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This isn't some imaginary danger. | [
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Some 70,000 years ago, a red dwarf-brown dwarf binary system passed through the Oort cloud and messed things up. | [
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It might even have sent a deadly onslaught of asteroids our way. | [
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But it could take 2 million years until those visitors from the Oort cloud arrive in the inner solar system. | [
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But there's a much bigger problem on the horizon. | [
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A close flyby like this would unfold over hundreds of thousands of years, disrupting the orbits of millions of objects in the Oort cloud considerably. | [
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If we're unlucky, it will trigger a new period of planetary bombardment similar to the early solar system. | [
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The night sky could be filled with comets and asteroids raining down on the inner solar system. | [
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The larger ones could cause dinosaur-level mass extinctions and would be bad for the stock market. | [
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But it could get much worse. | [
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The galaxy is an intense place, and stars get close to each other regularly. | [
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So it is possible that a star could come much closer and not just pass us, but fly directly through the inner solar system. | [
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This would be very bad in the extreme. | [
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The chance of another star colliding with the Sun is astronomically unlikely, but that isn't what we're worried about. | [
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If another star were to pass by about as close as the Earth is from the Sun, it could easily eject the Earth from the solar system. | [
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The odds of such an event are estimated to be around 1 in 100,000 in the next 5 billion years. | [
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As we discussed in another video, there seem to be billions of rogue planets doing their own thing in the galaxy, and this is one way to make them. | [
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So if this were to happen with an average red dwarf, what would happen on Earth? | [
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As the star enters the solar system, a small orangish dot appears in the sky that grows bigger and bigger for months, eventually becoming visible during the day. | [
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As the Earth reaches the orbit of Pluto and the Kuiper Belt, the Sun is still the brightest star in the sky, but it's one among many, with stars now visible during the day. | [
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A weird spectacle, enjoyed by no one unfortunately, unfolds as the atmosphere turns into nitrogen and then oxygen snow. | [
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The frozen corpuses of flora and fauna are buried beneath them. | [
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As Earth leaves the solar system, it becomes a rogue planet, traveling alone through the dark, lifeless and in solitude. | [
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Humanity would not be surprised by this potential extinction event. | [
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We'd notice it thousands of years in advance. | [
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There's not a lot we could do to stop a star, but we could prepare. | [
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Most of us would perish, but a few million could survive in huge artificial complexes, powered by geothermal and nuclear energy, | [
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At some point, we would become used to our circumstances, and new generations would watch documentaries in disbelief about the time we had our own star, and could walk the surface of Earth. | [
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If the Earth were lucky enough to pass by another star with a habitable planet, we could try to make a fresh start. | [
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But how much destructive power is this really? | [
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Let's try to put these numbers into perspective. | [
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On Earth, there are about 4,500 cities or urban areas with at least 100,000 inhabitants. | [
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Some are bigger than others, so we'll assume that on average we need three nuclear bombs to completely wipe out one city. | [
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This means we could destroy every single city on planet Earth with our nuclear arsenal, killing more than 3 billion people, roughly half of humanity, in an instant. | [
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And we'd still have 1,500 nuclear weapons left. | [
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Now that's what an expert would call overkill. | [
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So we can say with confidence that we have a lot of nuclear weapons and they can do a lot of damage. | [
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Let's drop our nuclear pile in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, just to show nature who's boss. | [
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Our warheads, piled haphazardly, fit into a small warehouse. | [
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A typical US warhead has the power of 200,000 tons of TNT. | [
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So 15,000 warheads would be the equivalent of 3 billion tons of TNT. | [
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For scale, this is enough to rebuild the whole island of Manhattan with every building and skyscraper using stacks of TNT. | [
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The closest thing we can compare to the energy gathered here is a volcano. | [
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One of the deadliest volcanic eruptions in recorded history took place in 1883 on the island of Krakatoa. | [
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The eruption was so powerful that 70% of the island and the surrounding archipelago was destroyed, killing tens of thousands of people. | [
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Its effects were felt around the world for days after the event. | [
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Our nuclear pile contains 15 times the energy of the Krakatoa volcanic eruption. | [
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So let's finally push the button. | [
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In a second, a fireball 50 kilometers across vaporizes everything in its way and creates a blast wave that flattens 3,000 square kilometers of forest. | [
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Every living thing within 250 kilometers will start to burn. | [
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The explosion will be heard literally around the world as the pressure wave circles the Earth tens of times over the next few weeks. | [
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