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It manifests itself in a huge variety of behaviors, from hard-wired or instinct-like reactions to different degrees of learning to some sort of awareness. | [
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But not all scientists agree where it begins or what even should count as intelligence. | [
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To make this even more complicated, intelligence is also connected to consciousness, since awareness is helpful for problem-solving. | [
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But we're exploring consciousness in other videos, so today we'll leave it aside. | [
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Okay, intelligence isn't exactly clear-cut, so maybe we can think of it as more like a flexible set of skills. | [
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The most basic tools in the intelligence toolbox are the ability to gather information, to save it, and to use it to learn. | [
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Information about the world is gathered through senses such as vision, sound, smell, touch, or taste, and helps us navigate and react to the external world appropriately. | [
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But living things also need to keep track of the state of their own bodies, monitoring things like hunger and fatigue. | [
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Information is the basis of action for all living things, and without it, you're at the mercy of your surroundings, unable to react appropriately or flexibly. | [
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Some of these, like flying, have to be repeated over and over until they're mastered. | [
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This is what we call learning, the process of putting together a sequence of thoughts or actions. | [
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These three tools enable seemingly stupid creatures to act in surprisingly intelligent ways. | [
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For more challenging problems, we need even more flexibility. | [
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We'll call this tool the library of knowledge. | [
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Take raccoons. | [
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Their favorite kind of food is human food. | [
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Their approach to getting hold of such treats depends upon an assortment of theoretical and practical skills that makes them master burglars, able to open windows or pick locks. | [
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In a study, raccoons were given boxes secured with different kinds of locks, like latches, bolts, plugs, or push bars. | [
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A year later, the raccoons still remembered how to open the boxes and were as fast as when they had first solved the puzzle. | [
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Beyond our library of associations and skills, the most impressive tool in our box is creativity, a sort of mental duct tape. | [
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they could raise the water level enough to reach a marshmallow floating at the top. | [
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Squirrels examine every nut and weigh the time and effort it would take to hide it against the benefits they would get from each one. | [
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Damaged or low-fat nuts are eaten right away, while nuts that still need to ripen go on the stockpile. | [
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These empty caches distract rivals from their real treasure. | [
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This is pretty advanced strategizing because to make a plan to distract someone else, you first have to be aware that there are others like you that want the same things. | [
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The more complex the problem, the more tools are needed in combination to solve it. | [
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So the more tools there are, the more flexibility a being has to solve the challenges life throws at them. | [
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But even for complex problems, each animal's individual situation is what counts. | [
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Humans went the opposite way and invested in an unusually diverse intelligence toolkit. | [
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While this was helpful, by accident we added another set of tools on top. | [
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To solve these, we'll need to look past short-term survival and think about the distant future. | [
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Speaking of tools for learning, we've heard from many teachers that are using our infographic posters in class. | [
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So we asked what would help them the most and made an education edition. | [
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They're slightly larger posters about various things that will expand over time. | [
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You can get them in our shop and support us if you want. | [
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And let us know which poster topics you want for your room or classroom. | [
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This video was part two of a three-part video series relating to big questions of life and the universe. | [
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You'll find our sources and further reading in the video description. | [
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Life is fundamentally different from dead stuff, or is it? | [
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Physicist Erwin Schrodinger defined life this way. | [
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By investing energy, you can create order and clean it up. | [
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Every living thing on this planet is made of cells. | [
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It has the properties we just assigned to life. | [
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It grows and develops. | [
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