text
stringlengths
0
6.44k
1709–1715. [CrossRef]
40. Duever, M.J.; Meeder, J.F.; Meeder, L.C.; McCollom, J.M. The climate of south Florida and its role in shaping the Everglades
ecosystem. In Everglades: The Ecosystem and Its Restoration; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1994; pp. 225–248.
Water 2022, 14, 3840 27 of 28
41. Malmstadt, J.C.; Elsner, J.B.; Jagger, T.H. Risk of strong hurricane winds to Florida cities. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 2010, 49,
2121–2132. [CrossRef]
42. Sponaugle, S.; Paris, C.; Walter, K.; Kourafalou, V.H.; Alessandro, E.D. Observed and modeled larval settlement of a reef fish to
the Florida Keys. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2012, 453, 201–212. [CrossRef]
43. Vaz, A.C.; Paris, C.B.; Olascoaga, M.J.; Kourafalou, V.H.; Kang, H. The perfect storm: Match-mismatch of bio-physical events
drives larval reef fish connectivity between Pulley Ridge and the Florida Keys. Cont. Shelf Res. 2016, 125, 136–146. [CrossRef]
44. Good, S.; Fiedler, E.; Mao, C.; Martin, M.J.; Maycock, A.; Reid, R.; Roberts-Jones, J.; Searle, T.; Waters, J.; While, J.; et al. The current
configuration of the OSTIA system for operational production of foundation sea surface temperature and ice concentration
analyses. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 720. [CrossRef]
45. Nagy, H.; Mohamed, B.; Ibrahim, O. Variability of Heat and Water Fluxes in the Red Sea Using ERA5 Data (1981–2020). J. Mar. Sci.
Eng. 2021, 9, 1276. [CrossRef]
46. Bleck, R. An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates. Ocean. Model. 2002, 4, 55–88.
[CrossRef]
47. Chassignet, E.P.; Smith, L.T.; Halliwell, G.R.; Bleck, R. North Atlantic simulations with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model
(HYCOM): Impact of the vertical coordinate choice, reference pressure, and thermobaricity. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2003, 33, 2504–2526.
[CrossRef]
48. Halliwell, G.R. Evaluation of vertical coordinate and vertical mixing algorithms in the HYbrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM).
Ocean. Model. 2004, 7, 285–322. [CrossRef]
49. Kourafalou, V.H.; Peng, G.; Kang, H.; Hogan, P.J.; Smedstad, O.M.; Weisberg, R.H. Evaluation of Global Ocean Data Assimilation
Experiment products on South Florida nested simulations with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. Ocean. Dyn. 2009, 59, 47–66.
[CrossRef]
50. Metzger, E.J.; Wallcraft, A.J.; Posey, P.G.; Smedstad, O.M.; Franklin, D.S. The Switchover from NOGAPS to NAVGEM 1.1 Atmospheric
Forcing in GOFS and ACNFS; Naval Research Lab Stennis Detachment Stennis Space Center Ms Oceanography Div: Washington,
DC, USA, 2013.
51. Kourafalou, V.H.; De Mey, P.; Le Hénaff, M.; Charria, G.; Edwards, C.A.; He, R.; Herzfeld, M.; Pascual, A.; Stanev, E.V.; Tintoré, J.;
et al. Coastal Ocean Forecasting: System integration and evaluation. J. Oper. Oceanogr. 2015, 8 (Suppl. 1), s127–s146. [CrossRef]
52. Holbrook, N.J.; Scannell, H.A.; Sen Gupta, A.; Benthuysen, J.A.; Feng, M.; Oliver, E.C.; Alexander, L.V.; Burrows, M.T.; Donat,
M.G.; Hobday, A.J.; et al. A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 2624. [CrossRef]
53. Sanford, E.; Sones, J.L.; García-Reyes, M.; Goddard, J.H.; Largier, J.L. Widespread shifts in the coastal biota of northern California
during the 2014–2016 marine heatwaves. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 4216. [CrossRef]
54. Sen, P.K. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. J. Am. Stat. As 1968, 63, 1379–1389. [CrossRef]
55. Manzello, D.P. Rapid recent warming of coral reefs in the Florida Keys. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 16762. [CrossRef]
56. He, R.; Weisberg, R.H. A Loop Current intrusion case study on the West Florida Shelf. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2003, 33, 465–477.
[CrossRef]
57. Perkins, S.E. A review on the scientific understanding of heatwaves—Their measurement, driving mechanisms, and changes at
the global scale. Atmos. Res. 2015, 164, 242–267. [CrossRef]
58. Breshears, D.D.; Fontaine, J.B.; Ruthrof, K.X.; Field, J.P.; Feng, X.; Burger, J.R.; Law, D.J.; Kala, J.; Hardy, G.E.S.J. Underappreciated
plant vulnerabilities to heat waves. New Phytol. 2021, 231, 32–39. [CrossRef]
59. Florida Oceans and Coastal Council. The Effects of Climate Change on Florida’s Ocean and Coastal Resources; Report; Florida Oceans
and Coastal Council: Tallahassee, FL, USA, 2009.
60. Oliver, J.K.; Berkelmans, R.; Eakin, C.M. Coral bleaching in space and time. In Coral Bleaching; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018;
pp. 27–49.
61. Hughes, T.P.; Kerry, J.T.; Álvarez-Noriega, M.; Álvarez-Romero, J.G.; Anderson, K.D.; Baird, A.H.; Babcock, R.C.; Beger, M.;
Bellwood, D.R.; Berkelmans, R.; et al. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 2017, 543, 373–377.
[CrossRef]
62. Barnes, B.B.; Hallock, P.; Hu, C.; Muller-Karger, F.; Palandro, D.; Walter, C.; Zepp, R. Prediction of coral bleaching in the Florida
Keys using remotely sensed data. Coral Reefs 2015, 34, 491–503. [CrossRef]
63. Precht, W.F.; Gintert, B.E.; Robbart, M.L.; Fura, R.; Van Woesik, R. Unprecedented disease-related coral mortality in Southeastern
Florida. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 31374. [CrossRef]
64. Manzello, D.P.; Enochs, I.C.; Kolodziej, G.; Carlton, R.; Valentino, L. Resilience in carbonate production despite three coral
bleaching events in 5 years on an inshore patch reef in the Florida Keys. Mar. Biol. 2018, 165, 99. [CrossRef]
65. Harvell, D.; Kim, K.; Quirolo, C.; Weir, J.; Smith, G. Coral bleaching and disease: Contributors to 1998 mass mortality in Briareum
asbestinum (Octocorallia, Gorgonacea). Hydrobiologia 2001, 460, 97–104. [CrossRef]
66. Lirman, D.; Cropper, W.P. The influence of salinity on seagrass growth, survivorship, and distribution within Biscayne Bay,
Florida: Field, experimental, and modeling studies. Estuaries 2003, 26, 131–141. [CrossRef]
67. Collier, C.; Ruzicka, R.; Banks, K.; Barbieri, L.; Beal, J.; Bingham, D.; Bohnsack, J.A.; Brooke, S.; Craig, N.; Fisher, L.E.; et al. The
State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of Southeast Florida; Nova Southeastern University: Davie, FL, USA, 2008.
68. Duke, N.; Ball, M.; Ellison, J. Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett.
1998, 7, 27–47. [CrossRef]
Water 2022, 14, 3840 28 of 28
69. Quisthoudt, K.; Schmitz, N.; Randin, C.F.; Dahdouh-Guebas, F.; Robert, E.M.; Koedam, N. Temperature variation among
mangrove latitudinal range limits worldwide. Trees 2012, 26, 1919–1931. [CrossRef]
70. Wilkinson, C.R. Global change and coral reefs: Impacts on reefs, economies and human cultures. Glob. Change Biol. 1996, 2,
547–558. [CrossRef]
71. Birkeland, C. Life and Death of Coral Reefs; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1997.
72. Chen, P.Y.; Chen, C.C.; Chu, L.; McCarl, B. Evaluating the economic damage of climate change on global coral reefs. Glob. Environ.
Change 2015, 30, 12–20. [CrossRef]
73. Pearce, A.; Jackson, G.; Moore, J.; Feng, M.; Gaughan, D.J. The “Marine Heat Wave” off Western Australia during the Summer of 2010/11;
Report Fisheries Research Report No. 221; Government of Western Australia Department of Fisheries: Perth, Australia, 2011.
74. Holbrook, N.J.; Sen Gupta, A.; Oliver, E.C.; Hobday, A.J.; Benthuysen, J.A.; Scannell, H.A.; Smale, D.A.; Wernberg, T. Keeping
pace with marine heatwaves. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2020, 1, 482–493. [CrossRef]
75. Sheppard, C.; Dixon, D.J.; Gourlay, M.; Sheppard, A.; Payet, R. Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected
by reef flats: Examples from the Seychelles. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2005, 64, 223–234. [CrossRef]
76. Pennings, S.C.; Glazner, R.M.; Hughes, Z.J.; Kominoski, J.S.; Armitage, A.R. Effects of mangrove cover on coastal erosion during a
hurricane in Texas, USA. Ecology 2021, 102, e03309. [CrossRef]
77. Liu, H.; Zhang, K.; Li, Y.; Xie, L. Numerical study of the sensitivity of mangroves in reducing storm surge and flooding to
hurricane characteristics in southern Florida. Cont. Shelf Res. 2013, 64, 51–65. [CrossRef]
78. Del Valle, A.; Eriksson, M.; Ishizawa, O.A.; Miranda, J.J. Mangroves protect coastal economic activity from hurricanes. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 265–270. [CrossRef]
79. Raju, R.D.; Arockiasamy, M. Coastal Protection Using Integration of Mangroves with Floating Barges: An Innovative Concept. J.
Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10, 612. [CrossRef]
80. Ferrario, F.; Beck, M.W.; Storlazzi, C.D.; Micheli, F.; Shepard, C.C.; Airoldi, L. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard
risk reduction and adaptation. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3794. [CrossRef]
81. Harney, J.N.; Grossman, E.E.; Richmond, B.M.; Fletcher Iii, C.H. Age and composition of carbonate shoreface sediments, Kailua
Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 2000, 19, 141–154. [CrossRef]
82. IPCC. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. 2012; 582p. Available online:
http://ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/ (accessed on 10 October 2022).
Journal of
Marine Science
and Engineering
Article
South Florida’s Encroachment of the Sea and
Environmental Transformation over the 21st Century
Joseph Park 1,*
ID , Erik Stabenau 1 ID , Jed Redwine 2 ID and Kevin Kotun 1