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If we compare the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a blue whale, we see that the bacterium has 10 million times more surface in relation to its volume than the whale. | [
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The bacterium has a lot of outsides, while the whale has a lot of insides. | [
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If we make a bacterium the size of a whale, our giant bacteria now has too much insides, and most of its inside is now very far from its surface. | [
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The oxygen our bacterium needs would never reach the inside before it would run out of oxygen. | [
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Our giant bacterium would just die. | [
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Still, being bigger has many upsides. | [
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But the size of cells is limited by the distance oxygen and nutrients can effectively diffuse to provide the inside with enough resources. | [
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So, life avoided this problem by forming multicellular structures. | [
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Because diffusion works better if you have many small units instead of one much bigger one. | [
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Over time, the cell buddies began to share work and specialize. | [
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But that still wasn't enough. | [
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The problem of diffusion and surface and energy production remained, limiting the size these first multicellular forms of life could attain. | [
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Take yourself. | [
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But your lungs have a surface area of about 70 square meters. | [
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They aren't like balloons, they're more like sponges filled with many tightly packed tiny balloons surrounded by blood vessels. | [
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When you breathe in, all these tiny balloons fill up with fresh air. | [
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Blood filled up with CO2 is pumped around the balloons. | [
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The oxygen diffuses into the blood where it's picked up by red blood cells. | [
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And the CO2 diffuses out of the blood and into your lungs where it can be breathed out again. | [
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This is true for all parts of you that want to exchange something with the outside world. | [
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Your body needs surfaces to take in nutrients from your food, so your gut has the surface area of half a badminton court, roughly 40 square meters. | [
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Its way to stay alive is to create sugar out of thin air and sunlight. | [
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If we look at the breathtaking diversity of life on this planet, it seems like everything is pretty different. | [
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But some basic principles are the same for everybody, and have not changed significantly for billions of years. | [
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Waste goes out and fresh fuel comes in. | [
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Big animals just need a lot of complex plumbing to make it possible. | [
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Fresh fuel is something we can all use from time to time, especially for our creativity. | [
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All it really takes is to try something new, and we have the perfect opportunity to get you started. | [
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We partnered with Skillshare, an online learning community that offers courses on almost any creative skill, such as design, illustration, animation, photography, and cooking. | [
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Maybe you want to look behind the scenes of our animations, for example. | [
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We've made a couple of Skillshare classes that teach you how we animated scenes from our videos with video lessons classes and hands-on projects. | [
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Or if you'd rather look into illustration first, we recommend Adobe Illustrator. | [
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Level up your colors by Hayden Obey. | [
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The important part is to get started, have some fun, and get new inspiration. | [
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Unlimited access to all classes is only $10 a month with an annual premium membership. | [
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And the first 1,000 Kurzgesagt viewers to click the link in the description get a special treat. | [
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You'll get a free trial of Skillshare Premium. | [
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And we have something else to make your learning experience truly perfect, our new Ocean Explorer notebook. | [
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It has beautiful sparkly four-lettering and four illustrated infographic pages inside, taking you on a journey under the sea. | [
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Thank you for watching. | [
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A single human hair is about as thick as 500,000 carbon atoms stacked over each other. | [
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Look at your fist. | [
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It contains trillions and trillions of atoms. | [
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If one atom in it were about as big as a marble, how big would your fist be? | [
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Let's try something different. | [
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Look at your little finger. | [
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One rice corn represents one cell of your fingertip. | [
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Let's fill it with rice again. | [
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An atom consists of three elementary particles. | [
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They are made from quarks and held together by gluons. | [
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We suspect that quarks and electrons are the most fundamental components of matter in the universe. | [
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Electrons orbit the atom core. | [
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They travel at a speed of about 2,200 km per second. | [
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Like quarks, we think electrons are fundamental particles. | [
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99.99999999999999% of an atom's volume is just empty space. | [
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What we perceive as emptiness is actually a space filled by quantum fluctuations. | [
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These fluctuations have a fundamental impact on how charged particles interact. | [
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But that's a topic for another video. | [
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If you were to subtract all the spaces between the atom cores from the Empire State Building, it would be about as big as a rice corn. | [
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All the atoms of humanity would fit in a teaspoon. | [
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In a neutron star, atom cores are compacted so densely that the mass of three suns fits into an object only a few kilometers wide. | [
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Electrons are like a wave function and a particle at the same time. | [
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We can calculate where an electron might be at any given moment in time. | [
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These clouds of probability, called orbitals, are where electrons might be with a certainty of 95%. | [
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The probability of finding an electron approaches zero the further we get away from the atom core. | [
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But it actually never is zero, which means that, in theory, the electron of an atom could be on the other side of the universe. | [
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Okay, wait a second. | [
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These strange thingies make up all the matter in the universe. | [
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