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Because the black hole trapdoor deforms space so much, not even light can escape it. | [
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And with nothing escaping to transfer information from the inside, it's impossible to tell what it really looks like. | [
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We can still observe black holes because of their effect on matter. | [
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Things can orbit black holes just as they can orbit the sun or a planet. | [
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Many black holes have disks of matter orbiting outside the event horizon. | [
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This matter can become incredibly hot as close orbits can speed this matter up to half the speed of light, | [
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and tiny amounts of friction and collisions between particles heat them to a billion degrees, making the space around these black holes ironically incredibly bright. | [
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What would happen if you were to try to get close or even inside a black hole? | [
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First of all, you'd see the strangest funhouse mirror in the universe. | [
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Matter isn't the only thing orbiting a black hole. | [
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Gravity is so strong near them that light can orbit too. | [
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If you hover just outside the event horizon, at the photon sphere, in any direction, you just see yourself. | [
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Straight ahead would be the back of your own head, as light from your back travels around the black hole to your eyes. | [
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Gravity also alters the passage of time itself. | [
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The stronger the gravity, the slower time passes. | [
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While you watch the universe above you speed up, those far away will watch you in slow motion. | [
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If you chose to fly away from the black hole, you might find that eons have passed for the rest of the universe, | [
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But getting close to a black hole can be incredibly dangerous. | [
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A painful death by spaghettification awaits you. | [
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Because your feet are closer to the black hole than your head, they feel a stronger pull of gravity, enough to pull you apart. | [
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until you've been reduced to a thin stream of hot plasma, gobbled up in one final slurp, never to be seen again. | [
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Whether you have survived this long doesn't really matter, as now there's only the certainty of crushing death in your near future. | [
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every forward you go leads only towards the center of the black hole. | [
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We've made a video about this problem if you want to learn more. | [
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This lack of a memory of its past means that a black hole has only three properties. | [
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Our current theories about the universe, namely general relativity, are just not able to describe or explain them. | [
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The curvature of space becomes infinite, density becomes infinite, and our rules just don't make sense. | [
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But this is all we know right now, from the best prediction we have, from our best current theory of space-time. | [
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as far as we know, all black holes in the universe should be spinning right now. | [
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This means that in reality, black holes are even more screwed up than they usually get credit for. | [
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The singularities of rotating black holes are even wilder. | [
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The rotation causes them to swell outwards into a sort of ringularity. | [
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This rotation is so powerful that space itself is dragged along. | [
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This creates another region around spinning black holes called the ergosphere, where it's impossible to stay still no matter how hard you try. | [
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Like a rushing whirlpool of space-time, the tide is irresistible, and the black hole makes you orbit it whether you want to or not. | [
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Okay, so what will happen to black holes as the universe ages and dies around them? | [
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Again, we don't know, but we have some ideas based on our current understanding of physics. | [
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In quantum field theory, the vacuum of space is boiling with quantum fluctuations. | [
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These fluctuations are creating matter and antimatter pairs of particles from nothing, which only exist for a very short time before annihilating. | [
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When this happens near the event horizon of a black hole, one of these particles can fall in, stopping them from annihilating. | [
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The escaping particle is Hawking radiation. | [
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Ultimately, the mass of this particle must come from the black hole, so over eons, black holes will shrink and radiate away. | [
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Hawking radiation is not the stuff that fell into the black hole, it's new stuff stealing mass from it. | [
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As the black hole shrinks, the Hawking radiation gets stronger, faster and faster, | [
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until what's left eventually evaporates in a flash of high-energy radiation like a nuclear bomb. | [
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But that won't happen for a long, long time. | [
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A black hole with the mass of our sun has a lifetime of 10 to the power of 67 years, | [
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But most black holes are way more massive than our sun. | [
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The most massive supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies have lifetimes of 10 to the power of 100 years. | [
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How long is that? | [
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Imagine an hourglass, filled with one grain of sand for every single particle in the universe. | [
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Every 10 billion years, one single grain of sand falls to the bottom. | [
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If we waited for all the sand to fall down, not even 1% of the lifetimes of these black holes would have passed. | [
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