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But the universe is not a static glass, it seems to be getting bigger at an ever-increasing speed because of dark energy.
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Basically, everything in it is getting more and more diluted.
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In about 100 trillion years, the last star will die.
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Then, few interesting things will happen for the next few decillions, vantillions, and googles of years.
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Eventually, the universe will be a dark place fully dominated by dark energy, a rapidly expanding ball of pure space almost devoid of matter.
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You might think that this would lead to the ultimate death of everything, but dark energy has one last surprise for you.
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In a universe dominated by dark energy, space expands so dramatically that it creates a cosmic horizon around you,
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So for every practical purpose, the universe has become a glass of finite size about 36 billion light-years wide surrounded by an impassable cosmic horizon.
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Such a universe glass is basically a giant black hole turned inside out.
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We know that due to quantum effects, all black holes emit a tiny amount of particles, a phenomenon known as Hawking radiation.
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And so does our inside-out black hole.
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In the end, this radiation will fill the universe glass with particles again.
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At this point, so far in the future that giving you a number has no more meaning, we've reached the true final state.
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The universe has now become a closed box full of particles at an extremely low but finite temperature.
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And since they have a temperature, they undergo random motions.
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Things are about to become interesting again.
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Eternity is a long, long time.
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So now, even the most extremely unlikely things can happen.
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The fluctuating particles are bumping into each other over and over and over again, creating every combination of particles that's possible.
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They're like a monkey typing at random on a typewriter.
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Almost all of the time it types gibberish.
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But with enough time, eventually it will write the first acts of Hamlet.
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If ink in our universe glass generates any random arrangements of particles, what could they be?
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Well, a spontaneous fluctuation could give rise to a planet, or to a galaxy, or even to a lot of them.
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So maybe our universe has already ended, and all we see around us is a pop-up universe.
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And that, like the drop of ink, will only exist for a while before dissolving again.
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Being random, pop-up universes could be similar to ours, but with funny glitches.
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In some of these universes, dinosaurs are riding snails.
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In another, stars are made of blueberries.
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In another, you're wearing a funny hat.
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Scientists in such universes wouldn't understand those glitches, so maybe the greatest mysteries of physics are just nonsense bugs of our pop-up universe.
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But not all possible fluctuations of our dead universe have the same probability of occurring.
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Smaller fluctuations are much more probable than bigger ones.
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A planet is more likely than a galaxy.
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But you know what's even way more likely?
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Are you actually just a brain?
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You think, therefore, you exist.
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But what else do you truly know?
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In the end, your brain is just interpreting signals from your senses and creating a world that you experience.
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So technically, you could be just your brain that thinks the world is real.
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And if we follow the logic of the ink in the universe class, in particular, you could be a disembodied brain that,
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This is a pretty bizarre idea, but if we do the maths, it's kind of pretty solid.
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Let's compare the number of brains inside bodies in a living universe with the number of naked brains in a dead universe.
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Let's go really big and imagine that a total of 100 quadrillion humans will live around Earth and that the same amount of people will live around every star in the universe.
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If we add this together, we get about 10 to the power of 41 brains inside bodies that will exist.
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However, in a dead universe that has had enough time to explore all possible fluctuations and that will exist forever,
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the number of naked brains that would emerge is, well, infinite.
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So the probability that you're a floating brain is not only vastly larger than the probability that you're a real human,
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it's so inconceivably larger that we can't even meaningfully quantify the difference.
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How do you compare a number to infinity?
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So, are you a floating brain that exists for one moment in time, then basically forever passes, and then you exist for another moment in time?
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Maybe your life happens backwards and you just don't notice.
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Maybe you've lived trillions of times already.
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Are you the dream of a dead universe?
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First of all, there are a few loopholes.
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For example, dark energy could behave completely differently from what we think today and lead us to another future.
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Or maybe our dead universe will be too motionless to allow the creation of brains, even with infinite time.
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Or maybe the universe will end up dying in another way.
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Our understanding of the cosmos doesn't have a solid enough foundation for anyone to worry if they're real or not.
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Loopholes aside, if you were a fluctuating brain, all the laws of physics stored in your brain would have originated at random and shouldn't bear any relation to the real world.
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But we just used those laws to prove that you're a floating brain.
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So even if you believe that you are a floating brain, you'd have to admit that you have no good reason to believe that you are actually a floating brain.
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Hmm, okay, so this hallucinatory trip might teach us something about our theories about the universe.
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But in the end, it's just a really weird exercise in what you can do with physics.
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So don't worry.
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You're not a dream of the dead universe.
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At Kurzgesagt, we love discussing topics like Bortzmann brains
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because we're convinced that taking science and philosophy seriously is really important for having a positive impact on the world.
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We're lucky because this is our job.
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Doing something impactful, we also enjoy.
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If you're also aiming to make a positive difference, where should you start?
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Well, we've noticed a lot of advice about having a positive impact isn't based on the best available evidence.
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Today's sponsor, 80,000 Hours, aims to offer some that is.
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80,000 Hours is a non-profit career advice organization that wants to help people find fulfilling careers that also do a lot of good in the world.
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And their advice is free to read online without any hidden cost or fee later on.
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They've spent the last decade compiling and conducting research into topics like how much impact can one person actually have?
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And what are the best ways to make a positive difference on important global issues?
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And like us, they care a lot about making sure their work is based on the best available evidence and consultation with experts.
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You can read their main takeaways and actionable advice in their free online career guide that's recently got a massive update for 2023.
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If you'd like to read it for yourself and start working towards a career that's both meaningful and helps solve one of the world's most pressing problems,
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then you can find it all completely free at 80,000Hours.org/kurzgesagt.
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Our home is burning.
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Rapid climate change is destabilizing our world.
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It seems our emissions will not fall quickly enough to avoid runaway warming,
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and we may soon hit tipping points that will lead to the collapse of ecosystems and our civilization.
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While scientists, activists, and much of the younger generation urge action, it appears most politicians are not committed to doing anything meaningful,
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while the fossil fuel industry still works actively against change.
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It seems humanity can't overcome its greed and obsession with short-term profit and personal gain to save itself.
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And so for many, the future looks grim and hopeless.
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Young people feel particularly anxious and depressed.
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Instead of looking ahead to a lifetime of opportunity, they wonder if they will even have a future, or if they should bring kids into this world.
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It's an age of doom and hopelessness, and giving up seems the only sensible thing to do.
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But that's not true.
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You are not doomed.
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Humanity is not doomed.
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Despite the seriousness of the situation, for years, positive trends have accumulated, and there is finally some good news and a clear path towards our collective climate goals.
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Welcome to our TED Talk.
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Please watch this video to the end, check out our detailed sources afterwards to learn more.
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Okay, let's start with the scariest things.
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Some of the most widely shared stories about climate change are that it is an existential threat,
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