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Extremely radioactive material will kill living things very quickly, and a large area several kilometers around the crater is now uninhabitable,
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Much of the fallout is carried high into the atmosphere by the mushroom cloud and carried around the planet.
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A portion of the particles will flow to the edge of space for years and cause a nuclear winter that could lower global temperatures by a few degrees for a few years.
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This explosion was pretty bad if you're in South America and especially Brazil.
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The Amazon rainforest is pretty much history, which is not great, but human life will go on.
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Let's suppose humanity decided to mine every bit of uranium on Earth and build as many nuclear bombs as possible.
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At current usage, it's estimated that there are around 35 million tons of uranium in Earth's crust,
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For the sake of argument, let's say we create a pile with a yield of 10 billion Hiroshima bombs,
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Our pile explodes in a fireball stretching so high into the sky that it's visible from half of South America,
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Bedrock on the scale of whole mountain ranges is vaporized in an instant, while thousands of tons of material is catapulted away with such speed that it's ejected into space.
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Some leaves Earth forever, while most of it comes raining down as hot,
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The Earth's crust rings like a bell, struck by global earthquakes stronger than anything in recorded history, decimating cities around the world,
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while hurricane-force winds flatten every single tree in South America, and wildfires consume the continent.
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The abundance of hydrocarbons in the Amazon burned to form ash are cast into the atmosphere,
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The ensuing global winter may last for decades and results in the extinction of every large animal species, humans included.
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We could also mention that every corner of the planet is covered with radioactive fallout, but at this point, it doesn't matter that much anymore.
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This is humanity's extinction event.
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The astronauts aboard the International Space Station get to enjoy a great view for a while,
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but it's not unlikely that the spray of rocks blast into orbit will destroy the station.
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Those lucky enough to be in bunkers or in submarines deep below the ocean surface may survive the longest,
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before they exhaust their food supplies and have to venture out for more.
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They'll find the world a charred, freezing, radioactive wasteland.
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The planet itself doesn't care at all.
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After just a few million years, the wounds of the explosions have healed and life is thriving, arguably even more so than when humans were around.
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If intelligent life emerges again, it might be able to work out what happened.
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When they study geology, they'll find a bizarre and very thin layer of rock covering the entire world,
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They would probably be very, very confused.
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Videos like this one take well over 1,200 hours to finish.
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Over the years, we put more and more effort into research, conversations with experts, illustration and animation, sound design and fact-checking.
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For this video, we put a lot of extra work into our sources document.
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You can read how we got to the information in the video, what our experts thought about it, where they disagreed with each other.
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We can take the time to do this because of you, our viewers.
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Because you watch and share our videos, buy our posters and support us on Patreon.com.
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If you like what we're doing, please consider becoming a patron or get one of the nice things we made with love.
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Thank you for watching.
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What would happen if we detonated humanity's most powerful nuclear weapon at the deepest point of the ocean?
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For sure, tsunamis hundreds of meters high would destroy coastal cities, earthquakes would level countries, new volcanoes would bring us nuclear winter.
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Maybe even Earth could be ripped apart or thrown out of orbit?
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Currently, Earth's deepest known point is inside the Mariana Trench.
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The Mariana Trench is a very deep valley right at the edge of two tectonic plates that looks like an upside-down mountain.
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It reaches a depth of about 11 kilometers, almost three times deeper than the dark grave of the Titanic.
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It's one of the last places on Earth for humans to explore.
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Pitch black and under a thousand atmospheres of pressure, it's a relatively pristine environment thanks to the absence of humans.
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We'll use the most powerful nuclear bomb humans have ever exploded, the RDS-220 hydrogen bomb, or Tsar Bomba.
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Its explosion was so massive that its shockwave traveled around the Earth three times and its mushroom cloud stretched 56 kilometers into the sky.
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Explosions like this release such an enormous amount of energy at once that they could boil away an entire lake.
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And if we set off a nuclear bomb in the Mariana Trench, that's exactly what happens.
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Let's pull the trigger.
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In the first few microseconds, the nuclear fuel undergoes its chain reaction and explodes with the power of 50 megatons of TNT.
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A blinding flash of light illuminates the darkness of the trench for the first time in history.
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The heat of the explosion produces a cavity, a flaming bubble of water vapor, radioactive nuclei and the remains of very unlucky fish.
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The bubble grows quickly as it vaporizes the water around it.
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The pressure of the bubble is immense, plowing outwards as if there's nothing in the way,
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And then, almost as fast as it emerges, it stops.
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On the surface of the Earth, this fireball bubble would grow to 10 kilometers the second after it's detonated as the atmosphere barely puts up a fight to hold it back.
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But the pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is enormous.
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With 11 kilometers of water overhead, being in the Mariana Trench is like being crushed by a hydraulic press from every direction.
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Here a second after the detonation, our bubble is about a kilometer across, when oddly enough, it starts to shrink.
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The bubble overextends itself, losing pressure as it expands, until the water turns it back, recompressing it.
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The tug of war between the fiery death bubble and water goes back and forth a few times, the bubble shrinking and growing, until eventually the bubble loses for good.
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The pressure around it is too great, and turbulent water begins to chop it up.
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It becomes something like the underwater equivalent of a mushroom cloud, as it disintegrates into many smaller hot and radioactive bubbles drifting upwards.
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And as our mighty destructive blast rises to the surface, it does basically nothing.
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No tsunami will wash away Japan or California, although boats and whales in the area might have a bad time.
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The radioactive fallout will be diluted into the Pacific after a few days,
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although a fair amount of radioactive water and salt makes it to the atmosphere, where it collects and then rains down again.
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Even if the wind blows the fallout directly towards the Philippines, the worst of it probably happens over the oceans.
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Clearly, the real danger comes from our explosion triggering earthquakes and volcanoes, right?
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The explosion would vaporize a part of the sea floor and turn a lot of sand into glass, but most of the energy goes into the water, not seismic waves.
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Earthquakes are already quite common at tectonic plate boundaries.
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And earthquakes with as much seismic energy as our bomb happen a few times a year, without triggering any sort of apocalypse.
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But maybe it will affect the Earth's orbit?
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Since no mass is taken away or added to the Earth, our orbit is completely unaffected.
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Also, there have been well over a thousand nuclear tests in the last 70 years, and that didn't change our orbit, so why would this time be different?
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The strongest forces humanity can unleash are laughable compared to the forces of nature.
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The planet is too big, it doesn't care.
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So what happens to us if we detonate a nuclear weapon really deep in the ocean?
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Did you know that every bird in our videos has an owner?
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More than 1,000 people have got their own bird.
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It helps us explain things, clowns around in the background, or dies a horrible and avoidable death.
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If you want your own bird too and you want it to appear in one of our videos, you can get it at patreon.com/kurzgesagt.
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Patreon is one of the main ways we sustain ourselves, so on top of getting a super nice avatar, you also help us make more and better videos.
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Black holes are the most powerful and extreme things in the universe, and they're wildly weird and complicated.
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What would happen if you fell inside one, and what are they really?
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First, we need to talk about space and time.
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Space and time are the grand stage where the play of the universe unfolds.
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But space isn't a fixed stage, and time doesn't tick the same for everyone everywhere.
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In short, they're relative.
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Matter bends space, and bent space tells matter how to move.
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Put some stars and planets on the stage, and it sacks underneath them.
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That misshapen stage, with all its little warps and dips, gives us gravity.
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Black holes do not just bend the stage, they're like trapdoors.
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Most black holes form when very massive stars die.
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We explained this process in detail in our neutron star video.
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All you need to know now is that in the final moments of really massive stars, their insides implode at nearly a quarter of the speed of light.
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This packs so much mass so close together, creating something so dense that it sort of breaks the stage of the universe.
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A black hole with ten times the mass of the sun would be barely 60 kilometers across.
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If you look directly at a black hole, it looks like nothing.
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The space under their control is blocked by an invisible, one-way border called the event horizon.
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The event horizon forms a shell around a region of space that once entered is shielded from the rest of the universe forever.
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