polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

nothdurft-minker-2012-using

Using multimodal resources for explanation approaches in intelligent systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1067/

Nothdurft, Florian and Minker, Wolfgang

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

411--415

In this work we show that there is a need of using multimodal resources during human-computer interaction (HCI) in intelligent systems. We propose that not only creating multimodal output for the user is important, but to take multimodal input resources into account for the decision when and how to interact. Especially the use of multimodal input resources for the decision when and how to provide assistance in HCI is important. The use of assistive functionalities like providing adaptive explanations to keep the user motivated and cooperative is more than a side-effect and demands a closer look. In this paper we introduce our approach on how to use multimodal input ressources in an adaptive and generic explanation pipeline. We do not only concentrate on using explanations as a way to manage user knowledge, but to maintain the cooperativeness, trust and motivation of the user to continue a healthy and well-structured HCI.

null

73,268

inproceedings

forsberg-lager-2012-cloud

Cloud Logic Programming for Integrating Language Technology Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1068/

Forsberg, Markus and Lager, Torbj{\"orn

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2935--2940

The main goal of the CLT Cloud project is to equip lexica, morphological processors, parsers and other software components developed within CLT (Centre of Language Technology) with so called web API:s, thus making them available on the Internet in the form of web services. We present a proof-of-concept implementation of the CLT Cloud server where we use the logic programming language Prolog for composing and aggregating existing web services into new web services in a way that encourages creative exploration and rapid prototyping of LT applications.

null

73,269

inproceedings

tamburini-melandri-2012-anita

{A}n{I}ta: a powerful morphological analyser for {I}talian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1069/

Tamburini, Fabio and Melandri, Matias

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

941--947

In this paper we present AnIta, a powerful morphological analyser for Italian implemented within the framework of finite-state-automata models. It is provided by a large lexicon containing more than 110,000 lemmas that enable it to cover relevant portions of Italian texts. We describe our design choices for the management of inflectional phenomena as well as some interesting new features to explicitly handle derivational and compositional processes in Italian, namely the wordform segmentation structure and Derivation Graph. Two different evaluation experiments, for testing coverage (Recall) and Precision, are described in detail, comparing the AnIta performances with some other freely available tools to handle Italian morphology. The experiments results show that the AnIta Morphological Analyser obtains the best performances among the tested systems, with Recall = 97.21{\%} and Precision = 98.71{\%}. This tool was a fundamental building block for designing a performant PoS-tagger and Lemmatiser for the Italian language that participated to two EVALITA evaluation campaigns ranking, in both cases, together with the best performing systems.

null

73,270

inproceedings

springorum-etal-2012-automatic

Automatic classification of {G}erman \textit{an} particle verbs

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1070/

Springorum, Sylvia and Schulte im Walde, Sabine and Ro{\ss}deutscher, Antje

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

73--80

The current study works at the interface of theoretical and computational linguistics to explore the semantic properties of an particle verbs, i.e., German particle verbs with the particle an. Based on a thorough analysis of the particle verbs from a theoretical point of view, we identified empirical features and performed an automatic semantic classification. A focus of the study was on the mutual profit of theoretical and empirical perspectives with respect to salient semantic properties of the an particle verbs: (a) how can we transform the theoretical insights into empirical, corpus-based features, (b) to what extent can we replicate the theoretical classification by a machine learning approach, and (c) can the computational analysis in turn deepen our insights to the semantic properties of the particle verbs? The best classification result of 70{\%} correct class assignments was reached through a GermaNet-based generalization of direct object nouns plus a prepositional phrase feature. These particle verb features in combination with a detailed analysis of the results at the same time confirmed and enlarged our knowledge about salient properties.

null

73,271

inproceedings

catizone-etal-2012-lie

{LIE}: Leadership, Influence and Expertise

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1071/

Catizone, Roberta and Guthrie, Louise and Thomas, Arthur and Wilks, Yorick

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3692--3696

This paper describes our research into methods for inferring social and instrumental roles and relationships from document and discourse corpora. The goal is to identify the roles of initial authors and participants in internet discussions with respect to leadership, influence and expertise. Web documents, forums and blogs provide data from which the relationships between these concepts are empirically derived and compared. Using techniques from Natural Language Processing (NLP), characterizations of authority and expertise are hypothesized and then tested to see if these pick out the same or different participants as may be chosen by techniques based on social network analysis (Huffaker 2010) see if they pick out the same discourse participants for any given level of these qualities (i.e. leadership, expertise and influence). Our methods could be applied, in principle, to any domain topic, but this paper will describe an initial investigation into two subject areas where a range of differing opinions are available and which differ in the nature of their appeals to authority and truth: genetic engineering' and a Muslim Forum'. The available online corpora for these topics contain discussions from a variety of users with different levels of expertise, backgrounds and personalities.

null

73,272

inproceedings

bartalesi-lenzi-etal-2012-cat

{CAT}: the {CELCT} Annotation Tool

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1072/

Bartalesi Lenzi, Valentina and Moretti, Giovanni and Sprugnoli, Rachele

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

333--338

This paper presents CAT - CELCT Annotation Tool, a new general-purpose web-based tool for text annotation developed by CELCT (Center for the Evaluation of Language and Communication Technologies). The aim of CAT is to make text annotation an intuitive, easy and fast process. In particular, CAT was created to support human annotators in performing linguistic and semantic text annotation and was designed to improve productivity and reduce time spent on this task. Manual text annotation is, in fact, a time-consuming activity, and conflicts may arise with the strict deadlines annotation projects are frequently subject to. Thanks to its adaptability and user-friendly interface, CAT can positively contribute to improve time management in annotation project. Further, the tool has a number of features which make it an easy-to-use tool for many types of annotations. Even if the first prototype of CAT has been used to perform temporal and event annotation following the It-TimeML specifications, the tool is general enough to be used for annotating a broad range of linguistic and semantic phenomena. CAT is freely available for research purposes.

null

73,273

inproceedings

he-etal-2012-quantising

Quantising Opinions for Political Tweets Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1073/

He, Yulan and Saif, Hassan and Wei, Zhongyu and Wong, Kam-Fai

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3901--3906

There have been increasing interests in recent years in analyzing tweet messages relevant to political events so as to understand public opinions towards certain political issues. We analyzed tweet messages crawled during the eight weeks leading to the UK General Election in May 2010 and found that activities at Twitter is not necessarily a good predictor of popularity of political parties. We then proceed to propose a statistical model for sentiment detection with side information such as emoticons and hash tags implying tweet polarities being incorporated. Our results show that sentiment analysis based on a simple keyword matching against a sentiment lexicon or a supervised classifier trained with distant supervision does not correlate well with the actual election results. However, using our proposed statistical model for sentiment analysis, we were able to map the public opinion in Twitter with the actual offline sentiment in real world.

null

73,274

inproceedings

ion-etal-2012-rombac

{ROMBAC}: The {R}omanian Balanced Annotated Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1074/

Ion, Radu and Irimia, Elena and {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan and Tufiș, Dan

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

339--344

This article describes the collecting, processing and validation of a large balanced corpus for Romanian. The annotation types and structure of the corpus are briefly reviewed. It was constructed at the Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence of the Romanian Academy in the context of an international project (METANET4U). The processing covers tokenization, POS-tagging, lemmatization and chunking. The corpus is in XML format generated by our in-house annotation tools; the corpus encoding schema is XCES compliant and the metadata specification is conformant to the METANET recommendations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large and richly annotated corpus for Romanian. ROMBAC is intended to be the foundation of a linguistic environment containing a reference corpus for contemporary Romanian and a comprehensive collection of interoperable processing tools.

null

73,275

inproceedings

konstantopoulos-etal-2012-task

Task-Driven Linguistic Analysis based on an Underspecified Features Representation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1075/

Konstantopoulos, Stasinos and Kordoni, Valia and Cancedda, Nicola and Karkaletsis, Vangelis and Klakow, Dietrich and Renders, Jean-Michel

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1966--1970

In this paper we explore a task-driven approach to interfacing NLP components, where language processing is guided by the end-task that each application requires. The core idea is to generalize feature values into feature value distributions, representing under-specified feature values, and to fit linguistic pipelines with a back-channel of specification requests through which subsequent components can declare to preceding ones the importance of narrowing the value distribution of particular features that are critical for the current task.

null

73,276

inproceedings

el-maarouf-villaneau-2012-french

A {F}rench Fairy Tale Corpus syntactically and semantically annotated

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1076/

El Maarouf, Isma{\"il and Villaneau, Jeanne

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

345--350

Fairy tales, folktales and more generally children stories have lately attracted the Natural Language Processing (NLP) community. As such, very few corpora exist and linguistic resources are lacking. The work presented in this paper aims at filling this gap by presenting a syntactically and semantically annotated corpus. It focuses on the linguistic analysis of a Fairy Tales Corpus, and provides the description of the syntactic and semantic resources developed for Information Extraction. Resources include syntactic dependency relation annotation for 120 verbs; referential annotation, which is concerned with annotating each anaphoric occurrence and Proper Name with the most specific noun in the text; ontology matching for a substantial part of the nouns in the corpus; semantic role labelling for 41 verbs using the FrameNet database. The article also sums up previous analyses of this corpus and indicates possible uses of this corpus for the NLP community.

null

73,277

inproceedings

morante-daelemans-2012-conandoyle

{C}onan{D}oyle-neg: Annotation of negation cues and their scope in Conan Doyle stories

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1077/

Morante, Roser and Daelemans, Walter

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1563--1568

In this paper we present ConanDoyle-neg, a corpus of stories by Conan Doyle annotated with negation information. The negation cues and their scope, as well as the event or property that is negated have been annotated by two annotators. The inter-annotator agreement is measured in terms of F-scores at scope level. It is higher for cues (94.88 and 92.77), less high for scopes (85.04 and 77.31), and lower for the negated event (79.23 and 80.67). The corpus is publicly available.

null

73,278

inproceedings

ploch-etal-2012-gerned

{G}er{NED}: A {G}erman Corpus for Named Entity Disambiguation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1078/

Ploch, Danuta and Hennig, Leonhard and Duka, Angelina and De Luca, Ernesto William and Albayrak, Sahin

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3886--3893

Determining the real-world referents for name mentions of persons, organizations and other named entities in texts has become an important task in many information retrieval scenarios and is referred to as Named Entity Disambiguation (NED). While comprehensive datasets support the development and evaluation of NED approaches for English, there are no public datasets to assess NED systems for other languages, such as German. This paper describes the construction of an NED dataset based on a large corpus of German news articles. The dataset is closely modeled on the datasets used for the Knowledge Base Population tasks of the Text Analysis Conference, and contains gold standard annotations for the NED tasks of Entity Linking, NIL Detection and NIL Clustering. We also present first experimental results on the new dataset for each of these tasks in order to establish a baseline for future research efforts.

null

73,279

inproceedings

vazquez-bel-2012-classification

A Classification of Adjectives for Polarity Lexicons Enhancement

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1079/

V{\'a}zquez, Silvia and Bel, N{\'u}ria

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3557--3561

Subjective language detection is one of the most important challenges in Sentiment Analysis. Because of the weight and frequency in opinionated texts, adjectives are considered a key piece in the opinion extraction process. These subjective units are more and more frequently collected in polarity lexicons in which they appear annotated with their prior polarity. However, at the moment, any polarity lexicon takes into account prior polarity variations across domains. This paper proves that a majority of adjectives change their prior polarity value depending on the domain. We propose a distinction between domain dependent and domain independent adjectives. Moreover, our analysis led us to propose a further classification related to subjectivity degree: constant, mixed and highly subjective adjectives. Following this classification, polarity values will be a better support for Sentiment Analysis.

null

73,280

inproceedings

alonso-etal-2012-voting

A voting scheme to detect semantic underspecification

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1080/

Alonso, H{\'e}ctor Mart{\'i}nez and Bel, N{\'u}ria and Pedersen, Bolette Sandford

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

569--575

The following work describes a voting system to automatically classify the sense selection of the complex types Location/Organization and Container/Content, which depend on regular polysemy, as described by the Generative Lexicon (Pustejovsky, 1995) . This kind of sense alternations very often presents semantic underspecificacion between its two possible selected senses. This kind of underspecification is not traditionally contemplated in word sense disambiguation systems, as disambiguation systems are still coping with the need of a representation and recognition of underspecification (Pustejovsky, 2009) The data are characterized by the morphosyntactic and lexical enviroment of the headwords and provided as input for a classifier. The baseline decision tree classifier is compared against an eight-member voting scheme obtained from variants of the training data generated by modifications on the class representation and from two different classification algorithms, namely decision trees and k-nearest neighbors. The voting system improves the accuracy for the non-underspecified senses, but the underspecified sense remains difficult to identify

null

73,281

inproceedings

grover-etal-2012-aspects

Aspects of a Legal Framework for Language Resource Management

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1081/

Grover, Aditi Sharma and Nieman, Annamart and Van Huyssteen, Gerhard and Roux, Justus

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1035--1039

The management of language resources requires several legal aspects to be taken into consideration. In this paper we discuss a number of these aspects which lead towards the formation of a legal framework for a language resources management agency. The legal framework entails examination of; the agency`s stakeholders and the relationships that exist amongst them, the privacy and intellectual property rights that exist around the language resources offered by the agency, and the external (e.g. laws, acts, policies) and internal legal instruments (e.g. end user licence agreements) required for the agency`s operation.

null

73,282

inproceedings

polakova-etal-2012-interplay

Interplay of Coreference and Discourse Relations: Discourse Connectives with a Referential Component

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1082/

Pol{\'a}kov{\'a}, Lucie and J{\'i}nov{\'a}, Pavl{\'i}na and M{\'i}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v{r}}{\'i}

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

146--153

This contribution explores the subgroup of text structuring expressions with the form preposition + demonstrative pronoun, thus it is devoted to an aspect of the interaction of coreference relations and relations signaled by discourse connectives (DCs) in a text. The demonstrative pronoun typically signals a referential link to an antecedent, whereas the whole expression can, but does not have to, carry a discourse meaning in sense of discourse connectives. We describe the properties of these phrases/expressions with regard to their antecedents, their position among the text-structuring language means and their features typical for the connective function of them compared to their non-connective function. The analysis is carried out on Czech data from the approx. 50,000 sentences of the Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0, directly on the syntactic trees. We explore the characteristics of these phrases/expressions discovered during two projects: the manual annotation of 1, coreference relations (Nedoluzhko et al. 2011) and 2, discourse connectives, their scopes and meanings (Mladov{\'a} et al. 2008).

null

73,283

inproceedings

kaalep-muischnek-2012-robust

Robust clause boundary identification for corpus annotation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1083/

Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan and Muischnek, Kadri

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1632--1636

The paper describes a rule-based system for tagging clause boundaries, implemented for annotating the Estonian Reference Corpus of the University of Tartu, a collection of written texts containing ca 245 million running words and available for querying via Keeleveeb language portal. The system needs information about parts of speech and grammatical categories coded in the word-forms, i.e. it takes morphologically annotated text as input, but requires no information about the syntactic structure of the sentence. Among the strong points of our system we should mention identifying parenthesis and embedded clauses, i.e. clauses that are inserted into another clause dividing it into two separate parts in the linear text, for example a relative clause following its head noun. That enables a corpus query system to unite the otherwise divided clause, a feature that usually presupposes full parsing. The overall precision of the system is 95{\%} and the recall is 96{\%}. If ordinary clause boundary detection and parenthesis and embedded clause boundary detection are evaluated separately, then one can say that detecting an ordinary clause boundary (recall 98{\%}, precision 96{\%}) is an easier task than detecting an embedded clause (recall 79{\%}, precision 100{\%}).

null

73,284

inproceedings

clapham-etal-2012-nki

{NKI}-{CCRT} Corpus - Speech Intelligibility Before and After Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1084/

Clapham, R.P. and van der Molen, L. and van Son, R.J.J.H. and van den Brekel, M. and Hilgers, F.J.M.

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3350--3355

Evaluations of speech intelligibility based on a read passage are often used in the clinical situation to assess the impact of the disease and/or treatment on spoken communication. Although scale-based measures are often used in the clinical setting, these measures are susceptible to listener response bias. Automatic evaluation tools are being developed in response to some of the drawbacks of perceptual evaluation, however, large corpora judged by listeners are needed to improve and test these tools. To this end, the NKI-CCRT corpus with individual listener judgements on the intelligibility of recordings of 55 speakers treated for cancer of the head and neck will be made available for restricted scientific use. The corpus contains recordings and perceptual evaluations of speech intelligibility over three evaluation moments: before treatment and after treatment (10-weeks and 12-months). Treatment was by means of chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Thirteen recently graduated speech pathologists rated the speech intelligibility of the recordings on a 7-point scale. Information on recording and perceptual evaluation procedures is presented in addition to preliminary rater reliability and agreement information. Preliminary results show that for many speakers speech intelligibility is rated low before cancer treatment.

null

73,285

inproceedings

san-vicente-manterola-2012-paco2

{P}a{C}o2: A Fully Automated tool for gathering Parallel Corpora from the Web

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1085/

San Vicente, I{\~n}aki and Manterola, Iker

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1--6

The importance of parallel corpora in the NLP field is fully acknowledged. This paper presents a tool that can build parallel corpora given just a seed word list and a pair of languages. Our approach is similar to others proposed in the literature, but introduces a new phase to the process. While most of the systems leave the task of finding websites containing parallel content up to the user, PaCo2 (Parallel Corpora Collector) takes care of that as well. The tool is language independent as far as possible, and adapting the system to work with new languages is fairly straightforward. Evaluation of the different modules has been carried out for Basque-Spanish, Spanish-English and Portuguese-English language pairs. Even though there is still room for improvement, results are positive. Results show that the corpora created have very good quality translations units, and the quality is maintained for the various language pairs. Details of the corpora created up until now are also provided.

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73,286

inproceedings

fernando-stevenson-2012-mapping

Mapping {W}ord{N}et synsets to {W}ikipedia articles

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1086/

Fernando, Samuel and Stevenson, Mark

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

590--596

Lexical knowledge bases (LKBs), such as WordNet, have been shown to be useful for a range of language processing tasks. Extending these resources is an expensive and time-consuming process. This paper describes an approach to address this problem by automatically generating a mapping from WordNet synsets to Wikipedia articles. A sample of synsets has been manually annotated with article matches for evaluation purposes. The automatic methods are shown to create mappings with precision of 87.8{\%} and recall of 46.9{\%}. These mappings can then be used as a basis for enriching WordNet with new relations based on Wikipedia links. The manual and automatically created data is available online.

null

73,287

inproceedings

seljan-etal-2012-bleu

{BLEU} Evaluation of Machine-Translated {E}nglish-{C}roatian Legislation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1087/

Seljan, Sanja and Brki{\'c}, Marija and Vi{\v{c}}i{\'c}, Tomislav

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2143--2148

This paper presents work on the evaluation of online available machine translation (MT) service, i.e. Google Translate, for English-Croatian language pair in the domain of legislation. The total set of 200 sentences, for which three reference translations are provided, is divided into short and long sentences. Human evaluation is performed by native speakers, using the criteria of adequacy and fluency. For measuring the reliability of agreement among raters, Fleiss' kappa metric is used. Human evaluation is enriched by error analysis, in order to examine the influence of error types on fluency and adequacy, and to use it in further research. Translation errors are divided into several categories: non-translated words, word omissions, unnecessarily translated words, morphological errors, lexical errors, syntactic errors and incorrect punctuation. The automatic evaluation metric BLEU is calculated with regard to a single and multiple reference translations. System level Pearson`s correlation between BLEU scores based on a single and multiple reference translations is given, as well as correlation between short and long sentences BLEU scores, and correlation between the criteria of fluency and adequacy and each error category.

null

73,288

inproceedings

seeker-kuhn-2012-making

Making Ellipses Explicit in Dependency Conversion for a {G}erman Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1088/

Seeker, Wolfgang and Kuhn, Jonas

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3132--3139

We present a carefully designed dependency conversion of the German phrase-structure treebank TiGer that explicitly represents verb ellipses by introducing empty nodes into the tree. Although the conversion process uses heuristics like many other conversion tools we designed them to fail if no reasonable solution can be found. The failing of the conversion process makes it possible to detect elliptical constructions where the head is missing, but it also allows us to find errors in the original annotation. We discuss the conversion process and the heuristics, and describe some design decisions and error corrections that we applied to the corpus. Since most of today`s data-driven dependency parsers are not able to handle empty nodes directly during parsing, our conversion tool also derives a canonical dependency format without empty nodes. It is shown experimentally to be well suited for training statistical dependency parsers by comparing the performance of two parsers from different parsing paradigms on the data set of the CoNLL 2009 Shared Task data and our corpus.

null

73,289

inproceedings

de-albornoz-etal-2012-sentisense

{S}enti{S}ense: An easily scalable concept-based affective lexicon for sentiment analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1089/

de Albornoz, Jorge Carrillo and Plaza, Laura and Gerv{\'a}s, Pablo

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3562--3567

This paper presents SentiSense, a concept-based affective lexicon. It is intended to be used in sentiment analysis-related tasks, specially in polarity and intensity classification and emotion identification. SentiSense attaches emotional meanings to concepts from the WordNet lexical database, instead of terms, thus allowing to address the word ambiguity problem using one of the many WordNet-based word sense disambiguation algorithms. SentiSense consists of 5,496 words and 2,190 synsets labeled with an emotion from a set of 14 emotional categories, which are related by an antonym relationship. SentiSense has been developed semi-automatically using several semantic relations between synsets in WordNet. SentiSense is endowed with a set of tools that allow users to visualize the lexicon and some statistics about the distribution of synsets and emotions in SentiSense, as well as to easily expand the lexicon. SentiSense is available for research purposes.

null

73,290

inproceedings

noecker-jr-ryan-2012-distractorless

Distractorless Authorship Verification

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1090/

Noecker Jr, John and Ryan, Michael

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

785--789

Authorship verification is the task of, given a document and a candi- date author, determining whether or not the document was written by the candi- date author. Traditional approaches to authorship verification have revolved around a candidate author vs. everything else approach. Thus, perhaps the most important aspect of performing authorship verification on a document is the development of an appropriate distractor set to represent everything not the candidate author. The validity of the results of such experiments hinges on the ability to develop an appropriately representative set of distractor documents. Here, we propose a method for performing authorship verification without the use of a distractor set. Using only training data from the candidate author, we are able to perform authorship verification with high confidence (greater than 90{\%} accuracy rates across a large corpus).

null

73,291

inproceedings

sawalha-etal-2012-predicting

Predicting Phrase Breaks in Classical and {M}odern {S}tandard {A}rabic Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1091/

Sawalha, Majdi and Brierley, Claire and Atwell, Eric

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3868--3872

We train and test two probabilistic taggers for Arabic phrase break prediction on a purpose-built, gold standard, boundary-annotated and PoS-tagged Qur`an corpus of 77430 words and 8230 sentences. In a related LREC paper (Brierley et al., 2012), we cover dataset build. Here we report on comparative experiments with off-the-shelf N-gram and HMM taggers and coarse-grained feature sets for syntax and prosody, where the task is to predict boundary locations in an unseen test set stripped of boundary annotations by classifying words as breaks or non-breaks. The preponderance of non-breaks in the training data sets a challenging baseline success rate: 85.56{\%}. However, we achieve significant gains in accuracy with the trigram tagger, and significant gains in performance recognition of minority class instances with both taggers via Balanced Classification Rate. This is initial work on a long-term research project to produce annotation schemes, language resources, algorithms, and applications for Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.

null

73,292

inproceedings

brierley-etal-2012-open

Open-Source Boundary-Annotated Corpus for {A}rabic Speech and Language Processing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1092/

Brierley, Claire and Sawalha, Majdi and Atwell, Eric

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1011--1016

A boundary-annotated and part-of-speech tagged corpus is a prerequisite for developing phrase break classifiers. Boundary annotations in English speech corpora are descriptive, delimiting intonation units perceived by the listener. We take a novel approach to phrase break prediction for Arabic, deriving our prosodic annotation scheme from Tajw{\={i}}d (recitation) mark-up in the Qur`an which we then interpret as additional text-based data for computational analysis. This mark-up is prescriptive, and signifies a widely-used recitation style, and one of seven original styles of transmission. Here we report on version 1.0 of our Boundary-Annotated Qur`an dataset of 77430 words and 8230 sentences, where each word is tagged with prosodic and syntactic information at two coarse-grained levels. In (Sawalha et al., 2012), we use the dataset in phrase break prediction experiments. This research is part of a larger-scale project to produce annotation schemes, language resources, algorithms, and applications for Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.

null

73,293

inproceedings

matsushita-lonsdale-2012-item

Item Development and Scoring for {J}apanese Oral Proficiency Testing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1093/

Matsushita, Hitokazu and Lonsdale, Deryle

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2682--2689

This study introduces and evaluates a computerized approach to measuring Japanese L2 oral proficiency. We present a testing and scoring method that uses a type of structured speech called elicited imitation (EI) to evaluate accuracy of speech productions. Several types of language resources and toolkits are required to develop, administer, and score responses to this test. First, we present a corpus-based test item creation method to produce EI items with targeted linguistic features in a principled and efficient manner. Second, we sketch how we are able to bootstrap a small learner speech corpus to generate a significantly large corpus of training data for language model construction. Lastly, we show how newly created test items effectively classify learners according to their L2 speaking capability and illustrate how our scoring method computes a metric for language proficiency that correlates well with more traditional human scoring methods.

null

73,294

inproceedings

zhang-etal-2012-automatically

Automatically Extracting Procedural Knowledge from Instructional Texts using Natural Language Processing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1094/

Zhang, Ziqi and Webster, Philip and Uren, Victoria and Varga, Andrea and Ciravegna, Fabio

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

520--527

Procedural knowledge is the knowledge required to perform certain tasks, and forms an important part of expertise. A major source of procedural knowledge is natural language instructions. While these readable instructions have been useful learning resources for human, they are not interpretable by machines. Automatically acquiring procedural knowledge in machine interpretable formats from instructions has become an increasingly popular research topic due to their potential applications in process automation. However, it has been insufficiently addressed. This paper presents an approach and an implemented system to assist users to automatically acquire procedural knowledge in structured forms from instructions. We introduce a generic semantic representation of procedures for analysing instructions, using which natural language techniques are applied to automatically extract structured procedures from instructions. The method is evaluated in three domains to justify the generality of the proposed semantic representation as well as the effectiveness of the implemented automatic system.

null

73,295

inproceedings

pimentel-2012-identifying

Identifying equivalents of specialized verbs in a bilingual comparable corpus of judgments: A frame-based methodology

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1095/

Pimentel, Janine

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1791--1798

Multilingual terminological resources do not always include the equivalents of specialized verbs that occur in legal texts. This study aims to bridge that gap by proposing a methodology to assign the equivalents of this kind of predicative units. We use a comparable corpus of judgments produced by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Supremo Tribunal de Justi{\c{c}}a de Portugal. From this corpus, 200 English and Portuguese verbs are selected. The description of the verbs is based on the theory of Frame Semantics (Fillmore 1977, 1977, 1982, 1985) as well as on the FrameNet methodology (Ruppenhofer et al. 2010). Specialized verbs are said to evoke a semantic frame, a sort of conceptual scenario in which a number of mandatory elements play specific roles (e.g. the role of judge, the role of defendant). Given that semantic frames are language independent to a fair degree (Boas 2005; Baker 2009), the labels attributed to each of the 76 identified frames (e.g. [Crime], [Regulations]) were used to group together 165 pairs of candidate equivalents. 71{\%} of them are full equivalents, whereas 29{\%} are only partial equivalents.

null

73,296

inproceedings

costa-branco-2012-timebankpt

{T}ime{B}ank{PT}: A {T}ime{ML} Annotated Corpus of {P}ortuguese

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1096/

Costa, Francisco and Branco, Ant{\'o}nio

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3727--3734

In this paper, we introduce TimeBankPT, a TimeML annotated corpus of Portuguese. It has been produced by adapting an existing resource for English, namely the data used in the first TempEval challenge. TimeBankPT is the first corpus of Portuguese with rich temporal annotations (i.e. it includes annotations not only of temporal expressions but also about events and temporal relations). In addition, it was subjected to an automated error mining procedure that checks the consistency of the annotated temporal relations based on their logical properties. This procedure allowed for the detection of some errors in the annotations, that also affect the original English corpus. The Portuguese language is currently undergoing a spelling reform, and several countries where Portuguese is official are in a transitional period where old and new orthographies are valid. TimeBankPT adopts the recent spelling reform. This decision is to preserve its future usefulness. TimeBankPT is freely available for download.

null

73,297

inproceedings

nimb-pedersen-2012-towards

Towards a richer wordnet representation of properties

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1097/

Nimb, Sanni and Pedersen, Bolette Sandford

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3452--3456

This paper discusses how information on properties in a currently developed Danish thesaurus can be transferred to the Danish wordnet, DanNet, and in this way enrich the wordnet with the highly relevant links between properties and their external arguments (i.e. tasty {\textemdash} food). In spite of the fact that the thesaurus is still under development (two thirds still to be compiled) we perform an automatic transfer of relations from the thesaurus to the wordnet which shows promising results. In all, 2,362 property relations are automatically transferred to DanNet and 2{\%} of the transferred material is manually validated. The pilot validation indicates that approx. 90 {\%} of the transferred relations are correctly assigned whereas around 10{\%} are either erroneous or just not very informative, a fact which, however, can partly be explained by the incompleteness of the material at its current stage. As a further consequence, the experiment has led to a richer specification of the editor guidelines to be used in the last compilation phase of the thesaurus.

null

73,298

inproceedings

borin-etal-2012-korp

{K}orp {---} the corpus infrastructure of Spr{\r{a}}kbanken

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1098/

Borin, Lars and Forsberg, Markus and Roxendal, Johan

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

474--478

We present Korp, the corpus infrastructure of Spr{\r{a}}kbanken (the Swedish Language Bank). The infrastructure consists of three main components: the Korp corpus pipeline, the Korp backend, and the Korp frontend. The Korp corpus pipeline is used for importing corpora, annotating them, and then exporting the annotated corpora into different formats. An essential feature of the pipeline is the ability to leave existing annotations untouched, both structural and word level annotations, and to use the existing annotations as the foundation of other annotations. The Korp backend consists of a set of REST-based web services for searching in and retrieving information about the corpora. Finally, the Korp frontend is a graphical search interface that interacts with the Korp backend. The interface has been inspired by corpus search interfaces such as SketchEngine, Glossa, and DeepDict, and it uses State Chart XML (SCXML) in order to enable users to bookmark interaction states. We give a functional and technical overview of the three components, followed by a discussion of planned future work.

null

73,299

inproceedings

borin-etal-2012-open

The open lexical infrastructure of Spr{\r{a}}kbanken

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1099/

Borin, Lars and Forsberg, Markus and Olsson, Leif-J{\"oran and Uppstr{\"om, Jonatan

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3598--3602

We present our ongoing work on Karp, Spr{\r{a}}kbanken`s (the Swedish Language Bank) open lexical infrastructure, which has two main functions: (1) to support the work on creating, curating, and integrating our various lexical resources; and (2) to publish daily versions of the resources, making them searchable and downloadable. An important requirement on the lexical infrastructure is also that we maintain a strong bidirectional connection to our corpus infrastructure. At the heart of the infrastructure is the SweFN++ project with the goal to create free Swedish lexical resources geared towards language technology applications. The infrastructure currently hosts 15 Swedish lexical resources, including historical ones, some of which have been created from scratch using existing free resources, both external and in-house. The resources are integrated through links to a pivot lexical resource, SALDO, a large morphological and lexical-semantic resource for modern Swedish. SALDO has been selected as the pivot partly because of its size and quality, but also because its form and sense units have been assigned persistent identifiers (PIDs) to which the lexical information in other lexical resources and in corpora are linked.

null

73,300

inproceedings

kulick-etal-2012-developments

Further Developments in Treebank Error Detection Using Derivation Trees

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1100/

Kulick, Seth and Bies, Ann and Mott, Justin

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1840--1847

This work describes how derivation tree fragments based on a variant of Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) can be used to check treebank consistency. Annotation of word sequences are compared both for their internal structural consistency, and their external relation to the rest of the tree. We expand on earlier work in this area in three ways. First, we provide a more complete description of the system, showing how a naive use of TAG structures will not work, leading to a necessary refinement. We also provide a more complete account of the processing pipeline, including the grouping together of structurally similar errors and their elimination of duplicates. Second, we include the new experimental external relation check to find an additional class of errors. Third, we broaden the evaluation to include both the internal and external relation checks, and evaluate the system on both an Arabic and English treebank. The evaluation has been successful enough that the internal check has been integrated into the standard pipeline for current English treebank construction at the Linguistic Data Consortium

null

73,301

inproceedings

biemann-2012-turk

Turk Bootstrap Word Sense Inventory 2.0: A Large-Scale Resource for Lexical Substitution

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1101/

Biemann, Chris

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

4038--4042

This paper presents the Turk Bootstrap Word Sense Inventory (TWSI) 2.0. This lexical resource, created by a crowdsourcing process using Amazon Mechanical Turk (\url{http://www.mturk.com}), encompasses a sense inventory for lexical substitution for 1,012 highly frequent English common nouns. Along with each sense, a large number of sense-annotated occurrences in context are given, as well as a weighted list of substitutions. Sense distinctions are not motivated by lexicographic considerations, but driven by substitutability: two usages belong to the same sense if their substitutions overlap considerably. After laying out the need for such a resource, the data is characterized in terms of organization and quantity. Then, we briefly describe how this data was used to create a system for lexical substitutions. Training a supervised lexical substitution system on a smaller version of the resource resulted in well over 90{\%} acceptability for lexical substitutions provided by the system. Thus, this resource can be used to set up reliable, enabling technologies for semantic natural language processing (NLP), some of which we discuss briefly.

null

73,302

inproceedings

alazard-etal-2012-multiphonia

{MULTIPHONIA}: a {MULTI}modal database of {PHON}etics teaching methods in classroom {I}nter{A}ctions.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1102/

Alazard, Charlotte and Ast{\'e}sano, Corine and Billi{\`e}res, Michel

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2578--2583

The Multiphonia Corpus consists of audio-video classroom recordings comparing two methods of phonetic correction (the traditional' articulatory method, and the Verbo-Tonal Method) This database was created not only to remedy the crucial lack of information and pedagogical resources on teaching pronunciation but also to test the benefit of VTM on Second Language pronunciation. The VTM method emphasizes the role of prosody cues as vectors of second language acquisition of the phonemic system. This method also provides various and unusual procedures including facilitating gestures in order to work on spotting and assimilating the target language prosodic system (rhythm, accentuation, intonation). In doing so, speech rhythm is apprehended in correlation with body/gestural rhythm. The student is thus encouraged to associate gestures activating the motor memory at play during the repetition of target words or phrases. In turn, pedagogical gestures have an impact on second language lexical items' recollection (Allen, 1995; Tellier, 2008). Ultimately, this large corpus (96 hours of class sessions' recordings) will be made available to the scientific community, with several layers of annotations available for the study of segmental, prosodic and gestural aspects of L2 speech.

null

73,303

inproceedings

popescu-belis-etal-2012-discourse

Discourse-level Annotation over {E}uroparl for Machine Translation: Connectives and Pronouns

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1103/

Popescu-Belis, Andrei and Meyer, Thomas and Liyanapathirana, Jeevanthi and Cartoni, Bruno and Zufferey, Sandrine

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2716--2720

This paper describes methods and results for the annotation of two discourse-level phenomena, connectives and pronouns, over a multilingual parallel corpus. Excerpts from Europarl in English and French have been annotated with disambiguation information for connectives and pronouns, for about 3600 tokens. This data is then used in several ways: for cross-linguistic studies, for training automatic disambiguation software, and ultimately for training and testing discourse-aware statistical machine translation systems. The paper presents the annotation procedures and their results in detail, and overviews the first systems trained on the annotated resources and their use for machine translation.

null

73,304

inproceedings

min-grishman-2012-challenges

Challenges in the Knowledge Base Population Slot Filling Task

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1104/

Min, Bonan and Grishman, Ralph

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1137--1142

The Knowledge Based Population (KBP) evaluation track of the Text Analysis Conferences (TAC) has been held for the past 3 years. One of the two tasks of KBP is slot filling: finding within a large corpus the values of a set of attributes of given people and organizations. This task has proven very challenging, with top systems rarely exceeding 30{\%} F-measure. In this paper, we present an error analysis and classification for those answers which could be found by a manual corpus search but were not found by any of the systems participating in the 2010 evaluation. The most common sources of failure were limitations on inference, errors in coreference (particularly with nominal anaphors), and errors in named entity recognition. We relate the types of errors to the characteristics of the task and show the wide diversity of problems that must be addressed to improve overall performance.

null

73,305

inproceedings

zarcone-rued-2012-logical

Logical metonymies and qualia structures: an annotated database of logical metonymies for {G}erman

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1105/

Zarcone, Alessandra and Rued, Stefan

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1799--1804

Logical metonymies like ''''''``The author began the book'''''''' involve the interpretation of events that are not realized in the sentence (Covert events: -{\ensuremath{>}} ''''''``writing the book''''''''). The Generative Lexicon (Pustejovsky 1995) provides a qualia-based account of covert event interpretation, claiming that the covert event is retrieved from the qualia structure of the object. Such a theory poses the question of to what extent covert events in logical metonymies can be accounted for by qualia structures. Building on previous work on English, we present a corpus study for German verbs (''''''``anfangen (mit)'''''''', ''''''``aufhoeren (mit)'''''''', ''''''``beenden'''''''', ''''''``beginnen (mit)'''''''', ''''''``geniessen'''''''', based on data obtained from the deWaC corpus. We built a corpus of logical metonymies, which were manually annotated and compared with the qualia structures of their objects, then we contrasted annotation results from two expert annotators for metonymies (''''''``The author began the book'''''''') and long forms (''''''``The author began reading the book'''''''') across verbs. Our annotation was evaluated on a sample of sentences annotated by a group of naive annotators on a crowdsourcing platform. The logical metonymy database (2661 metonymies and 1886 long forms) with two expert annotations is freely available for scientific research purposes.

null

73,306

inproceedings

szabo-etal-2012-hunor

{H}un{O}r: A {H}ungarian{---}{R}ussian Parallel Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1106/

Szab{\'o}, Martina Katalin and Vincze, Veronika and Nagy T., Istv{\'a}n

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2453--2458

In this paper, we present HunOr, the first multi-domain Hungarian{\textemdash}Russian parallel corpus. Some of the corpus texts have been manually aligned and split into sentences, besides, named entities also have been annotated while the other parts are automatically aligned at the sentence level and they are POS-tagged as well. The corpus contains texts from the domains literature, official language use and science, however, we would like to add texts from the news domain to the corpus. In the future, we are planning to carry out a syntactic annotation of the HunOr corpus, which will further enhance the usability of the corpus in various NLP fields such as transfer-based machine translation or cross lingual information retrieval.

null

73,307

inproceedings

wolinski-etal-2012-polimorf

{P}oli{M}orf: a (not so) new open morphological dictionary for {P}olish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1107/

Woli{\'n}ski, Marcin and Mi{\l}kowski, Marcin and Ogrodniczuk, Maciej and Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

860--864

This paper presents preliminary results of an effort aiming at the creation of a morphological dictionary of Polish, PoliMorf, available under a very liberal BSD-style license. The dictionary is a result of a merger of two existing resources, SGJP and Morfologik and was prepared within the CESAR/META-NET initiative. The work completed so far includes re-licensing of the two dictionaries and filling the new resource with the morphological data semi-automatically unified from both sources. The merging process is controlled by the collaborative dictionary development web application Ku{\'z}nia, also implemented within the project. The tool involves several advanced features such as using SGJP inflectional patterns for form generation, possibility of attaching dictionary labels and classification schemes to lexemes, dictionary source record and change tracking. Since SGJP and Morfologik are already used in a significant number of Natural Language Processing projects in Poland, we expect PoliMorf to become the Polish morphological dictionary of choice for many years to come.

null

73,308

inproceedings

volodina-kokkinakis-2012-introducing

Introducing the {S}wedish Kelly-list, a new lexical e-resource for {S}wedish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1108/

Volodina, Elena and Kokkinakis, Sofie Johansson

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1040--1046

Frequency lists and/or lexicons contain information about the words and their statistics. They tend to find their readers among language learners, language teachers, linguists and lexicographers. Making them available in electronic format helps to expand the target group to cover language engineers, computer programmers and other specialists working in such areas as information retrieval, spam filtering, text readability analysis, test generation etc. This article describes a new freely available electronic frequency list of modern Swedish which was created in the EU project KELLY. We provide a short description of the KELLY project; examine the methodological approach and mention some details on the compiling of the corpus from which the list has been derived. Further, we discuss the type of information the list contains; describe the steps for list generation; provide information on the coverage and some other statistics over the items in the list. Finally, some practical information on the license for the Swedish Kelly-list distribution is given; potential application areas are suggested; and future plans for its expansion are mentioned. We hope that with some publicity we can help this list find its users.

null

73,309

inproceedings

spitkovsky-chang-2012-cross

A Cross-Lingual Dictionary for {E}nglish {W}ikipedia Concepts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1109/

Spitkovsky, Valentin I. and Chang, Angel X.

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3168--3175

We present a resource for automatically associating strings of text with English Wikipedia concepts. Our machinery is bi-directional, in the sense that it uses the same fundamental probabilistic methods to map strings to empirical distributions over Wikipedia articles as it does to map article URLs to distributions over short, language-independent strings of natural language text. For maximal inter-operability, we release our resource as a set of flat line-based text files, lexicographically sorted and encoded with UTF-8. These files capture joint probability distributions underlying concepts (we use the terms article, concept and Wikipedia URL interchangeably) and associated snippets of text, as well as other features that can come in handy when working with Wikipedia articles and related information.

null

73,310

inproceedings

majlis-zabokrtsky-2012-language

Language Richness of the Web

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1110/

Majli{\v{s}}, Martin and {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2927--2934

We have built a corpus containing texts in 106 languages from texts available on the Internet and on Wikipedia. The W2C Web Corpus contains 54.7{\textasciitilde}GB of text and the W2C Wiki Corpus contains 8.5{\textasciitilde}GB of text. The W2C Web Corpus contains more than 100{\textasciitilde}MB of text available for 75 languages. At least 10{\textasciitilde}MB of text is available for 100 languages. These corpora are a unique data source for linguists, since they outclass all published works both in the size of the material collected and the number of languages covered. This language data resource can be of use particularly to researchers specialized in multilingual technologies development. We also developed software that greatly simplifies the creation of a new text corpus for a given language, using text materials freely available on the Internet. Special attention was given to components for filtering and de-duplication that allow to keep the material quality very high.

null

73,311

inproceedings

degaetano-ortlieb-etal-2012-feature

Feature Discovery for Diachronic Register Analysis: a Semi-Automatic Approach

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1111/

Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania and Lapshinova-Koltunski, Ekaterina and Teich, Elke

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2786--2790

In this paper, we present corpus-based procedures to semi-automatically discover features relevant for the study of recent language change in scientific registers. First, linguistic features potentially adherent to recent language change are extracted from the SciTex Corpus. Second, features are assessed for their relevance for the study of recent language change in scientific registers by means of correspondence analysis. The discovered features will serve for further investigations of the linguistic evolution of newly emerged scientific registers.

null

73,312

inproceedings

roberts-kordoni-2012-using

Using Verb Subcategorization for Word Sense Disambiguation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1112/

Roberts, Will and Kordoni, Valia

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

829--832

We develop a model for predicting verb sense from subcategorization information and integrate it into SSI-Dijkstra, a wide-coverage knowledge-based WSD algorithm. Adding syntactic knowledge in this way should correct the current poor performance of WSD systems on verbs. This paper also presents, for the first time, an evaluation of SSI-Dijkstra on a standard data set which enables a comparison of this algorithm with other knowledge-based WSD systems. Our results show that our system is competitive with current graph-based WSD algorithms, and that the subcategorization model can be used to achieve better verb sense disambiguation performance.

null

73,313

inproceedings

klerke-sogaard-2012-dsim

{DS}im, a {D}anish Parallel Corpus for Text Simplification

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1113/

Klerke, Sigrid and S{\o}gaard, Anders

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

4015--4018

We present DSim, a new sentence aligned Danish monolingual parallel corpus extracted from 3701 pairs of news telegrams and corresponding professionally simplified short news articles. The corpus is intended for building automatic text simplification for adult readers. We compare DSim to different examples of monolingual parallel corpora, and we argue that this corpus is a promising basis for future development of automatic data-driven text simplification systems in Danish. The corpus contains both the collection of paired articles and a sentence aligned bitext, and we show that sentence alignment using simple tf*idf weighted cosine similarity scoring is on line with state{\textemdash}of{\textemdash}the{\textemdash}art when evaluated against a hand-aligned sample. The alignment results are compared to state of the art for English sentence alignment. We finally compare the source and simplified sides of the corpus in terms of lexical and syntactic characteristics and readability, and find that the one{\textemdash}to{\textemdash}many sentence aligned corpus is representative of the sentence simplifications observed in the unaligned collection of article pairs.

null

73,314

inproceedings

duran-aluisio-2012-propbank

{P}ropbank-Br: a {B}razilian Treebank annotated with semantic role labels

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1114/

Duran, Magali Sanches and Alu{\'i}sio, Sandra Maria

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1862--1867

This paper reports the annotation of a Brazilian Portuguese Treebank with semantic role labels following Propbank guidelines. A different language and a different parser output impact the task and require some decisions on how to annotate the corpus. Therefore, a new annotation guide {\textemdash} called Propbank-Br - has been generated to deal with specific language phenomena and parser problems. In this phase of the project, the corpus was annotated by a unique linguist. The annotation task reported here is inserted in a larger projet for the Brazilian Portuguese language. This project aims to build Brazilian verbs frames files and a broader and distributed annotation of semantic role labels in Brazilian Portuguese, allowing inter-annotator agreement measures. The corpus, available in web, is already being used to build a semantic tagger for Portuguese language.

null

73,315

inproceedings

petrov-etal-2012-universal

A Universal Part-of-Speech Tagset

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1115/

Petrov, Slav and Das, Dipanjan and McDonald, Ryan

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2089--2096

To facilitate future research in unsupervised induction of syntactic structure and to standardize best-practices, we propose a tagset that consists of twelve universal part-of-speech categories. In addition to the tagset, we develop a mapping from 25 different treebank tagsets to this universal set. As a result, when combined with the original treebank data, this universal tagset and mapping produce a dataset consisting of common parts-of-speech for 22 different languages. We highlight the use of this resource via three experiments, that (1) compare tagging accuracies across languages, (2) present an unsupervised grammar induction approach that does not use gold standard part-of-speech tags, and (3) use the universal tags to transfer dependency parsers between languages, achieving state-of-the-art results.

null

73,316

inproceedings

villavicencio-etal-2012-large

A large scale annotated child language construction database

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1116/

Villavicencio, Aline and Yankama, Beracah and Idiart, Marco and Berwick, Robert

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2370--2374

Large scale annotated corpora of child language can be of great value in assessing theoretical proposals regarding language acquisition models. For example, they can help determine whether the type and amount of data required by a proposed language acquisition model can actually be found in a naturalistic data sample. To this end, several recent efforts have augmented the CHILDES child language corpora with POS tagging and parsing information for languages such as English. With the increasing availability of robust NLP systems and electronic resources, these corpora can be further annotated with more detailed information about the properties of words, verb argument structure, and sentences. This paper describes such an initiative for combining information from various sources to extend the annotation of the English CHILDES corpora with linguistic, psycholinguistic and distributional information, along with an example illustrating an application of this approach to the extraction of verb alternation information. The end result, the English CHILDES Verb Construction Database, is an integrated resource containing information such as grammatical relations, verb semantic classes, and age of acquisition, enabling more targeted complex searches involving different levels of annotation that can facilitate a more detailed analysis of the linguistic input available to children.

null

73,317

inproceedings

li-etal-2012-parallel

Parallel Aligned Treebanks at {LDC}: New Challenges Interfacing Existing Infrastructures

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1117/

Li, Xuansong and Strassel, Stephanie and Grimes, Stephen and Ismael, Safa and Maamouri, Mohamed and Bies, Ann and Xue, Nianwen

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1848--1855

Parallel aligned treebanks (PAT) are linguistic corpora annotated with morphological and syntactic structures that are aligned at sentence as well as sub-sentence levels. They are valuable resources for improving machine translation (MT) quality. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for such data, especially for divergent language pairs. The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) and its academic partners have been developing Arabic-English and Chinese-English PATs for several years. This paper describes the PAT corpus creation effort for the program GALE (Global Autonomous Language Exploitation) and introduces the potential issues of scaling up this PAT effort for the program BOLT (Broad Operational Language Translation). Based on existing infrastructures and in the light of current annotation process, challenges and approaches, we are exploring new methodologies to address emerging challenges in constructing PATs, including data volume bottlenecks, dialect issues of Arabic languages, and new genre features related to rapidly changing social media. Preliminary experimental results are presented to show the feasibility of the approaches proposed.

null

73,318

inproceedings

li-etal-2012-linguistic

Linguistic Resources for Entity Linking Evaluation: from Monolingual to Cross-lingual

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1118/

Li, Xuansong and Strassel, Stephanie and Ji, Heng and Griffitt, Kira and Ellis, Joe

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3098--3105

To advance information extraction and question answering technologies toward a more realistic path, the U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) initiated the KBP (Knowledge Base Population) task as one of the TAC (Text Analysis Conference) evaluation tracks. It aims to encourage research in automatic information extraction of named entities from unstructured texts with the ultimate goal of integrating such information into a structured Knowledge Base. The KBP track consists of two types of evaluation: Named Entity Linking (NEL) and Slot Filling. This paper describes the linguistic resource creation efforts at the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) in support of Named Entity Linking evaluation of KBP, focusing on annotation methodologies, process, and features of corpora from 2009 to 2011, with a highlighted analysis of the cross-lingual NEL data. Progressing from monolingual to cross-lingual Entity Linking technologies, the 2011 cross-lingual NEL evaluation targeted multilingual capabilities. Annotation accuracy is presented in comparison with system performance, with promising results from cross-lingual entity linking systems.

null

73,319

inproceedings

sadamitsu-etal-2012-constructing

Constructing a Class-Based Lexical Dictionary using Interactive Topic Models

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1119/

Sadamitsu, Kugatsu and Saito, Kuniko and Imamura, Kenji and Matsuo, Yoshihiro

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2590--2595

This paper proposes a new method of constructing arbitrary class-based related word dictionaries on interactive topic models; we assume that each class is described by a topic. We propose a new semi-supervised method that uses the simplest topic model yielded by the standard EM algorithm; model calculation is very rapid. Furthermore our approach allows a dictionary to be modified interactively and the final dictionary has a hierarchical structure. This paper makes three contributions. First, it proposes a word-based semi-supervised topic model. Second, we apply the semi-supervised topic model to interactive learning; this approach is called the Interactive Topic Model. Third, we propose a score function; it extracts the related words that occupy the middle layer of the hierarchical structure. Experiments show that our method can appropriately retrieve the words belonging to an arbitrary class.

null

73,320

inproceedings

yamasaki-etal-2012-multimodal

Multimodal Corpus of Multi-party Conversations in Second Language

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1120/

Yamasaki, Shota and Furukawa, Hirohisa and Nishida, Masafumi and Jokinen, Kristiina and Yamamoto, Seiichi

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

416--421

We developed a dialogue-based tutoring system for teaching English to Japanese students and plan to transfer the current software tutoring agent into an embodied robot in the hope that the robot will enrich conversation by allowing more natural interactions in small group learning situations. To enable smooth communication between an intelligent agent and the user, the agent must have realistic models on when to take turns, when to interrupt, and how to catch the partner`s attention. For developing the realistic models applicable for computer assisted language learning systems, we also need to consider the differences between the mother tongue and second language that affect communication style. We collected a multimodal corpus of multi-party conversations in English as the second language to investigate the differences in communication styles. We describe our multimodal corpus and explore features of communication style e.g. filled pauses, and non-verbal information, such as eye-gaze, which show different characteristics between the mother tongue and second language.

null

73,321

inproceedings

sato-2012-dictionary

Dictionary Look-up with Katakana Variant Recognition

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1121/

Sato, Satoshi

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

249--255

The Japanese language has rich variety and quantity of word variant. Since 1980s, it has been recognized that this richness becomes an obstacle against natural language processing. A complete solution, however, has not been presented yet. This paper proposes a method to recognize Katakana variants{\textemdash}a major type of word variant in Japanese{\textemdash}in the process of dictionary look-up. For a given set of variant generation rules, the method executes variant generation and entry retrieval simultaneously and efficiently. We have developed the seven-layered rule set (216 rules in total) according to the specification manual of UniDic-2.1.0 and other sources. An experiment shows that the spelling-variant generator with 102 rules in the first five layers is almost perfect. Another experiment shows that the form-variant generator with all 216 rules is powerful and 77.7{\%} of multiple spellings of Katakana loanwords are unnecessary (i.e., can be removed). This result means that the proposed method can drastically reduce the number of variants that we have to register into a dictionary in advance.

null

73,322

inproceedings

chang-manning-2012-sutime

{SUT}ime: A library for recognizing and normalizing time expressions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1122/

Chang, Angel X. and Manning, Christopher

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3735--3740

We describe SUTIME, a temporal tagger for recognizing and normalizing temporal expressions in English text. SUTIME is available as part of the Stanford CoreNLP pipeline and can be used to annotate documents with temporal information. It is a deterministic rule-based system designed for extensibility. Testing on the TempEval-2 evaluation corpus shows that this system outperforms state-of-the-art techniques.

null

73,323

inproceedings

metaxas-etal-2012-recognition

Recognition of Nonmanual Markers in {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage ({ASL}) Using Non-Parametric Adaptive 2{D}-3{D} Face Tracking

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1123/

Metaxas, Dimitris and Liu, Bo and Yang, Fei and Yang, Peng and Michael, Nicholas and Neidle, Carol

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2414--2420

This paper addresses the problem of automatically recognizing linguistically significant nonmanual expressions in American Sign Language from video. We develop a fully automatic system that is able to track facial expressions and head movements, and detect and recognize facial events continuously from video. The main contributions of the proposed framework are the following: (1) We have built a stochastic and adaptive ensemble of face trackers to address factors resulting in lost face track; (2) We combine 2D and 3D deformable face models to warp input frames, thus correcting for any variation in facial appearance resulting from changes in 3D head pose; (3) We use a combination of geometric features and texture features extracted from a canonical frontal representation. The proposed new framework makes it possible to detect grammatically significant nonmanual expressions from continuous signing and to differentiate successfully among linguistically significant expressions that involve subtle differences in appearance. We present results that are based on the use of a dataset containing 330 sentences from videos that were collected and linguistically annotated at Boston University.

null

73,324

inproceedings

clark-araki-2012-two

Two Database Resources for Processing Social Media {E}nglish Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1124/

Clark, Eleanor and Araki, Kenji

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3790--3793

This research focuses on text processing in the sphere of English-language social media. We introduce two database resources. The first, CECS (Casual English Conversion System) database, a lexicon-type resource of 1,255 entries, was constructed for use in our experimental system for the automated normalization of casual, irregularly-formed English used in communications such as Twitter. Our rule-based approach primarily aims to avoid problems caused by user creativity and individuality of language when Twitter-style text is used as input in Machine Translation, and to aid comprehension for non-native speakers of English. Although the database is still under development, we have so far carried out two evaluation experiments using our system which have shown positive results. The second database, CEGS (Casual English Generation System) phoneme database contains sets of alternative spellings for the phonemes in the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary, designed for use in a system for generating phoneme-based casual English text from regular English input; in other words, automatically producing humanlike creative sentences as an AI task. This paper provides an overview of the necessity, method, application and evaluation of both resources.

null

73,325

inproceedings

agosti-etal-2012-curated

A Curated Database for Linguistic Research: The Test Case of {C}imbrian Varieties

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1125/

Agosti, Maristella and Alber, Birgit and Di Nunzio, Giorgio Maria and Dussin, Marco and Rabanus, Stefan and Tomaselli, Alessandra

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2230--2236

In this paper we present the definition of a conceptual approach for the information space entailed by a multidisciplinary and collaborative project, ''''''``Cimbrian as a test case for synchronic and diachronic language variation'', which provides linguists with a test bed for formal hypotheses concerning human language. Aims of the project are to collect, digitize and tag linguistic data from the German variety of Cimbrian - spoken in three areas of northern Italy: Giazza (VR), Luserna (TN), and Roana (VI) - and to make available on-line a valuable and innovative linguistic resource for the in-depth study of Cimbrian. The task is addressed by a multidisciplinary team of linguists and computer scientists who, combining their competence, aim to make available new tools for linguistic analysis

null

73,326

inproceedings

papangelis-etal-2012-evaluation

Evaluation of Online Dialogue Policy Learning Techniques

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1126/

Papangelis, Alexandros and Karkaletsis, Vangelis and Makedon, Fillia

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1410--1415

The number of applied Dialogue Systems is ever increasing in several service providing and other applications as a way to efficiently and inexpensively serve large numbers of customers. A DS that employs some form of adaptation to the environment and its users is called an Adaptive Dialogue System (ADS). A significant part of the research community has lately focused on ADS and many existing or novel techniques are being applied to this problem. One of the most promising techniques is Reinforcement Learning (RL) and especially online RL. This paper focuses on online RL techniques used to achieve adaptation in Dialogue Management and provides an evaluation of various such methods in an effort to aid the designers of ADS in deciding which method to use. To the best of our knowledge there is no other work to compare online RL techniques on the dialogue management problem.

null

73,327

inproceedings

kunchukuttan-etal-2012-experiences

Experiences in Resource Generation for Machine Translation through Crowdsourcing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1127/

Kunchukuttan, Anoop and Roy, Shourya and Patel, Pratik and Ladha, Kushal and Gupta, Somya and Khapra, Mitesh M. and Bhattacharyya, Pushpak

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

384--391

The logistics of collecting resources for Machine Translation (MT) has always been a cause of concern for some of the resource deprived languages of the world. The recent advent of crowdsourcing platforms provides an opportunity to explore the large scale generation of resources for MT. However, before venturing into this mode of resource collection, it is important to understand the various factors such as, task design, crowd motivation, quality control, etc. which can influence the success of such a crowd sourcing venture. In this paper, we present our experiences based on a series of experiments performed. This is an attempt to provide a holistic view of the different facets of translation crowd sourcing and identifying key challenges which need to be addressed for building a practical crowdsourcing solution for MT.

null

73,328

inproceedings

gonzalez-agirre-etal-2012-multilingual

Multilingual Central Repository version 3.0

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1128/

Gonzalez-Agirre, Aitor and Laparra, Egoitz and Rigau, German

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2525--2529

This paper describes the upgrading process of the Multilingual Central Repository (MCR). The new MCR uses WordNet 3.0 as Interlingual-Index (ILI). Now, the current version of the MCR integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from five different languages: English, Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Galician. In order to provide ontological coherence to all the integrated wordnets, the MCR has also been enriched with a disparate set of ontologies: Base Concepts, Top Ontology, WordNet Domains and Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. The whole content of the MCR is freely available.

null

73,329

inproceedings

avramidis-etal-2012-involving

Involving Language Professionals in the Evaluation of Machine Translation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1129/

Avramidis, Eleftherios and Burchardt, Aljoscha and Federmann, Christian and Popovi{\'c}, Maja and Tscherwinka, Cindy and Vilar, David

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1127--1130

Significant breakthroughs in machine translation only seem possible if human translators are taken into the loop. While automatic evaluation and scoring mechanisms such as BLEU have enabled the fast development of systems, it is not clear how systems can meet real-world (quality) requirements in industrial translation scenarios today. The taraX{\"U project paves the way for wide usage of hybrid machine translation outputs through various feedback loops in system development. In a consortium of research and industry partners, the project integrates human translators into the development process for rating and post-editing of machine translation outputs thus collecting feedback for possible improvements.

null

73,330

inproceedings

velardi-etal-2012-new

A New Method for Evaluating Automatically Learned Terminological Taxonomies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1130/

Velardi, Paola and Navigli, Roberto and Faralli, Stefano and Ruiz Martinez, Juana Maria

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1498--1504

Evaluating a taxonomy learned automatically against an existing gold standard is a very complex problem, because differences stem from the number, label, depth and ordering of the taxonomy nodes. In this paper we propose casting the problem as one of comparing two hierarchical clusters. To this end we defined a variation of the Fowlkes and Mallows measure (Fowlkes and Mallows, 1983). Our method assigns a similarity value B{\textasciicircum}i{\_}(l,r) to the learned (l) and reference (r) taxonomy for each cut i of the corresponding anonymised hierarchies, starting from the topmost nodes down to the leaf concepts. For each cut i, the two hierarchies can be seen as two clusterings C{\textasciicircum}i{\_}l , C{\textasciicircum}i{\_}r of the leaf concepts. We assign a prize to early similarity values, i.e. when concepts are clustered in a similar way down to the lowest taxonomy levels (close to the leaf nodes). We apply our method to the evaluation of the taxonomy learning methods put forward by Navigli et al. (2011) and Kozareva and Hovy (2010).

null

73,331

inproceedings

gagliardi-etal-2012-topologic

A topologic view of Topic and Focus marking in {I}talian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1131/

Gagliardi, Gloria and Vallauri, Edoardo Lombardi and Tamburini, Fabio

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

948--955

Regularities in position and level of prosodic prominences associated to patterns of Information Structure are identified for some Italian varieties. The experiments' results suggest a possibly new structural hypothesis on the role and function of the main prominence in marking information patterns. (1) An abstract and merely structural, ''''''``topologic'''''''' concept of Prominence location can be conceived of, as endowed with the function of demarcation between units, before their culmination and ''''''``description''''''''. This may suffice to explain much of the process by which speakers interpret the IS of utterances in discourse. Further features, such as the specific intonational contours of the different IS units, may thus represent a certain amount of redundancy. (2) Real utterances do not always signal the distribution of Topic and Focus clearly. Acoustically, many remain underspecified in this respect. This is especially true for the distinction between Topic-Focus and Broad Focus, which indeed often has no serious effects on the progression of communicative dynamism in the subsequent discourse. (3) The consistency of such results with the law of least effort, and the very high percent of matching between perceptual evaluations and automatic measurement, seem to validate the used algorithm.

null

73,332

inproceedings

ghosh-etal-2012-improving

Improving the Recall of a Discourse Parser by Constraint-based Postprocessing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1132/

Ghosh, Sucheta and Johansson, Richard and Riccardi, Giuseppe and Tonelli, Sara

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2791--2794

We describe two constraint-based methods that can be used to improve the recall of a shallow discourse parser based on conditional random field chunking. These method uses a set of natural structural constraints as well as others that follow from the annotation guidelines of the Penn Discourse Treebank. We evaluated the resulting systems on the standard test set of the PDTB and achieved a rebalancing of precision and recall with improved F-measures across the board. This was especially notable when we used evaluation metrics taking partial matches into account; for these measures, we achieved F-measure improvements of several points.

null

73,333

inproceedings

mititelu-2012-adding

Adding Morpho-semantic Relations to the {R}omanian {W}ordnet

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1133/

Mititelu, Verginica Barbu

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2596--2601

Keeping pace with other wordnets development, we present the challenges raised by the Romanian derivational system and our methodology for identifying derived words and their stems in the Romanian Wordnet. To attain this aim we rely only on the list of literals in the wordnet and on a list of Romanian affixes; the automatically obtained pairs require automatic and manual validation, based on a few heuristics. The correct members of the pairs are linked together and the relation is associated a semantic label whenever necessary. This label is proved to have cross-language validity. The work reported here contributes to the increase of the number of relations both between literals and between synsets, especially the cross-part-of-speech links. Words belonging to the same lexical family are identified easily. The benefits of thus improving a language resource such as wordnet become self-evident. The paper also contains an overview of the current status of the Romanian wordnet and an envisaged plan for continuing the research.

null

73,334

inproceedings

vasilescu-etal-2012-cross

Cross-lingual studies of {ASR} errors: paradigms for perceptual evaluations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1134/

Vasilescu, Ioana and Adda-Decker, Martine and Lamel, Lori

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3511--3518

It is well-known that human listeners significantly outperform machines when it comes to transcribing speech. This paper presents a progress report of the joint research in the automatic vs human speech transcription and of the perceptual experiments developed at LIMSI that aims to increase our understanding of automatic speech recognition errors. Two paradigms are described here in which human listeners are asked to transcribe speech segments containing words that are frequently misrecognized by the system. In particular, we sought to gain information about the impact of increased context to help humans disambiguate problematic lexical items, typically homophone or near-homophone words. The long-term aim of this research is to improve the modeling of ambiguous contexts so as to reduce automatic transcription errors.

null

73,335

inproceedings

heppin-gronostaj-2012-rocky

The Rocky Road towards a {S}wedish {F}rame{N}et - Creating {S}we{FN}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1135/

Heppin, Karin Friberg and Gronostaj, Maria Toporowska

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

256--261

The Swedish FrameNet project, SweFN, is a lexical resource under development, designed to support both humans and different applications within language technology, such as text generation, text understanding and information extraction. SweFN is constructed in line with the Berkeley FrameNet and the project is aiming to make it a free, full-scale, multi-functional lexical resource covering morphological, syntactic, and semantic descriptions of 50,000 entries. Frames populated by lexical units belonging to the general vocabulary dominate in SweFN, but there are also frames from the medical and the art domain. As Swedish is a language with very productive compounding, special attention is paid to semantic relations within the one word compounds which populate the frames. This is of relevance for understanding the meaning of the compounds and for capturing the semantic and syntactic alternations which are brought about in the course of compounding. SweFN is a component within a complex of modern and historical lexicon resources named SweFN++, available at .

null

73,336

inproceedings

schabus-etal-2012-building

Building a synchronous corpus of acoustic and 3{D} facial marker data for adaptive audio-visual speech synthesis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1136/

Schabus, Dietmar and Pucher, Michael and Hofer, Gregor

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3313--3316

We have created a synchronous corpus of acoustic and 3D facial marker data from multiple speakers for adaptive audio-visual text-to-speech synthesis. The corpus contains data from one female and two male speakers and amounts to 223 Austrian German sentences each. In this paper, we first describe the recording process, using professional audio equipment and a marker-based 3D facial motion capturing system for the audio-visual recordings. We then turn to post-processing, which incorporates forced alignment, principal component analysis (PCA) on the visual data, and some manual checking and corrections. Finally, we describe the resulting corpus, which will be released under a research license at the end of our project. We show that the standard PCA based feature extraction approach also works on a multi-speaker database in the adaptation scenario, where there is no data from the target speaker available in the PCA step.

null

73,337

inproceedings

lenkiewicz-etal-2012-avatech

{AVAT}ec{H} {---} automated annotation through audio and video analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1137/

Lenkiewicz, Przemyslaw and Gebre, Binyam Gebrekidan and Schreer, Oliver and Masneri, Stefano and Schneider, Daniel and Tsch{\"opel, Sebastian

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

209--214

In different fields of the humanities annotations of multimodal resources are a necessary component of the research workflow. Examples include linguistics, psychology, anthropology, etc. However, creation of those annotations is a very laborious task, which can take 50 to 100 times the length of the annotated media, or more. This can be significantly improved by applying innovative audio and video processing algorithms, which analyze the recordings and provide automated annotations. This is the aim of the AVATecH project, which is a collaboration of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (MPI) and the Fraunhofer institutes HHI and IAIS. In this paper we present a set of results of automated annotation together with an evaluation of their quality.

null

73,338

inproceedings

seretan-2012-acquisition

Acquisition of Syntactic Simplification Rules for {F}rench

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1138/

Seretan, Violeta

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

4019--4026

Text simplification is the process of reducing the lexical and syntactic complexity of a text while attempting to preserve (most of) its information content. It has recently emerged as an important research area, which holds promise for enhancing the text readability for the benefit of a broader audience as well as for increasing the performance of other applications. Our work focuses on syntactic complexity reduction and deals with the task of corpus-based acquisition of syntactic simplification rules for the French language. We show that the data-driven manual acquisition of simplification rules can be complemented by the semi-automatic detection of syntactic constructions requiring simplification. We provide the first comprehensive set of syntactic simplification rules for French, whose size is comparable to similar resources that exist for English and Brazilian Portuguese. Unlike these manually-built resources, our resource integrates larger lists of lexical cues signaling simplifiable constructions, that are useful for informing practical systems.

null

73,339

inproceedings

saravanan-etal-2012-empirical

An Empirical Study of the Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Named Entities in Natural Language Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1139/

Saravanan, K and Choudhury, Monojit and Udupa, Raghavendra and Kumaran, A

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3118--3125

Named Entities (NEs) that occur in natural language text are important especially due to the advent of social media, and they play a critical role in the development of many natural language technologies. In this paper, we systematically analyze the patterns of occurrence and co-occurrence of NEs in standard large English news corpora - providing valuable insight for the understanding of the corpus, and subsequently paving way for the development of technologies that rely critically on handling NEs. We use two distinctive approaches: normal statistical analysis that measure and report the occurrence patterns of NEs in terms of frequency, growth, etc., and a complex networks based analysis that measures the co-occurrence pattern in terms of connectivity, degree-distribution, small-world phenomenon, etc. Our analysis indicates that: (i) NEs form an open-set in corpora and grow linearly, (ii) presence of a kernel and peripheral NE`s, with the large periphery occurring rarely, and (iii) a strong evidence of small-world phenomenon. Our findings may suggest effective ways for construction of NE lexicons to aid efficient development of several natural language technologies.

null

73,340

inproceedings

chu-etal-2012-chinese

{C}hinese Characters Mapping Table of {J}apanese, Traditional {C}hinese and Simplified {C}hinese

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1140/

Chu, Chenhui and Nakazawa, Toshiaki and Kurohashi, Sadao

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2149--2152

Chinese characters are used both in Japanese and Chinese, which are called Kanji and Hanzi respectively. Chinese characters contain significant semantic information, a mapping table between Kanji and Hanzi can be very useful for many Japanese-Chinese bilingual applications, such as machine translation and cross-lingual information retrieval. Because Kanji characters are originated from ancient China, most Kanji have corresponding Chinese characters in Hanzi. However, the relation between Kanji and Hanzi is quite complicated. In this paper, we propose a method of making a Chinese characters mapping table of Japanese, Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese automatically by means of freely available resources. We define seven categories for Kanji based on the relation between Kanji and Hanzi, and classify mappings of Chinese characters into these categories. We use a resource from Wiktionary to show the completeness of the mapping table we made. Statistical comparison shows that our proposed method makes a more complete mapping table than the current version of Wiktionary.

null

73,341

inproceedings

morell-etal-2012-iula2standoff

{I}ula2{S}tandoff: a tool for creating standoff documents for the {IULACT}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1141/

Morell, Carlos and Vivaldi, Jorge and Bel, N{\'u}ria

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

351--356

Due to the increase in the number and depth of analyses required over the text, like entity recognition, POS tagging, syntactic analysis, etc. the annotation in-line has become unpractical. In Natural Language Processing (NLP) some emphasis has been placed in finding an annotation method to solve this problem. A possibility is the standoff annotation. With this annotation style it is possible to add new levels of annotation without disturbing exiting ones, with minimal knock on effects. This annotation will increase the possibility of adding more linguistic information as well as more possibilities for sharing textual resources. In this paper we present a tool developed in the framework of the European Metanet4u (Enhancing the European Linguistic Infrastructure, GA 270893) for creating a multi-layered XML annotation scheme, based on the GrAF proposal for standoff annotations.

null

73,342

inproceedings

bittar-etal-2012-temporal

Temporal Annotation: A Proposal for Guidelines and an Experiment with Inter-annotator Agreement

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1142/

Bittar, Andr{\'e} and Hag{\`e}ge, Caroline and Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique and Tannier, Xavier and Teiss{\`e}dre, Charles

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3741--3745

This article presents work carried out within the framework of the ongoing ANR (French National Research Agency) project Chronolines, which focuses on the temporal processing of large news-wire corpora in English and French. The aim of the project is to create new and innovative interfaces for visualizing textual content according to temporal criteria. Extracting and normalizing the temporal information in texts through linguistic annotation is an essential step towards attaining this objective. With this goal in mind, we developed a set of guidelines for the annotation of temporal and event expressions that is intended to be compatible with the TimeML markup language, while addressing some of its pitfalls. We provide results of an initial application of these guidelines to real news-wire texts in French over several iterations of the annotation process. These results include inter-annotator agreement figures and an error analysis. Our final inter-annotator agreement figures compare favorably with those reported for the TimeBank 1.2 annotation project.

null

73,343

inproceedings

genereux-etal-2012-introducing

Introducing the Reference Corpus of Contemporary {P}ortuguese Online

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1143/

G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel and Hendrickx, Iris and Mendes, Am{\'a}lia

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2237--2244

We present our work in processing the Reference Corpus of Contemporary Portuguese and its publication online. After discussing how the corpus was built and our choice of meta-data, we turn to the processes and tools involved for the cleaning, preparation and annotation to make the corpus suitable for linguistic inquiries. The Web platform is described, and we show examples of linguistic resources that can be extracted from the platform for use in linguistic studies or in NLP.

null

73,344

inproceedings

ziering-etal-2012-corpus

A Corpus-based Study of the {G}erman Recipient Passive

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1144/

Ziering, Patrick and Zarrie{\ss}, Sina and Kuhn, Jonas

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1637--1644

In this paper, we investigate the usage of a non-canonical German passive alternation for ditransitive verbs, the recipient passive, in naturally occuring corpus data. We propose a classifier that predicts the voice of a ditransitive verb based on the contextually determined properties its arguments. As the recipient passive is a low frequent phenomenon, we first create a special data set focussing on German ditransitive verbs which are frequently used in the recipient passive. We use a broad-coverage grammar-based parser, the German LFG parser, to automatically annotate our data set for the morpho-syntactic properties of the involved predicate arguments. We train a Maximum Entropy classifier on the automatically annotated sentences and achieve an accuracy of 98.05{\%}, clearly outperforming the baseline that always predicts active voice baseline (94.6{\%}).

null

73,345

inproceedings

de-smedt-daelemans-2012-vreselijk

{\textquotedblleft}Vreselijk mooi!{\textquotedblright} (terribly beautiful): A Subjectivity Lexicon for {D}utch Adjectives.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1145/

De Smedt, Tom and Daelemans, Walter

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3568--3572

We present a new open source subjectivity lexicon for Dutch adjectives. The lexicon is a dictionary of 1,100 adjectives that occur frequently in online product reviews, manually annotated with polarity strength, subjectivity and intensity, for each word sense. We discuss two machine learning methods (using distributional extraction and synset relations) to automatically expand the lexicon to 5,500 words. We evaluate the lexicon by comparing it to the user-given star rating of online product reviews. We show promising results in both in-domain and cross-domain evaluation. The lexicon is publicly available as part of the PATTERN software package (\url{http://www.clips.ua.ac.be/pages/pattern}).

null

73,346

inproceedings

muhonen-purtonen-2012-rule

Rule-Based Detection of Clausal Coordinate Ellipsis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1146/

Muhonen, Kristiina and Purtonen, Tanja

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1955--1959

With our experiment, we show how we can detect and annotate clausal coordinate ellipsis with Constraint Grammar rules. We focus on such an elliptical structure in which there are two coordinated clauses, and the latter one lacks a verb. For example, the sentence This belongs to me and that to you demonstrates the ellipsis in question, namely gapping. The Constraint Grammar rules are made for a Finnish parsebank, FinnTreeBank. The FinnTreeBank project is building a parsebank in the dependency syntactic framework in which verbs are central since other sentence elements depend on them. Without correct detection of omitted verbs, the syntactic analysis of the whole sentence fails. In the experiment, we detect gapping based on morphology and linear order of the words without using syntactic or semantic information. The test corpus, Finnish Wikipedia, is morphologically analyzed but not disambiguated. Even with an ambiguous morphological analysis, the results show that 89,9{\%} of the detected sentences are elliptical, making the rules accurate enough to be used in the creation of FinnTreeBank. Once we have a morphologically disambiguated corpus, we can write more accurate rules and expect better results.

null

73,347

inproceedings

tannier-etal-2012-evolution

Evolution of Event Designation in Media: Preliminary Study

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1147/

Tannier, Xavier and Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique and Arnulphy, B{\'e}atrice and He, Ruixin

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

528--531

Within the general purpose of information extraction, detection of event descriptions is often an important clue. An important characteristic of event designation in texts, and especially in media, is that it changes over time. Understanding how these designations evolve is important in information retrieval and information extraction. Our first hypothesis is that, when an event first occurs, media relate it in a very descriptive way (using verbal designations) whereas after some time, they use shorter nominal designations instead. Our second hypothesis is that the number of different nominal designations for an event tends to stabilize itself over time. In this article, we present our methodology concerning the study of the evolution of event designations in French documents from the news agency AFP. For this preliminary study, we focused on 7 topics which have been relatively important in France. Verbal and nominal designations of events have been manually annotated in manually selected topic-related passages. This French corpus contains a total of 2064 annotations. We then provide preliminary interesting statistical results and observations concerning these evolutions.

null

73,348

inproceedings

penas-etal-2012-evaluating

Evaluating Machine Reading Systems through Comprehension Tests

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1148/

Pe{\~n}as, Anselmo and Hovy, Eduard and Forner, Pamela and Rodrigo, {\'A}lvaro and Sutcliffe, Richard and Forascu, Corina and Sporleder, Caroline

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1143--1147

This paper describes a methodology for testing and evaluating the performance of Machine Reading systems through Question Answering and Reading Comprehension Tests. The methodology is being used in QA4MRE (QA for Machine Reading Evaluation), one of the labs of CLEF. The task was to answer a series of multiple choice tests, each based on a single document. This allows complex questions to be asked but makes evaluation simple and completely automatic. The evaluation architecture is completely multilingual: test documents, questions, and their answers are identical in all the supported languages. Background text collections are comparable collections harvested from the web for a set of predefined topics. Each test received an evaluation score between 0 and 1 using c@1. This measure encourages systems to reduce the number of incorrect answers while maintaining the number of correct ones by leaving some questions unanswered. 12 groups participated in the task, submitting 62 runs in 3 different languages (German, English, and Romanian). All runs were monolingual; no team attempted a cross-language task. We report here the conclusions and lessons learned after the first campaign in 2011.

null

73,349

inproceedings

wang-etal-2012-biomedical

Biomedical {C}hinese-{E}nglish {CLIR} Using an Extended {CM}e{SH} Resource to Expand Queries

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1149/

Wang, Xinkai and Thompson, Paul and Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi and Ananiadou, Sophia

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1148--1155

Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) involving the Chinese language has been thoroughly studied in the general language domain, but rarely in the biomedical domain, due to the lack of suitable linguistic resources and parsing tools. In this paper, we describe a Chinese-English CLIR system for biomedical literature, which exploits a bilingual ontology, the ``eCMeSH Tree''''''''. This is an extension of the Chinese Medical Subject Headings (CMeSH) Tree, based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Using the 2006 and 2007 TREC Genomics track data, we have evaluated the performance of the eCMeSH Tree in expanding queries. We have compared our results to those obtained using two other approaches, i.e. pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF) and document translation (DT). Subsequently, we evaluate the performance of different combinations of these three retrieval methods. Our results show that our method of expanding queries using the eCMeSH Tree can outperform the PRF method. Furthermore, combining this method with PRF and DT helps to smooth the differences in query expansion, and consequently results in the best performance amongst all experiments reported. All experiments compare the use of two different retrieval models, i.e. Okapi BM25 and a query likelihood language model. In general, the former performs slightly better.

null

73,350

inproceedings

gonzalez-agirre-etal-2012-proposal

A proposal for improving {W}ord{N}et Domains

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1150/

Gonz{\'a}lez-Agirre, Aitor and Castillo, Mauro and Rigau, German

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3457--3462

WordNet Domains (WND) is a lexical resource where synsets have been semi-automatically annotated with one or more domain labels from a set of 165 hierarchically organized domains. The uses of WND include the power to reduce the polysemy degree of the words, grouping those senses that belong to the same domain. But the semi-automatic method used to develop this resource was far from being perfect. By cross-checking the content of the Multilingual Central Repository (MCR) it is possible to find some errors and inconsistencies. Many are very subtle. Others, however, leave no doubt. Moreover, it is very difficult to quantify the number of errors in the original version of WND. This paper presents a novel semi-automatic method to propagate domain information through the MCR. We also compare both labellings (the original and the new one) allowing us to detect anomalies in the original WND labels.

null

73,351

inproceedings

van-den-heuvel-etal-2012-oral

An Oral History Annotation Tool for {INTER}-{VIEW}s

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1151/

van den Heuvel, Henk and Sanders, Eric and Rutten, Robin and Scagliola, Stef and Witkamp, Paula

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

215--218

We present a web-based tool for retrieving and annotating audio fragments of e.g. interviews. Our collection contains 250 interviews with veterans of Dutch conflicts and military missions. The audio files of the interviews were disclosed using ASR technology focussed at keyword retrieval. Resulting transcripts were stored in a MySQL database together with metadata, summary texts, and keywords, and carefully indexed. Retrieved fragments can be made audible and annotated. Annotations can be kept personal or be shared with other users. The tool and formats comply with CLARIN standards. A demo version of the tool is available at \url{http://wwwlands2.let.kun.nl/spex/annotationtooldemo}.

null

73,352

inproceedings

karppa-etal-2012-comparing

Comparing computer vision analysis of signed language video with motion capture recordings

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1152/

Karppa, Matti and Jantunen, Tommi and Viitaniemi, Ville and Laaksonen, Jorma and Burger, Birgitta and De Weerdt, Danny

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2421--2425

We consider a non-intrusive computer-vision method for measuring the motion of a person performing natural signing in video recordings. The quality and usefulness of the method is compared to a traditional marker-based motion capture set-up. The accuracy of descriptors extracted from video footage is assessed qualitatively in the context of sign language analysis by examining if the shape of the curves produced by the different means resemble one another in sequences where the shape could be a source of valuable linguistic information. Then, quantitative comparison is performed first by correlating the computer-vision-based descriptors with the variables gathered with the motion capture equipment. Finally, multivariate linear and non-linar regression methods are applied for predicting the motion capture variables based on combinations of computer vision descriptors. The results show that even the simple computer vision method evaluated in this paper can produce promisingly good results for assisting researchers working on sign language analysis.

null

73,353

inproceedings

cortes-etal-2012-free

Free/Open Source Shallow-Transfer Based Machine Translation for {S}panish and {A}ragonese

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1153/

Cort{\'e}s, Juan Pablo Mart{\'i}nez and O{'}Regan, Jim and Tyers, Francis

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2153--2157

This article describes the development of a bidirectional shallow-transfer based machine translation system for Spanish and Aragonese, based on the Apertium platform, reusing the resources provided by other translators built for the platform. The system, and the morphological analyser built for it, are both the first resources of their kind for Aragonese. The morphological analyser has coverage of over 80{\textbackslash}{\%}, and is being reused to create a spelling checker for Aragonese. The translator is bidirectional: the Word Error Rate for Spanish to Aragonese is 16.83{\%}, while Aragonese to Spanish is 11.61{\%}.

null

73,354

inproceedings

goldhahn-etal-2012-building

Building Large Monolingual Dictionaries at the {L}eipzig Corpora Collection: From 100 to 200 Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1154/

Goldhahn, Dirk and Eckart, Thomas and Quasthoff, Uwe

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

759--765

The Leipzig Corpora Collection offers free online access to 136 monolingual dictionaries enriched with statistical information. In this paper we describe current advances of the project in collecting and processing text data automatically for a large number of languages. Our main interest lies in languages of low density, where only few text data exists online. The aim of this approach is to create monolingual dictionaries and statistical information for a high number of new languages and to expand the existing dictionaries, opening up new possibilities for linguistic typology and other research. Focus of this paper will be set on the infrastructure for the automatic acquisition of large amounts of monolingual text in many languages from various sources. Preliminary results of the collection of text data will be presented. The mainly language-independent framework for preprocessing, cleaning and creating the corpora and computing the necessary statistics will also be depicted.

null

73,355

inproceedings

christiansen-henrichsen-2012-sense

Sense Meets Nonsense - Sense Meets Nonsense - a dual-layer {D}anish speech corpus for perception studies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1155/

Christiansen, Thomas Ulrich and Henrichsen, Peter Juel

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3356--3361

In this paper, we present the newly established Danish speech corpus PiTu. The corpus consists of recordings of 28 native Danish talkers (14 female and 14 male) each reproducing (i) a series of nonsense syllables, and (ii) a set of authentic natural language sentences. The speech corpus is tailored for investigating the relationship between early stages of the speech perceptual process and later stages. We present our considerations involved in preparing the experimental set-up, producing the anechoic recordings, compiling the data, and exploring the materials in linguistic research. We report on a small pilot experiment demonstrating how PiTu and similar speech corpora can be used in studies of prosody as a function of semantic content. The experiment addresses the issue of whether the governing principles of Danish prosody assignment is mainly talker-specific or mainly content-typical (under the specific experimental conditions). The corpus is available in its entirety for download at \url{http://amtoolbox.sourceforge.net/pitu/}.

null

73,356

inproceedings

hurtado-etal-2012-acquisition

The acquisition and dialog act labeling of the {EDECAN}-{SPORTS} corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1156/

Hurtado, Llu{\'i}s-F. and Garc{\'i}a, Fernando and Sanchis, Emilio and Segarra, Encarna

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1416--1420

In this paper, we present the acquisition and labeling processes of the EDECAN-SPORTS corpus, which is a corpus that is oriented to the development of multimodal dialog systems acquired in Spanish and Catalan. Two Wizards of Oz were used in order to better simulate the behavior of an actual system in terms of both the information used by the different modules and the communication mechanisms between these modules. User and system dialog-act labeling, as well as other information, have been obtained automatically using this acquisition method Some preliminary experimental results with the acquired corpus show the appropriateness of the proposed acquisition method for the development of dialog systems

null

73,357

inproceedings

schmitt-etal-2012-parameterized

A Parameterized and Annotated Spoken Dialog Corpus of the {CMU} Let`s Go Bus Information System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1157/

Schmitt, Alexander and Ultes, Stefan and Minker, Wolfgang

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3369--3373

Standardized corpora are the foundation for spoken language research. In this work, we introduce an annotated and standardized corpus in the Spoken Dialog Systems (SDS) domain. Data from the Let`s Go Bus Information System from the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh has been formatted, parameterized and annotated with quality, emotion, and task success labels containing 347 dialogs with 9,083 system-user exchanges. A total of 46 parameters have been derived automatically and semi-automatically from Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) and Dialog Manager (DM) properties. To each spoken user utterance an emotion label from the set garbage, non-angry, slightly angry, very angry has been assigned. In addition, a manual annotation of Interaction Quality (IQ) on the exchange level has been performed with three raters achieving a Kappa value of 0.54. The IQ score expresses the quality of the interaction up to each system-user exchange on a score from 1-5. The presented corpus is intended as a standardized basis for classification and evaluation tasks regarding task success prediction, dialog quality estimation or emotion recognition to foster comparability between different approaches on these fields.

null

73,358

inproceedings

robaldo-szymanik-2012-pragmatic

Pragmatic identification of the witness sets

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1158/

Robaldo, Livio and Szymanik, Jakub

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

81--87

Among the readings available for NL sentences, those where two or more sets of entities are independent of one another are particularly challenging from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. Those readings are termed here as Independent Set (IS) readings'. Standard examples of such readings are the well-known Collective and Cumulative Readings. (Robaldo, 2011) proposes a logical framework that can properly represent the meaning of IS readings in terms of a set-Skolemization of the witness sets. One of the main assumptions of Robaldo`s logical framework, drawn from (Schwarzschild, 1996), is that pragmatics plays a crucial role in the identification of such witness sets. Those are firstly identified on pragmatic grounds, then logical clauses are asserted on them in order to trigger the appropriate inferences. In this paper, we present the results of an experimental analysis that appears to confirm Robaldo`s hypotheses concerning the pragmatic identification of the witness sets.

null

73,359

inproceedings

smith-etal-2012-good

A good space: Lexical predictors in word space evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1159/

Smith, Christian and Danielsson, Henrik and J{\"onsson, Arne

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2530--2535

Vector space models benefit from using an outside corpus to train the model. It is, however, unclear what constitutes a good training corpus. We have investigated the effect on summary quality when using various language resources to train a vector space based extraction summarizer. This is done by evaluating the performance of the summarizer utilizing vector spaces built from corpora from different genres, partitioned from the Swedish SUC-corpus. The corpora are also characterized using a variety of lexical measures commonly used in readability studies. The performance of the summarizer is measured by comparing automatically produced summaries to human created gold standard summaries using the ROUGE F-score. Our results show that the genre of the training corpus does not have a significant effect on summary quality. However, evaluating the variance in the F-score between the genres based on lexical measures as independent variables in a linear regression model, shows that vector spaces created from texts with high syntactic complexity, high word variation, short sentences and few long words produce better summaries.

null

73,360

inproceedings

berka-etal-2012-automatic

Automatic {MT} Error Analysis: Hjerson Helping Addicter

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1160/

Berka, Jan and Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej and Fishel, Mark and Popovi{\'c}, Maja and Zeman, Daniel

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2158--2163

We present a complex, open source tool for detailed machine translation error analysis providing the user with automatic error detection and classification, several monolingual alignment algorithms as well as with training and test corpus browsing. The tool is the result of a merge of automatic error detection and classification of Hjerson (Popovi{\'c}, 2011) and Addicter (Zeman et al., 2011) into the pipeline and web visualization of Addicter. It classifies errors into categories similar to those of Vilar et al. (2006), such as: morphological, reordering, missing words, extra words and lexical errors. The graphical user interface shows alignments in both training corpus and test data; the different classes of errors are colored. Also, the summary of errors can be displayed to provide an overall view of the MT system`s weaknesses. The tool was developed in Linux, but it was tested on Windows too.

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73,361

inproceedings

pighin-etal-2012-analysis

An Analysis (and an Annotated Corpus) of User Responses to Machine Translation Output

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1161/

Pighin, Daniele and M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'i}s and May, Jonathan

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

1131--1136

We present an annotated resource consisting of open-domain translation requests, automatic translations and user-provided corrections collected from casual users of the translation portal \url{http://reverso.net}. The layers of annotation provide: 1) quality assessments for 830 correction suggestions for translations into English, at the segment level, and 2) 814 usefulness assessments for English-Spanish and English-French translation suggestions, a suggestion being useful if it contains at least local clues that can be used to improve translation quality. We also discuss the results of our preliminary experiments concerning 1) the development of an automatic filter to separate useful from non-useful feedback, and 2) the incorporation in the machine translation pipeline of bilingual phrases extracted from the suggestions. The annotated data, available for download from \url{ftp://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/data/faust/LW-UPC-Oct11-FAUST-feedback-annotation.tgz}, is released under a Creative Commons license. To our best knowledge, this is the first resource of this kind that has ever been made publicly available.

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73,362

inproceedings

seraji-etal-2012-basic

A Basic Language Resource Kit for {P}ersian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1162/

Seraji, Mojgan and Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta and Nivre, Joakim

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2245--2252

Persian with its about 100,000,000 speakers in the world belongs to the group of languages with less developed linguistically annotated resources and tools. The few existing resources and tools are neither open source nor freely available. Thus, our goal is to develop open source resources such as corpora and treebanks, and tools for data-driven linguistic analysis of Persian. We do this by exploring the reusability of existing resources and adapting state-of-the-art methods for the linguistic annotation. We present fully functional tools for text normalization, sentence segmentation, tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and parsing. As for resources, we describe the Uppsala PErsian Corpus (UPEC) which is a modified version of the Bijankhan corpus with additional sentence segmentation and consistent tokenization modified for more appropriate syntactic annotation. The corpus consists of 2,782,109 tokens and is annotated with parts of speech and morphological features. A treebank is derived from UPEC with an annotation scheme based on Stanford Typed Dependencies and is planned to consist of 10,000 sentences of which 215 have already been annotated. Keywords: BLARK for Persian, PoS tagged corpus, Persian treebank

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73,363

inproceedings

sangodkar-damani-2012-ordering

Re-ordering Source Sentences for {SMT}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1163/

Sangodkar, Amit and Damani, Om

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2164--2171

We propose a pre-processing stage for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems where the words of the source sentence are re-ordered as per the syntax of the target language prior to the alignment process, so that the alignment found by the statistical system is improved. We take a dependency parse of the source sentence and linearize it as per the syntax of the target language, before it is used in either the training or the decoding phase. During this linearization, the ordering decisions among dependency nodes having a common parent are done based on two aspects: parent-child positioning and relation priority. To make the linearization process rule-driven, we assume that the relative word order of a dependency relation`s relata does not depend either on the semantic properties of the relata or on the rest of the expression. We also assume that the relative word order of various relations sharing a relata does not depend on the rest of the expression. We experiment with a publicly available English-Hindi parallel corpus and show that our scheme improves the BLEU score.

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73,364

inproceedings

judea-etal-2012-concept

Concept-based Selectional Preferences and Distributional Representations from {W}ikipedia Articles

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1164/

Judea, Alex and Nastase, Vivi and Strube, Michael

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

2985--2990

This paper describes the derivation of distributional semantic representations for open class words relative to a concept inventory, and of concepts relative to open class words through grammatical relations extracted from Wikipedia articles. The concept inventory comes from WikiNet, a large-scale concept network derived from Wikipedia. The distinctive feature of these representations are their relation to a concept network, through which we can compute selectional preferences of open-class words relative to general concepts. The resource thus derived provides a meaning representation that complements the relational representation captured in the concept network. It covers English open-class words, but the concept base is language independent. The resource can be extended to other languages, with the use of language specific dependency parsers. Good results in metonymy resolution show the resource`s potential use for NLP applications.

null

73,365

inproceedings

qasemizadeh-etal-2012-semi

Semi-Supervised Technical Term Tagging With Minimal User Feedback

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1165/

QasemiZadeh, Behrang and Buitelaar, Paul and Chen, Tianqi and Bordea, Georgeta

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

617--621

In this paper, we address the problem of extracting technical terms automatically from an unannotated corpus. We introduce a technology term tagger that is based on Liblinear Support Vector Machines and employs linguistic features including Part of Speech tags and Dependency Structures, in addition to user feedback to perform the task of identification of technology related terms. Our experiments show the applicability of our approach as witnessed by acceptable results on precision and recall.

null

73,366

inproceedings

galibert-etal-2012-extended

Extended Named Entities Annotation on {OCR}ed Documents: From Corpus Constitution to Evaluation Campaign

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios

may

2012

Istanbul, Turkey

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L12-1166/

Galibert, Olivier and Rosset, Sophie and Grouin, Cyril and Zweigenbaum, Pierre and Quintard, Ludovic

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12)

3126--3131

Within the framework of the Quaero project, we proposed a new definition of named entities, based upon an extension of the coverage of named entities as well as the structure of those named entities. In this new definition, the extended named entities we proposed are both hierarchical and compositional. In this paper, we focused on the annotation of a corpus composed of press archives, OCRed from French newspapers of December 1890. We present the methodology we used to produce the corpus and the characteristics of the corpus in terms of named entities annotation. This annotated corpus has been used in an evaluation campaign. We present this evaluation, the metrics we used and the results obtained by the participants.

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73,367