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For many dozens of known elements, you don't need many dozens of elementary particles, just three. | [
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Take one proton and one electron, and you have hydrogen. | [
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Add a proton and a neutron, you have helium. | [
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Add a few more, you get carbon. | [
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And every atom of an element is the same. | [
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All hydrogen atoms in the universe, for example, are the same. | [
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The hydrogen in your body is exactly the same as the hydrogen in the sun. | [
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Do you feel confused right now? | [
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We certainly do. | [
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Nothing on this scale of the universe makes any sense in our world, and we've not even begun talking about quantum mechanics or the particle zoo, which are even stranger. | [
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Our model of atoms has changed a number of times since we first conceived it, and the current one will certainly not be the last. | [
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So, let us support scientists and research, and wait for the next wave of mind-boggling new information about this strange world that is the basis for our existence. | [
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The human immune system is the most complex biological system we know after the human brain, and yet most of us never learn how it works, or what it is. | [
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Your immune system consists of hundreds of tiny and two large organs. | [
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It has its own transport network spread throughout your body. | [
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Every day it makes hundreds of billions of fresh cells, organized like an army, with soldiers, captains, intelligence officers, heavy weapons, and crazy suicide bombers. | [
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It's not some sort of abstract entity. | [
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Your immune system is you. | [
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It's so manifold that it's impossible to cover in one video, so we'll make a series looking at different aspects of it. | [
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Today, what happens when your body is invaded, and your first lines of defenses are engaged in a fight for life and death? | [
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It's been a normal day, when suddenly the world explodes, and an asteroid rips the sky open. | [
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While the battle rages, your blood vessels let fluids stream into the battlefield, like a dam opening up towards a valley. | [
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Your thumb swells up a little and gets red and warm. | [
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The fluid brings a silent killer into the battle zone, millions of complement proteins, a sort of automated liquid weapon that stuns and kills bacteria by ripping holes into them. | [
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We're reaching a crossroad now. | [
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If things go well, your first line of defense kills the invaders quickly. | [
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The cell leaves the battlefield and enters the superhighway of your immune system that connects all your tissues with your immune headquarters, your lymph nodes. | [
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The dendritic cell is overjoyed and activates the helper T-cell. | [
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Well, your immune system has a perfect weapon against every possible disease in the universe, against the Black Death, the coronavirus, | [
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So for now, just know that you have billions of unique helper T-cells that each have weapons against every possible enemy. | [
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The first group quickly moves to help out your soldiers. | [
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A tired macrophage is ready to give up. | [
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As soon as enough clones have been made, each B-cell begins pumping out up to 2,000 antibodies per second. | [
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About a week after you injured yourself and bacteria invaded, your second line of defense finally arrives in full force. | [
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A few helper T-cells remain and turn into memory cells. | [
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They will guard the tissue for years, making sure the same bacteria will never again gain a foothold here. | [
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You were completely unaware of the drama your cells had to deal with. | [
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For you, the whole ordeal was a slight annoyance, while for millions of cells it was a desperate fight for life and death. | [
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