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Piece by piece, new proteins, shaped like long spears, anchor themselves deep into the bacteria's membranes until they rip a hole into them that can't be closed again. | [
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Fluids rush into the bacteria and their insides spill out. | [
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They bleed to death. | [
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The remaining bacteria are maimed and distracted by the complement and quickly taken care of by the arriving immune cells. | [
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The invasion has been nipped in the bud before it had the opportunity to become dangerous. | [
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You probably didn't even notice it. | [
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But while bacteria are not happy about complement, the enemies it might be the most useful against are actually viruses. | [
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Viruses have one problem. | [
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They need to travel from cell to cell. | [
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Outside of cells, they're basically hoping to randomly bump against a cell to infect by pure chance. | [
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Here, they're completely defenseless. | [
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And here, complement is able to intercept and cripple them so they become harmless and guide the immune system to devour them. | [
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Without complement, virus infections would be a lot more deadly. | [
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But wait, if we have such an effective weapon, why do we ever get sick? | [
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The problem is that in a war, both sides adapt. | [
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For example, when the vaccinia virus infects a cell, it forces it to produce a protein that shuts complement activation down. | [
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This way, the virus creates safe zones around the cells it infects. | [
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When it kills them and tries to infect more, it has a higher chance of being successful. | [
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Or some bacteria, for example, can grab certain molecules from the blood that keep the complement system calm and make themselves invisible. | [
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So the complement system, while being extremely important, is only one player in the complex and beautiful organization that is our immune system. | [
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In the US this means about $1,000 a month or $12,000 a year. | [
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The money would not be taxed and you could do whatever you wanted with it. | [
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A 2013 study by the World Bank specifically examined if poor people waste their handouts on tobacco and alcohol if they receive it in the form of cash. | [
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The opposite is true. | [
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Other studies have shown that the richer you are, the more drugs and alcohol you consume. | [
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Universal basic income test runs done in Canada in the 1970s showed that around 1% of the recipients stopped working, mostly to take care of their kids. | [
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The extra time was used to achieve goals like going back to school or looking for better jobs. | [
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But if laziness and drugs are not a huge deal, why doesn't our current welfare state solve poverty? | [
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Welfare or unemployment programs often come with a lot of strings attached, like taking part in courses, | [
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In a lot of programs, if you earn a single dollar extra, the whole thing is taken away. | [
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but because of your taxes and other costs like transportation, you might end up having less money than before. | [
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There's no right answer here because the world is too diverse. | [
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How well-off a country is, what the local values are. | [
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How much welfare state is already in place and is it effective? | [
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Each country has its own individual path to a UBI. | [
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The easiest way to pay for a UBI is to end all welfare and use the free funds to finance it. | [
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Not only would this make a number of government agencies disappear, which in itself saves money, it would also eliminate a lot of bureaucracy. | [
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If the goal is to have a foundation for everybody, there still need to be programs of some sort because just like countries, people are not the same. | [
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