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Lara Hernandez, Viadero, Linenfelser, Lacy, Hall, Kelble, Kavanagh and |
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Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 13 July 2021 | Volume 8 | Article 633240 |
Publication loadedhomePage1/18fullscreenremove_circle_outlineadd_circle_outlinesearchgroup_addmore_horizget_appinfolistlinkDETAILSRELATIONSEcosphereVolume 13, Issue 10Oct 2022ARTICLEFire intensity and ecosystem oligotrophic status drive relative phosphorus release and retention in freshwater marshesView article pageAndrea Nocentini, John S. Kominoski, Joseph J. O'Brien, Jed Redwineformat_quoteCITE© 2022 The Authors. Ecosphere published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4263open_in_newISSN2150-8925eISSN2150-8925Online17 October 2022Accepted21 June 2022Revised4 June 2022Received10 January 2022Pagesn/a - n/aAbstractEcosystems have been shaped by fire for millions of years. Many oligotrophic ecosystems rely on fire for biogeochemical cycling and maintenance of key processes. However, it is uncertain how fire intensity interacts with nutrient limitation to drive differential responses in postfire biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem recovery. In this study, we compare pre- and postfire carbon and nutrient pools in two adjacent wetlands characterized by either lower or higher phosphorus (P) inputs and thus different levels of P limitation. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and P pools and litter and root decomposition rates were measured starting 1 year prefire until 1 year postfire in lower-P (LP) and higher-P (HP) freshwater marshes of the Florida Everglades. Dominant vegetation biomass and vegetation composition were monitored as well. Fire energy release was measured to link the causal mechanism, heat transfer, to nutrient fluxes. We observed temporary increases in surface water, periphyton, and leaf tissue P concentrations in both wetland types following fire. Soil P increased and soil C:P and N:P ratios decreased postfire in the LP wetland but did not change in the HP wetland. Prefire soil P was greater in the HP than the LP wetland, but did not differ 1 month or 1 year postfire. Vegetation structure and composition were marginally affected by fire. Fire intensity was highly variable within both wetlands. Increasing fire intensity correlated with increasing accumulation of soil organic matter in the LP wetland, and with increases in decomposition rates in both wetland types, between pre- and postfire. Litter and root decomposition rapidly increased with increasing fire intensity, but seemed to stabilize after a certain fire intensity threshold was reached. Our results indicate that fire can temporarily ease P limitation in oligotrophic wetlands, by affecting soil nutrient stoichiometry and organic matter processing, while maintaining vegetation community composition. Further, we identified fire dosing, expressed as the fire radiative energy release, to be an effective control of postfire biogeochemical cycling. Hence, nutrient management should be incorporated into burn prioritization tools and, when applying prescribed fires, natural resource managers should also consider how fire attributes, such as fire intensity, impact nutrient cycling and other soil processes.ARTICLEFreshwater EcologyFire intensity and ecosystem oligotrophic status driverelative phosphorus release and retention infreshwater marshesAndrea Nocentini1,2| John S. Kominoski1| Joseph J. O’Brien3|Jed Redwine21Institute of Environment andDepartment of Biological Sciences,Florida International University, Miami,Florida, USA2South Florida Natural Resources Center,Everglades National Park, Homestead,Florida, USA3U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S.Forest Service, Athens, Georgia, USACorrespondenceAndrea NocentiniEmail:[email protected] informationForest Service Southern Research Station;United States Department of Agriculture,Grant/Award Number: P18AC01041;Everglades National ParkHandling Editor:Natalie GriffithsAbstractEcosystems have been shaped by fire for millions of years. Many oligotrophicecosystems rely on fire for biogeochemical cycling and maintenance of keyprocesses. However, it is uncertain how fire intensity interacts with nutrientlimitation to drive differential responses in postfire biogeochemical cyclingand ecosystem recovery. In this study, we compare pre- and postfire carbonand nutrient pools in two adjacent wetlands characterized by either lower orhigher phosphorus (P) inputs and thus different levels of P limitation. Carbon(C), nitrogen (N), and P pools and litter and root decomposition rates weremeasured starting 1 year prefire until 1 year postfire in lower-P (LP) andhigher-P (HP) freshwater marshes of the Florida Everglades. Dominant vegeta-tion biomass and vegetation composition were monitored as well. Fire energyrelease was measured to link the causal mechanism, heat transfer, to nutrientfluxes. We observed temporary increases in surface water, periphyton, and leaftissue P concentrations in both wetland types following fire. Soil P increasedand soil C:P and N:P ratios decreased postfire in the LP wetland but did notchange in the HP wetland. Prefire soil P was greater in the HP than the LPwetland, but did not differ 1 month or 1 year postfire. Vegetation structureand composition were marginally affected by fire. Fire intensity was highlyvariable within both wetlands. Increasing fire intensity correlated withincreasing accumulation of soil organic matter in the LP wetland, and withincreases in decomposition rates in both wetland types, between pre- andpostfire. Litter and root decomposition rapidly increased with increasing fireintensity, but seemed to stabilize after a certain fire intensity threshold wasreached. Our results indicate that fire can temporarily ease P limitation in oli-gotrophic wetlands, by affecting soil nutrient stoichiometry and organic matterprocessing, while maintaining vegetation community composition. Further,we identified fire dosing, expressed as the fire radiative energy release, to bean effective control of postfire biogeochemical cycling. Hence, nutrientReceived: 10 January 2022Revised: 4 June 2022Accepted: 21 June 2022DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4263This is an open access article under the terms of theCreative Commons AttributionLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, providedthe original work is properly cited.© 2022 The Authors.Ecospherepublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Ecological Society of America.Ecosphere.2022;13:e4263.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/r/ecs21of18https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4263 |
51 |
CHAPTER 2 |
Florida Land Use and Land Cover |
Change in the Past 100 Years |
Michael I. Volk1 |
, Thomas S. Hoctor1 |
, Belinda B. Nettles2 |
, Richard Hilsenbeck3 |
, |
Francis E. Putz4 |
, and Jon Oetting5 |
1Center for Landscape Conservation Planning, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of |
Florida, FL; 2Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; 3The |
Nature Conservancy – Florida Chapter, Saint Augustine, FL; 4Department of Biology, University of |
Florida, Gainesville, FL; 5 |
Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, FL |
This chapter provides an overview of land use and land cover change in Florida over the past 100 years |
and a summary of how it may change in the future. We begin by providing a baseline description of |
Florida’s pre-1900 land cover, natural resource distribution, and biodiversity. This is followed by a |
description of major land use changes and trends related to transportation, agriculture, mining, |
urbanization, tourism, disruption of natural processes, and conservation from 1900 to the present. We |
also describe changes in land use and land cover caused by climate change. The chapter concludes with |
a discussion of current land use and land cover patterns, and the potential impacts of climate change and |
continued human population growth on the remaining natural and rural landscapes in Florida. Much has |
changed in Florida over the last century due to a combination of wetland draining, agriculture |
conversion, urban development, and establishment of several dominant exotic plant species, as well as |
accelerating sea level rise and shifting climate zones due to climate change. |
Key Messages |
• Land cover and land use within Florida have changed dramatically since pre-settlement times, |
primarily due to human activities, with significant impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity. |
• Climate-related impacts on land cover, resulting from human-caused climate change, have |
also been documented in Florida. |
• Patterns of historic land use and land cover change are important to quantify and visualize so |
that we can assess the degree to which natural systems have been impacted and changed by |
human activities. |
• Florida still has highly significant cultural and natural landscapes, which provide important |
services to people, in addition to possessing intrinsic values separate from their value to |
humans. |
• As future changes continue to occur as a result of climate change and population growth, it |
will be more important than ever to conduct careful land use planning and management so |
that we can preserve natural and cultural resources, and maintain the qualities that make |
Florida the special place that it is today. |
Keywords |
Land use; Land cover; Climate change; Transportation; Tourism; Agriculture; Mining; |
Urbanization; Population growth; Natural processes; Conservation |
52 • MICHAEL I. VOLK ET AL. |
Historical Overview |
lorida has a diverse history of land use and human settlement, coupled with a wide range |
of natural communities, high biodiversity, and abundant natural resources. Land use |
trends throughout the state’s history have been directly influenced by the natural |
resources, geomorphology, and climate that exist within the state. In turn land use change caused |
by human populations has altered the natural features that existed prior to human settlement. In |
this chapter we define land cover as simply the physical characteristics of the earth’s surface |
including natural communities and altered land cover types (e.g., rocks, water, ice, forest, |
wetlands, rangeland, desert, etc.) whereas land use refers to specific ways that humans are using |
land (e.g., pastures, crops, residential, commercial, industrial, mining, transportation, utilities, |
etc.). (NOAA 2015). |
Since 1900, Florida has seen substantial changes in land use patterns and land cover. Even |
though people had lived in Florida for thousands of years prior to 1900, their overall impact had |
been minimal. The Native Americans altered the land by building settlements, cultivating fields, |
building mounds, establishing transportation routes, grading causeways, and digging canals and |
fishponds (Derr 1998). European explorers and settlers arrived in the 1500s, but much of Florida, |
particularly the central and southern regions, remained relatively undeveloped until the last |
decades of the 19th century. Significant increases in population and tourism were coincident with |
new development, facilitated by new railroads and highways, and inspired by an aggressive |
marketing campaign for new residents and visitors to come to the state (Derr 1998). In creating |
the ideal Florida community, destination, or attraction, developers directly and indirectly caused |
significant changes to the natural landscape and resources of the state, fragmenting and degrading |
natural landscapes, introducing invasive species, and exploiting natural resources. |
In addition to development and tourism, Florida’s agriculture and extraction industries also |
led to land cover changes. Agriculture, Florida’s second largest industry, led to land clearing, |
drainage projects, the introduction of invasive species, and pollution. By the early 20th century, |
the lumber industry had cleared most of North Florida’s old growth forests (Florida Natural Areas |
Inventory 2005). Mining removed natural land cover, altered soil composition, and often left |
behind large abandoned excavations in the landscape (Shukla et. al. n.d.). Large-scale crop |
farming operations significantly altered drainage patterns and impacted water resources, |
particularly in South Florida (Stone and Legg 1992). In response to the environmental |
degradation that was occurring, Florida started to implement more environmental protection and |
growth management policies beginning in the 1970s and 1980s (Davis 2009). Efforts were also |
made to set aside conservation areas and to create wildlife corridors (Florida Department of |
Environmental Protection 2015; Hoctor et al. 2015). In recent years (as of 2016), state support |
for these efforts has weakened, but many people and organizations are still actively working to |
maintain the natural heritage and resources that remain in Florida. The history of land use change |
F |
FLORIDA LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE IN THE PAST 100 YEARS • 53 |
and development within the state is particularly important to understand when making future |
land use decisions and choices about how to adapt to climate change. The land use decisions that |
we make today will affect the ability for natural systems to adapt to climate change tomorrow. |
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