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The gravity of the visible matter is not strong enough to form galaxies and complex structures. | [
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Stars would more likely be scattered all over the place and not form galaxies. | [
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But besides being able to calculate the existence of dark matter, we can see it, kind of. | [
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Places with a high concentration of dark matter bend light passing nearby. | [
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So we know there's something there that interacts with gravity. | [
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Right now, we have more ideas about what dark energy is not than what it is. | [
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We know dark matter is not just clouds of normal matter without stars because it would emit particles we could detect. | [
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Dark matter is not antimatter because antimatter produces unique gamma rays when it reacts with normal matter. | [
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Dark matter is also not made up of black holes, very compact objects that violently affect their surroundings, | [
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Basically, we only know three things for sure. | [
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One, something is out there. | [
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Two, it interacts with gravity. | [
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Three, there is a lot of it. | [
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Dark matter is probably made up of a complicated exotic particle that doesn't interact with light and matter in a way we expect, but right now, we just don't know. | [
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Dark energy is even more strange and mysterious. | [
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We can't detect it, we can't measure it, and we can't taste it, but we do see its effects very clearly. | [
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In 1929, Edwin Hubble examined how the wavelength of light emitted by distant galaxies shifts towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum as it travels through space. | [
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He found that fainter, more distant galaxies showed a large degree of redshift. | [
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Hubble determined that this was because the universe itself is expanding. | [
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The redshift occurs because the wavelengths of light are stretched as the universe expands. | [
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More recent discoveries have shown that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. | [
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It can generate more space, and it's quite active. | [
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So as the universe expands, it could be that just more and more space appears to fill the gaps, and this leads to a faster, expanding universe. | [
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This idea is close to an idea that Einstein had back in 1917 of a concept of a cosmological constant, a force that counteracted the force of gravity. | [
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The only problem is that when we tried to calculate the amount of this energy, the result was so wrong and weird that it only added to the confusion. | [
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The energy from those particles could be dark energy. | [
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Or maybe dark energy is an unknown kind of dynamic energy fluid or field which permeates the entire universe, | [
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But if it exists, we don't know how and where or how we could detect it. | [
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The sea floor at this depth is akin to the Amazon rainforest, and is often covered with coral reefs, algae, | [
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So far, we've focused most of our attention on this comparatively pleasant environment, where we fish, swim, pollute, and do science. | [
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With every additional meter of water, light fades drastically, which means there are basically no more plants, | [
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and the seemingly steep continental slope begins to remind us of the surface of the Moon. | [
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Let's leave the slope behind us, and enter what's known as the twilight zone, the portal to the deep sea. | [
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As we sink down further, the water pressure rises to deadly levels. | [
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The deepest scuba dive ever came in at 332 meters. | [
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Yet we've only completed 3% of our journey. | [
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While this region seems pretty grim, many fish and other animals actually spend at least half their lives down here. | [
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During the day, it's a good place to rest and recover, hidden from predators in the vast, dark waters. | [
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At night, they can travel more safely into shallower zones to feed in the food-rich surface waters. | [
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In this transition zone between twilight and darkness, light becomes a powerful tool. | [
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Over 90% of the species indigenous to this deep environment use bioluminescence chemicals to create light. | [
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They do so as camouflage against the very faint sunlight to send signals to potential mates or to confuse and scare attackers. | [
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Or, they use light to hunt. | [
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Another tool for survival in the dark is teamwork. | [
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At around 700 meters, we encounter a colony of Siphonophores. | [
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They can be up to 50 meters in length, but are only as wide as a broomstick. | [
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But most species living down here have to rely on an unlikely resource, marine snow. | [
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Even though this doesn't sound very tasty, without this crucial resource, life in the deep sea would starve. | [
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It's in this area that the most fascinating battles between two unlikely enemies could happen. | [
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Sperm whales hunt and attack giant squid the size of a house. | [
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As we reach 1000 meters, deeper than the tallest structure built by humans, we need to be careful. | [
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This is the Midnight Zone, a place of utter darkness. | [
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At these depths, it's harder for a human to take a swim than to take a walk in space. | [
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Finding food down here is really hard, so life had to adapt and become extremely energy efficient. | [
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They're covered in tiny stiff hairs which brush food from the water. | [
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This saves a lot of energy compared to actively catching food. | [
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For carnivorous fish, it's much harder to find food since living prey is quite rare down here. | [
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