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But what came before the Big Bang? | [
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The truth is, we don't know, and maybe we never will. | [
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And there you have it, the past. | [
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Now let's take a look at what we know about the future. | [
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In roughly 1 billion years, the Sun will be so hot that life on Earth becomes impossible. | [
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The death of the Sun 4 billion years later marks the end of life in the solar system. | [
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If we want to have a chance to survive, we need to have ventured to the stars. | [
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And what happens after that? | [
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In the next 100 billion years, most of the bigger stars around will die. | [
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The universe becomes dimmer and dimmer, illuminated only by smaller red and white dwarfs. | [
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But they too will eventually burn out, and one day, the last star in the universe will die. | [
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The universe will turn dark. | [
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And at some point, even black holes will evaporate and die. | [
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When they do, our universe will reach its final stage, heat death. | [
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Now, you're feeling some pretty weird feelings right now, aren't you? | [
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We are too. | [
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The good news is, this is all far, far away. | [
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The only time that actually matters is now. | [
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That cute girl or boy you like, ask them out. | [
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Make it count. | [
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One of the questions we get asked the most is how we make animated videos. | [
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The short answer is with Adobe After Effects and years of training. | [
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But if you'd like to get a glimpse, we now have something for you. | [
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It's also extremely affordable. | [
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The annual subscription is less than $10 a month. | [
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How did you like this remake? | [
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So as multi-cellular life evolved over billions of years, it came up with ways to defend itself. | [
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Today, humans have a sophisticated defense network, like physical barriers, defense cells, and weapons factories. | [
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All in all, about 15 quintillion of them are saturating every fluid in your body right now. | [
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Guided by nothing but chemistry, these proteins are one of the most effective weapons we have against invaders. | [
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Many other parts of the immune system are just tools to activate the complement system. | [
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So our cells use numerous mechanisms to prevent complement from accidentally attacking them. | [
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In a nutshell, the complement system does three things. | [
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It cripples enemies, it activates the immune system, and it rips holes in things until they die. | [
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After all, these are mindless proteins randomly drifting around without will or direction. | [
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Well, this is actually part of the strategy. | [
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They do nothing until they get activated and change their shape. | [
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In the world of proteins, your shape determines what you can and cannot do. | [
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Because shape determines what you can interact with and in what way. | [
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Mechanisms like this one can start cascades that spread very quickly. | [
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Imagine the complement proteins as being like millions of matches very close together. | [
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Once one catches fire, it ignites the ones around it. | [
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They ignite more and suddenly you have a big fire. | [
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To show the actual mechanisms of the complement system is a tad complicated and overwhelming. | [
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So we'll simplify here. | [
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Now, let's imagine you cut yourself and a bunch of bacteria enter the wound and make it enter the surrounding tissue. | [
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Our complement attack begins with C3. | [
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C3 is the first match, the initial spark that will start our fire. | [
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And to do that, C3 needs to switch from passive to active. | [
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How this happens is complex, but let's just say it can happen randomly, through other complement proteins that bind to enemies or through antibodies. | [
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All you really need to know is that C3 breaks into two smaller proteins, C3a and C3b, that are now activated. | [
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One of these parts, the C3b protein, is like a seeker missile specialized in bacteria, fungi and viruses. | [
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It has a fraction of a second to find a victim or it will be neutralized by water molecules. | [
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In its new shape, it's now able to grab other proteins and start a small cascade, changing its shape multiple times, adding other complement proteins to itself. | [
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Finally, it transforms itself into a recruiting platform known as C3 Convertis. | [
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This platform is an expert at activating more C3 proteins that start the whole cycle anew. | [
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Soon, thousands of proteins cover the bacteria. | [
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For the bacteria, this is very bad. | [
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It can cripple the bacteria and make them helpless or slow them down. | [
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Imagine being covered by thousands of flies. | [
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Do you remember the other part of C3? | [
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C3a is like a distress beacon. | [
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Thousands of them flood away from the site of battle, screaming for attention. | [
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Passive immune cells notice the C3a proteins and awaken from their slumber to follow the protein tracks to the site of infection. | [
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The more alarm proteins they encounter, the more aggressive they get. | [
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This way, complement guides reinforcements exactly to the place where they're needed the most. | [
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So far, the complement has slowed down the invaders and called for help. | [
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Now, it's beginning to actively help to kill the enemy. | [
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The first immune cells to arrive at the battlefield are phagocytes, which means cells that swallow you whole trap you in a tiny prison and then kill you with acid. | [
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But to swallow an enemy, they need to grab it first, which is not easy because bacteria prefer not to be grabbed and are sort of slippery. | [
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But now the complement that has anchored itself to the bacteria acts as a sort of glue that makes it easy for the immune cells to catch their victims. | [
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Imagine being covered in flies again. | [
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Another cascade is about to begin. | [
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On the surface of the bacteria, the C3 recruitment platform changes its shape again and begins to recruit new proteins. | [
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Together, they begin the construction of a bigger structure, a membrane attack complex. | [
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