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inproceedings | inoue-akagi-2012-collecting | Collecting humorous expressions from a community-based question-answering-service corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1567/ | Inoue, Masashi and Akagi, Toshiki | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1836--1839 | We proposed a method of collecting humorous expressions from an online community-based question-answering (CQA) corpus where some users post a variety of questions and other users post relevant answers. Although the service is created for the purpose of knowledge exchange, there are users who enjoy posting humorous responses. Therefore, the corpus contains many interesting humour communication examples that might be useful in understanding the nature of online communications and variations in humour. Considering the size of 3; 116; 009 topics, it is necessary to introduce automation in the collection process. However, due to the context dependency of humour expressions, it is hard to collect them automatically by using keywords or key phrases. Our method uses natural language processing based on dissimilarity criteria between answer texts. By using this method, we can collect humour expressions more efficiently than by manual exploration: 30 times more examples per hour. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,768 |
inproceedings | windhouwer-2012-relcat | {REL}cat: a Relation Registry for {ISO}cat data categories | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1568/ | Windhouwer, Menzo | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3661--3664 | The ISOcat Data Category Registry contains basically a flat and easily extensible list of data category specifications. To foster reuse and standardization only very shallow relationships among data categories are stored in the registry. However, to assist crosswalks, possibly based on personal views, between various (application) domains and to overcome possible proliferation of data categories more types of ontological relationships need to be specified. RELcat is a first prototype of a Relation Registry, which allows storing arbitrary relationships. These relationships can reflect the personal view of one linguist or a larger community. The basis of the registry is a relation type taxonomy that can easily be extended. This allows on one hand to load existing sets of relations specified in, for example, an OWL (2) ontology or SKOS taxonomy. And on the other hand allows algorithms that query the registry to traverse the stored semantic network to remain ignorant of the original source vocabulary. This paper describes first experiences with RELcat and explains some initial design decisions. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,769 |
inproceedings | osenova-simov-2012-political | The Political Speech Corpus of {B}ulgarian | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1569/ | Osenova, Petya and Simov, Kiril | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1744--1747 | The paper introduces the Political Speech Corpus of Bulgarian. First, its current state has been discussed with respect to its size, coverage, genre specification and related online services. Then, the focus goes to the annotation details. On the one hand, the layers of linguistic annotation are presented. On the other hand, the compatibility with CLARIN technical Infrastructure is explained. Also, some user-based scenarios are mentioned to demonstrate the corpus services and applicability. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,770 |
inproceedings | kow-belz-2012-lg | {LG}-Eval: A Toolkit for Creating Online Language Evaluation Experiments | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1570/ | Kow, Eric and Belz, Anja | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 4033--4037 | In this paper we describe the LG-Eval toolkit for creating online language evaluation experiments. LG-Eval is the direct result of our work setting up and carrying out the human evaluation experiments in several of the Generation Challenges shared tasks. It provides tools for creating experiments with different kinds of rating tools, allocating items to evaluators, and collecting the evaluation scores. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,771 |
inproceedings | pareti-2012-database | A Database of Attribution Relations | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1571/ | Pareti, Silvia | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3213--3217 | The importance of attribution is becoming evident due to its relevance in particular for Opinion Analysis and Information Extraction applications. Attribution would allow to identify different perspectives on a given topic or retrieve the statements of a specific source of interest, but also to select more relevant and reliable information. However, the scarce and partial resources available to date to conduct attribution studies have determined that only a portion of attribution structures has been identified and addressed. This paper presents the collection and further annotation of a database of over 9800 attributions relations from the Penn Discourse TreeBank (PDTB). The aim is to build a large and complete resource that fills a key gap in the field and enables the training and testing of robust attribution extraction systems. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,772 |
inproceedings | rak-etal-2012-collaborative | Collaborative Development and Evaluation of Text-processing Workflows in a {UIMA}-supported Web-based Workbench | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1572/ | Rak, Rafal and Rowley, Andrew and Ananiadou, Sophia | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2971--2976 | Challenges in creating comprehensive text-processing worklows include a lack of the interoperability of individual components coming from different providers and/or a requirement imposed on the end users to know programming techniques to compose such workflows. In this paper we demonstrate Argo, a web-based system that addresses these issues in several ways. It supports the widely adopted Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA), which handles the problem of interoperability; it provides a web browser-based interface for developing workflows by drawing diagrams composed of a selection of available processing components; and it provides novel user-interactive analytics such as the annotation editor which constitutes a bridge between automatic processing and manual correction. These features extend the target audience of Argo to users with a limited or no technical background. Here, we focus specifically on the construction of advanced workflows, involving multiple branching and merging points, to facilitate various comparative evalutions. Together with the use of user-collaboration capabilities supported in Argo, we demonstrate several use cases including visual inspections, comparisions of multiple processing segments or complete solutions against a reference standard, inter-annotator agreement, and shared task mass evaluations. Ultimetely, Argo emerges as a one-stop workbench for defining, processing, editing and evaluating text processing tasks. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,773 |
inproceedings | li-etal-2012-mandarin | A {M}andarin-{E}nglish Code-Switching Corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1573/ | Li, Ying and Yu, Yue and Fung, Pascale | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2515--2519 | Generally the existing monolingual corpora are not suitable for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) of code-switching speech. The motivation of this paper is to study the rules and constraints code-switching follows and design a corpus for code-switching LVCSR task. This paper presents the development of a Mandarin-English code-switching corpus. This corpus consists of four parts: 1) conversational meeting speech and its data; 2) project meeting speech data; 3) student interviews speech; 4) text data of on-line news. The speech was transcribed by an annotator and verified by Mandarin-English bilingual speakers manually. We propose an approach for automatically downloading from the web text data that contains code-switching. The corpus includes both intra-sentential code-switching (switch in the middle of a sentence) and inter-sentential code-switching (switch at the end of the sentence). The distribution of part-of-speech (POS) tags and code-switching reasons are reported. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,774 |
inproceedings | broda-etal-2012-kpwr | {KPW}r: Towards a Free Corpus of {P}olish | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1574/ | Broda, Bartosz and Marci{\'n}czuk, Micha{\l} and Maziarz, Marek and Radziszewski, Adam and Wardy{\'n}ski, Adam | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3218--3222 | This paper presents our efforts aimed at collecting and annotating a free Polish corpus. The corpus will serve for us as training and testing material for experiments with Machine Learning algorithms. As others may also benefit from the resource, we are going to release it under a Creative Commons licence, which is hoped to remove unnecessary usage restrictions, but also to facilitate reproduction of our experimental results. The corpus is being annotated with various types of linguistic entities: chunks and named entities, selected syntactic and semantic relations, word senses and anaphora. We report on the current state of the project as well as our ultimate goals. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,775 |
inproceedings | fernandes-etal-2012-fast | A Fast, Memory Efficient, Scalable and Multilingual Dictionary Retriever | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1575/ | Fernandes, Paulo and Lopes, Lucelene and Prolo, Carlos A. and Sales, Afonso and Vieira, Renata | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2520--2524 | This paper presents a novel approach to deal with dictionary retrieval. This new approach is based on a very efficient and scalable theoretical structure called Multi-Terminal Multi-valued Decision Diagrams (MTMDD). Such tool allows the definition of very large, even multilingual, dictionaries without significant increase in memory demands, and also with virtually no additional processing cost. Besides the general idea of the novel approach, this paper presents a description of the technologies involved, and their implementation in a software package called WAGGER. Finally, we also present some examples of usage and possible applications of this dictionary retriever. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,776 |
inproceedings | santos-etal-2012-structural | Structural alignment of plain text books | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1576/ | Santos, Andr{\'e} and Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o and Carvalho, Nuno | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2069--2074 | Text alignment is one of the main processes for obtaining parallel corpora. When aligning two versions of a book, results are often affected by unpaired sections {\textemdash} sections which only exist in one of the versions of the book. We developed Text::Perfide::BookSync, a Perl module which performs books synchronization (structural alignment based on section delimitation), provided they have been previously annotated by Text::Perfide::BookCleaner. We discuss the need for such a tool and several implementation decisions. The main functions are described, and examples of input and output are presented. Text::Perfide::PartialAlign is an extension of the partialAlign.py tool bundled with hunalign which proposes an alternative methods for splitting bitexts. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,777 |
inproceedings | demir-etal-2012-turkish | {T}urkish Paraphrase Corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1577/ | Demir, Seniz and El-Kahlout, {\.I}lknur Durgar and Unal, Erdem and Kaya, Hamza | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 4087--4091 | Paraphrases are alternative syntactic forms in the same language expressing the same semantic content. Speakers of all languages are inherently familiar with paraphrases at different levels of granularity (lexical, phrasal, and sentential). For quite some time, the concept of paraphrasing is getting a growing attention by the research community and its potential use in several natural language processing applications (such as text summarization and machine translation) is being investigated. In this paper, we present, what is to our best knowledge, the first Turkish paraphrase corpus. The corpus is gleaned from four different sources and currently contains 1270 paraphrase pairs. All paraphrase pairs are carefully annotated by native Turkish speakers with the identified semantic correspondences between paraphrases. The work for expanding the corpus is still under way. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,778 |
inproceedings | miller-etal-2012-international | International Multicultural Name Matching Competition: Design, Execution, Results, and Lessons Learned | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1578/ | Miller, Keith J. and Richerson, Elizabeth Schroeder and McLeod, Sarah and Finley, James and Schein, Aaron | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3111--3117 | This paper describes different aspects of an open competition to evaluate multicultural name matching software, including the contest design, development of the test data, different phases of the competition, behavior of the participating teams, results of the competition, and lessons learned throughout. The competition, known as The MITRE Challenge{\^a}{\textcent}, was informally announced at LREC 2010 and was recently concluded. Contest participants used the competition website (\url{http://mitrechallenge.mitre.org}) to download the competition data set and guidelines, upload results, and to view accuracy metrics for each result set submitted. Participants were allowed to submit unlimited result sets, with their top-scoring set determining their overall ranking. The competition website featured a leader board that displayed the top score for each participant, ranked according to the principal contest metric - mean average precision (MAP). MAP and other metrics were calculated in near-real time on a remote server, based on ground truth developed for the competition data set. Additional measures were taken to guard against gaming the competition metric or overfitting to the competition data set. Lessons learned during running this first MITRE Challenge will be valuable to others considering running similar evaluation campaigns. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,779 |
inproceedings | georgi-etal-2012-measuring | Measuring the Divergence of Dependency Structures Cross-Linguistically to Improve Syntactic Projection Algorithms | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1579/ | Georgi, Ryan and Xia, Fei and Lewis, William | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 771--778 | Syntactic parses can provide valuable information for many NLP tasks, such as machine translation, semantic analysis, etc. However, most of the world`s languages do not have large amounts of syntactically annotated corpora available for building parsers. Syntactic projection techniques attempt to address this issue by using parallel corpora between resource-poor and resource-rich languages, bootstrapping the resource-poor language with the syntactic analysis of the resource-rich language. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using small, parallel, annotated corpora to automatically detect divergent structural patterns between two languages. These patterns can then be used to improve structural projection algorithms, allowing for better performing NLP tools for resource-poor languages, in particular those that may not have large amounts of annotated data necessary for traditional, fully-supervised methods. While this detection process is not exhaustive, we demonstrate that important instances of divergence are picked up with minimal prior knowledge of a given language pair. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,780 |
inproceedings | song-xia-2012-using | Using a Goodness Measurement for Domain Adaptation: A Case Study on {C}hinese Word Segmentation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1580/ | Song, Yan and Xia, Fei | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3853--3860 | Domain adaptation is an important topic for natural language processing. There has been extensive research on the topic and various methods have been explored, including training data selection, model combination, semi-supervised learning. In this study, we propose to use a goodness measure, namely, description length gain (DLG), for domain adaptation for Chinese word segmentation. We demonstrate that DLG can help domain adaptation in two ways: as additional features for supervised segmenters to improve system performance, and also as a similarity measure for selecting training data to better match a test set. We evaluated our systems on the Chinese Penn Treebank version 7.0, which has 1.2 million words from five different genres, and the Chinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff-3 data. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,781 |
inproceedings | cabral-etal-2012-rapidly | Rapidly Testing the Interaction Model of a Pronunciation Training System via {W}izard-of-{O}z | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1581/ | Cabral, Joao Paulo and Kane, Mark and Ahmed, Zeeshan and Abou-Zleikha, Mohamed and Sz{\'ekely, {\'Eva and Zahra, Amalia and Ogbureke, Kalu and Cahill, Peter and Carson-Berndsen, Julie and Schl{\"ogl, Stephan | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 4136--4142 | This paper describes a prototype of a computer-assisted pronunciation training system called MySpeech. The interface of the MySpeech system is web-based and it currently enables users to practice pronunciation by listening to speech spoken by native speakers and tuning their speech production to correct any mispronunciations detected by the system. This practice exercise is facilitated in different topics and difficulty levels. An experiment was conducted in this work that combines the MySpeech service with the WebWOZ Wizard-of-Oz platform (\url{http://www.webwoz.com}), in order to improve the human-computer interaction (HCI) of the service and the feedback that it provides to the user. The employed Wizard-of-Oz method enables a human (who acts as a wizard) to give feedback to the practising user, while the user is not aware that there is another person involved in the communication. This experiment permitted to quickly test an HCI model before its implementation on the MySpeech system. It also allowed to collect input data from the wizard that can be used to improve the proposed model. Another outcome of the experiment was the preliminary evaluation of the pronunciation learning service in terms of user satisfaction, which would be difficult to conduct before integrating the HCI part. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,782 |
inproceedings | paikens-gruzitis-2012-implementation | An implementation of a {L}atvian resource grammar in Grammatical Framework | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1582/ | Paikens, P{\={e}}teris and Gr{\={u}}z{\={i}}tis, Normunds | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1680--1685 | This paper describes an open-source Latvian resource grammar implemented in Grammatical Framework (GF), a programming language for multilingual grammar applications. GF differentiates between concrete grammars and abstract grammars: translation among concrete languages is provided via abstract syntax trees. Thus the same concrete grammar is effectively used for both language analysis and language generation. Furthermore, GF differentiates between general-purpose resource grammars and domain-specific application grammars that are built on top of the resource grammars. The GF resource grammar library (RGL) currently supports more than 20 languages that implement a common API. Latvian is the 13th official European Union language that is made available in the RGL. We briefly describe the grammatical features of Latvian and illustrate how they are handled in the multilingual framework of GF. We also illustrate some application areas of the Latvian resource grammar, and briefly discuss the limitations of the RGL and potential long-term improvements using frame semantics. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,783 |
inproceedings | stavropoulou-etal-2012-resource | Resource Evaluation for Usable Speech Interfaces: Utilizing Human-Human Dialogue | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1583/ | Stavropoulou, Pepi and Spiliotopoulos, Dimitris and Kouroupetroglou, Georgios | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1348--1353 | Human-human spoken dialogues are considered an important tool for effective speech interface design and are often used for stochastic model training in speech based applications. However, the less restricted nature of human-human interaction compared to human-system interaction may undermine the usefulness of such corpora for creating effective and usable interfaces. In this respect, this work examines the differences between corpora collected from human-human interaction and corpora collected from actual system use, in order to formally assess the appropriateness of the former for both the design and implementation of spoken dialogue systems. Comparison results show that there are significant differences with respect to vocabulary, sentence structure and speech recognition success rate among others. Nevertheless, compared to other available tools and techniques, human-human dialogues may still be used as a temporary at least solution for building more effective working systems. Accordingly, ways to better utilize such resources are presented. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,784 |
inproceedings | scheible-etal-2012-gatetogermanc | {GATE}to{G}er{M}an{C}: A {GATE}-based Annotation Pipeline for Historical {G}erman | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1584/ | Scheible, Silke and Whitt, Richard J. and Durrell, Martin and Bennett, Paul | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3611--3617 | We describe a new GATE-based linguistic annotation pipeline for Early Modern German, which can be used to annotate historical texts with word tokens, sentence boundaries, lemmas, and POS tags. The pipeline is based on a customisation of the freely available ANNIE system for English (Cunningham et al., 2002), in combination with a version of the TreeTagger (Schmid, 1994) trained on gold standard Early Modern German data. The POS-tagging and lemmatisation components of the pipeline achieve an average accuracy of 89.44{\%} and 83.16{\%}, respectively, on unseen historical data from various genres and publication dates within the Early Modern period. We show that normalisation of spelling variation can further improve these results. With no specialised tools available for processing this particular stage of the language, this pipeline will be of particular interest to smaller, humanities-based projects wishing to add linguistic annotations to their historical data but which lack the means or resources to develop such tools themselves. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,785 |
inproceedings | silva-etal-2012-dealing | Dealing with unknown words in statistical machine translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1585/ | Silva, Jo{\~a}o and Coheur, Lu{\'i}sa and Costa, {\^A}ngela and Trancoso, Isabel | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3911--3981 | In Statistical Machine Translation, words that were not seen during training are unknown words, that is, words that the system will not know how to translate. In this paper we contribute to this research problem by profiting from orthographic cues given by words. Thus, we report a study of the impact of word distance metrics in cognates' detection and, in addition, on the possibility of obtaining possible translations of unknown words through Logical Analogy. Our approach is tested in the translation of corpora from Portuguese to English (and vice-versa). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,786 |
inproceedings | charton-gagnon-2012-disambiguation | A disambiguation resource extracted from {W}ikipedia for semantic annotation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1586/ | Charton, Eric and Gagnon, Michel | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3665--3671 | The Semantic Annotation (SA) task consists in establishing the relation between a textual entity (word or group of words designating a named entity of the real world or a concept) and its corresponding entity in an ontology. The main difficulty of this task is that a textual entity might be highly polysemic and potentially related to many different ontological representations. To solve this specific problem, various Information Retrieval techniques can be used. Most of those involves contextual words to estimate wich exact textual entity have to be recognized. In this paper, we present a resource of contextual words that can be used by IR algorithms to establish a link between a named entity (NE) in a text and an entry point to its semantic description in the LinkedData Network. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,787 |
inproceedings | aziz-etal-2012-pet | {PET}: a Tool for Post-editing and Assessing Machine Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1587/ | Aziz, Wilker and Castilho, Sheila and Specia, Lucia | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3982--3987 | Given the significant improvements in Machine Translation (MT) quality and the increasing demand for translations, post-editing of automatic translations is becoming a popular practice in the translation industry. It has been shown to allow for much larger volumes of translations to be produced, saving time and costs. In addition, the post-editing of automatic translations can help understand problems in such translations and this can be used as feedback for researchers and developers to improve MT systems. Finally, post-editing can be used as a way of evaluating the quality of translations in terms of how much post-editing effort these translations require. We describe a standalone tool that has two main purposes: facilitate the post-editing of translations from any MT system so that they reach publishable quality and collect sentence-level information from the post-editing process, e.g.: post-editing time and detailed keystroke statistics. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,788 |
inproceedings | lenci-etal-2012-enriching | Enriching the {ISST}-{TANL} Corpus with Semantic Frames | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1588/ | Lenci, Alessandro and Montemagni, Simonetta and Venturi, Giulia and Cutrull{\`a}, Maria Grazia | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3719--3726 | The paper describes the design and the results of a manual annotation methodology devoted to enrich the ISST--TANL Corpus, derived from the Italian Syntactic--Semantic Treebank (ISST), with Semantic Frames information. The main issues encountered in applying the English FrameNet annotation criteria to a corpus of Italian language are discussed together with the choice of anchoring the semantic annotation layer to the underlying dependency syntactic structure. The results of a case study aimed at extending and specialising this methodology for the annotation of a corpus of legislative texts are also discussed. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,789 |
inproceedings | ohta-etal-2012-developing | Developing Partially-Transcribed Speech Corpus from Edited Transcriptions | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1589/ | Ohta, Kengo and Tsuchiya, Masatoshi and Nakagawa, Seiichi | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3399--3404 | Large-scale spontaneous speech corpora are crucial resource for various domains of spoken language processing. However, the available corpora are usually limited because their construction cost is quite expensive especially in transcribing speech precisely. On the other hand, loosely transcribed corpora like shorthand notes, meeting records and closed captions are more widely available than precisely transcribed ones, because their imperfectness reduces their construction cost. Because these corpora contain both precisely transcribed regions and edited regions, it is difficult to use them directly as speech corpora for learning acoustic models. Under this background, we have been considering to build an efficient semi-automatic framework to convert loose transcriptions to precise ones. This paper describes an improved automatic detection method of precise regions from loosely transcribed corpora for the above framework. Our detection method consists of two steps: the first step is a force alignment between loose transcriptions and their utterances to discover the corresponding utterance for the certain loose transcription, and the second step is a detector of precise regions with a support vector machine using several features obtained from the first step. Our experimental result shows that our method achieves a high accuracy of detecting precise regions, and shows that the precise regions extracted by our method are effective as training labels of lightly supervised speaker adaptation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,790 |
inproceedings | aksan-etal-2012-construction | Construction of the {T}urkish National Corpus ({TNC}) | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1590/ | Aksan, Ye{\c{sim and Aksan, Mustafa and Koltuksuz, Ahmet and Sezer, Taner and Mersinli, {\"Umit and Demirhan, Umut Ufuk and Y{\ilmazer, Hakan and Atasoy, G{\"uls{\"um and {\"Oz, Seda and Y{\ild{\iz, {\.Ipek and Kurto{\u{glu, {\"Ozlem | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3223--3227 | This paper addresses theoretical and practical issues experienced in the construction of Turkish National Corpus (TNC). TNC is designed to be a balanced, large scale (50 million words) and general-purpose corpus for contemporary Turkish. It has benefited from previous practices and efforts for the construction of corpora. In this sense, TNC generally follows the framework of British National Corpus, yet necessary adjustments in corpus design of TNC are made whenever needed. All throughout the process, different types of open-source software are used for specific tasks, and the resulting corpus is a free resource for non-commercial use. This paper presents TNC`s design features, web-based corpus management system, carefully planned workflow and its web-based user-friendly search interface. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,791 |
inproceedings | hana-etal-2012-building | Building a learner corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1591/ | Hana, Jirka and Rosen, Alexandr and {\v{Stindlov{\'a, Barbora and J{\"ager, Petr | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3228--3232 | The paper describes a corpus of texts produced by non-native speakers of Czech. We discuss its annotation scheme, consisting of three interlinked levels to cope with a wide range of error types present in the input. Each level corrects different types of errors; links between the levels allow capturing errors in word order and complex discontinuous expressions. Errors are not only corrected, but also classified. The annotation scheme is tested on a doubly-annotated sample of approx. 10,000 words with fair inter-annotator agreement results. We also explore options of application of automated linguistic annotation tools (taggers, spell checkers and grammar checkers) on the learner text to support or even substitute manual annotation. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,792 |
inproceedings | federmann-etal-2012-ml4hmt | The {ML}4{HMT} Workshop on Optimising the Division of Labour in Hybrid Machine Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1592/ | Federmann, Christian and Avramidis, Eleftherios and Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R. and van Genabith, Josef and Melero, Maite and Pecina, Pavel | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3430--3435 | We describe the Shared Task on Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Optimise the Division of Labour in Hybrid Machine Translation (ML4HMT) which aims to foster research on improved system combination approaches for machine translation (MT). Participants of the challenge are requested to build hybrid translations by combining the output of several MT systems of different types. We first describe the ML4HMT corpus used in the shared task, then explain the XLIFF-based annotation format we have designed for it, and briefly summarize the participating systems. Using both automated metrics scores and extensive manual evaluation, we discuss the individual performance of the various systems. An interesting result from the shared task is the fact that we were able to observe different systems winning according to the automated metrics scores when compared to the results from the manual evaluation. We conclude by summarising the first edition of the challenge and by giving an outlook to future work. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,793 |
inproceedings | gavrilidou-etal-2012-meta | The {META}-{SHARE} Metadata Schema for the Description of Language Resources | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1593/ | Gavrilidou, Maria and Labropoulou, Penny and Desipri, Elina and Piperidis, Stelios and Papageorgiou, Haris and Monachini, Monica and Frontini, Francesca and Declerck, Thierry and Francopoulo, Gil and Arranz, Victoria and Mapelli, Valerie | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1090--1097 | This paper presents a metadata model for the description of language resources proposed in the framework of the META-SHARE infrastructure, aiming to cover both datasets and tools/technologies used for their processing. It places the model in the overall framework of metadata models, describes the basic principles and features of the model, elaborates on the distinction between minimal and maximal versions thereof, briefly presents the integrated environment supporting the LRs description and search and retrieval processes and concludes with work to be done in the future for the improvement of the model. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,794 |
inproceedings | momtazi-2012-fine | Fine-grained {G}erman Sentiment Analysis on Social Media | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1594/ | Momtazi, Saeedeh | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1215--1220 | Expressing opinions and emotions on social media becomes a frequent activity in daily life. People express their opinions about various targets via social media and they are also interested to know about other opinions on the same target. Automatically identifying the sentiment of these texts and also the strength of the opinions is an enormous help for people and organizations who are willing to use this information for their goals. In this paper, we present a rule-based approach for German sentiment analysis. The proposed model provides a fine-grained annotation for German texts, which represents the sentiment strength of the input text using two scores: positive and negative. The scores show that if the text contains any positive or negative opinion as well as the strength of each positive and negative opinions. To this aim, a German opinion dictionary of 1,864 words is prepared and compared with other opinion dictionaries for German. We also introduce a new dataset for German sentiment analysis. The dataset contains 500 short texts from social media about German celebrities and is annotated by three annotators. The results show that the proposed unsupervised model outperforms the supervised machine learning techniques. Moreover, the new dictionary performs better than other German opinion dictionaries. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,795 |
inproceedings | holmqvist-etal-2012-alignment | Alignment-based reordering for {SMT} | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1595/ | Holmqvist, Maria and Stymne, Sara and Ahrenberg, Lars and Merkel, Magnus | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3436--3440 | We present a method for improving word alignment quality for phrase-based statistical machine translation by reordering the source text according to the target word order suggested by an initial word alignment. The reordered text is used to create a second word alignment which can be an improvement of the first alignment, since the word order is more similar. The method requires no other pre-processing such as part-of-speech tagging or parsing. We report improved Bleu scores for English-to-German and English-to-Swedish translation. We also examined the effect on word alignment quality and found that the reordering method increased recall while lowering precision, which partly can explain the improved Bleu scores. A manual evaluation of the translation output was also performed to understand what effect our reordering method has on the translation system. We found that where the system employing reordering differed from the baseline in terms of having more words, or a different word order, this generally led to an improvement in translation quality. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,796 |
inproceedings | gavrila-etal-2012-domain | Same domain different discourse style - A case study on Language Resources for data-driven Machine Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1596/ | Gavrila, Monica and v. Hahn, Walther and Vertan, Cristina | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3441--3446 | Data-driven machine translation (MT) approaches became very popular during last years, especially for language pairs for which it is difficult to find specialists to develop transfer rules. Statistical (SMT) or example-based (EBMT) systems can provide reasonable translation quality for assimilation purposes, as long as a large amount of training data is available. Especially SMT systems rely on parallel aligned corpora which have to be statistical relevant for the given language pair. The construction of large domain specific parallel corpora is time- and cost-consuming; the current practice relies on one or two big such corpora per language pair. Recent developed strategies ensure certain portability to other domains through specialized lexicons or small domain specific corpora. In this paper we discuss the influence of different discourse styles on statistical machine translation systems. We investigate how a pure SMT performs when training and test data belong to same domain but the discourse style varies. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,797 |
inproceedings | prabhakaran-etal-2012-annotations | Annotations for Power Relations on Email Threads | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1597/ | Prabhakaran, Vinodkumar and Neralwala, Huzaifa and Rambow, Owen and Diab, Mona | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 806--811 | Social relations like power and influence are difficult concepts to define, but are easily recognizable when expressed. In this paper, we describe a multi-layer annotation scheme for social power relations that are recognizable from online written interactions. We introduce a typology of four types of power relations between dialog participants: hierarchical power, situational power, influence and control of communication. We also present a corpus of Enron emails comprising of 122 threaded conversations, manually annotated with instances of these power relations between participants. Our annotations also capture attempts at exercise of power or influence and whether those attempts were successful or not. In addition, we also capture utterance level annotations for overt display of power. We describe the annotation definitions using two example email threads from our corpus illustrating each type of power relation. We also present detailed instructions given to the annotators and provide various statistics on annotations in the corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,798 |
inproceedings | corvey-etal-2012-foundations | Foundations of a Multilayer Annotation Framework for {T}witter Communications During Crisis Events | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1598/ | Corvey, William J. and Verma, Sudha and Vieweg, Sarah and Palmer, Martha and Martin, James H. | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | null | In times of mass emergency, vast amounts of data are generated via computer-mediated communication (CMC) that are difficult to manually collect and organize into a coherent picture. Yet valuable information is broadcast, and can provide useful insight into time- and safety-critical situations if captured and analyzed efficiently and effectively. We describe a natural language processing component of the EPIC (Empowering the Public with Information in Crisis) Project infrastructure, designed to extract linguistic and behavioral information from tweet text to aid in the task of information integration. The system incorporates linguistic annotation, in the form of Named Entity Tagging, as well as behavioral annotations to capture tweets contributing to situational awareness and analyze the information type of the tweet content. We show classification results and describe future integration of these classifiers in the larger EPIC infrastructure. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,799 |
inproceedings | poggi-etal-2012-pedagogical | Pedagogical stances and their multimodal signals. | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1599/ | Poggi, Isabella and D{'}Errico, Francesca and Leone, Giovanna | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3233--3240 | The paper defines the notion of pedagogical stance, viewed as the type of position taken, the role assumed, the image projected and the types of social behaviours performed by a teacher in her teaching interaction with a pupil. Two aspects of pedagogical stance, didactic and affective {\textemdash} relational, are distinguished and a hypothesis is put forward about their determinant factors (the teacher`s personality, idea of one`s role and of the learning process, and model of the pupil). Based on a qualitative analysis of the verbal and bodily behaviour of teachers in a corpus of teacher-pupil interactions, the paper singles out two didactic stances (maieutic and efficient) and four affective-relational ones (friendly, dominating, paternalistic, and secure base). Some examples of these stances are analysed in detail and the respective patterns of verbal and behavioural signals that typically characterize the six types of stances are outlined. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,800 |
inproceedings | scherer-etal-2012-audiovisual | An audiovisual political speech analysis incorporating eye-tracking and perception data | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1600/ | Scherer, Stefan and Layher, Georg and Kane, John and Neumann, Heiko and Campbell, Nick | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1114--1120 | We investigate the influence of audiovisual features on the perception of speaking style and performance of politicians, utilizing a large publicly available dataset of German parliament recordings. We conduct a human perception experiment involving eye-tracker data to evaluate human ratings as well as behavior in two separate conditions, i.e. audiovisual and video only. The ratings are evaluated on a five dimensional scale comprising measures of insecurity, monotony, expressiveness, persuasiveness, and overall performance. Further, they are statistically analyzed and put into context in a multimodal feature analysis, involving measures of prosody, voice quality and motion energy. The analysis reveals several statistically significant features, such as pause timing, voice quality measures and motion energy, that highly positively or negatively correlate with certain human ratings of speaking style. Additionally, we compare the gaze behavior of the human subjects to evaluate saliency regions in the multimodal and visual only conditions. The eye-tracking analysis reveals significant changes in the gaze behavior of the human subjects; participants reduce their focus of attention in the audiovisual condition mainly to the region of the face of the politician and scan the upper body, including hands and arms, in the video only condition. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,801 |
inproceedings | davis-2012-tajik | {T}ajik-{F}arsi {P}ersian Transliteration Using Statistical Machine Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1601/ | Davis, Chris Irwin | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3988--3995 | Tajik Persian is a dialect of Persian spoken primarily in Tajikistan and written with a modified Cyrillic alphabet. Iranian Persian, or Farsi, as it is natively called, is the lingua franca of Iran and is written with the Persian alphabet, a modified Arabic script. Although the spoken versions of Tajik and Farsi are mutually intelligible to educated speakers of both languages, the difference between the writing systems constitutes a barrier to text compatibility between the two languages. This paper presents a system to transliterate text between these two different Persian dialects that use incompatible writing systems. The system also serves as a mechanism to facilitate sharing of computational linguistic resources between the two languages. This is relevant because of the disparity in resources for Tajik versus Farsi. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,802 |
inproceedings | bagherbeygi-shamsfard-2012-corpus | Corpus based Semi-Automatic Extraction of {P}ersian Compound Verbs and their Relations | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1602/ | Bagherbeygi, Somayeh and Shamsfard, Mehrnoush | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2863--2867 | Nowadays, Wordnet is used in natural language processing as one of the major linguistic resources. Having such a resource for Persian language helps researchers in computational linguistics and natural language processing fields to develop more accurate systems with higher performances. In this research, we propose a model for semi-automatic construction of Persian wordnet of verbs. Compound verbs are a very productive structure in Persian and number of compound verbs is much greater than simple verbs in this language This research is aimed at finding the structure of Persian compound verbs and the relations between verb components. The main idea behind developing this system is using the wordnet of other POS categories (here means noun and adjective) to extract Persian compound verbs, their synsets and their relations. This paper focuses on three main tasks: 1.extracting compound verbs 2.extracting verbal synsets and 3.extracting the relations among verbal synsets such as hypernymy, antonymy and cause. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,803 |
inproceedings | rumshisky-etal-2012-word | Word Sense Inventories by Non-Experts. | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1603/ | Rumshisky, Anna and Botchan, Nick and Kushkuley, Sophie and Pustejovsky, James | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 4055--4059 | In this paper, we explore different strategies for implementing a crowdsourcing methodology for a single-step construction of an empirically-derived sense inventory and the corresponding sense-annotated corpus. We report on the crowdsourcing experiments using implementation strategies with different HIT costs, worker qualification testing, and other restrictions. We describe multiple adjustments required to ensure successful HIT design, given significant changes within the crowdsourcing community over the last three years. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,804 |
inproceedings | bruning-etal-2012-pamocat | {PAMOCAT}: Automatic retrieval of specified postures | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1604/ | Br{\"uning, Bernhard and Schnier, Christian and Pitsch, Karola and Wasmuth, Sven | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 4143--4148 | In order to understand and model the non-verbal communicative conduct of humans, it seems fruitful to combine qualitative methods (Conversation Analysis) and quantitative techniques (motion capturing). A Tools for data visualization and annotation is important as they constitute a central interface between different research approaches and methodologies. We have developed the pre-annotation tool PAMOCAT that detects motion segments of individual joints. A sophisticated user interface easily allows the annotating person to find correlations between different joints and to export combined qualitative and quantitative annotations to standard annotation tools. Using this technique we are able to examine complex setups with three persons in tight conversion. A functionality to search for special postures of interest and display the frames in an overview makes it easy to analyze difference phenomenas in Conversation Analysis. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,805 |
inproceedings | tepper-etal-2012-statistical | Statistical Section Segmentation in Free-Text Clinical Records | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1605/ | Tepper, Michael and Capurro, Daniel and Xia, Fei and Vanderwende, Lucy and Yetisgen-Yildiz, Meliha | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2001--2008 | Automatically segmenting and classifying clinical free text into sections is an important first step to automatic information retrieval, information extraction and data mining tasks, as it helps to ground the significance of the text within. In this work we describe our approach to automatic section segmentation of clinical records such as hospital discharge summaries and radiology reports, along with section classification into pre-defined section categories. We apply machine learning to the problems of section segmentation and section classification, comparing a joint (one-step) and a pipeline (two-step) approach. We demonstrate that our systems perform well when tested on three data sets, two for hospital discharge summaries and one for radiology reports. We then show the usefulness of section information by incorporating it in the task of extracting comorbidities from discharge summaries. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,806 |
inproceedings | wang-li-2012-constructing | Constructing a Question Corpus for Textual Semantic Relations | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1606/ | Wang, Rui and Li, Shuguang | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 4092--4097 | Finding useful questions is a challenging task in Community Question Answering (CQA). There are two key issues need to be resolved: 1) what is a useful question to the given reference question; and furthermore 2) what kind of relations exist between a given pair of questions. In order to answer these two questions, in this paper, we propose a fine-grained inventory of textual semantic relations between questions and annotate a corpus constructed from the WikiAnswers website. We also extract large archives of question pairs with user-generated links and use them as labeled data for separating useful questions from neutral ones, achieving 72.2{\%} of accuracy. We find such online CQA repositories valuable resources for related research. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,807 |
inproceedings | maks-vossen-2012-building | Building a fine-grained subjectivity lexicon from a web corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1607/ | Maks, Isa and Vossen, Piek | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3070--3076 | In this paper we propose a method to build fine-grained subjectivity lexicons including nouns, verbs and adjectives. The method, which is applied for Dutch, is based on the comparison of word frequencies of three corpora: Wikipedia, News and News comments. Comparison of the corpora is carried out with two measures: log-likelihood ratio and a percentage difference calculation. The first step of the method involves subjectivity identification, i.e. determining if a word is subjective or not. The second step aims at the identification of more fine-grained subjectivity which is the distinction between actor subjectivity and speaker / writer subjectivity. The results suggest that this approach can be usefully applied producing subjectivity lexicons of high quality. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,808 |
inproceedings | grezka-poudat-2012-building | Building a database of {F}rench frozen adverbial phrases | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1608/ | Grezka, Aude and Poudat, C{\'e}line | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 685--692 | The present paper gives an account of the approach we have led so far to build a database of frozen units. Although it has long been absent from linguistic studies and grammatical tradition, linguistic frozenness is currently a major research issue for linguistic studies, as frozen markers ensure the economy of the language system. The objective of our study is twofold: we first aim to build a comprehensive database of completely frozen units for the French language {\textemdash} what is traditionally called absolute or total frozenness. We started the project with the description of adverbial units {\textemdash} in the long term, we will also naturally describe adjectival, verbal and nominal phrases {\textemdash} and we will first present the database we have developed so far. This first objective is necessarily followed by the second one, which aims to assess the frozenness degree of the other units (i.e. relative frozenness). In this perspective, we resorted to two sets of methods: linguistic tests and statistical methods processed on two corpora (political and scientific discourse). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,809 |
inproceedings | agirre-etal-2012-matching | Matching Cultural Heritage items to {W}ikipedia | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1609/ | Agirre, Eneko and Barrena, Ander and de Lacalle, Oier Lopez and Soroa, Aitor and Fernando, Samuel and Stevenson, Mark | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1729--1735 | Digitised Cultural Heritage (CH) items usually have short descriptions and lack rich contextual information. Wikipedia articles, on the contrary, include in-depth descriptions and links to related articles, which motivate the enrichment of CH items with information from Wikipedia. In this paper we explore the feasibility of finding matching articles in Wikipedia for a given Cultural Heritage item. We manually annotated a random sample of items from Europeana, and performed a qualitative and quantitative study of the issues and problems that arise, showing that each kind of CH item is different and needs a nuanced definition of what ``matching article'' means. In addition, we test a well-known wikification (aka entity linking) algorithm on the task. Our results indicate that a substantial number of items can be effectively linked to their corresponding Wikipedia article. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,810 |
inproceedings | vogel-etal-2012-atlis | {ATLIS}: Identifying Locational Information in Text Automatically | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1610/ | Vogel, John and Verhagen, Marc and Pustejovsky, James | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 612--616 | ATLIS (short for ATLIS Tags Locations in Strings) is a tool being developed using a maximum-entropy machine learning model for automatically identifying information relating to spatial and locational information in natural language text. It is being developed in parallel with the ISO-Space standard for annotation of spatial information (Pustejovsky, Moszkowicz {\&} Verhagen 2011). The goal of ATLIS is to be able to take in a document as raw text and mark it up with ISO-Space annotation data, so that another program could use the information in a standardized format to reason about the semantics of the spatial information in the document. The tool (as well as ISO-Space itself) is still in the early stages of development. At present it implements a subset of the proposed ISO-Space annotation standard: it identifies expressions that refer to specific places, as well as identifying prepositional constructions that indicate a spatial relationship between two objects. In this paper, the structure of the ATLIS tool is presented, along with preliminary evaluations of its performance. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,811 |
inproceedings | anastasiou-2012-speech | A Speech and Gesture Spatial Corpus in Assisted Living | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1611/ | Anastasiou, Dimitra | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2351--2354 | Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is the name for a European technology and innovation funding programme. AAL research field is about intelligent assistant systems for a healthier and safer life in the preferred living environments through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). We focus specifically on speech and gesture interaction which can enhance the quality of lifestyle of people living in assistive environments, be they seniors or people with physical or cognitive disabilities. In this paper we describe our user study conducted in a lab at the University of Bremen in order to collect empirical speech and gesture data and later create and analyse a multimodal corpus. The user study is about a human user sitting in a wheelchair and performing certain inherently spatial tasks. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,812 |
inproceedings | edlund-etal-2012-3rd | 3rd party observer gaze as a continuous measure of dialogue flow | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1612/ | Edlund, Jens and Alexandersson, Simon and Beskow, Jonas and Gustavsson, Lisa and Heldner, Mattias and Hjalmarsson, Anna and Kallionen, Petter and Marklund, Ellen | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1354--1358 | We present an attempt at using 3rd party observer gaze to get a measure of how appropriate each segment in a dialogue is for a speaker change. The method is a step away from the current dependency of speaker turns or talkspurts towards a more general view of speaker changes. We show that 3rd party observers do indeed largely look at the same thing (the speaker), and how this can be captured and utilized to provide insights into human communication. In addition, the results also suggest that there might be differences in the distribution of 3rd party observer gaze depending on how information-rich an utterance is. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,813 |
inproceedings | kurc-etal-2012-constraint | Constraint Based Description of {P}olish Multiword Expressions | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1613/ | Kurc, Roman and Piasecki, Maciej and Broda, Bartosz | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2408--2413 | We present an approach to the description of Polish Multi-word Expressions (MWEs) which is based on expressions in the WCCL language of morpho-syntactic constraints instead of grammar rules or transducers. For each MWE its basic morphological form and the base forms of its constituents are specified but also each MWE is assigned to a class on the basis of its syntactic structure. For each class a WCCL constraint is defined which is parametrised by string variables referring to MWE constituent base forms or inflected forms. The constraint specifies a minimal set of conditions that must be fulfilled in order to recognise an occurrence of the given MWE in text with high accuracy. Our formalism is focused on the efficient description of large MWE lexicons for the needs of utilisation in text processing. The formalism allows for the relatively easy representation of flexible word order and discontinuous constructions. Moreover, there is no necessity for the full specification of the MWE grammatical structure. Only some aspects of the particular MWE structure can be selected in way facilitating the target accuracy of recognition. On the basis of a set of simple heuristics, WCCL-based representation of MWEs can be automatically generated from a list of MWE base forms. The proposed representation was applied on a practical scale for the description of a large set of Polish MWEs included in plWordNet. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,814 |
inproceedings | virk-abolahrar-2012-open | An Open Source {P}ersian Computational Grammar | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1614/ | Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz and Abolahrar, Elnaz | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1686--1693 | In this paper, we describe a multilingual open-source computational grammar of Persian, developed in Grammatical Framework (GF) {\textemdash} A type-theoretical grammar formalism. We discuss in detail the structure of different syntactic (i.e. noun phrases, verb phrases, adjectival phrases, etc.) categories of Persian. First, we show how to structure and construct these categories individually. Then we describe how they are glued together to make well-formed sentences in Persian, while maintaining the grammatical features such as agreement, word order, etc. We also show how some of the distinctive features of Persian, such as the ezafe construction, are implemented in GF. In order to evaluate the grammar`s correctness, and to demonstrate its usefulness, we have added support for Persian in a multilingual application grammar (the Tourist Phrasebook) using the reported resource grammar. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,815 |
inproceedings | gomes-etal-2012-project | Project {FLY}: a multidisciplinary project within Linguistics | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1615/ | Gomes, Mariana and Guilherme, Ana and Tavares, Leonor and Marquilhas, Rita | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2833--2837 | This paper concerns the presentation of two projects that aim to make available an online archive of 4,000 original private letters, mainly having in mind research in Linguistics (Corpus Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Pragmatics, Sociolinguistics, General Linguistics), History and Sociology. Our corpus is prepared for each research area and provides a diachronic archive of the Portuguese language. Projects CARDS and FLY have the main goal of making available an online electronic edition of each letter, which is completely open source, searchable and available. Users can search for an individual letter, a text by type, a group of letters by year or even the whole archive as a corpus for research or other purposes. The means of corpus presentation is a multimodal framework, since it joins together both the manuscript`s image and the written text: the letter`s material representation in facsimile and the letter`s digital transcription. This editing method allows for the possibility of creating an annotated corpus where the textual unity is not lost. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,816 |
inproceedings | ferreira-etal-2012-common | The Common Orthographic Vocabulary of the {P}ortuguese Language: a set of open lexical resources for a pluricentric language | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1616/ | Ferreira, Jos{\'e Pedro and Janssen, Maarten and de Oliveira, Gladis Barcellos and Correia, Margarita and de Oliveira, Gilvan M{\"uller | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1071--1075 | This paper outlines the design principles and choices, as well as the ongoing development process of the Common Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language (VOC), a large scale electronic lexical database which was adopted by the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries' (CPLP) Instituto Internacional da L{\'i}ngua Portuguesa to implement a spelling reform that is currently taking place. Given the different available resources and lexicographic traditions within the CPLP countries, a range of different solutions was adopted for different countries and integrated into a common development framework. Although the publication of lexicographic resources to implement spelling reforms has always been done for Portuguese, VOC represents a paradigm change, switching from idiosyncratic, closed source, paper-format official resources to standardized, open, free, web-accessible and reusable ones. We start by outlining the context that justifies the resource development and its requirements, then focusing on the description of the methodology, workflow and tools used, showing how a collaborative project in a common web-based platform and administration interface make the creation of such a long-sought and ambitious project possible. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,817 |
inproceedings | boella-etal-2012-nlp | {NLP} Challenges for Eunomos a Tool to Build and Manage Legal Knowledge | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1617/ | Boella, Guido and di Caro, Luigi and Humphreys, Llio and Robaldo, Livio and van der Torre, Leon | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3672--3678 | In this paper, we describe how NLP can semi-automate the construction and analysis of knowledge in Eunomos, a legal knowledge management service which enables users to view legislation from various sources and find the right definitions and explanations of legal concepts in a given context. NLP can semi-automate some routine tasks currently performed by knowledge engineers, such as classifying norm, or linking key terms within legislation to ontological concepts. This helps overcome the resource bottleneck problem of creating specialist knowledge management systems. While accuracy is of the utmost importance in the legal domain, and the information should be verified by domain experts as a matter of course, a semi-automated approach can result in considerable efficiency gains. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,818 |
inproceedings | tomlinson-etal-2012-pursing | Pursing power in {A}rabic on-line discussion forums | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1618/ | Tomlinson, Marc and Bracewell, David and Draper, Mary and Almissour, Zewar and Shi, Ying and Bensley, Jeremy | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1359--1364 | We present a novel corpus for identifying individuals within a group setting that are attempting to gain power within the group. The corpus is entirely in Arabic and is derived from the on-line WikiTalk discussion forums. Entries on the forums were annotated at multiple levels, top-level annotations identified whether an individual was pursuing power on the forum, and low level annotations identified linguistic indicators that signaled an individuals social intentions. An analysis of our annotations reflects a high-degree of overlap between current theories on power and conflict within a group and the behavior of individuals within the transcripts. The described datasource provides an appropriate means for modeling an individual`s pursuit of power within an on-line discussion group and also allows for enumeration and validation of current theories on the ways in which individuals strive for power. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,819 |
inproceedings | bauer-etal-2012-dependency | The Dependency-Parsed {F}rame{N}et Corpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1619/ | Bauer, Daniel and F{\"urstenau, Hagen and Rambow, Owen | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3861--3867 | When training semantic role labeling systems, the syntax of example sentences is of particular importance. Unfortunately, for the FrameNet annotated sentences, there is no standard parsed version. The integration of the automatic parse of an annotated sentence with its semantic annotation, while conceptually straightforward, is complex in practice. We present a standard dataset that is publicly available and that can be used in future research. This dataset contains parser-generated dependency structures (with POS tags and lemmas) for all FrameNet 1.5 sentences, with nodes automatically associated with FrameNet annotations. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,820 |
inproceedings | rosner-etal-2012-incorporating | Incorporating an Error Corpus into a Spellchecker for {M}altese | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1620/ | Rosner, Michael and Gatt, Albert and Attard, Andrew and Joachimsen, Jan | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 743--750 | This paper discusses the ongoing development of a new Maltese spell checker, highlighting the methodologies which would best suit such a language. We thus discuss several previous attempts, highlighting what we believe to be their weakest point: a lack of attention to context. Two developments are of particular interest, both of which concern the availability of language resources relevant to spellchecking: (i) the Maltese Language Resource Server (MLRS) which now includes a representative corpus of c. 100M words extracted from diverse documents including the Maltese Legislation, press releases and extracts from Maltese web-pages and (ii) an extensive and detailed corpus of spelling errors that was collected whilst part of the MLRS texts were being prepared. We describe the structure of these resources as well as the experimental approaches focused on context that we are now in a position to adopt. We describe the framework within which a variety of different approaches to spellchecking and evaluation will be carried out, and briefly discuss the first baseline system we have implemented. We conclude the paper with a roadmap for future improvements. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,821 |
inproceedings | casademont-etal-2012-building | Building Synthetic Voices in the {META}-{NET} Framework | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1621/ | Casademont, Em{\'i}lia Garcia and Bonafonte, Antonio and Moreno, Asunci{\'o}n | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3322--3326 | METANET4U is a European project aiming at supporting language technology for European languages and multilingualism. It is a project in the META-NET Network of Excellence, a cluster of projects aiming at fostering the mission of META, which is the Multilingual Europe Technology Alliance, dedicated to building the technological foundations of a multilingual European information society. This paper describe the resources produced at our lab to provide Synthethic voices. Using existing 10h corpus for a male and a female Spanish speakers, voices have been developed to be used in Festival, both with unit-selection and with statistical-based technologies. Furthermore, using data produced for supporting research on intra and inter-lingual voice conversion, four bilingual voices (English/Spanish) have been developed. The paper describes these resources which are available through META. Furthermore, an evaluation is presented to compare different synthesis techniques, influence of amount of data in statistical speech synthesis and the effect of sharing data in bilingual voices. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,822 |
inproceedings | nanba-etal-2012-automatic | Automatic Translation of Scholarly Terms into Patent Terms Using Synonym Extraction Techniques | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1622/ | Nanba, Hidetsugu and Takezawa, Toshiyuki and Uchiyama, Kiyoko and Aizawa, Akiko | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3447--3451 | Retrieving research papers and patents is important for any researcher assessing the scope of a field with high industrial relevance. However, the terms used in patents are often more abstract or creative than those used in research papers, because they are intended to widen the scope of claims. Therefore, a method is required for translating scholarly terms into patent terms. In this paper, we propose six methods for translating scholarly terms into patent terms using two synonym extraction methods: a statistical machine translation (SMT)-based method and a distributional similarity (DS)-based method. We conducted experiments to confirm the effectiveness of our method using the dataset of the Patent Mining Task from the NTCIR-7 Workshop. The aim of the task was to classify Japanese language research papers (pairs of titles and abstracts) using the IPC system at the subclass (third level), main group (fourth level), and subgroup (the fifth and most detailed level). The results showed that an SMT-based method (SMT{\_}ABST+IDF) performed best at the subgroup level, whereas a DS-based method (DS+IDF) performed best at the subclass level. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,823 |
inproceedings | dinarelli-rosset-2012-tree-structured | Tree-Structured Named Entity Recognition on {OCR} Data: Analysis, Processing and Results | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1623/ | Dinarelli, Marco and Rosset, Sophie | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1266--1272 | In this paper we deal with named entity detection on data acquired via OCR process on documents dating from 1890. The resulting corpus is very noisy. We perform an analysis to find possible strategies to overcome errors introduced by the OCR process. We propose a preprocessing procedure in three steps to clean data and correct, at least in part, OCR mistakes. The task is made even harder by the complex tree-structure of named entities annotated on data, we solve this problem however by adopting an effective named entity detection system we proposed in previous work. We evaluate our procedure for preprocessing OCR-ized data in two ways: in terms of perplexity and OOV rate of a language model on development and evaluation data, and in terms of the performance of the named entity detection system on the preprocessed data. The preprocessing procedure results to be effective, allowing to improve by a large margin the system we proposed for the official evaluation campaign on Old Press, and allowing to outperform also the best performing system of the evaluation campaign. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,824 |
inproceedings | pomikalek-etal-2012-building | Building a 70 billion word corpus of {E}nglish from {C}lue{W}eb | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1624/ | Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan and Jakub{\'i}{\v{c}}ek, Milo{\v{s}} and Rychl{\'y}, Pavel | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 502--506 | This work describes the process of creation of a 70 billion word text corpus of English. We used an existing language resource, namely the ClueWeb09 dataset, as source for the corpus data. Processing such a vast amount of data presented several challenges, mainly associated with pre-processing (boilerplate cleaning, text de-duplication) and post-processing (indexing for efficient corpus querying using the CQL -- Corpus Query Language) steps. In this paper we explain how we tackled them: we describe the tools used for boilerplate cleaning (jusText) and for de-duplication (onion) that was performed not only on full (document-level) duplicates but also on the level of near-duplicate texts. Moreover we show the impact of each of the performed pre-processing steps on the final corpus size. Furthermore we show how effective parallelization of the corpus indexation procedure was employed within the Manatee corpus management system and during computation of word sketches (one-page, automatic, corpus-derived summaries of a word`s grammatical and collocational behaviour) from the resulting corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,825 |
inproceedings | wang-xia-2012-effort | Effort of Genre Variation and Prediction of System Performance | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1625/ | Wang, Dong and Xia, Fei | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1993--2000 | Domain adaptation is an important task in order for NLP systems to work well in real applications. There has been extensive research on this topic. In this paper, we address two issues that are related to domain adaptation. The first question is how much genre variation will affect NLP systems' performance. We investigate the effect of genre variation on the performance of three NLP tools, namely, word segmenter, POS tagger, and parser. We choose the Chinese Penn Treebank (CTB) as our corpus. The second question is how one can estimate NLP systems' performance when gold standard on the test data does not exist. To answer the question, we extend the prediction model in (Ravi et al., 2008) to provide prediction for word segmentation and POS tagging as well. Our experiments show that the predicted scores are close to the real scores when tested on the CTB data. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,826 |
inproceedings | schneider-etal-2012-dependency | Dependency parsing for interaction detection in pharmacogenomics | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1626/ | Schneider, Gerold and Rinaldi, Fabio and Clematide, Simon | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2075--2082 | We give an overview of our approach to the extraction of interactions between pharmacogenomic entities like drugs, genes and diseases and suggest classes of interaction types driven by data from PharmGKB and partly following the top level ontology WordNet and biomedical types from BioNLP. Our text mining approach to the extraction of interactions is based on syntactic analysis. We use syntactic analyses to explore domain events and to suggest a set of interaction labels for the pharmacogenomics domain. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,827 |
inproceedings | ohara-2012-semantic | Semantic Annotations in {J}apanese {F}rame{N}et: Comparing Frames in {J}apanese and {E}nglish | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1627/ | Ohara, Kyoko | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1559--1562 | Since 2008, the Japanese FrameNet (JFN, \url{http://jfn.st.hc.keio.ac.jp/}) project has been annotating the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ), the first such corpus, officially released in October 2011. This paper reports annotation results of the book genre of BCCWJ (Ohara 2011, Ohara, Saito, Fujii {\&} Sato 2011). Comparing the semantic frames needed to annotate BCCWJ with those that the FrameNet (FN) project (Fillmore and Baker 2009, Fillmore 2006) already has defined revealed that: 1) differences in the Japanese and English semantic frames often concern different perspectives and different lexical aspects exhibited by the two lexicons; and 2) in most of the cases where JFN defined new semantic frame for a word, the frame did not involve culture-specific scenes. We investigated the extent to which existing semantic frames originally defined for analyzing English words were used, annotating 810 sentences of the so-called core data of the book genre of BCCWJ. In the 810 sentences we were able to assign semantic frames to approximately 4000 words, although we could not assign any to 587 words. That is, of all the LUs in the sentences, we were able to identify semantic frames to about 87 per cent of them. In other words, the semantic frames already defined in FN for English could be used for 87 per cent of the Japanese LUs. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,828 |
inproceedings | popescu-2012-buildind | Buildind a Resource of Patterns Using Semantic Types | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1628/ | Popescu, Octavian | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2999--3006 | While a word in isolation has a high potential of expressing various senses, in certain phrases this potential is restricted up to the point that one and only one sense is possible. A phrase is called sense stable if the senses of all the words compounding it do not change their sense irrespective of the context which could be added to its left or to its right. By comparing sense stable phrases we can extract corpus patterns. These patterns have slots which are filled by semantic types that capture the relevant information for disambiguation. The relationship between slots is such that a chain like disambiguation process is possible. Annotating a corpus with these kinds of patterns is beneficial for NLP, because problems such as data sparseness, noise, learning complexity are alleviated. We evaluate the inter agreement of annotators on examples coming from BNC. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,829 |
inproceedings | black-etal-2012-data | A data and analysis resource for an experiment in text mining a collection of micro-blogs on a political topic. | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1629/ | Black, William and Procter, Rob and Gray, Steven and Ananiadou, Sophia | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2083--2088 | The analysis of a corpus of micro-blogs on the topic of the 2011 UK referendum about the Alternative Vote has been undertaken as a joint activity by text miners and social scientists. To facilitate the collaboration, the corpus and its analysis is managed in a Web-accessible framework that allows users to upload their own textual data for analysis and to manage their own text annotation resources used for analysis. The framework also allows annotations to be searched, and the analysis to be re-run after amending the analysis resources. The corpus is also doubly human-annotated stating both whether each tweet is overall positive or negative in sentiment and whether it is for or against the proposition of the referendum. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,830 |
inproceedings | abdul-mageed-diab-2012-awatif | {AWATIF}: A Multi-Genre Corpus for {M}odern {S}tandard {A}rabic Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1630/ | Abdul-Mageed, Muhammad and Diab, Mona | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3907--3914 | We present AWATIF, a multi-genre corpus of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) labeled for subjectivity and sentiment analysis (SSA) at the sentence level. The corpus is labeled using both regular as well as crowd sourcing methods under three different conditions with two types of annotation guidelines. We describe the sub-corpora constituting the corpus and provide examples from the various SSA categories. In the process, we present our linguistically-motivated and genre-nuanced annotation guidelines and provide evidence showing their impact on the labeling task. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,831 |
inproceedings | hara-etal-2012-causal | Causal analysis of task completion errors in spoken music retrieval interactions | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1631/ | Hara, Sunao and Kitaoka, Norihide and Takeda, Kazuya | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1365--1372 | In this paper, we analyze the causes of task completion errors in spoken dialog systems, using a decision tree with N-gram features of the dialog to detect task-incomplete dialogs. The dialog for a music retrieval task is described by a sequence of tags related to user and system utterances and behaviors. The dialogs are manually classified into two classes: completed and uncompleted music retrieval tasks. Differences in tag classification performance between the two classes are discussed. We then construct decision trees which can detect if a dialog finished with the task completed or not, using information gain criterion. Decision trees using N-grams of manual tags and automatic tags achieved 74.2{\%} and 80.4{\%} classification accuracy, respectively, while the tree using interaction parameters achieved an accuracy rate of 65.7{\%}. We also discuss more details of the causality of task incompletion for spoken dialog systems using such trees. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,832 |
inproceedings | sojat-etal-2012-generation | Generation of Verbal Stems in Derivationally Rich Language | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1632/ | {\v{S}}ojat, Kre{\v{s}}imir and Preradovi{\'c}, Nives Mikeli{\'c} and Tadi{\'c}, Marko | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 928--933 | The paper presents a procedure for generating prefixed verbs in Croatian comprising combinations of one, two or three prefixes. The result of this generation process is a pool of derivationally valid prefixed verbs, although not necessarily occuring in corpora. The statistics of occurences of generated verbs in Croatian National Corpus has been calculated. Further usage of such language resource with generated potential verbs is also suggested, namely, enrichment of Croatian Morphological Lexicon, Croatian Wordnet and CROVALLEX. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,833 |
inproceedings | castilho-etal-2012-corpus | {C}orpus+{W}ord{N}et thesaurus generation for ontology enriching | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1633/ | Castilho, Fernando and Granada, Roger and Meneghetti, Breno and Carvalho, Leonardo and Vieira, Renata | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3463--3467 | This paper presents a model to enrich an ontology with a thesaurus based on a domain corpus and WordNet. The model is applied to the data privacy domain and the initial domain resources comprise a data privacy ontology, a corpus of privacy laws, regulations and guidelines for projects. Based on these resources, a thesaurus is automatically generated. The thesaurus seeds are composed by the ontology concepts. For these seeds similar terms are extracted from the corpus using known thesaurus generation methods. A filtering process searches for semantic relations between seeds and similar terms within WordNet. As a result, these semantic relations are used to expand the ontology with relations between them and related terms in the corpus. The resulting resource is a hierarchical structure that can help on the ontology investigation and maintenance. The results allow the investigation of the domain knowledge with the support of semantic relations not present on the original ontology. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,834 |
inproceedings | buttery-caines-2012-reclassifying | Reclassifying subcategorization frames for experimental analysis and stimulus generation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1634/ | Buttery, Paula and Caines, Andrew | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1694--1698 | Researchers in the fields of psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics increasingly test their experimental hypotheses against probabilistic models of language. VALEX (Korhonen et al., 2006) is a large-scale verb lexicon that specifies verb usage as probability distributions over a set of 163 verb SUBCATEGORIZATION FRAMES (SCFs). VALEX has proved to be a popular computational linguistic resource and may also be used by psycho- and neurolinguists for experimental analysis and stimulus generation. However, a probabilistic model based upon a set of 163 SCFs often proves too fine grained for experimenters in these fields. Our goal is to simplify the classification by grouping the frames into genera{\textemdash}explainable clusters that may be used as experimental parameters. We adopted two methods for reclassification. One was a manual linguistic approach derived from verb argumentation and clause features; the other was an automatic, computational approach driven from a graphical representation of SCFs. The premise was not only to compare the results of two quite different methods for our own interest, but also to enable other researchers to choose whichever reclassification better suited their purpose (one being grounded purely in theoretical linguistics and the other in practical language engineering). The various classifications are available as an online resource to researchers. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,835 |
inproceedings | kopec-ogrodniczuk-2012-creating | Creating a Coreference Resolution System for {P}olish | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1635/ | Kope{\'c}, Mateusz and Ogrodniczuk, Maciej | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 192--195 | Although the availability of the natural language processing tools and the development of metrics to evaluate them increases, there is a certain gap to fill in that field for the less-resourced languages, such as Polish. Therefore the projects which are designed to extend the existing tools for diverse languages are the best starting point for making these languages more and more covered. This paper presents the results of the first attempt of the co{\textbackslash}-re{\textbackslash}-fe{\textbackslash}-rence resolution for Polish using statistical methods. It presents the conclusions from the process of adapting the Beautiful Anaphora Resolution Toolkit (BART; a system primarily designed for the English language) for Polish and collates its evaluation results with those of the previously implemented rule-based system. Finally, we describe our plans for the future usage of the tool and highlight the upcoming research to be conducted, such as the experiments of a larger scale and the comparison with other machine learning tools. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,836 |
inproceedings | ma-2012-ldc | {LDC} Forced Aligner | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1636/ | Ma, Xiaoyi | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3405--3408 | This paper describes the LDC forced aligner which was designed to align audio and transcripts. Unlike existing forced aligners, LDC forced aligner can align partially transcribed audio files, and also audio files with large chunks of non-speech segments, such as noise, music, silence etc, by inserting optional wildcard phoneme sequences between sentence or paragraph boundaries. Based on the HTK tool kit, LDC forced aligner can align audio and transcript on sentence or word level. This paper also reports its usage on English and Mandarin Chinese data. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,837 |
inproceedings | barker-gaizauskas-2012-assessing | Assessing the Comparability of News Texts | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1637/ | Barker, Emma and Gaizauskas, Robert | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3996--4003 | Comparable news texts are frequently proposed as a potential source of alignable subsentential fragments for use in statistical machine translation systems. But can we assess just how potentially useful they will be? In this paper we first discuss a scheme for classifying news text pairs according to the degree of relatedness of the events they report and investigate how robust this classification scheme is via a multi-lingual annotation exercise. We then propose an annotation methodology, similar to that used in summarization evaluation, to allow us to identify and quantify shared content at the subsentential level in news text pairs and report a preliminary exercise to assess this method. We conclude by discussing how this works fits into a broader programme of assessing the potential utility of comparable news texts for extracting paraphrases/translational equivalents for use in language processing applications. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,838 |
inproceedings | samsudin-lee-2012-building | Building Text-to-Speech Systems for Resource Poor Languages | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1638/ | Samsudin, Nur-Hana and Lee, Mark | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3327--3334 | This paper describes research on building text-to-speech synthesis systems (TTS) for resource poor languages using available resources from other languages and describes our general approach to building cross-linguistic polyglot TTS. Our approach involves three main steps: language clustering, grapheme to phoneme mapping and prosody modelling. We have tested the mapping of phonemes from German to English and from Indonesian to Spanish. We have also constructed three prosody representations for different language characteristics. For evaluation we have developed an English TTS based on German data, and a Spanish TTS based on Indonesian data and compared their performance against pre-existing monolingual TTSs. Since our motivation is to develop speech synthesis for resource poor languages, we have also developed three TTS for Iban, an Austronesian language with practically no available language resources, using Malay, Indonesian and Spanish resources. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,839 |
inproceedings | hulden-francom-2012-boosting | Boosting statistical tagger accuracy with simple rule-based grammars | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1640/ | Hulden, Mans and Francom, Jerid | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2114--2117 | We report on several experiments on combining a rule-based tagger and a trigram tagger for Spanish. The results show that one can boost the accuracy of the best performing n-gram taggers by quickly developing a rough rule-based grammar to complement the statistically induced one and then combining the output of the two. The specific method of combination is crucial for achieving good results. The method provides particularly large gains in accuracy when only a small amount of tagged data is available for training a HMM, as may be the case for lesser-resourced and minority languages. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,841 |
inproceedings | williams-katz-2012-new | A New {T}witter Verb Lexicon for Natural Language Processing | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1641/ | Williams, Jennifer and Katz, Graham | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 293--298 | We describe in-progress work on the creation of a new lexical resource that contains a list of 486 verbs annotated with quantified temporal durations for the events that they describe. This resource is being compiled from more than 14 million tweets from the Twitter microblogging site. We are creating this lexicon of verbs and typical durations to address a gap in the available information that is represented in existing research. The data that is contained in this lexical resource is unlike any existing resources, which have been traditionally comprised from literature excerpts, news stories, and full-length weblogs. The kind of knowledge about how long an event lasts is crucial for natural language processing and is especially useful when the temporal duration of an event is implied. We are using data from Twitter because Twitter is a rich resource since people are publicly posting about real events and real durations of those events throughout the day. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,842 |
inproceedings | washington-etal-2012-finite | A finite-state morphological transducer for {K}yrgyz | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1642/ | Washington, Jonathan and Ipasov, Mirlan and Tyers, Francis | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 934--940 | This paper describes the development of a free/open-source finite-state morphological transducer for Kyrgyz. The transducer has been developed for morphological generation for use within a prototype Turkish{\^a}Kyrgyz machine translation system, but has also been extensively tested for analysis. The finite-state toolkit used for the work was the Helsinki Finite-State Toolkit (HFST). The paper describes some issues in Kyrgyz morphology, the development of the tool, some linguistic issues encountered and how they were dealt with, and which issues are left to resolve. An evaluation is presented which shows that the transducer has medium-level coverage, between 82{\%} and 87{\%} on two freely available corpora of Kyrgyz, and high precision and recall over a manually verified test set. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,843 |
inproceedings | walker-etal-2012-corpus | A Corpus for Research on Deliberation and Debate | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1643/ | Walker, Marilyn and Tree, Jean Fox and Anand, Pranav and Abbott, Rob and King, Joseph | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 812--817 | Deliberative, argumentative discourse is an important component of opinion formation, belief revision, and knowledge discovery; it is a cornerstone of modern civil society. Argumentation is productively studied in branches ranging from theoretical artificial intelligence to political rhetoric, but empirical analysis has suffered from a lack of freely available, unscripted argumentative dialogs. This paper presents the Internet Argument Corpus (IAC), a set of 390,704 posts in 11,800 discussions extracted from the online debate site 4forums.com. A 2866 thread/130,206 post extract of the corpus has been manually sided for topic of discussion, and subsets of this topic-labeled extract have been annotated for several dialogic and argumentative markers: degrees of agreement with a previous post, cordiality, audience-direction, combativeness, assertiveness, emotionality of argumentation, and sarcasm. As an application of this resource, the paper closes with a discussion of the relationship between discourse marker pragmatics, agreement, emotionality, and sarcasm in the IAC corpus. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,844 |
inproceedings | roshchina-etal-2012-evaluating | Evaluating the Similarity Estimator component of the {TWIN} Personality-based Recommender System | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1644/ | Roshchina, Alexandra and Cardiff, John and Rosso, Paolo | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 4098--4102 | With the constant increase in the amount of information available in online communities, the task of building an appropriate Recommender System to support the user in her decision making process is becoming more and more challenging. In addition to the classical collaborative filtering and content based approaches, taking into account ratings, preferences and demographic characteristics of the users, a new type of Recommender System, based on personality parameters, has been emerging recently. In this paper we describe the TWIN (Tell Me What I Need) Personality Based Recommender System, and report on our experiments and experiences of utilizing techniques which allow the extraction of the personality type from text (following the Big Five model popular in the psychological research). We estimate the possibility of constructing the personality-based Recommender System that does not require users to fill in personality questionnaires. We are applying the proposed system in the online travelling domain to perform TripAdvisor hotels recommendation by analysing the text of user generated reviews, which are freely accessible from the community website. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,845 |
inproceedings | perez-rosas-etal-2012-learning | Learning Sentiment Lexicons in {S}panish | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1645/ | P{\'e}rez-Rosas, Ver{\'o}nica and Banea, Carmen and Mihalcea, Rada | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3077--3081 | In this paper we present a framework to derive sentiment lexicons in a target language by using manually or automatically annotated data available in an electronic resource rich language, such as English. We show that bridging the language gap using the multilingual sense-level aligned WordNet structure allows us to generate a high accuracy (90{\%}) polarity lexicon comprising 1,347 entries, and a disjoint lower accuracy (74{\%}) one encompassing 2,496 words. By using an LSA-based vectorial expansion for the generated lexicons, we are able to obtain an average F-measure of 66{\%} in the target language. This implies that the lexicons could be used to bootstrap higher-coverage lexicons using in-language resources. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,846 |
inproceedings | fernandez-ordonez-etal-2012-unsupervised | Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation with Multilingual Representations | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1646/ | Fernandez-Ordo{\~n}ez, Erwin and Mihalcea, Rada and Hassan, Samer | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 847--851 | In this paper we investigate the role of multilingual features in improving word sense disambiguation. In particular, we explore the use of semantic clues derived from context translation to enrich the intended sense and therefore reduce ambiguity. Our experiments demonstrate up to 26{\%} increase in disambiguation accuracy by utilizing multilingual features as compared to the monolingual baseline. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,847 |
inproceedings | piperidis-2012-meta | The {META}-{SHARE} Language Resources Sharing Infrastructure: Principles, Challenges, Solutions | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1647/ | Piperidis, Stelios | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 36--42 | Language resources have become a key factor in the development cycle of language technology. The current prevailing methodologies, the sheer number of languages and the vast volumes of digital content together with the wide palette of useful content processing applications, render new models for managing the underlying language resources indispensable. This paper presents META-SHARE, an open resource exchange infrastructure, which aims to boost visibility, documentation, identification, openness and sharing, collaboration, preservation and interoperability of language data and basic language processing tools. META-SHARE is implemented as a network of distributed repositories of language resources. It offers providers and consumers of resources the necessary functionalities for describing, storing, searching, licensing and downloading language resources in a single integrated technical platform. META-SHARE favours and aligns itself with the growing open data and open source tools movement. To this end, it has prepared the necessary underlying legal framework consisting of a Charter for language resource sharing, as well as a set of licensing templates aiming to act as recommended licence models in an attempt to facilitate the legal interoperability of language resources. In its current version, META-SHARE features 13 resource repositories, with over 1200 resource packages. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,848 |
inproceedings | caines-buttery-2012-annotating | Annotating progressive aspect constructions in the spoken section of the {B}ritish {N}ational {C}orpus | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1648/ | Caines, Andrew and Buttery, Paula | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1699--1704 | We present a set of stand-off annotations for the ninety thousand sentences in the spoken section of the British National Corpus (BNC) which feature a progressive aspect verb group. These annotations may be matched to the original BNC text using the supplied document and sentence identifiers. The annotated features mostly relate to linguistic form: subject type, subject person and number, form of auxiliary verb, and clause type, tense and polarity. In addition, the sentences are classified for register, the formality of recording context: three levels of `spontaneity' with genres such as sermons and scripted speech at the most formal level and casual conversation at the least formal. The resource has been designed so that it may easily be augmented with further stand-off annotations. Expert linguistic annotations of spoken data, such as these, are valuable for improving the performance of natural language processing tools in the spoken language domain and assist linguistic research in general. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,849 |
inproceedings | roberts-etal-2012-annotating | Annotating Spatial Containment Relations Between Events | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1649/ | Roberts, Kirk and Goodwin, Travis and Harabagiu, Sanda M. | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3052--3059 | A significant amount of spatial information in textual documents is hidden within the relationship between events. While humans have an intuitive understanding of these relationships that allow us to recover an object`s or event`s location, currently no annotated data exists to allow automatic discovery of spatial containment relations between events. We present our process for building such a corpus of manually annotated spatial relations between events. Events form complex predicate-argument structures that model the participants in the event, their roles, as well as the temporal and spatial grounding. In addition, events are not presented in isolation in text; there are explicit and implicit interactions between events that often participate in event structures. In this paper, we focus on five spatial containment relations that may exist between events: (1) SAME, (2) CONTAINS, (3) OVERLAPS, (4) NEAR, and (5) DIFFERENT. Using the transitive closure across these spatial relations, the implicit location of many events and their participants can be discovered. We discuss our annotation schema for spatial containment relations, placing it within the pre-existing theories of spatial representation. We also discuss our annotation guidelines for maintaining annotation quality as well as our process for augmenting SpatialML with spatial containment relations between events. Additionally, we outline some baseline experiments to evaluate the feasibility of developing supervised systems based on this corpus. These results indicate that although the task is challenging, automated methods are capable of discovering spatial containment relations between events. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,850 |
inproceedings | andreas-etal-2012-annotating | Annotating Agreement and Disagreement in Threaded Discussion | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1650/ | Andreas, Jacob and Rosenthal, Sara and McKeown, Kathleen | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 818--822 | We introduce a new corpus of sentence-level agreement and disagreement annotations over LiveJournal and Wikipedia threads. This is the first agreement corpus to offer full-document annotations for threaded discussions. We provide a methodology for coding responses as well as an implemented tool with an interface that facilitates annotation of a specific response while viewing the full context of the thread. Both the results of an annotator questionnaire and high inter-annotator agreement statistics indicate that the annotations collected are of high quality. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,851 |
inproceedings | robichaud-2012-logic | Logic Based Methods for Terminological Assessment | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1651/ | Robichaud, Beno{\^i}t | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 94--98 | We present a new version of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) called DiCoInfo Visuel, mainly based on a graph visualization device and used for exploring and assessing lexical data found in DiCoInfo, a specialized e-dictionary of computing and the Internet. This new GUI version takes advantage of the fundamental nature of the lexical network encoded in the dictionary: it uses logic based methods from logic programming to explore relations between entries and find pieces of relevant information that may be not accessible by direct searches. The result is a more realistic and useful data coverage shown to end users. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,852 |
inproceedings | kolachina-kolachina-2012-parsing | Parsing Any Domain {E}nglish text to {C}o{NLL} dependencies | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1652/ | Kolachina, Sudheer and Kolachina, Prasanth | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3873--3880 | It is well known that accuracies of statistical parsers trained over Penn Treebank on test sets drawn from the same corpus tend to be overestimates of their actual parsing performance. This gives rise to the need for evaluation of parsing performance on corpora from different domains. Evaluating multiple parsers on test sets from different domains can give a detailed picture about the relative strengths/weaknesses of different parsing approaches. Such information is also necessary to guide choice of parser in applications such as machine translation where text from multiple domains needs to be handled. In this paper, we report a benchmarking study of different state-of-art parsers for English, both constituency and dependency. The constituency parser output is converted into CoNLL-style dependency trees so that parsing performance can be compared across formalisms. Specifically, we train rerankers for Berkeley and Stanford parsers to study the usefulness of reranking for handling texts from different domains. The results of our experiments lead to interesting insights about the out-of-domain performance of different English parsers. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,853 |
inproceedings | janssen-2012-neotag | {N}eo{T}ag: a {POS} Tagger for Grammatical Neologism Detection | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1653/ | Janssen, Maarten | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 2118--2124 | POS Taggers typically fail to correctly tag grammatical neologisms: for known words, a tagger will only take known tags into account, and hence discard any possibility that the word is used in a novel or deviant grammatical category in the text at hand. Grammatical neologisms are relatively rare, and therefore do not pose a significant problem for the overall performance of a tagger. But for studies on neologisms and grammaticalization processes, this makes traditional taggers rather unfit. This article describes a modified POS tagger that explicitly considers new tags for known words, hence making it better fit for neologism research. This tagger, called NeoTag, has an overall accuracy that is comparable to other taggers, but scores much better for grammatical neologisms. To achieve this, the tagger applies a system of {\{}{\textbackslash}em lexical smoothing{\}}, which adds new categories to known words based on known homographs. NeoTag also lemmatizes words as part of the tagging system, achieving a high accuracy on lemmatization for both known and unknown words, without the need for an external lexicon. The use of NeoTag is not restricted to grammatical neologism detection, and it can be used for other purposes as well. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,854 |
inproceedings | bunt-etal-2012-using | Using {D}i{AML} and {ANVIL} for multimodal dialogue annotations | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1654/ | Bunt, Harry and Kipp, Michael and Petukhova, Volha | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1301--1308 | This paper shows how interoperable dialogue act annotations, using the multidimensional annotation scheme and the markup language DiAML of ISO standard 24617-2, can conveniently be obtained using the newly implemented facility in the ANVIL annotation tool to produce XML-based output directly in the DiAML format. ANVIL offers the use of multiple user-defined `tiers' for annotating various kinds of information. This is shown to be convenient not only for multimodal information but also for dialogue act annotation according to ISO standard 24617-2 because of the latter`s multidimensionality: functional dialogue segments are viewed as expressing one or more dialogue acts, and every dialogue act belongs to one of a number of dimensions of communication, defined in the standard, for each of which a different ANVIL tier can conveniently be used. Annotations made in the multi-tier interface can be exported in the ISO 24617-2 format, thus supporting the creation of interoperable annotated corpora of multimodal dialogue. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,855 |
inproceedings | okita-2012-annotated | Annotated Corpora for Word Alignment between {J}apanese and {E}nglish and its Evaluation with {MAP}-based Word Aligner | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1655/ | Okita, Tsuyoshi | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3241--3248 | This paper presents two annotated corpora for word alignment between Japanese and English. We annotated on top of the IWSLT-2006 and the NTCIR-8 corpora. The IWSLT-2006 corpus is in the domain of travel conversation while the NTCIR-8 corpus is in the domain of patent. We annotated the first 500 sentence pairs from the IWSLT-2006 corpus and the first 100 sentence pairs from the NTCIR-8 corpus. After mentioned the annotation guideline, we present two evaluation algorithms how to use such hand-annotated corpora: although one is a well-known algorithm for word alignment researchers, one is novel which intends to evaluate a MAP-based word aligner of Okita et al. (2010b). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,856 |
inproceedings | caselli-etal-2012-assigning | Assigning Connotation Values to Events | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1656/ | Caselli, Tommaso and Russo, Irene and Rubino, Francesco | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3082--3089 | Sentiment Analysis (SA) and Opinion Mining (OM) have become a popular task in recent years in NLP with the development of language resources, corpora and annotation schemes. The possibility to discriminate between objective and subjective expressions contributes to the identification of a document`s semantic orientation and to the detection of the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors or attributed to other participants in the document. Subjectivity word sense disambiguation helps in this task, automatically determining which word senses in a corpus are being used subjectively and which are being used objectively. This paper reports on a methodology to assign in a semi-automatic way connotative values to eventive nouns usually labelled as neutral through syntagmatic patterns that express cause-effect relations between emotion cause events and emotion words. We have applied our method to nouns and we have been able reduce the number of OBJ polarity values associated to event noun. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,857 |
inproceedings | walker-etal-2012-annotated | An Annotated Corpus of Film Dialogue for Learning and Characterizing Character Style | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1657/ | Walker, Marilyn and Lin, Grace and Sawyer, Jennifer | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1373--1378 | Interactive story systems often involve dialogue with virtual dramatic characters. However, to date most character dialogue is written by hand. One way to ease the authoring process is to (semi-)automatically generate dialogue based on film characters. We extract features from dialogue of film characters in leading roles. Then we use these character-based features to drive our language generator to produce interesting utterances. This paper describes a corpus of film dialogue that we have collected from the IMSDb archive and annotated for linguistic structures and character archetypes. We extract different sets of features using external sources such as LIWC and SentiWordNet as well as using our own written scripts. The automation of feature extraction also eases the process of acquiring additional film scripts. We briefly show how film characters can be represented by models learned from the corpus, how the models can be distinguished based on different categories such as gender and film genre, and how they can be applied to a language generator to generate utterances that can be perceived as being similar to the intended character model. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,858 |
inproceedings | bigi-2012-sppas-tool | {SPPAS}: a tool for the phonetic segmentation of speech | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1658/ | Bigi, Brigitte | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1748--1755 | SPPAS is a tool to produce automatic annotations which include utterance, word, syllabic and phonemic segmentations from a recorded speech sound and its transcription. SPPAS is distributed under the terms of the GNU Public License. It was successfully applied during the Evalita 2011 campaign, on Italian map-task dialogues. It can also deal with French, English and Chinese and there is an easy way to add other languages. The paper describes the development of resources and free tools, consisting of acoustic models, phonetic dictionaries, and libraries and programs to deal with these data. All of them are publicly available. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,859 |
inproceedings | cieri-etal-2012-twenty | Twenty Years of Language Resource Development and Distribution: A Progress Report on {LDC} Activities | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1659/ | Cieri, Christopher and Reed, Marian and DiPersio, Denise and Liberman, Mark | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 60--65 | On the Linguistic Data Consortium`s (LDC) 20th anniversary, this paper describes the changes to the language resource landscape over the past two decades, how LDC has adjusted its practice to adapt to them and how the business model continues to grow. Specifically, we will discuss LDC`s evolving roles and changes in the sizes and types of LDC language resources (LR) as well as the data they include and the annotations of that data. We will also discuss adaptations of the LDC business model and the sponsored projects it supports. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,860 |
inproceedings | boruta-jastrzebska-2012-phonemic | A Phonemic Corpus of {P}olish Child-Directed Speech | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1660/ | Boruta, Luc and Jastrzebska, Justyna | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1017--1020 | Recent advances in modeling early language acquisition are due not only to the development of machine-learning techniques, but also to the increasing availability of data on child language and child-adult interaction. In the absence of recordings of child-directed speech, or when models explicitly require such a representation for training data, phonemic transcriptions are commonly used as input data. We present a novel (and to our knowledge, the first) phonemic corpus of Polish child-directed speech. It is derived from the Weist corpus of Polish, freely available from the seminal CHILDES database. For the sake of reproducibility, and to exemplify the typical trade-off between ecological validity and sample size, we report all preprocessing operations and transcription guidelines. Contributed linguistic resources include updated CHAT-formatted transcripts with phonemic transcriptions in a novel phonology tier, as well as by-product data, such as a phonemic lexicon of Polish. All resources are distributed under the LGPL-LR license. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,861 |
inproceedings | stuker-etal-2012-kit | The {KIT} Lecture Corpus for Speech Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1661/ | St{\"uker, Sebastian and Kraft, Florian and Mohr, Christian and Herrmann, Teresa and Cho, Eunah and Waibel, Alex | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3409--3414 | Academic lectures offer valuable content, but often do not reach their full potential audience due to the language barrier. Human translations of lectures are too expensive to be widely used. Speech translation technology can be an affordable alternative in this case. State-of-the-art speech translation systems utilize statistical models that need to be trained on large amounts of in-domain data. In order to support the KIT lecture translation project in its effort to introduce speech translation technology in KIT`s lecture halls, we have collected a corpus of German lectures at KIT. In this paper we describe how we recorded the lectures and how we annotated them. We further give detailed statistics on the types of lectures in the corpus and its size. We collected the corpus with the purpose in mind that it should not just be suited for training a spoken language translation system the traditional way, but should also enable us to research techniques that enable the translation system to automatically and autonomously adapt itself to the varying topics and speakers of lectures | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,862 |
inproceedings | bigi-etal-2012-orthographic | Orthographic Transcription: which enrichment is required for phonetization? | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1662/ | Bigi, Brigitte and P{\'e}ri, Pauline and Bertrand, Roxane | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1756--1763 | This paper addresses the problem of the enrichment of transcriptions in the perspective of an automatic phonetization. Phonetization is the process of representing sounds with phonetic signs. There are two general ways to construct a phonetization process: rule based systems (with rules based on inference approaches or proposed by expert linguists) and dictionary based solutions which consist in storing a maximum of phonological knowledge in a lexicon. In both cases, phonetization is based on a manual transcription. Such a transcription is established on the basis of conventions that can differ depending on their working out context. This present study focuses on three different enrichments of such a transcription. Evaluations compare phonetizations obtained from automatic systems to a reference phonetized manually. The test corpus is made of three types of speech: conversational speech, read speech and political debate. A specific algorithm for the rule-based system is proposed to deal with enrichments. The final system obtained a phonetization of about 95.2{\%} correct (from 3.7{\%} to 5.6{\%} error rates depending on the corpus). | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,863 |
inproceedings | pustejovsky-moszkowicz-2012-role | The Role of Model Testing in Standards Development: The Case of {ISO}-Space | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1663/ | Pustejovsky, James and Moszkowicz, Jessica | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3060--3063 | In this paper, we describe the methodology being used to develop certain aspects of ISO-Space, an annotation language for encoding spatial and spatiotemporal information as expressed in natural language text. After reviewing the requirements of a specification for capturing such knowledge from linguistic descriptions, we describe how ISO-Space has developed to meet the needs of the specification. ISO-Space is an emerging resource that is being developed in the context of an iterative effort to test the specification model with annotation, a methodology called MAMA (Model-Annotate-Model-Annotate) (Pustejovsky and Stubbs, 2012). We describe the genres of text that are being used in a pilot annotation study, in order to both refine and enrich the specification language by way of crowd sourcing simple annotation tasks with Amazon`s Mechanical Turk Service. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,864 |
inproceedings | sagot-stern-2012-aleda | Aleda, a free large-scale entity database for {F}rench | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1664/ | Sagot, Beno{\^i}t and Stern, Rosa | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 1273--1276 | Named entity recognition, which focuses on the identification of the span and type of named entity mentions in texts, has drawn the attention of the NLP community for a long time. However, many real-life applications need to know which real entity each mention refers to. For such a purpose, often refered to as entity resolution and linking, an inventory of entities is required in order to constitute a reference. In this paper, we describe how we extracted such a resource for French from freely available resources (the French Wikipedia and the GeoNames database). We describe the results of an instrinsic evaluation of the resulting entity database, named Aleda, as well as those of a task-based evaluation in the context of a named entity detection system. We also compare it with the NLGbAse database (Charton and Torres-Moreno, 2010), a resource with similar objectives. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,865 |
inproceedings | federico-etal-2012-iwslt | The {IWSLT} 2011 Evaluation Campaign on Automatic Talk Translation | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1665/ | Federico, Marcello and St{\"uker, Sebastian and Bentivogli, Luisa and Paul, Michael and Cettolo, Mauro and Herrmann, Teresa and Niehues, Jan and Moretti, Giovanni | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3543--3550 | We report here on the eighth evaluation campaign organized in 2011 by the IWSLT workshop series. That IWSLT 2011 evaluation focused on the automatic translation of public talks and included tracks for speech recognition, speech translation, text translation, and system combination. Unlike in previous years, all data supplied for the evaluation has been publicly released on the workshop website, and is at the disposal of researchers interested in working on our benchmarks and in comparing their results with those published at the workshop. This paper provides an overview of the IWSLT 2011 evaluation campaign, and describes the data supplied, the evaluation infrastructure made available to participants, and the subjective evaluation carried out. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,866 |
inproceedings | sagot-fiser-2012-cleaning | Cleaning noisy wordnets | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1666/ | Sagot, Beno{\^i}t and Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3468--3472 | Automatic approaches to creating and extending wordnets, which have become very popular in the past decade, inadvertently result in noisy synsets. This is why we propose an approach to detect synset outliers in order to eliminate the noise and improve accuracy of the developed wordnets, so that they become more useful lexico-semantic resources for natural language applications. The approach compares the words that appear in the synset and its surroundings with the contexts of the literals in question they are used in based on large monolingual corpora. By fine-tuning the outlier threshold we can influence how many outlier candidates will be eliminated. Although the proposed approach is language-independent we test it on Slovene and French that were created automatically from bilingual resources and contain plenty of disambiguation errors. Manual evaluation of the results shows that by applying a threshold similar to the estimated error rate in the respective wordnets, 67{\%} of the proposed outlier candidates are indeed incorrect for French and a 64{\%} for Slovene. This is a big improvement compared to the estimated overall error rates in the resources, which are 12{\%} for French and 15{\%} for Slovene. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,867 |
inproceedings | hernandez-2012-tackling | Tackling interoperability issues within {UIMA} work flows | Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Declerck, Thierry and Do{\u{g}}an, Mehmet U{\u{g}}ur and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Moreno, Asuncion and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios | may | 2012 | Istanbul, Turkey | European Language Resources Association (ELRA) | https://aclanthology.org/L12-1667/ | Hernandez, Nicolas | Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`12) | 3618--3625 | One of the major issues dealing with any workflow management frameworks is the components interoperability. In this paper, we are concerned with the Apache UIMA framework. We address the problem by considering separately the development of new components and the integration of existing tools. For the former objective, we propose an API to generically handle TS objects by their name using reflexivity in order to make the components TS-independent. In the latter case, we distinguish the case of aggregating heterogeneous TS-dependent UIMA components from the case of integrating non UIMA-native third party tools. We propose a mapper component to aggregate TS-dependent UIMA components. And we propose a component to wrap command lines third party tools and a set of components to connect various markup languages with the UIMA data structure. Finally, we present two situations where these solutions were effectively used: Training a POS tagger system from a treebank, and embedding an external POS tagger in a workflow. Our approch aims at providing quick development solutions. | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | 73,868 |
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