patrickbdevaney/mia9 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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our model showed that, along with fragmentation rates, the abundance of larger size classes
Resilience of seagrass communities exposed to pulsed freshwater discharges
PLOS ONE \| https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229147 February 21, 2020 12 / 15
plays a major role in stabilizing the seagrass community. Of special concern would be scenarios in which both an increase in fragmentation and a decrease in percent cover co-occur, as
these declines can cascade into reductions of macrofaunal species richness, biomass, diversity,
composition, and habitat availability [23, 40].
The population model developed here provides a tool that can be used by managers for the
early detection of undesired impacts of changes in water quality on susceptible coastal
resources. This seascape approach, combined with the more focused monitoring of seagrass
biomass, can inform the adaptive management framework in place for the Comprehensive
Everglades Restoration Plan about areas of concern and the need to modify freshwater delivery
plans in combination with active restoration to prevent future seagrass losses. Using this
approach managers can identify conditions under which seagrass communities within Biscayne Bay are at higher risk than others. For example, if a community that is adjacent to a
canal is displaying high fragmentation and has high proportions of SAV patches within the
smaller size classes, the seagrasses may be at risk of collapsing. To mitigate this risk, the fresh
water should either be discharged as sheet-flow across longer shoreline sections, stopped, or
shifted to a canal where the nearby SAV community is in a better condition (i.e., exhibits
lower fragmentation rates).
Supporting information
S1 File. This file includes the survivorship data for each patch based on size class.
(XLSX)
S2 File. This file includes the abundance of patches of different sizes for the high and low
fragmentation scenarios under low, average, and high patch recruitment.
(XLSX)
Acknowledgments
We thank M. Estevanez for GIS guidance and anonymous reviewers for their helpful
suggestions.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Clinton Stipek, Diego Lirman.
Data curation: Rolando Santos.
Formal analysis: Clinton Stipek.
Funding acquisition: Diego Lirman.
Investigation: Rolando Santos.
Methodology: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock.
Resources: Diego Lirman.
Software: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos.
Supervision: Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock, Diego Lirman.
Visualization: Diego Lirman.
Writing – original draft: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock, Diego Lirman.
Resilience of seagrass communities exposed to pulsed freshwater discharges
PLOS ONE \| https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229147 February 21, 2020 13 / 15
Writing – review & editing: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock, Diego
Lirman.
References
1. Cunha A, Santos R. The use of fractal geometry to determine the impact of inlet migration on the
dynamics of a seagrass landscape. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2009; 84:584–590.
2. Montefalcone M. Ecosystem health assessment using the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica: A review. Ecological Indicators. 2009; 9:595–604.
3. Orth RJ, Harwell MC, Inglis GJ. Ecology of seagrass seeds and dispersal strategies. In: Larkum AWD,
Orth RJ, Duarte CM, editors. Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Springer, Netherlands;
2016. pp. 111–134.
4. Cuvillier A, Villenueve N, Cordier E, Kolasinski J, Maurel L, Farnier N, et al. Causes of seasonal and
decadal variability in a tropical seagrass seascape (Reunion Island, south western Indian Ocean). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2017; 180:90–101.
5. Hemminga MA, Duarte CM. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 2000.
298 pp.
6. Duarte CM, Borum J, Short FT, Walker DI. Seagrass ecosystems: their global status and prospects. In:
Polunin NVC, editor. Aquatic Ecosystems: Trends and Global Prospects, Cambridge University Press;
2008. pp. 281–294.
7. Davis SE III, Lirman D, Wozniak JR. Nitrogen and phosphorus exchange among tropical coastal ecosystems. In: Nagelkerken I, editor. Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems,
Springer, Netherlands: 2009. pp. 625–645.
8. Gillanders BM, Able KW, Brown JA, Eggleston DB, Sheridan PF. Evidence of connectivity between
juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component of nurseries. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2003; 247:281–295.
9. Williams J, Holt G, Robillard M, Holt S, Hensgen G, Stunz G. Seagrass fragmentation impacts recruitment of estuarine-dependent fish. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2016; 47:97–
105.
10. Waycott M, Duarte CM, Carruthers TJB, Orth RJ, Dennison WC, Olyarnik S, et al. Accelerating loss of
seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America. 2009; 106:12377–12381. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
0905620106 PMID: 19587236
11. Lotze HK, Lenihan HS, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, Kay MC, et al. Depletion, degradation,
and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science. 2006; 312:1806–1809. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1128035 PMID: 16794081
12. Ondiviela B, Losada I, Lara J, Maza M, Galvan C, Bouma T, et al. The role of seagrasses in coastal protection in a changing climate. Coastal Engineering. 2014; 87:158–168.
13. Robblee M, Barber T, Carlson J. P, Durako M, Fourqurean J, Muehlstein L, et al. Mass mortality of the
tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay (USA). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1991;
71:297–299.
14. Hall M, Furman B, Merello M, Durako M. Recurrence of Thalassia testudinum seagrass die-off in Florida
Bay, USA: initial observations. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2016; 560:243–249.
15. Browder JA, Ogden JC. The natural South Florida system II: Predrainage ecology. Urban Ecosystems.
1999; 3:245–277.
16. Zink I, Browder J, Lirman D, Serafy J. Review of salinity effects on abundance, growth, and survival of
nearshore life stages of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaues duorarum). Ecological Indicators. 2017; 81:1–
17.
17. Santos R, Lirman D. Using habitat suitability models to predict changes in seagrass distribution caused
by water management practices. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 2012; 69:1380–
1388.
18. Lirman D, Thyberg T, Santos R, Schopmeyer S, Drury C, Collado-Vides L, et al. SAV communities of
Western Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida, USA: human and natural drivers of seagrass and macroalgae
abundance and distribution along a continuous shoreline. Estuarine and Coasts. 2014; 37:1243–1255.
19. Vidondo B, Duarte C, Middelboe A, Stefansen K, Lutzen T, Nielsen S. Dynamics of a landscape mosaic:
size and age distributions, growth and demography of seagrass Cymodecea nodosa patches. Marine
Ecology Progress Series. 1997; 158:131–138.
Resilience of seagrass communities exposed to pulsed freshwater discharges
PLOS ONE \| https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229147 February 21, 2020 14 / 15
20. Abadie A, Pace M, Gobert S, Borg J. Seascape ecology in Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows:
Linking structure and ecological processes for management. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 87:1–13.
21. O’Brien KR, Waycott M, Maxwell P, Kendrick GA, Udy JW, Ferguson AJP, et al. Seagrass ecosystem
trajectory depends on the relative timescales of resistance, recovery and disturbance. Marine Pollution
Bulletin. 2017; 134:166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.006 PMID: 28935363
22. Santos RO, Lirman D, Serafy JE. Quantifying freshwater-induced fragmentation of submerged aquatic
vegetation communities using a multi-scale landscape ecology approach. Marine Ecology Progress
Series. 2011; 427:233–246.

our model showed that, along with fragmentation rates, the abundance of larger size classes

Resilience of seagrass communities exposed to pulsed freshwater discharges

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229147 February 21, 2020 12 / 15

plays a major role in stabilizing the seagrass community. Of special concern would be scenarios in which both an increase in fragmentation and a decrease in percent cover co-occur, as

these declines can cascade into reductions of macrofaunal species richness, biomass, diversity,

composition, and habitat availability [23, 40].

The population model developed here provides a tool that can be used by managers for the

early detection of undesired impacts of changes in water quality on susceptible coastal

resources. This seascape approach, combined with the more focused monitoring of seagrass

biomass, can inform the adaptive management framework in place for the Comprehensive

Everglades Restoration Plan about areas of concern and the need to modify freshwater delivery

plans in combination with active restoration to prevent future seagrass losses. Using this

approach managers can identify conditions under which seagrass communities within Biscayne Bay are at higher risk than others. For example, if a community that is adjacent to a

canal is displaying high fragmentation and has high proportions of SAV patches within the

smaller size classes, the seagrasses may be at risk of collapsing. To mitigate this risk, the fresh

water should either be discharged as sheet-flow across longer shoreline sections, stopped, or

shifted to a canal where the nearby SAV community is in a better condition (i.e., exhibits

lower fragmentation rates).

Supporting information

S1 File. This file includes the survivorship data for each patch based on size class.

(XLSX)

S2 File. This file includes the abundance of patches of different sizes for the high and low

fragmentation scenarios under low, average, and high patch recruitment.

(XLSX)

Acknowledgments

We thank M. Estevanez for GIS guidance and anonymous reviewers for their helpful

suggestions.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Clinton Stipek, Diego Lirman.

Data curation: Rolando Santos.

Formal analysis: Clinton Stipek.

Funding acquisition: Diego Lirman.

Investigation: Rolando Santos.

Methodology: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock.

Resources: Diego Lirman.

Software: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos.

Supervision: Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock, Diego Lirman.

Visualization: Diego Lirman.

Writing – original draft: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock, Diego Lirman.

Resilience of seagrass communities exposed to pulsed freshwater discharges

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229147 February 21, 2020 13 / 15

Writing – review & editing: Clinton Stipek, Rolando Santos, Elizabeth Babcock, Diego

Lirman.

References

1. Cunha A, Santos R. The use of fractal geometry to determine the impact of inlet migration on the

dynamics of a seagrass landscape. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2009; 84:584–590.

2. Montefalcone M. Ecosystem health assessment using the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica: A review. Ecological Indicators. 2009; 9:595–604.

3. Orth RJ, Harwell MC, Inglis GJ. Ecology of seagrass seeds and dispersal strategies. In: Larkum AWD,

Orth RJ, Duarte CM, editors. Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Springer, Netherlands;

2016. pp. 111–134.

4. Cuvillier A, Villenueve N, Cordier E, Kolasinski J, Maurel L, Farnier N, et al. Causes of seasonal and

decadal variability in a tropical seagrass seascape (Reunion Island, south western Indian Ocean). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2017; 180:90–101.

5. Hemminga MA, Duarte CM. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 2000.

298 pp.

6. Duarte CM, Borum J, Short FT, Walker DI. Seagrass ecosystems: their global status and prospects. In:

Polunin NVC, editor. Aquatic Ecosystems: Trends and Global Prospects, Cambridge University Press;

2008. pp. 281–294.

7. Davis SE III, Lirman D, Wozniak JR. Nitrogen and phosphorus exchange among tropical coastal ecosystems. In: Nagelkerken I, editor. Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems,

Springer, Netherlands: 2009. pp. 625–645.

8. Gillanders BM, Able KW, Brown JA, Eggleston DB, Sheridan PF. Evidence of connectivity between

juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component of nurseries. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2003; 247:281–295.

9. Williams J, Holt G, Robillard M, Holt S, Hensgen G, Stunz G. Seagrass fragmentation impacts recruitment of estuarine-dependent fish. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2016; 47:97–

105.

10. Waycott M, Duarte CM, Carruthers TJB, Orth RJ, Dennison WC, Olyarnik S, et al. Accelerating loss of

seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences of the United States of America. 2009; 106:12377–12381. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.

0905620106 PMID: 19587236

11. Lotze HK, Lenihan HS, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, Kay MC, et al. Depletion, degradation,

and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science. 2006; 312:1806–1809. https://doi.org/

10.1126/science.1128035 PMID: 16794081

12. Ondiviela B, Losada I, Lara J, Maza M, Galvan C, Bouma T, et al. The role of seagrasses in coastal protection in a changing climate. Coastal Engineering. 2014; 87:158–168.

13. Robblee M, Barber T, Carlson J. P, Durako M, Fourqurean J, Muehlstein L, et al. Mass mortality of the

tropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum in Florida Bay (USA). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1991;

71:297–299.

14. Hall M, Furman B, Merello M, Durako M. Recurrence of Thalassia testudinum seagrass die-off in Florida

Bay, USA: initial observations. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2016; 560:243–249.

15. Browder JA, Ogden JC. The natural South Florida system II: Predrainage ecology. Urban Ecosystems.

1999; 3:245–277.

16. Zink I, Browder J, Lirman D, Serafy J. Review of salinity effects on abundance, growth, and survival of

nearshore life stages of pink shrimp (Farfantepenaues duorarum). Ecological Indicators. 2017; 81:1–

17.

17. Santos R, Lirman D. Using habitat suitability models to predict changes in seagrass distribution caused

by water management practices. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 2012; 69:1380–

1388.

18. Lirman D, Thyberg T, Santos R, Schopmeyer S, Drury C, Collado-Vides L, et al. SAV communities of

Western Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida, USA: human and natural drivers of seagrass and macroalgae

abundance and distribution along a continuous shoreline. Estuarine and Coasts. 2014; 37:1243–1255.

19. Vidondo B, Duarte C, Middelboe A, Stefansen K, Lutzen T, Nielsen S. Dynamics of a landscape mosaic:

size and age distributions, growth and demography of seagrass Cymodecea nodosa patches. Marine

Ecology Progress Series. 1997; 158:131–138.

Resilience of seagrass communities exposed to pulsed freshwater discharges

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229147 February 21, 2020 14 / 15

20. Abadie A, Pace M, Gobert S, Borg J. Seascape ecology in Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows:

Linking structure and ecological processes for management. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 87:1–13.

21. O’Brien KR, Waycott M, Maxwell P, Kendrick GA, Udy JW, Ferguson AJP, et al. Seagrass ecosystem

trajectory depends on the relative timescales of resistance, recovery and disturbance. Marine Pollution

Bulletin. 2017; 134:166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.006 PMID: 28935363

22. Santos RO, Lirman D, Serafy JE. Quantifying freshwater-induced fragmentation of submerged aquatic

vegetation communities using a multi-scale landscape ecology approach. Marine Ecology Progress

Series. 2011; 427:233–246.