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On the other end of the spectrum, radio waves can be up to 100 kilometers in diameter, | [
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From a physics standpoint, all these different waves are the same. | [
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They all have the wave-particle duality and travel at C, the speed of light, just at different frequencies. | [
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So what makes visible light special then? | [
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We just happen to have evolved eyes that are good at registering exactly this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. | [
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This is not a complete coincidence, though. | [
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Visible light is the only set of electromagnetic radiation that propagates well in water, which happens to be where most eyes first evolved millions of years ago. | [
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That was a smart move because light not only interacts with matter, | [
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it's also altered by it and can be used to gather information about the world around us with almost no delay, which is arguably really helpful for survival. | [
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Okay, where does light come from? | [
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A vast range of electromagnetic waves are created when atoms or molecules drop from a higher state of energy to a lower one. | [
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They lose energy and emit it in the form of radiation. | [
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At the microscopic level, visible light is created when an electron within an atom, that is, in an excited state, drops to a lower energy state and loses this excess energy. | [
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The same way incoming light can elevate an electron to a higher state of energy by being absorbed by it. | [
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Macroscopically, the moving charge of the electron creates an oscillating magnet field, which creates an oscillating electric field perpendicular to it. | [
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These two fields move themselves through space, transferring energy from one place to another, carrying information about its place of creation with it. | [
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Why, of all the things in the universe, is light the fastest thing there is? | [
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Let's change the question. | [
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What is the fastest way to travel through space in the universe? | [
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It's C. | [
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Electromagnetic radiation just happens to move this fast. | [
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Any particle that has no mass travels at C, without acceleration or any in between. | [
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The light that's being released from a candle does not speed up until it reaches light speed. | [
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At the very instant of its creation, its speed is C. | [
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So why is C, or the speed of light, finite then? | [
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Our universe is just built this way. | [
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We don't have a smart answer here. | [
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So light is a part of a spectrum, an elementary particle that also behaves like a wave, propelled by two perpendicular fields, traveling at the speed limit of the universe. | [
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Okay, that's nice and all, but what about all the crazy stuff about traveling at the speed of light and time, the twin paradox, quantum stuff, and things like that? | [
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We have to save them for another video. | [
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For now, let's just be happy that we evolved eyes that pick up waves of information permeating the universe, making us see things that help us to put our existence into perspective. | [
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The simple questions are the hardest ones to answer. | [
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And why do they happen the way they do? | [
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Let's try to approach this step by step. | [
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What are you made of? | [
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You are matter, which is made of molecules, which are made of atoms, and those are made of elementary particles. | [
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But, if elementary particles are the smallest things that exist, what are they made of? | [
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To answer a simple question, let's start simply. | [
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Let's wipe the universe clean, away with matter, antimatter, radiation, particles, anything. | [
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Now let's take a closer look at absolutely nothing. | [
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While the water is very still when nothing is happening, a stiff breeze can create some serious waves. | [
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Our universe works a lot like this. | [
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There are these oceans everywhere. | [
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This might be strange and new, but think about radiation, for example. | [
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We perceive it as light. | [
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Every particle in the universe is made this way. | [
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There are fields for every particle of matter, all with their own rules. | [
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For example, along with the electromagnetic field, there is an electron field everywhere in the universe, and little kinks in that field are electrons. | [
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Altogether, the fields of our universe can produce 17 particles, which can be divided into three categories. | [
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Leptons consist of the electron as well as its cousins, muon and tau particles. | [
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Each has an associated neutrino. | [
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Then there are quarks. | [
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The quarks are the nuclear family of particles. | [
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They're always found bound together in groups and pairs and make up protons and neutrons, which make up the nuclei of atoms. | [
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Together, the leptons and quarks are the matter particles. | [
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They make up all the things you see. | [
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As a rule, it says matter attracts, which builds planets and stars. | [
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Electromagnetism isn't just a rule for magnets attracting or repelling or electric currents in light bulbs. | [
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The quarks exchange strong force bosons, communicating the strong nuclear attraction to each other, | [
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while the protons they build exchange particles of electromagnetism, photons, with the electrons. | [
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if you zoom in far enough on anything, you just get 17 particles emerging from underlying fields, playing a game with four rules. | [
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To summarize, in the most basic form we know right now, this is what things are. | [
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We'll have to explore a few more simple questions to get to the bottom of this. | [
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We made some wallpapers from some of the graphics in this video. | [
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If you want to help us make more videos, you can do so there. | [
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We really appreciate your support. | [
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While you decide, here are some more videos we made. | [
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Playing around with nuclear weapons in videos is fun. | [
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