up as a refuge. The 44-year-old bus driver said he wanted to do what he could to help. "Somebody put a request out on Facebook for people with 4x4 vehicles to help, and as my son has a Land Rover Defender, we went up to see what we could do. "We started at about 10 o'clock on Saturday, finishing about 10.30 at night. At one point I was waist-deep in water." Mr McCarthy, who lives in nearby Stainforth, collected food, bedding, fresh water and hygiene products donated by a local Asda supermarket, before taking them to those in need. "Then it started coming in from other supermarkets," he said. "Chip shops, takeaways, all over the place. We were sending big pans of curries down to Fishlake - one from the Mumbai restaurant to the Hare and Hounds pub late at night." He was helped by sons Jack, 19, who owns the Land Rover, and 17-year-old Ben. The owners of the Hare and Hounds, Angie and Scott Godfrey, opened their premises for people to sleep and get a hot meal. The couple were name-checked by ex-Labour leader Ed Miliband when he visited the flood-hit area on Saturday - helped in the Land Rover by the McCarthys. Four-wheel drive or boat is the only means of transport in parts of the village, where severe flood warnings remain in place around the River Don. Speaking about the stranded congregating at the pub, Mrs Godfrey said: "The first night everyone was devastated, absolutely devastated. "We had grown men crying, which was horrific, but spirits have lifted now." Claire Holling, who runs the Old Butchers cafe, said many people spent Saturday night in the Hare and Hounds or in the church. She said the pub and her cafe had become the centre of a community pulling together to get through. "I just managed to get here on the back of a tractor and I live in the village," she said. "We've opened up and we're making sure everyone has bacon and sausage sandwiches and a warm settee to sit on. It's getting quite full in here now. "Everyone's pulling together and making sure vulnerable people are being looked after." The council was urging people in Fishlake to leave on Monday, as more rain is forecast. Residents of Fishlake said it was the first time the village had flooded in 100 years. A yellow warning for rain remains in place over parts of Yorkshire and the East Midlands on Monday. Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. ---
Example Output: | Fishlake floods: Stranded residents helped by community heroes
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Detailed Instructions: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
See one example below:
Problem: But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Solution: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
Explanation: The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
Problem: By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
Solution: | Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Gemma HandyZorg-En-Vlygt, Essequibo Coast, Guyana The bright welcoming venue, framed by rice paddies, looks the picture of pastoral contentment. But behind its creation lies an unsettling reality. This upbeat community centre was built to address the devastating number of suicides both here on the scenic Essequibo Coast - and in Guyana itself, which holds the dubious distinction of the highest suicide rate in the world. World Health Organization figures claim 44.2 in every 100,000 Guyanese take their own lives, compared to a global average of 16. Shining a light on suicide The Guyana Foundation, the charity behind the Sunrise Center in Zorg-En-Vlygt, has been integral in dragging the phenomenon into the national conversation in a country where stigma surrounding mental health issues has long hindered efforts to alleviate them. A lack of adequate mainstream facilities and woefully outdated legislation - which still defines patients as "idiots" suffering "derangement" - are just some of the obstacles, says the centre's managing director Anthony Autar. Attempted suicide is still technically illegal in Guyana, carrying a custodial sentence of two years, although measures are under way to decriminalise it. "When considering mental health issues, we also look at people's ability to contribute to society," Mr Autar tells the BBC. "Learning a skill like catering or floral arrangement can improve their sense of worth and outlook for the future." Dress-making, tie-dye and yoga are also among the free courses open to the public at the facility which launched operations in June, ahead of its official October 29 opening. "We often find people who come here are isolated and don't have many strong connections. We encourage students to build friendships with each other; those relationships can help save someone's life if they're feeling suicidal," Mr Autar adds. Attendees are routinely invited to complete questionnaires assessing their emotional wellbeing and are informed about the free counselling services offered. It's part of a proactive approach to tackle depression, anxiety and low self-esteem, and remove stigma by teaching people such feelings "are as common as diabetes", says counsellor Haimraj Hamandeo. Participants are predominantly aged 25 to 45, and 75% are female. "Females are more open to assistance," Mr Hamandeo continues. "They're also more likely to attempt suicide; men are more likely to be successful at it." Opinion on just why Guyana tops the global suicide list is divided. A panel discussion organised by the University of Guyana to mark World Suicide Prevention Day in September cited relationship issues, political upheavals, poverty and high crime as contributory factors. Indo-Guyanese account for 80% of suicides, despite making up just 40% of the population in the six-race nation. Most are aged 15 to 34, with almost four men to each female. Poisoning by agricultural pesticides accounts for 65% of cases while one in five is by hanging. For each successful suicide, there's up to 25 more attempted cases, says Dr Bhiro Harry, head of psychiatry at Georgetown Public Hospital. "Many Indo-Guyanese are farmers so they have easy access to lethal pesticides," he explains. "Culturally, Indo-Guyanese folks are 'babied'. For example, I have three children in their 20s all living at home; I still make my son's breakfast every morning. Afro-Guyanese tend to have less close families and are taught to be strong and resilient." Conversely, social science lecturer Paulette Henry thinks "broken families" is a prime cause. After being personally touched by suicide when a close friend killed himself, she testifies to the emotions affecting those left behind too. "I dealt with anger, pain, a sense of loss and guilt," she says, "as a social worker I felt I should have recognised the signs." Public Health Minister Dr George Norton describes Guyana's existing national psychiatric hospital as "not fit for human consumption". He told the BBC mental health was his "personal priority" and that a national suicide prevention plan was currently being devised. That includes training additional psychiatrists and the creation of a psycho-social rehabilitation venue. Back at the Sunrise Center, Mr Hamandeo says engagement in "productive" activities had seen great successes. "Often people find an ability they didn't know they had. You see a change in the way they communicate, the way they greet you, their extra energy." That is music to the ears of centre founder Supriya Singh Bodden who must raise $3,500 (£2,850) a month from donations to run the facility - and plans to establish more across the country. "I got so depressed reading about the suicides every day, I just wanted to bring some hope into communities suffering poverty and lack of opportunity," she explains. "If we can touch people's lives in a positive way so they want to live to see another sunrise, then we have achieved something." | How Guyana is trying to combat its high suicide rate | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
A: Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds
****
Q: In a related case, the court ruled that this information did not have to be shared with Congress. Mr Trump has come under fire for not making his tax returns public like his predecessors. His lawyers had argued that he enjoyed total immunity while in office and that Congress had no valid justification to seek the records. Two Democratic-controlled House of Representatives committees and New York District Attorney Cyrus Vance - also a Democrat - had demanded Mr Trump's tax documents over several years in order to determine whether current conflict-of-interest laws on a US president were tough enough. Mr Trump, a Republican, denies wrongdoing and has called the investigation into his tax affairs a "witch hunt". "The Supreme Court sends case back to Lower Court, arguments to continue. This is all a political prosecution," he wrote in a series of tweets following the court rulings. What do the rulings mean? In the case regarding the request from the New York prosecutors, the Supreme Court ruled by a majority of seven to two that the president did not have absolute immunity from criminal investigation. "Two hundred years ago, a great jurist of our Court established that no citizen, not even the President, is categorically above the common duty to produce evidence when called upon in a criminal proceeding," the court said. "We reaffirm that principle today." But the two cases regarding Congressional committees were closely watched, as they could have had implications on how far US lawmakers could scrutinise the activities of a sitting president. The court ruled that Congress had significant, but not limitless, power to request the president's personal information. In this case, the court returned the case to the lower courts. A political win for Trump Those wanting to see President Donald Trump's tax returns before the November presidential election shouldn't hold their breath. In a series of high-stakes rulings on Thursday, the US Supreme Court swatted down the president's defence that, by dint of his high office, he was somehow above the law when it came to state-level criminal subpoenas. That's good news for the president's critics, advocates of limited executive power, and New York prosecutors seeking to investigate Trump's personal finances. The opinion is not-so-good news for anyone wanting a quick resolution to this case, however. Chief Justice John Roberts sent the lawsuit back down to the lower courts and offered a few new legal avenues for Mr Trump's lawyers to pursue that could continue to put off a day when the president's accounting firm ultimately hands over the documents. And if that day comes, there's still no guarantee that the request, by a secret grand jury, will ever lead to a public disclosure. In the other case, involving a request by congressional Democrats for Mr Trump's financial records, the court was even more circumspect. It simply punted the case down to the lower court with instructions to further balance presidential privileges with legislative power. The gears of justice will grind even more slowly there. While legally these decisions may have been, at best, a draw for the president, by pushing the final day of reckoning further down the road, it's a political win. Why do Trump's tax returns matter? Two of the cases centred on the ability of the House intelligence, oversight and financial services committees to compel Deutsche Bank and Mazars USA, Mr Trump's long-time accounting firm, to turn over his tax and financial documents. The committees argued that they needed this information to determine whether current conflict-of-interest laws on a US president were sufficiently rigorous. The case of Trump v Vance was based on on Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance's criminal subpoena - an order to hand over evidence. Mr Vance argued Mr Trump's documents were needed to determine if financial records had been doctored to cover up hush-money payments to two women in 2016 who say they had affairs with Mr Trump. Following the ruling Mr Vance said the investigation into Mr Trump's financial affairs would resume. House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi, a Democrat, said she would continue to campaign for Mr Trump's financial records to be handed over to Congress. "Congress will continue to conduct oversight for the people, upholding the separation of powers that is the genius of our constitution," she told reporters. Will we get to see his tax returns? It is not clear whether this will happen. Even if Mr Trump's financial records are turned over to prosecutors, they may remain hidden from public view until charges are filed.
A: Trump taxes: Supreme Court says New York prosecutors can see records
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Q: From 1 June, Boston Tea Party, which has 21 branches around England, will only sell hot drinks in reusable cups. Customers must either bring their own mug, buy one in store or pay a deposit on one they can return to any branch. Supermarket giant Waitrose has made a similar pledge to stop using disposable cups by autumn while Costa Coffee has vowed to improve on recycling. Boston Tea Party owner Sam Roberts said that to carry on handing out 300,000 disposable cups a year was "senseless". It is estimated that more than two billion disposable coffee cups are used each year in the UK, with fewer than 1% being recycled. The new plan for takeaway hot drinks, which account for £1m of the company's annual £19.8m turnover, is the chain's second attempt to reduce waste. Customers were previously offered a 25p discount on drinks if they brought their own cup, but only 2.8% of people took up the offer. Under the new scheme, customers who forget their reusable cup can buy one in store for between £4.25 and £4.75. Alternatively, they can pay a deposit on a loan cup and return it when finished. While paper cups can be recycled at specialist plants, they are not suitable for recycling with other paper and cardboard products because they contain a plastic lining. Other UK coffee chains have also announced plans to cut waste. Costa, for example, has vowed to recycle as many cups as it puts into the market by 2020 - but Mr Roberts does not believe such plans are effective. "Lots of coffee chains are making pledges about how they plan to tackle cup waste in the future," he said, "but theirs is a future which is too far away. "We want to demonstrate to other operators that to make a difference, big change is needed. "We will make this work and we'll share details of how we've done it with anyone who wants our help to do the same." What are other coffee chains doing? Costa Coffee has promised to recycle as many cups as it puts into the market by 2020 and also offers customers a 25p discount on hot beverages if they bring their own reusable cup. Pret A Manger offers customers a 50p discount on hot beverages if they bring their own reusable cup. Starbucks offers customers a 25p discount on hot beverages if they bring their own reusable cup. It is also trialling a 5p levy on disposable cups at 35 of its London stores. Caffe Nero says that, along with its competitors, it is "working to increase the number of [coffee cup] recycling points" in the UK. Paul offers customers a 25p discount on hot beverages if they bring their own reusable cup. Environmental charity Friends of the Earth, which campaigns on the issue, said it was encouraged that retailers were taking steps to reduce waste, but argued the government needed to do more to help solve the problem. "We welcome steps being taken by coffee shops to decrease the amount of plastic pollution they produce," a spokesman said. "However, it's the UK government which looks like it could use a caffeine kick for its plastic strategy." The charity insists that the only long-term solution to the plastic pollution is "a complete phase-out of all but the most essential plastics".
A: | Coffee chain Boston Tea Party 'first' to ban disposable cups
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: American Kevin King and Australian Timothy Weeks were lecturers at the American University of Afghanistan when they were kidnapped in 2016. Anas Haqqani, a leading figure in the Haqqani militant group, and two other senior commanders are part of the deal. It is unclear how or when the exchange of prisoners will take place. "In order to pave the way for face-to-face negotiations with the Taliban, the government has decided to free Taliban prisoners in exchange for two university professors," Mr Ghani said in a televised speech. There was no immediate response to the announcement from the Taliban, who have long refused to negotiate with Mr Ghani's administration. The two professors were ambushed by gunmen and taken from a vehicle while leaving their university campus in Kabul in August 2016. The pair then appeared in a video, released in January 2017, appealing to then US President-elect Donald Trump to agree to a deal to secure their release. The exact condition of the two men remains unclear, but in his speech Mr Ghani noted "their health has been deteriorating while in the custody of the terrorists". Mr Ghani said the decision to conditionally release the prisoners was "a tough, but important decision" and a "humanitarian gesture". Anas Haqqani's older brother, Sirajuddin, leads the Haqqani network of fighters and is a deputy leader of the Taliban. The Haqqani network has been behind many of the co-ordinated attacks on Afghan and Nato forces in recent years and has been blamed for some of the deadliest blasts in the country, including a truck bomb in Kabul in 2017 that killed more than 150 people. Pakistan has been accused by the West of backing the Haqqani network to counter the influence of arch-rival India in Afghanistan, a charge it denies. Anas Haqqani was captured in 2014 alongside another commander, Hafiz Rashid, who is also set for release. The other militant involved in the swap was named as Haji Mali Khan, who is reportedly an uncle of Sirajuddin Haqqani, the AFP news agency reports. The Afghan government was shut out of negotiations between the US and the Taliban earlier this year. In September President Trump declared that effort "dead", shortly after cancelling secret plans to host a Taliban delegation at Camp David in the US. Swap shows concessions Analysis by Auliya Atrafi, BBC Afghan in Kabul President Ghani's confirmation of this prisoner swap came as no surprise, as negotiations behind the scenes have been happening for some time. Until now, he had made clear that the release of Haqqani Network members was a red line for his government, but it now seems the president is willing to make a range of concessions to the Taliban if it paves the way to direct peace talks. For some it's a move by the Afghan government to try to appease, in exchange for including it in peace talks in which the National Unity Government has so far been kept out. But the Taliban have previously made clear that foreign forces have to withdraw before they start intra-Afghan talks. Even then, the Taliban say, they will only treat the Afghan government as a part of the conflict and not as a state.
Example Output: Afghanistan announces Taliban prisoner swap to free hostages
Example Input: Zsuzsanna Besenyei, 37, was found dead on Le Pulec beach in St Ouen, Jersey, on 16 May 2018. Jamie Lee Warn, 56, of First Tower, was also found guilty at the Royal Court of perverting the course of justice. He was remanded in custody by Judge William Bailhache until 13 November, when a sentencing date is due to be set. Warn was found guilty after a retrial, following a successful appeal against his first conviction, in 2019. The two had met while working together at a hotel, and later began an affair while Warn was already in a relationship. 'Long and complex' A this second trial, jurors were shown CCTV footage of Miss Besenyei driving to Warn's flat on 10 May 2018 at about 18:00 BST. Prosecuting, Advocate Simon Thomas said the Hungarian worker had come to collect money Warn had promised her for beauty treatments. At 20:20 BST, Warn was seen buying hand sanitiser at a local supermarket. The following day he drove Miss Besenyei's car into First Tower car park, where her body lay in the boot for three days. In the early hours of 14 May, Warn dumped the body at La Pulec beach. On his journey back he left the car in water at St Aubin's Bay and walked home. Miss Besenyei's body was discovered two days later face-down in water, but a post-mortem examination could not determine the cause of death. Det Insp Craig Jackson said it had been a "long and complex investigation". "We now hope that Zsuzsanna's family can move on with their lives and they gain some form of closure from this verdict," he said.
Example Output: Jersey 'secret lover' killer Jamie Lee Warn guilty of murder
Example Input: By Zoe MurphyBBC News In human and financial terms, the burden is huge and it is hitting the poor especially hard. Often thought of as a disease of the rich, experts say the unabating rise may be fuelled as much by food scarcity and insecurity as it is by excess. Changing lifestyles, rapid urbanisation and cheap calories in the form of processed foods are putting more and more people at risk of developing Type-2 diabetes. There are now 382 million people worldwide living with diabetes, according to new figures from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). More than half are in Asia and the Western Pacific, where 90-95% of cases are classed as Type-2. China is leading the world, with the disease now affecting more than 98 million people or about 10% of the population - a dramatic increase from about 1% in 1980. Prof Juliana Chan of the Chinese University of Hong Kong says there is a complex interplay between genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors, which have been compounded by China's rapid modernisation. "Diabetes is a disease of paradoxes," she says. "It is typically an ageing disease, but the data shows that the young and middle-aged are most vulnerable. It is prevalent in obese people but emerging data suggests that for lean people with diabetes the outcome can be worse." The big question is whether China has the capacity to deal with a health problem of such magnitude. China spent $17bn (£10.6bn) on diabetes last year. The disease may consume more than half of China's annual health budget, if all those with the condition get routine, state-funded care, the IDF says. "Diabetes is a silent killer in a silent population," says Prof Chan. Men and women, trapped by stigma, poverty and misinformation, often do not seek help for diabetes until it is in its advanced stages. Kidney failure, cardiovascular disease and blindness are common complications. Prof Chan says China's leaders need to do a lot in terms of public health policy. "One of the greatest challenges is that the system is not conducive to preventative care. We need to go out and find those at risk otherwise you miss the critical moment to prevent the disease," she says. Governments are waking up to the problem, according to Leonor Guariguata, a biostatistician at IDF. "India and China are uniquely positioned - as they are developing so fast, they have the resources to act fast and reframe their health systems," she says. Big babies India is closely trailing China, with an estimated 65.1 million diabetics. Kanmani Pandian is 25 years old and expecting her first baby in January. Two months ago she was diagnosed with gestational diabetes - a disease she had never heard of. Kanmani was lucky. In Chennai, in the south-eastern state of Tamil Nadu, universal screening is available for pregnant women. If left unchecked the disease can lead to life-threatening complications, including foetal macrosomia, or excessive birth weight, making the delivery dangerous for both mother and child. More than 21 million live births were affected by diabetes in 2013. In India, the condition is particularly prevalent. Dr R M Anjana, a diabetes expert based in Chennai, says gestational diabetes is often not taken seriously "because people think it's a one-time thing or a mild affliction". The condition disappears after birth, but within five years of pregnancy, 70-80% of women develop Type-2 diabetes, she says. The infant is also at increased risk of developing the disease in later life. 'Owning up' Across the Western Pacific the disease is taking an unprecedented human and economic toll. In Fiji, surgeons carry out a diabetes-related amputation every 12 hours on average. "Before people seek help for foot infections they would have tried traditional medicines and herbs. By the time they come to the clinic the infection is often so advanced they need an amputation," says Dr Wahid Khan, co-founder of the Diabetes Trust of Fiji. "People don't want to own up to having diabetes. Culturally, it's seen as an illness that leads to early death. If it's known the person has diabetes there is less chance of them getting a job for instance," Dr Khan says. One in three people in Fiji aged 30 or above has diabetes. "The writing has been on the wall for a long time," says Dr Khan. Following the trend across Asia, Fiji's economy, driven by tourism, the sugar industry, gold, copper and fish exports, has produced a rising middle class. "People would traditionally grow their own crops, catch their own fish, if you wanted to get anywhere you would have to walk. We've become more lazy and less active," says Dr Khan, adding that he also has a gripe with the confectionary and fast food industries. In Fiji, diabetes could be prevented or delayed in 80% of cases through simple lifestyle changes, says the IDF. Three diabetes "hubs" were opened earlier this year, and Dr Khan is urging all adult Fijians to get screened. As part of a "massive campaign" to begin in 2014, Dr Khan says surgeons will be asked to "save rather than cut" when it comes to amputations, which are often seen as preferable to keeping patients in hospital for prolonged periods of time. "There is no one answer to diabetes," says Dr Khan, "but we are striving for the right path." Additional reporting by the BBC's Shilpa Kannan in Delhi.
Example Output: | Diabetes: Asia's 'silent killer'
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TASK DEFINITION: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
PROBLEM: The data listed in the email includes credit card details, social security numbers and tax identification numbers. Patreon says the email is a scam and the information is false. The site allows people to make regular donations to artists for projects. The email, tweeted by cartoonist Steve Streza, says: "Unfortunately, your data was leaked in the recent hacking of the Patreon website, and I now have your information." It goes on to ask for one bitcoin (£213; $322) in return for not publishing the information online. There appear to have been three transactions made to the bitcoin wallet given in the email over the weekend, but each is for a tiny fraction of the virtual currency, amounting to just a few pence, according to the Blockchain, a continuing record of every bitcoin transaction made. About 15GB of data, including names, addresses and donations, was published online in October following the hack attack on Patreon. At the time, chief executive Jack Conte said card details had not been stolen. "We do not store full credit card numbers on our servers and no credit card numbers were compromised," he wrote on the company's blog. "Although accessed, all passwords, social security numbers and tax form information remain safely encrypted with a 2,048-bit RSA key." Security expert Troy Hunt told the BBC the hack had been made possible by site tests. "It looks as though the breach has come about by a fundamental yet very common mistake software developers... make - taking a copy of live production data and placing it in another location that lacks the same rigorous security controls," he said. "Often this is done for testing purposes and is a very dangerous shortcut as we've now seen."
SOLUTION: Extortion attempt on victims of Patreon site hack
PROBLEM: The Royal College of Midwives said the proportion of overweight and obese pregnant women in Scotland reached 51% for the first time last year. More older women are also having babies, with 1,907 births to women in their 40s - 68% more than in 2000. Obese, overweight and older women are more likely to require additional care and support throughout their pregnancy. The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) said this rise in demand for services came as the proportion of vacant midwifery posts rose from 1.3% to 5% over the past five years, with the problem "particularly acute" in the north of Scotland. Greater risk RCM Scotland director Mary Ross-Davie told the BBC's Good Morning Scotland programme that obese and older mothers were at greater risk of suffering during pregnancy, as were their babies. She said: "They may have complications like diabetes or high blood pressure, but there are also more risks for the baby in terms of their growth and them being born prematurely. "So what we need to do is provide those women with more care. That may be more appointments, longer appointments and more investigations and monitoring." The RCM has also there are still some concerns over the ageing midwifery workforce despite an increase in the number of younger midwives. The proportion of midwives aged 50 or older jumped from 34% in March 2013 to 40% in March 2018. Ms Ross-Davie welcomed the Scottish government's drive to boost the number of student midwives, but said they may not come quickly enough. Health Secretary Jeane Freeman said: "While there has been an increase of 5.7% in the number of qualified nurses and midwives under this government, we're determined to go further to ensure we have a sustainable midwifery workforce long into the future. "That's why we're investing a Return to Practice Programme, where 55 former midwives returned to service, and a shortened midwifery course in the north of Scotland to meet the specific recruitment challenges in that region."
SOLUTION: Obese mums 'putting strain on midwives'
PROBLEM: Referring to legal and regulatory issues, chief executive Jamie Dimon told staff in a memo that "we need to be braced for more to come". The bank is thought to be negotiating a settlement with regulators over its handling of a $6.2bn (£3.9bn) trading loss that emerged last year. Two of its traders have been charged with fraud in relation to that loss. Prosecutors say they hid losses which resulted in the company misreporting its results last year. The two men deny the charges. In the memo, obtained by Reuters news agency, Mr Dimon stressed the company's efforts to improve its internal controls. He says the bank has hired 4,000 staff and spent $1bn to beef up its control group, which has a range of oversight duties including monitoring trading risks, legal compliance and internal auditing. The memo also said that JP Morgan was disposing of businesses that were no longer considered central. Mr Dimon said that was why it had stopped selling identity theft protection and credit insurance.
SOLUTION: | JP Morgan facing more regulatory scrutiny
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Detailed Instructions: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: By James GallagherHealth and science reporter, BBC News website But rather than a gym-soaked t-shirt, it needs just one millionth of a litre of sweat to do the testing. The team - in South Korea - showed the sensor was accurate and think it could eventually help patients with diabetes. And in extra tests on mice, the sensor was hooked up to a patch of tiny needles to automatically inject diabetes medication. The team at the Seoul National University were trying to overcome the need for "painful blood collection" needed in diabetes patients. This is how patients with diabetes would normally keep track of blood sugar levels: And this could be the future: The sensor is flexible so it can move with the skin it is stuck onto. However, the scientists needed to overcome a series of challenges to make it work. There is less sugar in sweat than blood so it is harder to find, and other chemicals in sweat such as lactic acid can disrupt the results. So the patch has three sensors keeping track of sugar levels, four that test the acidity of the sweat and a humidity sensor to analyse the amount of sweat. It is all encased in a porous layer that allows the sweat to soak through and bathe the electronics. All this information is passed onto a portable computer which does the analysis to work out the sugar levels. Tests before and after people sat down for a meal, published in the journal Science Advances, showed the results from the sweat patch "agree well" with those from traditional kit. However, for the next stage the researchers turned to mice with diabetes. They used the blood sugar monitor to control an array of microneedles to give the mice doses of the diabetes drug metformin. The researchers conclude: "The current system provides important new advances toward the painless and stress-free" care for diabetes. However, there is a leap between proving something can sense sugar levels in a lab and turning that into something that is so reliable people can put their lives in its hands. So the researchers next want to test how the patches work in the long-term. Follow James on Twitter.
A: | Can sweat patches revolutionise diabetes? | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Teacher:Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: By Vikas PandeyBBC News, Delhi The Delhi-based founder of fashion label Ilk had to reorganise everything around her. Her work, her friends and her future plans momentarily took a backseat. The initial shock was too much to handle, but she picked herself up and decided to fight the disease with support from her family and friends. She launched a social media initiative to encourage more women to routinely get screened for breast cancer. What followed was an urgent surgery and prolonged rounds of chemotherapy. She visited hospitals several times in the first month and "it was all going fine". But then the number of Covid-19 cases started rising in several states, including Delhi. She frantically began scouring the internet for information on Covid-19 and cancer. Soon she realised that she was at higher risk of infection and, if she caught the virus, the consequences could be dangerous. The possibility of a "double whammy" frightened her, but also strengthened her precautionary measures while visiting hospitals. She says vaccination is the more "secure way" of keeping Covid away, but she can't get the jab because she is not eligible for it. And she is not alone - India has tens of thousands of young patients who are in the high risk category and need vaccination urgently. But India is yet to allow people under the age of 45 to get vaccinated even if they are diagnosed with a life-threatening disease, which makes them more vulnerable to a Covid infection. This was "heart-breaking" for Shikha, who contacted several hospitals to get vaccinated but wasn't successful. She says she will keep trying "to check with different hospitals until she finds a way out". "I am doing well in beating the dreaded cancer and I am on the mend, but the risk of Covid doesn't let me sleep," she says. She still has several rounds of chemotherapy left, which can only happen in hospitals where the risk of getting Covid is high. And cancer patients like her are especially vulnerable. The European Society For Medical Oncology has advised governments across the world that cancer patients should be prioritised - irrespective of their age - during Covid vaccination drives. A study published in Nature has also advised countries to prioritise vaccination for specific cancers. Several countries like the UK have been prioritising high-risk groups such as patients with specific cancers. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also recommended vaccination for people (16-64) with underlying medical conditions, which increases the risk of serious, life-threatening complications from Covid-19. Prominent Indian oncologist Dr Ganapathi Bhat, who has treated hundreds of cancer patients, says it's concerning that the government has not allowed younger cancer patients to get vaccinated. He says cancer patients are immunocompromised, they are at high risk for severe Covid-19 infection and outcomes include delayed recovery and higher mortality rates. "Therefore, it is utmost priority to protect their health, so that they continue their treatment without interruption," he says. Some have argued that a blanket permission to allow all cancer patients to get Covid jabs is not feasible. Dr Bhat says patients of acute leukaemia and those undergoing stem cell transplant need expert advice before they can be vaccinated against Covid. But doctors are not allowed to make that decision at the moment. Dr Bhat says treating oncologists should have the choice to prescribe Covid jabs to their younger patients after clinical evaluation. Shikha says her doctor has advised her to get vaccinated "as soon as possible as he is really worried". "The hunt for the vaccine has been draining," she says, adding that being diagnosed with cancer causes "unimaginable physiological stress". "But not getting the vaccine has increased that stress a thousand times more. We deserve better care," she adds. The Indian government on Tuesday opened vaccination for people between the age of 45 and 59, but it did not say anything about the high-risk category under the age of 45. It said further relaxation would be announced when the current phase of the drive is complete. Doctors agree that cancer patients are more at risk because hospital-acquired Covid-19 is a reality. Dr Om Shrivastava, a prominent infectious diseases specialist, says that many patients suffering from life-threatening diseases have to visit hospitals for procedures like chemotherapy. "They are always at risk of contracting Covid at hospitals and getting them vaccinated should be picked up urgently," he says. But he also adds that he understands why the government did not include younger people with comorbidities in the first round of vaccination. "Supply was limited initially and they had to calibrate," he says. More than 55 million doses of coronavirus vaccines have been administered so far. Nearly 40 million people have received one dose, and over eight million people have been fully vaccinated after receiving two doses. Dr Shrivastava believes "now is the time to focus on vulnerable groups under the age of 45". Dr Bhat agrees, adding that a separate policy has to be made for cancer patients which looks at critical issues like finding out the right interval needed between the two doses of the two vaccines - Covishield (AstraZeneca) and ingenious Covaxin - which have been approved in India. A recent study by King's College London and Francis Crick Institute found that "antibody responses at week three, following the first dose of the vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) were only 39% and 13% in the solid and haematological cancers, compared to 97% in those without cancer". But the study found that when the same patients were given the second dose of the jab three weeks after the first one, "the immune response improved significantly for solid cancer patients with 95% of them showing detectable antibodies within just two weeks". "By contrast, those who did not get a vaccine boost at three weeks did not see any real improvement," it concluded. India has recently increased the interval between the two jabs from 4-6 weeks to 4-8 weeks, but there is no separate policy for high-risk patients in any age group at the moment. And it's not just young cancer patients who require urgent vaccination. India has tens of thousands of chronic kidney disease patients who also require frequent hospital visits for dialysis. Professor A Fathahudeen, who heads the pulmonology department at the Ernakulam Medical College in Kerala state, says he saw many such patients pick up the coronavirus infection from hospitals during the first wave of the pandemic in June. "Such patients [who are under the age of 45] need to be prioritised urgently. Not many can afford getting dialysis at home, and we can't leave them to their fate, they need our help," he says. "I can argue that a 30-year-old cancer or chronic kidney disease patient is as much at risk as a 50-year-old manageable diabetes patient." Sarath KB, 33, is one such patient. He requires three dialysis sessions per week and the risk of getting Covid worries him. "I want the government to open up vaccination for high-risk patients - irrespective of age groups," he says. Shikha agrees. "We can only worry about one thing at a time, give us a fighting chance against Covid." Read more stories by Vikas Pandey What do I need to know about the coronavirus?
Student: | India coronavirus: The high-risk young demanding Covid jabs | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
[EX Q]: The Royal College of Midwives said the proportion of overweight and obese pregnant women in Scotland reached 51% for the first time last year. More older women are also having babies, with 1,907 births to women in their 40s - 68% more than in 2000. Obese, overweight and older women are more likely to require additional care and support throughout their pregnancy. The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) said this rise in demand for services came as the proportion of vacant midwifery posts rose from 1.3% to 5% over the past five years, with the problem "particularly acute" in the north of Scotland. Greater risk RCM Scotland director Mary Ross-Davie told the BBC's Good Morning Scotland programme that obese and older mothers were at greater risk of suffering during pregnancy, as were their babies. She said: "They may have complications like diabetes or high blood pressure, but there are also more risks for the baby in terms of their growth and them being born prematurely. "So what we need to do is provide those women with more care. That may be more appointments, longer appointments and more investigations and monitoring." The RCM has also there are still some concerns over the ageing midwifery workforce despite an increase in the number of younger midwives. The proportion of midwives aged 50 or older jumped from 34% in March 2013 to 40% in March 2018. Ms Ross-Davie welcomed the Scottish government's drive to boost the number of student midwives, but said they may not come quickly enough. Health Secretary Jeane Freeman said: "While there has been an increase of 5.7% in the number of qualified nurses and midwives under this government, we're determined to go further to ensure we have a sustainable midwifery workforce long into the future. "That's why we're investing a Return to Practice Programme, where 55 former midwives returned to service, and a shortened midwifery course in the north of Scotland to meet the specific recruitment challenges in that region."
[EX A]: Obese mums 'putting strain on midwives'
[EX Q]: Transport for Wales (TfW) said it saw a rise in passengers going to places like Chester despite people being advised not to travel unless essential. Wales is in lockdown from 23 October to 9 November with businesses shut, unlike places over the border. TfW safety director Leyton Powell said the "majority of people are behaving". "Certainly, over the weekend in areas like Chester, we've seen an increase in passenger numbers during the lockdown, an increase in what was expected," he told BBC Radio Wales Breakfast. "We've got to recognise there are differences in the controls in pubs, clubs and restaurants opening across England. "What we've had to do is put in additional queuing systems, to make sure all passengers are safe." Wales is in lockdown but in Chester pubs, bars and restaurants, for example, are open, although they are restricted to table service only and must close at 22:00 GMT. Mr Powell said rail timetables had been reduced "significantly" in line with Welsh Government restrictions to cut down on people travelling. "We've taken out the majority of our journeys over the weekend that are for more social travelling, but we have kept in the services that we take people to hospitals or to work." He called on people to "stay at home, save lives and only travel if your journey is essential".
[EX A]: Lockdown in Wales: 'Increase' in cross border rail travel
[EX Q]: One child at Eggbuckland Community College has returned a positive test, meaning all Year 8 pupils will have to self-isolate for 14 days. Three staff members and 24 pupils from Austin Farm Academy are also affected after another child contracted the virus. Public Health England (PHE) and the council are working with both schools. Eggbuckland said it found out late on Friday there was a confirmed Covid-19 case in its Year 8 bubble. All students from other year groups are being advised to attend school as normal on Monday, including siblings of Year 8 pupils, PHE said. The college said pupils from Year 8 would be allowed to return on 28 September if they showed no symptoms. Austin Farm Academy, which forms part of Eggbuckland College, also requires its "appropriate bubble" to isolate after discovering a case. Director of Public Health for Plymouth Ruth Harrell said: "Parents and carers are being advised that if any of the students who are self-isolating begin to show the symptoms of coronavirus, they should arrange a test and all members of their households should also self-isolate." She added that while she "appreciated the disruption" caused by self-isolating, it was a "vital measure" in keeping pupils safe.
[EX A]: | Coronavirus: Pupils at two Plymouth schools told to self-isolate
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
One example: But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Solution is here: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
Explanation: The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
Now, solve this: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Solution: | Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy? | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions
The money will be used to help meet a target to improve the energy efficiency of all homes by 2040. The plan is set out in the Route Map to an Energy Efficient Scotland, launched by Nicola Sturgeon at the All Energy conference in Glasgow. The funding will also support local authorities to expand existing energy efficiency and fuel poverty programmes. Under the plans, all homes will be improved to achieve an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating of at least band C by 2040. An EPC gives a property an energy efficiency rating from A (most efficient) to G (least efficient). Private rented properties will be required to meet band E by 2022 and band D by 2025. Low incomes Ms Sturgeon said: "The Scottish government's energy efficiency programme will help ensure all our buildings are warmer, greener and more energy efficient. "The major investment in this programme highlights our clear commitment to ensuring that we tackle fuel poverty and reduce greenhouse gas emissions - helping those on low incomes as well as protecting our environment." The plan was welcomed by housing organisations and charities but some called on ministers to ensure adequate funding is brought forward each year to deliver the changes. Lori McElroy, of the Existing Home Alliance, said: "In particular, we welcome the strong action to ensure that tenants in the private rented sector will see their homes improved over the coming years and we welcome the expectation that most of Scotland's homes will get to an energy performance standard of C by 2030. "To realise this ambition, the government must commit to bringing forward new multi-year funding across all sectors, including incentives, support and regulation for homeowners. "This must be done well before 2040 to effectively tackle fuel poverty and climate emissions from our homes." Fabrice Leveque, of Scottish Renewables, said the route map failed to capitalise on Scotland's emerging renewable heat industry. He said: "It is vital that the Scottish government progresses its proposals to support district heat networks and demonstrates how the programme will support technologies like heat pumps, biomass and solar to ensure that the heat we generate is not only used in the most efficient way but is low carbon too."
Funding to tackle household fuel poverty
The scheme was set up by the Savile estate, the BBC, the NHS and lawyers representing alleged victims of the radio DJ. It received High Court approval in February despite objections from the Jimmy Savile Charitable Trust. Representatives of the trust argue more money will go to lawyers than victims. They say funds which could be used for charitable causes will be diverted, and that there is no way of weeding out false claims. Robert Ham, a barrister acting for the Jimmy Savile Charitable Trust, said the arrangements for compensation did not include a way assess the validity of alleged victims' cases. He added it was "a matter of common sense these sort of situations are likely to attract numbers of fraudulent claims". He stressed that neither the trust nor the trustees were "in any way" implicated in allegations made against Savile. The trust is a registered charity with aims including the "relief of poverty" and the "relief of sickness". 'Complex situation' Lord Justice Patten, one of the judges hearing the arguments, said the court had received a letter from the Charity Commission expressing concerns about the trust's charitable funds being "diverted to the costs of litigation". Lawyers representing alleged victims fear that further legal action might run up costs which will eat into the money available for compensation. When the compensation programme was established, Mr Justice Sales described it as a "sensible and pragmatic" attempt to resolve a "complex situation". He also ruled that the trust should pay legal bills of more than £250,000 run up by alleged victims in the fight to secure the compensation scheme. The judge specified about 140 people had "intimated" that they had personal injury claims against Savile and his estate in relation to sexual abuse. The trust's lawyers say the number of people intending to make claims has now risen to more than 160. Savile, a Radio 1 DJ who also presented the BBC's Top Of The Pops and Jim'll Fix It, died aged 84 in October 2011 - a year before allegations that he had sexually abused children were broadcast in an ITV documentary. Research carried out by the NSPCC for Panorama in June found that most of the abuse took place on BBC premises, in hospitals and at children's homes. A series of reports published in July indicated that he sexually assaulted victims aged five to 75 in NHS hospitals over decades of unrestricted access. The hearing is expected to last two days.
| Jimmy Savile trust challenges victims' compensation scheme
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Ex Input:
By Jeremy CookeUK affairs correspondent In an office-turned classroom in Bradford, Syrian refugees are locked in concentration. Today's lecture is about the basics. They are learning English, a language most have never studied before. They are also undergoing something of a crash course in how to live in the UK, which includes how to register with a GP, how to get medication from a chemist's and how to get children into school. There's a lot to learn. 'Build a future' But the men and the women, with their bright headscarves, who have escaped from the horrors of the Syrian war, are determined to take it all in, impatient to start their new lives in this country. Suha is here with her husband Abdul Aziz, both 24, and their one-year-old baby daughter Arerm. For her this is a chance to start again, to make a future for her baby, who was born a refugee. "Yes, of course we are happy," she says. "Now she is guaranteed the opportunity to study and to build a future. That is so important. We can all see the situation back in Syria and even in Jordan, where things are getting worse." The couple, who met while studying at university in the Syrian city of Homs, have been separated from other family members since coming to the UK. Suha says she has left behind two sisters who are currently still in Homs and battling against a "very dangerous" situation. Meanwhile Abdul believes two of his relatives have made it to Australia, which has pledged to take in 12,000 Syrian refugees. But both admit they have "lost people" in the conflict, and did not want to elaborate further. However, the family are among the lucky ones. Just 216 Syrians have so far come to Britain under the government's Vulnerable People Relocation Scheme (VPRS), which was launched in January 2014. That is about to change, with the prime minister's announcement that 20,000 refugees would be brought from camps in countries bordering Syria into the UK by 2020. The process starts in the refugee camps and frontier towns on Syria's borders with Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Officials working for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) will conduct interviews to identify the most vulnerable people meeting the requirements, who will be invited to Britain. To qualify, a person must either be a survivor of torture or violence, a woman or child at risk, or in need of medical care. There may also be further interviews by Home Office staff to address any security concerns. Before anyone can travel to the UK, a local authority must agree to take them in. Facts about the Vulnerable People Relocation Scheme But the issue of who pays for the relocation scheme may become a contentious point. Bill Dennis is from Migration Yorkshire, one of several regional groups tasked by the Home Office to establish which local authorities across the UK will take Syrian refugees. He says councils are coming forward to take on refugees, but many are asking for more detail. "They're saying, 'we need to see the package, we need to see the details and what the implications are'. "But I don't think that will stop councils responding positively in the long run." Currently 106 of the 216 refugees in the UK have been given a roof over their heads in Bradford. The city's Horton Housing Association has been funded by the Home Office to find them accommodation and offer other support, such as English classes. The association's chief executive, Paul Gartland, said the first task was to make the refugees understand that they were no longer in danger. "People land in the UK, a very strange country to them I'm sure; different norms, culture, and the first thing is to make them feel safe, secure and welcome - which is what we do at the airport," he said. In the modest, but spotless, flat where his family now lives, Abdul thanks God and the UK for the chance to start again. The war stopped his university studies in Homs but he says his student days are over. He wants to work to support the family. "Of course we miss our family and friends but here we are establishing new connections. So now we have friends. We are trying to mix with others and get integrated with the society more," he says. His wife also stresses the family's gratitude for the welcome they have received. "We don't have the feeling that we are causing a crisis in Britain. In Lebanon or Jordan you would feel that the Syrians are a problem. But here, no-one has complained. You feel a sense of welcome," she adds.
Ex Output:
Syria conflict: Are refugees prepared for life in the UK?
Ex Input:
The man was assaulted as he waited to use the drive-through at the restaurant in Watling Street, Tamworth, on Saturday evening. The attacker claimed the victim had jumped the queue and hit him in the face while he was sat in his car, Staffordshire Police said. Both parties then made their orders before leaving the scene, it added. The attacker was described by police as a man his 40s, 5ft 11in, said to be of a large build and wearing jeans and a jacket who was driving a Land Rover Discovery. Anyone with information about what happened should contact police. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected]
Ex Output:
Man punched in face over Tamworth McDonalds 'queue jump'
Ex Input:
By Joe MillerTechnology reporter Communications regulator Ofcom said UK adults spend an average of eight hours and 41 minutes a day on media devices, compared with the average night's sleep of eight hours and 21 minutes. Almost four hours a day are spent watching TV according to Ofcom's survey of 2,800 UK adults and children. TV and radio remain popular despite the growth of digital media, it found. One analyst said this proved that "it's still early in the digital revolution". The annual Ofcom study also analysed the media habits of those between 12 and 15 years of age. Only 8% said they used email, while just 3% said they communicated using a landline phone. Younger people were also found to have an advanced understanding of technology devices, with six-year-olds having the same level of knowledge as the average 45-year-old. Health concerns The poll also indicated that those aged 16-24 are likely to do more than one task at a time, squeezing 14 hours and 7 minutes of media activity into each day, in just over 9 hours. Dr Aric Sigman, a psychologist who focuses on childhood disease, says the Ofcom statistics are "another measure showing that children are spending more of their recreational time looking at screens, particularly in bedrooms by themselves". Media overtakes sleeping Over 50% of the average waking day is spent on media or communication activity - more than is spent on sleep 8hrs 41mins texting, talking, typing, gaming, listening or watching 8hrs 21mins sleeping This, Dr Sigman says, is "health and development issue", with some of the adverse effects associated with prolonged screen time including obesity and diabetes. "We need to think of recreational screen time as a form of consumption in the way that we thing of sugar, fat alcohol, hours in the sun - measured in units of hours per day," he added. Analysis: Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC technology correspondent If you want to see the future, look at the media habits of Britain's 14 and 15 year olds. That's the message from Ofcom's research - and that could be scary for some old media companies. The techie teens are watching less live TV, and much less live radio than adults - and turning to YouTube and streaming music services for their entertainment. They are giving up on voice calls and email in favour of text- based communication, flitting from Instagram to WhatsApp to Snapchat in a constant search for what's new. What we don't know is what the teen techies will do when they grow up. Will they settle down in front of their own living-room TV, tune into a radio station, even buy a daily newspaper? Or will they continue to multi-task and experiment with every new thing? If that does turn out to be the case, then all kinds of media businesses will struggle to survive. TV 'still king' In line with previous Ofcom studies, the report showed that live TV and radio is still strongly resilient, despite the many alternative methods of consuming content on offer. The average amount of time people spent watching TV each day - three hours and 52 minutes - was more than the combined time spent on mobile phones, landlines and the internet. But this is the first time daily TV viewing has dropped below four hours since 2010. Ian Maude, from media research firm Enders Analysis, said: "Television is still king when it comes to media consumption but an increasing share is viewed via catch-up or on-demand especially amongst the YouTube generation." But he added that "it's still early in the digital revolution". Almost 80% of TV viewing is done without simultaneously using another device, and the vast majority of TV is watched live, rather than via recording devices or playback services, such as BBC iPlayer or 4oD. Books still popular The rise of digital formats has also not convinced the vast majority of Britons to get rid of their physical media collections. Daily media consumption 8hrs 41mins spent each day using media and communication devices 3hrs 52mins watching television 2hrs 46mins listening to radio 1hr 8mins on the internet (PC/laptop) 28mins using a mobile phone 9mins talking on a fixed phone Some 84% of UK adults surveyed by Ofcom said they had a book collection and a similar number said they owned music CDs. Meanwhile, four out of every five people said they had a DVD library - a figure that has stayed roughly the same since 2005. Even the post has not been rendered obsolete. Approximately a third of adults questioned said they had sent a personal letter in the past month. However some forms of traditional media are suffering from the rise of digital. When asked which form of media they would miss most, just 2% of those aged 16 or older said they would feel the absence of newspapers or magazines. To coincide with the release of its report, Ofcom also launched an online quiz, where users can find out how tech savvy they are and are offered advice on how to improve their understanding of the digital world.
Ex Output:
| Britons spend more time on tech than asleep, study suggests
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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TASK DEFINITION: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
PROBLEM: The 41-year-old worked for the oil field services company, Halliburton. Eleven people are known to have died and two more are presumed dead after the Airbus EC225LP helicopter - or Super Puma - crashed on Friday. A team from the UK's Air Accidents Investigation Branch is heading to the city of Bergen, near the crash site, to help with the inquiry. The wreckage of the aircraft has now been lifted from the water. Commercial Super Puma flights in the UK have been grounded by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) following the crash. The helicopter was flying from the Gullfaks oil field to Bergen, a centre for the North Sea oil and gas industry, when it crashed near the small island of Turoey. A major rescue operation was launched but ended within hours of the crash. In addition to the Briton, 11 Norwegians and an Italian were on the flight. In 2012, EC225 Super Puma helicopters crashed in two incidents in Scotland - one off Aberdeen and another off Shetland - that were both blamed on gearbox problems. In both cases, all passengers and crew were rescued. EC225s in the UK were grounded following the crashes but given the go-ahead to resume flying in August 2013. Although that model was grounded, along with several others, later that same month after a Super Puma (AS332 L2) crashed off Shetland, killing four people. On Friday, the CAA announced a restriction on all EC225 commercial passenger flights, mirroring action taken by its Norwegian counterpart. The restriction does not apply to search and rescue flights, it said. BP and Statoil have also suspended the use of the aircraft model, so it is unable to carry oil and gas workers. Super Pumas are responsible for many of the 140,000 helicopter passenger flights in the UK each year.
SOLUTION: Super Puma crash: Scot among Norway victims
PROBLEM: By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
SOLUTION: Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds
PROBLEM: The body of Daniel Littlewood, 40, was discovered in Clapham Woods, off Drayton Road, in Norwich, on 22 June. Andrew Forbes, 39, from Crome Road in Norwich, pleaded guilty to murder at Norwich Crown Court. Ch Insp Phil Gray said: "This was a shocking and unprovoked attack on someone he would have regarded as a friend." Police said Forbes and Mr Littlewood had been out together late on the evening of Sunday 21 June, and were both last seen by a female friend just after midnight. In the early hours of Monday morning, Forbes called the female friend and told her he had killed someone. He then returned home where he also told another person he had killed someone and the police were called just before 04:45 BST. Forbes told officers he had killed Mr Littlewood and directed them to where the body was. Norfolk Police said he told officers he hit Mr Littlewood with a cement brick he had found on the ground "because he was unhappy about a comment regarding his drug habit". Forbes is due to be sentenced on 19 January.
SOLUTION: | Norwich man admits killing housemate over drug comment
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
"Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
By Carys BetteleyBBC News That is the advice of 30-year-old Rachel Jury, from Bridgend, to anyone adapting to life with a stoma - an artificial opening on the abdomen to divert the flow of faeces or urine into a pouch outside the body. Rachel has two stoma bags, an ileostomy named Bob and a urostomy named Squirt. Relentless problems with the bags and several near death experiences have meant Rachel has felt anger towards her situation - but she is keen to spread the message that it does not help. "I have had hatred, many times," she said. Rachel is not alone. In the last 15 years the number of stoma appliances dispensed by the Welsh NHS have almost trebled, with 318,196 bags and other items prescribed in 2015-16. The net cost of ostomy items has also rocketed from £7.4m to £20.6m since 2000-01, according to the Welsh Government figures. The Colostomy Association said the increase could be down to a number of factors including people living longer, higher survival rates for cancer and ileostomy operations and more people having temporary stoma surgery due to better diagnosis and awareness of conditions like Ulcerative Colitis. Rachel was 21 when she started having problems with her bladder, while studying for a degree in radiotherapy before starting work in oncology at a Bristol hospital. The urologist team there decided she needed a catheter - used to treat bladders which do not empty - but a busy shift meant Rachel was not taught how to use it. "To say I struggled with this was an understatement," she said. "Fighting with the toilet seat and mirror to get myself into the right position and locate where to catheterise, I had to do this 12 times a day while trying to work and still suffering from the pain, retention and clamping. "I was trying to work at the same time." Rachel had to stop working at the age of 22. In June 2012, it was decided Rachel needed an emergency operation to form a permanent ileostomy (stoma), which diverts waste outside her body - "Bob" was born. In 2015 Rachel, who now lives in Bournemouth, agreed to have her bladder removed in a urostomy operation - because it was too small and caused pain and bleeding. And so "Squirt" was born, named after the havoc the bag caused while being changed by a nurse. 'You can still live a life and love your body' Rachel still does not have a full diagnosis but her condition causes autonomic neuropathy, meaning the nerves that control involuntary bodily functions are damaged. "I had four operations last year and was admitted about eight times because the stoma kept falling out," Rachel said. "I had a cardiac arrest a few months ago. But at least I had Christmas off, unlike the year before. "It's been a nightmare." "Relentless" problems with Bob over the past two years have meant Rachel regularly ends up in hospital with sepsis and does not always spot the early signs, resulting in long stays. She does not know what her life expectancy will be - but her condition is progressive and she said it "won't be decades", especially due to the sepsis. "I'm just trying to deal with each hurdle," she said. "Every time I go to the hospital I see people dealing with stomas and the nurses will ask me 'would you mind speaking to this person?'. "I do believe this is my purpose, and the medical training helps, I love being able to help patients." So what advice would Rachel give someone coming to terms with a diagnosis or adjusting to life with a stoma? "It's so important to name your stoma. "Yes it's quite funny calling them Squirt and Bob and it's light hearted, but it's so much harder if you have got hatred for it. "I have had hatred, many times. I've not been positive all the way through. "I've had a lot of accidents and to start with I shouted at it and got angry, but after the last couple of years and so many near death experiences, if you start hating, you're going to stay in that negative frame of mind. "If you can see it as a part of you, it's a lot easier. "I'll post on Facebook 'Bob's being a naughty boy again!', you can talk about it in normal conversation then. "But a lot of us are in the situation where, they have saved our life." Rachel said her health problems have affected friendships and her long-term relationship ended, but it also helped her to find new friendships. 'Be proud' "I hate the saying 'you find out who your friends are' but, yes, you do. And I have made amazing friends," she said. "With relationships, it puts a lot of pressure on to be dealing with it [illness] constantly, so it affects that." Rachel launched her blog, Rocking2Stomas, this month. She hopes to raise awareness of urostomy bags, saying not many people realise stoma bags can be to do with urological problems not just bowel. "It's quite rare to have two," she said. "Not many people know much about it or think it's only to do with poo - it's not, it's wee as well. "I'd like to build an online community of urostomates - similar to colostomies and ileostomy online communities. "I think I want to show you can still live a life and love your body. "I want to help women celebrate their bodies and be proud."
Rachel Jury from Bridgend on living with two stoma bags
By John L AllenSenior correspondent, National Catholic Reporter Catholics may believe there is something supernatural about their Church, but as the 13th Century theologian St Thomas Aquinas taught, it is not exempt from the normal realities of human nature - including the laws of psychology, sociology, and even politics. If that is true of the Church writ large, it is also true of the business of declaring saints. That fact was on clear display on 1 May, when Pope John Paul II was beatified, the final step before sainthood, in a ceremony in Rome that drew hundreds of thousands of people to St Peter's Square. John Paul's beatification comes just six years and one month after his death in 2005. The perception of haste has puzzled some observers, especially those inclined to question the late pope's record on combating the scourge of clerical sexual abuse. Formally speaking, the Vatican's explanation is that all the traditional criteria have been met. There is a popular grassroots conviction that John Paul was a holy man - an exhaustive four-volume Vatican study concluded that he lived a life of "heroic virtue" - and a miracle has been documented as resulting from his intervention. The miracle involves the healing of a 49-year-old French nun from Parkinson's disease, the same affliction from which the late pope suffered. Five fast-track factors Without questioning any of that, it is probably fair to say that institutional dynamics and even a degree of politics also help explain the rapid result. John Paul reformed the sainthood process in 1983, making it faster, simpler, and cheaper. The office of "Devil's advocate" - an official whose job was to try to knock down the case for sainthood - was eliminated, and the required number of miracles was dropped. The idea was to lift up contemporary role models of holiness in order to convince a jaded secular world that sanctity is alive in the here and now. The results are well known: John Paul II beatified and canonised more people than all previous popes combined. Since the reforms took effect, at least 20 cases qualify as "fast track" beatifications, meaning the candidate was beatified within 30 years of death. Taking a careful look at that list, aside from lives of holiness and miracle reports, at least five factors appear to influence who makes the cut. First, successful candidates have an organisation behind them with both the resources and the political savvy to move the ball. The Catholic movement Opus Dei (of Da Vinci Code fame), for instance, boasts a roster of skilled canon lawyers, and they invested significant resources in their founder's cause. St Josemaria Escriva was canonised in 2002. Second, several fast-track cases involve a "first", usually to recognise either a geographical region or an under-represented constituency. Italian lay woman Maria Corsini was beatified in 2001, just 35 years after her death, along with her husband Luigi Beltrame Quattrocchi. They were the first married couple to be declared "blessed". Nicaraguan Sr Maria Romero Meneses was beatified in 2002, 25 years after her death, as the first blessed from Central America. It is also striking that 12 of these fact-track beatifications have been women. That is arguably related to an effort to counter perceptions that the Church is hostile to women. Third, there is sometimes a political or cultural issue attached to the cause. For instance, Italian lay woman Gianna Beretta Molla was beatified in 1994, 32 years after she died in 1962. (Molla was canonised in 2004). She is famous for having refused both an abortion and a hysterectomy in order to save her unborn child. In other cases, the perceived issue is internal to the Church. Maria de la Purisima, a Spanish nun, was beatified in 2010, just 12 years after her death in 1998. Vatican officials hailed her as a model of preserving tradition in a period of "ideological turmoil" following the Second Vatican Council (1962-65). Push to canonise papacy Fourth, Church officials may feel a personal investment in a cause. For instance, two Polish priests moved through the process swiftly under John Paul II: Michal Sopocko, the confessor of St Faustina Kowalska, a mystic and founder of the Divine Mercy devotion, and Jerzy Popieluszko, a Solidarity leader murdered by the Polish Communists. Fifth, fast-track cases generally enjoy overwhelming hierarchical support, both from the bishops of the region and in Rome. Chiara Badano, a lay member of the Focolare movement, was beatified just 20 years after her death in 1990. Focolare is admired for its spirituality of unity and its ecumenical and inter-faith efforts, not to mention its loyalty to the Church. All five criteria are clearly in place with John Paul II. He has got powerful institutional backing both in Poland and in Rome, and virtually all of the officials making sainthood decisions today are John Paul II proteges. There is also a push to canonise not just John Paul the person, but also his papacy, especially its emphasis on recovering Catholicism's missionary muscle. Those criteria suggest that it won't be terribly long before the canonisation arrives, and St John Paul II is formally added to the Church's list. If so, both nature and the supernatural will, again, have had their say. John L Allen Jr is senior correspondent for the National Catholic Reporter and author of The Future Church: How Ten Trends are Revolutionizing the Catholic Church (Doubleday, 2009).
| John Paul II beatification: Politics of saint-making
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Claire WilliamsVictoria Derbyshire programme The breakfast TV interview about tourism in the town of Moneta, Virginia, was just starting when it was suddenly interrupted by the sound of gunfire. Alison, 24, and cameraman Adam Ward, 27, who both worked for cable channel WDBJ, were killed. Their interviewee survived. The gunman, a disgruntled former employee called Vester Lee Flanagan, filmed their final moments then posted them on social media - footage which shocked the world. He later shot himself. Alison's father, Andy, has vowed never to watch it. "Believe me, people ask if I want to see it fairly regularly," he says. "The other day a guy was trying to tell me about it. It's people not thinking. People are so callous." But search engine Google has told him he has to report every video to get them removed from the internet. "Imagine a human being, someone saying, 'You have to watch a video of your daughter's murder and tell us why we should take this down'. Who would do that other than someone like Isis? Yet Google does it on its platforms." Worse still, Andy's campaigning to end gun violence has led to him being a target for online abuse. Comments such as "if she only had a gun to protect herself" appear on articles he has written, conspiracy theorists have posted a news report about the celebration of Alison's life calling it "fake" on YouTube, and he has received death threats. A Google search of Alison's name reveals a number of videos from conspiracy theorists including claims she had had plastic surgery and was living a secret life in Israel. Andy refuses to engage with trolls, saying: "There's not a lot you can do with keyboard warriors, you won't change their minds". He blames Google and social media platforms for allowing them to share the material. He believes Facebook, Google and Twitter should be subject to the same regulation as news providers in the US. "There was a time there would be an advert and autoplay. Even though they have taken down the ads, Google still makes money every time you click. They want you to keep clicking. They make money from your data," he explains. "Google profits from my daughter's death and I won't accept it. What can they do [to me]? I have lost everything precious that I've had. I am not afraid of them." He is now working with Georgetown University Civil Rights clinic to "drop the hammer on Google" and urge them to adequately monitor their own platforms. If it again refuses, members of Congress should step in and provide oversight, he says. "We will say you can either work with us and take this stuff down - if you don't we have no problem taking you to court. No-one has done it. We will hold them accountable. Senators are also supporting it. We will hold their feet to the fire." Andy is also campaigning for what he calls sensible reforms to gun laws in order to keep them out of the hands of mentally unstable people. "I would love it if the US followed British or Australian gun control laws," he says. "There was the first gun control measure passed in two decades this week. Gun control was a number two or three issue in the mid-terms - I think there will be reform in my lifetime." Andy describes his daughter as a beautiful person and a kind soul. She broadcast daily to 60,000 people and produced award-winning documentaries - she won an Emmy posthumously for best live reporting. "There was a saying I saw a while back, 'There are some that bring a light so bright to the world that even after they've gone a light remains'. She impacted and affected so many people, she inspired so many people. She touched so many people's lives. "I want to keep the fuel for the light going. We think about her all the time. I talk with her every day." YouTube says its guidelines prohibit content including gratuitous violence, nudity and illegal activities and hate speech. It says when material is graphic it applies age restrictions which require users to sign in. A spokesman for YouTube, whose parent company is Google, said: "Our hearts go out to the victim and her family. To protect the community, YouTube has clear policies that outline what content is not acceptable to post and we remove videos violating these policies when flagged to us. "In some cases, we age-restrict flagged material that, while not in violation of those guidelines, contains images that may be unsuitable for younger users." Follow the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme on Facebook and Twitter - and see more of our stories here.
'Google profits from my daughter's death'
The Royal College of Midwives said the proportion of overweight and obese pregnant women in Scotland reached 51% for the first time last year. More older women are also having babies, with 1,907 births to women in their 40s - 68% more than in 2000. Obese, overweight and older women are more likely to require additional care and support throughout their pregnancy. The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) said this rise in demand for services came as the proportion of vacant midwifery posts rose from 1.3% to 5% over the past five years, with the problem "particularly acute" in the north of Scotland. Greater risk RCM Scotland director Mary Ross-Davie told the BBC's Good Morning Scotland programme that obese and older mothers were at greater risk of suffering during pregnancy, as were their babies. She said: "They may have complications like diabetes or high blood pressure, but there are also more risks for the baby in terms of their growth and them being born prematurely. "So what we need to do is provide those women with more care. That may be more appointments, longer appointments and more investigations and monitoring." The RCM has also there are still some concerns over the ageing midwifery workforce despite an increase in the number of younger midwives. The proportion of midwives aged 50 or older jumped from 34% in March 2013 to 40% in March 2018. Ms Ross-Davie welcomed the Scottish government's drive to boost the number of student midwives, but said they may not come quickly enough. Health Secretary Jeane Freeman said: "While there has been an increase of 5.7% in the number of qualified nurses and midwives under this government, we're determined to go further to ensure we have a sustainable midwifery workforce long into the future. "That's why we're investing a Return to Practice Programme, where 55 former midwives returned to service, and a shortened midwifery course in the north of Scotland to meet the specific recruitment challenges in that region."
Obese mums 'putting strain on midwives'
The bird also had a health check at its nest near Keswick. The solar-powered transmitter is attached to the chick by a harness, like a tiny rucksack, and is expected to last for three years. The chick, thought to be male, will make the migration to Africa in late August. 'Soggy Lake District' The male parent of the chick hatched in the Lake District during 2007. The identification of the mother is not known as she is not ringed. Pete Barron of the Lake District Osprey Project said: "The last ospreys we satellite tagged in 2010 ended up in Mauritania and Senegal. "It will be fascinating to watch the progress of the osprey when it leaves the soggy Lake District and makes its own way in the world." The transmitter is accurate to a distance of 18 metres. It has been programmed to record the speed, altitude and course of the bird every hour.
| Keswick osprey chick satellite transmitter fitted
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Instructions: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: Diabetes UK Cymru's Dai Williams said cash from the tax should help address ill-health linked to sugar. The Welsh Government is due to get £47m in extra funding over two years because of spending in England linked to the levy. A spokeswoman for Welsh ministers said they had received "modest" funding that had already been allocated. But First Minister Carwyn Jones suggested in March that some of the cash could be directed towards tackling childhood obesity. Welsh ministers have welcomed the UK-wide levy - launched on 6 April - which will require soft drinks firms to pay 18p a litre on drinks with more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, or 24p if the drink has more than 8g of sugar per 100ml. Many drinks firms have reformulated their products in response to the tax, and forecasts for how much the levy would raise have fallen from £520m to £240m. Health bodies have called for a tax on sugary drinks as a measure to tackle obesity. The National Survey for Wales 2016-17 found obesity in Wales was worse than in any other UK nation - with 59% of adults overweight and 23% classed as obese. Mr Williams praised the tax and, calling for any extra money for Wales to be ring-fenced, said: "What we should be doing is putting that money into the NHS and supporting diabetes care for example, or using it to prevent obesity. "We are currently spending £1bn in the NHS in Wales on diabetes in Wales - largely type two. I think any money raised should go someway to supporting that." "It is causing ill-health, therefore the money raised from the tax on sugar should be used on making right what the industry has created," he added. Dr David Bailey, chairman of the British Medical Association's Welsh Council, said: "We welcome the introduction of the tax but a sugar tax alone is not enough. "The money raised from the tax must be reinvested into the NHS to help improve the nations health." Original plans earmarked cash from the levy to help fund initiatives in English schools, worth around £400m a year, including PE lesson improvements, breakfast clubs and more sports activities. However, the sums of cash originally forecasted were larger than how much will now be raised, and the schemes began before the levy was in place, suggesting not all the funding has come from the tax. According to the Welsh Government, the schemes were worth £9.5m in 2017-18, £21m in 2018-19; and £26m in 2019-20 in extra funding. As with all consequential extra funding, the sum is added to the overall Welsh budget and ministers in Cardiff decide how it is spent. Plaid Cymru's health spokesman Rhun ap Iorwerth, whose party has supported the tax for some time, said the money should go towards tackling obesity among young people as part of a "preventative health agenda". "Improving the wellbeing of future generations starts with taking steps today to encourage more active and healthy lifestyles," he added. But a UKIP Wales spokesman said: "UKIP has always stood on the side of informed consumer choice and personal responsibility. The proposals for a sugar tax are sour, not sweet." First Minister Carwyn Jones told the Senedd in March he was considering directing some of the cash towards tackling obesity. But he called the amount of funding "modest" and said it had been allocated "for maintaining free school breakfasts, new funding for summer holiday clubs, investing more in childhood immunisation and, of course, looking at taking forward a transformation fund in health". A Welsh Government spokesman welcomed the levy and said it was pleased many drinks manufacturers had cut the sugar from their products before it came into force. He added the Welsh Government would continue to allocate consequential funding in line with its priorities, including how additional funding could help to support child health.
Output: | Call for sugar tax cash to go to the Welsh NHS | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
A: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
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Q: The union is accusing Southern railway of wanting to impose changes rather than reach an agreement. The dispute is separate to a long-running row between Southern and the RMT union over changes to the role of conductors. Aslef said Southern had "dug its heels in" over the changes. Southern's drivers who are members of Aslef voted for walkouts by 87%. The union has announced its drivers will strike on 13-14 December, again on 16 December, and between 9-14 January. 'Two to tango' Mick Whelan, Aslef's general secretary, said: "Our trade dispute with the company is that there should be no introduction and/or extension of new driver-only operated routes on Southern without the agreement of Aslef. "We have genuinely sought to reach a compromise with Southern. We have always been prepared to talk to the company and we have always been of the view that it should be possible to do a deal, but it takes two to tango and the company has not been prepared to negotiate," he said. "They have dug in their heels and forced us to ballot our members." Analysis: Richard Westcott, BBC transport correspondent This ups the ante in an already vitriolic dispute. Up until now, Southern had managed to run about 60% of its trains on RMT strike days. Still incredibly annoying for customers but they could normally find a way of getting to work. Now that just under 1,000 Aslef drivers are joining the fray, albeit on different days, it's hard to see how Southern will be able to run any kind of functioning train service when they walk out. They're also stopping overtime, which is often vital to running the trains every day. This dispute has become the defining battle for one of the most contentious issues on our railways, the increasing introduction of what's known as "driver-only-operation" or DOO, where the driver, rather than the guard, takes control of closing the doors. The unions say it's a safety risk and an excuse to cut jobs in the long run, all to save money. The rail firms and the government argue that it's about modernising the railways, freeing up on-board staff to deal with customers. They also point out that the safety regulator, the ORR, says it's safe and that DOO is already commonplace on many lines. What happens on Southern is likely to determine what happens on other rail franchises in the future. 'Perfectly safe' Charles Horton, the chief executive of Southern's parent company Govia Thameslink, said: "Passengers will be rightly furious that these wholly unnecessary and unjustified strikes have been called in the run up to Christmas and in the New Year. "It's perfectly safe for the driver to have sole responsibility for the operation of a modern train and that's how a third of the trains up and down the country - with the full agreement and support of Aslef - already operate today." The RMT has been embroiled in a bitter dispute with Southern over changes to the role of conductors. More stoppages are planned in the coming weeks, in the run-up to Christmas and over the new year. Southern wants drivers, rather than conductors, to operate carriage doors at certain times. London Underground drivers are to stage a 24-hour strike on 6 and 7 December, coinciding with a walkout by Southern rail guards. RMT strike dates:
A: Southern strike: Drivers vote in favour of action
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Q: The Parker Solar Probe rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The probe is set to become the fastest-moving manmade object in history. Its data promises to crack longstanding mysteries about the Sun's behaviour. It is the first space craft to be named after a living person - astrophysicist Eugene Parker, 91, who first described solar wind in 1958. "Wow, here we go! We're in for some learning over the next several years," he said after watching the lift-off from the scene. The University of Chicago professor said he had been biting his nails in anticipation. The Delta-IV Heavy rocket - which was carrying the probe - launched at 03:31 local time (07:31 GMT). It came after a failed attempt the previous day, when a last-minute alarm caused the agency to miss its 65-minute window. Just under an hour after the launch, Nasa confirmed that the spacecraft had successfully separated and the probe had been released into space. What will the probe do? The probe aims to dip directly into our star's outer atmosphere, or corona. It will zip past Venus in six weeks and make a first rendezvous with the Sun a further six weeks after that. Over the course of seven years, Parker will make 24 loops around our star to study the physics of the corona, the place where much of the important activity that affects the Earth seems to originate. The probe will dip inside this tenuous atmosphere, sampling conditions, and getting to just 6.16 million km (3.83 million miles) from the Sun's broiling "surface". "I realise that might not sound that close, but imagine the Sun and the Earth were a metre apart. Parker Solar Probe would be just 4cm away from the Sun," explained Dr Nicky Fox, the UK-born project scientist who is affiliated to the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. "It will also be the fastest man-made object ever, travelling at speeds of up to 430,000mph [690,000km/h] - New York to Tokyo in under a minute!" she told BBC News.
A: | Parker Solar Probe: Nasa launches mission to 'touch the Sun'
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instruction:
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
question:
There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
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NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions
question:
Staff and visitors were evacuated from a remand centre in Ravenhall after clashes involving hundreds of inmates began at midday on Tuesday. Heavily armed police stormed the prison in the early hours of the morning, according to the Victorian government. The Corrections Department said the riot may have started because of a smoking ban in state prisons. Several prisoners were hurt in the riot and were treated by medical staff, and two staff members suffered minor injuries, said prison authorities. Fires started The riot, in which hundreds of prisoners lit fires, broke walls and smashed windows, started not long before a smoking ban was to be introduced in all Victorian correctional facilities. About 84% of Victorian prisoners are smokers, according to government figures. The government said it was introducing the ban to improve the health of prison staff and inmates. Corrections Victoria said the operation to end the riot was difficult and conducted under the cover of darkness to protect prison staff. Victoria's Minister for Corrections, Wade Noonan, said "a thorough investigation" would be undertaken into what caused the riot and how authorities responded to it.
answer:
Melbourne prison riot ends after police raid
question:
By Jonathan AmosScience correspondent, BBC News The innermost world has shrunk as it has cooled over time, its surface cracking and wrinkling in the process. Scientists first recognised the phenomenon when the Mariner 10 probe whizzed by the planet in the mid-1970s. But the latest images from the US space agency's Messenger satellite have enabled researchers to refine their estimate for the amount of contraction. And, as they report in the journal Nature Geoscience, it is significantly more than previously realised. Mariner made two passes of Mercury, in 1974 and 1975, photographing about 45% of the planet's surface. Evident in those pictures were long scars where rock had been thrust upwards as the body shortened. These lobate scarps, as they are known, typically run for hundreds of kilometres, and separate terrains that can differ in height by thousands of metres. From the Mariner evidence, researchers calculated Mercury must have decreased its radius by about 1-3km over its history. But that figure was in conflict with modelling studies that suggested a cooling object like Mercury should have contracted much more in four billion years. Messenger helps to resolve the inconsistency. Since entering into orbit in 2011, it has photographed 100% of the planet. This has allowed for a more extensive study of the scarp features and the more subtle wrinkled ridges that also criss-cross its surface. The new assessment now brings the observed shrinkage - a reduction in radius of 7km - into the realm expected by the models. Dr Paul Byrne from the Carnegie Institution in Washington DC is the lead author on the Nature Geoscience paper. He marvelled at the surface features on planet. "Some of these lobate scarps are enormous," he told BBC News. "There's a structure called Enterprise Rupes in the southern hemisphere that is a single scarp system. It's 1,000km long and in places has 3km of relief. Imagine standing in front of it. It's Mercury's version of a mountain belt. "It utterly dominates the topography and it is astounding given the diminutive size of Mercury." The innermost world is a fascinating oddball. Whereas the Earth has an extensive crust and mantle shrouding its metal core, Mercury is very different. Estimated to be nearly 4,000km in diameter, the planet's metal core is its defining feature. It is covered only by a thin rocky veneer that may be little more than 400km thick. Although some of the core must still be liquid, part of it will have cooled and solidified, losing volume as a result. This will have scrunched the thin, overlying layer of rock. Europe and Japan plan to launch a joint mission to Mercury to follow up Messenger's observations The BepiColombo venture should launch in 2016. One of its principal investigators will be Prof Dave Rothery from the UK's Open University. "People used to think the Earth was shrinking - which it is a little bit, but we can't see it because of the way tectonic plates are created and destroyed on the Earth," he explained. "Before we understood plate tectonics, people thought mountain belts on Earth were because the planet was shrinking and forcing stuff upwards, and areas of thick accumulation of sediment were where the crust was being forced down by contraction. We now know that's broadly speaking wrong, but this is the process on Mercury because it's a one plate planet." This has relevance as scientists try to understand planets beyond our Solar System. Many of these, too, may have just the single plate and exhibit very similar surface-crumpling features to those seen on Mercury. [email protected] and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos
answer:
| Wrinkled Mercury's shrinking history
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds
An investigation is under way into the cause of the incident at the former Crown Plaza Hotel on 25 July. While the building is structurally stable, the interior has been assessed as extremely dangerous due to missing floors and partial ceiling collapses. The council is attempting to make the property, which has been surrounded by scaffolding for years, secure. Forensic investigations into the fire, which started in the main stairwell, are continuing.
Warning after fire at Carlisle's Central Plaza Hotel
The broadcaster will keep another headquarters in the capital, but will move roughly 200 of its 800 staff to the West Yorkshire city. Leeds was chosen above Birmingham and Greater Manchester, which were also on the shortlist. The channel has also announced it will open "creative hubs" in Bristol and Glasgow, with around 50 staff in each. It's all part of a plan to increase the amount Channel 4 spends on programmes outside London by £250m over the next five years. That means half of its programme budget will be spent outside the capital by 2023, up from 35% currently. Tom Riordan, chief executive of Leeds City Council, said it was "the best news". Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said the decision to house one of the creative hubs in Glasgow was "fantastic news for Scotland's screen sector and creative industries". Mayor of Bristol Marvin Rees tweeted that he is looking forward to working with Channel 4 in "our creative, innovative city". All three new sites will house "key creative decision-makers", including programme commissioners who will have responsibility "for some of Channel 4's biggest shows and who oversee significant spend". The new national HQ will regularly host executive and board meetings, and will be home to a "digital creative unit" to make material for online platforms and social media. Channel 4 News will also open three new bureaux outside London, including one in Leeds. Leeds on the small screen Mellor said the move was a "game changer" that would put the city "firmly on the media map". She said: "Leeds is the perfect fit in terms of location and talent and we'll all be there with open arms to welcome them to our wonderful city." Will it change Channel 4? Channel 4 said Leeds had put forward an "ambitious strategy" to support growth in the creative industries and "to nurture new talent from diverse backgrounds - in the region and across the UK". Chris Curtis, editor of trade publication Broadcast, said the difference it will make on screen will depend on which staff move to the new hubs, and how much power they have. "They have talked about moving creative decision-makers out of London but there's still a sense that the big creative decisions will still be taken in the London HQ," he told BBC News. "Which roles move, the level of seniority of those roles, and how much autonomy those people are given are yet to be determined, and they will have an influence on Channel 4's output. "But I don't believe C4 are just paying lip service - they genuinely want it to be a success." Channel 4 chief executive Alex Mahon said she wanted to open the publicly-owned company up to "people from across the UK and supercharge the impact we have in all parts of the country". She said: "Locating our national HQ in Leeds enables us to capitalise on a strong and fast-growing independent production sector in cities across the north of England - and also has the potential to unlock growth in the north-east and east of the country, an area without a major presence from other national broadcasters." Sally Joynson, chief executive of Screen Yorkshire, said the move would be "transformational" for the TV industry in the city and the north of England. Government pressure The move has come about after pressure from the government to boost the broadcaster's presence outside London. The Conservative Party put a relocation in its 2017 general election manifesto, and pushed for a full move. But Channel 4 chairman Charles Gurassa warned that a full or substantial relocation would cause "significant difficulties and problems". It has now settled on a compromise that will send almost 40% of jobs out of the capital. After Wednesday's announcement, culture secretary Jeremy Wright said: "The government made clear that Channel 4 needed to do more to increase its presence in the regions to help better reflect and provide for UK audiences outside of London. "Congratulations to Leeds, Bristol and Glasgow, and I look forward to Channel 4 taking further steps to increase its impact around the UK in the years ahead." Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email [email protected].
| Channel 4 chooses Leeds for new HQ
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
The two areas, which are currently car parks on Lord Street and Parade Street, occupy more than three acres. Subject to planning, it is hoped the development will include leisure facilities, a hotel, shops and offices. Infrastructure Minister Phil Gawne said potential designs need to "set the standard for future development". He added: "This is an opportunity to develop a prime area in Douglas fronting the inner harbour and marina and close to the main shopping streets."
Tenders invited for Isle of Man quayside development
"Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
Kerry Elson posted photos on a community Facebook page for Yatton, Somerset, of mouldy vegetables she says came from the company Chartwells. She called the food "inedible" and said it "just wasn't acceptable". Chartwells said it had received a lot of "positive feedback" from parents about its food. The company had been criticised by Premier League footballer Marcus Rashford in January over the amount of food in its parcels, which it apologised for. Mum-of-four Ms Elson said the problem had got worse over the past fortnight. "It's just inedible, it's mouldy, it's rotten, it is just not acceptable for any child to eat. "It has got progressively worse the last week or two. We, and other parents, rely on those parcels and they are just not good enough," she said. Ms Elson's sister-in-law, Ellis, added: "You pick a pear up and put your thumb through it. "It almost feels like our children are being punished. To think that someone is hand selecting these items to put into the box, to distribute to low-income families, there is no care or thought put into that." They have set up a Facebook support group to offer a "safe place" for struggling parents to ask for help. "We set this up because we felt so passionately that if we are suffering, other parents are suffering, and is it fair that parents have to choose between feeding their children rotten food or not feeding them at all?" Kerry said. Their primary school has a contract with Chartwells, which says it has offered replacement parcels to replace the ones that provoked the complaints. In a statement Chartwells said: "Unfortunately it is impossible to tell whether the pictures provided to the BBC are from one of our parcels. "It is important to stress that if a parent is ever unhappy with what they receive they can call our helpline and receive a replacement parcel within 24 hours. "We have substantially enhanced our lunch parcels in the last three weeks, and are also providing free breakfast too. "We have supplied over 30,000 parcels in the last two weeks and have been receiving lots of positive feedback from parents." Follow BBC West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to: [email protected] Related Internet Links Compass Group UK Department for Education
| Free school meals: 'Mouldy' food prompts action from mums
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Joe MillerTechnology reporter Communications regulator Ofcom said UK adults spend an average of eight hours and 41 minutes a day on media devices, compared with the average night's sleep of eight hours and 21 minutes. Almost four hours a day are spent watching TV according to Ofcom's survey of 2,800 UK adults and children. TV and radio remain popular despite the growth of digital media, it found. One analyst said this proved that "it's still early in the digital revolution". The annual Ofcom study also analysed the media habits of those between 12 and 15 years of age. Only 8% said they used email, while just 3% said they communicated using a landline phone. Younger people were also found to have an advanced understanding of technology devices, with six-year-olds having the same level of knowledge as the average 45-year-old. Health concerns The poll also indicated that those aged 16-24 are likely to do more than one task at a time, squeezing 14 hours and 7 minutes of media activity into each day, in just over 9 hours. Dr Aric Sigman, a psychologist who focuses on childhood disease, says the Ofcom statistics are "another measure showing that children are spending more of their recreational time looking at screens, particularly in bedrooms by themselves". Media overtakes sleeping Over 50% of the average waking day is spent on media or communication activity - more than is spent on sleep 8hrs 41mins texting, talking, typing, gaming, listening or watching 8hrs 21mins sleeping This, Dr Sigman says, is "health and development issue", with some of the adverse effects associated with prolonged screen time including obesity and diabetes. "We need to think of recreational screen time as a form of consumption in the way that we thing of sugar, fat alcohol, hours in the sun - measured in units of hours per day," he added. Analysis: Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC technology correspondent If you want to see the future, look at the media habits of Britain's 14 and 15 year olds. That's the message from Ofcom's research - and that could be scary for some old media companies. The techie teens are watching less live TV, and much less live radio than adults - and turning to YouTube and streaming music services for their entertainment. They are giving up on voice calls and email in favour of text- based communication, flitting from Instagram to WhatsApp to Snapchat in a constant search for what's new. What we don't know is what the teen techies will do when they grow up. Will they settle down in front of their own living-room TV, tune into a radio station, even buy a daily newspaper? Or will they continue to multi-task and experiment with every new thing? If that does turn out to be the case, then all kinds of media businesses will struggle to survive. TV 'still king' In line with previous Ofcom studies, the report showed that live TV and radio is still strongly resilient, despite the many alternative methods of consuming content on offer. The average amount of time people spent watching TV each day - three hours and 52 minutes - was more than the combined time spent on mobile phones, landlines and the internet. But this is the first time daily TV viewing has dropped below four hours since 2010. Ian Maude, from media research firm Enders Analysis, said: "Television is still king when it comes to media consumption but an increasing share is viewed via catch-up or on-demand especially amongst the YouTube generation." But he added that "it's still early in the digital revolution". Almost 80% of TV viewing is done without simultaneously using another device, and the vast majority of TV is watched live, rather than via recording devices or playback services, such as BBC iPlayer or 4oD. Books still popular The rise of digital formats has also not convinced the vast majority of Britons to get rid of their physical media collections. Daily media consumption 8hrs 41mins spent each day using media and communication devices 3hrs 52mins watching television 2hrs 46mins listening to radio 1hr 8mins on the internet (PC/laptop) 28mins using a mobile phone 9mins talking on a fixed phone Some 84% of UK adults surveyed by Ofcom said they had a book collection and a similar number said they owned music CDs. Meanwhile, four out of every five people said they had a DVD library - a figure that has stayed roughly the same since 2005. Even the post has not been rendered obsolete. Approximately a third of adults questioned said they had sent a personal letter in the past month. However some forms of traditional media are suffering from the rise of digital. When asked which form of media they would miss most, just 2% of those aged 16 or older said they would feel the absence of newspapers or magazines. To coincide with the release of its report, Ofcom also launched an online quiz, where users can find out how tech savvy they are and are offered advice on how to improve their understanding of the digital world.
Output: | Britons spend more time on tech than asleep, study suggests | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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TASK DEFINITION: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
PROBLEM: By Jamie BartlettPresenter, The Missing Cryptoqueen About £2bn from across the world was spent on OneCoin tokens, including tens of millions of pounds from British families. Then, in late 2017, Ruja disappeared and the scheme was exposed to be a scam. There was no cryptocurrency. It was an old-fashioned Ponzi scheme. For 18 months, I've investigated the scandal for BBC Sounds, for the podcast The Missing Cryptoqueen, alongside my producer, Georgia Catt. After a break, we returned for a new episode last week, which focused in part on the UK's Financial Conduct Authority. Just three and a bit months after the London extravaganza, the watchdog posted an online warning about the get-rich scheme, headlined: "Beware trading virtual currencies with OneCoin". It said consumers should be "wary of dealing with OneCoin" and the organisation was being investigated by the City of London Police. "This firm is not authorised by us and we do not believe it is undertaking any activities that require our authorisation. However, we are concerned about the potential risks this firm poses to UK consumers," it added. This helped counteract the claims of OneCoin promoters, who were trying to pull in more victims. And delighted critics would spend their evenings sending the FCA warning to potential new recruits. But on or around 1 August 2017, with the scam in full momentum, the authority suddenly removed its notice. Now, it was Ruja's turn to be thrilled. According to retired libel lawyer David Hooper, it should have been obvious to the regulator OneCoin's promoters were going to use this "as a marketing opportunity". And OneCoin promoters quickly began claiming it meant the FCA no longer considered OneCoin a risk. One triumphantly told his followers: "If [the FCA] still thought we were a fraudulent company… then, guess what, that warning's not removed." While making the podcast, we've seen letters a UK law firm hired by Ruja sent to her critics. The letters threatened legal action unless they deleted online posts claiming OneCoin was a pyramid scheme run by a criminal organisation. And at some point, one of Ruja's advisors - although it's still not clear exactly who or when - realised the FCA might have overstepped its regulatory authority. And, according to multiple sources, the law firm pressured the FCA to have the notice removed. Heavily promoted All regulators have their own turf to referee. The FCA's covers financial products and services. What's included isn't always clear, especially with new products. And being so novel, cryptocurrencies were, and still are, outside this "perimeter". In response to a query at the time of its removal, the FCA said it "had been on our website for a sufficient amount of time to make investors aware of our concerns". However, several alerts have remained live on the FCA's website for years, even decades. Not to mention the scam was still being heavily promoted in the UK at the time. When we asked again, it told us the initial decision to publish the notice had been at City of London Police's request and the decision to take it down had been made "in conjunction" with the force. "It did not appear that OneCoin was carrying on any activities that required FCA authorisation," it said. "The FCA does not regulate crypto-assets and therefore it could not take this matter further. "Any queries should be directed to the City of London Police on this." We followed this up with the police force. But it made clear responsibility for the notice was the regulator's alone. "The City of London Police was made aware of the FCA's intention to take down their alert on OneCoin and their reasons for doing so," said a spokesman. "The force accepted that the decision belonged to the FCA given that this was their alert." We went back to the FCA to ask again what its reasons were but it declined to comment further. City of London Police ultimately dropped its own investigation, citing "insufficient evidence to support criminal proceedings" but was thanked by US prosecutors for helping them convict a lawyer who had helped launder $400m (£300m) of OneCoin's proceeds. However, neither of these events happened until two years later, in 2019. And critics believe once the decision had been made to issue the original warning, there was an obligation for the FCA and police to stick with it. "They clearly had responsibilities not to pour a bucket of whitewash over OneCoin," Mr Hooper told us. The hunt for Ruja continues - if caught, she faces up to 80 years in a US jail. For the many thousands conned out of their savings, justice won't be served until the matter is revolved. But in the meantime, many can't help feeling the UK authorities could have done more to thwart the scam and at the very least shouldn't have backtracked from keeping their concerns public. Download or stream the Missing Cryptoqueen podcast on BBC Sounds. _______ Additional reporting by Leo Kelion
SOLUTION: Missing Cryptoqueen: Why did the FCA drop its warning about the OneCoin scam?
PROBLEM: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
SOLUTION: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
PROBLEM: By Lorraine MallinderMontreal To those outside environmental circles, the move seemed puzzlingly out of character. After all, in the popular imagination, this is a country of virgin forests and pristine lakes, home of Jack London's White Fang, not to mention the birthplace of Greenpeace. Quite simply, Canada was not supposed to act like this. The move, of course, came as no surprise to those familiar with Alberta's tar sands boom - the sands saturated with a dense form of petroleum which can be extracted and used as fuel. Under the Conservative government of Stephen Harper, the Kyoto Protocol had become an impediment to growth of the multi-billion-dollar industry, which generates higher greenhouse gas emissions than conventional pumping from oil wells. Rush for riches The retreat from Kyoto may only have been the beginning of Canada's environmental about-turn. The country is currently preparing to capitalise on its treasure trove of resources, which include hydro-power, natural gas, timber, coal, potash, iron ore, lithium, gold and much more. With global warming freeing the Arctic shipping routes, this vast mineral wealth will flow eastwards to feed the burgeoning appetites of the world's developing economies. The country is in a hurry. As Canada's natural resources minister Joe Oliver said at a Toronto press conference last month, it's time to "seize the moment". "These opportunities won't last forever," he added. David Suzuki, a scientist and one of the country's foremost voices on the environment, fears Canada is about to commit ecological "suicide". Pipeline flashpoint "The warming that has been going on in the Arctic is undeniable," he says. "But, what Mr Harper is seeing is all this economic activity, that we'll be able to mine more resources and ship them through the Northern Passage. The ecological implications of all that are just monumental." His criticisms come as the Conservative government, re-elected with a majority in 2011, embarks on a sweeping review of environmental laws. The most controversial proposals would speed up assessments, limit public participation in hearings and give the cabinet powers to override regulators on major projects. Other reforms would water down laws on the protection of fish habitats and endangered species. Environmentalists are alarmed by the proposals, which they say have been bundled into an obscure budget bill that is being fast-tracked through parliament. "It's not illegal, but it's devious," says Elizabeth May, leader of the opposition Green Party. "It's all about massive resource development, intentionally designed to grease the wheels of the tar sands industry." The new rules could affect projects currently under review, such as the proposed Northern Gateway oil pipeline, which will transport bitumen from Alberta to British Columbia for shipping to Asia. Like the unpopular Keystone XL pipeline, which was rejected by US President Barack Obama earlier this year, Northern Gateway has become a flashpoint for tar sands opponents, including native groups who fear spills on their territory. Their opposition prompted Mr Oliver to write an open letter to Canadians this year, attacking groups threatening to "hijack our regulatory system to achieve their radical ideological agenda". Moreover, he accused groups of receiving foreign funding to undermine Canada's national interests, attracting "jet-setting celebrities" to "lecture Canadians". Environment Minister Peter Kent later accused charities of laundering foreign money. The government's salvoes led to accusations of a smear campaign against activist groups. Simon Dyer, policy director at the Pembina Institute, an environmental think tank which also advises government and industry, thinks the debate has become irreparably polarised. "Right now, you're either for or against development," he says. There has been progress on some fronts, such as the Canadian Boreal Forest Agreement, which promotes sustainable logging. But, in other areas, such as the protection of woodland caribou, there is still far to go. Mr Dyer laments what he calls the government's laissez-faire attitude to tar sands. Since Mr Harper's arrival in office, despite repeated promises, there has been no progress on regulating emissions from the industry. Meanwhile, oil production is expected to nearly double, to almost four million barrels a day by 2021. "The federal government just hasn't been minding the stall, letting many tar sands projects to go ahead at the same time," he says. Liberal MP Stephane Dion, a former environment minister and party leader, worked hard to place green issues at the top of the country's political agenda. But, his proposals for a carbon tax were rejected in the 2008 federal election. "I don't see the opportunity for meaningful change in Canada in the short-term," he says. "If you allow people in the oil industry to have less regulation, they will not protest and that's what this government is willing to do." Mr Harper is nothing if not consistent. In 2002, in a letter written when he was leader of the now defunct Canadian Alliance party, he described the Kyoto Protocol as "a socialist scheme to suck money out of wealth-producing nations." Describing his campaign as the "battle of Kyoto", he vowed to block the "job-killing, economy-destroying … accord". As leader of the country, he has remained true to his word. Canadians are largely in favour of the tar sands industry, though attitudes vary across the country. According to an Ipsos Reid survey conducted in April 2012, two-thirds of respondents believed it would be possible to increase oil and gas production while protecting the environment at the same time. Mr Suzuki maintains his fellow countrymen care deeply about the environment. "Canadians are not where Mr Harper is," he says. "We place a high value on nature as a part of who we are as a country." "It is something that is deeply embedded in the Canadian psyche." Lorraine Mallinder is a freelance journalist based in Montreal. More from Canada Direct
SOLUTION: | Viewpoint: Canada's green image tarnished by new policies
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Zoe KleinmanReporter, BBC News It is calling for government support for sports and leisure facilities, similar to the Eat Out to Help Out scheme for the food sector. Its suggestions include a VAT reduction, a pause on National Insurance contributions and help with backdated rent arrears. One gym owner told the BBC business had got worse since it reopened. "People think that now we're open we're OK, but the guidelines mean we can't really carry out our business in any way near what we were doing before, and we still have full overheads to pay," said Gareth Johnson, who co-owns a Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) gym in Portsmouth. Mixed Martial Arts - which combines a number of fighting disciplines including kickboxing, jiu-jitsu and wrestling - requires close physical contact during training. Strict rules around contact between people mean MMA fighters cannot spar at his gym at all. Training bubble Mr Johnson thinks Covid rules should include a "training bubble" so two people from different households can train together. He has written to Chancellor Rishi Sunak and his local MP Stephen Morgan asking for support, and has the backing of Portsmouth North MP Penny Mordaunt. In a letter to Health Secretary Matt Hancock, seen by the BBC, Ms Mordaunt writes: "I would like to support a bubble so that people can have an exercise partner outside of their household who they can train with". She adds it would be "greatly beneficial if we could have a fund to enable healthcare professionals to prescribe a gym membership." Fighting for survival British UFC fighter Molly McCann and Commonwealth Games boxer Jonathan Francois are among those who have trained at Mr Johnson's Gym01. At its peak, it had 1,000 members but can now only operate at 20% capacity within the new guidelines. Gyms were allowed to reopen in England on 25 July after just over four months of lockdown, but by then the gym had lost over half its members, with many facing financial difficulties themselves. Others have been too nervous to return, or feel they cannot do the exercise they want. "When we reopened I had an air of excitement that everyone was going to come and train and get fit - and it just didn't come through," Mr Johnson said. "We're in a hell of a lot of debt that we are struggling to pay." Under the guidelines, which apply to all sports facilities, gyms must follow strict hygiene and social distancing measures. A recent study by UKActive found that there were eight million gym visits made by people in England in the first three weeks after they reopened. While 17 people later informed gyms they had tested positive for Covid-19 there was no suggestion they had become infected while at the gym. "Covid-19 has devastated the fitness and leisure sector, with many businesses having zero income but still facing overhead costs," said UKActive CEO Huw Edwards. "With government support, we can keep fitness facilities open at a time when they are needed the most." The government has launched a campaign urging people to get fitter. Prime Minister Boris Johnson has himself hired a personal trainer to help him lose weight. But Gareth Johnson feels the Better Health campaign has excluded the commercial fitness sector. "If you go on to the NHS website there are links were you can pay for diet clubs or online training videos, but no mention at all of going to a gym," he said. Insurance hit Gym01 is also one of hundreds of UK businesses affected by a dispute over whether "business interruption" insurance policy extensions should include losses incurred as a result of the pandemic. Insurers say they do not and most have not paid out on related claims. A court ruling is due next month after the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) brought a case citing 17 examples of business interruption claims involving various insurance firms, eight of which are taking part. For Mr Johnson, that resolution can't come soon enough. "We need our insurance to pay out and we need something that's going to encourage people to come and train," he says. "This is 10 times worse than the last recession. We are massively worried about the future."
Coronavirus: Fitness industry 'devastated' by lockdown
By Amelia ButterlyNewsbeat reporter But this year's winner, Kevin Simm, hopes he will prove that wrong. "I suppose there is pressure and there is a tag with The Voice winners," he tells Newsbeat, just hours after winning the public vote. Leanne Mitchell, the first winner, only got to 134 in the charts with her album. Last year's winner, Stevie McCrorie reached number 35. "I personally don't believe The Voice is cursed," Simm says. "I genuinely thought and said that out of the four people who were in the final, and the final 10 even, I truly believe any of us could have had a career outside of this." And Simm has had a successful career outside of The Voice, having been one fifth of Liberty X, the band formed out of the runners up on the 2001 ITV show Popstars. He is aware that some fans of The Voice have been less than impressed that he has had another chance to compete on a reality show - and that he has gone on to win. "If you lose your job, or you get made redundant, can you not apply for the same job because there's other young people coming through?" he asks. "No, usually it's best person for the job who gets it. Why is it any different? "I didn't 'have' a chance with Liberty X - I went out there and got it and instead of feeling sorry for myself when it all ended, I grafted through the pubs and clubs and I've been doing that for the last six years. "If there was a rule in place on The Voice that I couldn't go for it then that would be fair enough, but there wasn't so, let's have it." Despite being billed as a documentary, Popstars tends to mark the dawn of the age of Saturday night talent shows that now dominate. Hear'Say, the winners, had a couple of number one singles, before disappearing. Liberty X meanwhile had the greater commercial success with three albums and numerous top 10 singles. Simm's former bandmates were in the audience to support him during the final and it is clear that meant a lot to him. "I don't think I put my head on the chopping block on The Voice to start dancing around with canes again," he says, when Newsbeat asks if their attendance suggests plans to reform. "It is a great laugh. When we do get together and do stuff, it is just for the laugh and for the memories and nostalgia. "I'm totally not discounting getting the canes out and performing but as far as new music, that's definitely not on the cards." For the first time in its history, the winner's single was written especially for The Voice. Rival judge Boy George has said he was "pleased" his act, Cody Frost, didn't win, because she didn't want to sing the track, called All Good Friends. "With the winner's song, a lot of the lyrics in it are quite relevant to my - I don't want to be cliched and say journey - but yeah, my journey," laughs Simm. "So for me to sing it, I can put my heart into it and believe the lyrics. "Hopefully people at home will see that too." Find us on Instagram at BBCNewsbeat and follow us on Snapchat, search for bbc_newsbeat
Kevin Simm: The Voice isn't cursed with unsuccessful winners
By Dr Faye Kirkland and Joseph LeeBBC News Are family doctors ready to deal with a wave of patients, prevent the spread of the disease and protect the most vulnerable? The doctor According to the tests carried out so far, there are hardly any diagnosed patients with Covid-19 in the neighbourhood of Dr Jane Wheatley's north London surgery. In reality she believes there are likely to be many people with the coronavirus out there - and the government agrees, estimating the true extent of the infection nationwide at between 5,000 to 10,000 cases as of Friday. With testing not available for every patient, it's hard to be sure. She says: "We know there is community transmission. Obviously we can't tell which patients have the normal influenza virus or a cold and which ones have the Covid-19 disease. We can't distinguish based on symptoms." Dr Wheatley says it has been impossible for her to get patients tested unless they have either been to a high-risk country or been in contact with a known case of Covid-19. But she's "had suspicions" about patients who have been in contact with people returning from Hong Kong or Italy - but who did not fit the criteria to get tested themselves. Her surgery displays a sign warning anyone with a cough or fever to go home and use the phone. Fluid-resistant surgical masks have just arrived and the practice was already equipped with plastic aprons and gloves. But they do not have the most effective respirator masks, as supplies are being kept for hospitals, which will deal with the most serious infections - prompting fears for the safety of medical staff. Dr Wheatley says: "I'm going to see sick people, that's what we do. But I want to have the right equipment to protect myself." She says guidance for GPs has lagged behind that for hospital staff, saying: "Things weren't happening quickly enough and we were making ourselves vulnerable." "I don't want to get sick, but I still want to do my job. "If I'm sick or even exposed and have to self-isolate, that leaves our surgery without a doctor, which puts extra strain on colleagues. But I don't want to infect elderly and vulnerable people, I don't want to infect my colleagues, I don't want to infect my family, my elderly relatives." She would like to see a standardised way of managing people with respiratory illnesses - such as an initial telephone consultation - so they can be kept apart from other patients. As the outbreak continues to grow, she's having to warn regular patients to expect appointments to be disrupted. As healthcare workers fall ill or have to self-isolate, routine work such as health checks for over-75s or diabetic checks will have to be reduced, she says. "I'm counselling patients on what's coming. We're always stretched, we work at capacity," she says. "I'm not panicking, I'm taking precautions." The receptionist With GP surgeries told to limit the number of people who visit in person, receptionists are under pressure as they try to deal with the volume of calls. Georgia, a receptionist in Hertfordshire, tells the BBC: "It's just been chaos. I haven't seen anything like it this before." She says the phone had been "ringing off the hook" but for many patients' questions, there were simply no answers yet. The surgery is equipped with masks, gloves and deep cleaning tools, and has been directing people to self-isolate if they show the symptoms of a cough or a fever. "It's been very emotionally and physically draining. We are doing our best to help, but at the moment it's a lot to handle," says Georgia. The expert "This is a massive crisis, probably the biggest crisis the NHS has ever had to face," says Prof Martin Marshall, an east London GP who is also chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners' council. He says not enough has been done yet to prepare family doctors for the epidemic, although he adds: "We need to be a little bit understanding of the pressures that the whole system is under." As the virus circulates in the community, he says we need "urgent action" to protect healthcare workers, give them the information they need and provide technology to allow for more consultations by phone or the internet. Administrative tasks for GPs should be suspended during the crisis, he says, and staff need to be tested as a priority. Given the pressures the NHS will be under, Prof Marshall says it is vital that doctors and nurses are not taken out of action for seven days of isolation unnecessarily. "We're not saying that health professionals are more important than patients, we're saying that health professionals have a responsibility," he says. "We therefore need to keep them as healthy as possible and we need to get them back into the workforce as quickly as possible. So we're asking that health professionals are tested early."
| Coronavirus: GPs prepare for NHS's 'biggest crisis'
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Detailed Instructions: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: The Belfast-born star was recognised for services to music, and tourism in Northern Ireland, the inspiration for many of his hits. There were only eight new dames in the list, compared with more than three times as many knights. But overall, more than half (51%) of recipients were women, outnumbering men for only the second time in honours history. The dames include Frances Ashcroft, professor of physiology at the University of Oxford, known for her groundbreaking research into type two diabetes; Prof Anne Glover, former chief scientific advisor to the European Commission, and businesswoman Zarine Kharas, founder of the JustGiving.com charity website. There are also damehoods for the deputy governor of the Bank of England Nemat Shafik and forensic scientist Angela Gallop. 'Adopted son' Spacey, who is soon to step down after 10 years as artistic director of the Old Vic theatre in London, said he felt like "an adopted son" after his honorary award for services to British theatre and international culture was announced. While Morrison said: "Throughout my career I have always preferred to let my music speak for me, and it is a huge honour to now have that body of work recognised in this way. Former Welsh rugby captain Gareth Edwards is knighted, and there are OBEs for ex-England footballer Frank Lampard, and England's record-breaking cricketer James Anderson. Long distance runner Jo Pavey and Ebola nurse Will Pooley are among the MBEs. Journalist Caroline Criado-Perez, who successfully campaigned to keep a woman on a British banknote, is made an OBE. The same honour goes to Oscar-winning actor Eddie Redmayne and entertainer Michael Ball, and Twelve Years A Slave actor Chiwetel Ejiofor and Paddington Bear creator Michael Bond become CBEs. Ball, who described himself as "a proper royalist", said he was "chuffed to bits" and his 80-year-old father burst into tears on hearing the news. There are 1,163 people on the list. Recipients range in age from 17-year-old Natasha Lambert, from the Isle of Wight, who was born with athetoid cerebral palsy and is recognised for her charitable fundraising, to 103-year-old allergy research pioneer Dr William Frankland. Queen's Birthday Honours 2015 1,163 people honoured 70% for community work 103 age of oldest recipient, Dr William Frankland 17 age of youngest, Natasha Lambert 51% of recipients are women Conductor Sir Neville Marriner and former Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Woolf - who chaired the inquiry into the 1990 Strangeways prison riot - have been appointed members of the elite Companions of Honour. Gareth Edwards's knighthood is for sporting and charitable work, while former Wales fly-half Jonathan Davies said he was "extremely humbled" to be given an OBE in recognition of his fundraising for Cardiff's Velindre Cancer Centre. Cricketer James Anderson, who became England's record highest Test wicket-taker in April, said: "I'm very proud of my recent achievements, and this just caps it off." Lampard, who is Chelsea's all-time leading goalscorer but spent last season at Manchester City ahead of a move to the US, described his OBE as "an extremely proud moment for myself and my family". Meanwhile, England women's former football captain Casey Stoney, currently competing in the World Cup in Canada, was named an MBE, along with boxing super middleweight champion Carl Froch. Stoney told the BBC: "My first reaction was compete and utter shock. Then I was completely overwhelmed and then obviously very, very proud." And Froch told BBC Radio Nottingham: "It's fantastic for me, my sport, my city and my family. It was a massive honour and a big surprise." Rugby Union star Jonny Wilkinson, whose name was wrongly reported to be in the last set of honours, becomes a CBE for his dedication to the game. Gender gap Laura Bates, founder of the Everyday Sexism Project, said the gender divide at the top of the list was reflective of wider society but she was encouraged to see so many women make the overall list. The feminist writer, whose online project project to catalogue women's experiences of sexual harassment in the UK became a worldwide movement, was herself awarded a British Empire Medal. Speaking of the lack of new dames, Miss Bates said: "This is a massive problem across society, but obviously I would like to see the [Honours List] balance redressed at the top, it's important." Sir Jonathan Stephens, chairman of the Honours Committee, said there was "still a way to go", adding the committee works hard to ensure a wide pool of nominations. The honours system Commonly awarded ranks: Guide to the honours High-profile leaks The names of some high-profile winners were leaked, with newspapers reporting comedian Lenny Henry's knighthood and Sherlock Holmes actor Benedict Cumberbatch's CBE days ahead of the official announcement. Sir Lenny, a long-time supporter of the BBC's Comic Relief, said the knighthood was "like being filled with lemonade", but also paid tribute to the thousands of people who have raised more than £1bn for the charity. Broadcaster and chef Loyd Grossman is made a CBE for services to heritage. He is chairman of both the Heritage Alliance and the Churches Conservation Trust. There are OBEs for BBC Radio 5 live presenter Nicky Campbell for his role as patron of the British Association for Adoption and Fostering, and Doc Martin and Men Behaving Badly actor Martin Clunes for services to drama, charity and the community in Dorset. Steven Moffat, television writer and producer of Doctor Who and Sherlock, and actress Lesley Manville are both named OBEs for services to drama. TV producer Nigel Lythgoe - dubbed "Nasty Nigel" on ITV talent show Popstars before going on to help create Pop Idol - is made an OBE for services to the performing arts, education and charity. 'Brave volunteers' Will Pooley, 30, the first British person to contract Ebola, was named an MBE for his services in tackling the outbreak in Africa. The Suffolk nurse, who is now back in England, sparked an outpouring of support when he flew back to continue to help sufferers. Also honoured for his major role in the Ebola crisis is Dr Oliver Johnson, who is made an OBE his overseas service in Sierra Leone. He paid tribute to "the efforts of extraordinary local health workers and international volunteers" while the Foreign Office said his swift actions in response to the initial outbreak saved many lives. Among politicians on the list are Simon Burns, Conservative MP for Chelmsford for nearly 30 years, and former Lib Dem deputy leader Simon Hughes, who lost his seat in May. They were both given knighthoods for public and political service. Also recognised with a knighthood is Michael Davis, chairman of the Prime Minister's Holocaust Commission, and Duwayne Brooks, who was with murdered black teenager Stephen Lawrence when he was killed in a racist attack in 1993 and is now a now a Liberal Democrat councillor, was made an OBE for public and political service. GMB leader Paul Kenny said he saw his knighthood for his service to trade unions as a recognition of efforts to stand up against exploitation and bullying. However, he went on to add that he would "swap it tomorrow for the introduction of the Living Wage", in an interview with the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. 'Finally recognised' The list acknowledges the work of a number of campaigners. Gordon Aikman, a 30-year-old campaigner from Edinburgh, who was diagnosed with motor neurone disease, also receives the BEM. His campaign inspired Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling, opposing politicians during the Scottish referendum campaign, to undertake the ice bucket charity challenge. In broadcasting, former director of the BBC World Service Peter Horrocks becomes a CBE. Veteran cameraman Peter Cooper, who spent 46 years working in BBC News Northern Ireland, including capturing many famous images of the Troubles and the Peace Process, was made an MBE. A knighthood for Andreas Whittam Smith, former editor of the Independent newspaper, recognises his public service, particularly his work for the Church of England. There were also MBEs for Philippa Langley and Louis Ashdown-Hill, two historians instrumental in the discovery of Richard III's remains in a Leicester council car park, and the campaign which resulted in his reburial in Leicester Cathedral earlier this year. In education, Nicholas Weller, executive principal at Dixons Academies in Bradford, received a knighthood for his dedication to teaching. The announcement came in a difficult week for the chain of schools, following the stabbing of a teacher during a science class at Dixons Kings Academy on Thursday. And restaurateurs Henry Dimbleby and John Vincent have been made MBEs for their work in improving school lunches. Community heroes Nearly three-quarters of the list is made up of people who have dedicated themselves to outstanding work in their communities. Katie Cutler, from Gateshead, who set up a fundraising webpage to raise £500 for visually impaired mugging victim Alan Barnes, and went on to take in £300,000, was given the British Empire Medal. Retired lollipop lady Hazel Joan, who worked at Maes-Y-Coed School in Cardiff, was given a British Empire Medal for services to children and road safety. Vera Selby, Britain's first ever female professional billiards and snooker referee, was made an MBE for services to snooker and billiards. The 84-year-old from Newcastle is nine times British Women's Billiards Champion and five times British Women's Snooker Champion. An MBE also goes to Jimmy Jukes, Pearly King of Camberwell and Bermondsey in south-east London, for his charity work with homeless ex-servicemen and women.
A: | Birthday Honours 2015: Van Morrison and Kevin Spacey head list | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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TASK DEFINITION: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
PROBLEM: By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
SOLUTION: Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds
PROBLEM: Carrie GracieChina editor@BBCCarrieon Twitter The quotation is attributed to Albert Einstein but after a torrid few days on the Korean peninsula, it's one for Chinese leaders to ponder. China is simply in the wrong place on North Korea. It is allowing Kim Jong-un's nuclear ambitions to undermine Chinese national interest. There are complex reasons for this including history, habit and political culture. But among Chinese foreign policy experts and even on social media, unease is beginning to spread. North Korea's nuclear programme has already driven South Korea to agree to the deployment of an American anti-missile system, locking Seoul deeper into a defensive triangle with Japan and the United States. Relations between Beijing and Seoul are at their worst in a quarter of a century and many South Koreans have been alienated by unofficial Chinese sanctions against the whole spectrum of South Korean interests from supermarkets to boy bands. This is good for North Korea but for no-one else. It is nonsensical for China to punish South Korea for trying to defend itself against a nuclear threat which even Beijing describes as real and urgent. And if North Korea continues its drive for nuclear weapons, there may be a worse arms race to come. A nuclear-armed Japan would hardly be in China's national interest. But despite this catalogue of warning signals and failures, China seems trapped in an unfinished history marked by binary choice: a nuclear-armed North Korea or a reunified Korea with American troops on China's border. Between these choices, it finds a nuclear-armed North Korea preferable. But if it thinks hard enough, perhaps there is an alternative. In fact, this is a moment of decision for China. President Xi has talked of an Asia led by Asians. Showing flexibility and resolve on fixing Korea in the interests of the region and the world would demonstrate a readiness to lead. Almost everyone, even China's most suspicious neighbours, would be grateful. President Trump has already promised that American gratitude would take material form in a favourable trade deal. So China could use the current crisis on the Korean peninsula to engage its neighbours and cement a key area of partnership with the US. Or it could duck the challenge and let the US lead. A choice put starkly in a tweet from President Trump: "I have great confidence that China will properly deal with North Korea. If they are unable to do so, the US, with its allies, will." Of course, China's view on what constitutes "dealing with North Korea" does not coincide with Mr Trump's. But there will be no dealing with North Korea worth the name that does not require a fundamental shift in how Beijing sees the region and its relationships within it. China is after all an ideologically insecure one-party state. A profound aversion to liberal internationalism has tied it to a rigid position on non-interference in the internal affairs of another state. A position which now constrains it in managing the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. What's more, in Beijing's worldview, the United States is its long-term rival in Asia and the US system of alliances is a barely concealed strategy of containment. For decades, China's security planners have war-gamed scenarios of brinkmanship and conflict with the US as enemy in a zero-sum game. There are no established scenarios in which the US presents as a partner in managing a rogue state masquerading as a Chinese ally. Outdated stance? China and North Korea signed a mutual aid treaty in 1961. The treaty says if either ally comes under armed attack, the other should provide immediate assistance, including military support. But it also says both should safeguard peace and security. Some Chinese experts now argue that Beijing is not obliged to defend North Korea on the grounds that its nuclear weapons breach the mutual defence pact. But in general, China's security policy for the Korean peninsula seems frozen in time. Despite establishing diplomatic relations with Seoul 25 years ago, and despite the burgeoning economic relationship with South Korea which followed, the security logic has not changed. And now that China's only formal ally is threatening a nuclear war which would bring incalculable horror to the entire region including China's own citizens, Beijing's position looks a quarter century out of date. If it wants to claim leadership in Asia, it could say loudly that Pyongyang's threats are completely intolerable and must not stand. After all, what loyalty does it owe a regime which shows only contempt for Chinese diplomacy and Chinese national interest? Rather than dragging its feet on economic sanctions and turning a half-blind eye to Chinese companies which supply high-tech components to North Korea's arms programme, Beijing could choose to lead the sanctions charge. Rather than repeating tired rhetoric urging all parties to refrain from provoking and threatening each other, it could suspend oil exports and foreign currency dealings. Rather than staging an unnecessary set piece forum on President Xi's "one belt, one road" slogan next month, it could host an emergency conference for Asia on dealing with North Korea. That Beijing will not lead on North Korea is China's tragedy and Asia's tragedy.
SOLUTION: Why Beijing should lead on the North Korean crisis
PROBLEM: By Kevin KeaneBBC Scotland's rural affairs correspondent The inquiry concluded that the UK and Scottish governments had not introduced sufficient tools to enforce the ban on discards. It was banned after a campaign by the chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall. He said it was a "huge derogation of duty to protect our vulnerable oceans and sustainably manage our fisheries". Lord Krebs, who sits on the Lords' European Union committee, said: "We recognise that the landing obligation requires significant changes in fishing practices and in how compliance is monitored. But these rules were agreed in 2013. "Action could have been taken years ago to change how fishing quota is managed and distributed, to improve take-up of technology that can help fishers be more selective in what they catch, and to reach agreement with other member states about the use of cameras to monitor compliance. "Instead, we are entering 2019 with the most likely scenario being that discarding will continue, leaving the environmental concerns that prompted the introduction of the new rules unaddressed." 'Practically non-existent' River Cottage chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall began his campaign after making the TV show Hugh's Fish Fight in 2011. A public petition which followed attracted 870,000 signatures. Responding to the Lords' report, he said: "Now it has become clear, from the report published today by the House of Lords, that the government's preparations for the phased-in discards ban are completely inadequate, and their enforcement practically non-existent. "Discarding continues largely unchecked in fisheries all around the UK, with potentially dire consequences for the future of our fishing industry. "As long as discarding continues, we simply will not know how many fish are being killed at sea. And we cannot protect our fish stocks without dependable science based on dependable data. "Discarding 'as usual' could result in the waste of up to half a million tonnes of fish in the North Sea every year. This would not only be a massive step backwards for UK fisheries management, it would be disastrous for fish stocks, our ocean ecosystems, and ultimately for the UK fishing industry." The report says that in 2013, when the EU legislated to reducing discards, an estimated 1.7 million tonnes of fish and other marine animals were being thrown back into the sea each year. They were discarded because the fishermen either did not want them or were not allowed to keep them. Electronic camera monitoring has been trialled on boats as a way of ensuring fish are not discarded overboard. But the industry has resisted making that a permanent measure because there is no way of forcing vessels from other EU nations to install them. The Scottish Fishermen's Federation (SFF) has insisted that leaving the EU would allow it to put camera monitoring back on the table. 'Cannot be right' SFF chief executive Bertie Armstrong said: "The Lords inquiry has looked at a rule which is contained in the Common Fisheries Policy and is very time limited. The report concludes correctly that the rule, without serious damage to the industry, cannot be made to work. "But there is every possibility of reducing discards once we have proper sovereignty over our own fisheries management." The report said it "cannot be right" that discarding continues and urges governments and industry to "use the opportunity created by leaving the EU to put in place the on-board monitoring requirements and changes to quota distribution that could make a discard ban enforceable and effective." A Scottish government spokesman said: "We remain firmly committed to the principles behind the EU landing obligation: to reduce waste, improve accountability, and safeguarding the sustainability of fish stocks. "There are issues with the current landing obligation that we will seek to address through our Future Catching Policy, which is part of the upcoming national discussion on Future Fisheries Management. "However, it is incumbent on us to seek to make the current landing obligation work where it can and we are working closely with the fishing industry on this."
SOLUTION: | EU fish discard ban 'cannot be enforced without harming industry'
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: Volunteers have already raised £89,000 by braving rain and cold temperatures inside the grounds of Cardiff Castle. They were joined by celebrities including Ruth Jones, Charlotte Church and Richard Parks, as well as musical acts on stage. The event, hosted by charity Llamau, was part of a global campaign to end homelessness. Ceris Jones has raised money but said raising awareness of the issue was just as important. "It's not just about charities helping those on the streets, there are lots who are living with friends, sofa-surfing or living in refuges who need help and support," he said. "It's a real problem in Wales and it shouldn't be happening on our streets." The global event in 50 cities is expected to attract about 50,000 people. Half of the money raised is directly helping Llamau's work in Wales. Last year 7,5000 young people in Wales asked their local authority for help with homelessness, the charity said. Jenna Lewis, Llamau director, said: "The problem has increased massively in recent years, both on our streets and the hidden homelessness of people living in places that aren't safe. "If we can help people sooner then we can help Wales become one of the first countries in the world to end homelessness."
Example Output: Hundreds sleep rough in Cardiff Castle to highlight homelessness
Example Input: Mr Sánchez, who is an atheist, took the oath to protect the constitution without a bible or crucifix - a first in Spain's modern history. He plans to see out the remaining two years of the parliamentary term. The Socialist leader won the support of six other parties to remove Mr Rajoy over a massive corruption scandal. As Spain's new prime minister, whose party only has a quarter of the seats in parliament, he now has to decide who to include in his cabinet and is expected to name them next week. In a brief ceremony at the royal residence in Madrid on Saturday, Mr Sánchez, 46, promised to "faithfully fulfil" his duties "with conscience and honour, with loyalty to the king, and to guard and have guarded the constitution as a fundamental state rule". Mr Sánchez brought about the downfall of his predecessor Mr Rajoy by filing a no confidence motion in parliament following a scandal centred on a secret campaign fund that the conservative People's Party (PP) ran from 1999 until 2005. Mr Rajoy is the first prime minister in modern Spanish history to be defeated in a no-confidence motion. Meanwhile, Catalonia's new regional government was also sworn in on Saturday, ending seven months of imposed direct rule from Madrid. The new Catalan President Quim Torra, who is a close ally of ousted separatist leader Carles Puigdemont, said that he was committed to continuing the drive for the region's independence from Spain. Who is Spain's new prime minister? Profile by Guy Hedgecoe, BBC News, Madrid Pedro Sánchez emerged as a virtual unknown to win the Spanish Socialist party premiership in 2014. The photogenic economist and former basketball player won members over with a promise to unite a divided party and put the Socialists back in power. Yet he subsequently suffered two humbling election defeats, in 2015 and 2016. He was eventually forced to resign after his refusal to back Mariano Rajoy in an investiture vote plunged the country into a prolonged political stalemate and his party into bitter infighting. Months later he confounded his many critics by returning to win the Socialist primary. Spain's constitution states that the party presenting a no-confidence motion must be prepared to govern and replace the deposed prime minister if a parliamentary majority backs it. Therefore, this moderate but ambitious 46-year-old from Madrid is now Spain's prime minister, despite the fact that his party commands less than a quarter of seats in Congress. What happens now? Mr Rajoy's departure casts the EU's fifth-largest economy into political uncertainty. Although Mr Sánchez leads the Socialist PSOE party, he is not a member of parliament. Correspondents say that with only 84 lower house seats, the party will struggle to find allies to get legislation enacted. In return for having backed Mr Sánchez in the parliament vote, Spain's left-wing Podemos (We Can) party is likely to demand significant policy concessions from the PSOE, and perhaps some key cabinet posts. Mr Sánchez is likely to be challenged strongly over his plan to stick to the Rajoy budget. Smaller groups - including Basque and Catalan nationalists - supported the no-confidence motion against Mr Rajoy, but it is unclear whether they will back the new government. The Ciudadanos party, which had been doing well in opinion polls, supported Mr Rajoy.
Example Output: Pedro Sánchez is sworn in as Spain's new prime minister
Example Input: There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
Example Output: | NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: Consider Input: There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
Output: NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions
Input: Consider Input: Sark Electricity intends to turn off the supply to the island's 300 homes after being forced to lower prices. At an extraordinary meeting, Chief Pleas agreed to value the utility company with a view to potentially purchasing it. However, its owner David Gordon-Brown said he would still switch off the power supply at midnight on Friday. The dispute began when an independent commissioner ruled islanders were paying too much for power and ordered Sark Electricity to lower its tariff to 52p/kWh. That is still significantly higher than the UK average tariff of about 14p/kWh. Sark Electricity, which imports diesel by ferry and burns it in four generators in an old coal story, said high oil prices meant it would lose £20,000 a month at the new price. Mr Gordon-Brown, whose family has run the firm since the 1960s, said he had "no option" but to pull the plug at the end of November, prompting some islanders to start stockpiling water and buying generators. Military aid Although one politician voiced disappointment that Chief Pleas did not discuss a solution to guarantee the power was not switched off, the plans to look at a possible purchase were voted through unanimously. About 500 people live on Sark and they have been warned to expect a "bit of a wartime mentality" if the island's electricity provider withdraws its services. Conseiller Reg Guille said that if power was lost British military personnel could be brought in. "We have been engaging with Mr Gordon-Brown and working hard not to have that switch off," he said. "The power is in his hands, but we do have civil contingencies in place. "We have applied to the United Kingdom for military aid to the civil authorities." However, a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence said it had not received any applications for aid from Sark.
Output: Sark electricity crisis: Chief Pleas plan power firm buy-out
Input: Consider Input: Leicestershire Police said Deano Churchill-Richards, 40, tried to stop the victim leaving his property on Wreford Crescent in Leicester, but she was able to escape and alert officers. Churchill-Richards was found guilty of two counts of rape and two counts of supplying a psychoactive substance. He will be sentenced on 9 November. Churchill-Richards was found not guilty of two counts of rape relating to a second girl, as well as two counts of false imprisonment and one count of threatening to destroy or damage property. Det Con Chris Perry, from Leicestershire Police's child sexual exploitation team, said the defendant "took advantage of a young girl for his own sexual gratification". "He knew what he was doing - he provided her with drink and drugs in order to ensure that he was able to carry out such a wicked act," he said. "It's difficult to put into words just how serious these offences are and the impact it has had - and will continue to have - on his victim." Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected].
| Output: Leicester man found guilty of raping teenage girl
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Q: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
A: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
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Q: By Michael BuchananSocial Affairs Correspondent, BBC News Some patients have been sent hundreds of miles for treatment because no beds are available locally, the data shows. The online journal Community Care sent Freedom of Information requests to all 56 English mental health trusts. NHS England said it was determined to improve mental health services. The Royal College of Psychiatrists said delayed discharge and poor social care were exacerbating the problem. Data from 37 trusts that responded showed there were 4,447 patients sent out of their area for treatment in 2014-15 - up 23.1% from 2013-14, when 3,611 patients were sent out of their area. There was also an increase in the cost of caring for these patients - from £51.4m in 2013-14 to £65.1m in 2014-15, figures from 29 trusts showed. According to the data, the longest journeys carried out by patients were trips from Bristol to Livingston (370 miles), Cumbria to London (270 miles), and Southampton to Harrogate (260 miles). 'I didn't know where I was' Daniel Gillan, 40, from Margate, Kent, has suffered from mental health problems since he was 18. In the middle of a crisis in late 2013, he was sent to a hospital in Weston-Super-Mare in Somerset - 226 miles away. When he had to be admitted last month, there were no local beds available again. This time, he spent most of June in Manchester - 281 miles away. "The problem is my admissions have got further and further away from Margate as time goes by," said Daniel. "If the beds are full here, the next closest bed that becomes available is the bed you're going to get. The closest bed in my case was Manchester." The distance meant that neither family nor friends were able to visit him. "I didn't know where I was, I didn't have a clue. I knew I was a long, long way from home as it had taken so long to get there but I didn't know where in the country I was." 'Unacceptable' While some mental health trusts, such as Oxleas and South London & Maudsley, have managed to reduce their use of out-of-area beds, most have increasingly had to transport patients to other parts of the country. The trusts with the biggest increases in patients treated out of area from 2013-14 to 2014-15 were: Paul Farmer, chief executive of Mind, said the figures showed a "very clear message" that mental health services were struggling to deliver care. He said: "It is unacceptable that so many people are being driven hundreds of miles away from their loved ones in search of a hospital bed, at a time when they are often scared, vulnerable and most in need of the support of family and friends and familiar surroundings." Previous research by BBC News and Community Care found that more than 2,100 psychiatric beds have been closed in England since 2011. The problems have led to the Royal College of Psychiatry launching an inquiry into acute care. Its interim report, published on Wednesday, does not blame the bed closures for the difficulties patients are experiencing. Instead, it says delayed discharges and poor community services are causing the problem. "The biggest thing is to get some people in beds out of them," said Lord Crisp, who is chairing the inquiry. "We need better ways of treating people in the community. [More] beds alone won't solve that - it's getting better housing, better alternatives to care, keeping people at home." 'Determined to improve' Ministers have increased funding for mental health services and urged local commissioning groups to properly fund these services in a bid to ensure psychiatric patients are treated as well as physical patients in the NHS. Dr Martin McShane, NHS England's director for people with long term conditions, said the Mental Health Taskforce had been set up to improve mental health services over the next five years. He added: "We are determined to improve mental health services and address the distress and unwarranted costs associated with out-of-area placements which are unacceptable."
A: Mental health patients sent 'hundreds of miles' for care
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Q: James Alex Fields Jr, 22, was sentenced for numerous federal hate crimes committed in the August 2017 attack. Heather Heyer, 32, died when Fields drove his car into people protesting against a white nationalist rally. The avowed neo-Nazi has also been convicted of murder at the state level. He is set to be sentenced in that case next month. Speaking ahead of his sentencing on Friday, Fields apologised for the "hurt and loss" he had caused. "Every day I think about how things could have gone differently and how I regret my actions. I'm sorry," he said. Fields pleaded guilty to 29 of 30 federal hate crimes under a deal with prosecutors who agreed not to seek the death penalty. His lawyers had asked for a more lenient sentence than life in prison, citing his age, a traumatic childhood and mental illness. Ms Heyer's parents told the court of the pain of losing their daughter. Her father Mark Heyer told Fields: "I forgive you." "I hope he can heal one day and help others too," her mother, Susan Bro, said. What happened in Charlottesville? Hundreds of neo-Nazis, white nationalists and Ku Klux Klan members gathered in Charlottesville, Virginia, on 12 August, 2017 for one of the largest white supremacist rallies in the US in decades. The "Unite the Right" march was organised to protest against plans to take down a statue of General Robert E Lee, who had fought for the pro-slavery Confederacy during the American Civil War. Clashes broke out with counter-protesters, leaving dozens injured. Graphic video footage shared widely on social media showed Fields driving his car into the counter-protesters, killing 32-year-old paralegal Ms Heyer and injuring others. Who is James Alex Fields Jr? Fields, a self-described neo-Nazi from Ohio, was 20 at the time of the attack. Federal prosecutors said he thought about harming others while driving to the Charlottesville rally. They noted that there was evidence on his social media profiles of him "expressing support of the social and racial policies of Adolf Hitler and Nazi-era Germany, including the Holocaust". Less than a month before the attack, they said he posted an image on Instagram showing a car driving into a crowd of people. "You have the right to protest but I'm late for work," read the caption. Hours before the attack, he was photographed carrying a shield bearing the emblem of a far-right hate group. Even afterwards, Fields remained unrepentant, prosecutors said. In a phone call from prison in December 2017, he criticised Ms Heyer's mother. "She is a communist. An anti-white liberal," Fields said. He went on to describe her as "the enemy". Fields' lawyers have argued that he felt intimidated and acted to protect himself in the August 2017 attack.
A: | Charlottesville attacker apologises as he is jailed for life
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instruction:
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
question:
It is thought to have been flown in from outside HMP Manchester, formerly known as Strangeways, on Friday before being "successfully intercepted". Police believe it was carrying mobile phones, SIM cards and drugs. A Prison Service spokesman said: "All contraband was seized and handed to the police to investigate". "Incidents involving drones are rare, but we remain constantly vigilant to all new threats to prison security," he added. "We are strengthening our powers to ensure those found using drones to smuggle material into prison are punished." Anyone convicted of the offence faces a prison sentence of up to two years. Further inquiries are expected to be carried out later, said a police spokesman. The MoJ reported nine attempts to use drones to infiltrate prisons in England and Wales in the first five months of 2015 - among them was a drone carrying mobile phones and drugs into Bedford Prison which was caught by prison officers. It is already a criminal offence to throw drugs and other items over a prison wall. HMP Manchester is a high security prison, which houses around 1,200 inmates.
answer:
Drone carrying drugs found in prison grounds at HMP Manchester
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There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
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NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions
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But after six months of gruelling chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the 36-year-old from Fife says she didn't get the mental health support she needed. Her experience is reflected in a new report on experiences of Scottish cancer patients. It found that the vast majority (95%) rated their cancer care positively. The survey of 5,000 people also found 97% respondents said they were always treated with dignity and respect by healthcare professionals. However, the Scottish Cancer Patient Experience Survey also reports that just over half (55%) of those surveyed received sufficient emotional and psychological support from medics. Three in 10 people (31%) said they were supported to some extent, while 13% said they received no support at all. The survey has been published by Scotland's Chief Statistician and was funded by the Scottish government and Macmillan Cancer Support. It came on the day new figures revealed that more than 16,300 women and 15,800 men were diagnosed with cancer in 2017. Pamela's story Pamela Harrower was left devastated when she was diagnosed with a rare form of breast cancer on 11 April last year. "I didn't think it could happen to me - I was 35, probably the fittest I'd ever been in my life", she said. "I found this tiny wee lump that absolutely turned by world upside down. I just kept thinking about my kids, my family, my husband." She was determined to have a positive attitude and to approach her treatment with a smile on her face. She said the medical treatment she received was "fantastic". "All my treatments were planned amazingly, the staff in the hospital were fantastic," she added. "But when you're on that treatment train, it's just so fast and I don't feel like you get enough support for your mental health." When Ms Harrower became quite ill while undergoing chemotherapy, her husband had to give up work - leading to some money worries for the family. Macmillan Cancer Support helped them obtain the benefits they were entitled to - and also helped Ms Harrower identify the extra help she needed. She took part in a survey about her financial, physical and mental health. "I really found that helped me because I didn't realise how much help I was needing, mentally and physically," she said. Now the charity has put her in touch with local support groups and classes to help her mentally recover from her treatment. She said she wanted the Scottish government to invest more in supporting the mental health of cancer patients. "Yes, your physical wellbeing is very important, but your mental health is just as important," she said. "Your mind is the hardest battle. When you've got cancer you've got a physical thing you can fight, you can go to all your treatments, you can be determined, but when it's your mind you're battling with, it's very, very difficult." What else was in the report? About 5,000 people who were diagnosed with cancer in 2017 took part in the survey. It asked people about their experiences of cancer care, from thinking something was wrong with them to the support they received after diagnosis and treatment. The survey found: A similar report published in 2016 found that patients who were given a care plan had a more positive experience of cancer care. In fact, those who did not have a care plan were significantly more negative for 45 out of 47 questions in the earlier survey. But the latest report found that 30% of respondents were given a care plan - up from 22% on the previous report. What does the Scottish government have to say? Health Secretary Jeane Freeman said it was vital the government provided the best possible care to cancer patients. "That's why patient feedback is crucial," she said. "The results of this survey will support us in making further improvements in cancer care across Scotland and we will work to ensure all patients have the information they need about their treatment and support. "Our £850m waiting times improvements plan will direct significant investment into substantial and sustainable improvements, including diagnostics, which is crucial for cancer care. "I expect health boards to listen to what people with cancer are saying about what matters to them, and make improvements based on their views." Janice Preston, head of Macmillan in Scotland, said the survey showed there had been areas of improvement since the last report. She said: "However it's clear the emotional, practical and financial needs of many people are still not being met and that some people aren't receiving care plans, despite the positive impact we know they have on people's care."
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| 'Cancer turned my world upside down'
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Detailed Instructions: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Problem:Here is the full transcript. Orla Guerin, BBC News As we sit here, there is US aid across the border in Colombia. We have met many people here who tell us they are desperately in need of aid. Why not allow it through? Nicolás Maduro, Venezuelan president First of all, it's a show, that the United States government has set up with the compliance of the Colombian government to humiliate the Venezuelans. Venezuela is a country that has the capacity to satisfy all the necessities of our people. Venezuela is a country that has problems like any country. We are in a battle that has been going on for many years, a successful battle, to reduce poverty, misery, in order to increase the job capacity, to establish a social security system to protect 100% of our pensioners, in order to establish a public health system that reaches all the Venezuelan population, to establish an educational system, that reaches 90% of our girls, boys, and our young. Venezuela is a country that has dignity, and the United States has intended to create a humanitarian crisis in order to justify a military intervention - "humanitarian". And this is part of that show. That's the reason that we, with dignity, tell them that the miniscule crumbs that they intend to bring with toxic food, with leftovers that they have, we tell them no - Venezuela has dignity, Venezuela produces and works and our people do not beg from anyone. Guerin You say the humanitarian aid is a show, but are you actually saying that the hunger is a show? We have seen it with our own eyes. I have met a mother of five who told me that her children go to bed every night with nothing to eat, and just a short drive from here, we have actually seen people reaching into the garbage with their hands to find food to eat. Are you honestly saying there is no hunger in Venezuela? Maduro I am telling you that the BBC in London has created a stereotype - the American media also - of a Venezuela that doesn't exist. We have 4.4% of what we call extreme poverty, misery. Of course this is still something that we have to overcome, but we came from 25% of extreme poverty, and we have reduced all the indexes of inequality. Venezuela today currently has indexes recognised by international organisations in the highest levels of social equality in social investment. Do we have problems? Yes. But Venezuela is not a country with hunger. Venezuela has the highest levels of nutrients, has extremely high levels of access to food and that stereotype, that stigma that they have tried to put on us, has only one objective: present a humanitarian crisis that does not exist in Venezuela, in order to do an intervention. In any case I tell you, the United States, Donald Trump's government, has sequestered $10bn (£7.75bn) of bank accounts that belong to us. They have sequestered billions of dollars in gold in London that are ours - that is money to buy supplies, raw materials, food, medicines. They have sequestered $1.4bn for many months, that we are going to use to buy food, medicines in Euroclear. It's very simple: if you want to help Venezuela, release the billions of dollars in resources that belong to us. So don't come with a cheap show, a show of indignity, of humiliation, where they offer $20m dollars in food that is toxic, and rotten. Guerin I know your position, President Maduro, is that there is no humanitarian crisis in Venezuela. If that is the case, why have more than three million of your people left? That's one tenth of the population. The Unites States says people are leaving at the rate of 5,000 per day. If there is no crisis here, what is driving them from their homeland? Maduro You all have a problem, in the Western media, that you take it as a fact any lie that is broadcast. All that emigration campaign that has been said about Venezuela has been exaggerated. Venezuela is a country that receives immigrants, and you don't show that and you don't broadcast it. Venezuela has here 5.8 million Colombians, that have immigrated due to the war in Colombia - because of the violation of human rights, and because of the misery. We have more than 300,000 Italians, more than 300,000 Portuguese, more than 300,000 Spaniards, more than a million Arabs, more than 300,000 Ecuadoreans, more than 300,000 Peruvians, There are more than 10 million immigrants coming every year to Venezuela. Now, due to the economic war there is a new phenomenon of migration. We have the official numbers that show no more than 800,000 Venezuelans have left in the past two years, due to economic reasons, trying to look for new alternatives. Many of those Venezuelans were shattered because they encountered situations they did not expect like racism, discrimination, labour slavery, and thousands are coming back. In any case I can tell you that Venezuela is a country that offers opportunities in areas such as social development, social protection, social security, and that is why that, despite the economic blockade and the economic sanctions, and the economic persecution, Venezuela is still a country that receives immigrants. That's the truth. Last year, in December 2018, you know how many Colombians came? 120,000 Colombians came to set up in Venezuela, which led us to the number of 5.8 million. That's the truth that nobody says. The thing is that the script is established in the West to disfigure the Venezuela situation, and justify any intervention, any aggression, as is happening right now. Guerin But with respect, President Maduro, you can see every day at the border with Colombia large numbers of people leaving here. Even if we accept your figure that only 800,000 have gone, that's almost a million of your people who have left. Yet you are saying there is no humanitarian crisis. Maduro You have to see that economic war that we have been enduring, the financial persecution. Every single account that Venezuela has in the world has been traced. That has had an impact on the economic reality. And of course, some Venezuelans thought - because of the social media campaigns - to go and find an alternative type of job abroad. The educational level of the Venezuelans that have left is very high. There are a lot of university professionals that have left, people of a very good level have left, workers qualified to a high technical standard, and looking for alternatives abroad, they found even worse situations. And you can almost be assured that the majority of these Venezuelans that have left due to the economic reasons are going to come back. Venezuela has the problems that any country could have, in the South, in the Third World, in Latin America. We have made a lot of progress in our social indexes, that is a reality. Venezuela is a country that has the highest measures of social advancement on the whole continent. Now we have problems, yes, of course we do. If we have the most powerful empire in the world, Orla, the most powerful empire in the world, targeting all our accounts, freezing all our assets abroad, going after every ship that comes to Venezuela bringing products, of course that has brought considerable disruption. We have confronted it, and rest assured, we will overcome. Guerin You say some of the problems here could be seen in other countries, but with respect, Mr President, you have a hyper-inflation rate last year of 1,000,000%. Nowhere else in the world is experiencing hyper-inflation like that. When you came to power, just before you came to power, the inflation rate here was 20%. So are you saying that the complete economic collapse here has nothing to do with you? Maduro I'll tell you again: you take as reference anything that comes in the Western media. I invite you to look at Venezuela in depth. Of course we have problems of an economic aggression, but 1,000,000% inflation, no country in the world would survive that, Orla. So you take as truth: you don't even question any number as long as it's against Venezuela, you don't question it. You are completely non-critical of the lies that are being said about Venezuela. Well, that's the way you are, that's the way BBC is, that's the way CNN is. You are the Western media, because you are in the script, to intervene in our country. Why is Venezuela so interesting for the West, why is it so interesting for the United States? If we produced potatoes, if we produced parsley, if we produced apples, maybe we would not even exist on the geopolitical map. But because Venezuela produces oil, and it's the largest oil reserve in the world, because Venezuela has the fourth-largest reserves of gas, because we have and are now certifying the largest gold reserves in the world, Venezuela is important. Venezuela is leader of Opec, Venezuela presides nowadays in Opec, so it's important to throw stuff at Venezuela, to make attacks of all sorts - social, economic, political, military - to surround Venezuela in order to create a situation the way they did with Iraq, with Libya. But Venezuela is not Iran or Libya, Venezuela has its capacity. We will confront all these issues and be assured that all those campaigns of media aggression, of lies, we will slowly start to conquer them with reality. Guerin You think we have a preconceived idea. I came to Venezuela for the first time two weeks ago. We have had a chance over those two weeks to see living conditions for ourselves. We have met with a young cancer patient whose mother was told she had to pay for his biopsy herself, and she told us it would take two years to earn the money. We met a young patient with tuberculosis, who was getting no treatment because there are no medicines. We met a young man with a brain tumour who told us he has been waiting a year for an operation because he himself has to rent surgical equipment. These are people that we have met and have heard their stories first hand. What do you say to them? Maduro That we are putting up a huge fight. Of the $1.4bn that was sequestered in Euroclear, half of that was to bring medicines to fight diabetes, to fight cancer. The money was frozen over there, and then we started looking via Portugal, and then they froze over $2bn with which we had bought substitutes for these medicines. In spite of all that, we brought medicines into the country. It's a huge effort. No country has endured what we have endured. Guerin But the people can't afford to buy it. There may be medicine but we have met people who say that two boxes of antibiotics costs a month's salary. Maduro You are first talking about specific cases - some people that had surgery, and some people that are being taking care of. You can rest assured that the Venezuelan social health system will reach them, and rest assured that everything that has to do with the medical system, we have a primary system of medicine distribution, that no other country in the world has. We have the family doctors, we have more than 30,000 doctors distributed in the communities, in the barrios, and the doctor not only takes care of his clinic, he goes from house to house. In the clinic and in the visits from house to house, he takes the medicine directly to the person that needs it. That gives us very extensive coverage and we have been managing with a huge effort - with the economic blockade, with the economic persecution - we have been stabilising the pharmaceutical industry, the national pharmaceutical industry, and we have been regulating with a huge effort, three times what a country that is not blocked has to do, in order to regulate the supply and sale of medicines, in the private system. Guerin But we stood in a hospital not far from here and we saw ourselves that they didn't have insulin, they had not had it for five years. They didn't have basic medication. This is a public hospital in Caracas, not in a distant part of the country. Maduro I'm not talking about the interior of the country, or about Caracas, I'm talking about the entire country, which is affected. So they choke us and they ask us, why are we suffocating? That's your question. You don't question anything. The financial persecution, the blockade, the mental scheme that you bring, from the West, from London, simply is just to finish killing the person who is being choked, and kicked. And our scheme is different. Our scheme is one of resistance to take care of the people. You come to justify all the persecution, and the social consequences of that persecution. Because if I had my money secured, the money of the country, in a bank account and then it's sequestered, and that money was to bring medicines, then you come and say that there are no medicines in the country. Why don't we have medicines? And then you should also ask, why did it happen? Try to change your mental scheme. Why is Venezuela the geopolitical centre of the world? Why Venezuela, and why is it not any country in Asia, or Latin America, or Africa? Why? Ask yourself. Because they want to conquer us, colonise us. They won't be able to - we are solid, legitimate, and popular. People that are suffering know the reasons why, and they are conscious of the protection that we give them, and they support this revolution. If that were not the case, we would not have been here for 20 years, winning 23 elections out of 25. You have to ask yourself, why the mental schemes that you use, why the script that you bring from the North, does not work in Venezuela. Why? Guerin But your election victory last year is disputed by many people. There are now more than 50 governments that have recognised Juan Guaidó as the interim President of Venezuela. Maduro Fifty, where did you get that number from? Where do you get your numbers from, really? You bring a mental picture that you should check. You should check, I am not going to tell you more because really it's up to you, if you are an objective journalist, stable, or you only come here to verify your war campaign, the BBC's war campaign, and the western campaign against Venezuela. Venezuela is a noble country. Venezuela has the right to peace. It's not right that we are enduring this campaign of war. Venezuela does not want war. Venezuela does not want the result of all these campaigns that you conduct, that one day troops will come, in order to conquer our country. Venezuela wants peace, and respect, and for all of you to stop lying daily, please. Guerin But do you dispute the figure? Do you dispute that 50 countries have now recognised the opposition leader Juan Guaidó? Maduro It's not that I agree, it is that you are lying. It's not that I agree or you agree. You bring an image, you are a person, that expresses a dogmatism, of the West, against Venezuela. You are dogmatic: you are not capable of checking yourself, and seeing if one thing is true, or not. You are dogmatic. You have no critical sense. There is only one way of thinking. That's how you call it - it's called one way of thinking. Guerin President Maduro, these are facts. These countries have now recognised the opposition leader here as the president. What do you say to them? Maduro First of all, it's not 50, not even the European Union. It's not my duty to say. It's about 10 countries - governments, not countries, governments - that are in alignment with the politics of Donald Trump. What you have to ask yourself is where does all this political aggression come from? Where does this coup d'état scenario come from? Where does it come from? Trying to impose on Venezuela a government that nobody has elected, a government that declared itself in a public square, absolutely unconstitutional and irregular. Where does it come from? From the White House. Who conducts it? Donald Trump. The extremists of the White House have taken it upon themselves to carry out a coup in Venezuela. And we have rejected it and the entire world has rejected it. Now a Western campaign continues in a rushed way, I would say in an evil way. Donald Trump's politics continue. I would tell the world - Europe, London, the United Kingdom - ask yourselves, if you are not being led to a road with no exit, to failure, as you are letting Donald Trump lead you to a completely extremist illegal politics that violates the United Nations charter. And it has no support in Venezuela. It has already failed, that politics of trying to impose a government that nobody elected. In Venezuela according to this constitution, the sovereignty resides in the people and is non-transferable. It is non-transferable. And only through the people's vote you can elect a president in Venezuela. That's like someone comes to a public square in London, and proclaims himself Queen of England, or proclaims himself prime minister, and then three governments come and recognise it. That's outrageous. It's one of the biggest political outrages in international politics. In Venezuela, the people vote, and according to this constitution, only the people can put you in power and remove you. Guerin You say it's up to the people to decide. Why not call a new presidential election, a free and fair and credible election, and let the people have their say? It seems as if your country now is very divided on the question of who should be president. Maduro Well, there could be a debate in any country - who should be prime minister, who should be president - but every country has an electoral schedule. They have rules, electoral rules. Venezuela in the last 18 months has had votes to elect 23 governors, and we won 19. We have 335 municipalities, and out of 335 we won 307. We have chosen, and we have gone to the polls six times in the past 18 months, and on 20 May of last year, we had an election based on the constitution, for president of the republic, and I won with 68% of the vote. The opposition since then, the government of the United States, has boycotted this election. Because they knew that there was no candidate from the opposition that could beat me in a presidential election, and they positioned this coup d'état a year ago. Venezuela already had its election. The election that's still pending - and we will probably bring it forward - is the parliamentary election. That's the organism of the democratic institutions in Venezuela that has not been re-legitimised. I completely agree that we should bring that election forward, the parliamentary election, and the elections for the president of parliament. Look at this: there is a very important element. Our constitution allows a feature called a recall referendum. It's one of the few places in the world where it exists. It means that in the middle of the term of any popular election, the people could activate a recall referendum. The opposition has that option left, in the year 2022, to start the process of a recall referendum. Let's respect the rules of the game. Let nobody impose worldwide blackmail, international blackmail, so that Venezuela breaks its rules, or electoral regulations. Guerin Could you win a presidential election now? Maduro I already won it. And nowadays all the polls say that the Popular Bolivarian forces that I represent - that we represent - we have the social majority, cultural, political, electoral. We have won. You should know, in 20 years, we have won 23 elections out of 25 that we have held: presidential elections, for governors, for mayors, for parliament, referendums. Guerin But many would say they have not always been fair, particularly the last one. There are allegations of ballot stuffing, and opposition candidates were not allowed to take part. It was not a level playing field in the last election, and this is why many would say that your victory in that election is in doubt. If you are confident now of a new victory, why not have a new election? Maduro What is the logic, reasoning, to repeat an election? There has not been even one legal question internally to the electoral authority, which is the highest authority that regulates the elections, within the judicial branch. What there have been are political questions, and from whom? From the government of the United States. The government of the United States, since January 2018, four months before the elections were held, Donald Trump said we are not going to recognise any results of the presidential elections held in Venezuela. And still we hadn't even set the date. Listen Orla, please, it's a war. I pray that God enlightens you, and enlightens the opinion of the audience watching the BBC. It's a political war, of the United States empire, of the interests of the extreme right that today is governing, of the Ku Klux Klan, that rules the White House, to take over Venezuela, and they have positioned a political strategy, communications, diplomatic, warmongering, in order to take over Venezuela. And we, with the truth in our country, we are dismantling all that manipulation, all those lies that are repeated day after day. Guerin Do you really think the Ku Klux Klan is ruling America? Maduro I believe that the extremist sector of the white supremacists of the Ku Klux Klan lead the United States. I believe it's a gang of extremists. Guerin Are you calling President Trump a white supremacist? Maduro He is, publicly and openly, and he has stimulated the fascist tendencies - neo-fascists, neo-Nazis - within the United States, in Europe, in Latin America. It's an extremist sector that hates the world. They hate us Latin Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, Venezuelans. They hate us, they belittle us, they hate the entire world, because they only believe in their own interests, and in the interests of the United States. So in this battle that we are leading for Venezuela, I tell you, it's a battle that goes beyond our country, the battle to respond. Look at this: Donald Trump threatened us with a military invasion, just a few days ago. He said he was going to send the United States army into Venezuela. Why? What is the reason, the pretext, the motive to declare war against Venezuela, which is a peaceful country? I call upon the people of the world, to wake up, open your eyes, to see that it is an aggression against the peaceful country. That Venezuela has problems like many other countries in the world, but only in peace can we solve our problems. And if you really want to help Venezuela, you have to support peace. Say no to the intervention, tell the United States, hands off Venezuela, and support Venezuela in its own efforts to resolve its own problems through dialogue. Guerin You say to the Americans hands off Venezuela, and that's fair enough, it's your country. But do you think you are also facing criticism from Latin American nations? It's not only Washington that is criticising you at the moment, it's also some of your neighbours here in Latin America. Maduro Well unfortunately some governments of the extreme right are now in power - Colombia, for example, Chile. They are governments - the one from Chile comes from the Pinochet tradition, President Piñera, Macri in Argentina. And now they form a bloc of extreme right. They have substituted the international policy of respect, tolerance, to impose an ideology, an ideology that has imposed great intolerance in international politics. And we have strongly opposing viewpoints. Well, they form a group of 11 countries. With the rest of the countries of Latin America, and the Caribbean, we have permanent relationships. We just had a meeting in Montevideo, a very important meeting that everyone should know about, promoted by Mexico, Bolivia, Uruguay, and the 14 governments from Caricom, from the Caribbean. They propose a mechanism for dialogue, to help Venezuela in four phases. These countries make up 17 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. They are currently working on a process of dialogue that I fully support, a dialogue with no secrets, an open dialogue, and that will allow Venezuela to deal with these issues in peace, and resolve them. Guerin But Europe is also questioning your legitimacy. It's not only the White House, it's not only some of the neighbours here in Latin America. It's also large powerful countries in Europe. Maduro It's unfortunate that Europe, after being kicked by Donald Trump, is now behind Donald Trump - some countries, some governments are behind Donald Trump in a completely illegal policy that has no reason to be. I have been in meetings very frequently with European Union ambassadors, and I have read them the constitution, and I have demonstrated that they are outside of the international rules of the game, of respect. Everything that they say is a lie. Well, I really hope from the European countries, even those who have gone in the wrong direction, and those who are just waiting, observing, I hope for more from them. I hope that they listen to us. They only listen, as I told them, to one version. The statements and the communications from the European Union, are a complete reproduction of what the Venezuelan extreme right has said. It can't be. Orla, we are really a force that exists, with a historic background, and cultural background, with a political and democratic background. This Bolivarian movement that was founded by Commandante Chávez has an existing force, powerful, in Venezuela, that deserves to be heard. I tell Europe, listen more, open your ears, and please, follow the path of respect. Guerin How much of your gold is currently being frozen in the Bank of England? There are assets of Venezuela belonging to this country that you have been trying to access through the Bank of England. How much of your gold is currently frozen, and have you any chance of getting that? Maduro Well, in general, in England there could be more or less 80 tonnes. Legally, it's Venezuela's gold, established by the institutions. It's protected by the central banks. It's gold that belongs to the central bank of Venezuela. And I hope that international law will be respected. And the Central Bank of Venezuela is respected. And that hopefully the law will prevail. And that Venezuela is not robbed of the gold that legally belongs to us. Guerin What would you say to the British government and to Theresa May? Maduro In reality we have not had much of a relationship with the prime minister. If she would listen to me, I would tell her that she should open her ears wide and see the aggression and not be partners in crime in what could be an invasion, a war in Latin America. That the extremist group that is in the White House is willing to do anything, and in the name of Venezuela, I tell her look at the reality. Look into the heart of Venezuela. It goes beyond the information and the campaigns that are being waged daily against us. And that hopefully she has the opportunity that the UK and in general Europe could then propose a respectful dialogue between Venezuelans. There is a severe risk to peace in Latin America and the Caribbean. Venezuela will fight if we have to, for our liberty and for our independence. We fought in the past and there were many English, Irish that were on the battlefields of Venezuela. I am sending a message beyond Mrs May to the people of the United Kingdom, the people of England, to all the people of the United Kingdom, to have solidarity with us and support peace, and to enforce John Lennon's song, Give Peace A Chance. Give Peace a Chance and give truth a chance in Venezuela - that would be my call. Guerin You have said you are ready to fight. Are you ready to take up arms against the US military if they decide to cross the border? Maduro They would not leave us any other option. We would have to defend the right of our country to exist. To defend our right to peace. I hope that doesn't happen. I hope that public opinion will be on the side of peace and they can see how noble the Venezuelan people are, and that we have a right to discuss our own problems in peace. And that nobody interferes with Venezuela. No-one. And that this extremist group that is in the White House is defeated by powerful world-wide public opinion. I have faith in that. I am a believer, I am a Christian and I always ask God to enlighten us and protect us. And I have faith that we are going to accomplish everything in peace. Guerin The opposition has talked about getting volunteers, getting people to the border to get the aid across. If they attempt to do that, would your troops fire on your own people? Maduro We have never done that. We would never do that. We have never done that. The opposition has its tactics, its politics. They create their own shows. They have the freedom in this country to do anything they want. But there has never been and never will be repression of that kind. Please. Guerin But there have been people killed in anti-government protests. Just last month, the United Nations said that as many as 40 were killed, about 26 by your security forces. People have been killed for protesting. Maduro What protests? They have not shown a single bit of proof of a campaign that lasted 15 days. I saw it, I watch international news and the international news was showing a Venezuela that was not on the streets. Of course, on 23 January there were big rallies. The opposition held a big march and so did we. And with those images and other images of confrontation on the streets, they ended up saying that there were enormous protests that lasted 15 days in Venezuela. I spoke to prime ministers and presidents from around the world who called me, on 25, 28, 29 January, on 1 February and they were asking me if there were big demonstrations in the streets. And I said no, Venezuela is working, Venezuela is in peace. Because they tried to show - look at this. In order to justify this coup d'état and find international support, they had a plan to stir up the main cities in the country, but they failed. It's a small group of delinquents that went out to the streets, paid for by sections of the opposition and they were caught in the middle of their violent action. Guerin There were many large-scale protests. We have seen some of those ourselves. We have also seen your supporters. But do you dispute that the opposition has been able to bring large numbers out and these people have said they are calling for change? Maduro Yes, I saw them. And they were given the right to protest and have big protests, the same for the opposition as for us. Venezuela is a dynamic democracy with people who support the revolution and people who oppose the revolution. Whenever they go out and march, they will have the right to do so. And I always say I hope they do it in peace. They have small violent cells of protesters that, when the demonstrations are over, the marches of the opposition, always try to have a confrontation with the police in order to cause disturbance. The opposition have all the freedom to march as many times as they want, with their slogans and demands and we are also going to mobilise our people. Fortunately our people have a dynamic democracy. Guerin Is there any set of circumstances in which you would give up power? Maduro It is not about me as an individual wanting to be in power, Orla, and it is not my individual choice to abandon power. I am part of a social, political and historical revolutionary movement and that popular movement placed me in this position of responsibility. Complying with all the constitutional steps, electoral requirements and the mandate that they gave me is very powerful. And I have to comply with that mandate with my life. I swore to do this. I swore in the national supreme court to give my life to uphold and enforce the constitution. That is the mandate. And I am going to go beyond words to the end of what is possible to do this. Guerin Are you confident you still have the support of the army? There is a lot of intimidation in the army now - people are being jailed when they speak out against you. Maduro Well, that is another of the myths that were created throughout this campaign against me. The national Bolivarian armed forces are structurally humane. they are Bolivarian. Democratic. Structurally institutionalised. And they are armed forces forged through their values and a new doctrine, a new concept with teaching academies, and with a university for permanent learning. It's a new type of armed forces. This is not just an army, just made up of a random group of people, nor is it a rebellious army. It is not an army in the style of Pinochet. Nor will it be. So therefore these armed forces are loyal to the constitution. Loyal. Firmly loyal to the constitution. Mobilised in defence. Preparing themselves to defend the country. With very high moral values. They are very conscientious. And loyal to the Constitutional Commander in Chief, who is Nicolás Maduro. I am the head of state and the head of government and, according to the constitution, I am the Commander in Chief. They are loyal because they have a conscience and they have morals. They are not rebellious armed forces. And they are not armed forces that will put themselves at the service of the interests of the United States, of Donald Trump's Empire of the United States. Donald Trump has given orders on Twitter. It's incredible, Orla. Donald Trump, John Bolton, Mike Pompeo, Mike Pence - they have commanded the Venezuelan armed forces to rise up in rebellion against the president of the republic. They have gone to extreme lengths and I am sure it has never been done with any country in the world before. And where are the armed forces? Are they going to serve Donald Trump? No. The armed forces are loyal. To the country and the constitution and recognising their commander in chief as the legitimate chief. I have a level of relationship that I inherited from Commandante Hugo Chávez, and that I have developed. So it is now a very deep, sincere honest and real relationship with all the officers, with the armed forces, with the soldiers. And that is a big strength that our country has. Guerin How do you think Hugo Chávez would feel if he saw Venezuela today? Maduro He would feel motivated to fight for our country as he always did. Commandante Chávez had to endure very similar circumstances to these, very similar. George W Bush launched a coup d'état against him on 11 and 12 April 2002. He was kidnapped and they were going to kill him and Chávez did not hesitate, not even for one second, to defend his principles, his ideals and to fight to stay alive. So therefore Chávez is a huge inspiration for us. I always think, what would Chávez do in these circumstances? And that helps me a lot to find the right way forward, to know what to do every day. Guerin One last question, if I may, about the Americans. If President Trump was to put 5,000 US troops on the Colombian border, how would you respond? Maduro He can put a million there if he wants to. If it's inside Colombia, he can bring a million tanks, a million planes, a million soldiers. It's not a problem. If they stay inside Colombia, there is no problem. We will defend Venezuela and we will make them respect Venezuela. And with the conscience of the world and the conscience of the decent people of the world, we must tie the hands of Donald Trump, prevent Donald Trump from starting a war in Latin America. Or from assaulting Venezuela. I appeal for solidarity. I appeal for the active solidarity of all people of conscience in the world, beyond any ideology. No to a war in Venezuela. No to an invasion of Venezuela. And that we all tell Donald Trump: hands off Venezuela. Venezuela wants peace, tranquillity, happiness. Guerin If a convoy comes through without authorisation, would you fire upon it? If a plane comes in without authorisation, would it be attacked? Maduro They should send a convoy with the dollars they have stolen from us. Send a convoy with the gold, with the 80 tonnes. Let it come, the convoy with money. It's our money. With that, we could solve all our country's problems. Guerin What would you say to the people who are hungry now, to the people who can't find food, can't find medicine, who are worried they won't have fuel? What do you say to them? Maduro I tell them, and more than that, I act. I generate jobs, the pension system, protect Venezuelan families, continue to protect Venezuelan families, continue reducing extreme poverty. We have made a commitment between 2017 and 2025 to reach a state of zero poverty and we are going to accomplish it. You will see that we will do it. Guerin A very last question: can you tell me how much a kilo of cheese costs in Venezuela? Maduro It has different prices depending on the region. Guerin Because we have been told it is the equivalent of a month's wages and that is what it is costing people just to buy one kilo of cheese. Maduro We have different scales of salary. Now this is a very Venezuelan issue. I don't think your audience is interested in that. You see, because if we had time to compare the jobs, social protection, social security, public health, and public education available to the Venezuelan people, then with time your audience would probably understand. So I can tell you in Venezuela we have a policy of social protection to generate jobs and our people will progressively start solving their problems and they won't want for anything. I can tell you that. Guerin Have you heard from Jeremy Corbyn, the British opposition leader, during this crisis? Do you feel he hasn't given you enough support? He has been a strong supporter of Venezuela in the past. Maduro No, we haven't spoken. Guerin And do you think he should have given you support? Maduro I think he should continue to be the leader that he is in the United Kingdom.
Solution: | Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro interview: Full transcript | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: Mark Lawlor, the island's bird recorder, was with his daughter at L'Eree Shingle Bank when he saw the Bonaparte's gull. The bird is thought to have crossed the Atlantic after getting caught in a weather front. An ornithologist at the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), said it was "an incredible find for the lucky finder". Mr Lawlor said he saw the gull at about midday on Monday. "I stopped for a quick scan with my binoculars to see if anything unusual had arrived on the island in the cold weather," he said. Mr Lawlor, whose job as a bird recorder for the Société Guernesiaise includes collating and verifying bird sightings, said he saw the small gull on the shoreline and "had a feeling" it looked slightly different to a common black-headed gull. He added: "I noticed pale pink legs and it flapped its wing to reveal a pale underwing, which are all features of Bonaparte's gull. "As recorder I know which species have and haven't been seen before on the island so I knew this was something new. "Of course finding a new species for the island was pretty exciting for me." Paul Stancliffe, from BTO, said the Bonaparte's gull was an "annual rare visitor" to the UK with a handful of sightings recorded each year. "Right now the Guernsey bird is the only Bonaparte's gull in the UK and is indeed the first for the island," he said. "Bonaparte's gulls breed in northern North America and winter in southern North America, as far south as Mexico - this bird will have got caught up in a weather front that tracked across the Atlantic as it was making its journey south." Follow BBC Guernsey on Twitter and Facebook. Send your story ideas to [email protected]. Related Internet Links BTO BirdFacts - Bonaparte’s Gull Ornithology section – La Societe Guernesiaise
Example Output: First sighting of rare Bonaparte's gull in Guernsey
Example Input: There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
Example Output: NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions
Example Input: Nyall Brown, 19, from Cromer, died in May 2018. Norfolk coroner Jacqueline Lake said she had concerns over staff not reviewing his care records before appointments, which would have enabled more accurate assessments. The Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust said it was "introducing learning sessions" focusing on preparation. Ms Lake has written a Prevention of Future Deaths report to the trust, asking it to take action to protect others. Couple's hopes after teen son's suicide "This is a matter which has been raised with the trust previously," she said. "Staff are expected to read previous records relating to a service user, but this is not always happening." She added: "Evidence was heard that Mr Brown's care records were not reviewed prior to his being seen, which would enable Mr Brown's full history and risks to be taken into account when assessing him." NSFT is the only mental health trust to have been put in special measures, and in November was rated 'inadequate' for a third time. Mr Brown's parents Tracey and Mearl have been critical of the service, describing their dealings with the trust as "inadequate, poor and shocking". They first sought help after their son attempted to take his own life in January, but at one point were advised to seek private medical help. Diane Hull, chief nurse at NSFT, said a detailed review had been conducted into the events leading to Mr Brown's death, and was being acted upon. "This includes looking at the interface between wellbeing and secondary mental health services and our crisis teams, and strengthening clinical leadership," she said. "In addition, we are introducing learning sessions which focus on documentation, communication and the importance of preparation ahead of appointments."
Example Output: | Nyall Brown death: Norfolk and Suffolk mental health trust criticised
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Ex Input:
Andrew Lane, 61, contracted the infection necrotising fasciitis after an operation to have his prostate gland removed at Southend Hospital, Essex. He claims his bowel was punctured during the procedure, leading to the infection. The hospital said it was aware of the case but could not comment further. 'Nine months pregnant' Mr Lane, from Thurrock, had so much diseased tissue removed that he lost his penis and was left with a protruding stomach where the outer tissue was "eaten away". He had to use a catheter and colostomy bag for two years after the operation in 2013. "It has just been a horrendous experience. I thought I was going to die," Mr Lane said. "That night I was taken to theatre three times while the surgeons took more and more tissue away. "I was super-fit before all this. I had a good body, but now I look like I'm nine months pregnant. I can't ever bear to look at myself naked." Read more on this story and other Essex news Nick Greaves, from Mr Lane's lawyers Slater and Gordon, said: "Mr Lane believed he was going into hospital for a routine operation and would be home within days. "Instead, he has been left with permanent and life-changing injuries that have turned his world upside down. "Although nothing can change that, he wants to know what happened and ensure it is fully investigated and everything possible done to prevent anyone else having to go through the same ordeal."
Ex Output:
Penis eaten by superbug: Southend Hospital sued
Ex Input:
By Gemma HandyZorg-En-Vlygt, Essequibo Coast, Guyana The bright welcoming venue, framed by rice paddies, looks the picture of pastoral contentment. But behind its creation lies an unsettling reality. This upbeat community centre was built to address the devastating number of suicides both here on the scenic Essequibo Coast - and in Guyana itself, which holds the dubious distinction of the highest suicide rate in the world. World Health Organization figures claim 44.2 in every 100,000 Guyanese take their own lives, compared to a global average of 16. Shining a light on suicide The Guyana Foundation, the charity behind the Sunrise Center in Zorg-En-Vlygt, has been integral in dragging the phenomenon into the national conversation in a country where stigma surrounding mental health issues has long hindered efforts to alleviate them. A lack of adequate mainstream facilities and woefully outdated legislation - which still defines patients as "idiots" suffering "derangement" - are just some of the obstacles, says the centre's managing director Anthony Autar. Attempted suicide is still technically illegal in Guyana, carrying a custodial sentence of two years, although measures are under way to decriminalise it. "When considering mental health issues, we also look at people's ability to contribute to society," Mr Autar tells the BBC. "Learning a skill like catering or floral arrangement can improve their sense of worth and outlook for the future." Dress-making, tie-dye and yoga are also among the free courses open to the public at the facility which launched operations in June, ahead of its official October 29 opening. "We often find people who come here are isolated and don't have many strong connections. We encourage students to build friendships with each other; those relationships can help save someone's life if they're feeling suicidal," Mr Autar adds. Attendees are routinely invited to complete questionnaires assessing their emotional wellbeing and are informed about the free counselling services offered. It's part of a proactive approach to tackle depression, anxiety and low self-esteem, and remove stigma by teaching people such feelings "are as common as diabetes", says counsellor Haimraj Hamandeo. Participants are predominantly aged 25 to 45, and 75% are female. "Females are more open to assistance," Mr Hamandeo continues. "They're also more likely to attempt suicide; men are more likely to be successful at it." Opinion on just why Guyana tops the global suicide list is divided. A panel discussion organised by the University of Guyana to mark World Suicide Prevention Day in September cited relationship issues, political upheavals, poverty and high crime as contributory factors. Indo-Guyanese account for 80% of suicides, despite making up just 40% of the population in the six-race nation. Most are aged 15 to 34, with almost four men to each female. Poisoning by agricultural pesticides accounts for 65% of cases while one in five is by hanging. For each successful suicide, there's up to 25 more attempted cases, says Dr Bhiro Harry, head of psychiatry at Georgetown Public Hospital. "Many Indo-Guyanese are farmers so they have easy access to lethal pesticides," he explains. "Culturally, Indo-Guyanese folks are 'babied'. For example, I have three children in their 20s all living at home; I still make my son's breakfast every morning. Afro-Guyanese tend to have less close families and are taught to be strong and resilient." Conversely, social science lecturer Paulette Henry thinks "broken families" is a prime cause. After being personally touched by suicide when a close friend killed himself, she testifies to the emotions affecting those left behind too. "I dealt with anger, pain, a sense of loss and guilt," she says, "as a social worker I felt I should have recognised the signs." Public Health Minister Dr George Norton describes Guyana's existing national psychiatric hospital as "not fit for human consumption". He told the BBC mental health was his "personal priority" and that a national suicide prevention plan was currently being devised. That includes training additional psychiatrists and the creation of a psycho-social rehabilitation venue. Back at the Sunrise Center, Mr Hamandeo says engagement in "productive" activities had seen great successes. "Often people find an ability they didn't know they had. You see a change in the way they communicate, the way they greet you, their extra energy." That is music to the ears of centre founder Supriya Singh Bodden who must raise $3,500 (£2,850) a month from donations to run the facility - and plans to establish more across the country. "I got so depressed reading about the suicides every day, I just wanted to bring some hope into communities suffering poverty and lack of opportunity," she explains. "If we can touch people's lives in a positive way so they want to live to see another sunrise, then we have achieved something."
Ex Output:
How Guyana is trying to combat its high suicide rate
Ex Input:
This American Life made headlines when a January edition broadcast extracts of performer Mike Daisey's account of a visit to the plant, run by Foxconn. The Chicago-based producers now say they have learned that Daisey's monologue included fabrications. It said he had made up meeting interviewees who "had been poisoned". The episode, entitled Mr Daisey and the Apple Factory, was distributed by Public Radio International and broadcast nationwide. It later became This American Life's most popular podcast. It hit 888,000 downloads and was streamed 206,000 times. The broadcast was followed by a series of articles in the New York Times looking at Apple's working practices and production methods. The newspaper told the BBC it stands by its reporting. Facing increased scrutiny, Apple later announced that it would allow third-party audits at its factories and release a list of its suppliers. Wrong city In a press release,This American Life saidthat when asked, Mike Daisey's Chinese interpreter had disputed one of the show's most dramatic moments - Mr Daisey's claim to have met underage workers employed by Foxconn, a key Apple manufacturer. The release also said Cathy Lee, the interpreter, had called into doubt an account of a meeting with a man who had been badly injured while making iPads. It said Mr Daisey had described letting the man "stroke" the tablet's screen "with his ruined hand" prompting the worker to remark: "It's a kind of magic." But it said that when questioned, Ms Lee had said "nothing of the sort occurred". This American Life said the facts had emerged when a reporter from another public radio production - American Public Media's Marketplace - became suspicious. "In his monologue he [Daisey] claims to have met a group of workers who were poisoned on an iPhone assembly line by a chemical called n-hexane," This American Life said. While Apple's supplier audits show that an incident like this occurred in a factory in China, in fact that factory was not in Shenzhen, where Daisey visited. In fact the incident occurred in Suzhou, nearly 1,000 miles away,Marketplace reporter Rob Schmitz found. 'Horrified' Daisey said he stood by his work,but on his bloghe added that he regretted the broadcast of a 39-minute monologue from his stage show. "What I do is not journalism. The tools of the theatre are not the same as the tools of journalism," he wrote. "This American Life is essentially a journalistic - not a theatrical - enterprise, and as such it operates under a different set of rules and expectations." The show's host, Ira Glass,wrote in a personal blog postthat in retrospect he and his team were "horrified" to have broadcast Daisey's account. "Daisey lied to me and to This American Life producer Brian Redd during the fact-checking we did on the story, before it was broadcast," he wrote. "That doesn't excuse the fact that we never should've put this on the air. In the end, this was our mistake." Chris Green, a technology analyst at Davies Murphy Group, said that the impact of the show had been enormous. "Apple wasn't the only one to outsource production to China and Taiwan - but of the tech firms it did it on the largest scale, so this was a public relations nightmare for them" he said. "The fact the programme has been discredited may help Apple and others a bit, but we know other real problems with safety at suppliers have been uncovered." Apple was not available for comment.
Ex Output:
| This American Life retracts Apple Mike Daisey China show
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: Consider Input: Stephen Bournes, who has been at the pier since 2005, said it had been sold to Gough Hotels for an unspecified amount, but less than £6m. The pier includes several restaurants, shops and arcades and already has planning permission for a 30 bed-hotel. Gough Hotels, which is based in Bury St Edmunds, was unavailable for comment. The chain owns the Angel in Bury St Edmunds and the Salthouse on the Ipswich Waterfront. Mr Bournes said the sale of the 623ft (190m) long pier, which was built in 1900 and refurbished 100 years later, was "great for Suffolk". "The pier is a bit of a landmark and is very family orientated," he said. Southwold Pier has won a number of national tourism awards over the past few years. It was named Best Seaside Attraction 2007, Best Tourism Experience 2008 in the East of England and Best Large Attraction 2009. Britain's only surviving sea-going steam passenger ship, the PS Waverley paddle steamer and its sister ship the MV Balmoral, are frequent visitors to the pier.
Output: Southwold Pier sold to Gough Hotels, owner says
Input: Consider Input: Tesco has also met with the community's newly-elected Green Party councillor, Gus Hoyt, to discuss the recent unrest in the Stokes Croft area of the city. Mr Hoyt said he would be calling for an independent inquiry into the cause of the protests before the shop reopens. Police have also released more CCTV showing three men they would like to speak to in connection with the riots. The street clashes happened on 21 and 22 April when police raided a nearby squat after fears Tesco was to be petrol bombed. 'Bow out gracefully' Mr Hoyt said: "I want to see exactly what they [Tesco] have to offer and whether we can persuade them that the best thing as far as public safety is concerned is for them to bow out gracefully. "I haven't called officially for an independent inquiry yet but I will be asking for one and I'm going to start investigating tomorrow which exact channels to go through. "We've had two riots in the space of one week and the local community want to get to the bottom of what happened and move on." A spokesman for Tesco said: "We are in discussions with the police and local representatives [of Stokes Croft]. "Our intention is and has always been to reopen the Tesco Express. We are repairing the store at the moment." About 300 people were involved in clashes with the police in the street protests over the Easter weekend. Violent disorder Another protest took place in Stokes Croft a week later. It started peacefully but ended violently and both police and protesters were injured. Avon and Somerset Police have already arrested 45 people in connection with the disturbances but are still trying to trace more. Det Chief Insp Will White said: "We are determined to identify the outstanding offenders who have done extensive damage to the Stokes Croft area. "We need the assistance of the public to do this and hope that these video clips and images prompt more people to come forward and help us bring the remaining offenders to justice." Nine people have been charged with offences relating to violent disorder. Stephen Farthing, 32, of Stokes Croft, is due to be sentenced at Bristol Crown Court on 17 May after he admitted violent disorder in relation to the first disturbance. A 17-year-old youth from Bishopsworth, Bristol, has been charged with wounding with intent, violent disorder and theft. Tesco have not said whether they are currently re-stocking the store or when they plan to reopen the branch. Related Internet Links Tesco Bristol City Council Peoples Republic of Stokes Croft Avon and Somerset Police
Output: Stokes Croft riot-damaged Tesco due to reopen
Input: Consider Input: By Matt McGrathEnvironment correspondent Funded by the UK government, the RRS Ernest Shackleton normally carries out support work for the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). But this summer the ice breaker has been chartered to accompany a luxury liner's voyage in the Arctic. Critics say it is inappropriate for a vessel dedicated to science to support tourism in such a fragile area. Global warming has seen a rapid rise in the number of ships travelling through Arctic waters in recent years. The Northwest Passage - a shortcut from Asia to Europe through the Canadian Arctic - first became fully clear of ice in the summer in 2007. Since then only a handful of ships have travelled the route - 17 in 2015, according to the US Coast Guard. This summer the Crystal Serenity aims to become the biggest passenger ship yet to attempt to sail through the famous route. Starting in Alaska, the 32-day voyage will see the 1,700 passengers and crew travel 1,500km across the top of Canada, ultimately ending in New York. Berths on the 14-deck luxury liner are not cheap, starting at around $20,000 per person and running up to $120,000 for a deluxe stateroom. While the route is accessible to ships, it is not ice-free and the company behind the voyage has chartered an ice breaker, RRS Ernest Shackleton, from the British Antarctic Survey. The Shackleton is normally used as a logistic support and research ship for UK scientific activities in the Antarctic. Critics say that a vessel normally dedicated to science should not be enabling tourism in an area like the Arctic, acknowledged by many to be one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change. "There is a significant tension between the science and environmental mission of the Shackleton and its participation in an exercise in tourism that has an enormous per capita carbon footprint," Prof Michael Byers from the University of British Columbia told BBC News. Prof Byers, who holds a chair in global politics and international law, was invited on the trip to give a series of lectures to passengers. He refused, as he believes this summer's trip will only encourage others. "This voyage is a significant contribution, at least on a per capita basis, to climate change by people who are going to see an ecosystem before it is destroyed by climate change. I find that irony quite terrible," he said. In a statement, the British Antarctic Survey said it had chartered the Shackleton to Crystal Cruises, the company behind the trip, as the ship would not be deployed in the Antarctic at that time. "Cruise ship tourism in both polar regions is well-regulated," it said. The Crystal Cruises brochure says that as well as increasing the safety of passengers, the Shackleton will also "offer a platform from which guests will be able to disembark for landings in the wilderness, kayak in scenic coves, take guided zodiac (inflatable) cruises and view the vast Arctic wilderness from above from one of the two helicopters". According to BAS, the charter is to "provide operational support to Crystal Serenity as well as the facility to carry additional expert guides and crew. Specialised safety equipment will be onboard. Zodiacs and helicopters are operated by Crystal". Crystal Cruises says it is taking every precaution to ensure a minimal impact on a fragile environment. The ship and the ice breaker will both use low-sulphur diesel, rubbish will be stored or incinerated on board, and waste water will not be discharged until the ship is at least 12 nautical miles from shore. While environmentalists applaud these efforts they are also concerned that the presence of the RRS Ernest Shackleton is bolstering the appeal of the trip and encouraging tourism on a wider scale. "It is a concern," said Marcie Keever from Friends of the Earth in the US. "I'm glad they have the backup safety-wise [but] it feels a little bit like they are putting a gloss on it; they have got something reputable to escort them. It gives them more legitimacy; it doesn't feel very good," she said. One of the features of this year's voyage will be visits to small and remote communities in the Arctic during visits to port. Prof Michael Byers says this one of the most unappealing aspects of the journey. "They (local populations) have endemic tuberculosis, sky high rates of diabetes, with people who are living in poverty and desperation," he said. "The people who are coming off the cruise ships are not in the 1%, but in the 0.1% of the world's financial elite. It is another example of just how extreme this particular voyage is." Crystal Cruises say it is planning another trip through the Northwest Passage in 2017. Follow Matt on Twitter @mattmcgrathbbc and on Facebook.
| Output: UK-funded ice breaker in 'elite' Arctic tourism row
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: By Owain ClarkeBBC Wales health correspondent The Welsh ambulance service recorded its best performance since new targets came into force in October 2015. The monthly figures show better waiting times in A&E and for patients waiting for planned treatment, diagnostic tests and cancer treatment. It is not unusual for NHS performance to improve in the spring with an easing of pressures associated with winter. But the NHS in Wales is still failing to meet most of its key targets. However, Health Secretary Vaughan Gething said the figures show a positive picture. "I want to thank NHS staff for their efforts. We will continue to work to improve performance for patients but these statistics paint a very positive picture for Wales." AMBULANCE Response times to immediately life-threatening calls improved between March and April. There was a response within eight minutes to 80.5% of red calls in April compared to 77.9% in March. Performance continues to be above the target of 65%, but far fewer calls now come under the eight-minute target compared before October 2015. The median response time for red calls was 4 minutes, 17 seconds - compared to five minutes 30 seconds in the same month in 2016. This is also the lowest since the new target began. ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY In April, 82.8% of patients spent less than four hours in emergency care units compared to 80.9% in March. However, the target of 95% has never been met. Last month, 2,269 patients had to wait over 12 hours in A&E before being admitted, transferred or discharged - 922 fewer than March. But targets state nobody should be waiting that long. The average wait in A&E has remained fairly steady in recent years - at just over two hours. PLANNED TREATMENT DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPIES The number of patients waiting over eight weeks for diagnostic tests reduced from 6,625 in February to 4,741 in March - with improving performance since January 2014. However, there was a slight increase in the number of patients waiting more than 14 weeks for therapies - 2,477 compared to 2,445 - but the long term trend has been fairly static since 2012. CANCER
Example Output: Welsh ambulance service hits best response time
Example Input: By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
Example Output: Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds
Example Input: The developer of The Shield in Newcastle said cladding on the building included Reynobond ACM PE panels. BAM Properties Ltd operations director Gerry Mather said it "meets all fire safety and building regulations". However, at its highest point, it will be taller than 18m, which is the maximum height the government has said such cladding should be used. The Department for Communities and Local Government has said cladding of a composite aluminium panel with a polyethylene core would be non-compliant with current building regulations guidance. But Mr Mather stated The Shield has "very different safety characteristics" from Grenfell Tower and is "considerably smaller than those being identified in public discussion by fire safety experts". "Because of the tragic current events, we've sought additional information and reassurances from the architect, building control and our fire safety consultants," Mr Mather said. "This has reassured us that our building meets all fire safety and building regulations and standards. "If we had any concerns we would act on these." Newcastle City Council said the developer had appointed a private company, not the local authority, to oversee building regulations compliance. The "approved inspector", HCD Building Control Ltd, has declined to comment. The Shield is between five and seven stories high and about 20m tall at its height. It is being managed by Fresh Student Living, which issued a fire safety statement on its website after the Grenfell Tower disaster. Its buildings are "fully compliant with fire safety regulations and are fire risk assessed", it said.
Example Output: | Grenfell Tower: Same cladding on Newcastle student flats
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Alex TherrienHealth reporter, BBC News The analysis tracked the health of 90,257 women in the US for up to 30 years. Those with excess weight were likelier to have a stroke or heart attack, even if they had normal blood pressure and cholesterol and no diabetes, it found. Researchers said it showed "healthy obesity is not a harmless condition". Obesity affects almost all of the cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as high blood pressure, excess cholesterol and diabetes. But some obese people do not appear to have these metabolic disorders, leading scientists to debate whether or not the excess weight actually raises their risk. This new study found women who were overweight or obese (BMIs in excess of 25 and 30 respectively) but had none of these risk factors were 20% and 39% more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than women of a normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) who were metabolically healthy. However, the authors said it showed an association rather than cause and effect, and was mainly in white women, meaning the findings cannot be generalised to other ethnic groups or men. "Our large cohort study confirms that metabolically healthy obesity is not a harmless condition, and even women who remain free of metabolic diseases for decades face an increased risk of cardiovascular events," said Prof Matthias Schulze, from the German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, who led the study. Women who were a normal weight but metabolically unhealthy were around two-and-a-half times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than women of the same weight who were metabolically healthy. That risk was even greater in women who were overweight and obese, said the study, published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology journal. Experts also found that the majority of metabolically healthy women developed either high blood pressure, excess cholesterol or diabetes as they got older, even if they were normal weight. Fitness vs fatness Prof Schulze added: "Our findings highlight the importance of preventing the development of metabolic diseases. "They suggest that even individuals in good metabolic health may benefit from early behavioural management to improve their diet and increased physical activity in order to guard against progression to poor metabolic health." Jeremy Pearson, associate medical director at the British Heart Foundation, added: "This large scale study confirms that obesity, even if unaccompanied by other warning signs, increases risk of cardiovascular disease in women." However, Prof Carl Lavie, from the University of Queensland School of Medicine in New Orleans, who was not involved in the research, said he and colleagues had argued that "fitness is more important than fatness". He noted that the study did not have precise data on the participants' physical activity and their cardio fitness. He added: "It is prudent to remind ourselves that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure." BMI and obesity: Where are you on the UK fat scale? Use this calculator to find out your own body mass index (BMI) and see how you compare with the rest of the nation. You will also get tips from health experts and useful links to information on how to improve your health. Your BMI Your BMI is [bmi_result] which is in the [bmi_category] category. BMI is a standard way of measuring if people are a healthy weight for their height. For most adults 18.5 to 24.9 is the healthy range. Your age group Your BMI is [comparative] the average of [bmi_score] for a [gender_singular] in your age group ([user_age_group]) in [user_country]. About [percent]% of [gender_plural] in your age group in [user_country] are overweight, obese or very obese. 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding Your part of the UK In all parts of the UK, the majority of the adult population is overweight, obese or very obese, according to the latest national surveys. In [region], the figure is about [percentage]% of [gender_plural]. Wales BMI data is gatherered through self measurement so may be an underestimate What does this mean for you? The information you've given us indicates you could be underweight. There can be health risks associated with a low BMI such as anaemia, osteoporosis, a weakened immune system and fertility problems. This is not a medical diagnostic tool so don't panic if this isn't the result you were expecting to see. If you're concerned about your weight, or your health in general, speak to a healthcare professional such as your GP. Follow the links for more information and advice on what to do if you're underweight: You're in the healthy range which is great. Research shows that having a healthy BMI can reduce your risk of serious health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke and some cancers. But not all people with a BMI in this range have a lower risk. Other factors such as smoking, high blood cholesterol or high blood pressure will increase your risk. If you're of Asian descent you have a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes at a lower BMI and waist circumference. A healthy BMI for you would be 18.5-23. We're more likely to gain weight as we get older so to stay a healthy weight you may need to make small changes to your diet or your activity levels as you age. Here are some tips to help you stay healthy: The information you've given us indicates you are overweight. Research shows that a BMI above the healthy range can increase your risk of serious health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some cancers. A healthy BMI for a person of your height would be 18.5-24.9. If you're of Asian descent you have a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes at a lower BMI and waist circumference. A healthy BMI for you would be 18.5-23. Losing even a small amount of weight, if sustained, can have a big impact. For most people changing your diet is by far the best way to lose weight. Activity can help you maintain your target weight, and can have other health benefits, but increasing activity alone is not nearly as effective as diet at helping you shed the pounds. Even small changes like reducing portion sizes or choosing lower calorie snacks and drinks can help you lose weight or stop putting it on. Here are some other options you may want to try: The information you've given us indicates you're in the obese category. Research shows that having a BMI in this range will significantly increase your risk of serious health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some cancers. A healthy BMI for a person of your height would be 18.5-24.9. If you're of Asian descent you have a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes at a lower BMI and waist circumference. A healthy BMI for you would be 18.5-23. Losing even a small amount of weight, if sustained, can have a big impact. For most people changing your diet is by far the best way to lose weight. Activity can help you maintain your target weight, and can have other health benefits, but increasing activity alone is not nearly as effective as diet at helping you shed the pounds. There's lots of support available to help you make changes, either to lose weight or to stop putting on weight. Here are some options you may want to try: The information you've given us indicates you're in the very obese category. Research shows that having a BMI in this range will significantly increase your risk of serious health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some cancers. A healthy BMI for a person of your height would be 18.5-24.9. If you're of Asian descent you have a higher risk of heart disease and diabetes at a lower BMI and waist circumference. A healthy BMI for you would be 18.5-23. Losing even a small amount of weight, if sustained, can have a big impact. For most people changing your diet is by far the best way to lose weight. Activity can help you maintain your target weight, and can have other health benefits, but increasing activity alone is not nearly as effective as diet at helping you shed the pounds. If you are concerned, or would like to find out more, speak to your doctor or GP. If you are ready to make lifestyle changes, there is lots of support available. Here are some options you may want to try: Your waist size BMI is not the only way of measuring whether you are a healthy weight. Doctors say that carrying too much fat around your belly can increase your risk of health problems. Excess fat in this area can stress internal organs - even if your BMI is in the healthy range. Your waist size is [size] For [gender_plural], the NHS says a waist size of: 80cm (31.5 inches) or more means an increased risk of health problems 88cm (34 inches) or more means a very high risk of health problems 94cm (37 inches) or more means an increased risk of health problems 102cm (40 inches) or more means a very high risk of health problems People from non-white ethnic groups may be at risk at a lower waist size How to check your waist with just a piece of string If you can't see the calculator tap or click here. Follow Alex on Twitter. | Study casts doubt on 'healthy obesity' | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Given the task definition and input, reply with output. Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Teraina Hird was 67 when she transitioned. She did so privately in Thailand after being told she'd need to wait 18 months just for her first NHS appointment. It was a daunting process. "If you're 25, you've got your whole life in front of you, but at 67 do you want to spend three years in transition?" she says. But Teraina, now 72, was sure of her decision and went ahead: "I felt I couldn't live with my body not matching my brain gender." Referrals to the UK's seven gender identity clinics is growing by 20% each year, and the NHS is struggling to keep up with demand. Older people like Teraina are often in a hurry to transition after a lifetime of hiding their true gender identity. Famously, Caitlyn Jenner appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair after transitioning at 65. In the UK, former boxing promoter Kellie Maloney recently announced that her gender reassignment was complete at the age of 62. Find out more Cat McShane's report on gender transition and the over-60s was broadcast on Newsnight Watch the Newsnight report on BBC iPlayer But age-related health conditions can also delay the process. On the eve of 62-year-old Dawn's final surgery to transition to female last year, a heart condition was discovered and her operation was pushed back. "The moment I was sent home before the operation was one of the worst days of my life," she says. "For the first time in a long time I wanted to take my own life." Older patients are more likely to have picked up conditions along the way, says Dawn's surgeon James Bellringer, who has performed more than 1,000 male-to-female gender reassignment operations. "You're more likely to find someone with diabetes or a significant heart problem or a significant chest problem than if you are operating on someone in their 20s," Bellringer says. There are emotional dangers, too. Many older transgender people tried to cover up their feelings at a younger age by having marriages and children, and run a high risk of being cut off by family when they finally come out in their 60s or 70s. Nearly half of transgender people with children have no contact with them. Dawn's son, Lee, 32, is today supportive of his dad's transition from Dave. But when he was first told four years ago, Lee was deeply shocked. "I didn't know what transgender was," he says. "I never felt comfortable talking to any of my friends about what was happening with my dad. I felt like a freak." Dawn recalls more positive experiences with her daughter, who oversaw Dawn's first forays into the world of ladies' fashion and make-up. "It was a complete role reversal. I realised I was being told by my daughter, like an adolescent, to get changed into something more suited to my age," Dawn says. For partners too, transitioning places a huge strain on the relationship. Many marriages fail. Jane and Barbara's 28-year marriage survived. Barbara first discovered her husband John was cross-dressing 20 years ago, finding unknown women's clothes in their wardrobe. She was convinced John was having an affair. Relieved at the truth, they agreed John could dress as a woman in private. "It may seem strange but it brought us closer together, it was our secret," Barbara said. However, John's permanent transition to Jane four years ago placed a strain on the relationship. Barbara - a founding member of Beaumont Partners, a support group for the spouses and partners and an offshoot of transgender group The Beaumont Society - was forced to question her own identity. "It was very confusing, one thinks one isn't feminine enough or attractive enough," Barbara says. But after she took time to explore her feelings she "realised it was nothing to do with me, it was Jane who needed to be her real self". Most NHS Trusts require people to live in their new gender for at least two years before being referred for surgery. That period can be difficult, especially if done while working. Teraina and her partner Anna May Booth, who's 68, both suffered workplace discrimination, but at an age when it was too late to start their careers anew. Anna says she was bullied by her line manager and lost half her pension because she retired 10 years early. Teraina was forced to sell her successful engine business. Customers dropped off as she wore more female attire, and she wrote to the local paper to explain the situation, hoping they'd return. Unfortunately, a national newspaper picked the story up and ran it under the headline "Mechanic loses nuts and customers bolt," after which the business quickly floundered. She sold it for a fraction of what it was worth. However, the UK 2010 Equality Act was pivotal for some older transgender people, as it offered a greater range of protections for people at work. One person who took advantage of this was Jane, who's 66 - once a headteacher called John who had feared being found out by neighbours and colleagues across a lifetime of cross-dressing. Jane recalls reading the document and being astonished - "the law protects me" - and began her transition. Despite the medical challenges, Bellringer believes age should not be a barrier. "In terms of cost effectiveness this is possibly the best operation the NHS does," he said. "Even in a 70-year-old, you've got 15 years of significantly improved quality of life." And regardless of the challenges, there is an enormous amount of positivity from people transitioning at a later stage of life, who are happy to be living out their final years in their true gender identities. "I really thought at times I was too old to transition, but the older I got the more determined I became," said Anna. "I'm so glad I did it." More from the Magazine A guide to transgender terms (June 2015) Tennis's reluctant transgender pioneer (June 2015) The story of two transgender children (April 2015) Cat McShane's report on gender transition and the over-60s was broadcast on Newsnight - watch it on BBC iPlayer Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.
| The challenges of being transgender and over 60 | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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You will be given a definition of a task first, then some input of the task.
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Ritu PrasadBBC News, Charleston, West Virginia Nearly all the streets in Charleston are quiet on this weekday afternoon, despite it being the state capital. The road to the clinic is lined with old gas stations and older houses in varying states of disrepair. In a nondescript brick building, 61-year-old Chevone Daly sits on an exam table in a white-walled room. She first came here in 2010, after an emergency appendectomy became infected. Without her own doctor to see, she was told: Go to the emergency room or go to the free clinic. Ms Daly tells me "nobody" she knows can afford healthcare anymore. Most patients at this clinic are like Ms Daly - America's working poor, who find themselves with nowhere to go and no money to spend when they fall ill. At West Virginia Health Right, providers and patients echo the same admonition - the system is broken. And changes introduced by President Barack Obama that were meant to serve as a safety net have left many still slipping through the cracks. As patients enter the clinic, a glass window plastered with flyers - reminders about wellness classes and prescriptions - greets them. And in the centre, a note reads: No matter what happens with the Affordable Care Act, we will remain open for business. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), better known as Obamacare, was a Democratic answer to America's ever-increasing healthcare spending - still the highest in the world. Using state-run marketplaces, President Barack Obama's signature policy expanded insurance coverage to those unable to access programmes for the poor (Medicaid) and elderly (Medicare). Its most popular provision by far is the rule that insurers cannot deny coverage over pre-existing conditions like cancer, diabetes and pregnancy. Its least popular consequence has been steadily rising insurance costs. The latest ACA government report says 2019 premiums are stabilising, more insurers are participating and average premiums have decreased by 1.5% for the first time since 2014. But, premiums for the second-lowest cost plan still increased 37% between 2017 and 2018. The Trump administration has taken credit for the drop, but some experts say it was due to higher insurance company profits from increasing premiums this year, and that Republican efforts to destabilise the ACA have ultimately made it costlier. Currently, 11.8m Americans have insurance through the ACA, but around 15.5% are still uninsured - up 2.8% from 2016. According to a new Pew Research Center study, more than half of Republicans and three-quarters of Democrats say the affordability of healthcare is a "very big" problem. Founded in 1982, West Virginia Health Right (WVHR) is the state's largest free clinic, offering no-cost, holistic healthcare for the under-insured and uninsured. With a budget of around $3m (£2.2m) from grants and donations, the clinic provides over $15m of care annually. As one of the unhealthiest states in the nation, with the highest rate of drug overdoses, obesity and smoking, West Virginia has acutely felt the impacts of national healthcare policies. WVHR saw 21,000 patients before the ACA. After the law, that number dipped to 15,500, suggesting that fewer patients were in dire need - but that welcome news only lasted so long. "Now we have 26,211 patients," says Mrs Angie Settle, 47, nurse practitioner and CEO of WVHR. "We've far exceeded where we were." And they expect to keep growing as ACA costs rise. Mrs Settle says the ACA has been "a horrible failure". At WVHR, 83% of patients have a job. Many purchased insurance through the marketplace at first, but were forced to drop it. The nurse practitioner says many of the insurance plans required patients to cover the first $5,000 to $10,000 of their costs. "It might as well have been $5 million because these people are living paycheck to paycheck. It was totally beyond their reach," Mrs Settle says. "You have people making $1500 a month, with rent, childcare and whatever else they have to do. And it's nothing to have one patient on six to eight medications." Mrs Settle also notes that co-pays - the fixed amount insured patients pay - in these plans could be around $50 per service or medication. She shakes her head. "When you multiply that, it's ridiculous." The ACA's high cost has been at the heart of the Republican attack on Democrats for years. Repealing the act was a cornerstone of Donald Trump's 2016 campaign. With a Republican-controlled Washington, the last two years have seen a slow but steady dismantling of the ACA: the individual mandate was repealed, enrolment periods shortened, ad budgets slashed, reimbursement payments ended. The ACA has been hobbling along, but with high premium, prescription and deductible costs, fixing it is a key midterm issue. But the difference now is that Democrats are embracing it as their number one issue. According to a recent report by the Wesleyan Media Project, 50% of all Democratic ads in federal-level campaigns tackled healthcare - a stark contrast to Republicans' 21%. Last week, President Trump published an opinion piece warning voters that government-run healthcare would bring the country "dangerously closer to socialism", and in June, his administration backed a lawsuit against the pre-existing conditions clause. But many Republicans up for re-election have scrubbed harsher critiques of the ACA from their campaign pages. Cathy McMorris Rodgers, a congresswoman of Washington state, swapped her nearly 300-word statement on repealing the "radical health care bill" for two paragraphs on local policies. Rhonda Francis, 49, WVHR's clinical and pharmacy coordinator, joined 19 years ago when she says turning patients away at retail pharmacies when they couldn't afford their co-pays took its toll. She described how some newly-insured clinic patients ended up self-regulating medications like insulin to avoid out-of-pocket payments - and ended up in the ER as a result. "If the patient is going to go without and can't afford it, what's the point? They're just going to jack up hospital costs. Somebody's going to have to pay for it, eventually." "Healthcare should be universal across the line," she adds. "How are you to know who's going to be able to pay what?" In West Virginia, a precarious job climate has seen some residents making six-figures one day and being unemployed and uninsured the next. "We have patients who've worked all their life and they're really sad when they come in here," Ms Francis says. "They're like, 'I would never have thought I'd be in this situation.'" Other voices on healthcare As tensions rise, health policy analyst Paul Keckley believes America is near a tipping point. "Going into 2020, presidential candidates will have to address specifically their plans to transform the system," he says. "It'll basically boil down to one of two theories - healthcare is a fundamental right, or, healthcare is a marketplace." Mr Keckley, who served as a mitigator between industry and lawmakers at the White House during the early stages of the ACA, adds that without a fix, the country will "absolutely" see debilitating cost increases for patients. Capping spending, like European systems do, will be key, he says. So will linking social services and healthcare - most comparable nations spend far more on preventive and primary services than the US. "We call a lot of those 'welfare programmes', so they have a stigma, and yet we're finding out if people live in areas of food insecurity or have unclean air and water or high crime rates, guess what? Their care is going to be more costly and they're not going to be as healthy." But fleshed out solutions from politicians are still few and far-between. When I ask WVHR patient Ms Daly what could fix healthcare for people like her, she looks down and quietly offers: "Maybe more like what Canada's is?" Progressive Democrats have been pushing a system like Canada's and Britain's- so-called Medicare for All, as proposed by former Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. Funded by higher-taxes, the universal plan would expand America's pension programme to everyone, taking the burden of paying premiums, co-pays and deductibles out of the equation. It would cause US spending on healthcare to increase by more than $3tn according to one analysis - but if nothing changes with the present system, the US could spend over $5tn by 2026. A March Kaiser Health poll found 59% of Americans do favour a Medicare for All plan, including about a third of Republicans polled. One in 10 voters said a candidate's views on a national health plan will be the most important factor they consider. But keeping protections for those with pre-existing conditions could become the most important issue for any candidate. Last month, Kaiser polls showed 75% of the public were in favour of the policy. In West Virginia, Democrat Joe Manchin, up for re-election next month, has emphasised this in his campaign against Republican challenger Patrick Morrisey. His state will certainly feel the loss of the pre-existing conditions clause if Republicans end it. Indeed, there is a sense of "panic" among patients and staff at the clinic about losing that provision from the ACA. Many told me about the staggering rates of obesity, diabetes, substance abuse and mental health issues in West Virginia. As she sits in a dentist's chair on the second-floor of the clinic, 21-year-old Ricci Shannon, says West Virginians rarely think about their own health in terms of risk. "It's such a financial issue for people and they live not-healthy lifestyles," she says. "No one my age even thinks about it." "I'm a person who fell through the cracks," says Margaret Grassie, 57, by way of introduction. "And this clinic saved my life." "I woke up and my prescriptions were $1200 a month," she says. "With the medications I take and the pre-existing conditions I have, there was no way. I couldn't afford it." Despite working full-time, Ms Grassie could only afford catastrophic coverage from the ACA marketplace. That meant her policy applied just in drastic cases - "I literally had to get hit by a bus," she explains. "Donald Trump doesn't give a crap about me. Hillary Clinton didn't give a crap about me," Ms Grassie adds. "We get written off." She tells me West Virginians are scared of healthcare. She tells me of a friend, employed for 33 years, who cannot afford to see a doctor for even preventative care. "[If] she quits her job, drops her income and ends up here, she gets the help she needs," Ms Grassie says, gesturing at the free clinic behind her. "[People] are doing their jobs, showing up everyday for 33 years - and walk out with no insurance." As the midterms approach, poll numbers show addressing the cracks and crevices of this health system remains the number one issue for voters, regardless of party. "It's gonna take a miracle," Ms Grassie says with a laugh. "But I think the ACA is a good place to start - fixing it." Photographs by Hannah Long-Higgins .
Output: | Obamacare: The big election issue that's not Trump | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Given the task definition and input, reply with output. Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Expectant parents are bombarded with advice about what they should and shouldn't be doing. Pregnant women mustn't eat too much as it may raise the baby's risk of obesity or diabetes, but they mustn't diet as that could have a similar effect. Neither should they exercise for fear of triggering a miscarriage, or get too stressed out because that's bad for the baby too. And if they do get stressed, they can't drink alcohol or go for a spa treatment to relax. You might start to think that staying at home would be the sensible thing to do, only this too is ridden with potential dangers for your unborn child: from ice-cream, to pet shampoo, to hair dye. Even lying down or your back can allegedly cut off your baby's blood supply. When I fell pregnant three years ago, I felt paralysed and somewhat patronised by all the conflicting advice out there. I was also obsessed with the little life that was growing inside me, and desperate for more information about what it was doing in there. Could it taste the curry I was eating; hear the songs I was singing; or sense when I took a swim in the freezing outdoor swimming pool near my home? So I began a quest to investigate the truth behind the old wives' tales, alarming newspaper headlines and government guidelines, and to probe deeper into the inner world of the developing child. So Bumpology was born. Booze and breastfeeding Some of what I discovered while researching the book amused and amazed me: I learned that parents who already have a couple of boys are statistically more likely to go on having boys, though no-one really understands why; that the shape of a woman's bump provides no clues as to the gender of the baby within, but that women with severe morning sickness are slightly more likely to be carrying a girl; and that contrary to the received wisdom, babies actually can focus on objects further than 30cm away (even if they often under- or overshoot). I also learned that much of the research underpinning medical advice on things like alcohol consumption - and even the health benefits of breastfeeding - is far from clear-cut and often aimed at the general population, rather than taking the individual into consideration. In the case of alcohol, there's clear evidence that heavy drinking is harmful -- and even a daily glass of wine may increase the odds of a baby being born underweight, which carries additional risks to its health. However, below this level, there is a massive grey zone where scientists simply don't yet have an answer to whether or not alcohol causes harm. When it comes to breastfeeding, it's quite true that breast milk is best for babies, or at least better than formula milk in terms of protecting them against infections in the short term. But when it comes to the much-touted long-term benefits of breastfeeding, such as protection against obesity, diabetes or allergy, the research is less convincing. Certainly women who can't breastfeed for whatever reason, and who live in countries with a decent standard of health care, shouldn't waste too much time worrying that they are causing long-term damage to their baby's health. 'Overblown' However, what alarmed me the most was the realisation that much of what women are told about the risks of medical interventions during labour - things like induction, epidural anaesthesia and undergoing a c-section - are overblown. At the same time, statistics about the odds of needing medical assistance or on complications like tearing during a vaginal birth are frequently not talked about. I believe that access to this kind of information could have a big influence on women's expectations of labour and on some of the decisions they make when planning for the birth of their child. I also think it could help women to come to terms with things if labour doesn't go according to plan and they need additional help getting their baby out. Having a baby can be one of the greatest joys that life bestows. However, it is also hard work and new parents can do without the unnecessary guilt, anxiety and doubt that misleading pregnancy advice brings. It is also a time of great wonder and through my research I have learned things about my own children that will never cease to amaze me. I believe it's time to push aside the scaremongering and allow parents the freedom to enjoy this precious period of their lives.
| Pregnancy advice 'scaremongering' | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example input: But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Example output: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
Example explanation: The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
Q: There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
A: | NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: Consider Input: By Barra Best & Geoff MaskellBBC News NI weather The low pressure Atlantic system, which has not been named as a storm, brought gusts in excess of 50mph (80km/h) to coastal areas of NI. Inland areas of Northern Ireland have seen wind gusts peaking between 40-50mph this afternoon. Even stronger wind speeds were recorded on the coast, particularly at north Down. Katesbridge, in County Down, has recorded half a month's worth of rainfall in about half a day - 27mm, with more forecast. The weather station at Orlock Head between Bangor and Donaghadee has been the windiest place in Northern Ireland. It recorded peak gusts of 56, 61 and 62mph in consecutive hours this afternoon. The gale force winds are coming from the east and the weather station at Malin Head, at the top of the Inishowen Peninsula in County Donegal, has seen gusts of 64.9mph in the hour up to 15:00 BST. But even that is not the strongest winds recorded today. The Needles on the Isle of Wight has seen gusts of 69mph, with the Mumbles in south Wales recording gusts of 68mph. The Met Office said bursts of rain will lead to blustery conditions on Thursday, with between 40-60mm expected in places. That could be enough to cause some localised flooding. The unseasonal weather has led to a number of weather warnings being issued in the Republic of Ireland and southern Great Britain. The strongest gusts of wind across the island of Ireland are expected towards the southwest where warnings are in place for counties Cork and Kerry until midnight. Met Éireann is warning of gusts up to 70mph (110km/h) for both counties, with higher gusts possible in coastal areas. The Irish weather service has also issued a rainfall warning for six counties along the west and south coasts - from County Clare to Waterford. In the UK, the Met Office has issued warnings for southern Wales and southern England, warning of possible delays to transport as well as damage to outdoor temporary structures. Although the unsettled system will continue to dominate our weather on Friday it won't be as wet or as windy with sunny spells and scattered showers forecast. Saturday looks set to be the better day of the weekend before a return to sunny spells and scattered heavy showers on Sunday. For those hoping for more seasonal weather - the wait continues into the foreseeable future.
Output: NI experiences gusts and rain as unsettled weather moves in
Input: Consider Input: The £155,000 Dumfries Bike2Go project was launched by Transport Minister Stewart Stevenson in September. Latest figures from Dumfries and Galloway Council show there have been an average of about 20 rentals a week since the project got under way. A spokesman for the authority said winter weather had not been "conducive" to people using the bicycles. The scheme is the first of its kind in Scotland and was set up to encourage people to get "out of their cars and onto their bicycles". It provides bikes free of charge to subscribers at nine locations across the town. It is based on similar schemes in Paris, Barcelona, Stockholm and one in London which clocked up one million journeys in its first 10 weeks. The Dumfries project has now been running the same length of time although the latest figures only cover the period up to 31 October. They show a total of 142 rentals by members with peak times between 1pm and 6pm and the most popular "hire hub" being in the Dock Park. The top user has made more than 20 rentals. A council spokesman said the figures had to be viewed in the context of the scheme being in its early days and also the fact that it was now winter. He added: "Obviously the recent weather hasn't been conducive to cycling unless the rider is pre-prepared with clothing suitable for cycling in wet weather. "We are working to build the number of users and a marketing campaign in the spring will encourage increased use of the bikes."
Output: Scotland's first bike hire scheme uptake revealed
Input: Consider Input: By James GallagherHealth editor, BBC News website Starting early or late could alter the risk of nearly 48 separate conditions, including the age of menopause. The analysis of half a million people, published in Scientific Reports, showed early puberty increased the odds of type 2 diabetes by 50%. The researchers said it was "astonishing" that puberty was having an impact on health in mid-life. The team at the MRC Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge used data from a huge study of the health of British people - the UK Biobank. The project recorded the age of girls' first period, but a measure of the start of puberty is harder to define in men, so they were asked if they were earlier or later compared to the rest of their peer group. In girls an early puberty was defined as starting between eight and 11, while a late puberty started between 15 and 19. A normal puberty was between nine and 14 in boys. The study showed that early and late puberty was linked to a wide range of health conditions, such as: Hormones have been implicated in some of the conditions, such as cancer, although the researchers admit that they have "very little idea" what might contribute to diseases such as asthma. Dr Felix Day told the BBC News website: "From a biological point of view, it's actually quite fascinating that something that happens when you're a teenager can have an effect on diseases that you wouldn't encounter until middle age. I find that quite astonishing." The age of puberty is changing around the world. In the UK it is currently starting about one month earlier every decade. In China it is more than four months earlier every decade. Dr Day said this was "something people involved in public health should be aware of". "The move towards earlier puberty is an added risk factor in terms of development of particularly metabolic diseases." However, as the study showed an increased risk for both early and late puberty, there could be a decrease in the incidence of some conditions. He added that because someone had an early or late puberty did not mean they would develop these conditions - it just altered the odds. Dr John Perry, from the MRC Epidemiology Unit, added: "We are continuing to work to understand how puberty timing impacts later health and how this information may be used alongside efforts to support healthy lifestyle changes and prevent disease. "It is important to note that the increase in disease risk attributable to puberty timing is still relatively modest and represents one of many factors that contribute to the overall risk of developing disease."
| Output: Puberty age affects many diseases, says study
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
By Dr Faye Kirkland and Joseph LeeBBC News Are family doctors ready to deal with a wave of patients, prevent the spread of the disease and protect the most vulnerable? The doctor According to the tests carried out so far, there are hardly any diagnosed patients with Covid-19 in the neighbourhood of Dr Jane Wheatley's north London surgery. In reality she believes there are likely to be many people with the coronavirus out there - and the government agrees, estimating the true extent of the infection nationwide at between 5,000 to 10,000 cases as of Friday. With testing not available for every patient, it's hard to be sure. She says: "We know there is community transmission. Obviously we can't tell which patients have the normal influenza virus or a cold and which ones have the Covid-19 disease. We can't distinguish based on symptoms." Dr Wheatley says it has been impossible for her to get patients tested unless they have either been to a high-risk country or been in contact with a known case of Covid-19. But she's "had suspicions" about patients who have been in contact with people returning from Hong Kong or Italy - but who did not fit the criteria to get tested themselves. Her surgery displays a sign warning anyone with a cough or fever to go home and use the phone. Fluid-resistant surgical masks have just arrived and the practice was already equipped with plastic aprons and gloves. But they do not have the most effective respirator masks, as supplies are being kept for hospitals, which will deal with the most serious infections - prompting fears for the safety of medical staff. Dr Wheatley says: "I'm going to see sick people, that's what we do. But I want to have the right equipment to protect myself." She says guidance for GPs has lagged behind that for hospital staff, saying: "Things weren't happening quickly enough and we were making ourselves vulnerable." "I don't want to get sick, but I still want to do my job. "If I'm sick or even exposed and have to self-isolate, that leaves our surgery without a doctor, which puts extra strain on colleagues. But I don't want to infect elderly and vulnerable people, I don't want to infect my colleagues, I don't want to infect my family, my elderly relatives." She would like to see a standardised way of managing people with respiratory illnesses - such as an initial telephone consultation - so they can be kept apart from other patients. As the outbreak continues to grow, she's having to warn regular patients to expect appointments to be disrupted. As healthcare workers fall ill or have to self-isolate, routine work such as health checks for over-75s or diabetic checks will have to be reduced, she says. "I'm counselling patients on what's coming. We're always stretched, we work at capacity," she says. "I'm not panicking, I'm taking precautions." The receptionist With GP surgeries told to limit the number of people who visit in person, receptionists are under pressure as they try to deal with the volume of calls. Georgia, a receptionist in Hertfordshire, tells the BBC: "It's just been chaos. I haven't seen anything like it this before." She says the phone had been "ringing off the hook" but for many patients' questions, there were simply no answers yet. The surgery is equipped with masks, gloves and deep cleaning tools, and has been directing people to self-isolate if they show the symptoms of a cough or a fever. "It's been very emotionally and physically draining. We are doing our best to help, but at the moment it's a lot to handle," says Georgia. The expert "This is a massive crisis, probably the biggest crisis the NHS has ever had to face," says Prof Martin Marshall, an east London GP who is also chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners' council. He says not enough has been done yet to prepare family doctors for the epidemic, although he adds: "We need to be a little bit understanding of the pressures that the whole system is under." As the virus circulates in the community, he says we need "urgent action" to protect healthcare workers, give them the information they need and provide technology to allow for more consultations by phone or the internet. Administrative tasks for GPs should be suspended during the crisis, he says, and staff need to be tested as a priority. Given the pressures the NHS will be under, Prof Marshall says it is vital that doctors and nurses are not taken out of action for seven days of isolation unnecessarily. "We're not saying that health professionals are more important than patients, we're saying that health professionals have a responsibility," he says. "We therefore need to keep them as healthy as possible and we need to get them back into the workforce as quickly as possible. So we're asking that health professionals are tested early." | Coronavirus: GPs prepare for NHS's 'biggest crisis' | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: Consider Input: People living near Pearson Park in Hull were temporarily asked to leave on Monday night "for their safety", said Humberside Police. The force was responding to reports of two men attacking a third with "weapons" on nearby Newland Avenue. Police later detained two men at a property close to the park. The pair were arrested on suspicion of wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm after a man suffered head injuries. They remain in police custody. Two other men were also arrested in connection with the incident, which police said happened at 17:00 GMT. A spokesperson for the force said: "This is believed to be a targeted assault, with no wider threat to the public." Follow BBC Yorkshire on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Send your story ideas to [email protected] or send video here. Related Internet Links Humberside Police
Output: Pearson Park: Arrests after man 'assaulted with weapons'
Input: Consider Input: By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
Output: Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds
Input: Consider Input: By Steffan MessengerBBC Wales Environment Correspondent Rural Affairs Secretary Lesley Griffiths insisted all 12,000 submissions would now be reviewed. She urged farmers at the annual NFU Cymru conference to "keep an open mind" about her proposals. But the union's president John Davies called on her to listen to those who would be most impacted. One audience member in Llandrindod Wells told Ms Griffiths she was in danger of being remembered as the minister who "decimated Welsh farming, our countryside, language and culture." Ms Griffiths responded by saying she would not let that happen. The Welsh Government is proposing to replace the subsidies farmers currently receive under the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with two new grant schemes. What are the new payments? The ambition is to have the new schemes fully in place by 2025. But the basic, direct payment that many farms are given based on how much land they have - and can make up to 80% of their income - will end. Ms Griffiths said the new schemes would help ensure farms were "resilient and sustainable, whatever the deal on Brexit." "I have always stated we have to provide ongoing support to farmers but we need to do so in a better, much smarter way." She announced three commitments: The plan is to phase them in from 2020. Unions' concern over farm support changes FUW farm payments campaign 'misleading' Post-Brexit farm subsidy shake-up for Wales proposed Full farming devolution urged after Brexit Also speaking at the conference, former diplomat Sir Emyr Jones Parry claimed Brexit uncertainty meant politicians both in Cardiff Bay and at Westminster needed to be working much harder to recognise the needs of the Welsh food and farming industry and its importance for rural communities. He told attendees that though they as farmers had "hated CAP - what is coming will be just as bad if not worse." "If I were in your position I would have sold the farm and told my children to go off and do other things."
| Output: Brexit: 12,000 respond to farming funding shake-up
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Given the task definition, example input & output, solve the new input case.
Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example: But Eluned Morgan conceded that it would be "difficult for us to stop" from a legal point of view. Her comments were criticised by a Labour AM. Alun Davies said threatening legal action "sounds like the last breath before you're thrown out of the pub". Mr Davies said he was not convinced the Welsh Government would "have a leg to stand on" in trying to shape international trade deals after Brexit. Following Donald Trump's comments during last week's trade visit that the NHS would be "on the table" in any future trade talks between the UK and the USA, Eluned Morgan said there was "absolutely no prospect whatsoever of us allowing the Welsh NHS to be part of any negotiation." The US President then rowed back on his initial comments following criticism from a number of MPs. Asked about her response to President Trump's remarks as she gave evidence to the Assembly's Brexit committee on Monday, Ms Morgan said "legally, it would be difficult for us to stop because we don't have a veto over trade". "Politically, I think it's extremely unlikely to happen," the international relations and the Welsh language minister said. "They [the UK Government] should not be concluding any trade agreements without consulting us where we have the power." Ms Morgan explained that UK and Welsh government officials are working on an agreement or 'concordat' for how future trade deals are negotiated. During a robust exchange, the Labour AM Alun Davies said: "I want something which is in law to which I can hold you to account and which colleagues in Westminster can hold the UK Government to account. "The argument we'll make life difficult for them, it sounds alright on the street, but it's not the reality of intergovernmental relations." "The United Kingdom has to find a way of functioning. "At the moment, your answers aren't giving me any confidence that there is that structure in place because, if the Welsh Government's argument is, 'we'll see you in court', it's not a very impressive argument either for the continuation of the structure of United Kingdom as a state or the commitment of the government within the United Kingdom to actually work together," he added. Responding to the criticism, Ms Morgan said: "Is the current intergovernmental structure adequate? "Absolutely not... and it's not just in relation to trade, it's in relation to almost every aspect of government policy. So, that infrastructure needs to be built."
Output: NHS Wales: Court action if trade deals affect service?
The output phrase is the appropriate title for the given text and it highlights the essence of the passage.
New input case for you: By Joe MillerTechnology reporter Communications regulator Ofcom said UK adults spend an average of eight hours and 41 minutes a day on media devices, compared with the average night's sleep of eight hours and 21 minutes. Almost four hours a day are spent watching TV according to Ofcom's survey of 2,800 UK adults and children. TV and radio remain popular despite the growth of digital media, it found. One analyst said this proved that "it's still early in the digital revolution". The annual Ofcom study also analysed the media habits of those between 12 and 15 years of age. Only 8% said they used email, while just 3% said they communicated using a landline phone. Younger people were also found to have an advanced understanding of technology devices, with six-year-olds having the same level of knowledge as the average 45-year-old. Health concerns The poll also indicated that those aged 16-24 are likely to do more than one task at a time, squeezing 14 hours and 7 minutes of media activity into each day, in just over 9 hours. Dr Aric Sigman, a psychologist who focuses on childhood disease, says the Ofcom statistics are "another measure showing that children are spending more of their recreational time looking at screens, particularly in bedrooms by themselves". Media overtakes sleeping Over 50% of the average waking day is spent on media or communication activity - more than is spent on sleep 8hrs 41mins texting, talking, typing, gaming, listening or watching 8hrs 21mins sleeping This, Dr Sigman says, is "health and development issue", with some of the adverse effects associated with prolonged screen time including obesity and diabetes. "We need to think of recreational screen time as a form of consumption in the way that we thing of sugar, fat alcohol, hours in the sun - measured in units of hours per day," he added. Analysis: Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC technology correspondent If you want to see the future, look at the media habits of Britain's 14 and 15 year olds. That's the message from Ofcom's research - and that could be scary for some old media companies. The techie teens are watching less live TV, and much less live radio than adults - and turning to YouTube and streaming music services for their entertainment. They are giving up on voice calls and email in favour of text- based communication, flitting from Instagram to WhatsApp to Snapchat in a constant search for what's new. What we don't know is what the teen techies will do when they grow up. Will they settle down in front of their own living-room TV, tune into a radio station, even buy a daily newspaper? Or will they continue to multi-task and experiment with every new thing? If that does turn out to be the case, then all kinds of media businesses will struggle to survive. TV 'still king' In line with previous Ofcom studies, the report showed that live TV and radio is still strongly resilient, despite the many alternative methods of consuming content on offer. The average amount of time people spent watching TV each day - three hours and 52 minutes - was more than the combined time spent on mobile phones, landlines and the internet. But this is the first time daily TV viewing has dropped below four hours since 2010. Ian Maude, from media research firm Enders Analysis, said: "Television is still king when it comes to media consumption but an increasing share is viewed via catch-up or on-demand especially amongst the YouTube generation." But he added that "it's still early in the digital revolution". Almost 80% of TV viewing is done without simultaneously using another device, and the vast majority of TV is watched live, rather than via recording devices or playback services, such as BBC iPlayer or 4oD. Books still popular The rise of digital formats has also not convinced the vast majority of Britons to get rid of their physical media collections. Daily media consumption 8hrs 41mins spent each day using media and communication devices 3hrs 52mins watching television 2hrs 46mins listening to radio 1hr 8mins on the internet (PC/laptop) 28mins using a mobile phone 9mins talking on a fixed phone Some 84% of UK adults surveyed by Ofcom said they had a book collection and a similar number said they owned music CDs. Meanwhile, four out of every five people said they had a DVD library - a figure that has stayed roughly the same since 2005. Even the post has not been rendered obsolete. Approximately a third of adults questioned said they had sent a personal letter in the past month. However some forms of traditional media are suffering from the rise of digital. When asked which form of media they would miss most, just 2% of those aged 16 or older said they would feel the absence of newspapers or magazines. To coincide with the release of its report, Ofcom also launched an online quiz, where users can find out how tech savvy they are and are offered advice on how to improve their understanding of the digital world.
Output: | Britons spend more time on tech than asleep, study suggests | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
[Q]: Marin Rachev, 35, denies driving dangerously while attempting to cross the A90 from the unclassified road to Drumlithie on 12 March last year. Three passengers died in the collision. Two were thrown from the vehicle and struck by another car. The High Court in Aberdeen heard none of the three were wearing seatbelts. On the first day of the trial, jurors were shown video footage from the bus of the collision. Dimitar Georgiev, 32, Zaharina Hristova, 37, and Silyan Stefanov, 42, all from Bulgaria, and who were in the rear of the vehicle, died following the crash. The trial continues.
[A]: Man on trial after three died in crash with bus on A90
[Q]: By Deborah Cohen & Jake MorrisBBC Newsnight A study by Sheffield council shows people in low-paid jobs, with insecure contracts, who couldn't afford to isolate have been hardest hit by the disease in the city. The council split its population into 10 income brackets, from the wealthiest to the most deprived, and looked at Covid case rates in each group. While the rates were generally greater among the less well-off, they were highest of all in the third income group, rather than the poorest or second poorest. "The impact is really on the working poor," said Sheffield's director of public health, Greg Fell. This group is "most likely to be low paid", on insecure contracts and unable to afford to isolate. "Transmission in that group of people is much higher," said Mr Fell. Patrick Meleady recognises the impact first-hand, from his work with a food bank in east Sheffield. "People here work in factories, are care workers, bus drivers and taxi drivers," said Mr Meleady. "So they're on the front line having an interaction," he said. "If you're in another area and you're more affluent and you've got a different career path, you're going to remove yourself from that [risk of Covid]." The findings are supported by further research carried out by Sheffield City Council, which mapped Covid case rates as they spread across the urban population in the first wave. The mapping, in the animated video below, shows that at the start, cases appeared among people living in the wealthier west of the city, driven perhaps by those returning from half-term ski trips. It then spread and remained stubbornly embedded in the poorer east. By the end of June, as national case numbers plummeted and England emerged from its first lockdown, the majority of new positive cases were confined to the most deprived area of the city. These poorer areas have continued to experience high rates of Covid in the second wave too. The fact the disease has affected poorer areas more than wealthy ones in the UK has been well recorded. Work by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows those living in the most deprived neighbourhoods are more than twice as likely to die from Covid as those in the least deprived. But Greg Fell is "surprised by the starkness" of what the council found in Sheffield. "It was always going to be something that was only unevenly or unequally split," he said. It's not just jobs that play a role in Covid risks. Poor housing has been known as a factor for some time. A recent study of housing conditions looked at how the number of people living in a house, and the number of rooms, affected Covid risk. The research, run by University College London's Virus Watch team, found a clear link. Overcrowded households "had twice the risk of coronavirus infection compared to people living in un-crowded households," said Prof Rob Aldridge who runs the study. The high verses low income split in Covid cases is consistent with existing differences in health in Sheffield. The difference in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years, says Dr Jennie Joyce, a GP working in the city. And existing illnesses, such as diabetes and heart disease, may mean people getting sicker from Covid. She's not surprised by the impact. "I think we did know that on the ground. It just wasn't coming down from the top," she said. A report prepared by Sheffield's Citizens Advice Bureau shows those who were already struggling pre-Covid are in a worse position now. It cites factors including not being able to travel to cheaper food shops and higher heating and lighting costs from being at home, and it warns the poor have got into greater debt. Gulnaz Hussain, who works at Firvale Community Hub, says money is always tight for people in the nearby area. And when work is always uncertain for many in the city, Covid can feel like one more thing "We have community and community resilience, and being able to know how to cope in difficult situations," says Ms Husain. "This is just another one of those risks." Watch Deborah Cohen's report for Newsnight on BBC iPlayer (UK only).
[A]: Covid: The 'working poor' are hardest hit, Sheffield study finds
[Q]: It comes despite thousands of objections to the M-44 devices, which have killed more than just wild animals since they were first introduced. They work by drawing animals with bait then spraying poison into their mouths. But in 2017, a child was temporarily blinded and three pet dogs killed in two incidents in Idaho and Wyoming. The family of the child successfully sued the US government for $150,000 (£124,000) in 2018. One of the M-44 cyanide bombs had been placed near their backyard in Idaho. Animals which aren't considered a threat to farmers and their livestock - such as skunks, raccoons and bears - have also been killed by the traps. The bombs aren't available for anyone to buy, but they are used to kill large numbers of wild animals by Wildlife Services (part of the US Department of Agriculture) on behalf of farmers and ranch owners. Why did the cyanide bombs get reassessed? In 2018, the US Fish and Wildlife Service agreed to assess the use of the M-44 devices after a lawsuit was brought by four conservation and animal welfare groups in America. They've been in use since the 1960s. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) says 200,000 people wrote letters of objection to the M-44 devices during the 18-month assessment period. And the Centre for Biological Diversity says that 99.9% of responses to the EPA's proposal were in support of a ban. But the EPA has decided they are still safe for use, after support from rancher groups and "stakeholders" including farmers groups. It said that the cyanide bombs stopped predators from killing livestock and that a ban would result in farmers losing money. Wildlife and environment agencies in America have reacted with disappointment to the decision to reauthorise the use of the M-44 devices. "Cyanide traps can't be used safely by anyone, anywhere," says Collette Adkins, carnivore conservation director at the Centre for Biological Diversity. "While the EPA added some restrictions, these deadly devices have caused too much harm to remain in use. We need a permanent nationwide ban to protect people, pets and imperiled wildlife from this poison." The new restrictions include a rule that says the devices can't be placed within 100ft of a public road or path, up from 50ft, and that warning signs must be visible 15ft from the device, down from 25ft. In May of this year the state of Oregon banned the use of the M-44 devices, after a wolf was killed by an M-44 with a spokesperson saying at the time it was "a vital public safety issue that has been addressed". In the UK, it is illegal to kill protected animals - such as badger or deer - with poison and against the law to kill any animal with a snare, bow, crossbow, explosive or decoy. How does cyanide kill? If a high dose of cyanide is inhaled by a human, it can cause a coma within seconds - stopping the heart from beating, the lungs from breathing and causing seizures. A lower dose will cause a slower death, where these symptoms will be preceded by headaches, vertigo, confusion and weakness. Follow Newsbeat on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 weekdays - or listen back here.
[A]: | Cyanide bombs: US says it's OK to kill wild animals with deadly poison
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Definition: Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Input: Some have been told to stay at home while others have not, based on a new algorithm which calculates an individual's risk from Covid. It identified an extra 1.7 million people as extremely clinically vulnerable in England this week. They will now be prioritised for a Covid vaccine. The risk calculator, which identified the additional shielders, is based on factors such as age, ethnicity, postcode and weight, as well as health. NHS England says not everyone with the same condition will be advised to shield but suggests people contact their GP to discuss their individual case. What is gestational diabetes? Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar (glucose) that develops during pregnancy because the body cannot produce enough insulin. It can happen at any stage and, if not detected, can cause problems for both mother and baby. Although it usually disappears after giving birth, women who've had it are more likely to go on to develop type 2 diabetes and should have their blood sugar levels monitored. What's causing the confusion? Heather Davis Mahoney, from Hertfordshire, had gestational diabetes while carrying her second child, and was monitored closely during her third pregnancy. She has not been told to shield, but says it's worrying when others from similar backgrounds have been told they should. "There's been an explosion of confusion. People don't know what's going on and are worried about putting themselves and their babies at risk," she says. Vicky, from Melton Mowbray, had gestational diabetes two years ago and at first thought her shielding letter was a hoax. She works as a supermarket store manager and has carried on throughout the pandemic. "I rang the GP but I couldn't get an answer as to why it was [that I was on the list]. I haven't fully decided what I'm going to do," she told the Jeremy Vine show on BBC Radio 2. But GP Dr David Triska said just because someone has gestational diabetes or had it in the past, doesn't mean they should be shielding. "I think the major point of confusion is that people are expecting that this is a binary 'yes' or 'no' per condition algorithm - and it is not," he said. "The reason why people are getting different answers from various sources is because this is an individual risk assessment." How has the shielding list changed? Anyone considered to be clinically extremely vulnerable is advised to stay at home at all times and only go out to exercise or for medical appointments. In England, the new way of calculating who is most at risk from Covid-19, called 'QCovid', has been introduced based on data gathered during the first wave of coronavirus in spring 2020. As with the previous shielding list, it looks at an individual's overall health. But it also factors in other things to work out how likely it is that someone will become seriously ill with the disease. These are: Anyone added to the list will now be made a priority when it comes to getting the Covid vaccine. Decisions about who should shield in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales are taken separately. Does having gestational diabetes put you more at risk from Covid? NHS Digital says the new algorithm takes a careful approach. It says anyone with a current or previous history of gestational diabetes is more likely to develop type 2 diabetes or have undiagnosed diabetes. When combined with other factors used by the QCovid model, it says this could mean people are more likely to become seriously ill with Covid-19. But anyone who has been told to shield or feels they should be, should contact their GP for advice. Diabetes UK's policy manager, Nikki Joule, says: "We know the UK government is taking a precautionary approach as to who should be added to the clinically extremely vulnerable list in England, and we expect the process will be reviewed and refined over time," she said. "We understand there's confusion over this situation, but we encourage anyone who has received a letter or text unexpectedly not to panic."
Output: | Covid: Confusion over gestational diabetes advice | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
[EX Q]: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
[EX A]: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
[EX Q]: By Monty MunfordTechnology of Business reporter This is the story of how I got my fingers burned in the murky of world of cryptocurrency investment. Be warned. After a decade as a tech journalist, I liked to describe myself as a "lunchtime-adopter", somebody who acted faster than many, but would never be as smart as the early adopters. So it was with cryptocurrencies. I had heard about Bitcoin, but it was one of those technologies where I nodded my head sagely whenever I was in the same room with those talking about it. As for investing or speculating, I had absolutely no intention of doing so. But as the Bitcoin price made its merry way to a peak of nearly $20,000 (£16,500) at the end of 2017 - a rise of more than 100,000% in seven years - my curiosity got the better of me. And it wasn't just Bitcoin, other cryptocurrencies interested me, such as Ethereum. I chose it not for any other reason than it was second to Bitcoin by valuation and looked like it could emulate that 100,000% rise. So in the middle of 2017, I made some investments, figuring that it was a long-term plan and might even become a nest egg for a pension. But doing so was utterly terrifying. Even after a lot of tutorials from very patient friends, I pulled out three times from completing my initial transaction. One wrong press of the key and I thought I'd lose my money. How prophetic that turned out to be. There seemed to be two options: to store my crypto on an exchange, or in an encrypted digital storage wallet. When I researched the subject, there were stories of exchanges being hacked for millions of pounds and going bust, so I decided to store it in a wallet - myetherwallet.com. I was given two keys, one private and one public, both of 40 random numbers and letters. If I wanted to transfer money to my wallet, I used the public key; to access my wallet I used my private key. I was told to write down my private key and store it securely with other financial documents. I was never to reveal it to anyone, or lose it. So I printed it out, but also made the fateful decision to store it in my Gmail drafts, so I could copy and paste it when I needed to make a transaction rather than laboriously typing it out each time. I deleted my internet history after every check of my wallet for extra security. When the price of Ethereum rocketed, I was soon sitting on a decent pile of money. Then that decent pile of money disappeared. I hadn't used my private key to access my account for some time and was getting the jitters when the price of all cryptocurrencies began to fall in 2018. Maybe it was time to take some out. But when I tried to do so, I saw with horror that all of my Ethereum - about £25,000's worth - had already been taken out; the cupboard was bare. It had been moved to another private key address and there was absolutely nothing I could do about it. There seemed to be no-one to complain to. A transaction on Ethereum cannot be reversed and there is no safety net - nothing like the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) that guarantees up to £85,000 on UK bank accounts. After contacting people in my extensive crypto network, I found out that my Ether money had been taken to the Binance cryptocurrency exchange and, according to Binance, moved again within 60 minutes. Trying to get information from Binance was a Kafkaesque nightmare - just an automated message saying it would respond within 72 hours when 72 seconds would have been more useful. Binance wouldn't disclose anything anyway until it has been contacted by law enforcement, so I went to the Action Fraud website, reported my case, and obtained a crime number. But six months passed with no news on my stolen investments, so I went on the offensive and contacted US bounty-hunters CipherBlade who work with the FBI in Philadelphia to pinpoint thieves and track them down - in exchange for a percentage of the bounty. They discovered that my money had been deposited by the thief (or thieves) in a "consolidation wallet" then divided up in to chunks and sent to four different deposit addresses on the Binance exchange. The police would need to contact Binance, they said, to find out who owned these accounts, using email and IP addresses and any other personal details the thieves may have given. I sent CipherBlade's report to Action Fraud and things finally began to move. The following morning I was contacted by Sussex's cybercrime unit, my local force, and within a week they had received useful information from Binance. The unit tracked IP addresses to a telecoms company in the Netherlands, but there weren't any personal identification details to be had - perhaps unsurprisingly. More Technology of Business The investigations continue, and my money remains stolen. Of course, I should never have stored my password anywhere on my computer. Malware can scan keystroke movements and sniff out a private key - even if, as I had done, you chop it up into separate blocks and store it in different places. But writing down a private key on paper can be just as hazardous. A house fire, flood, hungry pet - simply a bad memory - can mean that huge amounts of cryptocurrency are lost forever. You could hammer out your private key on to a fire and corrosion proof titanium tag - check out Cryptotag's solution - and then store it in a bank vault, but this is hardly convenient if you want to access your crypto wallet regularly. So I'm left with my fingers burned, feeling like I wandered in to a savage bazaar where criminals can pick your pocket at will. And get away with it. Please learn from my mistakes.
[EX A]: 'How I lost £25,000 when my cryptocurrency was stolen'
[EX Q]: It's part of the devolution deal that takes decision making from Westminster to our county, on important issues such as housing and transport. The mayor will lead a combined authority of representatives from each of the existing unitary authorities, district and county councils. The authority will have a budget of £800m over the next five years. Ahead of the election, BBC Cambridgeshire will be finding out what you want from the new mayor. What do you think are the most important issues in the county and how do you think the money should be spent? You can get in touch on Twitter, Facebook and you can also board the BBC bus, which will be travelling around the county. BBC Radio Cambridgeshire will be in Ely market square on Tuesday, 21 March, from 11:00 - 15:00. The Big Conversation will also broadcast live from Cambridge market on Wednesday, 22 March, and in St John's Square, Peterborough, on Friday, 24 March. You can meet presenter Paul Stainton and the crew and ask your questions from 09:00 - 12:00. Related Internet Links Gov.uk: Cambridgeshire and Peterborough set for new mayor
[EX A]: | How should the mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough spend £800m?
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Teacher:Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Student: | Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy? | task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: Transport for Wales (TfW) said it saw a rise in passengers going to places like Chester despite people being advised not to travel unless essential. Wales is in lockdown from 23 October to 9 November with businesses shut, unlike places over the border. TfW safety director Leyton Powell said the "majority of people are behaving". "Certainly, over the weekend in areas like Chester, we've seen an increase in passenger numbers during the lockdown, an increase in what was expected," he told BBC Radio Wales Breakfast. "We've got to recognise there are differences in the controls in pubs, clubs and restaurants opening across England. "What we've had to do is put in additional queuing systems, to make sure all passengers are safe." Wales is in lockdown but in Chester pubs, bars and restaurants, for example, are open, although they are restricted to table service only and must close at 22:00 GMT. Mr Powell said rail timetables had been reduced "significantly" in line with Welsh Government restrictions to cut down on people travelling. "We've taken out the majority of our journeys over the weekend that are for more social travelling, but we have kept in the services that we take people to hospitals or to work." He called on people to "stay at home, save lives and only travel if your journey is essential".
Example Output: Lockdown in Wales: 'Increase' in cross border rail travel
Example Input: There is limited evidence the clothing helps people with eczema and dermatitis enough to justify prescribing it, a consultation document says. Officials are proposing ending the routine prescription of eight items under plans aimed at saving £68m a year. Others include an acne medication and diabetes products. The items, which are deemed to be of relatively low clinical effectiveness or to have cheaper options available for funding, are: Many prescribers will not be surprised by the recommendations and have already started phasing out some of the items. The health service in England spends more than £1.2m a year on prescriptions for silk garments, examples of which include silk baby bodysuits, infant leggings, children's pyjamas, gloves or tubular sleeves. In the case of the testing strips and needles, officials are proposing that GPs prescribe the cheaper versions of these products. It said there was a big variation in price, with strips ranging from £5 to £16 and needles costing between £4 and £30. NHS England has already ordered an end to the routine prescribing of 18 low-value items, including homeopathy treatments and over-the-counter products such as paracetamol and cough medicines. NHS England chief executive Simon Stevens said: "The NHS is one of the most efficient health services in the world but, as part of the long-term plan for the NHS, we're determined to make taxpayers' money go further and drive savings back into front-line care. "It is essential the NHS should not be paying for anything which has been proven to be ineffective or where there are safer or cheaper alternatives." The consultation comes ahead of GPs being issued with new guidance next week on gluten-free prescriptions. While patients can still receive bread and gluten-free baking mixes under NHS prescriptions, they are no longer eligible for other foodstuffs such as pizzas, cakes and biscuits, NHS England said. Officials added that the NHS began funding gluten-free food products in the late 1960s, when availability was limited, but now a wide variety of foods is available in supermarkets. The consultation will run for three months from 28 November 2018 until 28 February 2019, after which joint commissioning guidance is expected to be published by NHS England and NHS Clinical Commissioners. The National Eczema Society said it was "vital for people with eczema to have access to the right emollient products on prescription". A spokesman added: "We look forward to participating in the consultation."
Example Output: NHS crackdown on silk garment prescriptions
Example Input: Tracey Mertens, 31, from Rochdale, met a "violent and horrific death" at Christ Church in Eaton near Congleton on 23 December 1994, said police. She sustained 95% burns to her body and died 12 hours later. A £30,000 reward for information leading to the conviction of those responsible still stands, police said. Abducted The mother-of-two, who was living in Rochdale, had travelled to Birmingham on 22 December to collect personal belongings from her former home in Cattells Grove, Nechells. Police believe she intended to return the same day but instead ended up staying overnight at her sister-in-law′s and visited her former home the next morning. Shortly before midday the following day, she answered the door and was confronted by two men, described as black, who spoke with Jamaican accents, police said. Police believe she was abducted and bundled into the back of a yellow Ford Escort parked outside before being driven to Eaton churchyard. A member of the public came to her aid after she was attacked. She was taken to hospital and was able to tell detectives what had happened to her. Renewing an appeal for witnesses to get in touch, Det Insp Gary McIntyre said: "Tracey met a violent and horrific death at the hands of her killers. "She was so brave and told detectives as much as she could before she died. "That information was vital for the investigation team at the time and numerous lines of enquiry were pursued. "I do believe that there are still other people out there who may have witnessed what happened and I would appeal to them to come forward."
Example Output: | Tracey Mertens: Appeal over Cheshire petrol murder 20 years on
| task1356_xlsum_title_generation |
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Generate an appropriate title for the given text. The generated title must be short and include the main topic of the text. The preferred titles are under fifteen words.
Example Input: Stephen Bournes, who has been at the pier since 2005, said it had been sold to Gough Hotels for an unspecified amount, but less than £6m. The pier includes several restaurants, shops and arcades and already has planning permission for a 30 bed-hotel. Gough Hotels, which is based in Bury St Edmunds, was unavailable for comment. The chain owns the Angel in Bury St Edmunds and the Salthouse on the Ipswich Waterfront. Mr Bournes said the sale of the 623ft (190m) long pier, which was built in 1900 and refurbished 100 years later, was "great for Suffolk". "The pier is a bit of a landmark and is very family orientated," he said. Southwold Pier has won a number of national tourism awards over the past few years. It was named Best Seaside Attraction 2007, Best Tourism Experience 2008 in the East of England and Best Large Attraction 2009. Britain's only surviving sea-going steam passenger ship, the PS Waverley paddle steamer and its sister ship the MV Balmoral, are frequent visitors to the pier.
Example Output: Southwold Pier sold to Gough Hotels, owner says
Example Input: "Healthy foods are three times more expensive calorie-for-calorie than unhealthy foods so there's a very strong price differential in a typical basket," says Anna Taylor, executive director of the independent think tank Food Foundation. Vegetables are getting cheaper but, she says, there are people who "haven't got enough money to put food on the table, so for them, trying to secure 10 portions of fruit and veg a day in their diets would be impossible." The study by Imperial College London, calculated that increasing our fruit and veg intake to 10-a-day could prevent 7.8 million premature deaths each year. But currently only around a quarter of adults in the UK achieve the five-a-day target. The British Heart Foundation did a survey which found that a third of UK adults are struggling to afford to eat healthily. So is 10-a-day realistically affordable? "For some people it is," says Victoria Taylor, senior dietitian at the BHF. "But for others it would take some serious thought and commitment in terms of working out which fruit and vegetables will be affordable. But it's important to keep in mind that our target is five a day and this study found that the best effects were seen for people who are currently getting below this number. "The focus on 10 is, in a sense, moving the goalposts and it would be a shame if this put people off aiming for five, or even just having one more portion a day." The British Dietetic Association says: "What it tells us is that the benefits of eating fruit and vegetables are incremental - in other words eating five portions a day is great, but 10 a day is even better." So any improvement in your fruit and vegetable intake is a benefit. Victoria Taylor says cost is not the only reason we don't eat enough fruit and veg. "There are numerous factors that influence our food choice. Cost is important but so is taste, cooking skills, storage facilities and ability to get to and from the shops. It's hard to say how much is specifically due to the price of food as all of these issues are interrelated." Tips on buying fruit and veg Source: BHF and BDA The Food Foundation is hosting a conference in June bringing together businesses, farmers, retailers and government departments which aims to make it easier for people to eat vegetables. Some of the ideas they will be looking at are current pilots in America where if food stamps are spent on fruit and veg, they can be doubled in value so "you create a positive incentive for people to spend their vouchers on fruit and veg because you're giving them more value". Another scheme sees people who have early stage type 2 diabetes or are pre-diabetic being prescribed fruit and veg and getting vouchers to spend in local markets "to help them rethink their diets and get their diets on track". Why did we write this article? We asked BBC readers to send us their questions about the 10-a-day diet and then our health team wrote this piece to try to answer as many as possible. A lot of people asked about the cost implications of trying to achieve a 10-a-day diet. Gary asked: "Should fruit and vegetables be heavily subsidized by the government to encourage further consumption?" Gary explained to us the thinking behind his question: "Simple consumer habits dictate that people consume more of something when it is cheaper. I believe the same economic principle can be applied to fruit and vegetables. When people go shopping, they have to make the choice of what to buy, and usually, the best value items win." With concern over the cost of healthy eating, some have asked whether the government should subsidise fruit and veg? At the moment, the government has "measures in place to support low income families, pregnant women and children under four through Healthy Start Vouchers. These can be spent on milk, fresh or frozen fruit and vegetables." They also point out that all infant pupils can now get free school meals and they've announced £10m funding a year to expand breakfast clubs in up to 1,600 schools. Currently only 70% of those eligible get the healthy start vouchers and Anna Taylor says the Food Foundation will debate whether that programme should be expanded to include a broader income group or wider age range at its conference. As she points out, this "would create a positive pull of demand - and thereby help to strengthen the British horticulture sector at the same time." And she thinks in the post-Brexit world there is a big opportunity to help farmers. "Doesn't it make sense to join up our farming policy with our health policy and think about - could we increase consumer subsidies to really drive up demand so our horticulturalists benefit as well - it's win-win." "There are lots of different ways we could make it easier to eat veg - which go beyond price and much more about our whole food environment and to what extent fruit and veg is a strong part of that and encouraging us to eat it." She points out when you look at advertising only "1% of food and soft drink advertising spend goes on fresh veg". But she believes we need to change our whole way of thinking about fruit and veg and the messages we send - even down to children's TV where, she says, it is "demonised". "It's set against delicious and junk food or cream cakes, and fruit and veg is the yucky thing that kids don't want to eat. There's a bit of that subliminal stuff that happens in kids' TV because it's funny but it's kind of normalising that this is stuff that you don't want to be eating - so there's a job of work there beyond advertising, in broadcasting to try and not normalise that this is worthy but not tasty."
Example Output: Is the 10-a-day diet only for the wealthy?
Example Input: During a turbulent career, he led two coups before twice being elected president in multiparty polls. He died in November at the age of 73 of an undisclosed illness, but his funeral was delayed - in part by political squabbling. The ceremony was held at Independence Square, with numbers attending limited by coronavirus restrictions. But many Ghanaians headed to the square despite being asked by the government to watch the ceremony on TV in an effort to curb the spread of coronavirus, the BBC's Thomas Naadi reports from Accra. Mourners were wearing masks and hand sanitiser had been provided but it was proving difficult to practise social distancing, our reporter says. Prominent mourners included Liberia's President George Weah, Sierra Leonean leader Julius Maada Bio and representatives from the UN and African Union. President Rawlings contributed to peace efforts in Liberia and Sierra Leone during the civil wars in the 1990s and most recently was an African Union envoy to Somalia. He also led campaigns against malaria across the continent. 'A caring disciplinarian' Tribute after tribute eulogised the late Ghanaian leader, most describing him as a selfless and committed leader who worked for the common good of his country, our reporter says. Ghana's President Nana Akufo-Addo described Rawlings as a "charismatic and fearless leader", reports the AFP news agency. His widow Nana Konadu Agyemang-Rawlings was quoted as saying: "Your gift of sharing knew no bounds. You never hesitated to help in the passing of laws to protect the vulnerable in society. Jerry, I know that God created us for each other." Earlier, hundreds of people went to pay their respects to the former president as his body lay in state for three days. Many of them remember him as a disciplinarian but also as a leader who cared about ordinary people, our correspondent says. After the funeral, Rawlings was laid to rest at the military cemetery in Accra. Our correspondent reports that some people wanted him to be buried in his home region of Volta. It is not the only row to dog events - the funeral was originally scheduled for 23 December. The National Democratic Congress (NDC), a party Rawlings founded and which is now in opposition, wanted more involvement in organising the state funeral, which led to the delay. One party leader even threatened to "steal his remains" following the funeral so that the party could bury him again. Who was Jerry Rawlings? The son of a Scottish farmer and a Ghanaian mother, Rawlings entered the Ghana Air Force, graduating in 1969. A decade later, as a senior officer in the air force, he overthrew a military government, handing over power to a civilian leader. He oversaw the execution of several former heads of state and army generals for corruption, but expressed some regret about the killings. Later the execution by firing squad of Supreme Court judges also left a stain on his legacy. In 1981, he led a second coup and was the head of a military junta until introducing multiparty elections in 1992, when he was first elected president. This ushered in a long period of political stability. In 2001, he stepped down after serving two terms but continued to wield a strong influence in the country. In later years, Rawlings campaigned for African nations to have their international debts written off. Around the BBC Africa Today podcasts
Example Output: | Rawlings funeral: Ghanaians bid farewell to ex-president
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